hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Biochemical Society
The Biochemical Society is a learned society in the United Kingdom in the field of biochemistry, including all the cellular and molecular biosciences. It was founded in 1911 and acquired the existing Biochemical Journal the following year. The society additionally publishes the journals Clinical Science and Biochemical Society Transactions via its publishing arm, Portland Press. It awards the Colworth Medal and formerly awarded the CIBA Medal (Novartis Medal). As of 2024, the president is Julia Goodfellow.

Richard Alan Morton
Richard Alan Morton FRS was the Johnston Professor of Biochemistry at University of Liverpool from 1944 until 1966. He was a pioneer in the application of spectroscopy to biological molecules. His research group were the first to identify vitamin A2 and related compounds. They were also among the first to characterise several isoprenoids including ubiquinone, polyprenol and others.
Gap, Hautes-Alpes
Gap (French pronunciation: [ɡap], Occitan: [ˈɡap]) is the prefecture of the department of Hautes-Alpes, in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, southern France. With a population of about 41,000, it is the most populated city in Hautes-Alpes. At a height of 750 metres above sea level, to the south of the Écrins Massif, it is also France's highest prefecture.

Together with other Alpine towns, Gap engages in the Alpine Town of the Year Association for the implementation of the Alpine Convention to achieve sustainable development in the Alpine Arc. Gap was awarded Alpine Town of the Year in 2002. In 2013 Gap was named the sportiest city in France by the national sports newspaper L'Équipe.

Route Napoléon
The Route Napoléon is the route taken by Napoleon I in 1815 on his return from Elba. It is now concurrent with sections of routes N85, D1085, D4085, and D6085.

The route begins at Golfe-Juan, where Napoleon disembarked on 1 March 1815, beginning the Hundred Days that ended at Waterloo. Napoleon led around 1,000 men, horses and equipment, and completed the journey in less than seven days, reaching Grenoble on 7 March 1815. From there he proceeded to Paris, where, as Balzac wrote, 'France gave herself to Napoleon, just as a pretty girl abandons herself to a Lancer'.

The Route was inaugurated in 1932 and meanders from the French Riviera north-northwest along the foothills of the Alps. Among the highlights of the route are the towns of Grasse, Castellane and Sisteron, and the Gorges du Verdon, which can be reached with a slight diversion from the main route.
Colombian Civil War
There have been several civil wars in Colombian history:

New Granada Civil War (1812–1814)

War of the Supremes (1839–1841)

Colombian Civil War of 1851

Colombian Civil War of 1854

Colombian Civil War (1860–1862)

Colombian Civil War of 1876

Colombian Civil War (1884–1885)

Colombian Civil War of 1895

Thousand Days' War (1899–1902)

La Violencia (1948–1958)

Colombian conflict (1964–present)

La Violencia
La Violencia (Spanish pronunciation: [la βjoˈlensja], The Violence) was a ten-year civil war in Colombia from 1948 to 1958, between the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party, mainly fought in the countryside.

La Violencia is considered to have begun with the assassination on 9 April 1948 of Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, a Liberal Party presidential candidate and frontrunner for the 1949 November election. His murder provoked the Bogotazo rioting, which lasted ten hours and resulted in around 5,000 casualties. An alternative historiography proposes the Conservative Party's return to power following the election of 1946 to be the cause. Rural town police and political leaders encouraged Conservative-supporting peasants to seize the agricultural lands of Liberal-supporting peasants, which provoked peasant-to-peasant violence throughout Colombia.

La Violencia is estimated to have killed at least 200,000 people, almost 1 in 50 Colombians.
Oltremarini
The Oltramarini or Schiavoni regiments (Italian: Reggimenti Oltramarini/Schiavoni) comprised the overseas infantry of the Republic of Venice. They were a Dalmatian infantry corps organized within the Venetian navy as the elite infantry. They especially stood out in the wars against the Ottoman Empire throughout the Venetian overseas possessions, but also for their service in Terraferma, the Venetian possessions in the hinterland of Venice in northern Italy. In addition, they performed the duties of the bodyguard, first of the provveditore, and later as the personal guard of the Doge himself.

Riva degli Schiavoni
The Riva degli Schiavoni is a monumental waterfront in Venice. It is located in the sestiere of Castello and extends along the San Marco basin in the stretch from the Ponte della Paglia bridge, close to the Doge's Palace to the rio di Ca' di Dio.
Ali bin Hussein, King of Hejaz
Ali bin Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi (Arabic: علي بن الحسين بن علي الهاشمي, romanized: ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī al-Hāshimī; 1879 – 13 February 1935), was King of Hejaz and Grand Sharif of Mecca from October 1924 until he was deposed by Ibn Saud in December 1925. He was the eldest son of King Hussein bin Ali and a scion of the Hashemite family. With the passing of the kingship from his father he also became the heir to the title of caliph, but he did not adopt the office and the style of caliph.

Abd al-Ilah
Abd al-Ilah of Hejaz (Arabic: عبد الإله بن علي الهاشمي) GCB, GCMG, GCVO (Arabic: عبد الإله; also written Abdul Ilah or Abdullah; 14 November 1913 – 14 July 1958) was a cousin and brother-in-law of King Ghazi of the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq and was regent for his nephew King Faisal II, from 4 April 1939 to 23 May 1953, when Faisal came of age. Abd al-Ilah also held the title of Crown Prince of Iraq from 1943 to 1953.

Abd al-Ilah was killed along with the rest of the Iraqi royal family in the 14 July Revolution in 1958 that ended the Hashemite monarchy in Iraq. His body was mutilated, dragged across the streets of Baghdad, and eventually burnt.
Lankaran-Astara Economic Region
Lankaran-Astara Economic Region (Azerbaijani: Lənkəran-Astara iqtisadi rayonu) is one of the 14 economic regions of Azerbaijan. It borders Iran to the south and west, Caspian Sea to the east and Shirvan-Salyan Economic Region to the north. The region consists of the districts of Jalilabad, Astara, Lerik, Lankaran, Masally and Yardimli. It has an area of 6,070 square kilometres (2,340 sq mi). Its population was estimated to be at 953.6 thousand people in January 2021.

Shirvan-Salyan Economic Region
Shirvan-Salyan Economic Region (Azerbaijani: Şirvan-Salyan iqtisadi rayonu) is one of the 14 economic regions of Azerbaijan. It borders Iran to the west, as well as the economic regions of Mil-Mughan, Central Aran, Mountainous Shirvan, Absheron-Khizi, Baku, and Lankaran-Astara. The region consists of the districts of Bilasuvar, Hajigabul, Neftchala, Salyan, as well as the city of Shirvan. It has an area of 6,080 square kilometres (2,350 sq mi). Its population was estimated to be at 501.3 thousand people in January 2021.
Laura Cornaro
Laura Cornaro (died 1739) was the Dogaressa of Venice by marriage to the Doge Giovanni II Cornaro (r. 1709-1722).

Laura Cornaro was born to Nicolo Cornaro and married her cousin Giovanni II Cornaro in 1667.

In 1709, her husband was elected doge, and she subsequently became dogaressa. As dogaressa, Laura Cornaro was described as strict and prudish and in opposition to the greater personal freedom which became more evident in the Venetian aristocracy in the 18th-century: "at all events the fast life of the nobles and their ladies had no charms for her, and she set her face resolutely against the extravagances and indecencies around her".

As a widow, Cornaro became a postulant of the Order of the Augustinians of SS. Gervaso e Protasio. She was the last dogaressa for forty years: while Elena Badoer, wife of Alvise Pisani (r. 1735-1741) has often been referred to as dogaressa, she in fact died in 1729, six years before her husband became doge.

Dogaressa
Dogaressa (/ˌdoʊɡəˈrɛsə, ˌdoʊdʒəˈ-/ DOH-gə-ress-ə, DOH-jə-, Italian: [doɡaˈressa], Venetian: [doɡaˈɾesa]) was the official title of the wife of the Doge of Venice. The title was unique for Venice: while the heads of the Republic of Genoa were also called Doge, the wives of the Doges of Genoa were not called Dogaressa, nor did they have such a public position.
Golden Mine
Golden Mine is a historic home located at Milford, Kent County, Delaware.  The house was built about 1763, and is a two-story, three bay frame dwelling sheathed in cypress shingles. It has a double entrance. There is a two-story, one bay, brick addition with another front entrance.  Both sections share a steep gable roof.  There are rear frame additions. The interior features a large fireplace, winding stairs to the second floor, and front and
rear doors, separated by a single board partition.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

Milford, Delaware
Milford is a city in Kent and Sussex counties in the U.S. state of Delaware. According to the 2020 census, the population of the city is 11,190 people and 4,356 households in the city.

The Kent County portion of Milford is part of the Dover metropolitan area and the Delaware Valley metropolitan area, while the Sussex County portion is part of the Salisbury, MD-DE Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Final (Java)
In the Java programming language, the final keyword is used in several contexts to define an entity that can only be assigned once.

Once a final variable has been assigned, it is intended to always contain the same value. If a final variable holds a reference to an object, then the state of the object may be changed by operations on the object, but the variable will always refer to the same object (this property of final is called non-transitivity). This applies also to arrays, because arrays are objects; if a final variable holds a reference to an array, then the components of the array may be changed by operations on the array, but the variable will always refer to the same array.

Immutable object
In object-oriented (OO) and functional programming, an immutable object (unchangeable object) is an object whose state cannot be modified after it is created. This is in contrast to a mutable object (changeable object), which can be modified after it is created. In some cases, an object is considered immutable even if some internally used attributes change, but the object's state appears unchanging from an external point of view. For example, an object that uses memoization to cache the results of expensive computations could still be considered an immutable object.

Strings and other concrete objects are typically expressed as immutable objects to improve readability and runtime efficiency in object-oriented programming. Immutable objects are also useful because they are inherently thread-safe. Other benefits are that they are simpler to understand and reason about and offer higher security than mutable objects.
El Arish, Stanthorpe
El Arish is a heritage-listed house and gardens at 94 Greenup Street, Stanthorpe, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1880s & early 1920s to 1930s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 October 1996.

Stanthorpe, Queensland
Stanthorpe is a rural town and locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, the locality of Stanthorpe had a population of 5,286 people.

The area surrounding the town is known as the Granite Belt.
Nuprl
Nuprl is a proof development system, providing computer-mediated analysis and proofs of formal mathematical statements, and tools for software verification and optimization.  Originally developed in the 1980s by Robert Lee Constable and others, the system is now maintained by the PRL Project at Cornell University.  The currently supported version, Nuprl 5, is also known as FDL (Formal Digital Library).  Nuprl functions as an automated theorem proving system and can also be used to provide proof assistance.

Automated theorem proving
Automated theorem proving (also known as ATP or automated deduction) is a subfield of automated reasoning and mathematical logic dealing with proving mathematical theorems by computer programs. Automated reasoning over mathematical proof was a major motivating factor for the development of computer science.
Stu Barnes
Stuart Douglas Barnes (born December 25, 1970) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward. He played 16 seasons at centre in the NHL with the Winnipeg Jets, Florida Panthers, Pittsburgh Penguins, Buffalo Sabres, and Dallas Stars. He currently has an arena named after him in the city of Spruce Grove, where he was born. Barnes was an assistant coach with the Dallas Stars. As of 2021, he is the head coach and co-owner of the Tri-City Americans in the Western Hockey League.

1994 NHL entry draft
The 1994 NHL entry draft was the 32nd NHL entry draft. It was held on June 28–29, 1994, at the Hartford Civic Center.

The last active players in the NHL from this draft class were Eric Boulton and Patrik Elias, who both played their last NHL games in the 2015–16 season.
Mokpo Air Base
Mokpo Air Base (Korean: 목포공항, IATA: MPK, ICAO: RKJM) is an air base in Yeongam County, South Jeolla Province, South Korea, near Mokpo. In 2006, 16,909 passengers utilized the airport. This airport was closed when the nearby Muan International Airport opened in November 2007.

Muan International Airport
Muan International Airport (IATA: MWX, ICAO: RKJB) is an international airport in Muan County, South Jeolla Province, South Korea. Construction of the airport began in 1997, and the airport opened on 9 November 2007. The airport serves the province of South Jeolla, especially the cities of Gwangju, Mokpo, and Naju. It replaced the nearby Mokpo Airport, and is expected to replace the nearby Gwangju Airport as well. The airport is managed by Korea Airports Corporation and served 543,247 passengers in 2018.
Maxwells of Munches
The Maxwells of Munches (Munchies or Munshes) previously styled the Maxwells of Terraughty, represent an old aristocratic and armigerous Scottish family with deep roots in the country's history (named after their estate 'Munches').  Historically, members of the Terraughty–Munches line were recognized as the heir-male representatives of the Earls of Nithsdale the hereditary chiefs of the larger Maxwell Clan, and thus occupied a senior position within the clan hierarchy. Through strategic marriages and the extinction of several collateral Maxwell lines, the Munches family became associated with, or represent the surviving line of, the Maxwells of Barncleugh, the Maxwells of Breconside, the Maxwells of Arkland, and the Maxwells of Buittle. The current head of the family is Desmond Maxwell.

Clan Maxwell
Clan Maxwell is a Scottish clan of the Scottish Lowlands and is recognized as such by the Lord Lyon King of Arms. However, as the clan does not currently have a chief, it is considered an armigerous clan.
Ahlangene Sigcawu
King Vulikhaya ka-Xolilizwe (Ahlangene Cyprian Sigcawu) is the King of Xhosa people. He was born in 1970 in Nqadu Great Place in Willowvale by King Xolilizwe Sigcawu and Queen Nogaweni. He took over as the King in 2020 after the death of caretaker Xhosa King INkosi Nongudle Dumehleli Mapasa who took over following the death of his brother King Zwelonke Sigcawu in 2019. He was a South African High Commissioner to Malawi before he could ascend the throne as the Xhosa King.

Xolilizwe Sigcawu
King Xolilizwe Ka-Zwelidumile (Mzikayise Sigcawu; 6 June 1926 – 31 December 2005) was the King of the Xhosa people from 10 April 1965 to 31 December 2005. King Xolilizwe was an active member of the National House of Traditional Leaders of South Africa. He was the oldest son of King Bungeni Zwelidumile Sigcawu.
Arkansas City, Kansas
Arkansas City (/ɑːrˈkænzəs/) is a city in Cowley County, Kansas, United States, situated at the confluence of the Arkansas and Walnut rivers in the southwestern part of the county.  As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 11,974.

The Cowley Courier Traveler
The Cowley Courier Traveler is a local newspaper published in Arkansas City, Kansas, United States. It covers communities across Cowley County and is publishes a print edition mailed to readers on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. The paper was formed in 2016 through the merger of The Winfield Daily Courier and The Arkansas City Traveler. The Cowley Courier Traveler is a member of the Kansas Press Association.
Parliamentary constituencies in Herefordshire and Worcestershire
There are 8 Parliamentary constituencies in the ceremonial counties of Herefordshire and Worcestershire. From 1974 to 1998 the two counties were administratively and ceremonially one, called Hereford and Worcester, and the constituencies crossed the traditional county boundaries. This continued to be the case up to and including the 2005 general election, but since the 2010 general election two constituencies fall entirely within Herefordshire and six within Worcestershire. There is one borough constituency in Worcestershire; the remaining are county constituencies.

Droitwich and Evesham
Droitwich and Evesham is a constituency in Worcestershire represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament. Further to the completion of the 2023 review of Westminster constituencies, it was first contested in the 2024 general election. The constituency name refers to the towns of Droitwich Spa and Evesham. From 1983 to 2024, the constituency was known as Mid Worcestershire, with similar boundaries.

Its Member of Parliament (MP) has been Nigel Huddleston of the Conservative Party since 2024, the former MP for Mid Worcestershire.
Lascahobas Arrondissement
Lascahobas (French pronunciation: [laskaɔbas]; Haitian Creole: Laskawobas) is an arrondissement in the Centre department of Haiti. As of 2015, the population was 168,685 inhabitants. Postal codes in the Lascahobas Arrondissement start with the number 53.

The arrondissement consists of the following communes:

Lascahobas

Belladère

Savanette

Baptiste

Centre (department)
Centre (French, pronounced [sɑ̃tʁ] ⓘ) or Sant (Haitian Creole; both meaning "Center") is a landlocked department (French: départements; Haitian Creole: depatman) of Haiti, located in the center of the country along the border with the Dominican Republic. As of 2015, its estimated population was 746,236. Its capital is Hinche.
Carleton Place High School
Carleton Place High School is a high school serving the town of Carleton Place, in Eastern Ontario, Canada. It is a member of the Upper Canada District School Board, and draws pupils from Carleton Place and the surrounding Lanark County area.

There is increasing diversity in Carleton Place High School as the result of an expanded international student base. In recent years CPHS has hosted students from China, Japan, Italy, Brazil, Switzerland, and South Korea.

Carleton Place
Carleton Place is a town in Eastern Ontario, Canada, in Lanark County, about 55 kilometres (34 mi) west of downtown Ottawa. It is located at the crossroads of Highway 15 and Highway 7, halfway between the towns of Perth, Almonte, Smiths Falls, and the nation's capital, Ottawa. Canada's Mississippi River, a tributary of the Ottawa River flows through the town.  Mississippi Lake is just upstream by boat, as well as by car.

The town is situated on the edge of a large limestone plain, just south of the edge of the Canadian Shield in the deciduous forest ecoregion of North America.
1965 Soviet nuclear tests
The Soviet Union's 1965 nuclear test series was a group of 14 nuclear tests conducted in 1965. These tests followed the 1964 Soviet nuclear tests series and preceded the 1966 Soviet nuclear tests series.

1966 Soviet nuclear tests
The Soviet Union's 1966 nuclear test series was a group of 18 nuclear tests conducted in 1966. These tests followed the 1965 Soviet nuclear tests series and preceded the 1967 Soviet nuclear tests series.
Widnes Vikings
The Widnes Vikings are an English rugby league club in Widnes, Cheshire, which competes in the Championship. The club plays home matches at DCBL Stadium. Founded as Widnes Football Club, they are one of the original twenty-two rugby clubs that formed the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895. Their historic nickname is "The Chemics" after the main industry in Widnes, but now they use their modern nickname, "The Vikings".

The club enjoyed a period of success in the 1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s, and were frequently described as "Cup Kings" reaching the Challenge Cup Final 7 times in 10 years between 1975 and 1984. In 1989, after winning their third Rugby League Premiership, Widnes became the first official World Club Champions by beating the Australian champions Canberra Raiders 30–18 at Old Trafford. They have a strong local rivalry with Warrington Wolves.

Championship Cup
The Championship Cup (known as the Northern Rail Cup for sponsorship reasons), previously known as the National League Cup, was a rugby league football competition for clubs in the United Kingdom's Rugby League Championships. Although the French club Toulouse Olympique competed in the Championship from 2009 through 2011, they never participated in the cup until 2012 after they had left the Championship. The Cup's last season was 2013, after which it was replaced by the 1895 Cup.
Allometry
Allometry (Ancient Greek ἄλλος állos "other", μέτρον métron "measurement") is the study of the relationship of body size to shape, anatomy, physiology and behaviour, first outlined by Otto Snell in 1892, by D'Arcy Thompson in 1917 in On Growth and Form and by Julian Huxley in 1932.

Power law
In statistics, a power law is a functional relationship between two quantities, where a relative change in one quantity results in a relative change in the other quantity proportional to the change raised to a constant exponent: one quantity varies as a power of another. The change is independent of the initial size of those quantities.

For instance, the area of a square has a power law relationship with the length of its side, since if the length is doubled, the area is multiplied by 22, while if the length is tripled, the area is multiplied by 32, and so on.
Central Harbourfront
The Central Harbourfront is a waterfront site in Central, Hong Kong. It is the result of the Central and Wan Chai Reclamation, and it sits to the east of the International Finance Centre skyscraper.
The harbourfront event space is the site of the Hong Kong Observation Wheel, and has hosted the AIA Vitality Park and Hong Kong ePrix of Formula E. The harbourfront offers a view of Tsim Sha Tsui and Kowloon across Victoria Harbour. At 8pm every night, visitors can enjoy the Symphony of Lights show from the Harbourfront.

Central, Hong Kong
Central (Chinese: 中環), also known as Central District, is the central business district of Hong Kong. It is located in the northeastern corner of the Central and Western District, on the north shore of Hong Kong Island, across Victoria Harbour from Tsim Sha Tsui, the southernmost point of Kowloon Peninsula. The area was the heart of Victoria City, although that name is rarely used anymore.

As the central business district of Hong Kong, it is the area where many multinational financial services corporations have their headquarters. Consulates of many countries are also located in this area, as is Government Hill, the site of the government headquarters until 2011. The area, with its proximity to Victoria Harbour, has served as the centre of trade and financial activities from the earliest days of the British colonial era in 1841, and continues to flourish and serve as the place of administration since the handover to China in 1997.