hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
MVS
Multiple Virtual Storage (MVS) is the most commonly used operating system on the System/370, System/390 and IBM Z IBM mainframe computers. IBM developed MVS, along with OS/VS1 and SVS, as a successor to OS/360. It is unrelated to IBM's other mainframe operating system lines, e.g., VSE, VM, TPF.

VSE (operating system)
VSEn (Virtual Storage Extended) is an operating system for IBM mainframe computers, the latest one in the DOS/360 lineage, which originated in 1965. It is less common than z/OS and is mostly used on smaller machines.

DOS/VSE was introduced in 1979 as a successor to DOS/VS; in turn, DOS/VSE was succeeded by VSE/SP version 1 in 1983, and VSE/SP version 2 in 1985. In the late 1980s, there was a widespread perception among VSE customers that IBM was planning to discontinue VSE and migrate its customers to MVS instead, although IBM relented and agreed to continue to produce new versions of VSE. In February 2005, IBM announced z/VSE as successor to VSE/ESA 2.7, which was named to reflect the new System z branding for IBM's mainframe product line. In June 2021, 21st Century Software Inc announced that it had licensed the z/VSE source code from IBM with the intention of developing new versions of the operating system. As part of this transfer, z/VSE was renamed to VSEn.
National Museum of Beirut
The National Museum of Beirut (Arabic: متحف بيروت الوطنيّ, Matḥaf Bayrūt al-waṭanī) is the principal museum of archaeology in Lebanon. The collection begun after World War I, and the museum was officially opened in 1942. The museum has collections totaling about 100,000 objects, most of which are antiquities and medieval finds from excavations undertaken by the Directorate General of Antiquities.

During the 1975 Lebanese Civil War, the museum stood on the front line that separated the  warring factions. The museum's Egyptian Revival building and its collection suffered extensive damage in the war, but most of the artifacts were saved by  last-minute preemptive measures. Today, after a major renovation, the National Museum of Beirut has regained its former position, with about 1,300 artifacts exhibited ranging in date from prehistoric times to the medieval Mamluk period.

Tyre, Lebanon
Tyre is a city in Lebanon, and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. It was one of the earliest Phoenician metropolises and the legendary birthplace of Europa, her brothers Cadmus and Phoenix, and Carthage's founder Dido (Elissa). The city has many ancient sites, including the Tyre Hippodrome, and was added as a whole to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1984. The historian Ernest Renan described it as "a city of ruins, built out of ruins".

Tyre is the fifth-largest city in Lebanon after Beirut, Tripoli, Sidon, and Baalbek. It is the capital of the Tyre District in the South Governorate. There were approximately 200,000 inhabitants in the Tyre urban area in 2016, including many refugees, as the city hosts three of the twelve Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon: Burj El Shimali, El Buss, and Rashidieh.
Basalt, Colorado
Basalt is a home rule town located in Eagle and Pitkin counties, Colorado, United States. The town population was 3,984 at the 2020 United States census with 2,917 residing in Eagle County and 1,067 residing in Pitkin County. Basalt is a part of the Edwards-Glenwood Springs, CO Combined Statistical Area.

Eagle County, Colorado
Eagle County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 55,731. The county seat is the Town of Eagle and the most populous community is Edwards. The county is named for the Eagle River.

Eagle County comprises the Edwards, Colorado, Micropolitan Statistical Area.
2012 Appalachian State Mountaineers football team
The 2012 Appalachian State Mountaineers football team represented Appalachian State University in the 2012 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by 24th-year head coach Jerry Moore and played their home games at Kidd Brewer Stadium. They were a member of the Southern Conference. They finished the season 8–4, 6–2 in SoCon play to share the conference championship with Georgia Southern and Wofford. They received an at–large bid to the FCS playoffs where they lost in the second round to Illinois State in what would turn out to be the school's last postseason game as an FCS program, as the Mountaineers will move to FBS and the Sun Belt Conference in 2014.

2012 Georgia Southern Eagles football team
The 2012 Georgia Southern Eagles football team represented Georgia Southern University in the 2012 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by third-year head coach Jeff Monken and played their home games at Paulson Stadium. They were a member of the Southern Conference. They finished the season 10–4, 6–2 in SoCon play to claim a share of the conference championship with Appalachian State and Wofford. They received the SoCon's automatic bid into the FCS Playoffs where they defeated Central Arkansas in the second round and Old Dominion in the quarterfinals before falling to North Dakota State in the semifinals. That would turn out to be Georgia Southern's final FCS playoff game, as they announced they were moving to FBS and the Sun Belt Conference in 2014.
Electoral district of Perth
The electoral district of Perth is a Legislative Assembly electorate in the state of Western Australia. Perth is named for the capital city of Western Australia whose central business district falls within its borders. It is one of the oldest electorates in Western Australia, with its first member having been elected in the inaugural 1890 elections of the Legislative Assembly.

Perth has traditionally been a safe Labor seat, but was briefly held by Liberal Eleni Evangel between 2013 and 2017. Perth is currently held by Labor MLA John Carey.

Electoral districts of Western Australia
The Western Australian Legislative Assembly is elected from 59 single-member electoral districts. These districts are often referred to as electorates or seats.

The Electoral Distribution Act 1947 requires regular review of electoral boundaries, in order to keep the relative size of electorates within certain limits.  Electoral boundaries are determined by the Western Australian Electoral Commission. Electoral districts are subdivisions of electoral regions for the Legislative Council and have approximately an equal number of electors. The last electoral redistribution was completed in December 2023 and was first applied in the 2025 Western Australia election.
Lowell Township, Kearney County, Nebraska
Lowell Township is one of fourteen townships in Kearney County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 159 at the 2020 census. A 2021 estimate placed the township's population at 159.

Lowell Township was named for James Russell Lowell, an American poet.

Kearney County, Nebraska
Kearney County is a county located in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 6,688. Its county seat is Minden. The county was formed in 1860. It was named for Fort Kearny, which in turn was named for Brigade General Stephen W. Kearny.

Kearney County is part of the Kearney Micropolitan Statistical Area.

In the Nebraska license plate system, Kearney County is represented by the prefix 52 (it had the 52nd-largest number of vehicles registered in the county when the license plate system was established in 1922).
Craig County, Virginia
Craig County, part of the Roanoke metropolitan area, is a rural, mountainous county located on the western border of the Commonwealth of Virginia.  Its county seat is New Castle, which is also the only town in the county.   As of the 2020 census, the Craig County population was only 4,892, making it one of the least populated counties in Virginia.

Craig County was formed in 1851 from parts of several adjacent counties, and was named in honor of Robert Craig, a longtime congressman from Southwest Virginia.  More than half of the county remains federally protected land, forming a major part of the Jefferson National Forest.

Monroe County, West Virginia
Monroe County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 12,376. Its county seat is Union.

Monroe County was the home of Andrew Summers Rowan, a soldier in the Spanish–American War commemorated in Elbert Hubbard's essay "A Message to Garcia."

In 1928 the Jones Diamond was found lying on the ground here by two men pitching horseshoes. It is the largest alluvial diamond ever found in North America.
Rupert I of Legnica
Rupert I of Legnica (Polish: Ruprecht I Legnicki; 27 March 1347 – by 12 January 1409) was a Duke of Legnica from 1364 until his death, and also regent over half of the Duchy of Głogów-Żagań during 1397–1401.

He was the eldest son of Wenceslaus I, Duke of Legnica, by his wife Anna, daughter of Casimir I, Duke of Cieszyn. He was born after eight years of childless marriage.

Wenceslaus II of Legnica
Wenceslaus II, Duke of Legnica (Polish: Wacław II legnicki; 1348 – 30 December 1419) was a Duke of Legnica from 1364 (only nominal; from 1409 he reigned alone and personally) until 1413, Bishop of Lebus (1375–82) and Breslau (Wrocław) (1382–1417; also Duke of Nysa-Otmuchów.

He was the second son of Wenceslaus I of Legnica, by his wife Anna, daughter of Casimir I, Duke of Cieszyn.
St. Stephen Rural Cemetery
St. Stephen Rural Cemetery is a municipal cemetery established in April 1856 at the town of St. Stephen, New Brunswick, Canada. The cemetery encompasses 65 acres (260,000 m2) of land with approximately 12,000 burials. There are over 20 kilometres of avenues and paths.

St. Stephen, New Brunswick
St. Stephen is a Canadian town in Charlotte County, New Brunswick, situated on the east bank of the St. Croix River around the intersection of New Brunswick Route 170 and the southern terminus of New Brunswick Route 3.  The St. Croix River marks a section of the Canada–United States border, forming a natural border between Calais, Maine and St. Stephen. U.S. Route 1 parallels the St. Croix river for a few miles, and is accessed from St. Stephen by three cross-border bridges.

On 1 January 2023, St. Stephen annexed all or part of seven local service districts and was renamed the Municipal District of St. Stephen, retaining town status. Revised census figures have not been released.
Iapetus (moon)
Iapetus (/aɪˈæpətəs/) is the outermost of Saturn's large moons. With an estimated diameter of 1,469 km (913 mi), it is the third-largest moon of Saturn and the eleventh-largest in the Solar System. Named after the Titan Iapetus from Greek mythology, the moon was discovered in 1671 by Giovanni Domenico Cassini.

A relatively low-density body composed mostly of ice, Iapetus is home to several distinctive and unusual features, such as a striking difference in coloration between its dark leading hemisphere and its bright trailing hemisphere, as well as a massive equatorial ridge that runs three-quarters of the way around the moon.

Hyperion (moon)
Hyperion /haɪˈpɪəriən/ is the eighth-largest moon of Saturn. It is distinguished by its highly irregular shape, chaotic rotation, low density, and its unusual sponge-like appearance. It was the first non-rounded moon to be discovered.
Roy Ho Ten Soeng
Kiem Ling Roy Ho Ten Soeng (Chinese: 何天送; born 16 June 1945) is a Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as mayor of Venhuizen from 2000 until 2006. Born in Suriname and of Chinese descent, he was often considered the first immigrant mayor in the Netherlands, although Dzsingisz Gabor was mayor of Haaksbergen in 1983 till 1990. Roy is the first mayor of Chinese descent in the Netherlands and in Europe.

Chinese Surinamese
Chinese Surinamese people are Surinamese residents of  ethnic Chinese origin. The earliest migrants came in the 19th century as indentured laborers; there was another wave of migration in the 1950s and 1960s. There were 7,885 Chinese in Suriname at the 2012 census, constituting 1.5% of the total population. They constitute the largest component of the 'other' ethnic category, which makes up 2.3% of the population as per the CIA World Factbook. The majority of the Chinese Surinamese consider Hakka (Dongguan, Huiyang, Huizhou or Bao'an, Shenzhen) of Guangdong as their ancestral homes. There is a small minority of Heshan, Jiangmen origin Cantonese and Hakkas as well.

Many Chinese Surinamese are active in the retail and business community. Six percent of the Chinese in the Netherlands migrated from Suriname.
Astafjord Municipality
Astafjord is a former municipality in Troms county, Norway. The 310.1-square-kilometre (119.7 sq mi) municipality existed from 1926 until its dissolution in 1964. The area now makes up the eastern part of Tjeldsund Municipality, surrounding the Grovfjorden. The administrative center of the former municipality was the village of Grov where Astafjord Church is located. The Astafjorden (strait) flowed along the northern part of the municipality and it was the namesake for the municipality.

Prior to its dissolution in 1964, the 310.1-square-kilometre (119.7 sq mi) municipality was the 277th largest by area out of the 689 municipalities in Norway. Astafjord Municipality was the 595th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of about 1,126. The municipality's population density was 3.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (9.3/sq mi) and its population had decreased by 2.3% over the previous 10-year period.

Ibestad Municipality
Ibestad (Northern Sami: Ivvárstádik) is a municipality in Troms county, Norway. It is part of the traditional region of Central Hålogaland. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Hamnvik. Some of the other larger villages in Ibestad include Engenes, Laupstad, Rollnes, Sørrollnes, Sørvika, and Å.

The 241-square-kilometre (93 sq mi) municipality is the 293rd largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Ibestad Municipality is the 313th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,311. The municipality's population density is 5.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (14/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 8.7% over the previous 10-year period.
Gnumeric
Gnumeric is a spreadsheet program that is part of the GNOME Free Software Desktop Project. Gnumeric version 1.0 was released on 31 December 2001. Gnumeric is distributed as free software under the GNU General Public License; it is intended to replace proprietary spreadsheet programs like Microsoft Excel. Gnumeric was created and developed by Miguel de Icaza, but he has since moved on to other projects. The maintainer as of 2002 was Jody Goldberg.

GNOME
GNOME (/ɡəˈnoʊm, ˈnoʊm/) is a free and open-source desktop environment for Linux and other Unix-like operating systems. It is distributed as the default desktop environment of many major Linux distributions, including Debian, Fedora Linux, Ubuntu, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and SUSE Linux Enterprise, and is the default in Oracle Solaris, a Unix operating system.

GNOME is developed by the GNOME Project, which is composed of both volunteers and paid contributors, the largest corporate contributor being Red Hat. It is an international project that aims to develop frameworks for software development, to program end-user applications based on these frameworks, and to coordinate efforts for the internationalization, localization, and accessibility of that software.

In 2023 and 2024, GNOME received €1,000,000 from Germany's Sovereign Tech Fund.
Dirdal
Dirdal is a village in Gjesdal municipality in Rogaland county, Norway.  The village is located where the Frafjorden joins the main Høgsfjorden.  The village lies at the end of the Dirdalen valley, which stretches to the southeast from Dirdal.  The village of Gilja lies about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) into the valley.  The village of Oltedal lies about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) west of Dirdal.  Dirdal Church is located in the village.

The Dirdalen valley is about 10-kilometre (6.2 mi) long, following the Dirdalsåna river.  The valley is connected to the neighboring valley of Frafjord by the Frafjord Tunnel which runs through the mountains and ends at the village of Gilja.

Dirdal Church
Dirdal Church (Norwegian: Dirdal kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Gjesdal Municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. It is located in the village of Dirdal. It is one of the three churches for the Gjesdal parish which is part of the Jæren prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Stavanger. The white, wooden church was built in a long church style in 1903 using designs by the architect Ola Knutson Moluf. The church seats about 175 people.
Randall J. LeVeque
Randall J.. LeVeque is a Professor of Applied Mathematics at University of Washington who works in many fields including numerical analysis, computational fluid dynamics, and mathematical theory of conservation laws. Among other contributions, he is lead developer of the open source software project Clawpack for solving hyperbolic partial differential equations using the finite volume method.  With Zhilin Li, he has also devised a numerical technique called the immersed interface method for solving problems with elastic boundaries or surface tension.

He was an invited speaker at the 2006 International Congress of Mathematicians held in Madrid. He became a fellow of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics in 2010, fellow of the American Mathematical Society in 2013, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2021.

LeVeque is a son of the well-known mathematician William J. LeVeque.

William J. LeVeque
William Judson LeVeque (August 9, 1923 – December 1, 2007) was an American mathematician and administrator who worked primarily in number theory. He was executive director of the American Mathematical Society during the 1970s and 1980s when that organization was growing rapidly and greatly increasing its use of computers in academic publishing.
Line 5 (Riyadh Metro)
The Green Line (Arabic: المسار الأخضر) or Line 5 is one of the six lines in the Riyadh Metro network in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It runs underground in a tunnel along King Abdulaziz Street, between King Abdul Aziz Historical Center and Riyadh Airbase, before connecting with King Abdullah Road. It includes 11 stations and 2 interchange stations and covers 12.9 km, between Ministry of Education and the National Museum of Saudi Arabia.

Riyadh Metro
The Riyadh Metro is a rapid transit system serving Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia. Part of the King Abdulaziz Project for Riyadh Public Transport, which also includes the Riyadh Bus, it is the longest driverless metro in the world.

The system consists of six lines connecting 85 stations spanning a combined length of 176 kilometers (109 mi). This is the second metro system in Saudi Arabia, after the Sacred Sites Metro Line in Mecca, the fourth on the Arabian Peninsula, sixth in the Arab World, and fifteenth in the Middle East. The project cost $22.5 billion to build. It was opened on December 1, 2024.
Cubic zirconia
Cubic zirconia (CZ) is the cubic crystalline form of zirconium dioxide (ZrO2). The synthesized material is hard and usually colorless, but may be made in a variety of different colors. It should not be confused with zircon, which is a zirconium silicate (ZrSiO4). It is sometimes erroneously called cubic zirconium.

Because of its low cost, durability, and close visual likeness to diamond, synthetic cubic zirconia has remained the most gemologically and economically important competitor for diamonds since commercial production began in 1976. Its main competitor as a synthetic gemstone is a more recently cultivated material, synthetic moissanite.

Moissanite
Moissanite (/ˈmɔɪsəˌnaɪt/) is naturally occurring silicon carbide and its various crystalline polymorphs. It has the chemical formula SiC and is a rare mineral, discovered by the French chemist Henri Moissan in 1893. Silicon carbide or moissanite is useful for commercial and industrial applications due to its hardness, optical properties, and thermal conductivity.
JULES
JULES (Joint UK Land Environment Simulator) is a land-surface parameterisation model scheme describing soil-vegetation-atmosphere interactions. JULES is a community led project which evolved from MOSES, the United Kingdom Meteorological Office (Met Office) Surface Exchange Scheme. It can be used as a stand-alone model or as the land surface part of the Met Office Unified Model. JULES has been used to help decide what tactics would be effective to help meet the goals of the Paris Agreement. As well as use by the Met Office climate modelling group a number of studies have cited JULES and used it as a tool to assess the effects of climate change, and to simulate environmental factors from groundwater to carbon in the atmosphere.

JULES has been described as the most accurate global carbon budget model of net ecosystem productivity, because it has more years of data than other models.

Land surface models (climate)
Land surface models (LSMs) use quantitative methods to simulate the exchange of water and energy fluxes at the Earth surface–atmosphere interface. They are key component of climate models. Over the past two decades, they 
have evolved from oversimplified schemes, which described the surface boundary conditions for general circulation models (GCMs), to complex models that can be used alone or as part of GCMs to investigate the biogeochemical, hydrological, and energy cycles at the
Earth's surface.

It has been suggested that "terrestrial biosphere models" (TBMs) is a more inclusive term than land surface models (LSMs). The representation of roots in TBMs (or LSMs), however, remains relatively crude. Particularly, the dynamic functions of roots and phylogenetic basis of water uptake remain largely absent in LSMs.
Second lady
Second lady and second gentleman are honorary titles often used in reference to the spouse of a vice president, or spouse of a lieutenant governor or other second-ranked government official. The title is styled after first lady or first gentleman, which are used to describe the spouse of a president or governor. In discussing both spouses, they may be referred to as the second couple, and if they have children, they are known collectively as the second family.

The expression "second lady in the land" has also been used to refer to the second-highest ranking female in a monarchy, such as a crown princess if there is a queen.

Second ladies and gentlemen of Ghana
Second Lady of Ghana or Second Gentleman of Ghana is the title given to the spouse of the vice-president of the Republic of Ghana. The current second gentleman is Edmund Opoku-Agyemang, who has held that position since 7 January 2025 when his wife Jane Naana Opoku-Agyemang was sworn into office. They are not officially given salaries but the Ghanaian first and second lady and gentlemen are both given clothing allowances to serve as initiatives to be comfortable enough to advocate the country through material forms of culture. They usually undertake social programmes and philanthropic activities especially in relation to kids and women.