hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Martingale (tack)
A martingale is any of several designs of tack that are used on horses to control head carriage. Martingales may be seen in a wide variety of equestrian disciplines, both riding and driving.  Rules for their use vary widely; in some disciplines they are never used, others allow them for schooling but not in judged performance, and some organizations allow certain designs in competition.

The two most common types of martingale, the standing and the running, are used to control the horse's head height, and to prevent the horse from throwing its head so high that the rider loses control over the horse's speed, direction and shape of body. When a horse's head gets above a desired height, the martingale places pressure on the head so that it becomes more difficult or impossible to raise it higher.

Show jumping
Show jumping is a part of a group of English riding equestrian events that also includes eventing, hunters, and equitation. Jumping classes are commonly seen at horse shows throughout the world, including the Olympics. Sometimes shows are limited exclusively to jumpers. Sometimes jumper classes are offered in conjunction with other English-style events. Sometimes, show jumping is but one division of a very large, all-breed competition that includes a very wide variety of disciplines. Jumping classes may be governed by various national horse show sanctioning organizations, such as the United States Equestrian Federation or the British Showjumping Association.  International competitions are governed by the rules of the International Federation for Equestrian Sports.
Kodemmachō Station
Kodemmachō Station (小伝馬町駅, Kodenmachō-eki) is a subway station on the Hibiya Line (operated by Tokyo Metro). It is located in the Kodenmachō neighborhood of Nihonbashi, Chūō, Tokyo, Japan. Its number is H-15.

Nihonbashi
Nihonbashi (日本橋, Nihonbashi; Japanese pronunciation: [ɲi.hom.ba.ɕi], also romanized as Nihombashi) is a business district of Chūō, Tokyo, Japan, which sprung up around the bridge of the same name that has linked two sides of the Nihonbashi River at this site since the 17th century.  The first wooden bridge was completed in 1603. The current bridge,  designed by Tsumaki Yorinaka and constructed of stone on a steel frame, dates from 1911.  The district covers a large area to the north and east of the bridge, reaching Akihabara to the north and the Sumida River to the east. Ōtemachi and Yaesu are to the west and Kyobashi to the south.

Nihonbashi, together with Kyobashi and Kanda, is the core of Shitamachi, the original downtown center of Edo-Tokyo, before the rise of newer secondary centers such as Shinjuku and Shibuya.
Charles Leslie (bishop)
Christianity portal

Charles Leslie (1810–1870) was briefly the Church of Ireland Bishop of Kilmore, Elphin and Ardagh in 1870. His father, John Leslie, was the first bishop of the diocese. His mother was Isabella St Lawrence, daughter of Thomas St Lawrence, Bishop of Cork and Ross and Frances Coghlan, and granddaughter of the first Earl of Howth. Charles Leslie never actually moved into the See House, near Kilmore Cathedral, just north-west of Cavan Town. He died at his home, Corravahan House, just outside Drung.

Thomas St Lawrence (bishop)
Christianity portal

Thomas St Lawrence was Bishop of Cork and Ross from  1807 and died in post on 10 February 1831. He had previously been Dean of Cork (1796 to 1807).

He was a younger son of Thomas St Lawrence, 1st Earl of Howth and his wife Isabella King, daughter of Sir Henry King, 3rd Baronet and Isabella Wingfield. The St Lawrences were among the oldest of the Anglo-Irish families, having been Lords of the peninsula of Howth in north County Dublin since 1177.

He married Frances Coghlan, daughter of the Rev Henry Coghlan and had seven children. All three of his sons followed him into the Church: none reached the rank of bishop, but Edward was Archdeacon of Ross.

Another clerical connection was his son-in-law John Leslie, first Bishop of Kilmore, Elphin and Ardagh, who married Thomas's daughter Isabella. Of the numerous children of John and Isabella, Charles was appointed to the same see as his father, but died a few months later.
Toni Gonzaga
Celestine "Toni" Cruz Gonzaga-Soriano (born January 20, 1984) is a Filipino media personality, host, actress, businesswoman, singer, and vlogger. Gonzaga was the former lead host of ABS-CBN's long-running reality show Pinoy Big Brother (2005–2022). Her own YouTube channel, Toni Gonzaga Studio (TGS), has over 8 million subscribers. Tatler magazine named her one of the most influential people in Asia in 2021 and 2022.

ASAP (TV program)
ASAP (an abbreviation of its full name, All-Star Sunday Afternoon Party) is a Philippine television variety show broadcast by ABS-CBN and Kapamilya Channel. Originally hosted by Martin Nievera, Pops Fernandez, Ariel Rivera and Dayanara Torres, it premiered on February 5, 1995, on the network's Sunday noontime line up replacing Sa Linggo nAPO Sila. Nievera, Zsa Zsa Padilla, Gary Valenciano, Sarah Geronimo, Erik Santos, Darren Espanto, Kim Chiu, Enchong Dee, Ogie Alcasid, Regine Velasquez, Robi Domingo, Edward Barber, Alexa Ilacad, Donny Pangilinan, Belle Mariano, and Janine Gutierrez currently serve as the hosts. It is the longest-running Sunday noontime variety show on Philippine television.
Verkhovazhsky District
Verkhovazhsky District (Russian: Верхова́жский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-six in Vologda Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north of the oblast and borders with Velsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast in the north, Ustyansky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast in the northeast, Tarnogsky Districts in the east, Totemsky District in the south, Syamzhensky District in the southwest, Vozhegodsky District in the west, and with Konoshsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast in the northwest. The area of the district is 4,260 square kilometers (1,640 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Verkhovazhye. District's population: 13,898 (2010 Census); 16,346 (2002 Census); 18,560 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Verkhovazhye accounts for 36.2% of the district's total population.

Vozhegodsky District
Vozhegodsky District (Russian: Вожего́дский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-six in Vologda Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north of the oblast and borders with Konoshsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast in the north, Verkhovazhsky District in the east, Syamzhensky District in the southeast, Kharovsky District in the south, Ust-Kubinsky District in the southwest, and with Kirillovsky District in the west. The area of the district is 5,500 square kilometers (2,100 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Vozhega. Population: 16,790 (2010 Census); 18,976 (2002 Census); 22,470 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Vozhega accounts for 40.1% of the district's total population.
Inverse mean curvature flow
In the mathematical fields of differential geometry and geometric analysis, inverse mean curvature flow (IMCF) is a geometric flow of submanifolds of a Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian manifold. It has been used to prove a certain case of the Riemannian Penrose inequality, which is of interest in general relativity.

Formally, given a pseudo-Riemannian manifold (M, g) and a smooth manifold S, an inverse mean curvature flow consists of an open interval I and a smooth map F from I × S into M such that

where H is the mean curvature vector of the immersion F(t, ⋅).

If g is Riemannian, if S is closed with dim(M) = dim(S) + 1, and if a given smooth immersion f of S into M has mean curvature which is nowhere zero, then there exists a unique inverse mean curvature flow whose "initial data" is f.

Mean curvature
In mathematics, the mean curvature  of a surface  is an extrinsic measure of curvature that comes from differential geometry and that locally describes the curvature of an embedded surface in some ambient space such as Euclidean space.

The concept was used by Sophie Germain in her work on elasticity theory, published 1831. Jean Baptiste Marie Meusnier used it in 1776, in his studies of minimal surfaces. It is important in the analysis of minimal surfaces, which have mean curvature zero, and in the analysis of physical interfaces between fluids (such as soap films) which, for example, have constant mean curvature in static flows, by the Young–Laplace equation.
St Peter Rural
St Peter Rural was a civil parish in Hertfordshire, England from 1894 to 1947. The local council was St Peter Rural Parish Council.

It was created under the Local Government Act 1894 from the part of the ancient parish of St Peter which was outside the Municipal Borough of St Albans.

It was gradually reduced in size over the years. In 1913 992 acres were transferred to St Albans. In 1935 a further 436 acres were transferred as part of a county review order and 923 acres went to Bishops Hatfield. As part of the review 186 acres were gained from North Mimms, 67 acres from Ridge and 325 acres from Shenley.

The population in 1901 was 3,568 and in 1931 it was 7,908.

It was abolished in 1947, being split between the new parishes of Colney Heath and London Colney.

St Peter, Hertfordshire
St Peter was an ancient parish in Hertfordshire, England that was abolished for civil purposes in 1894. It was also known as St Albans St Peter.  The parish church was St Peter's Church in St Albans.

Part of the parish was within the ancient borough of St Albans.

The population of the parish as recorded in the decennial census was:

In 1894 it was replaced by the parishes of St Peter Rural in St Albans Rural District and St Peter Urban in the Municipal Borough of St Albans.
Potrero Hill Neighborhood House
The Potrero Hill Neighborhood House (also known as "The NABE") is a multipurpose community center and historic building built in 1922 at 953 DeHaro Street in the Potrero Hill neighborhood of San Francisco, California, U.S.. The Potrero Hill Neighborhood House has been listed as a San Francisco Designated Landmark since July 9, 1977.

Potrero Hill
Potrero Hill is a residential neighborhood in San Francisco, California. It is known for being one of the sunniest neighborhoods in the city and having view of the skyline, Sutro Tower, Twin Peaks, and the bay. A working-class neighborhood until gentrification in the late 1990s, it is now an affluent area and home to some of the highest-income residents in the city according to the United States Census Bureau.

The neighborhood is a popular location for movies and television shows because production can capture sweeping views, steep hills, and a residential area all in one shot.
SageNet Center
SageNet Center, originally known as the Exposition Center from 1966 to 2007 and QuikTrip Center, until 2012, and River Spirit Expo from 2013 to 2021, is the center of the Tulsa State Fair and one of the largest clearspan buildings in the world. The Expo Center provides 354,000 square feet (32,900 m2) of column-free space under a cable-suspended roof.  The building spans 448,400 total square feet on two levels, connected by side ramps and stairs, allowing for a variety of show floor plans.

Tulsa State Fair
The Tulsa State Fair is an annual event held at Expo Square in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The fair takes place in late September (usually on the fourth Tuesday after Labor Day, and occasionally in early October) and lasts 11 days.
Quantum state
In quantum physics, a quantum state is a mathematical entity that represents a physical system. Quantum mechanics specifies the construction, evolution, and measurement of a quantum state. Knowledge of the quantum state, and the rules for the system's evolution in time, exhausts all that can be known about a quantum system.

Quantum states are either pure or mixed, and have several possible representations. Pure quantum states are commonly represented as a vector in a Hilbert space. Mixed states are statistical mixtures of pure states and cannot be represented as vectors on that Hilbert space, and instead are commonly represented as density matrices.

Common examples of quantum states are the wave functions describing position and momentum, finite-dimensional vectors describing spin such as the singlet, and states describing many-body quantum systems in a Fock space.

Projective Hilbert space
In mathematics and the foundations of quantum mechanics, the projective Hilbert space or ray space  of a complex Hilbert space  is the set of equivalence classes  of non-zero vectors , for the equivalence relation  on  given by

if and only if  for some non-zero complex number .

This is the usual construction of projectivization, applied to a complex Hilbert space. In quantum mechanics, the equivalence classes  are also referred to as rays or projective rays. Each such projective ray is a copy of the nonzero complex numbers, which is topologically a two-dimensional plane after one point has been removed.
Spice (bomb)
The "SPICE" ("Smart, Precise Impact, Cost-Effective") is an Israeli-developed, EO/GPS- guidance kit used for converting air-droppable unguided bombs into precision-guided bombs.

The featured guidance system is a derivative of the respective system used in the "Popeye" (AGM-142 Have Nap) air-to-surface missile. The "Spice" family of guided bombs are a product of an Israeli company Rafael Advanced Defense Systems. It achieved initial operational capability in 2003, in Israeli Air Force F-16 squadrons.

Popeye (missile)
The Popeye (Hebrew: פופאי) is a family of air-to-surface missiles developed and in use by Israel, of which several types have been developed for Israeli and export users. A long-range submarine-launched cruise missile variant of the Popeye Turbo has been speculated as being employed in Israel's submarine-based nuclear forces. The United States operated the Popeye under a different designation according to US naming conventions as the AGM-142 Have Nap.
Feenstra
Feenstra is a Dutch (originally Frisian) toponymic surname. It is a spelling variant of Veenstra and equivalent to the surnames Van der Veen and Van Veen. Notable people with the surname include:

Katie Feenstra (born 1982), American basketball player

Kim Feenstra (born 1985), Dutch model

Randall M. Feenstra (born 1956), physicist

Randy Feenstra (born 1969), American politician from Iowa

Rienk Feenstra (1920–2005), Dutch philatelist

Robert Feenstra (born 1956), American economist

Veenstra
Veenstra is a Dutch (originally Frisian) toponymic surname equivalent to the surnames Van der Veen and Van Veen. Notable people with the surname include:

Bas Veenstra (born 1995), Dutch basketball player

Erin Veenstra (born 1978), American cyclist

Herman Veenstra (1911–2004), Dutch water polo player

Johan Veenstra (born 1946), Dutch writer

Johanna Veenstra (1894–1933), American missionary

Kenneth Veenstra (born 1939), American politician

Manon Veenstra (born 1998), Dutch BMX racer

Michiel Veenstra (born 1976), Dutch radio personality

Myrna Veenstra (born 1975), Dutch field hockey player

René Veenstra (born 1969), Dutch sociologist

Richard Veenstra (born 1981), Dutch darts player

Rogier Veenstra (born 1987), Dutch footballer

Tine Veenstra (born 1983), Dutch bobsledder

Wiebren Veenstra (born 1966), Dutch cyclist

Wietse Veenstra (born 1946), Dutch footballer
Albany Empire (NAL)
The Albany Empire were a professional indoor football team based in Albany, New York. They were members of the National Arena League from 2021 to 2023 and played home games at MVP Arena. They are named after the defunct Arena Football League (AFL) team of the same name that won the last ArenaBowl before the AFL folded.

MVP Arena
MVP Arena (originally Knickerbocker Arena, and then the Pepsi Arena and Times Union Center) is an indoor arena located in Albany, New York. It is configurable and can accommodate from 6,000 to 17,500 people, with a maximum seating capacity of 15,500 for sporting events.

The building, designed by Crozier Associates and engineered by Clough Harbour & Associates, was built by Beltrone/MLB at a cost of $69.4 million.
Mateo Gil
Mateo Gil Rodríguez (born 23 September 1972, Las Palmas, Spain) is a Spanish film director, screenwriter, second unit director, assistant director, cinematographer, editor and producer.

He co-wrote most of Alejandro Amenábar's films with him, and also served as second unit or assistant director in two of his films. Amenábar's The Sea Inside, which Gil co-wrote, won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

He was nominated for seven Goya Awards including Best New Director and Best Director, and won four: Best Original Screenplay for The Sea Inside and Agora, Best Adapted Screenplay for The Method and Best Short Film - Fiction for Dime que yo.

Alejandro Amenábar
Alejandro Fernando Amenábar Cantos (Spanish: [aleˈxandɾo ameˈnaβaɾ]; born 31 March 1972) is a Chilean-Spanish film director, screenwriter and composer. He has won nine Goya Awards—including Best Director for his 2001 film The Others—and two European Film Awards among other honors; he also accepted an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film on behalf of Spain for The Sea Inside. He has written (or co-written) the screenplays to all seven of his films and composed almost all of their soundtracks.
Native contact
In protein folding, a native contact is a contact between the side chains of two amino acids that are not neighboring in the amino acid sequence (i.e., they are more than four residues apart in the primary sequence in order to remove trivial i to i+4 contacts along alpha helices) but are spatially close in the protein's native state tertiary structure. The fraction of native contacts reproduced in a particular structure is often used as a reaction coordinate for measuring the deviation from the native state of structures produced during molecular dynamics simulations  or in benchmarks of protein structure prediction methods.

The contact order is a measure of the locality of a protein's native contacts; that is, the sequence distance between amino acids that form contacts. Proteins with low contact order are thought to fold faster and some may be candidates for downhill folding.

Downhill folding
Downhill folding is a process in which a protein folds without encountering any significant macroscopic free energy barrier. It is a key prediction of the folding funnel hypothesis of the energy landscape theory of proteins.
Mékinac Lake
The Mékinac Lake is a large lake of freshwater of province of Quebec (Canada), located mainly in the municipality Trois-Rives, in Mekinac Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Mauricie, in the province of Quebec, in Canada. The northern part of the lake and the bottom of the Bigué Bay (to the west) are within the La Tuque (urban agglomeration).

Saint-Roch-de-Mékinac
Saint-Roch-de-Mékinac (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʁɔk də mekinak] ⓘ) is a parish municipality in the Mékinac Regional County Municipality, in administrative region of Mauricie, in the province of Quebec in Canada.

The Saint-Roch parish was named in honour of Roch of Montpellier. The term Mékinac is associated with several homonyms of place names in the sector: Mékinac River, Saint-Joseph-de-Mékinac and Mékinac Lake.
Quendon and Rickling
Quendon and Rickling is a civil parish in the Uttlesford district of Essex, England. The parish was formed in 1949 as a merger of the two former parishes of Rickling and Quendon. The villages of Rickling Green and Quendon have now merged into a single built up area. At the 2021 census the population of the parish was 694 and the population of the Rickling Green and Quendon built up area as defined by the Office for National Statistics was 423.

Rickling, Essex
Rickling is a village in the civil parish of Quendon and Rickling, in the Uttlesford district of Essex, England. The village is situated approximately 6 miles (10 km) north from the town of Bishop's Stortford. Saffron Walden, at 5 miles (8 km), and the larger village of Newport, at 2 miles (3 km), lie to the north-east.

Rickling is 1 mile (1.6 km) north-west from the village of Quendon. Rickling is the site of the parish church, All Saints, and a few houses. Rickling Green, 2 miles (3 km) from Rickling, is conjoined to Quendon.
Renton Hill, Seattle
Historically, Renton Hill was a neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, United States. Centered roughly at 18th Avenue and Madison Street, it was roughly the southern part of today's Capitol Hill plus a large adjacent section south of Madison Street. It was named after lumberman and merchant Captain William Renton (1818-1891) and replaced the earlier name of Second Hill.

Cherry Hill, Seattle
Cherry Hill is a neighborhood and predominantly residential area in Seattle, Washington, located south of Capitol Hill within the Central District, north of the International District, and east of First Hill. Cherry Hill is bound on the west by 14th Avenue, on the east by 23rd Avenue, on the north by East Madison Street and on the south by East Yesler Way. Cherry Hill overlaps considerably with the neighborhood of Squire Park as defined by the Squire Park Neighborhood Council. In the Seattle City Clerk's Geographic Indexing Atlas, Cherry Hill is designated as the Minor neighborhood of the Central Area. Cherry Hill was previously called Second Hill or Renton Hill.
Xueshan Range
The Xueshan Range is a mountain range in northern Taiwan. It is bordered by the Chungyang Range to the southeast. The tallest peak of the Xueshan Range is Xueshan/Sekuwan, which has a height of 3,886 m (12,749 ft). Shei-Pa National Park is located around the peaks of Xueshan and Dabajianshan.

Central Mountain Range
The Central Mountain Range is the principal mountain range on the island of Taiwan. It runs from the north of the island to the south. It acts as a barrier between the east and west coasts, hindering travel. The tallest peak of the range is Xiuguluan Mountain, 3,860 m (12,664 ft).
The Bear (The Bear episode)
"The Bear" is the tenth and final episode of the second season and 18th overall of the American comedy-drama series The Bear. Alongside with the rest of the second season, it was released on June 22, 2023, on Hulu. It was directed by series creator Christopher Storer and written by Kelly Galuska.

Frozen banana
Frozen bananas are desserts made by placing a banana upon a stick, freezing it, and usually dipping it in melted chocolate or yogurt. They may be covered with toppings such as dried fruit, chopped nuts, chocolate chips, sprinkles, sugar and crushed cookies.
Reg Carter
Reginald Arthur Lay Carter (6 December 1886, Southwold, Blything, East Suffolk – 24 April 1949 in Cuckfield, Sussex) was a British cartoonist.

Carter created the cartoon ostrich Big Eggo that appeared on the front cover of the first Beano. On 30 July 1938, the cover strip featuring Big Eggo was drawn by Carter. Carter worked for the Beano drawing Big Eggo and other strips until his death in 1949.
Also famous for two sets of humorous postcards entitled Sorrows of Southwold. These affectionately caricatured the three foot gauge Southwold Railway, which was noted for its idiosyncratic locomotives, carriages and leisurely mode of operation.

Big Eggo
Big Eggo was a British comic strip series about an eponymous ostrich, published in the British comic magazine The Beano. He first appeared in issue 1, dated 30 July 1938, and was the first cover star. His first words in the strip were "Somebody's taken my egg again!" It was drawn throughout by Reg Carter.