hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fula language
FulaListenⓘ  (/ˈfuːlə/ FOO-lə), also known as FulaniListenⓘ  (/fʊˈlɑːniː/ fuu-LAH-nee) or Fulah (Fulfulde, Pulaar, Pular; Adlam: 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤬𞤵𞤤𞤣𞤫, 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞤪; Ajami: ࢻُلْࢻُلْدٜ‎, ݒُلَارْ‎, بُۛلَر‎), is a Senegambian language spoken by around 36.8 million people as a set of various dialects in a continuum that stretches across some 18 countries in West and Central Africa. Along with other related languages such as Serer and Wolof, it belongs to the Atlantic geographic group within Niger–Congo, and more specifically to the Senegambian branch. Unlike most Niger-Congo languages, Fula does not have tones.

It is spoken as a first language by the Fula people ("Fulani", Fula: Fulɓe) from the Senegambia region and Guinea to Cameroon, Nigeria, and Sudan and by related groups such as the Toucouleur people in the Senegal River Valley. It is also spoken as a second language by various peoples in the region, such as the Kirdi of northern Cameroon and northeastern Nigeria.

David Whitehorn Arnott
David Whitehorn Arnott (23 June 1915 – 10 March 2004) was a British linguist who was Professor of West African Languages at School of Oriental and African Studies. He is known for his works on Fulani and Tiv.
Tretten Church
Tretten Church (Norwegian: Tretten kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Øyer Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the village of Tretten. It is the church for the Tretten parish which is part of the Sør-Gudbrandsdal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Hamar. The white, wooden church was built in a cruciform design in 1728 using plans drawn up by the architect Jens Skank. The church seats about 300 people.

The central tower was removed because of damage in 2000 and placed next to the church.

Øyer Municipality
Øyer is a municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Gudbrandsdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Tingberg. The two largest villages in the municipality are Granrudmoen and Tretten.

The 640-square-kilometre (250 sq mi) municipality is the 182nd largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Øyer Municipality is the 182nd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 5,134. The municipality's population density is 8 inhabitants per square kilometre (21/sq mi) and its population has increased by 0.7% over the previous 10-year period.
Frisby McCullough
Frisby Henderson McCullough (March 8, 1828 – August 8, 1862) was a Confederate army soldier in the American Civil War, executed on the orders of Union Colonel (later a general) John McNeil after the Battle of Kirksville.

John McNeil
John McNeil (February 14, 1813 – June 8, 1891) was a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He was most noted for his role in the Palmyra massacre and other acts of alleged brutality, as well as his participation in the Battle of Westport, the largest battle west of the Mississippi River. For his role in the Palmyra massacre, he was given the nickname "Butcher of Palmyra".
Karasay District
Karasay District (Kazakh: Қарасай ауданы, romanized: Qarasai audany; Russian: Карасайский район), formerly known as Kaskelen District, is a district of Almaty Region in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the town of Kaskelen. Population: 280,939 (2013 estimate); 247,616 (2009 census results); 154,602 (1999 census results).

Almaty Region
Almaty Region (Kazakh: Almaty oblysy [ɑɫmɑˈtə ˌwobɫɤˈsə]), formerly known as the Alma-Ata Region until 1993, is a region in Kazakhstan, located in the southeastern part of the country. It surrounds, but does not include, the eponymous city of Almaty. Its capital is Qonaev.
Lijin County
Lijin County (simplified Chinese: 利津县; traditional Chinese: 利津縣; pinyin: Lìjīn Xiàn) is a county of Shandong province, People's Republic of China, situated on the northwestern (left) bank of the Yellow River. It is under the administration of Dongying City.

The population in 1999 was 289,593.

Dongying
Dongying (simplified Chinese: 东营; traditional Chinese: 東營; pinyin: Dōngyíng), is a prefecture-level city on the northern (Bohai Sea) coast of Shandong province, People's Republic of China. As of the 2020 census, 2,193,518 people resided within its administrative area of 7,923.26 km2 (3,059.19 sq mi) and 1,188,656 in the built-up area made up of Dongying and Kenli districts. Dongying is home to the Shengli Oilfield, which after the Daqing oilfield is the second largest oilfield in China.
Hallgeir Pedersen
Hallgeir Pedersen (born 24 May 1973) is a Norwegian jazz guitarist, well known for his Thorgeir Stubø, Wes Montgomery and Coltrane inspired bop guitar performances and recordings like West Coast Blues (2002) with his own trio.

Tore Johansen
Tore Johansen (born 23 December 1977) is a Norwegian jazz trumpeter and the younger brother of drummer Roger Johansen. He has worked with Chick Corea, Karin Krog, Kenny Wheeler, Steve Swallow, Lars Jansson, Hal Galper, Siri Gellein, and Jan Gunnar Hoff.
Mvomero District
Mvomero is one of the six districts of the Morogoro Region of Tanzania.  It is bordered to the north by the Tanga Region, to the northeast by the Pwani Region, to the east and southeast by Morogoro Rural District and Morogoro Urban District and to the west by Kilosa District.

According to the 2022 Tanzania National Census, the population of the Mvomero District was 421,741.

Morogoro Rural District
Morogoro Rural District (Swahili: Wilaya ya Morogoro Vijijini) is one of the six districts of the Morogoro Region of Tanzania. Morogoro Rural District covers 19,056 square kilometres (7,358 sq mi). It is bordered to the north and east by the Pwani Region, to the south by Kilombero District, to the southwest by the Kilosa District and to the west by the Mvomero District and the Morogoro Urban District.

As of 2012, the population of the Morogoro Rural District was 286,248. By 2022, the population had grown to 387,736.
Brown County, Wisconsin
Brown County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 268,740, making it the fourth-most populous county in Wisconsin. The county seat is Green Bay. Brown County is part of the Green Bay metropolitan area.

Oconto County, Wisconsin
Oconto County is a county  in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 38,965.  Its county seat is Oconto. The county was established in 1851.

Oconto County is part of the Green Bay metropolitan area and the Green Bay-Shawano combined statistical area.
Deinacrida rugosa
Deinacrida rugosa, commonly called the Cook Strait giant wētā or Stephens Island wētā, is a species of insect in the family Anostostomatidae. The scientific name Deinacrida means "terrible grasshopper" and rugosa means "wrinkled". It is endemic to New Zealand.

Mana Island (New Zealand)
Mana Island is the smaller of two islands that lie off the southwest coast of the North Island of New Zealand (the larger is Kapiti Island). The name of the Island is an abbreviation of the Māori name Te Mana o Kupe, which means "The Mana of Kupe".

Mana Island is a 3 km (1.9 mi) long, 2.17 km2 (0.84 sq mi) table, with cliffs along much of its coast and a plateau occupying much of the interior. It lies 3 km (1.9 mi) off the North Island coast in the Tasman Sea, west of the city of Porirua and south of the entrance to Porirua Harbour. In 2009, it was selected by the Global Restoration Network as one of New Zealand's top 25 sites for ecological restoration. Although a wildlife sanctuary, and thus with no permanent human population, the island is officially defined as a suburb of Porirua City.
Englehart River
The Englehart River is a river in Timiskaming District in northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is in the Saint Lawrence River drainage basin and is a right tributary of the Blanche River.

Its watershed is about 1,110 square kilometres (430 sq mi) in size and the river is about 105 kilometres (65 mi) long.

Blanche River (Lake Timiskaming)
The Blanche River is a river in the Saint Lawrence River drainage basin in Timiskaming District in northeastern Ontario, Canada. The river is a tributary of Lake Timiskaming and its name is from the French for the colour "white".
Schalunen
Schalunen is a former municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Schalunen, Büren zum Hof, Etzelkofen, Grafenried, Limpach, Mülchi and Zauggenried merged into the municipality of Fraubrunnen.

Zauggenried
Zauggenried is a former municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Zauggenried, Büren zum Hof, Etzelkofen, Grafenried, Limpach, Mülchi and Schalunen merged into the municipality of Fraubrunnen.
Tukituki (electorate)
Tukituki is a New Zealand parliamentary electorate, and it returns one Member of Parliament to the New Zealand House of Representatives. It was established for the 1996 general election and is named after the Tukituki River. The current member for Tukituki is Catherine Wedd of the National Party, who won the seat from first-term Labour MP Anna Lorck at the 2023 general election.

Napier (New Zealand electorate)
Napier is a New Zealand parliamentary electorate, returning one Member of Parliament to the House of Representatives. It is named after the city of Napier, the main urban area within the electorate. The electorate was established for the 1861 election and has existed since. It has been held by Katie Nimon of the New Zealand National Party since the 2023 general election. It was held by Stuart Nash of the New Zealand Labour Party from the 2014 general election until 2023, when he did not stand for re-election.
Nikolai Timkov
Nikolai Efimovich Timkov (Russian: Тимко́в Никола́й Ефи́мович; 12 August 1912 – 25 December 1993) was a Soviet Russian painter, Honored Artist of Russian Federation, and a member of the Saint Petersburg Union of Artists (before 1992 the Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of Russian Federation). He lived and worked in Leningrad and is regarded as one of the leading representatives of the Leningrad School of Painting, worldwide known for his landscape paintings.

All-Union art exhibition (Moscow, 1957)
The All-Union Art Exhibition Dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution (Russian: Всесоюзная художественная выставка, посвящённая 40-летию Великой Октябрьской социалистической революции, romanized: Vsesoyuznaya khudozhestvennaya vystavka, posvyashchonnaya 40-letiyu Velikoy Oktyabr'skoy sotsialisticheskoy revolyutsii) was one of the largest art exhibitions in Soviet history. Exhibition took place in Manezh Exhibition Hall from November 5, 1957, to May 1958.
Jassim bin Muhammed bin Jassim Al Thani
Jassim bin Muhammed Al Thani (arabic جاسم بن محمد بن جاسم آل ثاني) was a member of the Qatari royal family who was the founder and minister of electricity and water from 1970 to 1989. He was born in 1914 in Umm Salal, and was the eldest son of Sheikh Mohammed bin Jassim Al Thani and Sheikha Aisha bint Ahmed Al Thani. He married six times as he was a royal. He died in 1989 in London, England at the age of 75.

Mohammed bin Jassim Al Thani
Mohammed bin Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani (Arabic: الشيخ محمد بن جاسم بن محمد آل ثاني; 17 January 1881 – 8 April 1971) was the son of Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani. Sheikh Mohammed had a total of 18 siblings, with him being the seventh of his father's sons.
Civil Code of Quebec
The Civil Code of Quebec (CCQ; French: Code civil du Québec, pronounced [kɔd sivil dy kebɛk]) is the civil code in force in the Canadian province of Quebec, which came into effect on January 1, 1994. It replaced the Civil Code of Lower Canada (French: Code civil du Bas-Canada) enacted by the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada in 1865, which had been in force since August 1, 1866.

The Civil Code of Quebec governs a number of areas affecting relations between individuals under Quebec law. It deals with the main rules governing the law of persons, the family, succession, property and civil liability. It also contains rules of evidence in civil matters and Quebec private international law.

Civil code
A civil code is a codification of private law relating to property, family, and obligations.

A jurisdiction that has a civil code generally also has a code of civil procedure. In some jurisdictions with a civil code, a number of the core areas of private law that would otherwise typically be codified in a civil code may instead be codified in a commercial code.
Jacob ben Ephraim
Jacob ben Ephraim (died in Lublin 1648) was a Polish rabbi. At first he occupied the post of rabbi and instructor at the yeshivah of that city, whence he was called to officiate as rabbi in Brest. There he entertained in 1631 R. Yom-Ṭob Lipman Heller, who speaks of him with great respect, and mentions his officiating as rabbi in the two cities cited ("Megillat Ebah," p. 28). From Brest he returned to Lublin as rabbi, and remained there till his death.

Jacob was known as "the Gaon Rabbi Jacob of Lublin"; for he was the teacher of the most eminent Polish rabbis of his time, who studied in his yeshivah and profited by his extensive knowledge of Halakah. Only a few of his responsa have been preserved: these are to be found among the responsa of the Geone Batra'e. Some novellæ by him and by his son Rabbi Avraham Yehoshua Heschel, on Yoreh De'ah, Eben ha-'Ezer, and Ḥoshen Mishpaṭ, are still in manuscript.

Avraham Yehoshua Heschel
Avraham Yehoshua "Heschel"(or Abraham Joshua)   (1595 – 1663) was a renowned rabbi and talmudist in Kraków, Poland.

His father Rabbi Jacob of Lublin was a rabbi in Brisk and then Lublin.

In 1654 Heschel became Chief Rabbi of Kraków, succeeding Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller upon his death.

Subsequent to the Chmielnicki massacres, Heschel was lenient in allowing agunah (women whose husbands were only presumed dead) to remarry.

Heschel's second wife was Dina, the granddaughter of Saul Wahl, who according to folklore was king of Poland for one day.

Heschel's main students are Rabbi David Halevi Segal (Taz), and Rabbi Shabsai Cohen (Shach).

Heschel is buried in the Old Jewish Cemetery of Kraków, also known as the Remuh Cemetery.
Bêka & Lemoine
Bêka & Lemoine (Ila Bêka and Louise Lemoine) are artists, filmmakers and researchers working at the crossroads of visual arts, non-fiction cinema and architecture. Working together since 2005 they have been experimenting with new narrative and cinematic forms to explore how people experience, perceive, and relate to space from an emotional, social, and cultural standpoint. The duo has been described by the Barbican Center as one of the most important architectural artists working today. In 2016, MoMA, Museum of Modern Art in New York, acquired their entire body of work—16 films at the time—which now forms part of its permanent collection. The acquisition of an artist's complete body of work by the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an exceptionally rare honor for a living artist.

Festival international du livre d'art et du film
The International Art Books and Films Festival  (in French, Festival International du Livre d'Art et du Film) or FILAF, is an international festival about art books and films which takes place annually in Perpignan (South of France) since 2011. Its goal is to promote and award the best books and films about art produced each year in the world.
Chris Clavin
Chris Clavin is an American musician and record label owner from Indiana, United States, with a strict DIY (do-it-yourself) punk ethic. He has been involved in numerous punk bands and ran Plan-It-X Records, a label founded in 1994.

Clavin has been a part of many (primarily pop punk and folk punk) bands, including bands that have toured the world and been influential in the DIY punk scene.

The Max Levine Ensemble
The Max Levine Ensemble is an American DIY punk band from the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area.  They play punk rock with various pop influences, and often have politically conscious lyrics. They used to have a rotating band roster that changed from tour to tour depending upon who could go.  Though at one point they played regularly with 5-7 members, they generally play now as a three piece power trio consisting of David Combs, Ben Epstein, and Nick Popovici.
Maera danae
Maera danae is a species of crustacean in the genus Maera. It is found in the Western Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Eastern Canada.

It was first described in 1853 by William Stimpson as Leptothoe danae.

Maera (crustacean)
Maera is a genus of amphipod crustacean in the family Maeridae, and was first described by William Elford Leach in 1814. The type taxon is Cancer (Gammarus) grossimanus Montagu, 1808, currently accepted as Maera grossimana (Montagu, 1808).
Nakoso Thermal Power Station
The Nakoso Thermal Power Station (勿来発電所, Nakoso Karyoku Hatsudensho) is a coal-fired thermal power station operated by the Jōban Joint Power Co., Ltd.  in the city of Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan. The facility is located on the Pacific coast of Honshu. The Jōban Joint Power Co., Ltd is a joint venture between Tohoku Electric, Tokyo Electric and a cooperative of coal producers in Fukushima Prefecture.

Iwaki, Fukushima
Iwaki (いわき市, Iwaki-shi) is a city located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 August 2023, Iwaki had a population of 322,019 in 143,500 households, and population density of 261 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 1,232.02 square kilometres (475.69 sq mi), making it the largest city in the prefecture and the 10th largest city in Japan (2010) in terms of area. Iwaki is a designated core city, and is also one of the growing number of cities written in hiragana. The present Iwaki City started as the merger of 14 smaller municipalities on October 1, 1966. Every year, Iwaki hosts the Taira Tanabata Festival from 6–8 August.
The Dark (Metal Church album)
The Dark is the second full-length album released by American heavy metal band Metal Church, released on October 6, 1986. This was the last album featuring the group's "classic" lineup of David Wayne, Kurdt Vanderhoof, Kirk Arrington, Duke Erickson, and Craig Wells, until Masterpeace (1999), which reunited the four-fifths of that lineup, with John Marshall replacing Wells.

It is considered an essential release in the thrash metal genre.

Masterpeace
Masterpeace is the sixth studio album by American heavy metal band Metal Church released on July 22, 1999 via Nuclear Blast. It features the return of vocalist David Wayne, absent since The Dark (1986), being the band's final studio album to feature him before his death in May 2005. All original members recorded on Masterpeace except guitarist Craig Wells and drummer Kirk Arrington. Jeff Wade (the "friendly ghost") filled in for Arrington on the album and on tour. This was the second Metal Church album to feature the cruciform Gibson Explorer on a cover, the first being the band's 1984 debut.
Beulah, Ceredigion
Beulah is a small village, wider community and electoral ward located halfway between the market town of Newcastle Emlyn and the seaside resort of Aberporth in Ceredigion, Wales.

The wider community area of Beulah also covers the villages of Llandygwydd, Betws Ifan, Brongwyn, Tŷ-llwyd, Cwm-cou and the larger part of Cenarth, which it shares with Carmarthenshire across the River Teifi.

Betws Ifan
Betws Ifan (antiquarian forms include Bettws Evan and Bettws Ieuvan) is a small village located in Ceredigion, Wales.

Surrounding villages include Beulah, Brongest, Glynarthen and Aberporth. Betws Ifan is only a few miles away from Cardigan town and Newcastle Emlyn town. The settlement is built around the village hall,  located in the heart of the village. It also includes a bakery.
Colors (magazine)
Colors (stylised as COLORS) was a quarterly print magazine about 'the rest of the world' funded and published by the Italian Benetton clothing company. Founded in 1991 "as a way of communicating the intelligence of the Benetton brand to an extremely sophisticated consumer", it was published worldwide in multiple bilingual editions. Every issue of the magazine took a single theme and covers it from an international perspective. It was produced at the Fabrica research centre in Treviso, Italy.

Benetton Group
45°42′29″N 12°13′05″E﻿ / ﻿45.7081087°N 12.2179756°E﻿ / 45.7081087; 12.2179756

Benetton Group S.r.l. (Italian: [benetˈton]) is a global fashion brand based in Ponzano Veneto, Italy, founded in 1965. Benetton Group has a network of about 5,000 stores worldwide. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Benetton family's holding company Edizione.
Wuchale (woreda)
Wuchale is a woreda in the Oromia Region, Ethiopia. It was part of the former woreda of Wuchalena Jido which was separated for Jido and Wuchale woredas.. Part of the Kaba Shewa Zone, Wuchale is bordered on the south by Berehna Aleltu, on the west by Mulona Sululta, on the northwest by Yaya Gulele], on the northeast by the Amhara Region, on the east by Liban woreda, and on the southeast by Kembibit. Towns in Wuchale include Muka and Turi.

Yaya Gulele
Yaya Gulele is a woreda in Oromia Region, Ethiopia. It was part of former Yaya Gulelena Tulluu Liban which was separated from Liban woreda and Yaya Gulele district. Part of the North Shewa Zone, Yaya Gulele is bordered on the south by Mulona Sululta, on the southwest by the Muger River which separates it from the West Shewa Zone, on the west by Degem, on the north by Gerar Jarso, on the north east by Liban woreda, and on the east by Wuchale. Towns in Yaya Gulele include Fital.
Zarechny, Penza Oblast
Zarechny (Russian: Заре́чный), formerly named Penza-19 (Пе́нза-19) from 1962 to 1992, is a closed town in Penza Oblast, Russia, located 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) east of Penza. Population: 63,601 (2010 Census); 62,970 (2002 Census).

Closed city
A closed city or town is a settlement where travel or residency restrictions are applied.

Historically, the construction of closed cities became increasingly common after the beginning of the Cold War, particularly in the Soviet Union. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, they remain widespread in Russia and some of the other post-Soviet countries. The Russian government officially designates these closed cities as "closed administrative–territorial formations" (ZATO; Russian: закрытые административно–территориальные образования [ЗАТО]), for the management and execution of high-value research and development concerning nuclear energy, weapons of mass destruction, or the space industry.
Stoney Creek (Pennsylvania)
Stoney Creek  is a tributary of the Delaware River in southeast Delaware County in Pennsylvania, United States. The stream rises in Chester Township, and flows through City of Chester and Trainer, at times creating their border. It discharges at the Port of Chester on the northern perimeter of the Trainer Refinery and south of Stoney Creek Yard. Historically it has been known a Middle Run and Stoney Run.

Port of Chester
The Port of Chester is an American port on the west bank of the Delaware River in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. 
Centered around Chester it ranges into Marcus Hook to the south and Eddystone to the north. It is part of the Delaware Valley port complex and lies between the Port of Wilmington and the Port of Philadelphia. Traditionally, shipbuilding and later automobile assembly were the mainstays of the port. It has since given way to other manufacturing and recreational activities, with Penn Terminals the only traditional maritime facility.