hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers
The 1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers was a part-time unit of the British Army first raised from the county of Sussex in 1859. It later became the 6th (Cyclist) Battalion of the Royal Sussex Regiment. During World War I it served in home defence in Britain and Ireland, while its 2nd Line battalion served in India and Waziristan. It was not reformed after the war.

16th Indian Division
The 16th Indian Division was an infantry division of the Indian Army during the First World War. It was formed in December 1916, during the First World War. It was the only war formed division of the British Indian Army that was not sent overseas, instead it was sent to guard the North West Frontier. The division took over the responsibilities of the 3rd Lahore Divisional Area when it was disbanded in May 1917.

The 16th Division was called into action for the Waziristan Campaign in 1917, the 45th (Jullundur) Brigade under command of Brigadier Reginald Dyer were responsible for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. In 1919, they were sent into Afghanistan during the Third Afghan War.

The division was not reformed for the Second World War.
High Sheriff of Leicestershire
This is a list of Sheriffs and High Sheriffs of Leicestershire, United Kingdom. The Sheriff is the oldest secular office under the Crown. Formerly the High Sheriff was the principal law enforcement officer in the county but over the centuries most of the responsibilities associated with the post have been transferred elsewhere or are now defunct, so that its functions are now largely ceremonial. Under the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, on 1 April 1974 the office previously known as Sheriff was retitled High Sheriff. The High Sheriff changes every March.

Forum 1158 to 1566 the Sheriffdom of Leicestershire was united with that of Warwickshire. After some years as part of Leicestershire, Rutland was split away in 1996 as a Unitary Authority with its own shrievalty. Thus there is a separate High Sheriff of Rutland (an office that existed prior to 1974 as the Sheriff of Rutland).

Ranulf de Glanvill
Ranulf de Glanvill (alias Glanvil,  Glanville, Granville, etc., died 1190) was Chief Justiciar of England during the reign of King Henry II (1154–89) and was the probable author of Tractatus de legibus et consuetudinibus regni Anglie (The Treatise on the Laws and Customs of the Kingdom of England), the earliest treatise on the laws of England.
Dole (Kladanj)
Dole (Serbian Cyrillic: Доле) is a village at the entity line of Federation of B&H-Republika Srpska. In 1991, it was part of the municipality of Kladanj, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Today, it is mainly part of Šekovići, Republika Srpska. It is inhabited by ethnic Serbs.

Kladanj
Kladanj (Serbian Cyrillic: Кладањ) is a town and municipality located in the Tuzla Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Kladanj is located on the road from Tuzla to Sarajevo along the river Drinjača, at the base of Konjuh mountain.
2014 Netball Superleague season
The 2014 Netball Superleague season (known for sponsorship reasons as the Zeo Netball Superleague) was the ninth season of the Netball Superleague. The league was won by Manchester Thunder. Surrey Storm finished top of the table following the regular season and remained unbeaten throughout the season until they were defeated in the grand final by Manchester Thunder. This season the league was sponsored by Zeo, a soft drinks firm.

Surrey Storm
Surrey Storm was an English netball team based at the University of Surrey. Their senior team played in the Netball Super League between 2005 and 2024. Between 2001 and 2005 they played in the Super Cup as London Hurricanes. After forming a partnership with Brunel University London, they became the Brunel Hurricanes. In 2005–06 they were founder members of the new Netball Super League. Before the 2009–10 Netball Super League season, they relocated to the University of Surrey and became Surrey Storm. They were Super League champions in 2015 and 2016. In 2023, England Netball announced plans to relaunch the Netball Super League in 2025, with an aim to professionalise the league. During the tender process, the new operating standards for clubs made it unfeasible for Surrey Storm to participate in the league and the franchise disbanded after the 2024 season.
Barley Charlie
Barley Charlie is an Australian television sitcom which aired in 1964. It was the second television sitcom produced in Australia; being preceded by the 1957–1959 series Take That, although that Crawford Productions sitcom had only aired in Melbourne. Some of the creatives went on to be involved in the serial drama Undercurrent (1965).

Chesney and Wolfe
Chesney and Wolfe,  were a British television comedy screenwriting duo consisting of Ronald Chesney (born René Lucien Cadier; 4 May 1920 – 12 April 2018) and Ronald Wolfe (born Harvey Ronald Wolfe-Luberoff; 8 August 1922 – 18 December 2011). They were best known for their sitcoms The Rag Trade (1961–1963, 1977–1978), Meet the Wife (1963–1966), On the Buses (1969–1973) and Romany Jones (1972–1975). When their partnership began in the mid-1950s, Chesney was already known to the public as a harmonica player.
Narcotics in Bolivia
Narcotics in Bolivia, South America, is a subject that primarily involves the coca crop, used in the production of the drug, cocaine. Trafficking and corruption have been two of the most prominent negative side-effects of the illicit narcotics trade in Bolivia and the country's government has engaged in negotiations with the United States (US) as result of the industry's ramifications.

Corruption in Bolivia
Corruption in Bolivia is a major problem that has been called an accepted part of life in the country. It can be found at all levels of Bolivian society. Citizens of the country perceive the judiciary, police and public administration generally as the country's most corrupt. Corruption is also widespread among officials who are supposed to control the illegal drug trade and among those working in and with extractive industries.

Many Bolivians are uneducated and thus unaware of their rights as citizens or of laws against corruption.
Lustre (programming language)
Lustre is a formally defined, declarative, and synchronous dataflow programming language for programming reactive systems. It began as a research project in the early 1980s. A formal presentation of the language can be found in the 1991 Proceedings of the IEEE. In 1993 it progressed to practical, industrial use in a commercial product as the core language of the industrial environment SCADE, developed by Esterel Technologies. It is now used for critical control software in aircraft, helicopters, and nuclear power plants.

Formal methods
In computer science, formal methods are mathematically rigorous techniques for the specification, development, analysis, and verification of software and hardware systems. The use of formal methods for software and hardware design is motivated by the expectation that, as in other engineering disciplines, performing appropriate mathematical analysis can contribute to the reliability and robustness of a design.

Formal methods employ a variety of theoretical computer science fundamentals, including logic calculi, formal languages, automata theory, control theory, program semantics, type systems, and type theory.
HMS Hindostan (1795)
HMS Hindostan (later variously Hindustan) was a 56-gun fourth-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy. She was originally the East Indiaman Hindostan, launched in 1789, that the Admiralty bought in 1795. She is known for two events, her voyage to China between 1792 and 1794 when she carried Lord Macartney on a special embassy to China, and her loss in a fire at sea in 1804.

HMS Jupiter (1778)
HMS Jupiter was a 50-gun Portland-class fourth-rate ship of the Royal Navy. She served during the American War of Independence, the French Revolutionary Wars, and the Napoleonic Wars in a career that spanned thirty years. She was also one of the fastest ships in the Royal Navy as shown by her attempt to capture the cutter Eclipse under Nathaniel Fanning.
Pricedale, Mississippi
Pricedale is an unincorporated community located in Pike County, Mississippi, United States. Pricedale is approximately 6.4 miles (10.3 km) north of Gloster on Mississippi Highway 44 and a part of the McComb, Mississippi Micropolitan Statistical Area. A post office operated under the name Pricedale from 1935 to 1955.

McComb micropolitan area
The McComb Micropolitan Statistical Area is a micropolitan area in southwestern Mississippi that includes Pike, Walthall, and Amite counties which had a combined population of 66,024 as of the 2020 census.
Jervis Langdon Jr.
Jervis Langdon Jr. (January 28, 1905 – February 16, 2004) was an American railroad executive noted as president of B&O, the Rock Island, and Penn Central.

Langdon was a member of The Hill School class of 1923, but was expelled due to participating in a party where alcohol was involved (although he did not consume it). He then matriculated at Cornell University, and graduated with the class of 1927. He was nominated for the Rhodes Scholarship, but was ultimately not selected.

He served as a colonel in the Army Air Force during World War II.

He was a grand-nephew of Mark Twain, and in 1982, he donated his family house Quarry Farm to Elmira College for the use of studies of the author.

Penn Central Transportation Company
The Penn Central Transportation Company, commonly abbreviated to Penn Central, was an American class I railroad that operated from 1968 to 1976. Penn Central combined three traditional corporate rivals (the Pennsylvania, New York Central and the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroads), each of which were united by large-scale service into the New York metropolitan area and to a lesser extent New England and Chicago.

Barely two years after its formation, the new company failed, representing the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history at the time. Penn Central's railroad assets were subsequently nationalized into Conrail along with those of other bankrupt northeastern railroads; its real estate and insurance holdings successfully reorganized into American Premier Underwriters.
Shark Island (Cronulla Beach)
Shark Island is a dangerous reef break about 100 metres off the coast of Cronulla, in Sydney New South Wales, Australia. It comprises a rock ledge that is fully exposed at low tide.

The island is a well-known bodyboarding and surfing location. The wave can stand up fast and violently ("jack up" in surfing jargon), making it difficult and dangerous. The island is regarded by bodyboarders as producing one of the "heaviest" waves in the world.

The annual Shark Island Challenge bodyboarding contest is held there, as well as the annual Shark Island Swim Challenge held at Cronulla Beach.

Bodyboarding
Bodyboarding is a water sport in which the surfer rides a bodyboard on the crest, face, and curl of a wave which is carrying the surfer towards the shore. Bodyboarding is also referred to as Boogieboarding due to the invention of the "Boogie Board" by Tom Morey in 1971. The average bodyboard consists of a short, rectangular piece of hydrodynamic foam. Bodyboarders typically use swim fins for additional propulsion and control while riding a breaking wave.
Piramal Foundation
Piramal Foundation is the philanthropic arm of Piramal Group. The foundation undertakes projects under the four broad areas – healthcare, education, livelihood creation and youth empowerment. These projects are rolled out in partnership with various communities, corporate citizens, NGO’s and government bodies.

Piramal Group
Piramal Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate that has presence across various sectors such as healthcare, life sciences, drug discovery, financial services, alternative investment and real estate. It headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
Anjaan (lyricist)
Lalji Pandey (28 October 1930 – 3 September 1997), better known by the pen name of Anjaan, was an Indian lyricist known for his work in Hindi language films. Having penned over 1,500 songs for more than 300 films, he is remembered for tracks from his frequent collaborations with composers Kalyanji–Anandji, Laxmikant-Pyarelal, R. D. Burman and Bappi Lahiri. Lyricist Sameer is his son.

Yaarana (1981 film)
Yaarana (transl. "Friendship") is a 1981 Indian musical action drama film directed by Rakesh Kumar, starring Amitabh Bachchan, Amjad Khan, Neetu Singh, Tanuja, and Kader Khan. The plot of the film is based on Karna and Duryodhana’s friendship from the Mahabharata.
BTR-90
BTR-90 (GAZ-5923) (Russian: бронетранспортёр, romanized: Bronetransportyor, lit. 'Armoured Transporter') is an 8×8 wheeled armoured personnel carrier developed in Russia, designed in 1993 and first shown publicly in 1994. It is a larger version of the BTR-80 vehicle, fitted with a BMP-2 turret.

Armour protection is improved compared with the BTR-80, giving protection from 14.5 mm projectiles over the frontal arc. It is armed with a 2A42 30 mm auto cannon, a coaxial 7.62 mm PKT machine gun, an 9M113 Konkurs ATGM, as well as an AGS-17D 30 mm automatic grenade launcher.

Limited numbers have been produced and are in service with the National Guard of Russia.

LAV-25
The LAV-25 (Light Armored Vehicle) is a member of the LAV II family. It is an eight-wheeled amphibious armored reconnaissance vehicle built by General Dynamics Land Systems and used by the United States Marine Corps and the United States Army.
Meshterski
Meshterski (Bulgarian: мещерски) or Meshtrenski (мещренски) was a cant, or secret sociolect, of the south Bulgarian builders, bricklayers and masons. The name comes from the word мещра meshtra, "master", from Latin magister. Meshterski served a linguistically isolating purpose, enabling the builders to communicate in secrecy, and a socially isolating purpose, emphasizing the builders' perceived supremacy over their contractors.

Cant (language)
A cant is the jargon or language of a group, often employed to exclude or mislead people outside the group. It may also be called a cryptolect, argot, pseudo-language, anti-language or secret language. Each term differs slightly in meaning; their uses are inconsistent.
DF-17
The Dongfeng-17 (simplified Chinese: 东风-17; traditional Chinese: 東風-17; pinyin: dōngfēng-17; lit. 'East Wind-17'; NATO reporting name: CH-SS-22) is a Chinese solid-fuelled road-mobile medium-range ballistic missile designed to carry the DF-ZF hypersonic glide vehicle (HGV).

Medium-range ballistic missile
A medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) is a type of ballistic missile with medium range, this last classification depending on the standards of certain organizations. Within the U.S. Department of Defense, a medium-range missile is defined by having a maximum range of between 1,000 and 3,000 kilometres (620 and 1,860 mi). In modern terminology, MRBMs are part of the wider grouping of theatre ballistic missiles, which includes any ballistic missile with a range of less than 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi). Roughly speaking, MRBM covers the ranges over SRBM (tactical) and under IRBM.
Mike Turner (musician)
Michael A. Turner (born June 5, 1963), also known as Emtee, is an English-born Canadian musician and producer. He is best known as the former lead guitarist and founding member of the band Our Lady Peace and current member of alternative rock supergroup Crash Karma.

Crash Karma (album)
Crash Karma is the self-titled debut album by Canadian alternative rock band Crash Karma. It was released on March 16, 2010, through eOne Music. The world premiere of the album took place live on the internet on March 15. The first single, "Awake", was released on November 12, 2009. The album debuted at No. 38 on the Canadian Albums Chart.
Conor Gearty
Conor Anthony Gearty KC (Hon), FBA (4 November 1957 – 11 September 2025) was an Irish legal scholar who was the Professor of Human Rights Law in the law school of the London School of Economics. He was regarded as one of the world's most influential scholars on human rights. From 2002 to 2009, he was Director of the LSE Centre for the Study of Human Rights. His academic research focused primarily on civil liberties, terrorism, and human rights.

Keith Ewing
Keith David Ewing (born 29 March 1955) is professor of public law at King's College London and recognised as a leading scholar in public law, constitutional law, law of democracy, labour law and human rights.

Ewing has been described as "one of the leading lights of English public law" and "one of the world's leading scholars of the constitution of social democracy". He is co-author of two standard textbooks in constitutional and administrative law, and labour law.
Acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation
Acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation (ABE fermentation), also known as the Weizmann process, is a process that uses bacterial fermentation to produce acetone, n-butanol, and ethanol from carbohydrates such as starch and glucose. It was developed by chemist Chaim Weizmann and was the primary process used to produce acetone, which was needed to make  cordite, a substance essential for the British war industry during World War I.

Butanol fuel
Butanol may be used as a fuel in an internal combustion engine. It is more similar to gasoline than it is to ethanol. A C4-hydrocarbon, butanol is a drop-in fuel and thus works in vehicles designed for use with gasoline without modification.
Both n-butanol and isobutanol have been studied as possible fuels. Both can be produced from biomass (as "biobutanol" ) as well as from fossil fuels (as "petrobutanol"). The chemical properties depend on the isomer (n-butanol or isobutanol), not on the production method.
Port Wentworth, Georgia
Port Wentworth is a city in Chatham County, Georgia, United States. The 2020 population was 10,878, more than double the population of 5,359 at the 2010 census. Port Wentworth is part of the Savannah metropolitan area.

Chatham County, Georgia
Chatham County (/ˈtʃætəm/ CHAT-əm) is the easternmost county in the U.S. state of Georgia, on the state's Atlantic coast. The county seat and largest city is Savannah. One of the original counties of Georgia, Chatham County was created February 5, 1777, and is named after William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham.

The U.S. Census Bureau's 2024 estimated population for Chatham County was 307,336 residents. The official 2020 U.S. census population was 295,291 residents, an increase of 11.4% from the official 2010 population of 265,128. Chatham County is the fifth-most-populous county in Georgia, and the state's most populous outside the Atlanta metropolitan area. The county is the core of the Savannah metropolitan area.
Walter Ophamil
Walter Ophamil or Offamil (fl. 1160–1191), italianised as Gualtiero Offamiglio or Offamilio from Latin Ophamilius, was the archdeacon of Cefalù, dean of Agrigento, and archbishop of Palermo (1168–1191), called "il primo ministro", the first minister of the crown. He came to Sicily with Peter of Blois and Stephen du Perche at the direction of Rotrou, Archbishop of Rouen, cousin of Queen Margaret of Navarre, originally as a tutor to the royal children of William I of Sicily and Margaret. His mother was Bona, a patron of the Abbey of Cluny and a devota et fidelis nostra of the king in 1172. His father is unknown. From his name he was long thought to be an Englishman ("Walter of the Mill") but this interpretation is now rejected in favour of ophamilius referring to Walter as William II's protofamiliaris, the senior confidant of the king in his royal household, the familiaris regis.

Archdiocese of Palermo
The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Palermo (Latin: Archidioecesis Panormitana) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church. It was founded, according to a dubious hagiographical tale, in the first century, though evidence suggests that it was a fifth century creation. The diocese was raised to the status of archdiocese in the 11th century. The archbishop is Corrado Lorefice.
Sinyaya (Lena)
The Sinyaya (Russian: Синяя; Yakut: Сиинэ, Siine) is a river in the Sakha Republic, Russia. It is a left tributary of the Lena. It is 597 kilometres (371 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 30,900 square kilometres (11,900 sq mi).

Lena River
The Lena is a river in the Russian Far East and is the easternmost river of the three great rivers of Siberia which flow into the Arctic Ocean, the others being Ob and Yenisey. The Lena River is 4,294 km (2,668 mi) long and has a capacious drainage basin of 2,490,000 km2 (960,000 mi2); thus the Lena is the eleventh-longest river in the world and the longest river entirely within Russia. Geographically, permafrost underlies all the Lena River's catchment and it is continuous in over 75 percent of the basin.
Blue Ridge Virtual Governor's School
The Blue Ridge Virginia Governor's School ("BRVGS") is a Virginia Academic Year Governor's School available to public high school students enrolled in the counties of Fluvanna, Goochland, Greene, Louisa, Madison, Nelson and Orange in central Virginia.   BRVGS emphasizes technology, science, mathematics, and the development of skills such as collaboration, problem-solving, communication, ethics, and the effective use of technology.

Governor's Schools (Virginia)
The Governor's Schools are a collection of regional magnet high schools and summer programs in the Commonwealth of Virginia intended for gifted students.

Virginia Governor's Schools provide some of the state's most able students academically and artistically challenging programs beyond those offered in their home schools. With the support of the Virginia Board of Education and the General Assembly,  the Governor's Schools currently serve in their various forms around 1000 gifted students from all parts of the commonwealth.
Prespa
40°51′19″N 20°58′58″E﻿ / ﻿40.855222°N 20.982750°E﻿ / 40.855222; 20.982750

Prespa (Macedonian: Преспа, Greek: Πρέσπα, Albanian: Prespë) is a region shared between North Macedonia, Greece and Albania. It shares the same name with the two Prespa lakes which are situated in the middle of the region. The largest town is Resen in North Macedonia with 9,000 inhabitants.

Prespa (medieval town)
Prespa (Bulgarian: Преспа, Macedonian: Преспа)  was a medieval town, situated in the homonymous area in south-western Macedonia. It was a residence and burial place of the Bulgarian emperor Samuel and according to some sources capital of the First Bulgarian Empire and seat of the Bulgarian Patriarchate in the last decades of the 10th century.
Nidderdale
Nidderdale, historically also known as Netherdale, is a valley in North Yorkshire, England. It is one of the Yorkshire Dales, which are part of the Pennines. It is named for the River Nidd, which rises on Great Whernside at the head of the dale. Nidderdale is not within the Yorkshire Dales National Park, but is protected as part of the Nidderdale National Landscape.

The only town in the dale is Pateley Bridge.  Other settlements include Wath, Ramsgill, Lofthouse, and Middlesmoor above Pateley Bridge, and Bewerley, Glasshouses, Summerbridge, Dacre, Darley, Birstwith, Hampsthwaite and Kettlesing below Pateley.

Felliscliffe
Felliscliffe is a civil parish in North Yorkshire, England, in Nidderdale. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 283. The principal settlement in the parish is the village of Kettlesing, and the parish also includes the hamlet of Swincliffe.
Medical journal
A medical journal is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that communicates medical information to physicians and other health professionals. Journals that cover many medical specialties are sometimes called general medical journals.

The Lancet
The Lancet is a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal, founded in England in 1823. It is one of the world's highest-impact academic journals and also one of the oldest medical journals still in publication.

The journal publishes original research articles, review articles (divided into seminars and reviews), editorials, book reviews, correspondence, as well as news features and case reports. The Lancet has been owned by Elsevier since 1991, and its editor-in-chief since 1995 has been Richard Horton. The journal has editorial offices in London, New York City, and Beijing.