hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
William Hamling
William Hamling (10 August 1912 – 20 March 1975) was a British Labour Party politician.

Hamling was educated at Liverpool University and was a signals officer in the Royal Marines during World War II.

Hamling contested Southport in 1945, Liverpool Wavertree in 1950 and 1951, Woolwich West in 1955 and 1959, and Torquay at the 1955 by-election, before he was finally elected as member of parliament (MP) for the Woolwich West constituency at the 1964 general election, and held the seat until his death in 1975, aged 62. The resulting Woolwich West by-election was won by the Conservative candidate Peter Bottomley.

Probably the author of A Short History of the Liverpool Trades Council, Liverpool Trades Council and Labour Party, 1948.

A stained-glass window depicting William Blake, dedicated to the memory of Hamling, may be found in St. Mary's Church, Battersea.

Peter Bottomley
Sir Peter James Bottomley (born 30 July 1944) is a British Conservative Party politician who served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1975 until 2024, last representing Worthing West.

First elected at a by-election for the former constituency of Woolwich West, he served as its MP until its abolition at the 1983 general election, and then for Eltham its successor constituency, until 1997. He was then selected to contest Worthing West at the 1997 general election, being returned seven times before losing to Labour's Beccy Cooper at the 2024 general election.

Following the 2019 general election, Bottomley became the longest-serving MP being styled Father of the House for the duration of that parliament. He then became the first Father to be unseated rather than retire or die in post.
Wem railway station
Wem railway station serves the town of Wem in Shropshire, England. The station is 10¾ miles (17 km) north of Shrewsbury on the Welsh Marches Line to Crewe.

The station has two platforms. There is a level crossing at the north end of the station. This is now the only way for passengers to cross the line at the station, since the station footbridge was taken down. The level crossing is where Aston Street becomes Aston Road.

Over the weekend of 8–9 August 2015 the signal box which was located next to the level crossing was demolished. The barriers have been controlled remotely from the South Wales ROC at Cardiff since 2013 and the signal box was deemed obsolete.

There is also a small car park, which is accessed from Aston Street.

The signal box's Network Rail designation was "WM".

Wem
Wem is a market town in the civil parish of Wem Urban, in Shropshire, England, 9 miles (14 km) north of Shrewsbury and 9 miles (14 km) south of Whitchurch.

The name is derived from the Old English term wamm, meaning "marsh".

As a caput of a barony and a large manor and parish Wem was a centre for justice and local government for centuries, and the headquarters of the North Shropshire District Council until Shropshire became a unitary authority. From the 12th century revisions to the hundreds of Shropshire, Wem was within the North Division of Bradford Hundred until the end of the 19th century.

It is considered that the landscape around the town may be the inspiration for Shakespeare's play As You Like It, a belief reflected in cultural programming in the town.
Identity matrix
In linear algebra, the identity matrix of size  is the  square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere. It has unique properties, for example when the identity matrix represents a geometric transformation, the object remains unchanged by the transformation. In other contexts, it is analogous to multiplying by the number 1.

Matrix ring
In abstract algebra, a matrix ring is a set of matrices with entries in a ring R that form a ring under matrix addition and matrix multiplication. The set of all n × n matrices with entries in R is a matrix ring denoted Mn(R) (alternative notations: Matn(R) and Rn×n).  Some sets of infinite matrices form infinite matrix rings.  A subring of a matrix ring is again a matrix ring.  Over a rng, one can form matrix rngs.

When R is a commutative ring, the matrix ring Mn(R) is an associative algebra over R, and may be called a matrix algebra.  In this setting, if M is a matrix and r is in R, then the matrix rM is the matrix M with each of its entries multiplied by r.
Military slang
Military slang is an array of colloquial terminology used commonly by military personnel, including slang which is unique to or originates with the armed forces. In English-speaking countries, it often takes the form of abbreviations/acronyms or derivations of the NATO Phonetic Alphabet, or otherwise incorporates aspects of formal military terms and concepts. Military slang is often used to reinforce or reflect (usually friendly and humorous) interservice rivalries.

Military humor
Military humor is humor based on stereotypes of military life. Military humor portrays a wide range of characters and situations in the armed forces. It comes in a wide array of cultures and tastes, making use of  burlesque, cartoons, comic strips, double entendre, exaggeration, jokes, parody, gallows humor, pranks, ridicule and sarcasm.

Military humor often comes in the form of military jokes or "barracks jokes". Military slang, in any language, is also full of humorous expressions; the term "fart sack" is military slang for a sleeping bag. Barrack humor also often makes use of dysphemism, such as the widespread usage of "shit on a shingle" for chipped beef. Certain military expressions, like friendly fire, are a frequent source of satirical humor.

Notable cartoonists of military humor include Bill Mauldin, Dave Breger, George Baker, Shel Silverstein and Vernon Grant.
XML Shareable Playlist Format
XML Shareable Playlist Format (XSPF), pronounced spiff, is an XML-based playlist format for digital media, sponsored by the Xiph.Org Foundation.

XSPF is a file format for sharing the kind of playlist that can be played on a personal computer or portable device. In the same way that any user on any computer can open any Web page, XSPF is intended to provide portability for playlists.

M3U
M3U (MP3 URL) is a computer file format for a multimedia playlist. One common use of the M3U file format is creating a single-entry playlist file pointing to a stream on the Internet.  The created file provides easy access to that stream and is often used in downloads from a website, for emailing, and for listening to Internet radio.

Although originally designed for audio files, such as MP3, it is commonly used to point media players to audio and video sources, including online sources. M3U was originally developed by Fraunhofer for use with their WinPlay3 software, but numerous media players and software applications now support the format.

Careless handling of M3U playlists has been the cause of vulnerabilities in many music players such as VLC media player, iTunes, Winamp, and many others.
Route 96 (Iceland)
Route 96 or Suðurfjarðavegur (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈsʏːðʏrˌfjarðaˌvɛːɣʏr̥], lit. 'Southfjord Road') was a national road in the Eastern Region of Iceland. It begins just west of Reyðarfjörður and heads through the Fáskrúðsfjörður road tunnel. It then follows the coast to Stöðvarfjörður and ends just outside Breiðdalsvík. In November 2017, the entire road became part of the Ring Road (Route 1), together with a part of Route 92, replacing the route over Breiðdalsheiði which in turn was re-numbered from Route 1 to a new road number, Route 95.

Route 92 (Iceland)
Route 92 or Norðfjarðarvegur (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈnɔrðˌfjarðarˌvɛːɣʏr̥], lit. 'Northfjord Road') is a national road in the Eastern Region of Iceland. It connects the towns of Reyðarfjörður, Eskifjörður, and Neskaupstaður (all of them are in the municipality of Fjarðabyggð) and includes the tunnel Norðfjarðargöng which opened to traffic on 11 November 2017. Until the opening of Norðfjarðargöng, the road used the shorter tunnel Oddsskarðsgöng which was located at a higher elevation at the Oddsskarð pass and was often closed in winter.

Also until 11 November 2017, Route 92 continued from Reyðarfjörður to Egilsstaðir. That part of the road is now numbered as part of the Ring Road (Route 1), together with former Route 96.
Indian Institute of Information Technology, Surat
The Indian Institute of Information Technology Surat (IIIT Surat) is one of the Indian Institutes of Information Technology established by MHRD  in PPP mode located in Surat, Gujarat.The Institute has been conferred as Institute of National Importance (INI) on Feb 5, 2020.  IIIT Surat is operating from its temporary premises at Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT). The institute is mentored by SVNIT for an initial period of 2–3 years till the construction of the new campus. The IIIT Surat is built on a public-private partnership (PPP) model, jointly funded by the state government and industry partners Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilisers & Chemicals, Gujarat Gas and Gujarat Informatics.

Indian Institutes of Information Technology
The Indian Institutes of Information Technology (IIITs) are centrally funded technical institutes located across India. They are a group of 25 interdisciplinary technology-based-engineering research institutions in India which are focused on information technology. They are governed by the Indian Institutes of Information Technology Bill, 2014 which refers to them as Institutes of National Importance and lays down their powers, duties, and framework for governance as the country's premier institutions in the field of information technology. was introduced in the Lok Sabha. Five (5) Institutes of them are established, Fully funded and managed by the Ministry of Education (MOE), Gov. of India. The other 20 Institutions are set up on the public-private partnership (PPP) model, funded by the central government, state governments and industry partners in the ratio 50:35:15.
Penn-York Valley
The Penn-York Valley (referred to locally as The Valley) is a densely populated group of communities that straddles the New York and Pennsylvania border.  It includes the villages and boroughs of Sayre, Athens, South Waverly, and Waverly.

These four central communities have a population of 14,822 as of the 2000 Census, and a population of 14,425 as of the 2010 Census.  The entire Greater Valley has a population near 35,000.

Due to geographic boundaries, the Penn-York Valley is broken up into two Census regions: the Binghamton metropolitan area and the Sayre micropolitan area.  The Valley is part of the Twin Tiers.

The community saw historic flooding due to rain from Tropical Storm Lee, exceeding levels of the Mid-Atlantic United States flood of 2006. Damages in Tioga County alone were estimated at around $100 million.

Twin Tiers
The Twin Tiers are the collective counties that lie on the New York–Pennsylvania border on either side of the 42nd parallel north. The region is predominantly rural and contains many small towns.

Separately, the two halves of the Twin Tiers region are known as the Southern Tier region in the state of New York and the Northern Tier region in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The "Northern" and "Southern" designations are relative to the states in which they are located, not relative to each other.
West Chester University
West Chester University of Pennsylvania (WCUPA), commonly known as West Chester University (WCU), is a public research university in West Chester, Pennsylvania, United States. The university is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education and classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". With 17,275 undergraduate and graduate students as of 2022, WCU is the largest of the 10 state-owned universities belonging to the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE) and the sixth largest university in Pennsylvania. It also maintains a Center City Philadelphia satellite campus on Market Street.

Frank Noonan
Francis (Frank) Noonan is an American former law enforcement officer who served as Commissioner of the Pennsylvania State Police. Noonan began his career in 1971 as an agent for the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Following his retirement from the FBI in 1998, Noonan was appointed as Northeast Regional Director for the Attorney General's Bureau of Narcotics Investigation. After 11 years as Regional Director, Noonan was promoted to Chief of Criminal Investigations for the Office of Attorney General in July 2009.

He is a graduate of West Chester University.
Worrawech Danuwong
Worrawech Danuwong (Thai: วรเวช ดานุวงศ์, born 16 May 1984), nicknamed Dan (Thai: แดน), is a Thai singer and actor, who was a member of Thai boy band, D2B. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in audio engineering from Rangsit University.

Ungsumalynn Sirapatsakmetha
Ungsumalynn Sirapatsakmetha (Thai: อังศุมาลิน สิรภัทรศักดิ์เมธา; born 13 July 1991), nicknamed Pattie (Thai: แพทตี้), is a Thai film and television actress and model. She has starred in many films and television series such as Hormones (2008), Bangkok Traffic (Love) Story (2009), Hormones: The Series (2013–2014), Princess Hours (2017), I Sea U  (2018), and Fleet of Time (2019).
Bergen's Electric Tramway
60°23′01″N 5°19′19″E﻿ / ﻿60.383611°N 5.321905°E﻿ / 60.383611; 5.321905

Bergen's Electric Tramway (Norwegian: Bergens Elektriske Sporvei) is an organization which operates a museum tramway in Møhlenpris in Bergen, Norway. The tramway is an attempt at a revival of the Bergen Tramway, which operated from 1897–1965.

The tramway is based at Bergen Technical Museum. This building has recently been awarded heritage status and a large sum of money has been spent on renovations on the roof.

Although the line is currently only 300 m (980 ft) long, an expansion to Den Nationale Scene is under construction. Further, more ambitious, plans include lines to Bryggen and St Mary's Church, Nordnes and Bergen Aquarium, and VilVite.

Bergens Tekniske Museum hall in the former tram depot

Tram 150 at Bergen Technical Museum

Tram 160 at Bergen Technical Museum

Track laid outside St John's Church on Sydnesplassen

Track laid on Magnus Barfots gate

An open day

Bergen Technical Museum
Bergen Technical Museum (Norwegian: Bergens Tekniske Museum) is a technical museum located at Møhlenpris in Bergen, Norway. It is owned and run by various local membership groups with each their own specialized collections, which is collectively displayed in an old tram depot.

The museum is the starting place and acts as a depot for Bergen's Electric Tramway, which runs a heritage tramway service. The collections also include the two old funicular cars from Fløibanen and one of four preserved NSB Di 2 locomotives.
Moortown railway station
Moortown railway station was a railway station serving both the village of Moortown and town of Caistor in Lincolnshire, England on the line between Grimsby and Lincoln opened in 1848 and closed in 1965.

Caistor
Caistor is a town and civil parish in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. As its name implies, it was originally a Roman castrum or fortress. It lies at the north-west edge of the Lincolnshire Wolds, on the Viking Way, and just off the A46 between Lincoln and Grimsby, at the A46, A1084, A1173 and B1225 junction. It has a population of 2,601. Its name comes from the Anglo-Saxon ceaster ("Roman camp" or "town") and was given in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Castre.
Stonecutters Bridge
Stonecutters Bridge is a high level cable-stayed bridge spanning the Rambler Channel in Hong Kong, connecting Nam Wan Kok, Tsing Yi to Stonecutters Island. The bridge deck was completed on 7 April 2009, and opened to traffic on 20 December that year. The bridge was the second-longest cable-stayed span in the world at the time of its completion.

The approaches at Tsing Yi and Stonecutters Island are located near Container Terminal 9 and Container Terminal 8, respectively.

The bridge is part of Hong Kong's Route 8, connecting Sha Tin, Cheung Sha Wan, Tsing Yi island, Ma Wan and Lantau Island. Other major constructions along the route are Nam Wan Tunnel (completed in 2008), Eagle's Nest Tunnel (completed in 2008), Sha Tin Heights Tunnel (completed in 2008), Tsing Ma Bridge (completed in 1997) and Kap Shui Mun Bridge (completed in 1997).

Rambler Channel
Rambler Channel is a body of water in Hong Kong that separates Tsing Yi Island from Tsuen Wan and Kwai Chung in the New Territories. The channel separates the two landmasses by 900 metres at its widest point.

Historically, the channel was known as Tsing Yi Mun (青衣門) and Tsing Yi Channel (青衣海峽). The current name of the channel likely originates from HMS Rambler, one of the naval survey ships which charted the waters of this area.

The shoreline of the channel has changed rapidly in the last several decades, owing to the development of Tsuen Wan New Town and the Kwai Chung Container Port. Before extensive reclamation, Gin Drinkers Bay was located along the eastern shore of the channel, and Tsing Yi Bay was located along the western shore. Three islands (Nga Ying Chau, Pillar Island and Mong Chau) once stood in the channel as well.
John Vornholt
John Blair Vornholt (born February 14, 1951) is an American author, screenwriter and journalist.

As an author, he has written numerous media tie-ins, including many Star Trek novels.  As a screenwriter, he worked on several animated children's series of the 1980s, including Ghostbusters, Dennis the Menace and Beverly Hills Teens.  As a journalist, he has worked as lead writer for The Hollywood Reporter and Tucson Weekly.

Star Trek: A Time to...
Star Trek: A Time to... is a series of nine novels set in the fictional universe of Star Trek: The Next Generation. It deals with the ship and crew of the Enterprise (NCC-1701-E) between the events of the films Star Trek: Insurrection (1998) and  Star Trek Nemesis (2002).  The series includes explanations for some apparent continuity problems between these films.

For the first eight books, successive pairs of books each provide one story arc; the ninth book is a stand-alone story. The series continues, with each book directly following the last event when a story arc has finished. All nine novels in the series were published in 2004.
Portsmouth, Virginia
Portsmouth is an independent city in southeastern Virginia, United States. It lies across the Elizabeth River from Norfolk. As of the 2020 census, the population was 97,915. It is the ninth-most populous city in Virginia and is part of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area. Due to its strategic location, the city has long been associated with the United States Armed Forces, particularly the Navy. The Norfolk Naval Shipyard is a historic and active Navy facility located in Portsmouth.

Children's Museum of Virginia
36°50′06″N 76°17′56″W﻿ / ﻿36.8349°N 76.2988°W﻿ / 36.8349; -76.2988

The Children's Museum of Virginia is the largest children's museum in the state of Virginia. It is located in Olde Town Portsmouth at 221 High Street. The museum has a planetarium and two floors of exhibits. Its antique toy and model train collection is one of the largest on the East Coast. Highlights of the museum include a life-size tug boat and house, as well as a real Hampton Roads Transit bus, the cab of a real fire truck from the Portsmouth Fire Department, and a real motorcycle from the Portsmouth Police Department.
Novarupta
Novarupta is a volcano located on the Alaska Peninsula on a slope of Trident Volcano in Katmai National Park and Preserve, about 290 miles (470 km) southwest of Anchorage. Novarupta was formed in 1912, during the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, in which it released 30 times the volume of magma of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.

Pyroclastic flow
A pyroclastic flow (also known as a pyroclastic density current or a pyroclastic cloud) is a fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter (collectively known as tephra) that flows along the ground away from a volcano at average speeds of 100 km/h (30 m/s; 60 mph; 90 ft/s) but is capable of reaching speeds up to 700 km/h (190 m/s; 430 mph; 640 ft/s). The gases and tephra can reach temperatures of about 1,000 °C (1,800 °F).

Pyroclastic flows are the deadliest of all volcanic hazards and are produced as a result of certain explosive eruptions; they normally touch the ground and hurtle downhill or spread laterally under gravity. Their speed depends upon the density of the current, the volcanic output rate, and the gradient of the slope.
Blair Drummond
Blair Drummond is a small rural community 5 miles (8 kilometres) northwest of Stirling in the Stirling district of Scotland, predominantly located along the A84 road. Lying to the north of the River Forth, the community is within the registration county of Perthshire and the civil parish of Kincardine

Prehistoric Scotland
Archaeology and geology continue to reveal the secrets of prehistoric Scotland, uncovering a complex past before the Romans brought Scotland into the scope of recorded history. Successive human cultures tended to be spread across Europe or further afield, but focusing on this particular geographical area sheds light on the origin of the widespread remains and monuments in Scotland, and on the background to the history of Scotland.

The extent of open countryside untouched by intensive farming, together with past availability of stone rather than timber, has given Scotland a wealth of accessible sites where the ancient past can be seen.
HMS Ure
HMS Ure was a Palmer Type River Class Destroyer ordered by the Royal Navy under the 1903 – 1904 Naval Estimates.  Named after the River Ure in Yorkshire, England, she was the first ship to carry this name in the Royal Navy.

River-class destroyer (1903)
The River-class destroyer (re-designated in 1913 as the E class)  was a class of torpedo boat destroyer built for the Royal Navy in the first few years of the 20th century, and which saw extensive service in World War I. These 37 vessels (33 formally ordered under three annual construction programmes, plus another three built on speculation and then purchased by the Admiralty, and a final unit building in Italy for the Portuguese Navy and purchased in 1915) were all constructed to disparate builders' designs, just like the preceding classes.

The class introduced new features to destroyer design, placing a greater emphasis on seakeeping and endurance and less on a high maximum speed in good weather. All the ships were named after British, Irish and Portuguese rivers, and as such were the first Royal Navy destroyer class to be named systematically.
Pain of Salvation
Pain of Salvation is a Swedish progressive metal band led by Daniel Gildenlöw, who is the band's main songwriter, lyricist, guitarist, and vocalist. Pain of Salvation's sound is characterised by riff-oriented guitar work, a broad vocal range, oscillation between heavy and calm passages, complex vocal harmonies and the structures of their albums, syncopation, and polyrhythms. Thus far, every album released by the band has been a concept album. Lyrically, the band tends to address contemporary issues, such as sexuality, war, the environment, and the nature of God, humanity, and existence.

Inside Out Music
InsideOutMusic is a progressive rock record label originally based in Kleve, North Rhine-Westphalia, dedicated to releasing progressive rock, progressive metal and related styles. In 2009, it formed a partnership with Century Media Records and moved its base of operations to Dortmund, also in North Rhine-Westphalia. In August 2016, Century Media and InsideOutMusic were acquired by Sony Music Entertainment and moved their operations to Berlin.