hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vapor
In physics, a vapor (American English) or vapour (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences) is a substance in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical temperature, which means that the vapor can be condensed to a liquid by increasing the pressure on it without reducing the temperature of the vapor. A vapor is different from an aerosol. An aerosol is a suspension of tiny particles of liquid, solid, or both within a gas.

For example, water has a critical temperature of 647 K (374 °C; 705 °F), which is the highest temperature at which liquid water can exist at any pressure. In the atmosphere at ordinary temperatures gaseous water (known as water vapor) will condense into a liquid if its partial pressure is increased sufficiently.

A vapor may coexist with a liquid (or a solid). When this is true, the two phases will be in equilibrium, and the gas-partial pressure will be equal to the equilibrium vapor pressure of the liquid (or solid).

Pressure
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.: 445  Gauge pressure (also spelled gage pressure) is the pressure relative to the ambient pressure.

Various units are used to express pressure. Some of these derive from a unit of force divided by a unit of area; the SI unit of pressure, the pascal (Pa), for example, is one newton per square metre (N/m2); similarly, the pound-force per square inch (psi, symbol lbf/in2) is the traditional unit of pressure in the imperial and US customary systems. Pressure may also be expressed in terms of standard atmospheric pressure; the unit atmosphere (atm) is equal to this pressure, and the torr is defined as 1⁄760 of this. Manometric units such as the centimetre of water, millimetre of mercury, and inch of mercury are used to express pressures in terms of the height of column of a particular fluid in a manometer.
Palazzo del Seminario dei Chierici
The Palazzo del Seminario dei Chierici (Palace of the Seminary of the Clerics), also known as the Palazzo dei Chierici is a monumental building located facing the piazza Duomo in Catania, region of Sicily, Italy. It stands aside from the Cathedral of Sant'Agata, and across the piazza from the Palazzo degli Elefanti, which houses city hall. Between these two palaces, the Monument of the Elephant with obelisk is located.

Palazzo degli Elefanti
Palazzo degli Elefanti (English: "Elephants Palace") is a historical building in Catania, region of Sicily, southern Italy. It currently houses the city's Town Hall. In the past, the prior building was also known as the Palazzo Senatorio or Loggia Senatoria.
Erkin Alptekin
Erkin Alptekin (Uyghur: ئەركىن ئالپتەكىن Еркин Алптекин; Chinese: 艾尔肯·阿布甫泰肯; born 4 July 1939) is a Uyghur activist from Germany. Alptekin is the son of Isa Alptekin, who was a prominent Uyghur politician in the Chinese Nationalist government. He has played very important roles for the foundation of some international organizations, the best known of which are the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) and the World Uyghur Congress.

Isa Alptekin
Isa Yusuf Alptekin (Uyghur: ئەيسا يۈسۈپ ئالپتېكىن‎; 1901 – 17 December 1995) was an Uyghur politician who served in the Chinese Nationalist government and opposed both the First East Turkistan Republic and the Second East Turkestan Republic. When Xinjiang came under Chinese communist control in 1949, Alptekin went into exile and became an ultra-nationalist and pan-Turkic separatist.
11th Mississippi Cavalry Regiment
The 11th Mississippi Cavalry Regiment, also known as "Perrin's regiment", was a cavalry formation of the Confederate States Army in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. It was commanded by Colonel Robert O. Perrin from 1863 to March 1865, when he resigned, and Lieutenant Colonel Henry L. Muldrow until it was disbanded in May 1865.

Henry L. Muldrow
Henry Lowndes Muldrow (February 8, 1837 – March 1, 1905) was an American politician who served as the First Assistant Secretary of the Interior in the first Cleveland administration. Prior to this he served as U.S. Representative from Mississippi's 1st congressional district, a member of the Mississippi House of Representatives and as an officer of the Confederate States Army who commanded a cavalry regiment in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. He was "Grand Cyclops" of the Oktibbeha County Ku Klux Klan den.
Chubbuck, Idaho
Chubbuck is a city in Bannock County, Idaho. It is part of the Pocatello Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 15,570 at the 2020 census. Chubbuck is located immediately north of Pocatello, Idaho, and has opposed several consolidation proposals since the 1960s.

Bannock County, Idaho
Bannock County is a county in the southeastern part of Idaho. As of the 2020 census, the population was 87,018, making it the sixth-most populous county in Idaho. The county seat and largest city is Pocatello. The county was established in 1893 and named after the local Bannock tribe. It is one of the counties with territories included in the Fort Hall Indian Reservation of the federally recognized Shoshone-Bannock Tribes.

The county would get international attention in 2006 when the murder of Cassie Jo Stoddart occurred in a home located in the area.
Queen's College, London
Queen's College is a private day school for girls aged 11–18 with an adjoining prep school for girls aged 3–11 located in the City of Westminster, Greater London. It was founded in 1848 by theologian and social reformer Frederick Denison Maurice along with a committee of patrons. In 1853, it was the first girls' school to be granted a Royal Charter for the furtherance of women's education. Until 2024, the college patron had always been a British queen.

The college has a distinctly liberal ethos based upon the principles of F. D. Maurice.

Henrietta Stanley, Baroness Stanley of Alderley
Henrietta Maria Stanley, Baroness Stanley of Alderley (née Dillon-Lee; 21 December 1807 – 16 February 1895), was a British Canadian-born political hostess and campaigner for the education of women in England.

She was a founder and benefactor of Girton College at the University of Cambridge, but also a signatory of a petition against women's suffrage. She was the grandmother of philosopher Bertrand Russell.
Pitcairnia staminea
Pitcairnia staminea is a species of bromeliad in the genus Pitcairnia. This species is endemic to Brazil.

This red-flowered species often hybridizes with the white-flowered Pitcairnia albiflos, producing pink-flowered offspring.

Pitcairnia
Pitcairnia is a genus of plants in the family Bromeliaceae, subfamily Pitcairnioideae. It was named after William Pitcairn, Scottish physician and gardener (1711–1791). Pitcairnia ranks as the second most species-rich genus in the family Bromeliaceae, after Tillandsia. They are most abundant in Colombia, Peru and Brazil, but can also be found in areas from Cuba and Mexico south to Argentina. One species, Pitcairnia feliciana, is found in tropical West Africa, and is the only member of the family Bromeliaceae not native to the Americas.

Almost all Pitcairnias are terrestrial or saxicolous, and prefer moist areas. However, many are found growing epiphytically in trees.
Mettet
Mettet (French pronunciation: [mɛ.tɛ]; Walloon: Metet) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Namur, Belgium.

On 1 January 2006 Mettet had 11,977 inhabitants. The total area is 116.78 km2, giving a population density of 103 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Biesme, Biesmerée, Ermeton-sur-Biert, Furnaux, Graux, Mettet, Oret, Saint-Gérard, and Stave.

Saint-Gérard, Belgium
Saint-Gérard (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʒeʁaʁ]; Walloon: Sint-Djuråd) is a village of Wallonia and a district of the municipality of Mettet, located in the province of Namur, Belgium.

Its name refers to Gerard of Brogne, who founded Brogne Abbey here in the 10th century.  The place, originally called Brogne, was subsequently named after the saint.
Northern viscacha
The northern viscacha (Lagidium peruanum) is a species of viscacha, a rodent in the family Chinchillidae. It is known from Peru and Chile, at elevations from 300 to 5000 m, and may also be present in Bolivia.

Chinchillidae
The family Chinchillidae is in the order Rodentia and consists of the chinchillas, the viscachas, and their fossil relatives.  This family is restricted to southern and western South America, mostly living in mountainous regions of the Andes,  except one species living on plains. They are medium to large-sized rodents, weighing from 800 g (28 oz) to 8 kg (18 lb), with strong hind legs and large ears and a bushy tail. All species have thick, soft fur, which is considered valuable in some cultures.
Bran Buds
All-Bran Buds is a variety of All-Bran cereal manufactured by Kellogg's. It is a wheat bran cereal that is a source of high fiber and psyllium. It is available in the United States and Canada.

It used to be available in the United Kingdom during the 1970s and 1980s. The cereal was available in Ireland until the mid-1980s.

All-Bran
All-Bran is a high-bran, high-fibre, wheat bran breakfast cereal manufactured by WK Kellogg Co for the North American market and Kellanova for the rest of the world. It is marketed as an aid to digestive health.
Sturry railway station
Sturry railway station is a railway station Kent, England, serving Sturry and Fordwich on the Ashford to Ramsgate line in Kent. It is 2+1⁄4 miles (3.6 km) north east of Canterbury West, and lies either side of a level crossing. The station and all trains serving it are operated by Southeastern.

Sturry
Sturry is a village on the Great Stour river situated 3 miles (4.8 km) northeast of Canterbury in Kent. Its large civil parish incorporates several hamlets and, until April 2019, the former mining village of Hersden.
Mariamman
Mariamman, often abbreviated to Amman (Tamil: மாரியம்மன்), is a Hindu Tamil folk religion goddess of weather, predominantly venerated in the rural areas of South India. Her festivals are held during the late summer/early autumn season of Ādi throughout Tamil Nadu and the Deccan region, the largest being the Ādi Thiruviḻa. Her worship mainly focuses on bringing rains and curing such serious diseases as cholera, smallpox, and chicken pox.

Mariamman is worshipped in accordance with local traditions such as Pidari, Karumariamman, Renuka, Draupadi or the Gramadevatai. She is considered as a guardian deity (kaval deivam) by many South Indian village dwellers. She is also worshipped in Karnataka as Marikambe, who is a manifestation of Adi-Parashakti or Mahadevi.

Sri Maha Mariamman Temple, Bangkok
Sri Maha Mariamman Temple (Tamil: அருள்மிகு ஶ்ரீ மஹாமாரி அம்மன் கோவில்), also known as Maha Uma Devi Temple (Thai: วัดพระศรีมหาอุมาเทวี; RTGS: Wat Phra Si Maha Umathewi and Wat Khaek (วัดแขก) in Thai, is a South Indian architecture style Hindu temple on Si Lom Road in  Bangkok, Thailand. It was built in 1879 by Vaithi Padayatchi, a Tamil Hindu immigrant.
Grammatik
Grammatik was the first grammar-checking program for home computers. Aspen Software of Albuquerque, NM, released the earliest version of this diction and style checker for personal computers. It was first released no later than 1981, and was inspired by the Writer's Workbench.

Grammatik was first available for the TRS-80, and soon had versions for CP/M and the IBM PC. Reference Software International of San Francisco, California, acquired Grammatik in 1985. Development of Grammatik continued, and it became an actual grammar checker that could detect writing errors beyond simple style checking.

Subsequent versions were released for MS-DOS, Windows, Macintosh, and Unix. Grammatik was ultimately acquired by WordPerfect Corporation and is integrated into the WordPerfect word processor.

Grammar checker
A grammar checker, in computing terms, is a program, or part of a program, that attempts to verify written text for grammatical correctness. Grammar checkers are most often implemented as a feature of a larger program, such as a word processor, but are also available as a stand-alone application that can be activated from within programs that work with editable text.

The implementation of a grammar checker makes use of natural language processing.
Duchy of Styria
The Duchy of Styria (German: Herzogtum Steiermark; Slovene: Vojvodina Štajerska; Latin: Ducatus Styriae) was a duchy located in modern-day southern Austria and northern Slovenia. It was a part of the Holy Roman Empire until its dissolution in 1806 and a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary until its dissolution in 1918.

Frederick II, Duke of Austria
Frederick II (German: Friedrich II.; 25 April 1211 – 15 June 1246), known as Frederick the Quarrelsome (Friedrich der Streitbare), was Duke of Austria and Styria from 1230 until his death. He was the fifth and last Austrian duke from the House of Babenberg, since the former margraviate was elevated to a duchy by the 1156 Privilegium Minus. He was killed in the Battle of the Leitha River, leaving no male heirs.
MV Kipawo
MV Kipawo is a historic Canadian passenger and freight ferry built to operate in the Bay of Fundy and which later served in Newfoundland and inspired the creation of a theater company. It was the 33rd and last ferry to provide service across Minas Passage, service which had been provided since the Acadian era.

Parrsboro
Parrsboro is a community located in Cumberland County, Nova Scotia, Canada.

A regional service centre for southern Cumberland County, the community is also known for its port on the Minas Basin, the Ship's Company Theatre productions, and the Fundy Geological Museum.
Continuous positive airway pressure
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a form of positive airway pressure (PAP) ventilation in which a flow of air with pressure greater than atmospheric pressure is continuously applied to the upper respiratory tract of a person. This flow is generated by a device to which a flexible hose is connected that in turn feeds air into a mask. The application of positive relative pressure may be intended to prevent upper airway collapse, as occurs in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), or to reduce the work of breathing in conditions such as acute decompensated heart failure. CPAP therapy is highly effective for managing obstructive sleep apnea. Compliance and acceptance of use of CPAP therapy can be a limiting factor, with 8% of people stopping use after the first night and 50% within the first year. For treatment of chronic conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea, CPAP needs to be used for all sleep, including naps and travel away from home.

Positive end-expiratory pressure
Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is the pressure in the lungs (alveolar pressure) above atmospheric pressure (the pressure outside of the body) that exists at the end of expiration. The two types of PEEP are extrinsic PEEP (applied by a ventilator) and intrinsic PEEP (caused by an incomplete exhalation). Pressure that is applied or increased during an inspiration is termed pressure support. PEEP is a therapeutic parameter set in the ventilator (extrinsic PEEP), or a complication of mechanical ventilation with air trapping (auto-PEEP).
International Cooperative Program for Innovative Talents
The International Cooperative Program for Innovative Talents (ICPIT) mechanism is the top-level international educational exchange program for higher education of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. The ICPIT program is administered by the China Scholarship Council.

China Scholarship Council
The China Scholarship Council (CSC; Chinese: 国家留学基金委员会) is China's Ministry of Education body that provides support for international academic exchanges with the country and is the primary vehicle through which the Chinese government awards scholarships. CSC provides both funding for Chinese citizens and residents to study abroad, and for foreign students and scholars to study in China. The agency predominantly provides scholarships to individuals, including in batches allocated to specific foreign universities.
Berberomeloe
Berberomeloe is a genus within the tribe Lyttini of the family Meloidae, the oil or blister beetles.  It includes two species, the red-striped oil beetle, Berberomeloe majalis, and the less flamboyant Berberomeloe insignis.

Blister beetle
Blister beetles are beetles of the family Meloidae, so called for their defensive secretion of a blistering agent, cantharidin. About 2,500 species are known worldwide. Many are conspicuous and some are aposematically colored, announcing their toxicity to would-be predators.
Matak, Iran
Matak (Persian: ماتك) is a village in, and the former capital of, Tulem Rural District in Tulem District of Sowme'eh Sara County, Gilan province, Iran. The capital of the rural district has been transferred to the village of Lifshagerd.

Lifshagerd
Lifshagerd (Persian: ليفشاگرد) is a village in, and the capital of, Tulem Rural District of Tulem District, Sowme'eh Sara County, Gilan province, Iran. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Matak.
José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha
José Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha (14 May 1947 – 15 December 1989), also known by the alias of El Mexicano (English: The Mexican), was a Colombian drug lord who was one of the leaders of the Medellín Cartel along with the Ochoa brothers and Pablo Escobar. At the height of his criminal career, Rodriguez was acknowledged as one of the world's most successful drug dealers. In 1988, Forbes magazine included him in their annual list of the world's billionaires.

Patriotic Union (Colombia)
The Patriotic Union (Spanish: Unión Patriótica, UP) was a leftist, Colombian political party, founded by the FARC and the Colombian Communist Party in 1985, as part of the peace negotiations that the guerrillas held with the Conservative Belisario Betancur administration.

The party was subject to political violence from drug lords, paramilitaries and security forces agents during the mid-1980s, leading to its eventual decline, virtual disappearance, and extermination. The Colombian justice system counts 5,733 murdered militants of the Patriotic Union. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights counts more than 8,000 activists murdered and many more disappeared, tortured or displaced.

In September 2002, new electoral laws stripped the UP of formal and legal representative status as a political party, but the Council of State of Colombia gave this status back in July 2013, facilitating its members to again run for office.
Scrappy-Doo
Scrappy-Doo is a fictional character in the Scooby-Doo franchise. A Great Dane puppy and the nephew of the titular character, he was created by Hanna-Barbera Productions in 1979 and appeared in various incarnations of the franchise. Lennie Weinrib provided his voice for one season in 1979, and from 1980 on it was performed by Don Messick (who also voiced Scooby). In the first live-action theatrical film, video games and commercials, he was voiced by Scott Innes (with some additional performance by Rowan Atkinson).

He was created in order to save the series' ratings, which by 1979 had begun to sink to the point of cancellation threats from ABC, who considered choosing between Scooby-Doo and an unnamed pilot from Ruby-Spears Enterprises which Mark Evanier had also written.

The New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show
The New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show, known as The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries for its second season, is an American animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions, and the sixth incarnation of the Scooby-Doo franchise. It premiered on September 10, 1983, and ran for two seasons on ABC. The series features the return of Daphne as a regular character, and in season two, Fred and Velma briefly return to the show after a four-year absence.

Thirteen half-hour episodes composed of twenty-four separate segments were produced under the New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo title in 1983, and thirteen more episodes composed of twenty separate segments were produced under the New Scooby-Doo Mysteries title in 1984. At the time, Margaret Loesch, serving as supervising executive for the series, worked for animation company Marvel Productions.
Chester (CDP), Massachusetts
Chester is a census-designated place that comprises the populated center of the town of Chester in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. The population of the CDP was 627 at the 2010 census, out of 1,337 in the entire town of Chester. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Chester, Massachusetts
Chester is a town in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States, situated in Western Massachusetts. It is part of the Springfield metropolitan statistical area. The town includes the Chester Factory Village Historic District. The total population was 1,228 in the 2020 census.
Ham
Ham is pork from a leg cut that has been preserved by wet or dry curing, with or without smoking. As a processed meat, the term ham includes both whole cuts of meat and ones that have been mechanically formed.

Ham is made around the world, including a number of regional specialties. In addition, numerous ham products have specific geographical naming protection.

Christmas ham
A Christmas ham, or Yule ham, is a ham often served for Christmas dinner or during Yule in Northern Europe and the Anglosphere. The style of preparation varies widely by place and time.

The tradition of eating ham is thought to have evolved from the Germanic pagan ritual of sacrificing a wild boar known as a sonargöltr to the Norse god Freyr during harvest festivals.
Three Sisters Range
The Three Sisters Range is a subrange of the Stikine Ranges, located northwest of junction of the Stikine and McBride Rivers in northern British Columbia, Canada and to the southeast of the community of Dease Lake.

Stikine Ranges
The Stikine Ranges are a group of mountain ranges and mountainous plateaus in northwestern British Columbia, Canada.  They are the northernmost subdivision of the Cassiar Mountains and among the least explored and most undeveloped parts of the province.

The Sifton Ranges, which are also part of the Cassiar Mountains, lie immediately east of the Stikine Ranges just north of the Finlay River; northwest of there the larger Kechika Ranges lie between the Stikine Ranges and the Rocky Mountain Trench.  The Stikine Plateau lies to the west of the Stikine Ranges.
Gunhild Haugen
Gunhild Haugen (née Halle; born 1 June 1972) is a retired Norwegian long-distance runner who specialized in the 5000 and 10,000 metres. She is the daughter of Per Halle, who was her coach as well. Haugen represented IL Runar.

In 5000 m she finished fourteenth at the 1997 World Championships and eighth at the 2002 European Championships. In 10,000 m she finished eighteenth at the 2001 World Championships and eighth at the 2002 European Championships. In addition she competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics without finishing the race. She became Norwegian champion in 1500 m in 1996 and 2000, in 5000 m in 1996, 1997 and 1999-2002 and in 10,000 m in 1999 and 2000.

Haugen retired shortly after the 2002 European Championships.

Susanne Wigene
Susanne Wigene (born 12 February 1978) is a Norwegian long-distance runner who specialized in the 5000 and 10,000 metres. She competed in all distances above the 1500 metres including steeplechase and cross-country running.