hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
George II, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels
George II of Münsterberg-Oels (also: George II of Poděbrady; German: Georg II. (Münsterberg-Oels), Czech: Jiří II z Minstrberka; 30 April 1512 in Oleśnica – 13 January 1553 in Oleśnica) was a Duke of Münsterberg 1536–1542 and Duke of Oels.  He also held the title of a Count of Glatz.

Duchy of Münsterberg
The Duchy of Münsterberg (German: Herzogtum Münsterberg) or Duchy of Ziębice (Polish: Księstwo Ziębickie, Czech: Minstrberské knížectví) was one of the Duchies of Silesia, with a capital in Münsterberg (Ziębice). Existing from 1321/1322 to 1742, it was located in what came to be referred to as Lower Silesia. Its territory is similar to modern Ząbkowice Śląskie County in Poland.
LSZ reduction formula
In quantum field theory, the Lehmann–Symanzik–Zimmermann (LSZ) reduction formula is a method to calculate S-matrix elements (the scattering amplitudes) from the time-ordered correlation functions of a quantum field theory. It is a step of the path that starts from the Lagrangian of some quantum field theory and leads to prediction of measurable quantities.  It is named after the three German physicists Harry Lehmann, Kurt Symanzik and Wolfhart Zimmermann.

Although the LSZ reduction formula cannot handle bound states, massless particles and topological solitons,  it can be generalized to cover bound states, by use of composite fields which are often nonlocal. Furthermore, the method, or variants thereof, have turned out to be also fruitful in other fields of theoretical physics. For example, in statistical physics they can be used to get a particularly general formulation of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem.

Composite field
In quantum field theory, a composite field is a field defined in terms of other more "elementary" fields. It might describe a composite particle (bound state) or it might not.

It might be local, or it might be nonlocal. However, "quantum fields do not exist as a point taken in isolation," so "local" does not mean literally a single point.

Composite fields use a very specific kind of statistics, called "duality and arbitrary statistics".

Under Noether's theorem, Noether fields are often composite fields, and they are local.

In the generalized LSZ formalism, composite fields, which are usually nonlocal, are used to model asymptotic bound states.
Battle of Ginnis
The Battle of Ginnis (also known as the Battle of Gennis) was a minor battle of the Mahdist War that was fought on December 30, 1885, between soldiers of the Anglo-Egyptian Army and warriors of the Mahdist State. The battle was caused by the Mahdist blockade of the Ginnis-Kosha Fort, which British commanders hoped to relieve.

The fighting resulted in a British victory that is principally remarkable as the last battle that was certainly fought by the British Army in red coats, although a Maxim battery from the Connaught Rangers may have fought in red at the Battle of Ferkeh in 1896.

Battle of Ferkeh
The Battle of Ferkeh (or Firket) occurred during the Mahdist War in which an army of Mahdists was surprised and routed by Egyptian forces, led by Sir Herbert Kitchener, on 7 June 1896. It was the first significant action of the reconquest of Sudan, which culminated in the September 1898 Battle of Omdurman.
Yiannis Moralis
Yiannis Moralis (Greek: Γιάννης Μόραλης; also transliterated Yannis Moralis or Giannis Moralis; 23 April 1916 – 20 December 2009) was an important Greek visual artist and part of the so-called "Generation of the '30s". He is a person who carried weight in many fields and found himself to be equally au courant. Furthermore, he exhibited a strong sense of responsibility when it came to confronting modern day problems. His art is distinct for the esoteric nature of its forms and its capacity and ability to suggest space.

Yannis Tsarouchis
Yannis Tsarouchis (Greek: Γιάννης Τσαρούχης; 13 January 1910 – 20 July 1989) was a Greek modernist painter and set designer who achieved international fame, and was "known in particular for his homoerotic subjects," including soldiers, sailors, and nude males.
Candelariales
The Candelariales are an order of fungi in the monotypic class Candelariomycetes. It contains the families Candelariaceae and Pycnoraceae. The order was circumscribed by Jolanta Miadlikowska, François Lutzoni, and Helge Thorsten Lumbsch as part of a comprehensive phylogenetic classification of the kingdom Fungi published in 2007. The class Candelariomycetes was proposed in 2018 by Hermann Voglmayr and Walter Jaklitsch.

Candelariaceae
Candelariaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Candelariales.  It contains seven genera and about 73 species of lichens that are typically characterised by their bright yellow colour. These lichens have diverse growth forms, including crusty, scaly, and small leaf-like structures, and are found worldwide, particularly in arid and mountainous regions of both hemispheres. The family includes well-known genera such as Candelaria, Candelariella, and Placomaronea, with their classification continuing to evolve based on molecular studies. Recent phylogenies find Candelina and Placomaronea to be well supported, but many relationships among Candelaria and Candelariella lineages remain unresolved.
QF 4.5-inch Mk I – V naval gun
The QF 4.5 inch gun has been the standard medium-calibre naval gun used by the Royal Navy as a medium-range weapon capable of use against surface, aircraft and shore targets since 1938. This article covers the early 45-calibre family of guns up to the 1970s. For the later unrelated 55-calibre Royal Navy gun, see 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun. Like all British nominally 4.5 inch naval guns, the QF Mk I has an actual calibre of 4.45 inches (113 mm).

C-class destroyer (1943)
The C class was a class of 32 destroyers of the Royal Navy that were launched from 1943 to 1945. The class was built in four flotillas of 8 vessels, the "Ca", "Ch", "Co" and "Cr" groups or sub-classes, ordered as the 11th, 12th, 13th and 14th Emergency Flotillas respectively. The sub-class names are derived from the initial 2 letters of the member ships' names, although the "Ca" class were originally ordered with a heterogeneous mix of traditional destroyer names. A fifth flotilla, the "Ce" or 15th Emergency Flotilla, was planned but were cancelled in favour of the Weapon-class destroyers after only the first two ships had been ordered. The pennant numbers were all altered from "R" superior to "D" superior at the close of World War II; this involved some renumbering to avoid duplications.
Jomala
Jomala is a municipality of Åland, an autonomous territory of Finland. In terms of population, it is the next largest after Mariehamn, the capital of Åland.

The municipality has a population of approximately 5,800 and covers an area of 687.00 square kilometres (265.25 sq mi) of which 544.43 km2 (210.21 sq mi) is water. The population density is 40.84 inhabitants per square kilometre (105.8/sq mi).

The municipality is unilingually Swedish.

Mariehamn Airport is located in Jomala. Three of Åland's four highways cross the municipality of Jomala as they start from Mariehamn; highway 1 runs west to Eckerö, highway 2 northeast to Sund and highway 3 east to Lumparland.

Lemland
Lemland is a municipality of Åland, an autonomous territory of Finland. Covering a land area of 113.21 km2 (43.71 sq mi), it had a population of 2,133 in 2025. The majority of Lemland's population speaks Swedish. The Lemström Canal, carved in 1882, separates Åland’s main island from the Lemland peninsula. Historically, the municipality has been an important maritime hub, given its strategic location in the Baltic Sea.
Songea Rural District
Songea Rural District is one of five districts in the Ruvuma Region of Tanzania. It is bordered to the north by the Morogoro Region, to the east by the Namtumbo District, to the south by the Songea Urban District, to the west by the Mbinga District and to the Northwest by the Iringa Region.

In 2022, the population of Songea Rural District was 178,201.

Mbinga District
Mbinga District is one of the five districts of the Ruvuma Region of Tanzania. It is bordered to the north by the Njombe Region, to the east by Songea Rural District and Songea Urban District, to the south by Mozambique and to the west by Lake Nyasa. The district is partly home to the Liparamba Game Reserve. Notable people are Oscar Kambona, former minister of foreign affairs.

According to the 2002 Tanzania National Census, the population of the Mbinga District was 404,799. Mbinga District covers an area of 11,396 square kilometres, about 18 percent of the land area of the Ruvuma Region and about 1% of the land mass of Tanzania.
Mi'ilya
Mi'ilya (Arabic: معليا; Hebrew: מִעִלְיָא), also called Mi'elya, is an Arab local council in the western Galilee in the Northern District of Israel. Its name during the Kingdom of Jerusalem era in Galilee was Castellum Regis. In 2023 it had a population of 3,272, all of whom are Melkite Greek Catholics. The town is located immediately to the northwest of Ma'alot-Tarshiha.

Ma'alot-Tarshiha
Ma'alot-Tarshiha (Hebrew: מעלות-תרשיחא; Arabic: معالوت ترشيحا) is a city in the North District in Israel, about 20 kilometres (12 miles) east of Nahariya, and about 600 metres (1,969 feet) above sea level. The city was established in 1963 through a municipal merger of the Arab town of Tarshiha and the Jewish town of Ma'alot, creating a unique type of mixed city. In 2023, it had a population of 23,133.
1902 Furman Baptists football team
The 1902 Furman Baptists football team represented Furman University during the 1902 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. Led by Charles Roller in his second and final season as head coach, Furman compiled an overall record of 4–3–4 with a mark of 0–2–1 in SIAA play. The team played five games in two weeks, and Atlanta Constitution rated fullback A. T. Sublett All-Southern. The team defeated South Carolina, who had defeated SIAA champion Clemson, and so claimed a state championship. Furman also defeated NC State (then North Carolina A & M) that year 5 to 2, "Captain Sublett, of the Furman team, really won the game with sensational kick of goal."

1902 Clemson Tigers football team
The 1902 Clemson Tigers football team represented Clemson Agricultural College—now known as Clemson University—during the 1902 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. Under third year head coach John Heisman, the Tigers posted a 6–1 record, including an undefeated Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association record, and thus a conference championship. The lone loss was to rival South Carolina, in a controversial game  ending in riots and banning the contest until 1909.
Casa Padre
Casa Padre is a shelter for unaccompanied or separated immigrant minors in custody of the U.S. Office of Refugee Resettlement, a division of Health & Human Services, located in Brownsville, Texas. The site opened in March 2017, and is still housing children in 2022. The building was formerly a Walmart store. The center is run by the nonprofit group Southwest Key Programs under contract from the federal government. Casa Padre is the largest licensed childcare facility in the United States, housing approximately 1,500 youths. The former Walmart store houses boys ranging from ages 10 to 17. According to the Internal Revenue Service, the group houses approximately 5,129 immigrant children in the United States, approximately 4 percent of the unaccompanied minors in the United States today.

Southwest Key
Southwest Key Programs is a Texas-based nonprofit organization that operates shelter facilities for unaccompanied immigrant minors and immigrant youth. It also provides youth justice alternative programming and educational programming. The organization was founded in 1987.  Southwest Key reported in August 2016 that it operates in 3 states: California, Arizona, and Texas, with annual revenues of $242 million in 2016.

Southwest Key Inc., is the sole owner of Southwest Key Enterprises, a for-profit company made up of several small businesses, including: Cafe del Sol, Southwest Key Green Energy & Construction, Southwest Key Workforce Development, and Southwest Key Maintenance, all of which serve to create job development opportunities in the community where they operate.

In 2024, the organization was accused of pervasive sexual abuse of minors by the U.S. Department of Justice.
Campfire Punkrock
Campfire Punkrock is the first EP by UK based songwriter Frank Turner. The EP was released via Xtra Mile Recordings on May 15, 2006. The vinyl release includes a live version of "The Ballad of Me and My Friends" and is pressed on a sulfur-yellow 10" vinyl.

The EP was recorded by Turner's guitarist Ben Lloyd at the Oxford home of Turner's bass player Tarrant Anderson. It was mixed by Tristan Ivemy who later mixed Turner's second album, Love, Ire and Song album and who helped record and produce Frank Turner's fourth full-length release England Keep My Bones.

England Keep My Bones
England Keep My Bones is the fourth studio album by London-based singer-songwriter Frank Turner, released on 6 June 2011, on Xtra Mile in the United Kingdom, and on 7 June 2011, on Epitaph Records worldwide. Preceded by the single, "Peggy Sang the Blues", the album was produced and mixed by Tristan Ivemy, who had previously mixed Love, Ire and Song, Rock & Roll and Campfire Punkrock.

The album's title is taken from William Shakespeare's play, The Life and Death of King John, with Turner noting, "I knew that the album was, for the most part, about mortality, and about Englishness. Shakespeare seemed like a good place to go hunting for some pearls of wisdom, and with a little help from my friend Ben we came across this one, and it just seemed to fit the work really well."
Gospel Oak
Gospel Oak is an area of north west London in the London Borough of Camden at the very south of Hampstead Heath. The neighbourhood is positioned between Hampstead to the north-west, Dartmouth Park to the north-east, Kentish Town to the south-east, and Belsize Park to the south-west. Gospel Oak lies across the NW5 and NW3 postcodes and is served by Gospel Oak station on the London Overground.

South End Road
South End Road is located in Hampstead in the London Borough of Camden. It takes its name from the old "South End" of Hampstead. It runs southwards from the junction with East Heath Road and Downshire Hill alongside the southern edge of Hampstead Heath until reaching South End Green where it meets Pond Street and two roads running off east towards Gospel Oak. South Hill Park street runs north towards Hampstead Ponds. Keats Grove runs off the road and forms a triangle with Downshire Hill noted for its surviving Regency architecture.

In 1860 Hampstead Heath station on the North London Line was opened on the street providing a connection to the City of London for commuters. The parade of shops was constructed in 1898 and known as Station Parade. Notable residents of the street have included Annie Miller, the former artist's model associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and the architect and Mayor of Hampstead Oswald Milne. Numbers 71 and 73 are now Grade II listed.
Counties 2 Berks/Bucks & Oxon
Counties 2 Berks/Bucks & Oxon (West) / (East) (formerly Berks, Bucks & Oxon Premier) is a division at level 8 of the English rugby union system featuring teams principally from Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire. Promoted teams usually move up to Counties 1 Southern North while relegated teams drop to Counties 3 Berks/Bucks & Oxon (North) or Counties 3 Berks/Bucks & Oxon (South) depending on location.

When the league was introduced in 1987 it was known as Bucks/Oxon 1 and was set up originally for teams from Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire.  It was expanded to include teams from Berkshire (who had been playing teams from Dorset and Wiltshire) from the 2000–01 season onwards.

Oxford Harlequins RFC
Oxford Harlequins (Oxford Quins) Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club based in Oxford, England. The men's 1st XV currently play in National League 2 East, a level 4 league in the English rugby union system, following their promotion from Regional 1 Midlands at the end of the 2023–24 season and as of September 2024, the women's 1st XV compete in National Challenge 1 Midlands, level 4 of the England Rugby women's club championship.

The men's 2nd and 3rd XV's compete in Southern North, South West Division and the Berks Bucks & Oxon North, South West Division respectively and the women's 2nd XV compete in National Challenge 2 in the women's club championship.
Rushden Parkway railway station
Rushden Parkway railway station is a proposed new railway station to serve the village of Irchester in Northamptonshire, England. It would also serve the nearby towns of Higham Ferrers and Rushden.

The village has not had an active railway station since 1959. The former station building at Rushden has been preserved and now houses Rushden Station Railway Museum.

Rushden Parkway would be built on the Midland Main Line (which runs about a mile to the west of Rushden) on the site of the former Irchester railway station. In June 2009, the Association of Train Operating Companies (ATOC) commissioned a new report advocating a park and ride station, at the Irchester station site, for Rushden.

Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway
The Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway is a branch line heritage railway operated by the Rushden Historical Transport Society in the town of Rushden in the county of Northamptonshire, England.

The aim of the society was to reopen most of the former Midland Railway branch line from Wellingborough to Higham Ferrers, which had been closed completely in November 1969. As of May 2025, approximately 1⁄2 mile (0.8 km) stretch of the line is operated between Rushden station and Prospect Avenue.  The society plans to extend the line to a halt at Higham Ferrers. They are unable to extend back towards Wellingborough due to developments that have taken place along the route of the old branch line.
Hacker
A hacker is a person skilled in information technology who achieves goals and solves problems by non-standard means. The term has become associated in popular culture with a security hacker – someone with knowledge of bugs or exploits to break into computer systems and access data which would otherwise be inaccessible to them. In a positive connotation, though, hacking can also be utilized by legitimate figures in legal situations. For example, law enforcement agencies sometimes use hacking techniques to collect evidence on criminals and other malicious actors. This could include using anonymity tools (such as a VPN or the dark web) to mask their identities online and pose as criminals.

Hacking can also have a broader sense of any roundabout solution to a problem, or programming and hardware development in general, and hacker culture has spread the term's broader usage to the general public even outside the profession or hobby of electronics (see life hack).

Jargon File
The Jargon File is a glossary and usage dictionary of slang used by computer programmers. The original Jargon File was a collection of terms from technical cultures such as the MIT AI Lab, the Stanford AI Lab (SAIL) and others of the old ARPANET AI/LISP/PDP-10 communities, including Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN), Carnegie Mellon University, and Worcester Polytechnic Institute. It was published in paperback form in 1983 as The Hacker's Dictionary (edited by Guy Steele) and revised in 1991 as The New Hacker's Dictionary (ed. Eric S. Raymond; third edition published 1996).

The concept of the file began with the Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC) that came out of early TX-0 and PDP-1 hackers in the 1950s, where the term hacker emerged and the ethic, philosophies and some of the nomenclature emerged.
Shatuo
The Shatuo, or the Shatuo Turks (Chinese: 沙陀突厥; pinyin: Shātuó Tūjué; also transcribed as Sha-t'o,  Sanskrit Sart) were a Turkic tribe that heavily influenced northern Chinese politics from the late ninth century through the tenth century. They are noted for founding three, Later Tang, Later Jin, and Later Han, of the five dynasties and one, Northern Han, of the ten kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The Northern Han would later be conquered by the Song dynasty. Sometime before the 12th century, the Shatuo disappeared as a distinct ethnic group, many of them having become acculturated and assimilating into the general population around them.

Tatar confederation
The Tatar confederation (Chinese: 塔塔兒; Old Turkic: 𐱃𐱃𐰺, romanized: tatar; Middle Mongolian: ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠷ) was one of the five major tribal confederations (khanlig) in the Mongolian Plateau in the 12th century.
Sandlot (company)
Sandlot (Japanese: 株式会社サンドロット, Hepburn: Kabushiki Gaisha Sandorotto) is a Japanese video game developer that is known for its unusual and inventive control and gameplay mechanics. The company was founded in March 2001 and is composed of former employees from Human Entertainment.

Earth Defense Force 2025
Earth Defense Force 2025 is a third-person shooter developed by Sandlot and published by D3 Publisher, for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. It is the follow-up to Earth Defense Force 2017. A remastered version, titled Earth Defense Force 4.1: The Shadow of New Despair, was released for PlayStation 4 and Windows in 2016, which includes the original game as well as a new expansion. A Nintendo Switch version was released in Japan in December 2022. A reboot titled Earth Defense Force 5 was released on December 7, 2017.
Judson, Texas
Judson is an unincorporated community in Gregg County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had an estimated population of 650 in 2000. It is part of the Longview, Texas Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Judson is located along Spur 502 (Judson Rd) in northern Gregg County, several miles north of Longview.

Judson has a post office with the ZIP code 75660. Public education in the community is provided by the Longview Independent School District.

Longview metropolitan area, Texas
The Longview metropolitan statistical area is a metropolitan area in Northeast Texas that covers four counties—Gregg, Harrison, Rusk, and Upshur. As of the 2010 census the MSA had a population of 280,000 (though a July 1, 2019 estimate placed the population at 286,657). Before 2023, it was also part of the larger Longview–Marshall combined statistical area.  In 2023, the Marshall micropolitan area was disestablished and its sole county, Harrison County, was made part of the Longview metropolitan area.
Cao Shuang
Cao Shuang (died 9 February 249), courtesy name Zhaobo, was a Chinese military general and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the eldest son of Cao Zhen, a prominent general of Cao Wei. He initially held great power in Cao Wei as General-in-Chief but later lost his power to Sima Yi in the Incident at the Gaoping Tombs and was executed on charges of treason.

Cao Zhen
Cao Zhen (died April or May 231), courtesy name Zidan, was a military general of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was an adopted son of Cao Cao, a warlord who rose to power in the late Eastern Han dynasty and laid the foundation for Wei. After Cao Cao's death and the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, Cao Zhen served under Cao Pi and Cao Rui, the first two emperors of Wei. He is best known for leading a successful defence of Wei from the first two of a series of invasions by Wei's rival state, Shu Han, between 228 and 229.