hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Transit of Venus (play)
Transit of Venus is a play by Canadian playwright Maureen Hunter. It was first produced at the Manitoba Theatre Centre in November 1992.

The play is based on the life of Guillaume Le Gentil (1725–1792), a gentleman astronomer.
In the play, he is obsessed with observing the transit of Venus. He leaves Celeste, the girl who loves him, to embark on an expedition to observe it. He returns after six years, having failed to observe the transit. He immediately makes preparations for a new expedition to observe the next transit.

Some artistic license was taken: the real-life Guillaume Le Gentil did not return until after the second transit, remaining overseas during the eight-year interim.

The play was subsequently performed across Canada, by the Royal Shakespeare Company and the BBC.

Guillaume Le Gentil
Guillaume Joseph Hyacinthe Jean-Baptiste Le Gentil de la Galaisière  (French pronunciation: [ɡijom lə ʒɑ̃ti], 11 or 12 September 1725 – 22 October 1792) was a French astronomer who discovered several nebulae and was appointed to the Royal Academy of Sciences. He wrote on the estimation of the distance from the Earth to the Sun using solar transits, made unsuccessful attempts to observe the 1761 and 1769 transits of Venus from India during an 11-year journey from France, and wrote a popular account of his adventures and misadventures during the journey.
Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission
Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (DSB-SC) is  transmission in which frequencies produced by amplitude modulation (AM) are symmetrically spaced above and below the carrier frequency and the carrier level is reduced to the lowest practical level, ideally being completely suppressed.

In DSB-SC, unlike simple AM, the wave carrier is not transmitted; thus, much of the power is distributed between the side bands, which implies an increase of arial coverage in DSB-SC, for the same power consumption.

DSB-SC transmission is a special case of Double-sideband reduced-carrier transmission. It is used for radio data systems. This mode is frequently used in amateur radio voice communications, especially on high-frequency bands.

Double-sideband reduced-carrier transmission
Double-sideband reduced carrier transmission (DSB-RC):  transmission in which (a) the frequencies produced by amplitude modulation are symmetrically spaced above and below the carrier and (b) the carrier level is reduced for transmission at a fixed level below that which is provided to the modulator.

Note:  In DSB-RC transmission, the carrier is usually transmitted at a level suitable for use as a reference by the receiver, except for the case in which it is reduced to the minimum practical level, i.e. the carrier is suppressed.
Glycopeptide antibiotic
Glycopeptide antibiotics are a class of drugs of microbial origin that are composed of glycosylated cyclic or polycyclic nonribosomal peptides.  Significant glycopeptide antibiotics include the anti-infective antibiotics vancomycin, teicoplanin, telavancin, ramoplanin, avoparcin and decaplanin, corbomycin, complestatin and the antitumor antibiotic bleomycin.  Vancomycin is used if infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is suspected.

Avoparcin
Avoparcin is a glycopeptide antibiotic effective against Gram-positive bacteria. It has been used in agriculture as an additive to livestock feed to promote growth in chickens, pigs, and cattle. It is also used as an aid in the prevention of necrotic enteritis in poultry.

Avoparcin is a mixture of two closely related chemical compounds, known as α-avoparcin and β-avoparcin, which differ by the presence of an additional chlorine atom in β-avoparcin.  Avoparcin also shares a chemical similarity with vancomycin.  Because of this similarity, concern exists that widespread use of avoparcin in animals may lead to an increased prevalence of vancomycin-resistant strains of bacteria.

Avoparcin was once widely used in Australia and the European Union, but it is currently not permitted in either.

Streptomyces candidus was found to produce avoparcin.
Rahmat Shoureshi
Rahmat Allah Shoureshi (Persian: رحمت‌الله شورشی) is an Iranian American former university administrator, most prominently at Portland State University (PSU) from 2017 to 2019. In January 2017, Shoureshi began serving as interim president of New York Institute of Technology, where he had previously served as provost and professor. On May 15, 2017 in an email to students, he was officially named as president of Portland State University and took office in August of that year. In March 2019, The Oregonian reported that ethical issues and staff mistreatment caused his future as PSU's president to be uncertain. He was pressured to resign two months later, days before a university board legislative session was scheduled to assemble to discuss his continued employment.

Portland State University
Portland State University (PSU) is a public research university in Portland, Oregon, United States. It was founded in 1946 as a post-secondary educational institution for World War II veterans. It evolved into a four-year college over the next 20 years and was granted university status in 1969. It is one of two public universities in Oregon that are in a large city. It is governed by a board of trustees. PSU is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".

Portland State comprises seven constituent colleges, offering undergraduate degrees in 123 fields and postgraduate degrees in 117 fields. As of 2023, the university had a total enrollment of approximately 21,000 students. Its athletic teams are known as the Portland State Vikings, with school colors of green and white. They compete at the NCAA Division I level, primarily in the Big Sky Conference.
HDMS Lougen (1791)
HDMS Lougen was an 18-gun brig of the Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy. Launched in 1791, she was the lead ship of her class, designed by the shipwright Ernst Stibolt. She was the first Danish warship to be copper-sheathed. She was active protecting Danish merchant shipping and suppressing piracy in the Mediterranean and Caribbean. In March 1801, she fought off the British privateer Experiment and 22-gun post ship HMS Arab in the Battle of West Kay. When the British captured the Danish West Indies in 1801, Lougen was part of the booty. The British later returned her to Denmark where she was broken up in 1802.

Battle of West Kay
The Battle of West Kay (Danish: Slaget ved Fugleklippen), also known as the Battle of Fugleklippen, was a naval battle between Denmark–Norway and the United Kingdom. It took place at the Skerry of West Kay (Danish: Fugleklippen), near Saint Thomas and ended in a Danish victory.
Lewes Arms controversy
The Lewes Arms controversy was a dispute between Greene King and the regulars of the Lewes Arms pub in Lewes, East Sussex, England when the brewery withdrew from sale a popular local beer from 2006 to April 2007.

The dispute prompted a change in Greene King's policy that may well have repercussions for other pubs that have lost the right to sell local beers. One of the Greene King directors, Mark Angela, left the company amid a shake up of all Greene King houses in which the managed house operations were split into two divisions.

Harvey's Brewery
Harvey's Brewery is a brewery in Lewes, East Sussex, England.

Harvey's estate includes 45 tied houses, mostly in Sussex, and three in London: Royal Oak, Southwark, The Cat's Back, Wandsworth and The Phoenix, Stockwell. It sells and distributes its main product, Sussex Best Bitter, to other pubs, off-licences and social clubs in south east England. John Harvey established the Bridge Wharf Brewery on its present site by the River Ouse, overlooking Cliffe Bridge.
Macdonald identities
In mathematics, the Macdonald identities are some infinite product identities associated to affine root systems, introduced by Ian Macdonald (1972). They include as special cases the Jacobi triple product identity,  Watson's quintuple product identity, several identities found by Dyson (1972), and a 10-fold product identity found by Winquist (1969).

Kac (1974) and Moody (1975) pointed out that the Macdonald identities are the analogs of the Weyl denominator formula for affine Kac–Moody algebras and superalgebras.

Affine root system
In mathematics, an affine root system is a root system of affine-linear functions on a Euclidean space. They are used in the classification of affine Lie algebras and superalgebras, and semisimple p-adic algebraic groups, and correspond to families of Macdonald polynomials. The reduced affine root systems were used by Kac and Moody in their work on Kac–Moody algebras.  Possibly non-reduced affine root systems were introduced and classified by Macdonald (1972) and Bruhat & Tits (1972) (except that both these papers accidentally omitted the Dynkin diagram ).
Hsiung Feng IIE
The Hsiung Feng IIE (HF-2E; Chinese: 雄風二E巡弋飛彈; lit. 'Brave Wind IIE Cruise Missile') is a surface-to-surface land-attack cruise missile system developed by the National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST) in Taiwan.

Hsiung Feng II
The Hsiung Feng II (HF-2; Chinese: 雄風二型; pinyin: Xióngfēng èr xíng, "Brave Wind II") is an anti-ship missile system developed by the National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST) in Taiwan. The HF-2 is designed to be deployed aboard ships or at facilities on land. An airborne version has also been developed which can be carried by the ROC Air Force's F-CK fighters. The HF-2 has ECCM capabilities and is deployed on the ROC Navy's Cheng Kung-class and La Fayette-class frigates, as well as at several land-based sites.
The Eagle Wounded by an Arrow
The situation of the Eagle Wounded by an Arrow vaned with its own feathers is referred to in several ancient Greek sources and is listed as fable 276 in the Perry Index. It is generally applied to the misery of realising that one has contributed to one's own injury but also as a warning against self-reliant pride.

Perry Index
The Perry Index is a widely used index of "Aesop's Fables" or "Aesopica", the fables credited to Aesop, the storyteller who lived in ancient Greece between 620 and 560 BC. The index was created by Ben Edwin Perry, a professor of classics at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.

Modern scholarship takes the view that Aesop probably did not compose all of the fables attributed to him; indeed, a few are known to have first been used before Aesop lived, while the first record of many others is from well over a millennium after his time. Traditionally, Aesop's fables were arranged alphabetically, which is not helpful to the reader. Perry listed them by language (Greek then Latin), chronologically, by source, and then alphabetically; the Spanish scholar Francisco Rodríguez Adrados created a similar system. This system also does not help the casual reader, but is the best for scholarly purposes.
Magic cube
In mathematics, a magic cube is the 3-dimensional equivalent of a magic square, that is, a collection of integers arranged in an n × n × n pattern such that the sums of the numbers on each row, on each column, on each pillar and on each of the four main space diagonals are equal, the so-called magic constant of the cube, denoted M3(n). If a magic cube consists of the numbers 1, 2, ..., n3, then it has magic constant (sequence A027441 in the OEIS)

If, in addition, the numbers on every cross section diagonal also sum up to the cube's magic number, the cube is called a perfect magic cube; otherwise, it is called a semiperfect magic cube. The number n is called the order of the magic cube. If the sums of numbers on a magic cube's broken space diagonals also equal the cube's magic number, the cube is called a pandiagonal magic cube.

Pandiagonal magic cube
In recreational mathematics, a pandiagonal magic cube is a magic cube with the additional property that all broken diagonals (parallel to exactly two of the three coordinate axes) have the same sum as each other. Pandiagonal magic cubes are extensions of diagonal magic cubes (in which only the unbroken diagonals need to have the same sum as the rows of the cube) and generalize pandiagonal magic squares to three dimensions.

In a pandiagonal magic cube, all 3m planar arrays must be panmagic squares. The 6 oblique squares are always magic. Several of them may be panmagic squares.
A proper pandiagonal magic cube has exactly 9m2 lines plus the 4 main space diagonals summing correctly (no broken space diagonals have the correct sum.)

The smallest pandiagonal magic cube has order 7.
White Witch
Jadis is a fictional character and the main antagonist of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950) and The Magician's Nephew (1955) in C. S. Lewis's series, The Chronicles of Narnia. She is commonly referred to as the White Witch in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, as she is the Witch who froze Narnia in the Hundred Years Winter.

Some recent editions of the books include brief notes, added by later editors, that describe the cast of characters. As Lewis scholar Peter Schakel points out, the notes' description of Jadis and the  Queen of Underland (the main antagonist of The Silver Chair) "states incorrectly that the Queen of Underland is an embodiment of Jadis". Beyond characterising the two as "Northern Witches", Lewis's text does not connect them.

Narnia (fantasy world)
Narnia is a fantasy world created by author C. S. Lewis as the primary location for his series of seven fantasy novels for children, The Chronicles of Narnia. The name is derived from the land where much of the Chronicles takes place.

In Narnia, there exist talking animals, mythical beasts abound, and magic is common. The series tracks the story of Narnia when humans, usually children, enter the Narnian world from Earth in a typical portal fantasy. The entire Narnian timeline, from its creation to its end (c. 1–2555), ran parallel to 49 Earth-years (c. 1900–1949), thus on average a year on Earth meant 52.14 time dilation years in Narnia.
Leptotyphlops
Leptotyphlops is a genus of nonvenomous blind snakes, commonly known as slender blind snakes and threadsnakes, in the family Leptotyphlopidae. The genus is endemic to and found throughout Africa. Eleven species have been moved to the genus Trilepida, and other species have been moved to the genera Epacrophis, Epictia, Mitophis, Myriopholis, Namibiana, Rena, Siagonodon, Tetracheilostoma, and Tricheilostoma.

Tetracheilostoma
Tetracheilostoma is a genus of snakes in the family Leptotyphlopidae. All of the species were previously placed in the genus Leptotyphlops.

The genus contains the following species:

Tetracheilostoma bilineatum, two-lined blind snake

Tetracheilostoma breuili, St. Lucia threadsnake

Tetracheilostoma carlae, Barbados threadsnake
Jain schools and branches
Jainism is an Indian religion which is traditionally believed to be propagated by twenty-four spiritual teachers known as tirthankara. Broadly, Jainism is divided into two major schools of thought, Digambara and Śvetāmbara. These are further divided into different sub-sects and traditions. While there are differences in practices, the core philosophy and main principles of each sect is the same.

Devardhigani Kshamashraman
Devardhi or Vachanacharya Devardhigani Kshamashramana or Devavachaka was a Jain ascetic of the Śvetāmbara sect and an author of several Prakrit texts.

He was a prominent figure in Jainism in the 5th century AD. Mainly known for his contributions to the compilation and preservation of the canonical Jain scriptures, he is one of the most revered ascetics of the Śvetāmbara sect of Jainism. It was under his guidance that the second council of Vallabhi was held to preserve the remaining canonical texts of Jainism. Apart from the compilation of the canonical texts, he has been revered for his spiritual teachings as well.
Institute of Economic Studies, Charles University
The Institute of Economic Studies (IES) is a department of the Faculty of Social Sciences at Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic. It was established in May 1993 during the reorganization of the faculty, evolving from the former Department of Economics and Institute of Economic Sciences. The institute is housed in the main building of the faculty on Opletalova Street in central Prague.

Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University
The Faculty of Social Sciences (Czech: Fakulta sociálních věd Univerzity Karlovy) is one of the newest faculties of Charles University. The Faculty was founded in 1990, shortly after the Velvet Revolution. It soon became a regional centre of teaching and research in area studies, economics, international relations, journalism, media studies, sociology and political science. The Faculty offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degree programs in social sciences. While the languages of instruction are Czech and English, students can choose from classes in a wide range of other languages, including French, German, Russian and Spanish.

The Faculty enrolls around 5,000 full-time students, including 1,000 international students.
Lewis & Clarke
Lewis & Clarke is the pen name of American musician, singer, songwriter, record producer, and composer Lou Rogai. The name references the fellowship and correspondence between C. S. Lewis and Arthur C. Clarke, not the 19th-century explorers. Lewis & Clarke has released three studio albums, Bare Bones and Branches, Blasts of Holy Birth, and Triumvirate, as well as several singles and EPs. The moniker is also a metaphor for journey on many levels and the music has been described as art-pop or avant-folk. Rogai is the founder of La Société Expéditionnaire, a record label dedicated to creating "beautiful sounding records and tangible musical artifacts".

Waywords and Meansigns Opendoor Edition
The Waywords and Meansigns Opendoor Edition debuted in 2017 as a part of the Waywords and Meansigns project, setting James Joyce's Finnegans Wake to music. The Opendoor Edition features over 100 artists and musicians performing unabridged passages of Finnegans Wake. An open edition participants are invited to contribute to the Opendoor Edition on an ongoing basis.  The edition first premiered on May 4, 2017.

The genres in the Waywords and Meansigns Opendoor Edition are quite diverse, ranging from metal and industrial to folk and jazz. Many tracks are experimental; some recordings adhere to fairly traditional song formats, while others offer audiobook-like readings with ambient accompaniment.
Minuma Tsūsen-bori
The Minuma Tsūsen-bori (見沼通船堀) is Japan's oldest canal with a lock system. Built during the Edo period, it is located in what is now part of the cities of Saitama and Kawaguchi, Saitama Prefecture, Japan. It was designated a National Historic Site in 1982.

Saitama (city)
Saitama (さいたま市, Saitama-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [saꜜi.ta.ma, sai.ta.maꜜ.ɕi]) is the capital and largest city of Saitama Prefecture, Japan. Its area incorporates the former cities of Urawa, Ōmiya, Yono and Iwatsuki. It is a city designated by government ordinance. As of 1 February 2021, the city had an estimated population of 1,324,854, and a population density of 6,093 people per km2 (15,781 people per sq mi). Its total area is 217.43 square kilometres (83.95 sq mi).
Ennio Filonardi
Ennio Filonardi (1466–1549) was an Italian bishop and Cardinal. He was born in Bauco, present-day Boville Ernica.

As bishop of Veroli, from 1503 to 1538, he left an architectural mark on the cathedral. In 1538 he was bishop of Montefeltro; on 25 April 1549 he resigned as Bishop of Montefeltro in favor of his nephew Ennio Massari Filonardi.

From the time of his status as close advisor to Pope Innocent VIII, he became one of the salient figures of the papal court. He acted as papal nuncio to Switzerland. He became Bishop of Albano in 1546.

He died during the conclave that elected Pope Julius III, having himself been considered papabile.  This is quite unlikely, since Filonardi was already eighty-three years old;  he was not on any list of papabili provided by any of the Crowns; and he received not a single vote from the first ballot on 4 December to the day of  his death on 19 December 1549.

Diocese of San Marino-Montefeltro
The Diocese of San Marino-Montefeltro (Latin: Dioecesis Sammarinensis-Feretrana), known until 1977 as the Diocese of Montefeltro, is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or diocese of the Catholic Church in both Italy and San Marino. It is a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Ravenna-Cervia. The current diocese includes all the parishes of San Marino.

It has its collegiate cathedral episcopal see S. Bartolomeo, dedicated to the Apostle St. Bartholomew, in Pennabilli, Rimini, Emilia Romagna, and two co-cathedrals:

the church of San Leo, located in the nearby Italian town of that name, once the cathedral of the former see.

the Basilica di San Marino, in the City of San Marino. This is a minor basilica and World Heritage Site.
SAIC Volkswagen
SAIC Volkswagen Automotive Co., Ltd., formerly known as Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive Co., Ltd. is an automobile manufacturing company headquartered in Anting, Shanghai, China and a joint venture between SAIC Motor and Volkswagen Group. It was founded in 1984 and produces cars under the Volkswagen, Škoda and Audi marques. It is the second automobile manufacturing joint venture in China after American Motors and the first German car manufacturer to enter China.

The joint venture is made up of equity from SAIC Motor (50%), Volkswagen AG (40%), Volkswagen (China) Invest (10%), with a fixed-term venture for 45 years up until 2030. It is the first of three joint ventures operated by Volkswagen in China, alongside FAW-Volkswagen with FAW Group and Volkswagen Anhui with JAC Group.

Škoda Superb
The Škoda Superb is a mid-size/large family car (D-segment) that has been produced by the Czech car manufacturer Škoda Auto since 2001. The first generation of the modern Superb, produced from 2001 to 2008, was based on the VW B5 PL45+ platform. The second generation Superb used the B6 A6/PQ46 and was introduced in 2008. The third generation using the MQB platform entered production in 2015. The fourth and current generation was unveiled on 2023 and it is based on a stretched version of the MQB Evo platform.
Crodo
Crodo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 140 kilometres (87 mi) northeast of Turin and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northwest of Verbania. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,487 and an area of 61.8 square kilometres (23.9 sq mi).

The municipality of Crodo contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Alpiano, Rencio, Molinetto, Salecchio (o Bagni), Cravegna, Vegno, Emo, Mozzio, Viceno, Mondei, Rovallo, Cuga, Foppiano, Quategno, Braccio, Maglioggio, Prepiana, Garina.

Crodo borders the following municipalities: Baceno, Crevoladossola, Montecrestese, Premia, Varzo.

Premia
Premia (Walser German: Saley) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 140 kilometres (87 mi) northeast of Turin and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of Verbania, on the border with Switzerland. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 607 and an area of 88.7 square kilometres (34.2 sq mi).

Premia borders the following municipalities: Baceno, Bosco/Gurin (Switzerland), Campo (Vallemaggia) (Switzerland), Crodo, Formazza, Montecrestese.

Premia is a thermal spa town.