hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chondrule
A chondrule (from Ancient Greek χόνδρος chondros, grain) is a round grain found in a chondrite. Chondrules form as molten or partially molten droplets in space before being accreted to their parent asteroids. Because chondrites represent one of the oldest solid materials within the Solar System and are believed to be the building blocks of the planetary system, it follows that an understanding of the formation of chondrules is important to understand the initial development of the planetary system.

Accretion (astrophysics)
In astrophysics, accretion is the accumulation of particles into a massive object by gravitationally attracting more matter, typically gaseous matter, into an accretion disk. Most astronomical objects, such as galaxies, stars, and planets, are formed by accretion processes.
Pollaczek–Khinchine formula
In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, the Pollaczek–Khinchine formula states a relationship between the queue length and service time distribution Laplace transforms for an M/G/1 queue (where jobs arrive according to a Poisson process and have general service time distribution). The term is also used to refer to the relationships between the mean queue length and mean waiting/service time in such a model.

The formula was first published by Felix Pollaczek in 1930 and recast in probabilistic terms by Aleksandr Khinchin two years later. In ruin theory the formula can be used to compute the probability of ultimate ruin (probability of an insurance company going bankrupt).

Queueing theory
Queueing theory is the mathematical study of waiting lines, or queues. A queueing model is constructed so that queue lengths and waiting time can be predicted. Queueing theory is generally considered a branch of operations research because the results are often used when making business decisions about the resources needed to provide a service.

Queueing theory has its origins in research by Agner Krarup Erlang, who created models to describe the system of incoming calls at the Copenhagen Telephone Exchange Company. These ideas were seminal to the field of teletraffic engineering and have since seen applications in telecommunications, traffic engineering, computing, project management, and particularly industrial engineering, where they are applied in the design of factories, shops, offices, and hospitals.
Dwight Armstrong
Dwight Alan Armstrong (August 29, 1951 – June 20, 2010) was an American anti-Vietnam War activist who helped use a truck bomb to shatter Sterling Hall, a centrally located building on the University of Wisconsin–Madison campus, on August 24, 1970. Armstrong and three others targeted an army mathematical research center on an upper floor. They considered the university complicit in military research that enabled aggression. The bomb gutted the building, killing one person and injuring three. Armstrong spent several years on the run before being imprisoned for his role in "a political protest that, gone violently wrong, endures in the national memory as an act of domestic terrorism".

Sterling Hall bombing
The Sterling Hall bombing occurred on the University of Wisconsin–Madison campus on August 24, 1970, and was committed by four men as an action against the university's research connections with the U.S. military during the Vietnam War. It resulted in the death of a university physics researcher and injuries to three others.
Angels Unawares
Angels Unawares is a bronze sculpture by Timothy Schmalz installed in St. Peter's Square in the Vatican since September 29, 2019, the 105th World Migrant and Refugee Day.

This statue was inaugurated by Pope Francis in 2019 for the 105th World Day of Migrants and Refugees. At its inauguration Pope Francis said he wanted the sculpture "to remind everyone of the evangelical challenge of hospitality".

Timothy Schmalz
Timothy Paul Schmalz (born 1969) is a Canadian sculptor from St. Jacobs, Ontario, Canada. Cast editions of his life-sized sculptures have been installed in major cities in front of some of the most historically significant Christian sites in the world, including Capernaum, the Vatican and Fatima. In recent years, he has worked directly with the Vatican to create several sculptures that highlight spiritual concerns in our modern day.

Schmalz is best known for his Homeless Jesus that he created in reaction to the many homeless living on the streets. Schmalz conceives his sculptures with keen devotion to Catholicism and gives his time to each piece, sometimes taking as much as 10 years forming the idea and sculpting it. Some of his works are created in series and others are single pieces. Installments of his work have brought his visual message across the globe with Homeless Jesus having been displayed in many places including St. Peter's Basilica.
Birdsong (serial)
Birdsong is a two-part British 2012 television drama, based on the 1993 war novel Birdsong by Sebastian Faulks. It stars Eddie Redmayne as Stephen Wraysford and Clémence Poésy as Isabelle Azaire and was directed by Philip Martin based on a screenplay by Abi Morgan.

The adaptation was produced by Working Title Films for the BBC and PBS's Masterpiece.  It premiered in January 2012 in the United Kingdom and in April 2012 in the United States.

Sebastian Faulks
Sebastian Charles Faulks (born 20 April 1953) is a British novelist, journalist and broadcaster. He is most notable for his historical novels set in France – The Girl at the Lion d'Or, Birdsong and Charlotte Gray.

He has also published novels with a contemporary setting, most recently A Week in December (2009) and Paris Echo (2018), and a James Bond continuation novel, Devil May Care (2008), as well as a continuation of P. G. Wodehouse's Jeeves series, Jeeves and the Wedding Bells (2013). He was a team captain on BBC Radio 4 literary quiz The Write Stuff.
Second Anglo-Maratha War
Second Anglo-Maratha War (from 1803 –1805) was a large conflict within the Maratha Empire involving the East India Company. It resulted in a major loss of territory for the Marathas, including regions around Delhi and in present-day Gujarat falling into direct Company rule.

Pettah of Ahmednagar
In 1803 the Pettah of Ahmednagar, had forty bastions, or round towers: eight of them were large, with two guns in each; the remainder had only loopholes. There were twelve gates, without any detached works for defence. The walls were of mud, about 10 feet (3.0 m) high without a ditch.

A gunshot to the east of the pettah was the Fort of Ahmednagar. A small river came from the northward, round the west side of the pettah, and passed to the southward of the fort. A nullah also passed from the northward, between the fort and a town called Bhingar, about a gunshot to the eastward, and joined the river.

Two nills or covered aqueducts came from the hills, a mile or more to the north, passed through and supplied the pettah and the town, and then went into the fort, either under or through the ditch, into which the waste water fell.
Adam Kasper
Adam Kasper is an American record producer and engineer, with platinum and gold awards, working with such bands as Aerosmith, Mudhoney, Nirvana, Foo Fighters, Queens of the Stone Age, The Tragically Hip, R.E.M., Soundgarden and Pearl Jam.  He went to Capital High School in Olympia, Washington.

He won a Grammy Award in 2001 for his work on the Foo Fighters' There Is Nothing Left to Lose (see Grammy Awards of 2001), and again in 2004 for his work on the Foo Fighters' One by One.

Spys4Darwin
Spys4Darwin were an American rock supergroup formed in Seattle, Washington in 2001. The short-lived project featured members from Seattle-based groups Queensrÿche and Alice in Chains as well as the frontman of Detroit, Michigan-based group Sponge. Spys4Darwin began with guitarist Chris DeGarmo and drummer Sean Kinney, two friends who had both recently performed with Jerry Cantrell during his solo tour. They were soon joined by bassist Mike Inez and vocalist Vin Dombroski, and began jamming at Binge Studios, a former abandoned paint factory in Seattle. The project marked DeGarmo's first creative work since departing from his long-held position in Queensrÿche in 1998.
Tokito Oda
Tokito Oda (小田 凱人, Oda Tokito, born 8 May 2006) is a Japanese professional wheelchair tennis player. He has won eight major singles titles, all as a teenager, as well as a gold medal at the 2024 Paris Paralympics, completing the career Golden Slam. By winning the 2023 French Open, he became the youngest man in the Open Era to win a major in any discipline, at 17 years and 33 days old. Oda has also won two major titles in doubles, and a Paralympic silver medal.

Wheelchair tennis at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's singles
The men's singles wheelchair tennis tournament at the 2024 Paralympic Games in France was held at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris from 30 August to 7 September 2024.

Japan's Tokito Oda defeated Great Britain's Alfie Hewett in the final, 6–2, 4–6, 7–5 to win the gold medal in men's singles wheelchair tennis at the 2024 Paris Paralympics. At the age of 18 years and 123 days, Oda became the youngest player to win Paralympic men's singles gold medal, overtaking previous record-holder Ricky Molier of the Netherlands, who was 20 years and 70 days in 1996 in Atlanta.

In the bronze medal match, Argentina's Gustavo Fernandez defeated Spain's Martín de la Puente to win the first Paralympic medal in wheelchair tennis for Argentina and South America.

Japan's Shingo Kunieda was the defending gold medalist, but he did not participate in this edition as he retired from wheelchair tennis in January 2023.
Empidoidea
The Empidoidea are a large monophyletic superfamily of true flies, the sister taxon to the Muscomorpha (Cyclorrhapha). These two groups are sometimes united in the unranked taxon Eremoneura. There are some 10,000 known species within Empidoidea, which are represented on all continents except Antarctica. They are known to have existed since the Jurassic period.

Empidoidea has been subject to much debate regarding its phylogeny. Based on morphology alone, three major hypotheses had been proposed until 2007 and seemed to be consensus for some time—however, in 2018, Wahlberg & Johanson published the most current phylogeny supported by extensive genetic data, changing the relationship between quite a few families and tribes.

Eremoneura
Eremoneura is a clade of flies within the Brachycera that includes the Empidoidea and the Cyclorrhapha and is a sister of the Asilomorpha. They are thought to have evolved around the Mesozoic. The group includes fossils described in the genus Chimeromyia from 125 million year old amber which show both empidoid and cyclorrhaphan characters. The monotypic family Apystomyiidae has also been placed within the Eremoneura as a sister of the Cyclorrhapha.
Wendy Doniger
Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (born November 20, 1940) is an American Indologist whose professional career has spanned five decades.  A scholar of Sanskrit and Indian textual traditions, her major works include The Hindus: An Alternative History; Asceticism and Eroticism in the Mythology of Siva; Hindu Myths: A Sourcebook; The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology; Women, Androgynes, and Other Mythical Beasts; and The Rig Veda: An Anthology, 108 Hymns Translated from the Sanskrit.

She is the Mircea Eliade Distinguished Service Professor Emerita of History of Religions at the University of Chicago, and has taught there since 1978. In 1998 she served as president of the Association for Asian Studies .

American Academy of Religion
The American Academy of Religion (AAR) is the world's largest association of scholars in the field of religious studies and related topics. It is a nonprofit member association, 
serving as a professional and learned society for scholars involved in the academic study of religion. It has some 10,000 members worldwide, with the largest concentration being in the United States and Canada. AAR members are university and college professors, independent scholars, secondary teachers, clergy, seminarians, students, and interested lay-people.
Perry County Courthouse (Tennessee)
Perry County Courthouse is a historic courthouse building located at Linden in Perry County, Tennessee, United States. It was built in 1928, having replaced an earlier courthouse that was destroyed by fire.

Linden, Tennessee
Linden is a town in and the county seat of Perry County, Tennessee, United States. As of the 2020 census, Linden had a population of 997. Linden was officially incorporated in 1850.

Linden is served by Perry County Airport, located 3.5 miles to the southwest.

Linden is named after the Thomas Campbell poem, "The Battle of Hohenlinden." Linden, Texas was in turn then named after the Tennessee town.

On September 1, 1930, the central part of the city was largely destroyed by a fire.
Hust Stockton
John Houston Stockton (September 23, 1901 – April 27, 1967) was a professional football player, a back in the late 1920s in the National Football League (NFL). He played with the Frankford Yellow Jackets from 1925 until 1928, and was a member of Yellow Jackets' 1926 NFL Championship team. During his final season in 1929, Stockton split time between the Boston Bulldogs and the Providence Steamroller. He was the grandfather of basketball Hall of Fame inductee, John Stockton, who played point guard for the National Basketball Association's Utah Jazz from 1984 to 2003.

Frankford Yellow Jackets
The Frankford Yellow Jackets (sometimes called Frankford Yellowjackets) were a professional American football team, part of the National Football League from 1924 to 1931, although its origin dates back to as early as 1899 with the Frankford Athletic Association. The Yellow Jackets won the NFL championship in 1926. The team played its home games from 1923 in Frankford Stadium (also called Yellow Jacket Field) in Frankford, Philadelphia, a neighborhood in the northeast of Philadelphia, noted for the Market–Frankford Line that terminates there.
Queen Mary's Peak
Queen Mary's Peak is the summit of the island of Tristan da Cunha, in the South Atlantic Ocean. It has an elevation of 2,062 metres (6,765 ft) above sea level. It is named after Mary of Teck, the Queen consort of King George V. It is the highest point of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, and the highest point of any British territory with a permanent population. Queen Mary's Peak is ranked 17th by topographic isolation.

Topographic isolation
The topographic isolation of a summit is the minimum horizontal distance to a point of equal elevation, representing a radius of dominance in which the peak is the highest point.  It can be calculated for small hills and islands as well as for major mountain peaks and can even be calculated for submarine summits.  Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth, has an undefined isolation, since there are no higher points to reference.

Because topographic isolation can be difficult to determine, a common approximation is the distance to a peak called the nearest higher neighbour (NHN).
The Burkiss Way
The Burkiss Way is a BBC Radio 4 sketch comedy series, originally broadcast between August 1976 and November 1980. It was written by Andrew Marshall and David Renwick, with additional material in series 1 and 2 by John Mason, Colin Bostock-Smith, Douglas Adams, John Lloyd, Tom Magee Englefield and Liz Pollock.

The first series of the show starred Denise Coffey, Chris Emmett, Nigel Rees and Fred Harris. From series 2 onwards the show starred Jo Kendall, Chris Emmett, Nigel Rees and Fred Harris. The series had three producers, announced as "Simon Brett of Stepney", "John Lloyd of Europe" and "David 'Hatch of the BBC' Hatch".

The show's humour was based on surrealism and literary and media parodies, sprinkled with puns.

Nigel Rees
Nigel Rees (born 5 June 1944 near Liverpool) is an English writer and broadcaster, known for devising and hosting the Radio 4 panel game Quote... Unquote (1976–2021) and as the author of more than fifty books, mostly works of reference on language, and humour in language.
Erwinna, Pennsylvania
Erwinna (/ɜːrˈwɪnə/ ur-WIN-ə) is an unincorporated community in Tinicum Township in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. It is located approximately 40 miles (64 km) north as the crow flies of Center City Philadelphia and approximately 70 miles (110 km) west of New York City. It has an area code of 610 and is located along the Delaware Canal State Park. Its Zip Code is 18920.

Tinicum Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Tinicum Township is a township in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,995 at the 2010 census.

The Uhlerstown-Frenchtown Bridge, a free Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission bridge over the Delaware River, connects Uhlerstown to Frenchtown in Hunterdon County, New Jersey. It is located approximately forty miles north of Center City, Philadelphia and forty miles west of the city limits of New York City.

This township includes both area codes 215/267/445 and 610/484. The township also has five different ZIP codes.
Port of Ortona
Port of Ortona (Italian: Porto di Ortona) is a port serving Ortona, Abruzzo, Italy. It is the largest port in Abruzzo.

The port offers a wide range of services, including: cargo handling, national bonded warehouses, national and international shipping, fire services, electricity, slipway, crane, travel lift, engine repairs, slipway, and electrical repairs.
It also has areas reserved for recreational boats, whose vessels can moor at seasonal piers. The management offices are made up of the Port Authority, a Maritime District Office and a Customs Office.

Ortona
Ortona (Abruzzese: Urtónë; Ancient Greek: Ὄρτων, romanized: Órtōn) is a coastal town and municipality of the Province of Chieti in the Italian region of Abruzzo, with some 23,000 inhabitants.

In 1943, Ortona was the site of the bloody Battle of Ortona, known as  "Western Stalingrad". A patron saint of Ortona is Saint Thomas the Apostle (Tommaso), whose relics were brought to Ortona in the 13th century by a sailor and are kept in the Cathedral of Saint Thomas.
Fabianite
Fabianite is a borate mineral with the chemical formula CaB3O5(OH). It is colorless and leaves a white streak. Its crystals are monoclinic prismatic. It is transparent and fluorescent. It has vitreous luster. It is not radioactive. Fabianite is rated 6 on the Mohs Scale. It was named for Hans-Joachim Fabian, a German geologist.

Borate mineral
The Borate Minerals are minerals which contain a borate anion group. The borate (BO3) units may be polymerised similar to the SiO4 unit of the silicate mineral class. This results in B2O5, B3O6, B2O4 anions as well as more complex structures which include hydroxide or halogen anions. The [B(O,OH)4]− anion exists as well.

Many borate minerals, such as borax, colemanite, and ulexite, are salts: soft, readily soluble, and found in evaporite contexts. However, some, such as boracite, are hard and resistant to weathering, more similar to the silicates.

There are over 100 different borate minerals. Borate minerals include:

Kernite Na2B4O6(OH)2·3H2O

Borax Na2B4O5(OH)4·8H2O

Ulexite NaCaB5O6(OH)6·5H2O

Colemanite CaB3O4(OH)3·H2O

Boracite Mg3B7O13Cl

Painite CaZrAl9O15(BO3)
Tom Ikimi
Chief Tom Ikimi (born 10 April 1944) is a Nigerian politician and architect who served as minister of foreign affairs from 1995 to 1998. He was appointed chairman of ECOWAS Council of Ministers and ECOWAS Committee of Nine on Liberia (C-9) on 26 July 1996. He has also served as chairman of the defunct National Republican Convention (NRC) and was a founding member of the All Progressives Congress (APC).

National Republican Convention
The National Republican Convention was a Nigerian political party established by the government of General Ibrahim Babangida and ultimately disbanded by the military regime of General Sani Abacha in 1993.
Pontal do Paraná
Pontal do Paraná is a municipality in the state of Paraná in the Southern Region of Brazil.

Pontal do Paraná is home to the Center for Marine Studies, Federal University of Paraná.
The municipality contains the 16-hectare (40-acre) Rio Perequê Municipal Nature Park, created in 2001 to protect an area of mangroves in Pontal do Sul.
It also contains the 407-hectare (1,010-acre) Restinga Municipal Nature Park, created at the same time.
The municipality also includes the Ilhas dos Currais Marine National Park, which protects three small islands that provide a nesting ground for marine birds and a refuge and feeding ground for fish.

Ilhas dos Currais Marine National Park
The Ilhas dos Currais Marine National Park (Portuguese: Parque Nacional Marinho das Ilhas dos Currais) is a national park in the state of Paraná, Brazil.
It protects an important nesting site for birds, and is a refuge and feeding ground for fish including two endangered species of grouper. It may be visited for diving, but visitors must be careful to avoid any impact on the environment.
Porumbeni, Harghita
Porumbeni (Hungarian: Nagygalambfalva [ˈnɒɟɡɒlɒnpfɒlvɒ]) is a commune in Harghita County, Romania. It lies in the Székely Land, an ethno-cultural region in eastern Transylvania, and is composed of two villages, Porumbenii Mari (the commune center; Nagygalambfalva) and Porumbenii Mici (Kisgalambfalva).

Porumbenii Mari is generally referred to as Galambfalva in Hungarian and was originally called Golumba Mare in Romanian.

The commune lies on the Transylvanian Plateau, on the banks of the Târnava Mare River. It is located in the southwestern part of the county, on the border with Mureș County. The nearest city is Odorheiu Secuiesc, 17 km (11 mi) to the east on county road DJ137C; the county seat, Miercurea Ciuc, is 69 km (43 mi) away.

Târnava Mare
The Târnava Mare ("Great Târnava"; Hungarian: Nagy-Küküllő; German: Große Kokel) is a river in Romania. Its total length is 223 km (139 mi) and its basin size is 3,666 km2 (1,415 sq mi). Its source is in the Eastern Carpathian Mountains, near the sources of the Mureș and Olt in Harghita County. It flows through the Romanian counties of Harghita, Mureș, Sibiu, and Alba. The cities of Odorheiu Secuiesc, Sighișoara, and Mediaș lie on the Târnava Mare. It joins the Târnava Mică in Blaj, forming the Târnava.
Cova Figueira
Cova Figueira is a city in the southeastern part of the island of Fogo, Cape Verde. In 2010 its population was 1,230, making it the most populated place in the municipality.  It is situated 22 km east of the island capital São Filipe. Since 2005, it serves as the seat of Santa Catarina do Fogo Municipality.  Its elevation is 480 meters above sea level. The volcano Pico do Fogo is 7.7 km to the northwest. Nearby places include Figueira Pavão in the southwest, Mãe Joana and Estância Roque in the west and Tinteira in the north. Cova Figueira was elevated to a city in 2010.

Fogo, Cape Verde
Fogo (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈfoɡu]; Portuguese for "fire") is an island in the Sotavento group of Cape Verde in the central Atlantic Ocean. Its population is 35,837 (2015),: 36  with an area of 476 km2 (184 sq mi).: 25  It reaches the highest altitude of all the islands in Cape Verde, rising to 2,829 metres (9,281 feet) above sea level at the summit of its active volcano, Pico do Fogo.: 25
Fighting Fantasy: The Warlock of Firetop Mountain
Fighting Fantasy: The Warlock of Firetop Mountain is a first person action RPG developed by Big Blue Bubble for Nintendo DS on November 25, 2009, and for iOS on January 3, 2010. The game is loosely based on the roleplaying gamebook of the same name.

The Warlock of Firetop Mountain
The Warlock of Firetop Mountain is a single-player adventure gamebook written by Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone, and illustrated by Russ Nicholson. Originally published by Puffin Books in 1982, the title is the first gamebook in the Fighting Fantasy series. It was later republished by Wizard Books in 2002, and Scholastic Books in 2017. As well as launching the Fighting Fantasy series, the gamebook inspired two direct sequels and five novels, and has been adapted into a board game, an audio drama and a video game.