hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
National Volunteers (France)
During the upheaval of 1791, the young Constitutional Kingdom of France began a process of mobilisation, which would become known as a Levée en masse (Mass Levy) in a call for volunteers to defend the borders of France. With monarchist emigration growing and the King and his court preparing to flee, Article 14 of the law of 15 June 1791 passed making the mass levy official. The new law called for at least one unit be raised in each department and in each district for the national defence of the territory.

With the outbreak of the War of the First Coalition on 6 July 1792, the first one-hundred units were raised immediately sent into the Paris region where they became known as the 'National Volunteers' or Volontaires Nationaux.  However, this name was more-or-less an information designation, as the older term of National Guard or Garde Nationale was preferred and typically used in official documents.

National Guard (France)
The National Guard (French: Garde nationale) is a French military, gendarmerie, and police reserve force, active in its current form since 2016 but originally founded in 1789 during the French Revolution. In 2016, France announced the reestablishment of the National Guard for the second time, in response to a series of terrorist attacks in the country.

It was founded as separate from the French Army and existed both for policing and as a military reserve. In its original stages from 1792 to 1795, the National Guard was perceived as revolutionary and the lower ranks were identified with sans-culottes. It experienced a period of official dissolution from 1827 to 1830 but was reestablished. Soon after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, the National Guard in Paris again became viewed as dangerously revolutionary, which contributed to its dissolution in 1871.
Pillai (surname)
Pillai or Pillay, (IPA: [piɭːai̯]) meaning "Child of King" (Prince) or "Child", is a surname or title found among the Malayalam and Tamil speaking people of India and Sri Lanka.

In Kerala, Pillai is the most common title among upper-caste Nairs, often bestowed by the ruling royal families of Kerala and less commonly found among some Brahmins, Nazrani Mappila and Marars of travancore.

In Tamil Nadu, it is a most common surname among various high-ranking Vellalar subcastes. It is less commonly found among some other Tamil-speaking castes, including Isai Vellalar, Agamudayar, etc. A minority population of Tamil Pillais have migrated and can be found in some parts of Kerala and Karnataka.

In general, the concept of "the Pillai title of Kerala" and "the Pillai surname of Tamilnadu" have two different meanings and no direct relation with each other.

Ettuveetil Pillamar
The Ettuveetil Pillamar (Lords of the Eight Noble  Houses) were Nair nobles from eight ruling Houses in erstwhile Venadu kingdom in the present-day Kerala, India.  They were associated with the Padmanabhaswamy temple in Venadu kingdom and the Ettara Yogam. Their power and wealth grew until Marthanda Varma (1706–1758).
Heiko Maas
Heiko Josef Maas (German pronunciation: [ˈhaɪkoː ˈjoːzɛf ˈmaːs]; born 19 September 1966) is a German lawyer and former politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) who served as the Federal Minister of Foreign Affairs (2018–2021) and as the Federal Minister of Justice and Consumer Protection (2013–2018) in the cabinet of Chancellor Angela Merkel. Since 2022, he has been practicing as a lawyer.

Maas was born in Saarlouis to a Catholic family, and is a lawyer. Before his appointment to the federal cabinet he was active in state politics in Saarland, where he served as Minister of the Environment, Energy and Transport (1998–1999), Minister of Economy, Labor, Energy and Transport (2012–2013) and Deputy Minister-President (2012–2013).

Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)
The federal minister for foreign affairs (German: Bundesminister des Auswärtigen) is the head of the Federal Foreign Office and a member of the Cabinet of Germany. The current office holder is Johann Wadephul. Since 1966, the minister for foreign affairs has often also simultaneously held the office of vice-chancellor of Germany.
Cowichan Valley (electoral district)
Cowichan Valley is a provincial electoral district in British Columbia, Canada, established by the Electoral Districts Act, 2008 out of parts of Cowichan-Ladysmith and Malahat-Juan de Fuca. It was first contested in the 2009 general election in which New Democrat Bill Routley was elected MLA.

Juan de Fuca-Malahat
Juan de Fuca-Malahat is a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, Canada, created by the 2021 British Columbia electoral redistribution.  It has near-identical boundaries to the provincial electoral district of Malahat-Juan de Fuca in use from 1991 to 2009.
Deposit (village), New York
Deposit is a village in Broome and Delaware counties in the U.S. state of New York. The population was 1,387 at the 2020 census.

The village, on the county line, is half within the town of Sanford (Broome County) and half within the town of Deposit (Delaware County). The Broome County portion of Deposit is part of the Binghamton Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Sanford, New York
Sanford is a town in Broome County, New York, United States. The population was 2,407 at the 2010 census.

The town is on the eastern border of the county and the southern border of the state of New York. Sanford is east of Binghamton.
Prospekt (album)
Prospekt is the ninth album by the Finnish experimental rock band Circle, first released on CD in 2000 by Ektro Records. It was re-released as a double LP by Static Resonance in 2002. The D-side of the re-issue contains the live track "Työläisten laulu" from a show at Jyväskylä, Finland, on September 11, 2001. It was re-issued again as a CD in 2011 by the Brazilian label Essence Records, including the extra track, and presented in a gatefold sleeve replicating the vinyl version in miniature.

Overall, the album has a tight krautrock sound that shows heavy influence from both Can and Neu!. Drawing largely on long improvisations centered on a single riff or chord progression, the songs have an expansive progressive rock sound as well, often going past ten minutes, like "Aarre" and "Eripwre". According to The Quietus, Prospekt (along with Taantumus and Andexelt), helped bring the band to wider international audiences. AllMusic scored the album four out of five stars.

Taantumus
Taantumus is the tenth album by the Finnish experimental rock band Circle.

First released on CD in 2001 by Bad Vugum, it was re-released by Ektro Records in 2009 with an extra track. According to The Quietus, Taantumus (along with Andexelt and Prospekt), helped bring the band to wider international audiences.
Hellespontine Phrygia
Hellespontine Phrygia (Ancient Greek: Ἑλλησποντιακὴ Φρυγία, romanized: Hellēspontiakē Phrygia) or Lesser Phrygia (Ancient Greek: μικρᾶ Φρυγία, romanized: mikra Phrygia) was a Persian satrapy (province) in northwestern Anatolia, directly southeast of the Hellespont. Its capital was Dascylium, and for most of its existence it was ruled by the hereditary Persian Pharnacid dynasty. Together with Greater Phrygia, it made up the administrative provinces of the wider Phrygia region.

Artabazos I of Phrygia
Artabazos (Ancient Greek: Ἀρτάβαζος; fl. 480 BC - 455 BC) was a Persian general in the army of Xerxes I, and later satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia (now northwest Turkey) under the Achaemenid dynasty, founder of the Pharnacid dynasty of satraps. He was the son of Pharnaces, who was the younger brother of Hystaspes, father of Darius I. Artabazos was therefore a first cousin of the great Achaemenid ruler Darius I.
Siege of Detroit
The siege of Detroit, also known as the surrender of Detroit or the Battle of Fort Detroit, was an early engagement in the War of 1812. A British force under Major General Isaac Brock in cooperation with Indigenous warriors under Shawnee leader Tecumseh used bluff and deception to intimidate American Brigadier General William Hull into surrendering the fort and town of Detroit, the Michigan Territory, and his army which actually outnumbered the victorious British and Indigenous warriors.

The British victory reinvigorated the militia and civilian population of Upper Canada, who had previously been pessimistic and affected by pro-American agitators. Many Indigenous tribes in the Old Northwest were inspired to take up arms against the Americans. The British held Detroit for more than a year before their naval squadron on Lake Erie was defeated at the Battle of Lake Erie which forced them to abandon the western frontier of Upper Canada.

HMS Detroit (1812)
Detroit was a 6-gun brig launched in 1798 as Adams in the United States. During the War of 1812 the British captured her, renamed her, and took her into the Provincial Marine. She served on Lake Erie during the War of 1812, giving the British control of the lake. The Americans briefly recaptured her, but she grounded and came under heavy fire. The Americans had to abandon her. The vessel was set afire and burnt.
Delaware Art Museum
The Delaware Art Museum is an art museum located on the Kentmere Parkway in Wilmington, Delaware, which holds a collection of more than 12,000 objects. The museum was founded in 1912 as the Wilmington Society of the Fine Arts in honor of the artist Howard Pyle. The collection focuses on American art and illustration from the 19th to the 21st century, and on the English Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood movement of the mid-19th century.

The museum building was expanded and renovated in 2005 and includes a 9-acre (36,000 m2) Sculpture Park, the Helen Farr Sloan Library and Archives, studio art classes, a children's learning area, as well as a cafe and museum store.

John Sloan
John French Sloan (August 2, 1871 – September 7, 1951) was an American painter and etcher.  He is considered to be one of the founders of the Ashcan school of American art. He was also a member of the group known as The Eight. He is best known for his urban genre scenes and ability to capture the essence of neighborhood life in New York City, often observed through his Chelsea studio window. Sloan has been called the premier artist of the Ashcan School, and also a realist painter who embraced the principles of Socialism, though he himself disassociated his art from his politics.
Visual Prolog
Visual Prolog, previously known as PDC Prolog and Turbo Prolog, is a strongly typed object-oriented extension of Prolog. It was marketed by Borland as Turbo Prolog (version 1.0 in 1986 and version 2.0 in 1988). It is now developed and marketed by the Danish firm PDC that originally created it. Visual Prolog can build Microsoft Windows GUI-applications, console applications, DLLs (dynamic link libraries), and CGI-programs. It can also link to COM components and to databases by means of ODBC.

Visual Prolog contains a compiler which generates x86 and x86-64 machine code. Unlike standard Prolog, programs written in Visual Prolog are statically typed. This allows some errors to be caught at compile-time instead of run-time.

Prolog
Prolog is a logic programming language that has its origins in artificial intelligence, automated theorem proving,  and computational linguistics.

Prolog has its roots in first-order logic, a formal logic. Unlike many other programming languages, Prolog is intended primarily as a declarative programming language: the program is a set of facts and rules, which define relations.  A computation is initiated by running a query over the program.

Prolog was one of the first logic programming languages and remains the most popular such language today, with several free and commercial implementations available. The language has been used for theorem proving, expert systems, term rewriting, type systems,, automated planning,, and question answering as well as its original intended field of use, natural language processing.

Prolog is a Turing-complete, general-purpose programming language, which is well-suited for intelligent knowledge-processing applications.
Ayn al-Mulk Multani
‘Ayn al-Mulk Mūltānī was a military commander and official who served the Khalji and Tughluq dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate in present-day India. He served as Alauddin Khalji's governor of Malwa and Devagiri, and after Alauddin's death, suppressed a revolt in Gujarat.

Khalji dynasty
The Khalji or Khilji dynasty was a Turco-Afghan dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate for three decades between 1290 and 1320. It was the second dynasty to rule the Delhi Sultanate which covered large swaths of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji.
Bricherasio
Bricherasio (French: Briqueras) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Turin.

Bricherasio borders the following municipalities: Angrogna, San Secondo di Pinerolo, Prarostino, Osasco, Garzigliana, Luserna San Giovanni, Cavour, Campiglione-Fenile, and Bibiana. Economy is based on wine and fruit production (apple, kiwi, mushrooms).

Osasco, Piedmont
Osasco is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southwest of Turin.

Osasco borders the following municipalities: Pinerolo, San Secondo di Pinerolo, Bricherasio, and Garzigliana.
Manitoba Highway 24
Provincial Trunk Highway 24 (PTH 24) is a provincial highway in the Canadian province of Manitoba.  It is an east–west route that runs from PTH 83 near Miniota, east through Oak River and Rapid City to the junction of PTH 10 and PR 262 between Brandon and Minnedosa.

Manitoba Highway 21
Provincial Trunk Highway 21 (PTH 21) is a provincial highway in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It runs from the U.S. border (where it meets with ND 14) to PTH 45 and PR 577 in the village of Oakburn.

PTH 21 is two lanes and runs north–south in the southwestern region of the province. It is the main highway for the towns of Deloraine (where it meets PTH 3), Hartney, Hamiota, and Shoal Lake.

The speed limit is 90 km/h (55 mph).

In 2012, PTH 21 was given the dubious distinction of being named the second-worst road in the province that year.
Dionisio Hisiilenapo
Dionísio Hisiilenapo (born 6 October 1966) is an Angolan prelate of the Catholic Church who is the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Namibe in Angola since 8 July 2011. Before then, from 6 December 1998 until he was appointed bishop, he was a priest of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ondjiva, Angola. He was appointed bishop by Pope benedict XVI. He was consecrated bishop in Ondjiva on 4 September 2011. He was installed at Moçâmedes, Angola on 18 September 2011.

Diocese of Namibe
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Namibe (Latin: Dioecesis Namibanus) is a Latin diocese in the Angolan Namibe Province.

It is a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Lubango.
Breslau (region)
Regierungsbezirk Breslau, known colloquially as Middle Silesia (German: Mittelschlesien; Silesian: Strzodkowy Ślōnsk; Polish: Śląsk Środkowy), was a Regierungsbezirk, or government region, in the Prussian Province of Silesia and later Lower Silesia from 1813 to 1945. It comprised the eastern parts of the historic Lower Silesia region and the former County of Kladsko, both of which were conquered by Prussia in the First Silesian War in 1742.

Landkreis Namslau
Landkreis Namslau was a district in Prussian Silesia, from 1742 to 1945. The district capital was at Namslau (Namysłów). Today, the territory of the district is located in the Polish Opole Voivodeship.
Somonauk, Illinois
Somonauk is a village in DeKalb and LaSalle Counties in the U.S. state of Illinois. The population was 1,786 at the 2020 Census, down from 1,893 at the 2010 Census.

The DeKalb County portion of Somonauk is part of the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area, while the small portion that lies in LaSalle County is part of the Ottawa, IL Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Ottawa micropolitan area, Illinois
The Ottawa, Illinois, micropolitan area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of three counties in Northern Illinois, anchored by the city of Ottawa. Peru (until 2020) and Streator (until 2013) are former primary cities.

As of the 2010 census, the μSA had a population of 154,908. An estimate by the Census Bureau, as of July 1, 2012, placed the population at 153,182, a decrease of 1.11%, but still making it the fourth-largest micropolitan statistical area in the United States.
Tongling–Jiujiang railway
The Tongling–Jiujiang railway or Tongjiu railway (simplified Chinese: 铜九铁路; traditional Chinese: 銅九鐵路; pinyin: tóngjǐu tiělù), is a single-track railroad in eastern China between Tongling in Anhui Province and Jiujiang in Jiangxi Province.  The line is 251 km (156 mi) long and follows the south bank of the Yangtze River.  
Major cities and towns along route include Tongling, Chizhou, Dongzhi County, Pengze, Hukou County and Jiujiang.

Hukou County
Hukou County (simplified Chinese: 湖口县; traditional Chinese: 湖口縣; pinyin: Húkǒu Xiàn; lit. '(Poyang) lake mouth') is a county under the administration of Jiujiang City, in the north of Jiangxi Province, China, bordering Anhui province to the north. The total area is 669.33 km2 (258.43 sq mi), and the population is 285,242 as of 2007.
Santa Maria de Ripoll
The Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll is a Benedictine monastery, built in the Romanesque style, located in the town of Ripoll in Catalonia, Spain. Although much of the present church is 19th century rebuilding, the sculptured portico is a renowned work of Romanesque art.

Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona
Ramon Berenguer III the Great (11 November 1082 – 23 January or 19 July 1131) was the count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona from 1086 (jointly with Berenguer Ramon II and solely from 1097), Besalú from 1111, Cerdanya from 1117, and count of Provence in the Holy Roman Empire, from 1112, all until his death in Barcelona in 1131. As Ramon Berenguer I, he was Count of Provence in right of his wife.
Coahuitlán
Coahuitlán is a municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz. It is in the north zone of the state, about 120 km (75 mi) from Xalapa, the state capital. It has a surface of 95.41 km2 (36.84 sq mi). It is at 20°16′N 97°43′W﻿ / ﻿20.267°N 97.717°W﻿ / 20.267; -97.717.

Coahuitlán is delimited to the north and to the east by Coyutla, to the south-east by Chumatlan, to the south by Filomeno Mata and to the west by Puebla State.

Due to the weather, which is warm all year and rains in summer, the main production is of maize and beans.

In Coahuitlán, in March and April, a celebration in honor of Santo Entierro takes place.

Filomeno Mata
Filomeno Mata is a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz. It is located in central zone of the state, about 298 km from Xalapa, the state capital. It has a surface of 62.51 km2. It is located at 20°12′N 97°42′W﻿ / ﻿20.200°N 97.700°W﻿ / 20.200; -97.700.
Charles-Moïse Briquet
Charles Moïse Briquet (30 August 1839, in Geneva – 24 January 1918, in Geneva) was a noted Swiss filigranologist. He was the first, or among the first, to suggest the use of watermarks for dating paper. He produced in 1907 the mammoth four-volume work Les Filigranes. His papers, including his collection of traced watermarks, are kept at the Bibliothèque de Genève.

Filigranology
Filigranology is the study of watermarks. It is usually pursued in order to discover information about the date and origin for a paper-based piece of writing or a piece of art. There are several catalogues of watermarks – most notably C. M. Briquet's, Les Filigranes (1907), which dealt mainly with the period up to 1600, and Edward Heawood's Watermarks, Mainly of the 17th and 18th Centuries (1950), both of which include illustrations of many watermarks from dated documents. These catalogues form an important resource for researchers.
Beijiao railway station
Beijiao railway station (Chinese: 北滘站), is an elevated station of the Guangzhou-Zhuhai Intercity Railway.

The station is located at Taocun Village (Chinese: 桃村), Beijiao Town in Shunde District, Foshan, Guangdong, China, the west of Bigui Lu (Chinese: 碧桂路) and the east of Sanle Lu (Chinese: 三乐路). It is away from Beijiao Town Centre with few road infrastructure facilities nearby. Roads will be constructed to connect to the station to cope with the needs of the neighbouring Panyu District. It started operations on 7 January 2011.

Beijiao, Guangdong
Beijiao (simplified Chinese: 北滘镇; traditional Chinese: 北滘鎮; pinyin: Běijiào Zhèn) is a town in the district of Shunde, in the prefecture-level city of Foshan, Guangdong, China. The town covers an area of 92.11 square kilometres (35.56 sq mi). Per a 2020 publication by the government of Shunde District, Beijiao has a permanent population of about 420,000 people; Beijiao has a hukou population of 150,695 as of 2018.
Teutonic Order
The Teutonic Order is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society c. 1190 in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem was formed to aid Christians on their pilgrimages to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals. Its members have commonly been known as the Teutonic Knights, having historically served as a crusading military order for supporting Catholic rule in the Holy Land and the Northern Crusades during the Middle Ages, as well as supplying military protection for Catholics in Eastern Europe.

Purely religious since 1810, the Teutonic Order still confers limited honorary knighthoods. The Bailiwick of Utrecht of the Teutonic Order, a Protestant chivalric order, is descended from the same medieval military order and also continues to award knighthoods and perform charitable work.

Commandery
In the Middle Ages, a commandery (rarely commandry) was the smallest administrative division of the European landed properties of a military order. It was also the name of the house where the knights of the commandery lived. The word is also applied to the emoluments granted to a commander. They were the equivalent for those orders to a monastic grange. The knight in charge of a commandery was a commander.
2025 Canadian Premier League season
The 2025 Canadian Premier League season was the seventh season of the Canadian Premier League, the top level of Canadian soccer. Cavalry FC were the defending champions, having defeated Forge FC in the 2024 final.

Forge FC
Forge FC (full name Forge Football Club), also known as Forge FC Hamilton, or Hamilton Forge FC, is a Canadian professional soccer club based in Hamilton, Ontario, that competes in the Canadian Premier League, the top tier of Canadian soccer. The club plays its home matches at Hamilton Stadium. Forge FC joined the CPL in 2019 as one of the league's seven inaugural teams.

The club is four-time CPL champions, winning back-to-back league titles in 2019 and 2020, before doing the same in 2022 and 2023. Forge was the first CPL side to compete in a continental competition when it played in the 2019 CONCACAF League, and the first to compete in the highest tier of continental competition in the 2022 CONCACAF Champions League. Forge became the first Canadian Premier League club to reach the final of the Canadian Championship, which they did in 2020.