hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Spoon of Diocles
The spoon of Diocles (Greek: κυαθίσκος τοῦ Διοκλέους) was a Roman surgical instrument described by Celsus. The instrument was designed by Diocles of Carystus to remove arrows from the human body. The instrument was used to remove the injured eye of Philip II without disfiguring him.

No genuine examples of the Spoon of Diocles are known to have survived to the present day, although some collections have forgeries and/or misidentified items. Historians Brian Campbell and Lawrence A. Tritle have expressed skepticism about the Spoon's authenticity, emphasizing that all information about the Spoon is based solely on writings by Celsus, with no mentions in works by others; they also feel that "it sounds impractical."

Surgery in ancient Rome
Ancient Roman surgical practices developed from Greek techniques. Roman surgeons and doctors usually learned through apprenticeships or studying. Ancient Roman doctors such as Galen and Celsus described Roman surgical techniques in their medical literature, such as De Medicina. These methods encompassed modern oral surgery, cosmetic surgery, sutures, ligatures, amputations, tonsillectomies, mastectomies, cataract surgeries, lithotomies, hernia repair, gynecology, neurosurgery, and others. Surgery was a rare practice, as it was dangerous and often had fatal results. To perform these procedures, they used tools such as specula, catheters, enemas, bone levers, osteotomes, phlebotomes, probes, curettes, bone drills, bone forceps, cupping vessels, knives, scalpels, scissors, and spathas.
Spotted softshell turtle
The spotted softshell turtle (Pelodiscus variegatus) is a species of turtle in the family Trionychidae. It is found in Indochina, where it is largely restricted to most of Vietnam; isolated populations belonging to Pelodiscus have been discovered in Hainan Island, some of which are considered spotted softshell turtles. Aside from genetic differences, this species can be most readily distinguished from other Pelodiscus by the large blotches on its plastron, which also gave it its name. Due to its restricted geographic range and the heavy level of exploitation it receives, it has been proposed that this species be classified as Critically Endangered under the IUCN Red List.

Pelodiscus
Pelodiscus is a genus of turtles in the family Trionychidae, the softshells. Based on genetic and morphological analysis there are seven valid species. They are native to Eastern Asia, ranging from the Amur region, south through China and Korea, as far south as Vietnam. Populations in Japan are thought to likely originate from historic human introductions.

Phylogenetic studies have recovered a high diversity of Pelodiscus genotypes in China, some of which may correspond to distinct species. However, the millennia-old practice of farming Pelodiscus for consumption, especially in large-scale turtle farms since the late 20th century, is thought to threaten these lineages due to hybridization with farmed individuals.
The Real Housewives
The Real Housewives is an American reality television franchise that began on March 21, 2006, with The Real Housewives of Orange County. Each installment of the franchise documents the personal and professional lives of a group of affluent women residing in a certain city or geopolitical region. Ten different series have been produced in the United States, with an announced eleventh. In addition, there are 21 international adaptations. The American series is broadcast on Bravo. Previously, the Miami installment aired for a time on Peacock.

The first international adaptation, The Real Housewives of Athens, premiered on March 4, 2011. The longest-running international edition is The Real Housewives of Cheshire, which is currently airing its eighteenth season.

The American franchise has led to 27 spin-off series in all, the most successful one being Vanderpump Rules, which has itself had a number of spin-offs.

The Real Housewives of Athens
The Real Housewives of Athens (abbreviated RHOAthens) is a Greek reality television series that debuted on ANT1 on March 4, 2011, until May 27, 2011. Developed as the first international installment of the Real Housewives franchise, it aired only one season and documented the personal and professional lives of several women residing in Athens, Greece. After 13 years, the series is coming back in late 2024 with its second season on ANT1, as an external production in courtesy of Bravo.
Milnsbridge
Milnsbridge is a district of Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England, situated 2 miles (3 km) west of the town centre, and in the Colne Valley. The name is said to have derived from the water-powered mill and the bridge that stood alongside it in the 13th century.

The Huddersfield Narrow Canal runs through Milnsbridge close to the River Colne. A viaduct carries the trans-Pennine Huddersfield Line railway that runs through Milnsbridge, and links Leeds and Manchester via Huddersfield. The Huddersfield to Manchester road route A62 passes Milnsbridge along the south side of the valley.

River Colne, West Yorkshire
The River Colne /ˈkoʊn/ in West Yorkshire is formed at the confluence of two brooks that originate in the Pennines close to  Marsden. It flows in an easterly direction through the Colne Valley and Huddersfield towards Cooper Bridge where it flows into the River Calder.
Arnica cernua
Arnica cernua is a species of arnica known by the common name serpentine arnica. It is native to the Klamath Mountains of northern California and southern Oregon, where it is a member of the serpentine soils flora.

This is a perennial herb growing one or more green to purplish stems up to about 30 centimeters tall. There are 3 or 4 pairs of leaves on long petioles. The blade is oval to spade-shaped and may be several centimeters long. The inflorescence contains one or more hairy, glandular, daisylike flower heads, each with a center of yellowish disc florets and a fringe of yellow ray florets which approach 3 centimeters in maximum length.

The fruit is a cylindrical achene about 7 millimeters long which is covered in stiff hairs and has a white pappus at one end.

Arnica
Arnica /ˈɑːrnɪkə/ is a genus of perennial, herbaceous plants in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The genus name Arnica may be derived from the Greek arni, "lamb", in reference to the plants' soft, hairy leaves. Arnica is also known by the names mountain tobacco and, confusingly, leopard's bane and wolfsbane—two names that it shares with the entirely unrelated genus Aconitum.

This circumboreal and montane (subalpine) genus occurs mostly in the temperate regions of western North America, with a few species native to the Arctic regions of northern Eurasia and North America.

Arnica species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including Bucculatrix arnicella.

Arnica was previously classified in the tribe Senecioneae because it has a flower or pappus of fine bristles.

Arnica is the basis of a homeopathic remedy promoted for aiding bruise recovery.
SroD RNA
The bacterial sroD RNA  gene is a non-coding RNA of 90 nucleotides in length. sroD is found in several Enterobacterial species but its function is unknown.

SroE and SroH were identified in the same bioinformatics search.

SroE RNA
The bacterial sroE RNA gene is a non-coding RNA molecule of 90 nucleotides in length. sroE is found in several Enterobacterial species but its function is unknown.

SroD and SroH were identified in the same bioinformatics search.
Brunswick Books
Brunswick Books (formerly Fernwood Books) is a Canadian academic publishing company, founded in 1978 and headquartered in Toronto. It is primarily a book marketing and sales company for Canadian universities. It describes its aim as "to provide progressive books from progressive publishers to progressive people."

The company markets and sells books on behalf of

Between the Lines

Charivari Press

Demeter Press

Fernwood Publishing

Inanna Publications

JCharlton Publishing

Merlin Press

Monthly Review Press

Pambazuka Press

Purich Publishing

Pluto Books

Roseway Publishing

Red Quill Books

Arbeiter Ring Publishing

Cape Breton University Press

Waves of the Future

Zed Books

Brush Education Inc.

University of Regina Press

Between the Lines Books
Between the Lines Books (BTL) is an independent Toronto-based publisher of non-fiction, most of which offers a critical perspective on culture, economics, and society. Since its inception in 1977, BTL has published approximately 250 titles of which more than half are maintained in print, including seminal works by American cultural theorists bell hooks and Noam Chomsky.  In 2012, BTL won the Wilson Prize for Publishing Canadian History.

Over the course of its history, BTL has published titles on politics, public policy, labour, critical race, international development, indigenous peoples, gender and sexuality, history, health, adult and popular education, environment, technology, and media.
Wincanton Town F.C.
51°02′54″N 2°24′11″W﻿ / ﻿51.048217°N 2.402974°W﻿ / 51.048217; -2.402974

Wincanton Town Football Club is a football club based in Wincanton, Somerset, England. They are currently members of the Wessex League Premier Division and play at the Wincanton Sports Ground. The club is affiliated to the Somerset County Football Association.

Wincanton
Wincanton (/ˈwɪŋkæntən/ or /wɪŋˈkæntən/) is a town and electoral ward in Somerset, southwest England. The town lies off the A303 road, a main route between London and South West England, and has some light industry. In the 2021 census the civil parish had a population of 6,568.
Anthony Lispenard Bleecker
Anthony Lispenard Bleecker (June 13, 1741 – April 26, 1816) was a banker, merchant and auctioneer, and one of the richest men in New York. He worked as well as a vestryman and churchwarden for Trinity Church in Lower Manhattan. He is the namesake for Bleecker Street and Lispenard Street in lower Manhattan.

Schuyler family
The Schuyler family (/ˈskaɪlər/; Dutch pronunciation:  [sxœylər]) was a prominent Dutch family in New York and New Jersey in the 18th and 19th centuries, whose descendants played a critical role in the formation of the United States (especially New York City and northern New Jersey), in leading government and business in North America and served as leaders in business, military, politics, and society. The other two most influential New York dynasties of the 18th and 19th centuries were the Livingston family and the Clinton family.
Interstate 55 in Mississippi
Interstate 55 (I-55) is a major north–south Interstate Highway that serves the middle of the United States. It runs 963.5 miles (1,550.6 km) from I-10 in Laplace, Louisiana—about 25 miles (40 km) west of New Orleans—to U.S. Highway 41 (US 41) in Chicago, Illinois. In Mississippi, it runs for about 290.41 miles (467.37 km), entering the state at the Louisiana state line near Osyka and leaving at the Tennessee state line near Southaven, just south of Memphis.

Mississippi Highway 463
Mississippi Highway 463 (MS 463) is a north–south state highway in Madison County, Mississippi, connecting U.S. Route 51 (US 51) in Madison to MS 22 east of Flora.  It intersects Interstate 55 (I-55) at the state's only single-point urban interchange.
Siege of Compiègne
The siege of Compiègne (1430) was conducted by Duke Philip III of Burgundy after the town of Compiègne had refused to transfer allegiance to him under the terms of a treaty with Charles VII of France. The siege is perhaps best known for Joan of Arc's capture by Burgundian troops while accompanying an Armagnac force during a skirmish outside the town on 23 May 1430.  Although this was otherwise a minor siege, both politically and militarily, and ultimately ended in a defeat for the Burgundians, the capture of Joan of Arc was an important event of the Hundred Years' War.

John II, Count of Ligny
John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny (1392 – 5 January 1441) was a French nobleman and soldier, a younger son of John of Luxembourg, Lord of Beauvoir, and Marguerite of Enghien. His older brother Peter received his mother's fiefs, including the County of Brienne, while John received Beaurevoir. He married Jeanne de Béthune, Viscountess of Meaux, widow of Robert of Bar, on 23 November 1418, and became step-father to Jeanne de Bar, Countess of Marle and Soissons. He and Jeanne de Béthune had no children.
Massive resistance
Massive resistance was a political strategy created by American politicians Harry F. Byrd and James M. Thomson aimed at getting Virginia officials to pass laws and policies preventing public school desegregation, particularly after Brown v. Board of Education. Many schools and an entire school system were shut down in 1958 and 1959 in attempts to block integration.

This lasted until the Virginia Supreme Court and a special three-judge panel of federal district judges from the Eastern District of Virginia, sitting at Norfolk, declared those policies unconstitutional. Although most of the laws created to implement massive resistance were overturned by state and federal courts within a year, some aspects of the campaign against integrated public schools continued in Virginia for many more years.

Richmond Public Schools
Richmond Public Schools is a public school district located in the independent city of Richmond, Virginia. It is occasionally described locally as Richmond City Public Schools to emphasize its connection to the independent city rather than the Richmond-Petersburg region at large or the rural Richmond County, Virginia.
Alessi (Italian company)
Alessi S.p.A. is an Italian design-led housewares manufacturer based in Omegna, Piedmont. Founded by Giovanni Alessi in 1921, the company became known for collaborating with architects and industrial designers to produce iconic everyday objects, and many Alessi products are held in museum collections worldwide. In 2020 Alessi became a legally recognised società benefit (benefit corporation) and is also a Certified B Corporation.

Richard Sapper
Richard Sapper (30 May 1932 – 31 December 2015) was a German industrial designer who was based in Milan for much of his career. He is considered to be one of the most influential figures of post-war design. His products typically feature a combination of technical innovation, simplicity of form, and an element of wit and surprise.

Sapper received numerous awards and distinctions, including 11 Compasso d'Oro awards, the Raymond Loewy Foundation's Lucky Strike Designer Award, and the German Order of Merit. Examples of his work are held by museums such as the Victoria and Albert and Design Museum in London, the Pompidou Center in Paris, the ADI Design Museum in Milan, and the Museum of Modern Art in New York – which counts over 17 of his designs in its collection.
Folksbiene
The National Yiddish Theatre Folksbiene, commonly known as NYTF, is a professional theater company in New York City which produces both Yiddish plays and plays translated into Yiddish, in a theater equipped with simultaneous superscript translation into English. The company's leadership consists of executive director Dominick Balletta and artistic director Zalmen Mlotek. The board is co-chaired by Sandra Cahn and Carol Levin.

The Golden Bride
The Golden Bride (Yiddish: Die Goldene Kale) is a 1923, Yiddish language musical, or operetta.  It was revived in 2015 and again in 2016 by the Folksbiene National Yiddish Theatre in New York. The production received two Drama Desk nominations, one for Best Revival of a Musical and for Best Director for Bryna Wasserman and Motl Didner.

Die Goldene Kale premiered in 1923 with music by Joseph Rumshinsky, lyrics by Louis Gilrod and a book by Frieda Freiman at Kessler's Second Avenue Theater, on New York's Lower East Side.
The popular show was produced in Yiddish-speaking communities in Europe, North and South America for a quarter of a century, but forgotten after its last run in 1948.
Yongala Lodge
Yongala Lodge is a heritage-listed detached house at 11 Fryer Street, North Ward, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Rooney Brothers and was built by the Rooney Brothers from c. 1883 to 1930s. It is also known as Lister Private Hospital, Matthew Rooney's Residence, and Nestle Private Hospital. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 August 1992.

North Ward, Queensland
North Ward is a coastal suburb of Townsville in the City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, North Ward had a population of 5,073 people.

The suburb is one of the oldest in the city but has undergone significant development over many decades. It is home to some of the city's top attractions including The Strand, the waterpark, and the rockpool.
U.S. Lawn Mower Racing Association
The U.S. Lawnmower Racing Association (USLMRA) is the governing body for lawnmower racing in the United States. The organization is based in Chicago, Illinois. Its founder and president is Bruce Kaufman.

Lawn mower racing
Lawnmower racing is a form of motorsport in which competitors race modified lawnmowers, usually of the ride-on or self-propelled variety. The original mower engines are retained, but the blades are removed for safety. The sport attracts all ages and is usually entered into in a spirit of fun rather than extreme competitiveness, though many participants do take it seriously.
Stranger Cole
Stranger Cole, also known as StrangeJah Cole (born Wilburn Theodore Cole, 26 June 1942) is a Jamaican singer whose long recording career dates from the early days of ska in 1962 through to the present.

Gladstone Anderson
Gladstone Anderson (18 June 1934 –  3 December 2015), also known by his nickname "Gladdy", was a Jamaican pianist, keyboard player, and singer, who played a major part in the island's musical history, playing a key role in defining the ska sound and the rocksteady beat, and playing on hundreds of recordings as a session musician, a solo artist, and as leader of Gladdy's All Stars, featuring bassist Jackie Jackson, drummer Winston Grennan, guitarist Hux Brown, and keyboardist Winston Wright. As Harry J All Stars the band had a massive hit in Jamaica and United Kingdom with the instrumental song "The Liquidator" 1969 (and 1980). Anderson's work was consistently popular in the late 70s too, as roots reggae, dub and sound system culture increasingly prioritised  more conscious and deeply spiritual concerns.
Bega Dairy & Drinks
Bega Dairy & Drinks (also known as BDD or BDD Pty Ltd) is a subsidiary of Australian diversified food company the Bega Group, having been purchased from the Japanese company Kirin (who owns Lion in Australia) in November 2020. It was previously a company known as National Foods prior to 2009. While owned by Kirin, it was known as Lion Dairy & Drinks.

One of the largest changes occurred in 2008, when it purchased rival company Sydney's Dairy Farmers. This brand was retained and is still used across a range of fresh & long-life milk, yoghurt and sugar sweetened flavoured milks, with the former product range being prominent in its original markets of New South Wales and Queensland.

It specialises in dairy food and juice, with core activities in milk, yoghurt, cream, dairy desserts, juice and speciality cheese and has been one of Australia's largest players in this space for decades.

King Island Dairy
King Island Dairy is an Australian dairy factory, which has been operating from King Island in the Bass Strait, since 1902. The dairy makes highly acclaimed and awarded blue, cheddar, brie and camembert specialty cheeses and is the largest employer on King Island.
Caboolture, Queensland
Caboolture (/kəˈbʊltʃər/) is a town and suburb in the City of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. It is located on the northern side of the Caboolture River. In the 2021 census, the suburb of Caboolture had a population of 29,534 people.

Caboolture railway line
The Caboolture railway line refers to the section of Queensland's North Coast Line that has a regular suburban railway service, extending north of Brisbane, the state capital of Queensland, Australia. The line commences at Roma Street railway station, travelling through the city and extends through Brisbane's northern suburbs to Caboolture, which the line continues north to Sunshine Coast and connects with the Ipswich line south-west of Brisbane. The line distance from Brisbane Central railway station is 49.6 km (30.8 mi).

Lines that branch from it are the Ferny Grove line at Bowen Hills, the Doomben and Airport lines at Eagle Junction, the Shorncliffe line at Northgate and the Redcliffe Peninsula line at Petrie.
Onias I
Onias I (Hebrew: חוניו ; Honiyya or Honio ben Jaddua) was the son of the Jaddua mentioned in Nehemiah. According to Josephus, this Jaddua is said to have been a contemporary of Alexander the Great (reigned 336–323 BCE). I Maccabees regards Onias as a contemporary of the Spartan king Areus I (309–265 BCE). "Josephus is ... mistaken in placing it in the time of Onias III instead of Onias I, who was high priest c. 300 B.C. (cf. Ant. xi. 347)."

Simon the Just extolled in the Wisdom of Sirach (according to the Hebrew text the son of Jonathan, but according to the Greek text the son of Onias) and in legend was probably the son of Onias I or, according to some, of the latter's grandson Onias II.

Simeon the Just
Simeon the Righteous or Simeon the Just (Hebrew: שִׁמְעוֹן הַצַּדִּיק, romanized: Šimʿōn Haṣṣaddīq) was a Jewish High Priest during the Second Temple period. He is also referred to in the Mishnah as one of the last members of the Great Assembly.

The Talmud, Josephus, and the Book of Sirach all contain accounts of him. He was termed "the Righteous" because of the piety of his life and his benevolence toward his compatriots. He was deeply interested in the spiritual and material development of the nation. According to Sirach, he rebuilt the walls of Jerusalem, which had been torn down by Pharaoh Ptolemy I Soter, and repaired the damage done to the Temple in Jerusalem, raising the foundation-walls of its court and enlarging the cistern into a pool.
Miomaci
Miomaci (Latinized Greek: mio, abbreviation of "Miocene" + Hungarian: maci "little bear") is a genus of herbivorous ailuropodine bear from the late Miocene of Hungary. It is known only from teeth and jaws, but these indicate it was significantly smaller than its close relative Indarctos, which could reach 265.74 kg.

Ailuropodinae
Ailuropodinae is a subfamily of Ursidae that contains only one extant species, the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) of China. The fossil record of this group has shown that various species of pandas were more widespread across the Holarctic, with species found in places such as Europe, much of Asia, North America and even Africa. The earliest pandas were not unlike other modern bear species in that they had an omnivorous diet but by around 2.4 million years ago, pandas had evolved to be more herbivorous. 
The giant panda (Ailuropoda) belongs to the order of Carnivora, this means that the macronutrients that are digested are most similar to those of carnivores than to that of herbivores even though their diet consists mainly of bamboo.