hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Judeo-Provençal
Judeo-Provençal, Judæo-Occitan or Judæo-Comtadin, are the names given to the varieties of Occitan or Provençal languages historically spoken and/or written by Jews in the South of France, and more specifically in the Comtat Venaissin area by Papal Jews.

In many recent secondary sources, Judeo-Provençal has been mistakenly referred to under the name Shuadit, a word invented in 1948 by a Polish scholar, Zosa Szajkowski, notwithstanding the fact that the language had never been known under that name by its speakers.

Judeo-Provençal is known from documents dating to as early as the 11th century in France, and remained in use up to the 19th century. Then, most of its speakers assimilated to French and it is now regarded as extinct. Though often written in Hebrew script, the dialect was mutually intelligible with the Occitan spoken by non-Jews.

Papal Jews
Papal Jews, Pope's Jews (French: Juifs du pape, Occitan: Jueus del Pap, Hebrew: יהודי האפיפיור, romanized: Yehudei Ha'Apifyor or Hebrew: בני גולה, romanized: Bnei Gola), Avignonese Jews, also known by their pre-Revolution name Comtadin Jews (French: Juifs comtadins, Occitan: Jueus Contadièrs) lived in the Comtat Venaissin and in Avignon, ceded respectively in 1274 and 1348 to the Holy See and remaining under its administration until the French Revolution in 1791. Along with the Alsatian Jews, they formed for several centuries one of the only two Jewish communities authorised to live on what is today French territory, but which at the time of their establishment lay outside the borders of the Kingdom of France.
Small X
Abdessamad Lamriq (born March 1, 1991), professionally known as Small X, is a Moroccan rapper and songwriter from Safi city. In 2006, alongside Chouaib Ribati, known by his stage name Shobee, co-founded the rap duo Shayfeen, which became a significant force in the Moroccan hip-hop scene. Small X later pursued a solo career, beginning in early 2021.

Moroccan hip-hop
Moroccan rap music is a Moroccan musical style related to rap and hip hop culture. The emergence and evolution of rap music in Morocco represent a significant chapter in the country's contemporary cultural history. While influenced by global hip-hop trends, Moroccan rap has developed its own distinct identity, reflecting the unique social, cultural, and political landscapes of the nation. In recent years, the Moroccan rap scene has witnessed substantial growth and diversification, encompassing a wide array of styles, lyrical approaches, and regional influences.
Tomma
Tomma is an island in Nesna Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The 47.3-square-kilometre (18.3 sq mi) island sits to the west of the islands of Handnesøya and Hugla. The island is at the southern entrance to the Sjona fjord.  The main settlement on this island is the village of Husby, where the old Husby Estate and the Husby Chapel are located.

Husby Chapel
Husby Chapel (Norwegian: Husby kapell) is a chapel of the Church of Norway in Nesna Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is located in the village of Husby on the southern shore of the island of Tomma. It is an annex chapel in the Nesna parish which is part of the Nord-Helgeland prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Sør-Hålogaland.

The white, wooden chapel was built in a long church style in 1905 as a private farm chapel for the Husby Estate. The chapel seats about 60 people. It was consecrated on 2 June 1905 as part of the Dønnes Municipality parish and had 4 worship services each year. It was transferred to Nesna Municipality parish in 1962, and since 2005, it has six regularly scheduled worship services each year in addition to special events such as weddings or funerals.
Maria, Abbess of Quedlinburg
Duchess Maria of Saxe-Weimar (7 October 1571 – 7 March 1610) was Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg from 1601 until her death.

Born in Weimar, Maria was the daughter of John William, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, and Dorothea Susanne of Simmern.

Anna III, Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg, died on 12 May 1601. The provost of the congregation had died of plague and had not been replaced. Maria was suggested as Anna III's successor by the guardian of the abbey, her brother Frederick William I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar. Emperor Rudolf II confirmed her election on 2 July.

Maria's reign was calm. She proved to be unwilling to confront the abbey's protectors, the dukes of Saxony, which led to the decrease in her own temporal authority. She died suddenly in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt, on her way to Dresden, and was buried in Quedlinburg. She was succeeded by Princess Dorothea of Saxony.

Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar
Johann Wilhelm (11 March 1530 – 2 March 1573) was a duke of Saxe-Weimar who became heavily involved in Imperial politics after his brother Johann Friedrich II was imprisoned. Although expected to defend Protestant interests, he alienated both the Emperor and his subjects by serving as a general for the Catholic king Charles IX of France in campaigns against the Huguenots. His political missteps led to Imperial distrust and resulted in the Division of Erfurt (1572), which split the duchy into three parts between him and his brother's two sons. Johann Wilhelm retained Weimar and gained Altenburg, Gotha, and Meiningen, but lost other territories.
Ge Xuan
Ge Xuan (164–244), courtesy name Xiaoxian, was a Chinese Taoist practitioner who lived during the eastern Han dynasty (25–220) and Three Kingdoms periods (220–280). He was the ancestor of Ge Hong and a resident of Danyang Commandery in the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. Ge Xuan's paternal grandnephew, Ge Hong, gave him the title "Ge Xuan Gong", which translates as "Immortal Lord" or "Transcendent Duke". Ge Hong wrote extensively about his great-uncle, and said that some alchemical texts from his Baopuzi originally came from him. Ge Xuan was described by his descendant, Ge Chaofu, as the first recipient of the Lingbao sacred scriptures. He is remembered as a member of the Chinese Ge family and a prominent figure in the early development of Taoism.

Zuo Ci
Zuo Ci (Chinese: 左慈), courtesy name Yuanfang, was a Chinese philosopher. He was a legendary personage of the late Eastern Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period (20 BC–280 AD) of China. Though he is known to be from Lujiang Commandery (盧江郡; around present-day Lu'an, Anhui), the years of his birth and death are unknown. It is believed that he had existed before the collapse of the Han dynasty, and it is claimed that he lived until the age of 300. He learned his magic and path to longevity from the Taoist sage Feng Heng (封衡), and eventually passed his arts to Ge Xuan.
Boy (autobiography)
Boy: Tales of Childhood (1984) is an autobiography  written by British writer Roald Dahl. This book describes his life from early childhood until leaving school, focusing on living conditions in Britain in the 1920s and 1930s, the public school system at the time, and how his childhood experiences led him to writing children's books as a career. It concludes with his first job, working for Royal Dutch Shell. His life story continues in the book Going Solo.

An expanded edition titled More About Boy was published in 2008, featuring the full original text and illustrations with annotations by Dahl's widow Felicity along with additional stories, letters, and photographs.

Repton School
Repton School is a 13–18 co-educational, private, boarding and day school in the public school tradition, in Repton, Derbyshire, England.

Sir John Port of Etwall, on his death in 1557, left funds to create a grammar school which was then established at the Repton Priory. For its first 400 years, the school accepted only boys; girls were admitted from the 1970s, and the school was fully co-educational by the 1990s.

Notable alumni, also known as "Old Reptonians", include C. B. Fry, Harold Abrahams, Christopher Isherwood, Jeremy Clarkson, Andy Wilman, Roald Dahl, Adrian Newey and Archbishop Lord Ramsey of Canterbury.
Donati (crater)
Donati is a lunar impact crater that is located in the rugged south-central highlands of the Moon. It lies just to the northwest of the crater Faye, and the two outer rims are separated by a gap of less than 10 kilometers. To the north is the comparably sized Airy, and farther to the southeast is Playfair. Donati is 36 kilometers in diameter.

The outer wall of Donati has been eroded by subsequent impacts, particularly in the south and east, where craterlets overlie the rim. The distorted northern rim is joined with the irregularly shaped satellite crater Airy C. The inner floor of Donati is irregular and marked by small craters, particularly in the south and southwest. At the midpoint of the interior is a central rise. The crater is from the Pre-Imbrian period, 4.55 to 3.85 billion years ago.

It is named after the 19th-century Italian astronomer Giovanni Battista Donati.

Faye (crater)
Faye is a heavily eroded lunar impact crater in the rugged southern highlands of the Moon. It is named after French astronomer Hervé Faye. It is attached to the northeastern rim of the crater Delaunay, with Donati located just a few kilometers to the northeast. It forms part of a chain of craters of increasing size to the southwest that continues with La Caille and ends with the walled plain Purbach.

The rim of Faye is heavily damaged, particularly along the western half and covers much of the southwestern interior floor. The rim is nearly non-existent in the northwest, where a gap joins the interior with the surrounding terrain. The surviving interior floor is relatively featureless, with a central peak rising at the midpoint. There is a small craterlet and the incised remnant of a small crater rim in the northeast part of the floor.
Bay/Enterprise Square station
Bay/Enterprise Square station is an Edmonton LRT station in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It serves both the Capital Line and the Metro Line. It is an underground station located beneath Jasper Avenue between 103 Street and 104 Street in downtown Edmonton. It is named for both the former Hudson's Bay Company store and Enterprise Square, the University of Alberta's downtown campus.

The station was originally called Bay station.

Capital Line
The Capital Line is a light rail line on the Edmonton LRT system. The line operates from northeast Edmonton to the south. Operated by the Edmonton Transit Service, the line provides access to Downtown Edmonton and the University of Alberta. The Capital Line currently consists of fifteen stations, six of which are underground. Seven stations are shared with the Metro Line.
Casalgrande
Casalgrande (Reggiano: Càsalgrând) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Reggio Emilia in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of Bologna and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southeast of Reggio Emilia. As of 8 January 2017, it had a population of 19,215 and an area of 37.7 square kilometres (14.6 mi2).

The municipality of Casalgrande contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Boglioni, Casalgrande Alto, Dinazzano, Salvaterra, San Donnino di Liguria, Sant'Antonino, Veggia and Villalunga.

Casalgrande borders the following municipalities: Castellarano, Formigine, Modena, Reggio Emilia, Rubiera, Sassuolo, Scandiano.

Castellarano
Castellarano (Reggiano: Castlarân) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Reggio Emilia in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) west of Bologna and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Reggio Emilia.

Castellarano borders the following municipalities: Baiso, Casalgrande, Prignano sulla Secchia, Sassuolo, Scandiano, Viano.
Circles of Sustainability
Circles of Sustainability is a method for understanding and assessing sustainability, and for project management directed towards socially sustainable outcomes. It is intended to handle 'seemingly intractable problems' such as outlined in sustainable development debates. The method is mostly used for cities and urban settlements.

The style of the charts themselves could be described as a mixture of radar chart and bar chart.

Paul James (academic)
Paul James (born May 8, 1958) is a Professor Emeritus of Globalization and Cultural Diversity at Western Sydney University, and the former Director of the Institute for Culture and Society where he worked since 2014. He is a writer on global politics, globalization, sustainability, and social theory.
Is There Still Sex in the City?
Is There Still Sex in the City? is a novel written by Candace Bushnell and published in August 2019 by Grove Press. It is based on Bushnell's real-life experiences after divorcing at the age of 50. The title of the book references Sex and the City, a book by Bushnell first published in 1996.

Sex and the City (newspaper column)
"Sex and the City" was a newspaper column written by Candace Bushnell for The New York Observer from 1994 to 1996. The column was based on her and her friends' lifestyles living in New York City in the 1990s. An anthology of Bushnell's columns was published as a book of the same name in 1996. The columns became the basis for the HBO television series Sex and the City, which led to the 2008 film of the same name, a 2010 sequel, and the HBO Max revival of the series And Just Like That....
Softmax function
The softmax function, also known as softargmax: 184  or normalized exponential function,: 198  converts a tuple of K real numbers into a probability distribution over K possible outcomes. It is a generalization of the logistic function to multiple dimensions, and is used in multinomial logistic regression. The softmax function is often used as the last activation function of a neural network to normalize the output of a network to a probability distribution over predicted output classes.

LogSumExp
The LogSumExp (LSE) (also called RealSoftMax or multivariable softplus) function is a smooth maximum – a smooth approximation to the maximum function, mainly used by machine learning algorithms. It is defined as the logarithm of the sum of the exponentials of the arguments:
Charles Fitch
Charles Fitch (1805–1844) was an American preacher in the early 19th century, who rose to prominence for his work with the Millerite movement.

During his early years, in the 1830s, he had associated with famous evangelist Charles G. Finney, and worked with him on the causes of temperance and abolition. In 1838, he found some copies of William Miller's lectures, and accepted them at once. However, when he went to share them with local colleagues, he was rebuffed, and so he backed off.

Three years later, after meeting with Josiah Litch, he openly accepted the Millerite movement, and became one of its foremost preachers. While the core of the Millerite movement was in New England, Fitch focused his efforts on Ohio, Michigan, and Western New York.

Josiah Litch
Josiah Litch (April 4, 1809 – January 31, 1886) was a Methodist Episcopal preacher in the New England region of the United States, who was best known for his connections with the Millerite movement, and for using Bible prophecy to predict a loss of power for the Ottoman Empire.
Sinaboi
Sinaboi is a fishing village and district (kecamatan) in Rokan Hilir Regency, Riau, Indonesia. It is about 30 km east of Bagansiapiapi and about 30 km from Dumai.

The majority of Sinaboi villagers are ethnic Chinese. In Hokkian language, it is called Cia Cui Kang.

The village had a population of 2,329 according to the official estimates as at mid 2023, while the district had 21,780 inhabitants according to the official estimates as at mid 2024.

Bagansiapiapi
Bagansiapiapi or simply known as Bagan (Chinese: 峇眼; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Bā-gán) is a city in Riau province on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. The city is the capital of Rokan Hilir Regency in the province and is located on the east coast of Sumatra, on the Rokan River delta across the strait west of Malacca and near Dumai.
Aurelio Vidmar
Aurelio Vidmar (Italian: [auˈrɛːljo], Croatian: [ʋîdmar]; /ɔːˈriːlioʊ ˈvɪdmɑːr/ aw-REEL-ee-oh VID-mar; born 3 February 1967) is an Australian  association football manager and former player who is currently the head coach of A-League Men club Melbourne City.

He is a former captain of the Australia national team and former coach of the Australia U23 national team.

In recognition of decorated national team career, and his service to Adelaide United, the southern end of Hindmarsh Stadium is named the Vidmar End.

2008–09 A-League
The 2008–09 A-League was the 32nd season of top-flight soccer in Australia, and the fourth season of the A-League competition since its establishment in 2004. Two new clubs, North Queensland Thunder and Gold Coast Galaxy had received tentative licences from the FFA but these were revoked for the 2008–09 season on 12 March 2008. Expansion plans are on hold until the 2009–10 season. Based on their 2007–08 performances, the Central Coast Mariners and the Newcastle Jets competed in the 2009 AFC Champions League for the first time.

Changes to the league included:

The introduction of both a youth league and women's league aligned with A-League clubs.

An increase in the salary cap to A$1.9 million.

The addition of a Junior Marquee player. (A player under the age of 23 who has up to A$150,000 of his salary outside of the cap.

Injury replacement players can only match the injured players' salary, or have any excess included within the total Salary Cap.
Ordnance Factory Medak
Ordnance Factory Medak (OFMK) (Hindi: आयुध निर्माणी मेदक), previously called Ordnance Factory Project Medak (OFPM) while in its development stage, is a factory owned by Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited, a company that manufactures armoured vehicles and was one of the 41 Indian ordnance factories under the erstwhile Ordnance Factories Board of the Ministry of Defence, controlled by Government of India.

Vehicle Research and Development Establishment
Vehicle Research and Development Establishment (VRDE) is a laboratory of the Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO) located at Vahannagar near Ahmednagar. Its primary function is research and development of various light tracked, wheeled and specialised vehicles for defence applications.
Richard Wogan
Richard Wogan (died after 1453) was an Irish judge and cleric who held the office of Lord Chancellor of Ireland, and also served as a soldier.

He was born in County Kildare, a member of the Wogan family of Rathcoffey Castle, which produced several distinguished Irish officials. They were originally a Pembrokeshire family. John Wogan, Justiciar of Ireland, died in 1321, having been granted Rathcoffey,  Clane and other lands in Kildare in 1317. His descendants built Rathcoffey Castle. The precise relationship between John and Richard is unclear.

Richard was a clergyman, but never held high office in the Church: he was described in the Council minutes as "chaplain". He was first mentioned as a Crown official in Ireland in 1441, and held the office of Lord Chancellor, probably between the years 1442 and 1449 (although as usual in this period the exact dates are disputed).

Lord Chancellor of Ireland
The Lord High Chancellor of Ireland, commonly known as the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, was the highest ranking judicial office in Ireland until the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922. From 1721 until the end of 1800, it was also the highest political office of the Irish Parliament; the Chancellor was Speaker of the Irish House of Lords. The Lord Chancellor was also Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of Ireland. In all three respects, the office mirrored the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain.
Sevicke Jones Building
The Sevicke Jones Building was a building in Cathedral Square of Christchurch, New Zealand. Designed in 1913 and 1914 with a North-Western Italian architecturural style, it was listed by Heritage New Zealand as a Category II historic place in April 1995. It was demolished in 2011 after it partially collapsed in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake.

Cathedral Square, Christchurch
Cathedral Square, locally known simply as the Square, is the geographical centre and heart of Christchurch, New Zealand, where the city's Anglican cathedral, Christ Church Cathedral is located. The square stands at the theoretical crossing of the city's two main orthogonal streets, Colombo Street and Worcester Street, though in practice both have been either blocked off or detoured around the square itself. The square was badly damaged in the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake.
Rees, Germany
Rees (German pronunciation: [ʁeːs] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Kleve in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the right bank of the Rhine, approximately 20 km east of Kleve. The population in 2005 was 22,559. Founded in 1228, Rees is the oldest town in the lower Rhine area.

Emmerich am Rhein
Emmerich am Rhein (German pronunciation: [ˈɛmərɪç ʔam ˈʁaɪn], lit. 'Emmerich on the Rhine'; Low Rhenish and Dutch: Emmerik) is a city and municipality in the northwest of the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The city has a harbour and a quay at the Rhine. In terms of local government organization, it is a medium-sized city belonging to the district of Kleve in the administrative region (Regierungsbezirk) of Düsseldorf.
Dummy rummy
Dummy rummy is a variation of rummy for two to four players. It is played with two standard decks of cards, including four jokers, for a total of 108 cards. The jokers and twos are wild. It appears to be of American origin and may be copyrighted.

Rummy
Rummy is a group of  games related by the feature of matching cards of the same rank or sequence and same suit. The basic goal in any form of rummy is to build melds which can be either sets (three or four of a kind of the same rank) or runs (three or more sequential cards of the same suit) and either be first to go out or to amass more points than the opposition.
Sand Creek massacre
The Sand Creek massacre (also known as the Chivington massacre, the battle of Sand Creek or the massacre of Cheyenne Indians) was a massacre of Cheyenne and Arapaho people by the U.S. Army in the American Indian Wars that occurred on November 29, 1864, when a 675-man force of the Third Colorado Cavalry under the command of U.S. Volunteers Colonel John Chivington, a Methodist pastor, attacked and annihilated a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho people in southeastern Colorado Territory, killing and mutilating an estimated 70 to over 600 Native American people. Chivington claimed 500 to 600 warriors were killed. However, most sources estimate around 150 people were killed, about two-thirds of whom were women and children. The location has been designated the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site and is administered by the National Park Service. The massacre is considered part of a series of events known as the Colorado Wars.

1st Colorado Cavalry Regiment
The 1st Colorado Cavalry Regiment was formed in November 1862 by Territorial Governor John Evans, composed mostly of members of the 1st Colorado Infantry Regiment and of C and D Companies of the 2nd Colorado Infantry Regiment.  It was formed both to protect Colorado against incursions from the Confederate forces and to fight the Native Americans who already inhabited the area.

Command of this unit was given to Colonel John Chivington, who had distinguished himself at the Battle of Glorieta Pass in the New Mexico Territory early in 1862 against Confederate forces.

The regiment was given a flag while in Denver. During the Battle of Glorieta Pass the flag was ripped up by Confederate batteries. Later that year while in New Mexico they were presented with a new flag. Company A carried their own flag that was made by the a group of women from Denver.