hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ricky Walden
Ricky Walden (born 11 November 1982) is an English professional snooker player from Chester.

Walden turned professional in 2000 and it took him eight years to win his first ranking title at the Shanghai Masters. He has since won the 2012 Wuxi Classic and the 2014 International Championship and has been inside the top 16 in the season-ending rankings on four occasions. A former world Top 6 player, Walden has reached the televised stages of the World Snooker Championship on nine occasions as of 2023, with his best result being a semi-finalist in 2013.

Tom Ford (snooker player)
Tom Ford (born 17 August 1983) is an English professional snooker player from Leicester. Turning professional in 2001, Ford won his first ranking event at the 2024 Snooker Shoot Out. Ford has reached three further ranking finals - the 2016 Paul Hunter Classic, the 2023 German Masters and the 2023 International Championship.

Ford has compiled five maximum breaks in competitive play, and over 300 century breaks.
Sweden, New York
Sweden is a town in Monroe County, New York, United States. It is part of the Rochester metropolitan area. The town is located on the west border of the county. The Erie Canal passes through the northern part of the town, and Route 19 is a major north–south highway. The population was 13,244 at the 2020 census, down from 14,175 in 2010.

Rochester metropolitan area, New York
The Rochester metropolitan area, denoted the Rochester, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area by the United States Census Bureau, is a metropolitan statistical area consisting of six counties in Western New York, anchored by the city of Rochester, New York. Many counties are mainly rural with various farming communities scattered throughout the metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the MSA had a population of 1,090,135. The Rochester MSA is the 3rd largest MSA in New York state.
Expansive clay
Expansive clay, also called expansive soil, is a clay soil prone to large volume changes (swelling and shrinking) directly related to changes in water content. Soils with a high content of expansive minerals can form deep cracks in drier seasons or years; such soils are called vertisols. Soils with smectite clay minerals, including montmorillonite, kaolinite, and illite group minerals,   such as montmorillonite-containing bentonite, have the most dramatic shrink–swell capacity.

The mineral make-up of this type of soil is responsible for the moisture retaining capabilities. All clays consist of mineral sheets packaged into layers, and can be classified as either 1:1 or 2:1. These ratios refer to the proportion of tetrahedral sheets to octahedral sheets. Octahedral sheets are sandwiched between two tetrahedral sheets in 2:1 clays, while 1:1 clays have sheets in matched pairs. Expansive clays have an expanding crystal lattice in a 2:1 ratio; however, there are 2:1 non-expansive clays.

Vertisol
A vertisol is a Soil Order in the USDA soil taxonomy and a Reference Soil Group in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB). It is also defined in many other soil classification systems. In the Australian Soil Classification it is called vertosol. The natural vegetation of vertisols is grassland, savanna, or grassy woodland. The heavy texture and unstable behaviour of the soil makes it difficult for many tree species to grow, and forest is uncommon.
Brugherio
Brugherio (Italian: [bruˈɡɛːrjo]; Brianzoeu: Brughee [bryˈɡeː]) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 10 kilometres (6 miles) northeast of Milan. It was established December 9, 1866 unifying the suppressed municipalities of Baraggia, San Damiano and Moncucco (which nowadays are frazioni of Brugherio), together with the villages of Bindellera, Cesena, Gelosa, San Paolo, Torazza, Occhiate and Increa.

Brugherio borders the following municipalities: Monza, Agrate Brianza, Carugate, Sesto San Giovanni, Cologno Monzese, Cernusco sul Naviglio.

Brugherio received the title of city with a presidential decree on 27 January 1967.

Saint Bartholomew, Brugherio
45°33′02″N 9°18′06″E﻿ / ﻿45.55056°N 9.30169°E﻿ / 45.55056; 9.30169

The Church of Saint Bartholomew (Italian: Chiesa di San Bartolomeo) is the cathedral and the oldest parish in Brugherio, Italy. It houses relics of the three Magi. It is characterised by its relatively high bell tower measuring 36.8 metres (121 ft).
Protectorate of the Western Regions
The Protectorate of the Western Regions (simplified Chinese: 西域都护府; traditional Chinese: 西域都護府; pinyin: Xīyù Dūhù Fǔ; Wade–Giles: Hsi1-yü4 Tu1-hu4 Fu3) was an imperial administration (a protectorate) situated in the Western Regions administered by Han dynasty China and its successors on and off from 59 or 60 BCE until the end of the Sixteen Kingdoms period in 439 AD. The "Western Regions" refers to areas west of Yumen Pass, especially the Tarim Basin in southern Xinjiang. These areas would later be termed Altishahr (southern Xinjiang, excluding Dzungaria) by Turkic-speaking peoples. The term "western regions" was also used by the Chinese more generally to refer to Central Asia.

The protectorate was the first direct rule by a Chinese government of the area. It consisted of various vassal states and Han garrisons placed under the authority of a protector-general of the Western Regions, who was appointed by the Han court.

Kucha
Kucha (/ˈkuːtʃə/ KOO-chə, also: Kuche, Kuchar, Kuçar; Uyghur: كۇچار, Кучар; Chinese: 龜茲; pinyin: Qiūcí, Chinese: 庫車; pinyin: Kùchē; Sanskrit: 𑀓𑀽𑀘𑀻𑀦, romanized: Kūcīna) was an ancient Buddhist kingdom located on the branch of the Silk Road that ran along the northern edge of what is now the Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin and south of the Muzat River.

The former area of Kucha now lies in present-day Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang, China. Kuqa town is the county seat of Aksu Prefecture's Kuqa County. Its population was given as 74,632 in 1990.
Community Z Tools
The Community Z Tools (CZT) initiative is based around a SourceForge project to build a set of tools for the Z notation, a formal method useful in software engineering. Tools include support for editing, typechecking and animating Z specifications. There is some support for extensions such as Object-Z and TCOZ. The tools are built using the Java programming language.

CZT was proposed by Andrew Martin of Oxford University in 2001.

Z notation
The Z notation /ˈzɛd/ is a formal specification language used for describing and modelling computing systems. It is targeted at the clear specification of computer programs and computer-based systems in general.
Daimler Double-Six sleeve-valve V12
The Daimler Double-Six sleeve-valve V12 was a piston engine manufactured by The Daimler Company Limited of Coventry, England between 1926 and 1938. It was offered in four different sizes for their flagship cars.

The same Daimler Double-Six name was used for the badge-engineered Daimler V12 engine used in the largest Daimlers between 1972 and 1997.

Sleeve valve
The sleeve valve is a type of valve mechanism for piston engines, distinct from the usual poppet valve. Sleeve valve engines saw use in a number of pre–World War II luxury cars and in the United States in the Willys-Knight car and light truck. They subsequently fell from use due to advances in poppet-valve technology, including sodium cooling, and the Knight system double sleeve engine's tendency to burn a lot of lubricating oil or to seize due to lack of it. The Scottish Argyll company used its own, much simpler and more efficient, single sleeve system (Burt-McCollum) in its cars, a system which, after extensive development, saw substantial use in British aircraft engines of the 1940s, such as the Napier Sabre, Bristol Hercules, Centaurus, and the promising but never mass-produced Rolls-Royce Crecy, only to be supplanted by the jet engines.
Putuo, Shanghai
Putuo District (Chinese: 普陀区; pinyin: Pǔtuó Qū; Shanghainese: phu2 du1 chiu1) is a municipal district of Shanghai Municipality, People's Republic of China. It covers an area of 54.83 km2 (21.17 sq mi). Putuo District borders Baoshan District to the north, Jing'an District to the east and south east, Changning District to the south west and Jiading District to the west.

Caoyang Road station
Caoyang Road (simplified Chinese: 曹杨路; traditional Chinese: 曹楊路; pinyin: Cáoyáng Lù) is an interchange station between lines 3, 4, 11 and 14 of the Shanghai Metro, and is located in Putuo District.

The station opened on 26 December 2000 as part of the initial section of Line 3 from Shanghai South Railway Station to Jiangwan Town, and Line 4 service began here on the final day of 2005. The interchange with Line 11 opened along with the first section of that line from Jiangsu Road to North Jiading. The interchange with Line 14 opened along with the line on 30 Dec. 2021, which is the virtual interchange.
Keilbahnhof
Keilbahnhof (plural: Keilbahnhöfe), lit. 'wedge railway station', is the German name for a railway station (Bahnhof) in which the station is located between branching railway tracks. It is a junction station that is part of the railway junction itself, with its platforms converging in one direction and diverging in the other. There appears to be no direct English equivalent for this term.

Lichtensteig railway station
Lichtensteig railway station (German: Bahnhof Lichtensteig) is a railway station in Lichtensteig, in the Swiss canton of St. Gallen. It sits at the junction of the Bodensee–Toggenburg railway and Wil–Ebnat-Kappel railway and is served by local trains only. It is an example of a Keilbahnhof.
Barcelona Dragons (NFL Europe)
The Barcelona Dragons were an American football team that was a part of the World League of American Football and later in the resurrected NFL Europe. Their home field in Barcelona was the Estadi Olímpic de Montjuic, the 1992 Olympic Stadium, and later the Mini Estadi.

The Dragons were successful on the field, making it to 4 World Bowls (1991, 1997, 1999, 2001) and winning World Bowl V in 1997.

Mini Estadi
Miniestadi (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈmini əsˈtaði], meaning in English "Mini Stadium"), was a football stadium in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The 15,276-seat stadium was situated across from Camp Nou, the home stadium of Barcelona. The stadium was home to Barcelona B, FCB's reserve team, as well as their women's team and Juvenil A. The stadium was replaced by the newly built Estadi Johan Cruyff, which was completed on 27 August 2019.
Netherlands Antilles at the Olympics
The Netherlands Antilles participated at the Olympic Games from 1952 until 2008. As a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, it supported the Netherlands' boycott of the 1956 Games and also joined the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. The Netherlands Antilles participated in the Winter Olympic Games twice.

The National Olympic Committee for the Netherlands Antilles was created in 1931 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee from 1950 until 2011 upon the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles. At the 2012 Olympics, participants from the five islands competed as independent athletes under the Olympic flag.

Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee
The Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee, (Dutch: Nederlands Antilliaans Olympisch Comité; Papiamento: Comité Olímpico di Antia Hulandes) generally abbreviated NAOC was a member of the IOC from 1950 to 2011. It constituted the National Olympic Committee of the dissolved country Netherlands Antilles which consisted of the islands Aruba (until 1986), Curaçao, Sint Maarten (countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands), Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (part of the Netherlands proper). The organization is a federation of 31 sports federations. So far only FINA, FIFA and CONCACAF recognize Curaçao as successor of Netherlands Antilles.
Cascade, Iowa
Cascade is a city in Dubuque and Jones counties, Iowa, United States. The Dubuque County portion is part of Dubuque metropolitan area, while the Jones County section is part of Cedar Rapids metropolitan area. The population was 2,386 at the 2020 census, up from 1,958 in 2000. The city is located within southwestern of Dubuque County and north-central Jones County.

Arguably the town's most notable historic event was the 1925 flood. Between 1880 and 1936, the town was connected to Bellevue via the Chicago, St. Paul & Milwaukee Railroad Company.  It was Iowa's last narrow gauge railroad with a gauge of 3'.  The roadbed curves and grades were considered too extreme for conversion to standard gauge.

U.S. Route 151 runs through Cascade but in 2002, a four-lane bypass took traffic north around the city. Iowa Highway 136 runs from north to south through Cascade.

Jones County, Iowa
Jones County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census the population was 20,646. The county seat and the largest city is Anamosa. The county was founded in 1837 and named after George Wallace Jones, a United States senator and member of Congress.

Jones County is included in the Cedar Rapids Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Anisotropy
Anisotropy (/ˌænaɪˈsɒtrəpi, ˌænɪ-/) is the structural property of non-uniformity in different directions, as opposed to isotropy. An anisotropic object or pattern has properties that differ according to direction of measurement. For example, many materials exhibit very different physical or mechanical properties when measured along different axes, e.g. absorbance, refractive index, conductivity, and tensile strength.

An example of anisotropy is light coming through a polarizer. Another is wood, which is easier to split along its grain than across it because of the directional non-uniformity of the grain (the grain is the same in one direction, not all directions).

Bidirectional reflectance distribution function
The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), symbol , is a function of four real variables that defines how light from a source is reflected off an opaque surface. It is employed in the optics of real-world light, in computer graphics algorithms, and in computer vision algorithms. The function takes an incoming light direction, , and outgoing direction,  (taken in a coordinate system where the surface normal  lies along the z-axis), and returns the ratio of reflected radiance exiting along  to the irradiance incident on the surface from direction . Each direction  is itself parameterized by azimuth angle  and zenith angle , therefore the BRDF as a whole is a function of  4 variables. The BRDF has units sr−1, with steradians (sr) being a unit of solid angle.
ANFA Women's League
The ANFA Women's League  (Nepali: एन्फा महिला लिग), previously known as National Women's League, is the top division of professional women's club football organized by the All Nepal Football Association in Nepal. APF FC has been the most successful club in the history of the competition, winning it seven times.

2024 ANFA Women's League
The 2024 ANFA Women's League, previously known as the National Women's League, was the season of the first-tier women's club football competition in Nepal organized by the All Nepal Football Association. The tournament was held from September 2024 to January 2025.
Restricted sumset
In additive number theory and combinatorics, a restricted sumset has the form

where  are finite nonempty subsets of a field F and  is a polynomial over F.

If  is a constant non-zero function, for example  for any , then  is the usual sumset  which is denoted by  if

When

S is written as  which is denoted by  if

Note that |S| > 0 if and only if there exist  with

Noga Alon
Noga M. Alon (Hebrew: נוגה אלון; born 1956) is an Israeli mathematician and a professor of mathematics at Princeton University noted for his contributions to combinatorics and theoretical computer science, having authored hundreds of papers.
Expediency Discernment Council
The Expediency Discernment Council of the System (Persian: مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام, romanized: Majma'-e Tašxis-e Maslahat-e Nezâm) is an administrative assembly of Iran appointed by the Supreme Leader and was created upon the revision to the Constitution on 6 February 1988. It was originally set up to resolve differences or conflicts between the Majlis and the Guardian Council, but "its true power lies more in its advisory role to the Supreme Leader." According to Hooman Majd, the Leader "delegated some of his own authority to the council—granting it supervisory powers over all branches of the government" following President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's election in 2005.

Members of the council are chosen by the Supreme Leader every five years.

Ebrahim Amini
Ebrahim Haj Amini Najafabadi (Persian: ابراهیم حاج امینی نجف‌آبادی; June 30, 1925 – April 24, 2020) was an Iranian principlist politician who was a member of the Assembly of Experts. He was also a member of the Expediency Discernment Council, and was previously identified as a possible candidate to become the next Iranian Supreme Leader. Ayatollah Amini was a jurist and a moderate supporter of jurisprudential Islam. He was a member of the Council for the Revision of the Second Constitution in 1989 and was a supporter of the maximum ruling term of a Supreme Leader being ten years.
Hymenolepis (flatworm)
Hymenolepis is a genus of cyclophyllid tapeworms that cause hymenolepiasis. They parasitise mammals, including humans. Some notable species are:

Hymenolepis apodemi - in rodents

Hymenolepis asymetrica — in rodents

Hymenolepis diminuta — in humans

Hymenolepis horrida — in rodents

Hymenolepis rymzhanovi — in rodents

Hymenolepis microstoma — in rodents

Hymenolepis nana — in humans

Hymenolepis tualatinensis — in rodents

Hymenolepis microstoma
Hymenolepis microstoma, also known as the rodent tapeworm, is an intestinal dwelling parasite. Adult worms live in the bile duct and small intestines of mice and rats, and larvae metamorphose in the haemocoel of beetles. It belongs to the genus Hymenolepis; tapeworms that cause hymenolepiasis. H. microstoma is prevalent in rodents worldwide, but rarely infects humans.
II Corps (German Empire)
The II Army Corps / II AK (German: II. Armee-Korps) was a corps level command of the Prussian and then the Imperial German Armies from the 19th Century to World War I.

It was established on 3 April 1820 with headquarters initially in Berlin. From 1837, the headquarters moved to Stettin (now Szczecin, Poland), back to Berlin in 1863, before finally settling in Stettin from 1870. The Corps catchment area included the Province of Pomerania, the district (Regierungsbezirk) of Bromberg from the Province of Posen and the Province of West Prussia. Later, the West Prussian districts were transferred to the new XVII Corps District.

In peacetime, the Corps was assigned to the VIII Army Inspectorate, which became the 1st Army at the start of the First World War. The Corps headquarters was upgraded to form the headquarters of the South Army on 10 January 1915.

The Corps was reformed post-war, before being finally disbanded in 1919.

XVII Corps (German Empire)
The XVII Army Corps / XVII AK (German: XVII. Armee-Korps) was a corps level command of the German Army before and during World War I.

As the German Army expanded in the latter part of the 19th century, the XVII Army Corps was set up on 1 April 1890 in Danzig as the Generalkommando (headquarters) for West Prussia. It took command of two divisions formed on the same date: 35th Division and 36th Division. It was assigned to the I Army Inspectorate, which became the 8th Army at the start of the First World War.

XVII Corps served on the Eastern Front from the start of the war. It was still in existence at the end of the war in the 7th Army, Heeresgruppe Deutscher Kronprinz on the Western Front. In 1919, the corps served with the Grenzschutz Ost (border protection east) in Danzig, West Prussia.
Boonea bisuturalis
Boonea bisuturalis (also known as the three-toothed odostome or the two-groove odostome) is a species of small sea snail, a pyramidellid gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies. The species is one of eleven known species within the Boonea genus of gastropods.

This species is ectoparasitic (an external parasite) on various bivalves and other gastropods. It is notorious as a pest on oyster beds. Its preferred hosts are the common periwinkle Littorina littorea, the mud snail Tritia obsoleta and the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica

Boonea
Boonea is a small genus of small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks.

This genus is currently placed in the subfamily Odostomiinae, of the family Pyramidellidae (according to the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)).
Asnawi Mangkualam
Asnawi Mangkualam Bahar (born 4 October 1999), better known as Asnawi, is an Indonesian professional footballer who plays either as a full-back or a defensive midfielder for Thai League 1 club Port and the Indonesia national team.

2020 AFF Championship
The 2020 AFF Championship (officially AFF Suzuki Cup 2020 for sponsorship reasons) was the 13th edition of the AFF Championship, the football championship of nations affiliated to the ASEAN Football Federation (AFF), the 7th and the last edition under the name AFF Suzuki Cup.

The final tournament was originally scheduled to run from 23 November to 31 December 2020. However, the tournament was postponed and rescheduled at least twice due to the COVID-19 pandemic; the tournament was first rescheduled to run from 11 April to 8 May 2021 and the schedule later pushed backed further to 5 December 2021 to 1 January 2022. Singapore was chosen as host of the tournament in a centralised location.

Vietnam were the defending champions, but were eliminated by their rivals, Thailand in the semi-finals. Thailand won the tournament by a 6–2 victory in the two-legged final against Indonesia to secure their sixth title.
Guanyin, Hubei
Guanyin (simplified Chinese: 观音镇; traditional Chinese: 觀音鎮; pinyin: Guānyīn zhèn) is a town in Yunxi County, Hubei province, China. Guanyin has a population of 32,135 as of 2010, and administers 22 villages.: 342

Yunxi County
Yunxi County (simplified Chinese: 郧西县; traditional Chinese: 鄖西縣; pinyin: Yúnxī Xiàn) is a county in the northwest of Hubei province, China, bordering Shaanxi province to the north and the west. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Shiyan. The county spans a total area of 3,509.6 square kilometres (1,355.1 sq mi), and has a population of 371,012 as of 2010.
U.S. helicopter armament subsystems
Helicopter armament systems developed by the United States military since the early 1960s include offensive and defensive weapons and gear of various types, including machine guns, grenade launchers, autocannon, and rockets.

M1919 Browning machine gun
The M1919 Browning is a .30 caliber medium machine gun that was widely used during the 20th century, especially during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. The M1919 saw service as a light infantry, coaxial, mounted, aircraft, and anti-aircraft machine gun by the U.S and many other countries.

The M1919 was an air-cooled development of the standard U.S. machine gun of World War I, the John M. Browning-designed water-cooled M1917. The emergence of general-purpose machine guns in the 1950s pushed the M1919 into secondary roles in many cases, especially after the arrival of the M60 in US Army service.

The United States Navy also converted many to 7.62 mm NATO and designated them Mk 21 Mod 0; they were commonly used on riverine craft in the 1960s and 1970s in Vietnam. Many NATO countries also converted their examples to 7.62 mm caliber, and these remained in service well into the 1990s, as well as up to the present day in some countries.