hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Assize of Clarendon
The Assize of Clarendon was an act of Henry II of England in 1166 that began a transformation of English law and led to trial by jury in common law countries worldwide, and that established assize courts.

Prior systems for deciding the winning party in a case, especially felonies, included trial by ordeal, trial by battle, or trial by compurgation (trial by oath), in which evidence, inspection, and inquiry was made under oath by laymen, knights or ordinary freemen. After the Assize of Clarendon trial by jury developed, though some historians say beginnings of the jury system predate this act. The Assize of Clarendon did not lead to this change immediately; recourse to trial by combat was not officially rescinded until 1819 in the aftermath of the murder of Mary Ashford.

The assize takes its name from Clarendon Palace, Wiltshire, the royal hunting lodge at which it was promulgated.

Trial by combat
Trial by combat (also wager of battle, trial by battle or judicial duel) was a method of Germanic law to settle accusations in the absence of witnesses or a confession in which two parties in dispute fought in single combat; the winner of the fight was proclaimed to be right. In essence, it was a judicially sanctioned duel. It remained in use throughout the European Middle Ages, gradually disappearing in the course of the 16th century.
Trillium Stakes
The Trillium Stakes is a Canadian Thoroughbred horse race run annually at Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto, Ontario. Held in June, it is open to fillies and mares, age three and older.

The Trillium Stakes was first run in 2011 and was elevated to Grade III status in 2018. The first two runnings of the race were over 1+1⁄8 miles before the distance was reduced to 1+1⁄16 in 2013. The race is run on Woodbine's synthetic dirt track: the surface was Polytrack until 2017 when it was replaced by Tapeta.

Woodbine Racetrack
Woodbine Racetrack is a race track for Thoroughbred horse racing in the Etobicoke area of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Owned by Woodbine Entertainment Group, Woodbine Racetrack manages and hosts Canada's most famous race, the King's Plate. The track was opened in 1956 with a one-mile oval dirt track, as well as a seven-eights turf course. It has been extensively remodeled since 1993, and since 1994 has had three racecourses.
Ten Minute Rule
The Ten Minute Rule, also known as Standing Order No. 23, is a procedure in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom for the introduction of private member's bills in addition to the 20 per session normally permissible. It is one of the ways in which a bill may receive its first reading.

Bill (law)
A bill is a proposal for a new law, or a proposal to substantially alter an existing law.

A bill does not become law until it has been passed by the legislature and, in most cases, approved by the head of state (sometimes the executive).

Bills are introduced in the legislature and are there discussed, debated on, and voted upon.  Once a bill has been enacted into law by the legislature, it is called an act of the legislature, or a statute.
Netheravon Airfield
Netheravon Airfield is a Ministry of Defence grass strip airfield on Salisbury Plain, in Wiltshire, England. Established in 1913 by the Royal Flying Corps, it became RAF Netheravon from 1918 until 1963, then AAC Netheravon (Army Air Corps) until 2012. Buildings from 1913 and 1914 survive on part of the site. The site forms part of the Tidworth, Netheravon and Bulford (TidNBul) Garrison.

No. 297 Squadron RAF
No 297 Squadron was a squadron of the Royal Air Force.  It was notable for being the first airborne forces squadron formed. With sister No. 296 Squadron it formed No. 38 Wing in January 1942, joined in August by No. 295 Squadron; the wing expanded in 1943 to become No. 38 Group. The squadron saw action in Sicily and took part in the D-Day invasion and Operation Market Garden. It was disbanded in 1950.
Bowning railway station
Bowning railway station is a heritage-listed closed railway station, located on the Main Southern railway in Bowning, in the Southern Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia. The station was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Main Southern railway line
The Main Southern railway line (or Great Southern Railway) is a major railway in New South Wales, Australia. It runs from Sydney to Albury, near the Victorian border. The line passes through the Southern Highlands, Southern Tablelands, South West Slopes and Riverina regions.
Sing Me the Songs That Say I Love You: A Concert for Kate McGarrigle
Sing Me the Songs That Say I Love You: A Concert for Kate McGarrigle is a 2012 documentary film directed by Lian Lunson. It follows a memorial concert on May 12, 2011 at Town Hall in New York City to pay tribute to musician Kate McGarrigle, who died from sarcoma at the age of 63 in 2010. The concert was headlined by Kate's children Martha and Rufus Wainwright, while also featuring her sisters Jane and Anna McGarrigle, comedian Jimmy Fallon, and musicians Emmylou Harris, Norah Jones, Antony and Teddy Thompson. The compilation album Sing Me the Songs: Celebrating the Works of Kate McGarrigle serves as the film's soundtrack.

Kate McGarrigle
Kate McGarrigle CM (February 6, 1946 – January 18, 2010) was a Canadian folk music singer-songwriter, who wrote and performed as a duo with her sister Anna McGarrigle.

She is the mother of singers Rufus Wainwright and Martha Wainwright from her marriage to American singer-songwriter Loudon Wainwright III, which ended in divorce.
Leonhard Seppala
Leonhard "Sepp" Seppala (/ˈlɛnərd ˈsɛpələ/; September 14, 1877 – January 28, 1967) was a Norwegian-Kven-American sled dog breeder, trainer and musher who with his dogs played a pivotal role in the 1925 serum run to Nome, and participated in the 1932 Winter Olympics. Seppala introduced the work dogs used by Native Siberians at the time to the American public. The breed came to be known as the Siberian Husky in the English-speaking world. The Leonhard Seppala Humanitarian Award, which honors excellence in sled dog care, is named in honour of him.: 64

1925 serum run to Nome
The 1925 serum run to Nome, also known as the Great Race of Mercy and The Serum Run, was a transport of diphtheria antitoxin by dog sled relay across the US territory of Alaska by 20 mushers and about 150 sled dogs across 674 miles (1,085 km) in 5+1⁄2 days, saving the small town of Nome and the surrounding communities from a developing epidemic of diphtheria.

Both the mushers and their dogs were portrayed as heroes in the newly popular medium of radio and received headline coverage in newspapers across the United States. Balto, the lead sled dog on the final stretch into Nome, became the most famous canine celebrity of the era after Rin Tin Tin, and his statue is a popular tourist attraction in both New York City's Central Park and downtown Anchorage, Alaska. Togo's team covered much of the most dangerous parts of the route and ran the farthest: Togo's team covered 261 miles (420 km) while Balto's team ran 55 miles (89 km).
Nasone
A nasone (plural nasoni), also called a fontanella (plural fontanelle, lit. "little fountains"), is a type of drinking fountain found in Rome, Italy. Literally meaning "large nose", they got their name from their characteristic design first introduced in the 1870s. There are approximately 2,500–2,800 nasoni in Rome, supplying people with free drinking water.

Drinking fountain
A drinking fountain, also called a water fountain or bubbler, is a fountain designed to provide drinking water. It consists of a basin with either continuously running water or a tap. The drinker bends down to the stream of water and swallows water directly from the stream. Modern indoor drinking fountains may incorporate filters to remove impurities from the water and chillers to lower its temperature. Drinking fountains are usually found in public places, like schools, rest areas, libraries, and grocery stores.

Drinking fountains are an important source of clean water in urban infrastructure. Many jurisdictions require drinking fountains to be wheelchair accessible (by sticking out horizontally from the wall), and to include an additional unit of a lower height for children and short adults. The design that this replaced often had one spout atop a refrigeration unit.
Cyclocosmia loricata
Cyclocosmia loricata is a species of trapdoor spider of the genus Cyclocosmia. Full-grown adults can reach 1.1 inches in size. The species is endemic to Mexico, but has also been observed in Guatemala.

Cyclocosmia
Cyclocosmia is a genus of mygalomorph trapdoor spiders in the family Halonoproctidae, first described by Anton Ausserer in 1871. Originally placed with the Ctenizidae, when the family split in 2018, this genus was placed with the Halonoproctidae as the type genus. The name is derived from the Greek "kyklos" (κυκλος), meaning "circle", and "kosmeo" (κοσμεω), meaning "to adorn".
History of Zurich
Zurich has been continuously inhabited since Roman times. The vicus of Turicum was established in AD 90, at the site of an existing Gaulish (Helvetic) settlement.

Gallo-Roman culture appears to have persisted beyond the collapse of the Western empire in the 5th century, and it is not until the Carolingian period. A royal castle was built at the site of the Lindenhof, and monasteries are established at Grossmünster and Fraumünster.

Political power lay with these abbeys during medieval times, until the guild revolt in the 14th century which led to the joining of the Swiss Confederacy. Zurich was the focus of the Swiss Reformation led by Huldrych Zwingli, and it came to riches with silk industry in Early Modern times.

Predigerkloster
The Predigerkloster was a monastery of the Dominican Order, established around 1234 and abolished in 1524, in the imperial city of Zurich, Switzerland. Its church, the Predigerkirche, is one of the four main churches in Zurich and was first built in 1231 as a Romanesque church of the then Dominican monastery. In the first half of the 14th century it was converted, the choir rebuilt between 1308 and 1350.
National Unification (Czechoslovakia)
The National Unification (Czech: Národní sjednocení) was a political party created on 27 October 1934 in Czechoslovakia. The party was established by a merger of the Czechoslovak National Democracy and two marginal parties, National League and National Front.

The party politically cooperated with the Vlajka movement. After German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the party was merged into Party of National Unity.

Czechoslovak National Democracy
The Czechoslovak National Democracy (Czech: Československá národní demokracie), called also Czechoslovak National Democratic Party (Czech: Československá strana národně demokratická), was a First Republic right-wing political party in Czechoslovakia.
Flea flicker
In American football, the flea flicker is an unorthodox or "trick play" designed to fool the defensive team into thinking that a play is a run instead of a pass. It can be considered an extreme variant of the play-action pass and an extension of the halfback option play.

2008–09 NFL playoffs
The National Football League playoffs for the 2008 season began on January 3, 2009. The postseason tournament concluded with the Pittsburgh Steelers defeating the Arizona Cardinals in Super Bowl XLIII, 27–23, on February 1, at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida.

This was the first time since the 1979 NFL season where neither of the first-seeded teams made it to their respective conference championships.
Nhlanhla Lux
Nhlanhla "Lux" Dlamini, also Nhlanhla Mohlauli, is a South African activist, pilot and anti-immigrant activist and former leader of Operation Dudula, a nationalist party and group based in Soweto, South Africa. In 2022 he was arrested for house break-in and stealing. He was later arrested and convicted of theft of which he was ordered to pay back the R9500 he stole.

Nhlanhla said that his home in Soweto was damaged by a bomb during the riots of the 2023 South African National Shutdown.

Operation Dudula
Operation Dudula is an organisation which turned into a political party in South Africa. It is often described as a fascist organisation and the group is widely recognised as being xenophobic, and has been linked with  violently threatening and targeting both documented and undocumented foreigners. The group blames South Africa's porous borders, lenient immigration practices and the presence of migrants for many of South Africa's social issues. Its current leader is Zandile Dabula.

Operation Dudula was established in Soweto, a township of Johannesburg, and has since spread to other parts of the country. "Dudula" means to "force out" or "knock down" in isiZulu, and refers to the movement's goal to expel migrants. Although they have been accused of violently targeting immigrants, Operation Dudula denies having any connection to xenophobic motives.
Daowai, Harbin
Daowai District (simplified Chinese: 道外区; traditional Chinese: 道外區; pinyin: Dàowài Qū) is one of nine districts of the prefecture-level city of Harbin, the capital of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China, forming part of the city's urban core. It borders the districts of Hulan to the north, Acheng to the southeast, Xiangfang to the south, Nangang to the southwest, Songbei to the west, as well as Bin County to the east.

Bin County, Heilongjiang
Bin County, or Binxian (simplified Chinese: 宾县; traditional Chinese: 賓縣; pinyin: Bīn Xiàn), is a county of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China, it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Harbin, the capital of Heilongjiang. Its seat is about 60 kilometres (37 mi) east of central Harbin. It borders Bayan County and Mulan County to the north, Fangzheng County to the east, Yanshou County to the southeast, Shangzhi to the south, Acheng District to the southwest, Daowai District to the west, and Hulan District to the northwest.
Harari people
The Harari people (Harari: ጌ፞ይ ኡሱኣች / ݘٛىيْ أُسُأَڛْ‎, Gēy Usuach, "People of the City") are a Semitic-speaking ethnic group which inhabits the Horn of Africa. Members of this ethnic group traditionally reside in the walled city of Harar, simply called Gēy "the City" in Harari, situated in the Harari Region of eastern Ethiopia. They speak the Harari language, a member of the South Ethiopic grouping within the Semitic subfamily of the Afroasiatic languages.

Abadir Umar ar-Rida
Sheikh Abadir Umar Al-Rida (Harari: አባዲር ዑመር አል-ሪዳ ፈቂ ዑመር, Arabic: الفقيه ابادر عمر الرضا), also known as Aw Abadir or Aw Badir was the legendary founder of Harar and a patron saint in modern-day eastern Ethiopia. He is also regarded as the common ancestor of the Somali Sheekhaal clan and the Harari people.
2023 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
The 2023 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships were held in Antwerp, Belgium at the Sportpaleis, from 30 September to 8 October 2023. Antwerp hosted the event for the third time; previously the city hosted the first ever World Championships in 1903 and again in 2013.

The championships was a qualification event for the 2024 Olympic Games in Paris. The top nine teams in both the men's and women's team qualifications (not including teams that qualified at the previous year's World Championships) obtained five quota places for Paris as a team.  Additionally, numerous individuals qualified with a nominative berth for the Olympic Games.

Andrei Muntean
Andrei Vasile Muntean (born 30 January 1993) is a Romanian artistic gymnast. He represented Romania at the 2016 Summer Olympics and placed sixth on the parallel bars. He is the 2017 World University Games vault bronze medalist. He has competed at the World Championships eight times, and he will represent Romania at the 2024 Summer Olympics.

At the junior level, Muntean is the 2010 European parallel bars champion. He won the gold medal on the rings at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics, becoming Romania's first-ever Youth Olympic Games champion. He also won a silver medal on the parallel bars.
Quonset Point
41°35′42″N 71°24′54″W﻿ / ﻿41.595°N 71.415°W﻿ / 41.595; -71.415

Quonset Point (/ˈkwɒnsɪt/ ⓘ), also known simply as Quonset, is a small peninsula in Narragansett Bay in the town of North Kingstown, Rhode Island. Its name is widely known from the Quonset hut, which was first manufactured there. Quonset is an Algonquian word meaning "small, long place".

Quonset Point was the location of Naval Air Station Quonset Point, a large United States Navy base. The peninsula is now used for industrial purposes and is partially abandoned.  A major industry located there is a hull-fabrication and outfitting facility for the Electric Boat Corporation.  It was also home to Camp Endicott, home to the Atlantic fleet Seabees.

Quonset Point is currently home to Quonset State Airport  which is a joint civil-military public airport home to the Quonset Point Air National Guard Station and the 143d Airlift Wing (143 AW) of the Rhode Island Air National Guard, flying the C-130J Hercules.

Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts
Oak Bluffs is a town on Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts.  The population was 5,341 at the 2020 United States census. The town contains the census-designated place of the same name. It is one of the island's principal points of arrival for summer tourists, and is noted for its "gingerbread cottages" and other well-preserved mid- to late-nineteenth-century buildings.  The town has been a historically important center of African American culture since the 18th century.
Downtown Memphis, Tennessee
Downtown Memphis is the central business district of Memphis, Tennessee, and is located along the Mississippi River between Interstate 40 to the north, Interstate 55 to the south, and Interstate 240 to the east, where it abuts Midtown Memphis.

The downtown area is home to the Memphis Redbirds, the AAA affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals, as well as the Memphis Grizzlies NBA team.

Harbor Town, Memphis
Harbor Town is a new urbanist-style neighborhood in Memphis, Tennessee. Harbor Town sits atop 132 acres (53 hectares) on a sandbar in the Mississippi River known as Mud Island. It was developed in 1989, and was a collaborative effort of Memphis developer Henry Turley, RTKL of Baltimore, and the Looney Ricks Kiss architectural firm from Memphis. The Henry Turley Company stated that the neighborhood intends to "emphasize the human rather than the automobile." Nowadays Harbor Town is considered dense and walkable, known for its traditional row houses, shops, parks, and marina.
Gierle
Gierle is a village of about 4,428 inhabitants in the Antwerp Province in Flanders, Belgium. It is part of the municipality of Lille.

Characterised by its 19th-century village centre, which has an unusual circular shape, it is more known for its recreation park called "De Lilse Bergen" and its festival called "Sjock".

A famous inhabitant of Gierle was Louis Neefs, who was the Belgian contestant for the Eurovision Song Contest twice. He has a statue in the centre of Gierle. Another famous inhabitant is Walter Meeuws, a retired football player who played for a few clubs in the Belgian first division and also for AFC Ajax. He has 46 caps for the Belgium national team and was in the squad of UEFA Euro 1980 where they reached the final. After his playing career, he has been a coach for teams all over the world.

Through history, Gierle was connected to the neighbouring village Tielen because they shared both lord and priest.

Sjock Festival
Sjock festival is a music festival in Belgium since 1976 (1976). The festival draws a European crowd featuring Punk rock, Rockabilly, Garage rock and Surf music. The festival takes place every year in Gierle in the first or second weekend of July.

Bands that have featured at Sjock include: Monster Magnet, Dr. Feelgood, The Godfathers, The Fuzztones, The Adolescents, Radiohead, Mudhoney, The Sonics, and Dinosaur Jr.
Air Guinee Express
Compagnie Nationale Air Guinée, in its latter years known as Air Guinee Express, was an airline based in Conakry, Guinea. Its main base was Conakry International Airport.

Air Guinée was the first national airline of Guinea; it had its head office in Kaloum, Conakry. Founded in 1960, the company was privatised in 1992, and was eventually dissolved in 2002; remaining portions of the business continued as Air Guinee Express, which operated domestic services.

Antonov An-12
The Antonov An-12 (Russian: Антонов Ан-12; NATO reporting name: Cub) is a four-engined turboprop transport aircraft designed in the Soviet Union. It is the military version of the Antonov An-10 and has many variants. For more than three decades, the An-12 was the standard medium-range cargo and paratroop transport aircraft of the Soviet air forces. A total of 1,248 aircraft were built.
Copper(II) hydroxide
Copper(II) hydroxide is the hydroxide of copper with the chemical formula of Cu(OH)2. It is a pale greenish blue or bluish green solid. Some forms of copper(II) hydroxide are sold as "stabilized" copper(II) hydroxide, although they likely consist of a mixture of copper(II) carbonate and hydroxide. Cupric hydroxide is a strong base, although its low solubility in water makes this hard to observe directly.

Hydroxide
Hydroxide is a diatomic anion with chemical formula OH−. It consists of an oxygen and hydrogen atom held together by a single covalent bond, and carries a negative electric charge. It is an important but usually minor constituent of water. It functions as a base, a ligand, a nucleophile, and a catalyst. The hydroxide ion forms salts, some of which dissociate in aqueous solution, liberating solvated hydroxide ions. Sodium hydroxide is a multi-million-ton per annum commodity chemical.
The corresponding electrically neutral compound HO• is the hydroxyl radical. The corresponding covalently bound group −OH of atoms is the hydroxy group.
Both the hydroxide ion and hydroxy group are nucleophiles and can act as catalysts in organic chemistry.

Many inorganic substances which bear the word hydroxide in their names are not ionic compounds of the hydroxide ion, but covalent compounds which contain hydroxy groups.
Taguatinga, Federal District
Taguatinga is an administrative region in the Federal District in Brazil. It is bordered by Brasília to the north, Vicente Pires, Águas Claras, and Arniqueira to the east, Riacho Fundo and Riacho Fundo II to the south, Samambaia to the southwest, Ceilândia to the west, and Brazlândia to the northwest. Taguatinga has a population of 222,598, being the fourth largest administrative region by population.

Brazlândia
Brazlândia (Portuguese pronunciation: [bɾazˈlɐ̃n.dʒiɐ]) is the second oldest administrative region in the Federal District in Brazil. It is bordered by Sobradinho II to the northeast, Brasília to the east, and Taguatinga and Ceilândia to the south. Brazlândia was founded on June 5, 1933, receiving the status of administrative region, according to Law 4545, of December 10, 1964. Its current administrator is Devanir Gonçalves de Oliveira. It has a population of approximately 55,000 people.