hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Double First-Class Construction
The World First-Class Universities and First-Class Academic Disciplines Construction (世界一流大学和一流学科建设), together known as Double First-Class Initiative (双一流建设), is a higher education development and sponsorship scheme of the Chinese central government, initiated in 2015. The Universities included in the Double First Class Initiative are recognized as "Double First-Class Universities". There are 147 universities and colleges selected to be part of the program.

The program was announced under the Xi Jinping administration in 2015 to replace the original higher education development programs Project 211 and Project 985.

China University of Petroleum
The China University of Petroleum (East China) is a national public university located in Qingdao, Shandong, China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education, and is co-sponsored by the Ministry of Education, five major state energy corporations, and the Province of Shandong. The university is part of Project 211 and the Double First-Class Construction.

The China University of Petroleum (Beijing) is a national public university located in Beijing, China. It is affiliated with and sponsored by the Ministry of Education. The university is part of Project 211 and the Double First-Class Construction.

Since 2005, the two institutions became two separate legal entities with different constitutions and administrative boards.
Chydenia
The Chydenia Shopping Center Finnish: Kauppakeskus Chydenia) is a shopping mall located in the town center of Kokkola in Central Ostrobothnia, Finland. The first part of the center was completed in 2006, the third in 2009. The shopping center is located partly on the Tehtaankatu, Rantakatu and Rautatienkatu streets, about 100 meters north of Kokkola railway station. The name of the shopping center refers to Anders Chydenius (1729–1803), who mainly influenced in Kokkola.

The first part of Chydenia has three floors, the second part two and the third six, two of which are in business use. There are almost 300 parking spaces in the shopping center. Parking is free in parking lots when using the parking disc. About 2 million people visit Chydenia every year.

Several stores in Chydenia include Suomalainen Kirjakauppa, H&M, Dressmann, Specsavers, Subway, Hesburger and Espresso House.

Kokkola
Kokkola (Finnish: [ˈkokːolɑ]; Swedish: Karleby, Finland Swedish: [ˈkɑrleˌbyː]) is a town in Finland and the regional capital of Central Ostrobothnia. It is located on the west coast of the country, on the Gulf of Bothnia. The population of Kokkola is approximately 48,000, while the sub-region has a population of approximately 54,000. It is the 22nd most populous municipality in Finland, and the 20th most populous urban area in the country.

Kokkola covers an area of 2,730.80 square kilometres (1,054.37 sq mi) of which 1,286.61 km2 (496.76 sq mi) is water. The population density is 33.44 inhabitants per square kilometre (86.6/sq mi). Neighbour municipalities are Halsua, Kalajoki, Kannus, Kaustinen, Kronoby, Lestijärvi, Larsmo and Toholampi.

Kokkola is a bilingual municipality with Finnish and Swedish as its official languages. The population consists of 83% Finnish speakers, 12% Swedish speakers, and 6% speakers of other languages.
Stark–Heegner theorem
In number theory, the Heegner theorem or Stark-Heegner theorem establishes the complete list of the quadratic imaginary number fields whose rings of integers are  principal ideal domains.  It solves a special case of Gauss's class number problem of determining the number of imaginary quadratic fields that have a given fixed class number.

Let Q denote the set of rational numbers, and let d be a square-free integer. The field  is a quadratic extension of Q. The class number of  is one if and only if the ring of integers of  is a principal ideal domain. The Baker–Heegner–Stark theorem can then be stated as follows:

If d < 0, then the class number of  is one if and only if

These are known as the Heegner numbers.

By replacing d with the discriminant D of  this list is often  written as:

Harold Stark
Harold Mead Stark (born August 6, 1939)
is an American mathematician, specializing in number theory. He is best known for his solution of the Gauss class number 1 problem, in effect correcting and completing the earlier work of Kurt Heegner, and for Stark's conjecture. More recently, he collaborated with Audrey Terras to study zeta functions in graph theory. He is currently on the faculty of the University of California, San Diego.

Stark received his bachelor's degree from the California Institute of Technology in 1961 and his PhD from the University of California, Berkeley in 1964. He was on the faculty at the University of Michigan from 1964 to 1968, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1968 to 1980, and at the University of California, San Diego from 1980 to the present.

Stark was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1983 and to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 2007. In 2012, he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
North Falls
North Falls is a waterfall located in the Silver Falls State Park at the east end of the city of Salem, in Marion County, in the U.S. state of Oregon. It is located in a privileged area on the west foothills where Mount Hood National Forest meets with the Middle Santiam Wilderness. Several prominent waterfalls are located in the Park along Trail of Ten Falls: South Falls, Drake Falls, Lower South Falls, and Winter Falls—among others.

Upper North Falls
Upper North Falls, is a waterfall located in the Silver Falls State Park at the east end of the city of Salem, in Marion County, in the U.S. state of Oregon. It is located in a privileged area on the west foothills where Mount Hood National Forest meets with the Middle Santiam Wilderness. Several prominent waterfalls are located in the Park along Trail of Ten Falls: South Falls, Drake Falls, Lower North Falls, and Winter Falls—among others.
Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence
Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence is a book by Jeremy Wilson about the noted historic figure T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia"), who helped lead the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during World War I. It was published in 1989, first by William Heinemann Ltd., London, then in the United States by Atheneum, New York.

Michael Coren in the Toronto Star described this as "an unremarkable book", but it was named as one of the 14 best books of 1990 by The New York Times. Nigel Nicolson, reviewing for  The New York Times, wrote "This biography will endure beside Seven Pillars as his monument, and any future book about T. E. Lawrence will be but a commentary on it."

Seven Pillars of Wisdom
Seven Pillars of Wisdom is the autobiographical account of the experiences of British Army Colonel T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia") while serving as a military advisor to Bedouin forces during the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire of 1916 to 1918.

It was completed in February 1922, but first published in December 1926 originally published for the US market in 1927 as Revolt in the Desert and is the only version that was commercially released while he was alive. Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1935) is a longer form of the book at almost double the page count and released to the international market.
Ed Flemke Jr.
Ed Flemke Jr. (born April 24, 1955) is an American professional stock car racing driver who competed in the NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour, where he won seventeen races and earned sixteen pole positions from 1988 to 2013. He is the son of legendary driver Ed Flemke, one of the most well known modified drivers of his era. Flemke owns and operates the chassis building company Race Works, which is based in Berlin, Connecticut.

In 2021, Flemke became the first and only known LGBTQ+ winner of a NASCAR-sanctioned event when he married his long-time boyfriend, Christopher Barone-Flemke.

Flemke has also in series such as the SMART Modified Tour, the Tri-Track Open Modified Series, the IMSA GT Championship, and the World Series of Asphalt Stock Car Racing.

Ed Flemke
Ed "Steady Eddie" Flemke (August 27, 1930 – March 30, 1984) was active as an American race car driver and builder from 1948 until his death in 1984. Although best known as a driver, he also built many race cars for himself and others, was a technical innovator, and was renowned as a mentor to his competitors. His specialty was modified stock car racing, which became immensely popular in the U.S. in the decades following World War II. Flemke has been described as "likely New England's most legendary stock car racer." He may have had more overall impact on Modified racing in the U.S. than any other individual, being "a pioneer, innovator, teacher, fierce competitor, and living legend all rolled into one."
Vevring Municipality
Vevring is a former municipality in the old Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The 125-square-kilometre (48 sq mi) municipality existed from 1838 until its dissolution in 1964. The area is now divided between Kinn Municipality, Askvoll Municipality, and Sunnfjord Municipality in the traditional district of Sunnfjord in Vestland county. The administrative centre was the village of Vevring which is on the north side of the Førdefjorden where Vevring Church is located. The village of Kvammen was the main village on the south side of the fjord.

Prior to its dissolution in 1964, the 125.2-square-kilometre (48.3 sq mi) municipality was the 470th largest by area out of the 689 municipalities in Norway. Vevring Municipality was the 632nd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of about 866. The municipality's population density was 6.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (18/sq mi) and its population had decreased by 8.6% over the previous 10-year period.

Kvammen
Kvammen is a small village located on the south side of the Førdefjorden in Askvoll Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of the village of Dale and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northeast of the municipal center of Askvoll. The town of Førde and access to the European route E39 highway is 27 kilometres (17 mi) east of Kvammen. The smaller village of Stongfjorden lies about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) to the west.

Historically, this area of Askvoll Municipality was part of the old Vevring Municipality. The village of Vevring lies just to the north on the other side of the fjord. Kvammen Chapel is located in this village.
Ferchar Fota
Ferchar Fota (Ferchar the Tall) (died c. 697) was probably king of the Cenél Loairn of Dál Riata, and perhaps of all Dál Riata. His father is named as Feredach mac Fergusa and he was said to be a descendant in the 6th generation of Loarn mac Eirc.

Ferchar is first reported in the Annals of Tigernach in 678, when he led the Cenél Loairn to defeat on Tiree against "the Britons", presumably those of Alt Clut. The battle is also reported by the Annals of Ulster, but Ferchar is not named. The second report of Ferchar is that of his death in 697.

Ferchar may have been king of Dál Riata from the 670s — the Duan Albanach assigns him a reign of 21 years — or he may have become king of Dál Riata only on the death of Domnall Donn in 696.

His sons Ainbcellach and Selbach were kings of Dál Riata.

Cenél Loairn
The Cenél Loairn, the descendants of Loarn mac Eirc, controlled parts of northern Argyll around the Firth of Lorne, most probably centred in Lorne but perhaps including the islands of Mull and Colonsay, Morvern and Ardnamurchan. The boundary to the east was the Druim Alban mountain ridge that separated Dál Riata from Pictland. The chief places of the kingdom appear to have been at Dun Ollaigh, near Oban, and Dunadd, near Crinan. The chief religious site may have been on Lismore, later the seat of the high-medieval bishop of Argyll.
Cosmic Explorer (gravitational wave observatory)
Cosmic Explorer (CE) is a proposed next-generation ground-based gravitational wave observatory. It will consist of two L-shaped interferometers, similar to the LIGO detectors, but with significantly increased arm length (40 km and 20 km) that aims to increase the sensitivity of CE by more than an order of magnitude with respect to the 4-km long LIGO. It is planned to complement its proposed European counterpart, Einstein Telescope (ET), with a similar timeline.

In 2019, the CE consortium published a white paper paper laying out the necessary R&D. A horizon study was released in 2021 outlining the key science objectives, possible network configurations, and timeline. In 2024, a subcommittee of the National Science Foundation recommended for CE to be adopted by the NSF. The network is planned to be operational by the mid-2030s to 2040s.

Gravitational-wave observatory
A gravitational-wave detector (used in a gravitational-wave observatory) is any device designed to measure tiny distortions of spacetime called gravitational waves. Since the 1960s, various kinds of gravitational-wave detectors have been built and constantly improved. The present-day generation of laser interferometers has reached the necessary sensitivity to detect gravitational waves from astronomical sources, thus forming the primary tool of gravitational-wave astronomy.

The first direct observation of gravitational waves was made in September 2015 by the Advanced LIGO observatories, detecting gravitational waves with wavelengths of a few thousand kilometers from a merging binary of stellar black holes. In June 2023, four pulsar timing array collaborations presented the first strong evidence for a gravitational wave background of wavelengths spanning light years, most likely from many binaries of supermassive black holes.
53rd meridian west
The meridian 53° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, Newfoundland, the Atlantic Ocean, South America, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.

In Antarctica, the meridian defines the eastern limit of Chile's territorial claim and passes through the British and Argentinian claims - the three claims overlap.  It also defines the western limit of Brazil's unofficial claim.

The 53rd meridian west forms a great circle with the 127th meridian east.

127th meridian east
The meridian 127° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, Australia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.

The 127th meridian east forms a great circle with the 53rd meridian west.
Nanjian Yi Autonomous County
Nanjian Yi Autonomous County (simplified Chinese: 南涧彝族自治县; traditional Chinese: 南澗彝族自治縣; pinyin: Nánjiàn Yízú Zìzhìxiàn) is a county in the Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture  located in northwestern Yunnan province, southwest China. It borders Midu County to the east, Jingdong County and Yun County to the south, Fengqing County to the west and Weishan County to the north.

Midu County
Midu County (simplified Chinese: 弥渡县; traditional Chinese: 彌渡縣; pinyin: Mídù Xiàn) is a county in the Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture located in the northwest of Yunnan province, China. It borders Xiangyun County and Nanhua County to the east, Jingdong County and Nanjian County to the south, Weishan County to the west and Dali City to the north.
British carriage and wagon numbering and classification
A number of different numbering and classification schemes have been used for carriages and wagons on Britain's railways, and this page explains the principal systems. Carriages and wagons (either not self-propelled, or part of a multiple unit which has power units distributed throughout a semi-permanent formation of carriages) have frequently had similar arrangements for classification and numbering, so are considered together. There are also links to other pages that deal in greater depth with the particulars of individual types.

British Rail departmental locomotives
Before the TOPS Class 97 was issued to self-propelled locomotives in departmental (non-revenue earning) use, British Rail had such locomotives numbered in a variety of series, together with locomotives that were no longer self-propelled.
East Hills, New York
East Hills is a village in Nassau County, on the North Shore of Long Island, in New York, United States. It is considered part of the Greater Roslyn area, which is anchored by the Incorporated Village of Roslyn. The population was 7,284 at the time of the 2020 census.

The Incorporated Village of East Hills is located primarily within the Town of North Hempstead, spare for a small section of its northeastern corner located within the Town of Oyster Bay.

Roslyn Heights, New York
Roslyn Heights is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the Town of North Hempstead in Nassau County, on the North Shore of Long Island, in New York, United States. It is considered part of the Greater Roslyn area, which is anchored by the Incorporated Village of Roslyn. The population was 6,747 at the time of the 2020 census.
Abidjan Department
Abidjan Department (French: Département d'Abidjan, pronounced [depaʁtəmɑ̃ d‿abidʒɑ̃]) is a department of Ivory Coast. It is the sole department in Abidjan Autonomous District, which is coextensive with the department.

Alépé Department
Alépé Department is a department of La Mé Region in Lagunes District, Ivory Coast. In 2021, its population was 180,253 and its seat is the settlement of Alépé. The sub-prefectures of the department are Aboisso-Comoé, Alépé, Allosso, Danguira, and Oghlwapo.
Falkland Islanders
Falkland Islanders, also called Falklanders, are the people of the Falkland Islands, a British Overseas Territory in South America.

Prior to the start of the 19th century, the Falkland Islands were uninhabited by Native Americans. The modern Falkland Islander population derives from various origins. Earliest among these are the numerically small but internationally diverse early 19th century inhabitants of the Islands, comprising and descended in part from settlers brought by Luis Vernet, and English and American sealers; South American gauchos who settled in the 1840s and 1850s; and since the late 1830s, settlers largely from Britain (especially Scotland and Wales) with a minority from other European countries. More recently, there has been significant levels of immigration from Saint Helena, Chile, the Philippines, and Zimbabwe.

Falkland Islands English
Falkland Islands English is the dialect of the English language spoken in the Falkland Islands. It is mainly derived from varieties of English spoken in Southern England and retains many similarities with them. However, it also shares certain features with Southern Hemisphere Englishes, and Falklanders visiting the UK are sometimes mistaken for Australians or New Zealanders. The dialect persists despite the arrival of many immigrants from the United Kingdom in recent years. In rural areas (i.e. anywhere outside Stanley), known as 'Camp' (from Spanish campo or 'countryside'), the Falkland accent tends to be stronger.
David Horowitz Freedom Center
The David Horowitz Freedom Center, formerly the Center for the Study of Popular Culture (CSPC), is a conservative  anti-Islam foundation founded in 1988 by political activist David Horowitz and his long-time collaborator Peter Collier. It was established with funding from groups including the John M. Olin Foundation, the Bradley Foundation and the Scaife Foundation.

It runs several websites and blogs, including the anti-Islam website FrontPage Magazine and the anti-Muslim blog Jihad Watch. It has been described as a part of the counter-jihad movement. It is designated as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center.

Bradley Foundation
The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, commonly known as the Bradley Foundation, is an American charitable foundation based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, that has been one of the most influential funders of the conservative movement. The foundation had nearly $1 billion in assets as of 2023. It has given $1.3 billion in grants since 1985.

The foundation funds a variety of conservative public policy groups along with cultural institutions and Milwaukee nonprofit organizations. It reports that approximately 70% of the foundation's giving is directed to national groups while 30% is Wisconsin-based. It awards the Bradley Prize.
KB Mashinostroyeniya
KB Mashinostroyeniya or KBM for short (Russian: КБ Машиностроения, КБМ, lit. 'Machine-Building Design Bureau') is a state defence enterprise, scientific and design R&D centre specialised in missile systems located in Kolomna, Moscow region, Russia and part of Rostec state corporation.

KBM was founded on 11 April 1942 by order 1576 of the State Defence Committee for the mortar designs. Its first chief was Boris Shavyrin. The company was awarded the Order of Lenin and the Order of Labour Red Banner.

Former names include SKB-101, SKB-GA (Russian: Специальное конструкторское бюро гладкоствольной артиллерии, СКБ ГА, lit. 'Special KB (Design Bureau) of smooth-bore artillery'). The company is also sometimes known as Kolomna Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau .

The company is part of the High Precision Systems group.

Its main constructors were Sergey Nepobedimiy and Andranik Ter-Stepaniyan.

V. M. Sokolov is currently the Chief and General Designer.

High Precision Systems
High Precision Systems (Russian: Высокоточные комплексы, romanized: Vysokotochnye Kompleksy) is a holding company within the Russian state-owned Rostec group involved in the defence-industry complex.

It focuses on high-precision systems and weapons for the combat tactical zone. It implements the full production cycle of weapons and defence equipment, from generating ideas to product distribution.

According to Jane's Information Group, Rostec is seeking to sell a 49% stake in High Precision Systems.

The company reported in May 2025 that it has increased production by 2.5 to 25 times in some areas during the 2022–2025 period.
Robert Nash (Australian footballer)
Robert Henry Nash (22 April 1884 – 16 June 1958) was a leading Australian rules footballer who was captain of the Collingwood Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL), and captain-coach of the Footscray Football Club in the Victorian Football Association (VFA).

1908 Melbourne Carnival
The 1908 Melbourne Carnival was the inaugural Australian National Football Carnival, an Australian football interstate competition, held in Melbourne in August 1908. It was known at the time as the Jubilee Australasian Football Carnival because it was designed to commemorate 50 years of Australian football.

It was the first time in which all Australian states and New Zealand had competed together in the sport.

The winning team was presented with a silk pennant; and each member of the winning team received a gold championship medal.

Although the 29 August final between Victoria and Western Australia was played in front of something like 15,000 spectators, it is certain that the crowd would have been considerably larger if it had not also been the first day of the American Fleet's eight-day visit to Melbourne.
July 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
July 27 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - July 29

All fixed commemorations below are celebrated on August 10 by Old Calendar.

For July 28th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on July 15.

July 29 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
July 28 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - July 30

All fixed commemorations below are celebrated on August 11 by Old Calendar.

For July 29th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on July 16.
Nelson Weavers' Association
The Nelson Weavers' Association (NWA) was a trade union representing cotton weavers in the area of Nelson, Lancashire.  As the main industry in the town, the union has been influential in its history, and some of its leaders became significant national figures.

Nelson, Lancashire
Nelson is a town and civil parish in the Borough of Pendle in Lancashire, England, it had a population of 33,617 in 2021. Nelson is 3 miles (5 km) north of Burnley and 2 miles (3 km) south-west of Colne. Nelson developed as a mill town during the Industrial Revolution.