hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Title
A title is one or more words used before or after a person's name, in certain contexts. It may signify their generation, official position, military rank, professional or academic qualification, or nobility. In some languages, titles may be inserted between the first and last name (for example, Graf in German or clerical titles such as Cardinal in Catholic usage – Richard Cardinal Cushing). Some titles are hereditary.

Malay styles and titles
The Malay language has a complex system of styles, titles and honorifics which are used extensively in Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia and Singapore.

Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, few provinces in the Philippines and several provinces in Indonesia regularly award honorary and life titles. What follows in this article is specific to the Malaysian system. References to Brunei and Indonesia are given when pertinent.

In Malaysia, all non-hereditary titles can be granted to both men and women. Every title has a form of address which can be used by the wife of the title holder. This form is not used by the husband of a titled woman; such a woman will bear a title which is the same as a titled man.
Lal Begi
The Lal Begi, also called Lalbegi or Lala Baig, are a Chuhra caste found in the states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh in India, as well as in Multan, Dera Ghazi Khan and Bahawalpur districts of Punjab province in Pakistan. Mirza Imam Deen of Qadian, Gurdaspur, Punjab, India was the spiritual leader of Lalbegi/ Balmikis.

Chuhra
Chuhra, also known as Bhanghi and Balmiki, is a Dalit caste in India and Pakistan. Populated regions include the Punjab region of India and Pakistan, as well as Uttar Pradesh in India, among other parts of the Indian subcontinent such as southern India. Their traditional occupation is sweeping, a "polluting" occupation that caused them to be considered untouchables in the caste system.

Originally following the Balmiki sect of Hinduism, many Chuhras converted to Sikhism, Islam and Christianity during the colonial era in India. Today, Chuhras in Indian Punjab are largely followers of Sikhism. A minority continue to follow Hinduism, which incorporates elements of Sikhism in its practices, as well as Christianity. In Pakistani Punjab 90–95% of its Christian population are Dalit Christians of the Chuhra caste; other Chuhras practice Islam or continue to follow Hinduism.
USS Amphitrite (BM-2)
The second USS Amphitrite—the lead ship in her class of iron-hulled, twin-screw monitors—was laid down (dismantled and reconstructed), on June 23, 1874, by order of President Ulysses S. Grant's Secretary of Navy George M. Robeson at Wilmington, Delaware, by the Harlan and Hollingsworth yard; launched on 7 June 1883; sponsored by Miss Nellie Benson, the daughter of a Harlan and Hollingsworth official; and commissioned at the Norfolk Navy Yard, Portsmouth, Virginia, on 23 April 1895, Captain William C. Wise in command.

Rapid changes in naval technology and doctrine during the two decades she was under construction had repeatedly delayed her progress, and she was redesigned twice while still under construction.

Amphitrite-class monitor
The Amphitrite-class monitors were a class of four U.S. Navy monitors ordered in the aftermath of the Virginius affair with Spain in 1873. The four ships of the class included Amphitrite, Monadnock, Terror, and Miantonomoh.  A fifth ship originally of the same design, Puritan, was later fitted with extra armor and designated as a unique class.

Puritan and the Amphitrite class were to remain under construction for an extraordinarily long period due both to design changes and to the reluctance of the US Congress to appropriate funds for their completion. Most of the vessels were only commissioned in the mid-1890s—more than twenty years after the commencement of construction. They were eventually to see active service in the Spanish–American War.
Ritzville High School
Ritzville High School, also known as Old Ritzville High School, was a public high school located in Ritzville, Washington.  It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.  The building was abandoned in 1983 and its demolition was begun on August 17, 2013, and was completed a few days later.

The current Ritzville High School building is located nearby and is operated by the Ritzville School District.  In 2012 it was merged with Lind High School to become Lind-Ritzville High School.  In May 2013 it had an enrollment of 345 students.

Ritzville, Washington
Ritzville (/ˈrɪtsvɪl/) is a city in Adams County, Washington, United States. The population was 1,767 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Adams County. The city is part of the Othello, WA Micropolitan Area, which comprises all of Adams County, and is part of the larger Moses Lake-Othello, WA Combined Statistical Area.
Amphinectomys
Amphinectomys savamis, also known as the Ucayali water rat or amphibious rat, is a rodent from the Peruvian Amazon. It is placed as the only member of genus Amphinectomys in the tribe Oryzomyini of family Cricetidae. It is similar to Nectomys, but its discoverers considered it to be different enough (with more expansive interdigital webbing and a significantly broader interorbital region) to require its own genus. When it was described as a new genus in 1994, knowledge of the variation within Nectomys was much more limited than it is now, and it has been suggested that the status of the taxon be re-examined considering this new information. The species's karyotype, 2n = 52, falls within the known range of Nectomys (2n = 38 - 59).

Oryzomyini
Oryzomyini is a tribe of rodents in the subfamily Sigmodontinae of the family Cricetidae. It includes about 120 species in about thirty genera, distributed from the eastern United States to the southernmost parts of South America, including many offshore islands. It is part of the clade Oryzomyalia, which includes most of the South American Sigmodontinae.

The name Oryzomyini derives from that of its type genus, Oryzomys, which means "rice rat" or "rice mouse". Many species are also known as rice rats.
Variable compression ratio
Variable compression ratio (VCR) is a technology to adjust the compression ratio of an internal combustion engine while the engine is in operation. This is done to increase fuel efficiency while under varying loads. Variable compression engines allow the volume above the piston at top dead centre to be changed. Higher loads require lower ratios to increase power, while lower loads need higher ratios to increase efficiency, i.e. to lower fuel consumption.  For automotive use this needs to be done as the engine is running in response to the load and driving demands. The 2019 Infiniti QX50 is the first commercially available vehicle that uses a variable compression ratio engine.

Compression ratio
The compression ratio is the ratio between the maximum and minimum volume during the compression stage of the power cycle in a piston or Wankel engine.

A fundamental specification for such engines, it can be measured in two different ways. The simpler way is the static compression ratio:
in a reciprocating engine, this is the ratio of the volume of the cylinder when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke to that volume when the piston is at the top of its stroke. The dynamic compression ratio is a more advanced calculation which also takes into account gases entering and exiting the cylinder during the compression phase.
Timeline of punk rock
This is a timeline of punk rock, from its beginnings in the 1960s to the present day. Bands or albums listed either side of 1976 are of diverse genres and are retrospectively called by their genre name that was used during the era of their release.

Rich Kids
Rich Kids were a short-lived new wave band from London, founded in 1977 by Glen Matlock following his departure from the Sex Pistols. The band also included teenage guitarist Steve New, former Slik and future Ultravox member Midge Ure and Rusty Egan, who both later founded Visage together. They released one album and three singles during their existence, from March 1977 to December 1978 (although the official announcement of their disbanding was not made until mid-1979).

Rich Kids were amongst the foremost British exponents of the power pop style, blending influences from 1960s acts such as Small Faces and The Who with more recent punk rock sounds. Only the first of their three singles entered the Top 40 in the UK Singles Chart.
Burn-in oven
Burn-in ovens in electronics device fabrication, are designed for dynamic and static burn-in of integrated circuits and other electronic devices, including laser diodes. Typical sizes are from under ten to over 30 cubic feet (0.85 m3), with air or nitrogen configurations. Operating temperatures can go over 260 °C (500 °F), and can use both single and multiple temperature settings.

Burn-in oven applications can be used in numerous different applications such as high-dissipation forward bias, high-temperature reverse bias, dynamic and static burn-in of microprocessors and other semiconductor devices.

Burn-in ovens are considered a type of batch oven. Other types of batch ovens are bench/laboratory, reach-in, walk in/truck in, and clean process.

One company builds systems designed for burn-in of low power laser diodes up to 1A and high power laser diodes up to 300A.

Clean process oven
A clean process oven is a type of industrial batch oven that is ideal for high-temperature applications, such as curing polyimide, and annealing thin and film waters. Clean process ovens may be for air atmospheres, or inert atmospheres for oxidation-sensitive materials. Temperatures can be over 525 degrees Celsius.

In regards to new tier 4 restrictions, oven cleanings can continue as an essential service for customers. All precautions must be put into place to ensure 2m rules and correct PPE is used.

Other types of industrial batch ovens include laboratory, burn-in, reach-in, and walk-in/drive-in.
Stockholm Roller Derby
Stockholm Roller Derby (STRD) is a women's flat track roller derby league based in Stockholm, Sweden. Founded in 2007, the league currently consists of four teams which compete against teams from other leagues and the league also has their own group of officials.

Stockholm Allstars consists of STRD’s WFTDA 20 charter. Stockholm BSTRDs compete in the top tier of Swedish national play, Elitserien. Stockholm C-Stars play in Division 2 of Swedish national play. YoungSTRDs find themselves in matches against other junior teams. Stockholm Roller Derby is a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA).

Helsinki Roller Derby
Helsinki Roller Derby is a women's flat track roller derby league based in Helsinki in Finland. Founded in 2009, the league currently consists of three travel teams who compete against teams from other leagues. Helsinki Roller Derby is a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA).

As of 2010, the league's skaters included Annabel Apocalipstick, Estrogeena Davis, Renée Hellweger and Bananaspit.  Eleven of their skaters were selected for Team Finland at the 2011 Roller Derby World Cup.
Grylloblattidae
Grylloblattidae, commonly known as the icebugs or ice crawlers, is a family of extremophile (psychrophile) and wingless insects that live in the cold on top of mountains and the edges of glaciers. They are the only living members of Grylloblattodea, which is generally considered an order. Alternatively, Grylloblattodea, along with Mantophasmatodea (rock crawlers), have been ranked as suborders of the order Notoptera. Grylloblattids are wingless insects mostly less than 3 cm long, with a head resembling that of a cockroach, with long antennae and having elongated cerci arising from the tip of their abdomen. They cannot tolerate warmth—most species will die at 10 °C (50 °F)—and many species have small distribution ranges.

Psychrophile
Psychrophiles /ˈsaɪkroʊˌfaɪl/ or cryophiles (adj. psychrophilic or cryophilic) are extremophilic organisms that are capable of growth and reproduction in low temperatures, ranging from −20 °C (−4 °F) to 20 °C (68 °F). They are found in places that are permanently cold, such as the polar regions and the deep sea. They can be contrasted with thermophiles, which are organisms that thrive at unusually high temperatures, and mesophiles at intermediate temperatures. Psychrophile is Greek for 'cold-loving', from Ancient Greek  ψυχρός (psukhrós) 'cold, frozen'.

Many such organisms are bacteria or archaea, but some eukaryotes such as lichens, snow algae, phytoplankton, fungi, and wingless midges, are also classified as psychrophiles.
Kawabe, Akita
Kawabe (Japanese: 河辺町, Hepburn: Kawabe-machi) was a town located in Kawabe District, Akita Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 10,366 and a density of 34.43 persons per km2. The total area was 301.06 km2.

On January 11, 2005, Kawabe, along with the town of Yūwa, was merged into the expanded city of Akita and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Yūwa, Akita
Yūwa (雄和町, Yūwa-machi) was a town located in Kawabe District, Akita Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,898 and a density of 54.65 persons per km2. The total area was 144.51 km2.

On January 11, 2005, Yūwa, along with the town of Kawabe, was merged into the expanded city of Akita and no longer exists as an independent municipality.
Residue theorem
In complex analysis, the residue theorem, sometimes called Cauchy's residue theorem, is a powerful tool to evaluate line integrals of analytic functions over closed curves; it can often be used to compute real integrals and infinite series as well. It generalizes the Cauchy integral theorem and Cauchy's integral formula.  The residue theorem should not be confused with special cases of the generalized Stokes' theorem; however, the latter can be used as a component of its proof.

Cauchy's integral theorem
In mathematics, the Cauchy integral theorem (also known as the Cauchy–Goursat theorem) in complex analysis, named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy (and Édouard Goursat), is an important statement about line integrals for holomorphic functions in the complex plane. Essentially, it says that if  is holomorphic in a simply connected domain Ω, then for any simply closed contour  in Ω, that contour integral is zero.
Townend, Dumbarton
Townend is a moderate to large housing suburb (area) in Dumbarton, Scotland. It stretches from Dumbarton Central Station to Barloan Toll, and to Round Riding Rd to the east.

The area has a mix of residential houses, private and council lets. In the area is the set of River City, a BBC Television soap opera. Dumbarton Common is in Townend, next to the Broadmeadow Industrial Estate and The Meadow Centre, which has the town's swimming bath, sauna, and fitness suite.

Dumbarton
Dumbarton (/dʌmˈbɑːrtən/; Scots: Dumbairton, Dumbartoun or Dumbertan; Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Breatann [t̪um ˈpɾʲɛht̪ən̪ˠ] or Dùn Breatainn [t̪um ˈpɾʲɛht̪ɪɲ], meaning 'fort of the Britons') is a town in West Dunbartonshire, Scotland, on the north bank of the River Clyde where the River Leven flows into the Clyde estuary. In 2006, it had an estimated population of 19,990.

Dumbarton was the capital of the ancient Kingdom of Strathclyde, and later the county town of Dunbartonshire.
Dumbarton Castle, on top of Dumbarton Rock, dominates the area. Dumbarton was a royal burgh between 1222 and 1975.

Dumbarton emerged from the 19th century as a centre for shipbuilding, glassmaking, and whisky production. However, these industries have since declined, and Dumbarton today is increasingly a commuter town for Glasgow 13 miles (21 km) east-southeast of it. Dumbarton F.C. is the local football club.
Agustín Magaldi
Agustín Magaldi Coviello (December 1, 1898 – September 8, 1938) was an Argentine tango and milonga singer. His nickname was "La voz sentimental de Buenos Aires" ("The sentimental voice of Buenos Aires"). Magaldi took part in the opening broadcasts of Argentina's LOY Radio Nacional in July 1924.

Magaldi suffered from liver disease and was admitted to Sanatorium Otamendi early in September 1938.  An operation by Dr. Pedro Valdez was successful, but Magaldi died 48 hours later.  He was buried in La Chacarita Cemetery in Buenos Aires.

La Chacarita Cemetery
La Chacarita Cemetery (Spanish: Cementerio de la Chacarita, also known as "Cementerio del Oeste") is a cemetery in the Chacarita neighborhood in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is the largest in the country, with an area of 95 hectares (230 acres).

Chacarita Cemetery has designated areas for members of the Argentine artistic community, including writers, prominent composers and actors. The Justicialist leader and former president Juan Perón was buried here until his remains were relocated in 2006 to a mausoleum in his former home in San Vicente.
Misuse of Drugs Act (Singapore)
The Misuse of Drugs Act 1973 is a statute of the Parliament of Singapore that enables authorities to prosecute offenders for crimes involving illegal drugs. The law is designed specifically to grant the Government of Singapore, through its agencies such as the Central Narcotics Bureau, enforcement powers to combat offences such as the trafficking, importation or exportation, possession, and consumption of controlled drugs.

Central Narcotics Bureau
The Central Narcotics Bureau (中央肃毒局) or CNB is a department under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) tasked to combat drug trafficking and distribution and is responsible for coordinating all matters pertaining to drug eradication in Singapore.
Access method
An access method is a function of a mainframe operating system that enables access to data on disk, tape or other external devices. Access methods were present in several mainframe operating systems since the late 1950s, under a variety of names; the name access method was introduced in 1963 in the IBM OS/360 operating system. Access methods provide an application programming interface (API) for programmers to transfer data to or from device, and could be compared to device drivers in non-mainframe operating systems, but typically provide a greater level of functionality.

OS/360 and successors
OS/360, officially known as IBM System/360 Operating System, is a discontinued batch processing operating system developed by IBM for their then-new System/360 mainframe computer, announced in 1964; it was influenced by the earlier IBSYS/IBJOB and Input/Output Control System (IOCS) packages for the IBM 7090/7094 and even more so by the PR155 Operating System for the IBM 1410/7010 processors. It was one of the earliest operating systems to require the computer hardware to include at least one direct access storage device.

Although OS/360 itself was discontinued, successor operating systems, including the virtual storage MVS and the 64-bit z/OS, are still run as of 2023 and maintain application-level compatibility with OS/360.
Canaan Union Academy
Canaan Union Academy was a whites-only school established in 1839 in Canaan, NH, after a mob of segregationists and anti-abolitionists destroyed the integrated Noyes Academy in 1835. After about twenty years as a school, the building was abandoned until at least 1886, falling into disrepair. Canaan Union Academy was eventually reestablished, and continued in operation until 1892.

In 1903, the residents of the Town of Canaan voted to spend $100 (equivalent to $3,500 in 2024) to convert the Academy building into a library. The building was the location for the Canaan Town Library from 1904 until 1978. The Canaan Historical Museum began sharing the building with the library in 1961. When the library moved to the larger Canaan Community Building in 1978, the Canaan Historical Society and Museum took sole responsibility for the Academy building.

The building features a two-story porch and open belfry topped by a low pyramidal roof. It is part of the Canaan Street Historic District.

Canaan, New Hampshire
Canaan is a town in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 3,794 at the 2020 census. It is the location of Mascoma State Forest. Canaan is home to the Cardigan Mountain School, the town's largest employer.

The main village of the town, where 442 people resided at the 2020 census, is defined as the Canaan census-designated place (CDP), and is located at the junction of U.S. Route 4 with New Hampshire Route 118.
Singspiel Stakes
The Singspiel Stakes is  a Thoroughbred horse race run annually at Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The Stakes is run during the latter part of June on the same card as the Queen's Plate, as of 2008 it carries Grade III status. The race is open to horses aged three and older and is contested  over a distance of 1+1⁄2 miles on turf. It currently offers a purse of $125,000.

Inaugurated in 2005, the race was named for Irish-bred Singspiel, who won the prestigious Canadian International Stakes at Woodbine Racetrack in 1996 and who was a son of the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame filly, Glorious Song.

Woodbine Racetrack
Woodbine Racetrack is a race track for Thoroughbred horse racing in the Etobicoke area of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Owned by Woodbine Entertainment Group, Woodbine Racetrack manages and hosts Canada's most famous race, the King's Plate. The track was opened in 1956 with a one-mile oval dirt track, as well as a seven-eights turf course. It has been extensively remodeled since 1993, and since 1994 has had three racecourses.
Wheeling High School
Wheeling High School (WHS) is a public four-year high school located in Wheeling, Illinois, United States, a northwest suburb of Chicago. It is part of Township High School District 214, which also includes Buffalo Grove High School, Elk Grove High School, John Hersey High School, Prospect High School, and Rolling Meadows High School. The school serves the communities of Wheeling, Prospect Heights, Arlington Heights, Buffalo Grove and Mount Prospect. In 2024, U.S. News & World Report ranked WHS as the 6th high school in District 214, the 124th high school in the Chicago metropolitan area, the 133rd high school in Illinois, and as the 3,664th high school in the United States.

Buffalo Grove High School
Buffalo Grove High School (BGHS) is a public high school located in Buffalo Grove, Illinois, a northwestern suburb of Chicago. It is one of six four-year comprehensive high schools in Township High School District 214, serving portions of the villages of  Buffalo Grove, Arlington Heights, and  Wheeling. Feeder schools are Cooper Middle School, Thomas Middle School, and London Middle School.