hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Taegwan County
Taegwan County is a kun, or county, in northeastern North P'yŏngan province, North Korea.  It lies in the province's interior, and is bounded by Tongch'ang on the east, Kusŏng and T'aech'ŏn to the south, Ch'ŏnma to the west, and Ch'angsŏng and Sakchu to the north. It was created in 1952 from portions of Sakchu county.

Changsong County
Changsŏng County is a kun, or county, in northern North Phyŏngan province, North Korea.  It is bordered by Pyŏktong to the east, Tongchang and Taegwan to the south, Sakchu to the west; to the north, it faces China across the Yalu (Amrok) River.
Burchard, Margrave of Istria
Burchard II or Burkhard II, also Purcard, was the son of Burchard I of Moosburg and elder brother of Burchard III. He was created Margrave of Istria sometime before 1093, when he first appears in a charter of the Emperor Henry IV along with other nobles of his native land of Bavaria.

He was appointed vogt of Aquileia in 1101. He died between 1106 and 13 February 1107. He left by his wife Acica a daughter named Matilda. His son-in-law Conrad di Manzano exercised his authority in Aquileia after his death.

March of Istria
The March of Istria, or the Margraviate of Istria (German: Markgrafschaft Istrien) was a historical frontier county, or march centered on the Istrian peninsula. It was established after the Carolingian conquest at the end of the 8th century, and continued to exist in various territorial scopes and administrative forms within the Holy Roman Empire, consequently becoming integrated into the Austrian Kingdom of Illyria, and the Austrian Littoral. In time it lost its most western (coastal) regions, that became part of the Venetian Istria, while the Istrian frontier county, or march was reduced to central and eastern parts of the Istrian peninsula. Those regions were reintegrated after 1797, and the reunited Istrian march was finally abolished in 1918.
Diocese of Saint-Claude
The Diocese of Saint-Claude (Latin: Dioecesis Sancti Claudii; French: Diocèse de Saint-Claude) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in France. The diocese corresponds in territory to the civil department of Jura. The city is 62 km (39 mi) north-northwest of Geneva, and 120 km (75 mi) south of Besançon. It was established in 1742.

The Diocese of Saint-Claude is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Besançon, and formerly a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Lyon. Its cathedra is Saint-Claude Cathedral, in the episcopal see of Saint-Claude, Jura.

Archdiocese of Lyon
The Archdiocese of Lyon (Latin: Archidiœcesis Lugdunensis; French: Archidiocèse de Lyon), formerly the Archdiocese of Lyon–Vienne–Embrun, is a Latin Church metropolitan archdiocese of the Catholic Church in France. It is the oldest diocese in France and one of the oldest in Western Christianity. The archbishops of Lyon hold the honorary title of primates of Gaul. They are traditionally elevated by the pope to the rank of cardinal.

Olivier de Germay was appointed archbishop of Lyon on 22 October 2020. He is assisted by three auxiliary bishops: Patrick Le Gal (since 2009), Loïc Lagadec, and Thierry Brac de La Perrière (both since 2023).
State Batteries in Western Australia
State Batteries in Western Australia were government owned and run ore-crushing facilities for the gold mining industry.  Western Australia was the only Australian state to provide batteries to assist gold prospectors and small mines. They existed in almost all of the mineral fields of Western Australia.

State Batteries were gold batteries where ore was crushed to separate gold ore. Stamp mills were gauged by the number of heads they had in operation for the crushing of ore.

Many of the government operated batteries had very short operating times, some for a year or two, while a few were 50 years or more in operation.  They were part of the Western Australian Department of Mines operations.

Gold mining in Western Australia
Gold mining in Western Australia is the third largest commodity sector in Western Australia (WA), behind iron ore and LNG, with a value of A$17 billion in 2021–22. The 6.9 million troy ounces (214 tonnes) sold during this time period was the highest amount in 20 years and accounted for almost 70 percent of all gold sold in Australia.

Gold mining in Western Australia dates back to the 1880s but became a significant industry in the 1890s, following gold discoveries at Coolgardie in 1892 and Kalgoorlie in 1893. It reached an early peak in 1903, experienced a revival in the 1930s and a further revival in the 1980s. Between, the industry declined a number of times, such as during the two world wars, experiencing an absolute low point in 1976.
De Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter
The de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter is a single-engined, high-wing, propeller-driven, short take-off and landing (STOL) aircraft developed by de Havilland Canada. It was conceived to be capable of performing the same roles as the earlier and highly successful Beaver, including as a bush plane, while also being a larger aircraft.  The type certificate of the aircraft is now owned by the De Havilland Canada founded in 2019.

Honeywell TPE331
The Honeywell TPE331 (military designation: T76) is a turboprop engine. It was designed in the 1950s by Garrett AiResearch, and produced since 1999 by its successor Honeywell Aerospace. The engine's power output ranges from 575 to 1,650 shaft horsepower (429 to 1,230 kW).
Cartesian closed category
In category theory, a category is Cartesian closed if, roughly speaking, any morphism defined on a product of two objects can be naturally identified with a morphism defined on one of the factors. These categories are particularly important in mathematical logic and the theory of programming, in that their internal language is the simply typed lambda calculus. They are generalized by closed monoidal categories, whose internal language, linear type systems, are suitable for both quantum and classical computation.

Topos
In mathematics, a topos (US: /ˈtɒpɒs/, UK: /ˈtoʊpoʊs, ˈtoʊpɒs/; plural topoi /ˈtɒpɔɪ/ or /ˈtoʊpɔɪ/, or toposes) is a category that behaves like the category of sheaves of sets on a topological space (or more generally, on a site). Topoi behave much like the category of sets and possess a notion of localization.  The Grothendieck topoi find applications in algebraic geometry, and more general elementary topoi are used in logic.

The mathematical field that studies topoi is called topos theory.
Wilson Island (Queensland)
Wilson Island is an island in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. It is one of eight vegetated coral cays in the Capricornia Cays National Park. It is located north of the Tropic of Capricorn, approximately 72 kilometres (45 miles) north east off the coast of Gladstone, Queensland and 15 kilometres from nearby Heron Island.  It is part of the Capricornia Cays Important Bird Area.  It is also part of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area.

Gladstone, Queensland
Gladstone (/ˈɡlædstən/ GLAD-stən) is a coastal city in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, the Gladstone urban area had a population of 45,185 people.

It is 517 km (321 mi) by road north-west of the state capital, Brisbane, and 108 km (67 mi) south-east of Rockhampton. Situated between the Calliope and Boyne Rivers, Gladstone is home to Queensland's largest multi-commodity shipping port, the Port of Gladstone.

Gladstone is the largest town within the Gladstone Region and the headquarters of Gladstone Regional Council is located in Gladstone.
Binding problem
The unity of consciousness and (cognitive) binding problem is the problem of how objects, background, and abstract or emotional features are combined into a single experience. The binding problem refers to the overall encoding of our brain circuits for the combination of decisions, actions, and perception. It is considered a "problem" because no complete model exists.

The binding problem can be subdivided into the four areas of perception, neuroscience, cognitive science, and the philosophy of mind. It includes general considerations on coordination, the subjective unity of perception, and variable binding.

Anne Treisman
Anne Marie Treisman (née Taylor; 27 February 1935 – 9 February 2018) was an English psychologist who specialised in cognitive psychology.

Treisman researched visual attention, object perception, and memory. One of her most influential ideas is the feature integration theory of attention, first published with Garry Gelade in 1980. Treisman taught at the University of Oxford, University of British Columbia, University of California, Berkeley, and Princeton University. Notable postdoctoral fellows she supervised included Nancy Kanwisher and Nilli Lavie.

In 2013, Treisman received the National Medal of Science from President Barack Obama for her pioneering work in the study of attention. During her long career, Treisman experimentally and theoretically defined the issue of how information is selected and integrated to form meaningful objects that guide human thought and action.
Imaichi Dainenji Kofun
The Imaichi Dainenji Kofun (今市大念寺古墳)  is a Kofun period burial mound, located in the Imaichi neighborhood of the city of Izumo, Shimane in the San'in region of Japan. The tumulus was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1924. It is the largest keyhole-shaped burial mound in the Izumo region, with a total length of about 100 meters, and the excavated items are designated as Tangible Cultural Properties of Izumo City.

Izumo, Shimane
Izumo (出雲市, Izumo-shi) is a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 July 2023, the city had an estimated population of 172,841 in 69,435 households and a population density of 280 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 624.36 square kilometers (241.07 sq mi).
School District of La Crosse
The School District of La Crosse is a school district in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, United States. The district serves the city of La Crosse, Wisconsin as well as several surrounding suburbs. As of 2021, the district has 16 separate facilities, providing a total of 20 elementary, middle, high, and charter school programs.

As of the 2021–2022 school year, the district has a total enrollment of 6,139 and a student/teacher ratio of 11.13. In total, the district has an average attendance rate of 95.1% and an annual dropout rate of 0.3%.

La Crosse, Wisconsin
La Crosse (/ləˈkrɒs/ ⓘ lə-KROSS) is a city in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, United States, and its county seat. Positioned alongside the Mississippi River, La Crosse is the most populous city on Wisconsin's western border. The population was 52,680 at the 2020 census. The La Crosse–Onalaska metropolitan area has an estimated 140,000 residents.

La Crosse's economy serves as a regional educational, medical, manufacturing, and transportation hub for Western Wisconsin producing a gross domestic product (GDP) of $10.1 billion for the La Crosse–Onalaska metropolitan area as of 2023. Home to the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse, Viterbo University, and Western Technical College, the city has nearly 20,000 students. The La Crosse area is home to the headquarters or regional offices of Kwik Trip, Organic Valley, Mayo Clinic, Gundersen Health System, Gensler, La Crosse Technology, City Brewing Company, and Trane.
Australian Railroad Group
Australian Railroad Group (ARG) was an Australian rail freight operator. It began operations in Western Australia on 17 December 2000 following its purchase of the Westrail freight business. It was purchased by QR National in June 2006. The main commodities hauled by ARG included grain, mineral sands, alumina, bauxite, coal, woodchips, quartz, nickel and iron ore around Western Australia. In June 2011, it ceased trading as a separate brand, and became part of QR National.

WAGR A class (diesel)
The WAGR A/AA/AB classes are classes of diesel locomotives built by Clyde Engineering, Granville, New South Wales, Australia, for the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR) between 1960 and 1970.
Det One
The Marine Corps Special Operations Command Detachment One, also simply known as Det One, was a pilot marines special operations forces program of attaching a permanent unit of the United States Marine Corps (USMC) to the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM). It was commanded by Col. Robert J. Coates, former commanding officer of 1st Force Reconnaissance Company. Det One was activated on 19 June 2003 and had its headquarters at Camp Del Mar Boat Basin in Camp Pendleton, California. It was disbanded in 2006 and succeeded by the permanent United States Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command (MARSOC).

Radio Reconnaissance Platoon
The Radio Reconnaissance Platoon is a specially trained Marine Corps Intelligence element of a United States Marine Corps Radio Battalion. A Radio Reconnaissance Team (RRT) was assigned as the tactical signals intelligence collection element for the Marine Corps Special Operations Command, Detachment One. Regular RRTs also participate in SOC operations during Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable), or MEU(SOC), deployments.
Varanger Peninsula
The Varanger Peninsula (Norwegian: Varangerhalvøya; Northern Sami: Várnjárga; Kven: Varenkinniemi) is a peninsula in Finnmark county, Norway.  It is located in the northeasternmost part of Norway, along the Barents Sea.  The peninsula has the Tanafjorden to the west, the Varangerfjorden to the south, and the Barents Sea to the north and east. The municipalities of Vadsø, Båtsfjord, Berlevåg, Vardø, Tana, and Nesseby share the 2,069-square-kilometre (799 sq mi) peninsula. Nesseby and Tana are only partially on the peninsula, with the rest being entirely on the peninsula. The Varangerhalvøya National Park protects most of the land on the peninsula.

Berlevåg Municipality
Berlevågⓘ (Northern Sami: Bearalváhki) is a municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Øst-Finnmark. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Berlevåg.

There are two settlements in the municipality of Berlevåg: the village of Berlevåg and the village of Kongsfjord. The village of Berlevåg is by far the biggest; Kongsfjord only has around 45 inhabitants. Kjølnes Lighthouse is located along the shore, east of the village of Berlevåg.

The 1,122-square-kilometre (433 sq mi) municipality is the 100th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Berlevåg is the 341st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 892. The municipality's population density is 0.8 inhabitants per square kilometre (2.1/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 15.6% over the previous 10-year period.
Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque
The minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque is an 11th-century minbar (mosque pulpit) in the Ibrahimi Mosque (Cave of the Patriarchs) in Hebron, West Bank. The minbar was commissioned by the Fatimid vizier Badr al-Jamali in 1091 for the Shrine of Husayn's Head in Ascalon (present-day Ashkelon) but was moved to its current location by Salah ad-Din (Saladin) in 1191.

Minbar
A minbar (Arabic: منبر; sometimes romanized as mimber) is a pulpit in a mosque where the imam (leader of prayers) stands to deliver sermons (خطبة, khutbah). It is also used in other similar contexts, such as in a Husayniyya, where the speaker sits and lectures the congregation.
Kamel Daoud
Kamel Daoud (Arabic: كمال داود; born June 17, 1970) is an Algerian writer and journalist. He is best known for his 2013 novel Meursault, contre-enquête (The Meursault Investigation) and his 2024 novel Houris.

Prix Goncourt
The Prix Goncourt (French: Le prix Goncourt [lə pʁi ɡɔ̃kuʁ], "The Goncourt Prize") is a prize in French literature, given by the académie Goncourt to the author of "the best and most imaginative prose work of the year". The prize carries a symbolic reward of only 10 euros, but results in considerable recognition and book sales for the winning author. Four other prizes are also awarded: prix Goncourt du Premier Roman (first novel), prix Goncourt de la Nouvelle (short story), prix Goncourt de la Poésie (poetry) and prix Goncourt de la Biographie (biography). Of the "big six" French literary awards, the Prix Goncourt is the best known and most prestigious. The other major literary prizes include the Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française, the Prix Femina, the Prix Renaudot, the Prix Interallié and the Prix Médicis.
United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Rights to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association
The United Nations special rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association works independently to inform and advise the United Nations Human Rights Council. The special rapporteur examines, monitors, advises and publicly reports on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association worldwide.

The position was created by Human Rights Council resolution 15/21 in October 2010. This position is voluntary, and the expert is not United Nations staff nor paid for his/her work.

The first mandate-holder, Maina Kiai, took up his duties on May 1, 2011, for an initial period of three years. He began his second three-year term in May 2014 and completed his term on April 30, 2017. Kiai is a lawyer and human rights defender from Kenya.

The third mandate-holder, Clément Nyaletsossi Voule of Togo, took up his work on March 1, 2018. He served until 2024 when he was succeeded by the Colombian Gina Romero.

Freedom of assembly
Freedom of assembly, sometimes used interchangeably with the freedom of association, is the individual right or ability of individuals to peaceably assemble and collectively express, promote, pursue, and defend their ideas. The right to freedom of assembly is recognized as a human right, a political right and a civil liberty.

The terms freedom of assembly and freedom of association may be used to distinguish between the freedom to assemble in public places and the freedom to join an association. Freedom of assembly is often used in the context of the right to protest, while freedom of association is used in the context of labor rights. The Constitution of the United States is interpreted to mean both the freedom to assemble and the freedom to join an association.
Anton Stres
Anton Stres, C.M. (born 15 December 1942), was the archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ljubljana and the metropolitan bishop of Ljubljana as well as the president of the Slovenian Bishops' Conference from January 2010 until July 2013. As  Archbishop of Ljubljana he was also the grand chancellor of the Faculty of Theology of the University of Ljubljana.

Archdiocese of Maribor
The Archdiocese of Maribor (Latin: Archidioecesis Mariborensis, Slovene: Nadškofija Maribor) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Slovenia. Its episcopal see is Maribor.
Akohime
Akohime (阿古姫)  was a Japanese noble woman from the Chōsokabe clan during the Sengoku period to the early Edo period. She was the daughter of Chōsokabe Motochika, the daimyō of Tosa Province in Shikoku. She was the last notable survivor of the clan after the Siege of Osaka; being responsible for continuing the Chōsokabe's lineage in Sendai domain when she became retainer of Date Masamune.

Chōsokabe clan
Chōsokabe clan (Japanese: 長宗我部氏, Hepburn: Chōsokabe-shi), also known as Chōsokame (長宗我部), was a Japanese samurai kin group. Over time, they were known for serving the Hosokawa clan, then the Miyoshi clan and then the Ichijō clan.
Mirna Murr
Mirna el Murr Abou Charaf  (Arabic: ميرنا المرّ) is the head of the Federation of Municipalities of the Metn (اتحاد بلديات المتن) in Lebanon for three consecutive terms.

She was born into a Greek Orthodox Christian family. Her father was the Lebanese politician, former Member of Parliament and government minister Michel Murr and she is the sister of the former Lebanese government minister Elias Murr.

She was married to and eventually divorced from Lebanese journalist, politician and assassinated Member of Parliament Gebran Tueni and is the mother of Michelle Tueni and the journalist and Member of Parliament Nayla Tueni.

She ran for election to the Lebanese Parliament and upon the declaration of a win for her uncle Gabriel Murr, successfully contested the election in courts, leading to the annulment of the election of Gabriel Murr.

Gabriel Murr
Gabriel Murr (Arabic: غابريال المرّ; born 26 February 1939) is a Lebanese politician and businessman who launched MTV in 1991, and is the brother of Michel Murr. He is an open critic of the relationship that Lebanon had with the former Assad Regime.
Galvanoluminescence
Galvanoluminescence is luminescence produced by the passage of an electric current through an appropriate electrolyte in which an electrode, made of certain metals such as aluminium or tantalum, has been immersed. One example is electrolysis with aluminum electrodes in sodium bicarbonate solution.

Luminescence
Luminescence can be simply defined as any emission of visible electromagnetic radiation (light) not ascribable directly to incandescence. Incandescence emerges at high temperatures due to thermal radiation; in contrast, because luminescence is often independent of temperature, it is sometimes termed cold light. However, some kinds of luminescence (e.g., candoluminescence, pyroluminescence, thermoluminescence) are associated with or require elevated temperatures. Notably, luminescence is exhibited by primary light sources (which emit light) rather than by secondary light sources (which reflect or transmit light).

Luminescence has also been defined to include all optical radiation, rather than being limited to visible radiation. In addition, it has been defined as a spontaneous emission of radiation from an electronically or vibrationally excited species not in thermal equilibrium with its environment.
Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency
Coimbatore is a Lok Sabha constituency in western Tamil Nadu, India. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 20 of 39. It is the second-largest city of Tamil Nadu and the district headquarters of the Coimbatore district. This Coimbatore Lok Saba Constituency having third largest number of voters after Sriperumbudur and  Chennai South.

Coimbatore West Assembly constituency
Coimbatore West was a legislative assembly constituency in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It covered parts of Coimbatore. Coimbatore East Assembly constituency was part of Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency. After the 2008 delimitation, this constituency became defunct.
Faith and Confidence
Faith and Confidence is a Pulitzer Prize–winning photograph of two-year-old Allan Weaver asking police officer Maurice Cullinane a question. The 1957 image was captured by photographer William C. Beall in Washington, D.C.

Beall was the chief photographer for The Washington Daily News and he attended a parade in Chinatown, Washington, D.C. where he captured the award-winning image. It was printed in his newspaper and made a deep impression on readers. The image was picked up and reprinted by many other publications including Life magazine.

Chinatown (Washington, D.C.)
Washington, D.C.'s Chinatown is a small, historic area of Downtown Washington, D.C. along H and I Streets between 5th and 8th Streets, Northwest. The area was once home to thousands of Chinese immigrants, but fewer than 300 remained in 2017. The current neighborhood was the second in Washington to be called “Chinatown” since 1931. Originally, the first Chinatown was built in the Federal Triangle on the south side of Pennsylvania Avenue some time after 1851, but was moved to the H Street area when a new federal building was built there.  In 1986, a Chinese gate was built over H Street at 7th Street. By 1997, prominent landmarks such as the Capital One Arena, a sports and entertainment arena, occupied the area. The neighborhood is served by the Gallery Place station of the Washington Metro.