hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Inowrocław
Inowrocław (Polish pronunciation: [inɔˈvrɔtswaf] ⓘ; German: Hohensalza; before 1904: Inowrazlaw; archaic: Jungleslau, Junges Leslau, Junge Leszlaw, Yiddish: לעסלא, romanized: Lesle or Lessle) is a city in central Poland with a total population of 68,101 (as of December 2022). It is situated in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is one of the largest and most historically significant cities within the historic region of Kuyavia.

Inowrocław is an industrial town located about 40 kilometres (25 miles) southeast of Bydgoszcz known for its saltwater baths and salt mines. The town is the 5th largest agglomeration in its voivodeship, and is a major railway junction, where the west–east line (Poznań–Toruń) crosses the Polish Coal Trunk-Line from Chorzów to Gdynia.

Reichsgau Wartheland
The Reichsgau Wartheland (initially Reichsgau Posen, also Warthegau) was a Nazi German Reichsgau formed from parts of Polish territory annexed in 1939 during World War II. It comprised the region of Greater Poland and adjacent areas. Parts of Warthegau matched the similarly named pre-Versailles Prussian province of Posen. The name was initially derived from the capital city, Posen (Poznań), and later from the main river, Warthe (Warta).

During the Partitions of Poland from 1793, the bulk of the area had been annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia until 1807 as South Prussia. From 1815 to 1849, the territory was within the autonomous Grand Duchy of Posen, which was the Province of Posen until Poland was re-established in 1918–1919 following World War I. The area is currently the Greater Poland Voivodeship.
Monintown
Monintown is a townland in County Westmeath, Ireland. It is located about 11.26 kilometres (7 mi) north of Mullingar.

Monintown spans the border of two civil parishes. It is one of 14 townlands of the civil parish of Multyfarnham and 11 townlands of the civil parish of Stonehall both in the barony of Corkaree in the Province of Leinster. The townland covers a total of about 541 acres (2.19 km2); 425 acres (1.72 km2) of Multyfarnham and 116 acres (0.47 km2) of Stonehall.

The neighbouring townlands are: Ballinriddera to the north–west and Knockbody and Stonehall to the south.

In the 1911 census of Ireland there were 7 houses and 34 inhabitants in the townland. The 2011 census recorded 19 inhabitants.

Knockbody
Knockbody (Irish: Cnoc an Bhodaigh, meaning 'the hill of the low-bred person') is a townland in County Westmeath, Ireland. It is located about 10.37 kilometres (6 mi) north of Mullingar.

Knockbody is one of 11 townlands of the civil parish of Stonehall in the barony of Corkaree in the Province of Leinster. The townland covers 350.44 acres (1.4182 km2).

The neighbouring townlands are: Monintown to the north, Martinstown to the south, Blackmiles to the south–west and Stonehall to the west. Knockbody borders the southern end of Lough Derravaragh.

In the 1911 census of Ireland there were 3 houses and 22 inhabitants in the townland.
Richard Yuen
Richard Yuen Ming-fai GBS JP (traditional Chinese: 袁銘輝; simplified Chinese: 袁铭辉; pinyin: Yuán Mínghuī, born 6 March 1956), is the former Commissioner of Customs and Excise for the Customs and Excise Department of Hong Kong.

Gold Bauhinia Star
The Gold Bauhinia Star (Chinese: 金紫荊星章, GBS) is the highest rank in Order of the Bauhinia Star, under the honours system of Hong Kong, created in 1997 to replace the British honours system after the transfer of sovereignty to the People's Republic of China and the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR).

It is awarded to individuals who have given distinguished service to the community or rendered public or voluntary services of a very high degree of merit.
Tunnunik impact structure
The Tunnunik impact structure, formerly known as the Prince Albert Impact Crater, is a recently confirmed meteorite impact structure.  It is located on Prince Albert Peninsula in the northwestern part of Victoria Island[A] in Canada's Northwest Territories.

The 25 km (16 mi) wide structure was discovered in 2010 by Brian Pratt, professor of geology at the University of Saskatchewan, and Keith Dewing of the Geological Survey of Canada during an aerial survey of the region. The structure is estimated to have formed between 450 and 430 million years ago, during the Ordovician period, based mainly on paleomagnetic analysis. It is estimated that it was created when a meteor a few kilometres in diameter struck the Earth. The desert-like landscape of impact structure like Tunnunik can be useful in understanding the geology of other rocky planets such as Mars.

It is Canada's 30th known meteorite impact feature.

Victoria Island
Victoria Island (Inuinnaqtun: Kitlineq) is a large island in the Arctic Archipelago that straddles the boundary between Nunavut and the Northwest Territories of Canada. It is the eighth-largest island in the world, and at 217,291 km2 (83,897 sq mi)1 in area, it is Canada's second-largest island. It is nearly double the size of Newfoundland (111,390 km2 [43,010 sq mi]), and is slightly larger than the island of Great Britain (209,331 km2 [80,823 sq mi]) but smaller than Honshu (225,800 km2 [87,200 sq mi]). The western third of the island lies in the Inuvik Region of the Northwest Territories; the remainder is part of Nunavut's Kitikmeot Region. The population of 2,168 is divided between two settlements, the larger of which is Cambridge Bay (Nunavut) and the other Ulukhaktok (Northwest Territories).

The island is named after Queen Victoria, the British sovereign from 1837 to 1901. The features bearing the name "Prince Albert" are named after her consort, Albert.
VZV immune globulin
In medicine, varicella zoster virus globulin (VZV globulin), VZV antibodies, zoster immunoglobulin (ZIG), varicella zoster immune globulin (Vzig or Varizig), is an immune system medication that is used mostly for immunosuppressed patients who have been or may be exposed to the varicella zoster virus (VZV).

Varicella zoster virus
Varicella zoster virus (VZV), also known as human herpesvirus 3 (HHV-3, HHV3), is one of nine known herpes viruses that can infect humans. It causes chickenpox (varicella), commonly affecting children and young adults, and shingles (herpes zoster) in adults but rarely in children. As a late complication of VZV infection, Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2 may develop in rare cases. VZV infections are species-specific to humans. The virus can survive in external environments for a few hours.

VZV multiplies in the tonsils, and causes a wide variety of symptoms. Similar to the herpes simplex viruses, after primary infection with VZV (chickenpox), the virus lies dormant in neurons, including the cranial nerve ganglia, dorsal root ganglia, and autonomic ganglia.  Many years after the person has recovered from initial chickenpox infection, VZV can reactivate to cause shingles.
Marguerite, bâtarde de France
Marguerite de Valois, la demoiselle de Belleville, also known as Marguerite, bâtarde de France (1407 – January 1458), was the illegitimate daughter of Charles VI of France and his mistress Odette de Champdivers.

Marguerite was legitimated in January 1428 by Charles VII of France, her half-brother.  He gave her a very ample dowry and married her June/July 1443 in Poitou to Jean III de Harpedenne (also spelled Harpedanne, Harpedane, Harpedène, etc.), Seigneur of Belleville and Montaigu, son of Jean II de Harpedenne and his wife Jeanne de Mussidan. Some sources claim that she was married under the name of Marguerite de Falots.

Odette de Champdivers
Odette de Champdivers (French pronunciation: [ɔdɛt də ʃɑ̃divɛʁ]; also known as Oudine or Odinette; c. 1390 – c. 1425) was the chief mistress of Charles VI of France (the Mad). She was called la petite reine ("the little queen") by Charles and contemporaries.

According to Georges Bordonove, "Odette was the daughter of a maître d'hôtel (butler) of the King's Household, certain Guyot de Champdivers", who in fact was her brother. The messages of Père Anselme established her as a daughter of Odin or Oudin de Champdivers, who around 1387 was equerry stableman (Latin: marescallus equorum) at the court of King Charles VI.

She features in the novel Isabel de Bavière (1835) by Alexandre Dumas.
Kvernesfjorden
Kvernesfjorden is a fjord between the municipalities of Gjemnes, Kristiansund, Averøy, and Hustadvika in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The fjord is about 22 kilometres (14 mi) long.

The fjord begins at the end of the Kornstadfjorden near the village of Eide and runs to the northeast between the island of Averøya and the north shore of the Romsdal peninsula. It then turns to the north around the end of the island of Averøya where it connects to the Bremsnesfjorden. The fjord name comes from the village of Kvernes (and the old Kvernes Municipality) since that is where the old Kvernes Stave Church is located. The village lies along the eastern entrance to the fjord.

Gjemnes Municipality
Gjemnes is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway on the Romsdal peninsula. It is part of the Nordmøre region. The administrative centre is the village of Batnfjordsøra, which lies along the Batnfjorden and it is a former steamship landing place. Other villages in Gjemnes include Torvikbukt, Flemma, Angvika, Gjemnes, Øre, and Osmarka.

The 382-square-kilometre (147 sq mi) municipality is the 242nd largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Gjemnes Municipality is the 244th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,700. The municipality's population density is 7.1 inhabitants per square kilometre (18/sq mi) and its population has increased by 5.3% over the previous 10-year period.
Toda lattice
The Toda lattice, introduced by Morikazu Toda (1967), is a simple model for a one-dimensional crystal in solid state physics. It is famous because it is one of the earliest examples of a non-linear completely integrable system.

It is given by a chain of particles with nearest neighbor interaction, described by the Hamiltonian

and the equations of motion

where  is the displacement of the -th particle from its equilibrium position,

and  is its momentum (mass ),

and the Toda potential .

Lax pair
In mathematics, in the theory of integrable systems, a Lax pair is a pair of time-dependent matrices or operators that satisfy a corresponding differential equation, called the Lax equation. Lax pairs were introduced by Peter Lax to discuss solitons in continuous media. The inverse scattering transform makes use of the Lax equations to solve such systems.
Norway High School (Iowa)
41°54′11″N 91°55′37″W﻿ / ﻿41.903°N 91.927°W﻿ / 41.903; -91.927
Norway High School was a high school located in the town of Norway, Iowa. It was closed after the 1990–1991 school year, and the majority of students were merged into Benton Community High School. The school's final baseball season was the subject of the movie The Final Season.

Norway, Iowa
Norway is a city in Benton County, Iowa, United States. The population was 466 at the time of the 2020 census. The city is approximately 17 miles (27 km) southwest of downtown Cedar Rapids. It is part of the Cedar Rapids Metropolitan Statistical Area. Norway is the setting of the movie The Final Season.
Note by Note cuisine
Note by Note cuisine is a style of cooking based on molecular gastronomy, created by French chemist Hervé This. Dishes are made using pure compounds instead of using animal or plant tissues. This said the cuisine is like "a painter using primary colours, or a musician composing electroacoustic music, wave by wave, using a computer".

Molecular gastronomy
Molecular gastronomy is the scientific approach of cuisine from primarily the perspective of chemistry. The composition (molecular structure), properties (mass, viscosity, etc) and transformations (chemical reactions, reactant products) of an ingredient are addressed and utilized in the preparation and appreciation of the ingested products. It is a branch of food science that approaches the preparation and enjoyment of nutrition from the perspective of a scientist at the scale of atoms, molecules, and mixtures.

Nicholas Kurti, Hungarian physicist, and Hervé This, at the INRA in France, coined "Molecular and Physical Gastronomy" in 1988.
Marques Houston
Marques Barrett Houston (born August 4, 1981) is an American R&B singer, songwriter, dancer, and actor. Houston began his singing career in 1990, performing with IMx, and found popularity as an actor for his portrayal of Roger Evans in the teen sitcom Sister, Sister from 1994 to 1999.

Veteran (Marques Houston album)
Veteran is the third studio album by American R&B recording artist Marques Houston. It was released by The Ultimate Group and Universal Motown Records on March 20, 2007, in the United States, following the merger of Universal Records in 2005. The album features a wide range of collaborators, including Bryan-Michael Cox, Rob Knox, Ne-Yo, Chris Stokes, The Stereotypes, Tank, and The Underdogs. Guest vocals were provided by singer Mýa as well as rappers Shawnna and Yung Joc.
Ouachita Mountains
The Ouachita Mountains (/ˈwɒʃɪtɔː/), simply referred to as the Ouachitas, are a mountain range in western Arkansas and southeastern Oklahoma. They are formed by a thick succession of highly deformed Paleozoic strata constituting the Ouachita Fold and Thrust Belt, one of the important orogenic belts of North America. The Ouachitas continue in the subsurface to the northeast, where they make a poorly understood connection with the Appalachians and to the southwest, where they join with the Marathon uplift area of West Texas. Together with the Ozark Plateaus, the Ouachitas form the U.S. Interior Highlands. The highest natural point is Mount Magazine at 2,753 feet (839 m).

The Ouachita Mountains is a Level III ecoregion designated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The region has been subdivided into six Level IV ecoregions.

McCurtain County, Oklahoma
McCurtain County is a county in the southeastern corner of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2020 census, its population was 30,814. Its county seat is Idabel. It was formed at statehood from part of the earlier Choctaw Nation in Indian Territory. The name honors an influential Choctaw family who lived in the area. Jackson McCurtain and Edmund McCurtain served in the Confederate Army before their terms as chief, while Green McCurtain was the last chief when Oklahoma became a state in 1907.
Community High School (West Chicago)
Community High School, also known as  West Chicago Community High School, WCCHS, or simply WE-GO, is a public four-year high school located in West Chicago, Illinois, a western suburb of Chicago, Illinois, in the United States. It is the sole school in the Community High School District 94.

West Chicago, Illinois
West Chicago is a city in DuPage County, Illinois, United States. The population was 25,614 at the 2020 census. It was formerly named Junction and later Turner, after its founder, John Bice Turner, president of the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad (G&CU) in 1855. The city was initially established around the first junction of railroad lines in Illinois, and today is still served by the Union Pacific West Metra service via West Chicago station.
Berenguer Ramon, Count of Provence
Berenguer Ramon (Catalan: Berenguer Ramon) (1115–1144) was the count of Provence (1131–1144). He was the younger son of Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence. While his older brother Raymond Berengar received Barcelona (his father's inheritance), he received Provence (his mother's).

In 1132, Berenguer was in a succession war against Alfonso Jordan, Count of Toulouse, over the county of Melgueil. Alfonso was defeated and Berenguer married Beatrice, heiress of Melgueil. His reign was occupied in wars with the family of Baux, which claimed the county of Provence. Berenguer also took an offensive against Genoa, but died at Melgueil in 1144. His son Raymond Berengar succeeded him in Provence, but the county of Melgueil went to Beatrice' second husband, Bernard V Pelet, and their daughter Ermessende of Pelet.

Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona
Ramon Berenguer IV (Catalan pronunciation: [rəˈmom bəɾəŋˈɡe]; c. 1114 – 6 August 1162, Anglicized Raymond Berengar IV), sometimes called the Saint, was the count of Barcelona and the prince of Aragon who brought about the union of the County of Barcelona with the Kingdom of Aragon to form the Crown of Aragon.
Nickelhütte Aue
The Nickelhütte Aue is a modern manufacturing site in East Germany for pure non-ferrous metals like nickel, copper, cobalt, molybdenum, vanadium and tungsten. It is descended from the historic Niederpfannenstiel Blue Colour Works (German: Blaufarbenwerk Niederpfannenstiel), a paintworks that was founded in 1635 by Veit Hans Schnorr in Pfannenstiel near Aue.

Blue colour works
A blue colour works (German: Blaufarbenwerke) is a paintworks where blue pigment for use in glassmaking is produced. Usually the pigment, cobalt blue, needed for this purpose, was manufactured from cobalt-containing ore as in the case of the factories listed below.
Architecture in Puerto Rico
Architecture in Puerto Rico demonstrates a broad variety of styles, trends and forms over the history of the archipelago over four centuries of Spanish rule, and over a century of American rule. Puerto Rican architecture is as diverse as its multicultural society, and has been shaped by many internal and external factors and regional distinctions. Beginning with the early encounter between the indigenous Taino and Spanish colonizers in the last decade of the 15th century, throughout its history Puerto Rico has witnessed both the applications of European and American styles of architecture and the development of local vernacular styles that today form a part of the Puerto Rican society and identity.

University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus
The University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus (Spanish: Universidad de Puerto Rico, Recinto de Río Piedras; UPR-RP, or informally La IUPI) is a public land-grant research university in San Juan, Puerto Rico. It is the largest campus in the University of Puerto Rico system in terms of student population and it was Puerto Rico's first public university campus.

The university serves more than 18,000 students, 20% of whom are graduate students, and grants an average of over 3,000 degrees a year. Its academic offerings range from the bachelor to the doctoral level with 70 undergraduate programs and 19 graduate degrees including 71 specializations in the basic disciplines and professional fields. UPR‐RP has consistently granted the largest number of doctorate degrees to Hispanic students under the United States jurisdiction.
ERA–Circus
ERA–Circus is a UCI continental team founded in 2013 and based in Belgium. It participates in UCI Continental Circuits races.

In December 2017, Beobank–Corendon announced that Circus, a Belgian betting company had signed three-year sponsorship deal. Circus announced they would continue to sponsor this team until the end of the cyclo-cross season in March.

Alpecin–Premier Tech
Alpecin– Premier Tech (UCI team code: APT) is a UCI WorldTeam cycling team that is based in Belgium. It competes both in the road and cyclo-cross seasons. The leaders of the team have in the past been cyclo-cross world champion Niels Albert, Philipp Walsleben and Radomír Šimůnek. The team's current lead rider is the cyclocross and road world champion and multiple monuments winner Mathieu van der Poel.
Reversible computing
Reversible computing is any model of computation where every step of the process is time-reversible. This means that, given the output of a computation, it is possible to perfectly reconstruct the input. In systems that progress deterministically from one state to another, a key requirement for reversibility is a one-to-one correspondence between each state and its successor. Reversible computing is considered an unconventional approach to computation and is closely linked to quantum computing, where the principles of quantum mechanics inherently ensure reversibility (as long as quantum states are not measured or "collapsed").

Landauer's principle
Landauer's principle is a physical principle pertaining to a lower theoretical limit of energy consumption of computation. It holds that an irreversible change in information stored in a computer, such as merging two computational paths, dissipates a minimum amount of heat to its surroundings. It is hypothesized that energy consumption below this lower bound would require the development of reversible computing.

The principle was first proposed by Rolf Landauer in 1961.
Indian Council of Historical Research
The Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR) is a captive body of the Ministry of Education, Government of India established by an Administrative Order. The body has provided financial assistance to historians and scholars through fellowships, grants, and symposia.

The ICHR receives grants-in-aid from the Department of Higher Education, grants-in-aid from various Indian states, private donations, and the proceeds of revenues from the sale of publications of the ICHR. The ICHR is based in Delhi, with regional centres in Pune (Maharashtra), Bengaluru (Karnataka), and Guwahati (Assam).

It was established on 27 March 1972.

Its first chairman was the historian Ram Sharan Sharma. Historians who have served as members or functionaries of the ICHR include Irfan Habib, Tapan Raychaudhuri, and Barun De.

M. G. S. Narayanan
Muttayil Govinda Sankara Narayanan (20 August 1932 – 26 April 2025) was an Indian historian, academic and political commentator. He headed the Department of History at Calicut University (Kerala) from 1976 to 1990, and served as the Chairman (2001–03) of the Indian Council of Historical Research.
Monocacy National Battlefield
Monocacy National Battlefield is a unit of the National Park Service, the site of the Battle of Monocacy in the American Civil War fought on July 9, 1864. The battlefield straddles the Monocacy River southeast of the city of Frederick, Maryland. The battle, labeled "The Battle That Saved Washington," was one of the last the Confederates would carry out in Union territory. The two opposing leaders were General Jubal Early, fighting for the South, and General Lew Wallace, fighting for the North.

Frederick, Maryland
Frederick is a city in and the county seat of Frederick County, Maryland, United States. Frederick's population was 78,171 people as of the 2020 census, making it the second-largest incorporated city in Maryland behind Baltimore. It is a part of the Washington metropolitan area and the greater Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area.

The city is located at an important crossroads at the intersection of a major north–south Native American trail and east–west routes to the Chesapeake Bay, both at Baltimore and what became Washington, D.C., and across the Appalachian Mountains to the Ohio River watershed.

Frederick is home to Frederick Municipal Airport (IATA: FDK), which accommodates general aviation, and Fort Detrick, a U.S. Army bioscience and communications research installation and Frederick County's largest employer.