hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Identification key
In biology, an identification key, taxonomic key, or frequently just key, is a printed or computer-aided device that aids in the identification of biological organisms.

Historically, the most common type of identification key is the dichotomous key, a type of single-access key which offers a fixed sequence of identification steps, each with two alternatives. The earliest examples of identification keys originate in the seventeenth century, but their conceptual history can be traced back to antiquity. Modern multi-access keys allow the user to freely choose the identification steps and any order. They were traditionally performed using punched cards but now almost exclusively take the form of computer programs.

Multi-access key
In biology or medicine, a multi-access key  is an identification key which overcomes the problem of the more traditional single-access keys (dichotomous or polytomous identification keys) of requiring a fixed sequence of identification steps. A multi-access key enables the user to freely choose the characteristics that are convenient to evaluate for the item to be identified.
2005 Formula 3 Euro Series
The 2005 Formula 3 Euro Series season was the third championship year of Europe's premier Formula Three series. The championship consisted of ten rounds – each with two races – held at a variety of European circuits. Each weekend consisted of one 60-minute practice session and two 30-minute qualifying sessions (one at Monaco), followed by one c.110 km race and one c.80 km race. Each qualifying session awarded one bonus point for pole position and each race awarded points for the top eight finishers, with ten points per win. Lewis Hamilton dominated the season, winning 15 of the 20 races and scoring nearly twice as many points as his nearest rival, team-mate Adrian Sutil. As of now, six drivers (Hamilton, Sutil, Sebastian Vettel, Paul di Resta, Lucas di Grassi, and Giedo van der Garde) have competed in Formula One.

2005 Monaco Grand Prix Formula Three
The 2005 Monaco Grand Prix Formula Three was a Formula 3 Euro Series motor race held on 20 and 21 May 2005 at the Circuit de Monaco in Monte Carlo, Monaco. It was the fourth race of the 2005 Formula 3 Euro Series. It was the first time Formula Three cars had raced at Monaco since 1997, and remains the last to date. The race was used to support the 2005 Monaco Grand Prix.
Pukapuka
Pukapuka, formerly Danger Island, is a coral atoll in the northern group of the Cook Islands in the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the most remote islands of the Cook Islands, situated about 1,140 kilometres (708 miles) northwest of Rarotonga. On this small island, an ancient culture and distinct language have been maintained over many centuries. The population of Pukapuka is around 400  people.

Northern Cook Islands
The Northern Cook Islands is one of the two chains of atolls which make up the Cook Islands. Lying in a horizontal band between 9° and 13°30' south of the Equator, the chain consists of the atolls of Manihiki, Nassau, Penrhyn, Pukapuka, Rakahanga and Suwarrow, along with the submerged Tema Reef.
Gilgai, Western Australia
Gilgai, Western Australia was the location of Number 7 Pumping station on the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme

It was also located on the Eastern Goldfields Railway.

It was located between number 6 pumping station located at Ghouli, and number 8 at Dedari.

Goldfields Water Supply Scheme
The Goldfields Water Supply Scheme is a pipeline and dam project that delivers potable water from Mundaring Weir in Perth to communities in Western Australia's Eastern Goldfields, particularly Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie. The project was commissioned in 1896 and completed in 1903.

The pipeline continues to operate today, supplying water to over 100,000 people in over 33,000 households as well as mines, farms and other enterprises.
Powellville, Maryland
Powellville is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Wicomico County, Maryland, United States. Its population was 189 as of the 2010 census. It is part of the Salisbury, Maryland-Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Wicomico County, Maryland
Wicomico County (/waɪˈkɒmɪkoʊ/ wy-KOM-ik-oh) is in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Maryland, on the Delmarva Peninsula. As of the 2020 census, the population was 103,588. The county seat is Salisbury. The county was named for the Wicomico River, which in turn derives its name from the Algonquian language words wicko mekee, meaning "a place where houses are built", apparently referring to a Native American town on the banks. The county is included in the Salisbury, MD-DE Metropolitan Statistical Area, and is part of the Lower Eastern Shore region of the state.
Henry Philpott (bishop)
Henry Philpott (17 November 1807 – 10 January 1892) was an Anglican bishop and academic.

He matriculated at St Catharine's College, Cambridge, in 1825 and graduated as Senior Wrangler and 2nd Smith's prizeman in 1829.  He was elected a Fellow of St Catharine's College on 6 April 1829 and was subsequently elected Master of St Catharine's College in 1845, a post he held until 1861. During the same period, he was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge on three occasions (1846, 1856, 1857).

Philpott was awarded the degree of Doctor of Divinity by royal letters patent in 1847 and was Bishop of Worcester from 1861 to 1890. His election to the see was confirmed on 13 March and he was consecrated a bishop on 25 March 1861. He was Clerk of the Closet from 1865 to 1891 and Chairman of the Cambridge University Commission in 1878.

Clerk of the Closet
A Clerk of the Closet is a member of the clergy within the United Kingdom who is appointed to minister to the monarch of the United Kingdom.

The ‘closet’ comes from the original name of the Royal Chapel.

The College of Chaplains of the Ecclesiastical Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom is under the Clerk of the Closet, an office dating from 1437. It is normally held by a diocesan bishop of the Church of England, who may, however, remain in office after leaving his see. In 2025 the current Clerk is Richard Jackson, Bishop of Hereford.

Other members of the royal family may also have their own Clerk of the Closet.
Matsudaira Norikata
Count Matsudaira Norikata (松平 乗謨, December 18, 1839 – January 26, 1910) was the 8th and final daimyō of Okutono in Mikawa Province, and 1st (and final) daimyō of Tanoguchi Domain in Shinano Province. He served in the Tokugawa shogunate in the positions of Rōjū and Wakadoshiyori, and became a leader in the Meiji government following the Meiji Restoration as a politician. He was one of the founders of the Japanese Red Cross. He is also known as Ogyū Yuzuru (大給恒).

Rōjū
The Rōjū (老中), usually translated as Elder, was one of the highest-ranking government posts under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. The term refers either to individual Elders, or to the Council of Elders as a whole; under the first two shōguns, there were only two Rōjū. The number was then increased to five, and later reduced to four. The Rōjū were usually appointed from the ranks of the fudai daimyōs with domains of between 25,000 and 50,000 koku.
British National League (1996–2005)
The British National League (BNL) was the second tier of the professional ice hockey league in the United Kingdom between 1996 and 2005.  Although no formal promotion and relegation existed during its period of existence, it was considered to have been a standard below that of the Ice Hockey Superleague (later replaced by the Elite Ice Hockey League) and above that of the English National Ice Hockey League and the Scottish National League (and later, following its creation, the English Premier Ice Hockey League). Fife Flyers and Guildford Flames were the only two teams to consistently feature in the BNL during every season of the league's history.

English Premier Ice Hockey League
The English Premier Ice Hockey League (EPIHL) was an ice hockey league of 10 teams, all of which were based in England. Headquartered in Blackpool, the EPIHL was one of two professional ice hockey leagues in the United Kingdom (the other being the Elite Ice Hockey League). A total of 27 teams played in the league at one time or another. Swindon Wildcats were the only team to have consistently featured in the EPIHL from its inaugural season in 1997-98. In 2017, the league was disbanded, with its teams either joining the top-tier Elite Ice Hockey League or the second-tier National Ice Hockey League.
Nazca culture
The Nazca culture (also Nasca) was the archaeological culture that flourished from c. 100 BC to 800 AD beside the arid, southern coast of Peru in the river valleys of the Rio Grande de Nazca drainage and the Ica Valley. Strongly influenced by the preceding Paracas culture, which was known for extremely complex textiles, the Nazca produced an array of crafts and technologies such as ceramics, textiles, and geoglyphs.

They are known for two extensive construction projects that would have required the coordination of large groups of laborers: the Nazca lines, immense designs in the desert whose purpose is unknown, and puquios, underground aqueducts for providing water for irrigation and domestic purposes in the arid environment, several dozen of which still function today. The Nazca Province in the Ica Region was named for this people.

Echinopsis pachanoi
Echinopsis pachanoi, synonyms including Trichocereus pachanoi and Trichocereus macrogonus var. pachanoi, is a fast-growing columnar cactus found in the Andes at 2,000–3,000 m (6,600–9,800 ft) in altitude. It is one of a number of kinds of cacti known as San Pedro cactus. It is native to Ecuador, and Peru, but is also found in Bolivia, Colombia, central Chile, the Canary Islands, and mainland Spain, and  is cultivated in other parts of the world. Uses for it include traditional medicine and traditional veterinary medicine, and it is widely grown as an ornamental cactus. It has been used for healing and religious divination in the Andes Mountains region for over 3,000 years.
Waitomo Caves Hotel
Waitomo Caves Hotel (originally called Waitomo House and later Government Hostel at Waitomo) is a historic hotel built in 1909 that is located in Waitomo District, King Country above Waitomo Caves in New Zealand. The hotel initially had only six bedrooms, and was later expanded in 1927–1928 with the addition of 24 more rooms, along with a new kitchen and dining room. The building is famous for its unique style of New Zealand Victorian. Some claim that the hotel is haunted.

Waitomo District
Waitomo District is a territorial authority, located in the Waikato region, at the north of the King Country area in the North Island of New Zealand. A small part of the district, the locality of Tiroa, however, lies in the Manawatū-Whanganui region.

The District covers the west coast from Te Maika, on Kawhia Harbour, to the north of Taharoa, to Mokau in the south and extends inland to Maniaiti / Benneydale and Mount Pureora.
Perry Publishing and Broadcasting
Perry Publishing and Broadcasting is an American print media and radio broadcasting company based in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, targeting the local African American community.

On the 7th of April 2025 the Oklahoma Senate passed Senate Resolution 13, honoring Russell M. Perry for his remarkable contributions to the state as a businessman, banker, and journalist.  Authored and presented by Senator Shane Jett, state of Oklahoma, who is the state senator from Senate District 17, which includes northern Pottawatomie County and eastern Oklahoma County.  The resolution commended Perry for founding The Black Chronicle and establishing Perry Publishing & Broadcasting, now Oklahoma’s largest independent radio group.

KVSP
KVSP (103.5 FM) is a mainstream urban radio station serving Central Oklahoma, Licensed to Anadarko and owned by the locally based Perry Publishing and Broadcasting.  Its studios are located at Perry Plaza II in the Eastside district of Oklahoma City and its transmitter is located in Alfalfa, Oklahoma. The tower the transmitter antenna is located on is the tallest structure in the state of Oklahoma, although Oklahoma City itself is in the "distant" area of the coverage area, according to Radio-Locator.com. This is due to the 103.5 frequency being one space away from the 103.7 frequency in Okemah (with that station providing "fringe" coverage rimshotting Oklahoma City from the east as well as rimshotting nearby Tulsa from the southwest), making it difficult to properly cover the market.
Grand Mosque of Aksaray
The Aksaray Grand Mosque, also known as the Ulu Mosque, is the mosque located in the city center of Aksaray. It is also known as the Karamanoğlu Mosque. It was commissioned by Mehmet I of Karaman and built between 1408 and 1409.

Aksaray
Aksaray (pronounced [ˈaksaɾaj]) is a city in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Aksaray Province and Aksaray District. Its population is 247,147 (2021). In 2021 the province had an estimated population of 429,069 distributed over about 7,659 km2 (2,957 mi2). The average elevation is 980 m (3,215 ft), with the highest point being Mt. Hasan (Turkish: Hasan Dağı) at 3,268 m (10,722 ft).

The city of Aksaray has a long history and was an important stopover point on the Silk Road that transited Anatolia for centuries. It is a mid-sized city with the Melendiz river running through it and several monuments dating back to the pre-Ottoman era as well as some impressive examples of government buildings from the early Turkish Republic that are gathered around the main square.

The nearest airport is Kapadokya Nevşehir Airport (NAV) which is 62.1 km away from the city.
Mikhail Zvinchuk
Mikhail Sergeevich Zvinchuk (Russian: Михаил Сергеевич Звинчук; born 1991) is a Russian milblogger and author of the Russian Telegram channel Rybar (Russian: Рыбарь, lit. 'fisherman'), which has over 1.3 million subscribers. Until 2019, he worked in the press service of the Russian Ministry of Defense. Each Zvinchuk report is read by an average of 600,000 people.

Milblog
A milblog or warblog is a blog devoted mostly or wholly to covering news events concerning an ongoing war. Sometimes the use of the term "warblog" implies that the blog concerned has a pro-war slant.  The term "milblog" implies that the author is a member of, or has some connection to the military; the more specific term "soldierblog" is sometimes used for the former.
Paseo de Susana
Paseo de Susana is a small peninsula that forms part of the city of Hagåtña, Guam. It was built in the 1940s from rubble and debris left behind after World War II. The peninsula contains the multipurpose Paseo Stadium, Chamorro Village, Chief Quipuha Park, and a small replica of the Statue of Liberty. Gregorio D. Perez Marina borders the western edge of the peninsula and it is separated from the rest of Hagåtña by Marine Corps Drive.

Chief Quipuha Park
Chief Quipuha Park is located on the Paseo de Susana peninsula, in the north of the city of Hagåtña, in the United States territory of Guam. Like the rest of the peninsula, the area was created after World War II from bulldozed debris from the ruined city. It is named for Kepuha (Quipuha), the chief who gave land to Diego Luis de San Vitores for the first European settlement on the island at Hagåtña.
Dick Nallin
Richard Francis Nallin (February 26, 1878 – September 7, 1956) was an American college football player and coach and baseball player and umpire. He served as head football coach at Villanova College—now known as Villanova University—in 1899, compiling a record of 7–2–1. Nallin was a Major League Baseball umpire from 1915 to 1932 for the American League. He umpired the 1927 World Series and 1931 World Series. During his umpiring career, he was home plate umpire for three no-hitters: Ernie Koob's on May 5, 1917, Bob Groom's the very next day, and Charlie Robertson's perfect game on April 30, 1922. As of the end of the 2010 season, only two other umpires have called balls and strikes for two no-hitters in the same month: Bill Dinneen in September 1923 and Bill Deegan in May 1977. He was also the home-plate umpire during Ty Cobb's final game on September 11, 1928.

Bill Deegan
William Edward John Deegan (April 13, 1935 – March 22, 2024) was an American Major League Baseball umpire who worked in the American League from 1971 to 1980.  Deegan wore uniform number 17 when the American League adopted them for its umpires in 1980, later worn by John Hirschbeck.
Bogra District
Bogra District, officially Bogura District (Bengali: বগুড়া জেলা), is a district in the northern part of Bangladesh, in Rajshahi Division. Bogra is an industrial city where many small and mid-sized companies are sited. Bogra was a part of the  Pundravardhana territory of ancient Bengal and the ruins of its capital can be found in northern Bogra. Bogra is named after the independent sultan of Bengal Nasiruddin Bughra Khan (1287–1291).

Nandigram Upazila
Nandigram Upazila (Bengali: নন্দীগ্রাম উপজেলা) is an upazila of Bogra District in the Division of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Nandigram Thana was established in 1932 and was converted into an upazila in 1983. It is named after its administrative center, the town of Nandigram.
Empty set
In mathematics, the empty set or void set is the unique set having no elements; its size or cardinality (count of elements in a set) is zero. Some axiomatic set theories ensure that the empty set exists by including an axiom of empty set, while in other theories, its existence can be deduced. Many possible properties of sets are vacuously true for the empty set.

Any set other than the empty set is called non-empty.

In some textbooks and popularizations, the empty set is referred to as the "null set".  However, null set is a distinct notion within the context of measure theory, in which it describes a set of measure zero (which is not necessarily empty).

Subset
In mathematics, a set A is a subset of a set B if and only if all elements of A are also elements of B; B is then a superset of A. It is possible for A and B to be equal; if they are unequal, then A is a proper subset of B. The relationship of one set being a subset of another is called inclusion (or sometimes containment). A is a subset of B may also be expressed as B includes (or contains) A or A is included (or contained) in B. A k-subset is a subset with k elements.

When quantified,  is represented as

One can prove the statement  by applying a proof technique known as the element argument:

Let sets A and B be given. To prove that 
suppose that a is a particular but arbitrarily chosen element of A
show that a is an element of B.

The validity of this technique can be seen as a consequence of universal generalization: the technique shows  for an arbitrarily chosen element c. Universal generalisation then implies  which is equivalent to  as stated above.
Kami, Nagano
Kami (上村, Kami-mura) was a village located in Shimoina District, Nagano Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 811 and a density of 6.41 persons per km2. The total area was 126.51 km2.

On October 1, 2005, Kami, along with the village of Minamishinano (also from Shimoina District), was merged into the city of Iida.

Iida, Nagano
Iida (飯田市, Iida-shi) is a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 March 2019, Iida had an estimated population of 101,536, and a population density of 154 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 658.66 square kilometres (254.31 sq mi). Iida is an environmental model city (環境モデル都市, Kankyō moderu toshi), a municipality designated by the Japanese government to be a model for making large cuts in greenhouse gas emissions towards a low-carbon society.
Ziyad Saadi
Ziyad Saadi is a Palestinian Canadian writer, actor and filmmaker from Montreal, Quebec, currently based in Vancouver, British Columbia. His debut novel, Three Parties, centred on a young Palestinian American man whose plan to come out as gay on his 23rd birthday goes awry.

The book was shortlisted for the 2025 Dayne Ogilvie Prize for LGBTQ writers.

Prior to publishing Three Parties, Saadi wrote and directed a number of short films, including Hello, My Name Is Death and Don't Open Me, and was a producer of the horror film Bag Boy Lover Boy.

Palestinian Canadians
Palestinian Canadians (Arabic: فلسطينيو كندا, romanized: Filasṭīnīyū Kanadā) are Canadian citizens of Palestinian descent or Palestine-born people residing in Canada. According to the 2016 Census there were 44,820 Canadians who claimed Palestinian ancestry.
Simpson Ground Reservoir
Simpson Ground Reservoir is a reservoir in Cumbria, England, near the southeastern end of Windermere. It is located within a Forestry Commission conifer plantation, to the east of Staveley-in-Cartmel and provides fresh water supply for Grange-Over-Sands and the Haweswater aqueduct to Barrow.

The reservoir, which covers an area of 6.89 hectares (17.0 acres), was established in 1957. The reservoir, at an altitude of 193 metres (633 feet), measures 455 m × 194 m (1,493 ft × 636 ft), and has a capacity of 44 million gallons. A plaque near the bank commemorates the opening of the reservoir on 4 May 1957 by the Lancashire County Council.

Staveley-in-Cartmel
Staveley-in-Cartmel is a village and civil parish in Westmorland and Furness Unitary Authority, Cumbria, England.  It lies east of Newby Bridge, near the south end of Windermere,  9 miles (14 km) northeast of Ulverston. It is sometimes known as Staveley-in-Furness. Both names distinguish it from another Staveley in Cumbria. In the 2001 census the parish had a population of 428, decreasing at the 2011 census to 405.
Richard de Redvers, 2nd Earl of Devon
Richard de Redvers, 2nd Earl of Devon (died 1162) was Earl of Devon from 1155 until his death and was feudal baron of Plympton in Devon. He married Denise, one of the daughters and coheiresses of Reginald, Earl of Cornwall. He was High Sheriff of Devon from 1154 to 1157. He was the son of Baldwin de Redvers, 1st Earl of Devon and brother of William de Reviers, 5th Earl of Devon.

He was succeeded by his son Baldwin de Redvers, 3rd Earl of Devon (died 1188).

Reginald de Dunstanville, Earl of Cornwall
Reginald de Dunstanville (alias Reginald FitzRoy, Reginald FitzHenry, Rainald, etc.; French: Renaud de Donstanville or de Dénestanville; c. 1110 – 1 July 1175) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman and an illegitimate son of King Henry I (1100–1135). He became Earl of Cornwall and High Sheriff of Devon.
Thout 21
Thout 20 – Coptic calendar – Thout 22

The twenty-first day of the Coptic month of Thout, the first month of the Coptic year. On a common year, this day corresponds to September 18, of the Julian calendar, and October 1, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Akhet, the season of inundation.

Thout 22
Thout 21 – Coptic calendar – Thout 23

The twenty-second day of the Coptic month of Thout, the first month of the Coptic year. In a common year, this day corresponds to September 19 of the Julian calendar, and October 2 of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Akhet, the season of inundation.
Fear of falling
The fear of falling (FOF), also referred to as basophobia (or basiphobia), is a natural fear and is typical of most humans and mammals, in varying degrees of extremity.  It differs from acrophobia (the fear of heights), although the two fears are closely related. The fear of falling encompasses the anxieties accompanying the sensation and the possibly dangerous effects of falling, as opposed to the heights themselves.  Those who have little fear of falling may be said to have a head for heights.  Basophobia is sometimes associated with astasia-abasia, the fear of walking/standing erect.

Accident-proneness
Accident-proneness is the idea that some people have a greater predisposition than others to experience accidents, such as car crashes and industrial injuries. It may be used as a reason to deny any insurance on such individuals.