hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Northern and Eastern Railway
The Northern & Eastern Railway (N&ER) was an early British railway company, that planned to build a line from London to York. Its ambition was cut successively back, and it was only constructed from Stratford, east of London, to the towns of Bishop's Stortford and Hertford. It was always short of money, and it got access to London over the Eastern Counties Railway (ECR). It was built at the track gauge of 5 ft (1,524 mm), but it converted to standard gauge in 1844.

Its main line opened progressively between 1840 and 1842. It was worked by the neighbouring ECR, and it leased its network to that company in from the beginning of 1844 for 999 years. From that time it was a financial company only, it amalgamated with the ECR's successor, the Great Eastern Railway, in 1902.

The entire network is still in use and is now electrified, and part of the original main line now forms a section of the West Anglia Main Line between London Liverpool Street and Cambridge.

Bishopsgate railway station
Bishopsgate was a railway station located on the eastern side of Shoreditch High Street in the parish of Bethnal Green (now within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets) on the western edge of the East End of London and just outside the City of London.

It was in use from 1840 to 1875 as a passenger station and then as a freight terminal until it was destroyed by fire in 1964. Substantial remains lay derelict until they were demolished in the early 2000s to make way for Shoreditch High Street railway station which now stands on part of the site.
Eastover, South Carolina
Eastover is a town in Richland County, South Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, Eastover had a population of 614. It is part of the Columbia, South Carolina, Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Richland County, South Carolina
Richland County is a county located in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 census, its population was 416,147, making it the second-most populous county in South Carolina, behind only Greenville County. The county seat and largest community is Columbia, the state capital. The county was established on March 12, 1785. Richland County is part of the Columbia, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 2020, the center of population of South Carolina was located in Richland County, in the city of Columbia. The county is also the location of the geographic center of South Carolina, southeast of Columbia.
It is located in the Midlands region of South Carolina.
Team Bath (netball)
Team Bath is an English netball team based at the University of Bath. In 2005–06 they were both founder members and the inaugural champions of the Super League. They were Super League champions again in 2006–07, 2008–09, 2009–10 and 2013, and British Fast5 All-Stars Champions in 2021.  In 2023, England Netball announced plans to relaunch the Netball Super League in 2025, with an aim to professionalise the league. During the tender process, the new operating standards for clubs made it unfeasible for Team Bath's senior team to participate in the league and it was disbanded after the 2024 season. The franchise was given a license to continue to deliver the southwest performance pathway on behalf of England Netball including a NXT Gen team.

The netball team is one of several sports teams based at the University of Bath that use the Team Bath brand name. Others include an association football team and a field hockey team.

2006–07 Netball Superleague season
The 2006–07 Netball Superleague season saw Team Bath finish as champions for the second time. Team Bath retained the title without losing a single match all season. For a second successive season they defeated Galleria Mavericks in the grand final. This was also the first season that Sky Sports began to broadcast matches.
Yinka Shonibare
Yinka Shonibare CBE RA (born 9 August 1962), is a British artist living in the United Kingdom. His work explores cultural identity, colonialism and post-colonialism within the contemporary context of globalisation. A hallmark of his art is the brightly coloured Ankara fabric he uses. As Shonibare is paralysed on one side of his body, he uses assistants to make works under his direction.

Byam Shaw School of Art
The Byam Shaw School of Art, often known simply as Byam Shaw, was an independent art school in London, England, which specialised in fine art and offered foundation and degree level courses. It was founded in 1910 by John Liston Byam Shaw and Rex Vicat Cole. In 2003 it was absorbed by Central Saint Martins College of Arts and Design.
Budaun Fort
The Badaun Fort is a fort in the ancient city of Badaun which was built by Ashoka The Great when he visited the region around 240 BCE and named it BudhhMau. The Historian Roz Khan Lodhi says that it was the first settlement of the modern existing city of Badaun.

Budaun
Budaun (romanised: Badāʾūn or Badāyūn, Hindi pronunciation: [bəd̪aːjũː]) is a medieval city and headquarters of Budaun district, in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is located about a mile east of the Sot river, and 27 km north of the Ganges, in the Rohilkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. According to the 2011 census, Budaun has a population of 159,221, which is projected to be 161,555 at present. Budaun rose to historical importance as the capital of the Delhi Sultanate for four years from 1210 CE to 1214 CE during the reign of Sultan Iltutmish. It was the most important post of Northern Frontier during Mughal reign. Budaun is a big market, historically famous and religiously important city. Budaun is 230 km south-east of New Delhi and 245 km north-west of Lucknow, both taking about 6 hours by road.
Grodås
Grodås is a village in Volda Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located along the river Horndøla on the eastern end of the lake Hornindalsvatnet, about 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) southwest of the mountain Hornindalsrokken. The village sits at the eastern end of the Kviven Tunnel, part of the new route for the European route E39 highway.

The 0.66-square-kilometre (160-acre) village has a population (2024) of 503 and a population density of 762 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,970/sq mi).

The village area is a tourist destination, with the natural environment, mountains, and lake acting as a tourist attraction. It is also home to the Anders Svor Museum. Hornindal Church is located in the village. The industries located in the Grodås area include wood and furniture making as well as vacation home construction.

Hornindal Church
Hornindal Church (Norwegian: Hornindal kyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Volda Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located in the village of Grodås, at the eastern end of the lake Hornindalsvatnet. It is the church for the Hornindal parish which is part of the Søre Sunnmøre prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Møre. The white, wooden church was built in a long church design in 1856 using plans drawn up by the architect Ludolph Rolfsen using plans created by Hans Linstow. The church seats about 400 people. The sculptor Anders Svor is buried in the church cemetery.
Roman Catholic Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle
The Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle (Latin: Dioecesis Hagulstadensis et Novocastrensis) is a Latin Catholic diocese of the Catholic Church, centred on St Mary's Cathedral, in the city of Newcastle upon Tyne, in England. The diocese is one of the six suffragan sees in the ecclesiastical province of Liverpool and covers the historic boundaries of County Durham and Northumberland.

Séamus Cunningham
Séamus Cunningham (born 7 July 1942) is an Irish-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church in England. He was the Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle in the north of England from 2009 to 2019. He retired to the city of Sunderland and helps out as an assistant priest across the Catholic parishes in the city.
Vasili III of Russia
Vasili III Ivanovich (Russian: Василий III Иванович; Christian name: Gavriil; monastic name: Varlaam; 25 March 1479 – 3 December 1533) was Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia from 1505 until his death in 1533.

He was the second son of Ivan III by his second wife Sophia Paleologue. Following on the ambitions of his father, Vasili annexed Pskov and Ryazan – the last remaining autonomous Russian territories – and captured the city of Smolensk from Lithuania. He also strengthened Russian influence in Kazan and the Volga region. Several nobles were exiled, sentenced, or executed for criticizing his policies.

Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512–1522)
The Lithuanian–Muscovite War of 1512–1522 (also known as the Ten Years' War) was a military conflict between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Ruthenia, which included Ukrainian and Belarusian lands, and the Grand Principality of Moscow for Russian border lands.
Frequency (statistics)
In statistics, the frequency or absolute frequency of an event  is the number  of times the observation has occurred/been recorded in an experiment or study.: 12–19  The relative frequency is the ratio of absolute frequency to the sample size. These frequencies are often depicted graphically or tabular form.

Empirical distribution function
In statistics, an empirical distribution function (a.k.a. an empirical cumulative distribution function, eCDF) is the distribution function associated with the empirical measure of a sample. This cumulative distribution function is a step function that jumps up by 1/n at each of the n data points. Its value at any specified value of the measured variable is the fraction of observations of the measured variable that are less than or equal to the specified value.

The empirical distribution function is an estimate of the cumulative distribution function that generated the points in the sample. It converges with probability 1 to that underlying distribution, according to the Glivenko–Cantelli theorem. A number of results exist to quantify the rate of convergence of the empirical distribution function to the underlying cumulative distribution function.
Harbinger Capital
Harbinger Capital Partners is a private hedge fund based in New York City, New York, founded by Philip Falcone. Harbinger is a highly diversified multi-strategy hedge fund. Notable investments have included sub-prime mortgages in the United States and the United Kingdom, such as HBOS, and LightSquared, a wireless communications company that filed bankruptcy in 2012.

HRG Group
HRG Group, Inc., formerly Harbinger Group Inc. and Zapata Corporation, was a holding company based in Rochester, New York, having originated from an oil company started by a group including future U.S. president George H. W. Bush. In 2009, it was renamed the Harbinger Group Inc.
Twentieth Century Club of Lansdowne
Twentieth Century Club of Lansdowne is a historic club building located at Lansdowne, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1911, and is a 1+1⁄2-story, rectangular stone and brick building measuring 43 feet, 10 inches, by 95 feet, 6 inches.  It has a small rear wing, slate pyramid-shaped roof with two projecting front gables, and a large articulated chimney.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

Lansdowne, Pennsylvania
Lansdowne is a borough in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States, located 6 miles (10 km) southwest of  Center City Philadelphia. It was named for the Marquess of Lansdowne. As of the 2020 census, Lansdowne had a population of 11,107.

Lansdowne grew quickly in the early part of the twentieth century, when a railroad stop was established near the intersection of Lansdowne Avenue and Baltimore Pike. The borough is primarily residential, with a commercial center near the original railroad stop. The borough also contained some light industrial buildings, which have been in decline in recent decades.

The borough is sometimes erroneously spelled "Landsdowne" or confused with Lansdale, in nearby Montgomery County.
ReNu
ReNu is a brand of soft contact lens care products produced by Bausch & Lomb. By far the most popular brand of lens solutions until 2006, ReNu has rebranded its formulations as renu sensitive (formerly ReNu Multi-Purpose) and renu fresh (formerly ReNu MultiPlus), the latter containing a patented ingredient called hydranate, known by chemists as hydroxyalkylphosphonate, that removes protein deposits and can eliminate the need for a separate enzymatic cleaner.

Fungal keratitis
Fungal keratitis is a fungal infection of the cornea, which can lead to blindness. It generally presents with a red, painful eye and blurred vision. There is also increased sensitivity to light, and excessive tears or discharge.

It is caused by fungal organisms such as Fusarium, Aspergillus or Candida.
Up to 70 different fungi have been found as causes.

Fungal keratitis has a worldwide distribution, but is more common in the tropics. Around 1 million people become blind every year due to fungal keratitis. Theodor Leber first described a case of fungal keratitis caused by Aspergillus in 1879.
Muhammad Ali dynasty
The Muhammad Ali dynasty or the Alawiyya dynasty was an Albanian dynasty that ruled Egypt and Sudan from the 19th to the mid-20th century. It is named after its progenitor, Muhammad Ali, regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.

Farouk of Egypt
Farouk I (/fəˈruːk/; Arabic: فاروق الأول, romanized: Fārūq al-Awwal; 11 February 1920 – 18 March 1965) was the tenth ruler of Egypt from the Muhammad Ali dynasty and the penultimate King of Egypt and the Sudan, succeeding his father, Fuad I, in 1936 and reigning until his overthrow in a military coup in 1952.

His full title was "His Majesty Farouk I, by the grace of God, King of Egypt and the Sudan". As king, Farouk was known for his extravagant playboy lifestyle. While initially popular, his reputation eroded due to the corruption and incompetence of his government. He was overthrown in the 1952 coup d'état and forced to abdicate in favour of his infant son, Ahmed Fuad, who succeeded him as Fuad II. Farouk died in exile in Italy in 1965.

His sister, Princess Fawzia bint Fuad, was the first wife and consort of the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
Indian wild ass
The Indian wild ass (Equus hemionus khur), also called the Indian wild donkey, Indian onager or, in the local Gujarati language, Ghudkhur and Khur, is a subspecies of the onager native to South Asia.

It is currently listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN. In the wild the species is found only in the Indian state of Gujarat, where it is protected under the Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary. In 2024, there were 7,672 wild asses up from 720 in 1976.

Great Rann of Kutch
The Great Rann of Kutch (IPA: [ɾən...kət͡ːʃʰ]) is a salt marsh in the Thar Desert in the Kutch District of Gujarat, India. It is about 7500 km2 (2900 sq miles) in area and is reputed to be one of the largest salt deserts in the world. This area has been inhabited by the Kutchi people.

The Gujarati word Rann and Sindhi word Rinn is derived from Sanskrit/Vedic word iriṇa (इरिण), meaning the salt flat or barren ground, attested in the Rigveda and Mahabharata. It is the southern extension of the Thar Desert.
National Register of Historic Places listings in Polk County, Tennessee
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Polk County, Tennessee.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Polk County, Tennessee, United States.  Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.

There are 18 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted January 23, 2026.

Polk County, Tennessee
Polk County is a county located in the southeastern corner of the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2020 United States census, its population was 17,544. Its county seat is Benton. The county was created on November 28, 1839, from parts of Bradley and McMinn counties, after final removal of most Cherokee from the region that year. The county was named after then-governor (and future president) James K. Polk. Polk County is included in the Cleveland, Tennessee Metropolitan Area Statistical Area, which is also included in the Chattanooga–Cleveland–Dalton, TN–GA–AL Combined Statistical Area.
Paullo
Paullo (Lombard: Paull [paˈyl], locally Paù [paˈy]) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 10 kilometres (6 mi) southeast of Milan. As of 30 April 2014, it had a population of 11,333 and an area of 8.9 square kilometres (3.4 mi2).

Paullo borders the following municipalities: Mediglia, Merlino, Mulazzano, Settala, Tribiano, Zelo Buon Persico. It received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on April 2, 2009.

A projected extension of Milan Metro line 3 to Paullo is currently on hold, awaiting funding.

Zelo Buon Persico
Zelo Buon Persico (Lombard: Zel Bon Pèrsegh) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Lodi in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) southeast of Milan and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Lodi.

Zelo Buon Persico borders the following municipalities: Merlino, Paullo, Spino d'Adda, Mulazzano, Cervignano d'Adda, Boffalora d'Adda, Galgagnano.
Maritime Administration of Latvia
The Maritime Administration of Latvia (MAL, Latvian: Latvijas Jūras administrācija) is a government agency of Latvia that oversees maritime affairs. Its head office is in Riga.

The agency was established in 1994. It is subordinate to the Ministry of Transport.

Previously the Marine Accidents Investigation Division of the MAL investigated marine accidents and incidents. Beginning on 1 June 2011 the Transport Accident and Incident Investigation Bureau began investigating maritime accidents and incidents.

Ministry of Transport (Latvia)
The Ministry of Transport (Latvian: Latvijas Republikas Satiksmes ministrija) is a ministry of Latvia which is responsible for implementing state policy in the fields of transport and communications. Its head office is in Riga. As of March 6 2025, Atis Švinka is the minister.
Negative-feedback amplifier
A negative-feedback amplifier (or feedback amplifier) is an electronic amplifier that subtracts a fraction of its output from its input, so that negative feedback opposes the original signal.  The applied negative feedback can improve its performance (gain stability, linearity, frequency response, step response) and reduces sensitivity to parameter variations due to manufacturing or environment. Because of these advantages, many amplifiers and control systems use negative feedback.

An idealized negative-feedback amplifier as shown in the diagram is a system of three elements (see Figure 1):

an amplifier with gain AOL,

a feedback network β, which senses the output signal and possibly transforms it in some way (for example by attenuating or filtering it),

a summing circuit that acts as a subtractor (the circle in the figure), which combines the input and the transformed output.

Signal-flow graph
A signal-flow graph or signal-flowgraph (SFG), invented by Claude Shannon, but often called a Mason graph after Samuel Jefferson Mason who coined the term, is a specialized flow graph, a directed graph in which nodes represent system variables, and branches (edges, arcs, or arrows) represent functional connections between pairs of nodes. Thus, signal-flow graph theory builds on that of directed graphs (also called digraphs), which includes as well that of oriented graphs. This mathematical theory of digraphs exists, of course, quite apart from its applications.

SFGs are most commonly used to represent signal flow in a physical system and its controller(s), forming a cyber-physical system.  Among their other uses are the representation of signal flow in various electronic networks and amplifiers, digital filters, state-variable filters and some other types of analog filters.  In nearly all literature, a signal-flow graph is associated with a set of linear equations.
Michael Davies (priest)
Michael Davies (1 August 1694 – 9 June 1779) was Archdeacon of Cloyne from 1742 until his death.

The youngest son of Rowland Davies, Dean of Cork from 1710 to 1721, he was born in Cork and educated at Trinity College, Dublin   After  a curacy at Youghal  he held incumbencies at Kilmahon, Aghinagh and Gortroe.

Archdeacon of Cloyne
The Archdeacon of Cloyne was a senior ecclesiastical officer within the Diocese of Cloyne until 1835; and then within the Diocese of Cork, Cloyne and Ross until 1986 when it merged with the Archdeaconry of Cork. As such he was responsible for the disciplinary supervision of the clergy within the Cloyne Diocese.

The archdeaconry can trace its history from Colman O'Scannlain, the first known incumbent, who was mentioned in the Annals of the Four Masters as having been aircinneach (an Irish word for archdeacon) of Cloyne at some time before his death in 1179. to the last discrete holder Arthur Charles Gill. In between Thomas Wetherhead, Michael Boyle and William Steere went on to be bishops.
Pronax
In Greek mythology, Pronax (/ˈproʊˌnæks/; Ancient Greek: Πρῶναξ) was one of the sons of Talaus and Lysimache, a brother of Adrastus and Eriphyle, and the father of Lycurgus and Amphithea. According to some accounts, he died before the war of the Seven against Thebes, and the Nemean Games were instituted in his honor.

Amphithea
Amphithea (Ancient Greek: Ἀμφιθέα) is the name of several women in Greek mythology:

Amphithea, who was, according to some, the wife of Lycurgus, king of Nemea, and mother of Opheltes (later called Archemorus).

Amphithea, daughter of Pronax, son of King Talaus of Argos, and thus, sister to Lycurgus. She married Adrastus and was the mother of Argia, Deipyle, Aegiale, Aegialeus and Cyanippus. Another account refers to her as the wife of Dion and the mother of Carya, Lyco and Orphe.

Amphithea, wife of Autolycus and mother of Anticlea (the mother of Odysseus), Polymede (possible mother of Jason), and a number of sons, including Aesimus (the father of Sinon).

Amphithea, wife of Aeolus the Etrurian king, and mother of six sons and six daughters, the youngest boy being Macareus, who made his sister Canace pregnant. Both he and his sister killed themselves.

Amphithea, an alternate name for Hemithea, the sister of Tenes.
WNWC-FM
WNWC-FM (102.5 FM, "Life 102.5") is an American radio station broadcasting a Christian adult contemporary music format. Licensed to Madison, Wisconsin, United States, "Life 102.5" has an AM sister station, "Faith 1190" (WNWC), that broadcasts programs on Christian faith. Both stations are currently owned by University of Northwestern – St. Paul and run by Northwestern Media, a ministry of UNWSP.

WNWC transmits from a tower in Elver Park on Madison's Southwest Side.

WNWC (AM)
WNWC (1190 kHz "Faith 1190 WNWC" or "Faith Radio") is an AM radio station in Sun Prairie, Wisconsin, owned and operated by University of Northwestern – St. Paul. It is a non-profit, listener-supported radio station relying on donations from the local community throughout the year. It also broadcasts on an FM translator at 104.7 FM, covering Madison, Wisconsin and surrounding areas from a transmitter located south of Sun Prairie.