hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Battle of Otavi
The Battle of Otavi fought between the militaries of the Union of South Africa and German Southwest Africa on 1 July 1915 was the final battle of the South West Africa Campaign of World War I. The battle, fought between Otavi mountain and Otavifontein, was a delaying action led by the German Major Hermann Ritter. Ritter's forces intended to buy the main German force at Tsombe several days so as they could harden their positions there. In the end, Botha's forces were able to rout Ritter's troops, leading to an overall breakdown in the German lines that brought the campaign to an end.

South West Africa campaign
The South West Africa campaign was the conquest and occupation of German South West Africa by forces from the Union of South Africa acting on behalf of the British imperial government at the beginning of the First World War. The South African Prime Minister Louis Botha took the unusual move of leading his troops into battle as commander-in-chief, to the frustration of his cabinet.
Belvedere Ostrense
Belvedere Ostrense is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Ancona in the Italian region Marche, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) west of Ancona.

Belvedere Ostrense borders the following municipalities: Castelplanio, Maiolati Spontini, Montecarotto, Morro d'Alba, Ostra, Poggio San Marcello, San Marcello, Senigallia.

Poggio San Marcello
Poggio San Marcello is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Ancona in the Italian region Marche, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southwest of Ancona.

Poggio San Marcello borders the following municipalities: Belvedere Ostrense, Castelplanio, Montecarotto, Rosora.
Berita Harian (Malaysia)
Berita Harian (shortened to BH) is a Malay-language daily newspaper in Malaysia. It was published by the New Straits Times Press and was first issued on July 1, 1957. Its Sunday edition, BH has (formerly Berita Minggu), was launched on 10 July 1960.

New Straits Times Press
The New Straits Times Press (Malaysia) Berhad (officially abbreviated as NSTP) is a Malaysian newspaper publishing conglomerate, owned by Media Prima. The NSTP publishes several newspapers, including its namesake flagship newspaper as well as Berita Harian and Harian Metro.
Northwest Junior Hockey League (Manitoba)
The Northwest Junior Hockey League is a defunct Junior "B" ice hockey league in Manitoba, Canada, sanctioned by Hockey Canada. The league's only provincial rival, the Manitoba Junior B Hockey League, still exists as the Keystone Junior Hockey League.

In the 13-season history of the league NJHL teams would go on to win the Baldy Northcott Trophy three times: Norway House North Stars (2001, 2004) and NCN Flames (2002).

Keystone Junior Hockey League
The Keystone Junior Hockey League (KJHL) is a Junior 'B' ice hockey league in the province of Manitoba, Canada. The league, sanctioned by Hockey Manitoba, was formerly known as the Manitoba Junior 'B' Hockey League.
Karin Housley
Karin Housley (/ˈkɑːrɪn ˈhaʊzli/ KAR-in HOWZ-lee; née Locke; born January 20, 1964) is an American politician serving since 2013 as a member of the Minnesota Senate, representing District 33. A Republican, she represents Forest Lake, Stillwater, and the surrounding St. Croix Valley. Housley was the party's nominee in Minnesota's  2018 United States Senate special election, which she lost to Tina Smith.

91st Minnesota Legislature
The Ninety-first Minnesota Legislature was the legislature of the U.S. state of Minnesota from January 8, 2019 to January 4, 2021. It was composed of the Senate and House of Representatives, based on the results of the 2016 Senate election and 2018 House election. It first convened and held its regular session in Saint Paul from January 8 to May 20, 2019, and from February 11 to May 18, 2020. In addition, seven special sessions were held this term, the most of any term in state history.
Bucher Hydraulics
Bucher Hydraulics located in Klettgau-Griessen, Germany is the internationally active hydraulic division of the Swiss conglomerate Bucher Industries, Niederweningen (ZH), a corporation listed on the SWX Swiss Stock Exchange.

Bucher Industries
Bucher Industries AG is an internationally active Swiss group of companies in the machinery industry based in Niederweningen, Switzerland. Listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange, the company generated sales of 3.16 billion Swiss francs in 2024 and employed 14,107 people. Bucher Industries is the fourth-oldest listed company in Switzerland.
Faerberia
Faerberia is a fungal genus in the family Polyporaceae. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Faerberia carbonaria, which is commonly known as the firesite funnel due to its habitat of burned soil.

Polyporaceae
The Polyporaceae (/pɔːliːpoʊreɪsiˌaɪ, -siːˌiː/) are a family of poroid fungi belonging to the Basidiomycota.  The flesh of their fruit bodies varies from soft (as in the case of the dryad's saddle illustrated) to very tough.  Most members of this family have their hymenium (fertile layer) in vertical pores on the underside of the caps, but some of them have gills (e.g. Panus) or gill-like structures (such as Daedaleopsis, whose elongated pores form a corky labyrinth).  Many species are brackets, but others have a definite stipe – for example, Polyporus badius.

Most of these fungi have white spore powder but members of the genus Abundisporus have colored spores and produce yellowish spore prints. Cystidia are absent.
Sensory neuroscience
Sensory neuroscience is a subfield of neuroscience which explores the anatomy and physiology of neurons that are part of sensory systems such as vision, hearing, and olfaction. Neurons in sensory regions of the brain respond to stimuli by firing one or more nerve impulses (action potentials) following stimulus presentation. How is information about the outside world encoded by the rate, timing, and pattern of action potentials? This so-called neural code is currently poorly understood and sensory neuroscience plays an important role in the attempt to decipher it. Looking at early sensory processing is advantageous since brain regions that are "higher up" (e.g. those involved in memory or emotion) contain neurons which encode more abstract representations. However, the hope is that there are unifying principles which govern how the brain encodes and processes information. Studying sensory systems is an important stepping stone in our understanding of brain function in general.

Sensory nervous system
The sensory nervous system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory  information.  A sensory system consists of sensory neurons (including the sensory receptor cells), neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception and interoception.  Commonly recognized sensory systems are those for vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell, balance and visceral sensation. Sense organs are transducers that convert data from the outer physical world to the realm of the mind where people interpret the information, creating their perception of the world around them.

The receptive field is the area of the body or environment to which a receptor organ and receptor cells respond. For instance, the part of the world an eye can see, is its receptive field; the light that each rod or cone can see, is its receptive field. Receptive fields have been identified for the visual system, auditory system and somatosensory system.
Villanueva del Ariscal
Villanueva del Ariscal is a town located in the Province of Seville, Spain. It has a population of 6,571 inhabitants (2018 INE). It is located between Olivares (to the north) and Espartinas (to the south). It also borders Sanlúcar la Mayor to the west.

Olivares, Spain
Olivares is a city located in the Province of Seville, Spain. According to the 2016 census (INE), the city has a population of 9480 inhabitants. It is located in the Aljarafe, the comarca downstream of the Guadalquivir and west of Seville. It borders Albaida to the west, Gerena to the north, Salteras to the east, and Sanlúcar la Mayor and Villanueva del Ariscal to the south. After the establishment of the House of Olivares, it grew in size and influence, becoming an important urban center in the Aljarafe.
Ǵ
Ǵ (minuscule: ǵ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed by putting an acute accent over the letter G. The letter represents the Pashto letter geh (ږ), the Macedonian letter gje (Ѓ), and the Karakalpak phoneme /ɣ/ (Cyrillic Ғ), and appears in the Cantonese Yale multigraphs nǵ and nǵh. The letter is also used to transcribe the Old Church Slavic letter djerv (Ꙉ). In Võro it is used to represent /kʲ/, the short palatalised velar plosive and in Finno-Ugric transcription it is used for /gʲ/, the palatalised voiced velar plosive.

The 2019 reformed alphabet for Uzbek also contains this letter. It is currently represented by Gʻ (Cyrillic Ғ).

The 2018 revision of the Kazakh Latin alphabet uses the letter as a replacement for the Cyrillic Ғ, which represents [ʁ]. In 2019, the letter was replaced by Ğ.

Ğ
Ğ (g with breve; minuscule: ğ) is a Latin letter found in the Turkish and Azerbaijani alphabets as well as the Latin alphabets of Zazaki, Laz, Crimean Tatar, Tatar, and Kazakh. It traditionally represented the voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ or the voiced uvular fricative /ʁ/. However, in Turkish, the phoneme has in most cases been reduced to a silent letter, serving as a vowel-lengthener. But for Crimean Tatar spelling in Romania it represents the voiced palato-alveolar affricate /d͡ʒ/.
Arre, Veneto
Arre is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Padua in the Italian region Veneto, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Venice and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of Padua. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,067 and an area of 12.4 square kilometres (4.8 sq mi).

Arre borders the following municipalities: Agna, Bagnoli di Sopra, Candiana, Conselve, Terrassa Padovana.

Bagnoli di Sopra
Bagnoli di Sopra (Venetian: Bagnołi de Sora) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Padua in the Italian region Veneto, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) southwest of Venice and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of Padua. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 3,837 and an area of 34.9 square kilometres (13.5 sq mi).

Bagnoli di Sopra borders the following municipalities: Agna, Anguillara Veneta, Arre, Conselve, Tribano.
Orthopedic surgery
Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics (alternative spelling orthopaedics) is the branch of surgery concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system. Orthopedic surgeons use both surgical and nonsurgical means to treat musculoskeletal trauma, spine diseases, sports injuries, degenerative diseases, infections, tumors and congenital disorders.

Bone fracture
A bone fracture (abbreviated FRX or Fx, Fx, or #) is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of any bone in the body. In more severe cases, the bone may be broken into several fragments, known as a comminuted fracture. An open fracture (or compound fracture) is a bone fracture where the broken bone breaks through the skin.

A bone fracture may be the result of high force impact or stress, or a minimal trauma injury as a result of certain medical conditions that weaken the bones, such as osteoporosis, osteopenia, bone cancer, or osteogenesis imperfecta, where the fracture is then properly termed a pathologic fracture. Most bone fractures require urgent medical attention to prevent further injury.
Charles L. Flynn Jr.
Charles L. Flynn Jr. is a former president of the College of Mount Saint Vincent, serving from 2000 to 2021. Prior to working at the College of Mount Saint Vincent, Flynn served as Provost of Assumption College in Massachusetts.

Flynn received a bachelor's degree from Hamilton College where he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. He earned his M.A. and Ph.D. in history from Duke University.  Flynn's scholarly works include "White Land, Black Labor: Caste and Class in Late Nineteenth-Century Georgia" and a co-edited book, Race, Class, and Politics in Southern History. The latter work was named an outstanding book on human rights by the Gustavus Myers Center in 1990. In 1999, while at Assumption College, he was initiated into Omicron Delta Kappa honor society.

Flynn retired in 2021, and was named President Emeritus of the College of Mount Saint Vincent.

University of Mount Saint Vincent
The University of Mount Saint Vincent (UMSV) is a private Catholic university located in the Riverdale, Bronx section of New York City in the United States. It was founded in 1847 by the Sisters of Charity of New York.

The university serves over 1,800 students with professional undergraduate programs in nursing, business, communication, and education and graduate degree programs in nursing, physician assistant, business, TESOL, and education. It is under the auspices of the Sisters of Charity of New York, one of several Sisters of Charity congregations of Catholic women that trace their lineage back to Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton.
Tennessee State Route 98
State Route 98 (SR 98) is a north–south state highway located entirely in Lawrence County in Middle Tennessee. Its northern terminus is a junction with US 43 (SR 6) in Leoma, and its southern terminus is at the Alabama state line.

U.S. Route 43
U.S. Route 43 (US 43) is a 410-mile-long (660 km) north–south United States Highway in the Southern states of Alabama and Tennessee. It travels from Prichard, Alabama, to Columbia, Tennessee. The highway's southern terminus is in Prichard, at an intersection with US 90, and its northern terminus is in Columbia at an intersection with US 31/US 412/US 412 Bus.

In Alabama and Tennessee, all of the U.S. Highways in each state have one or more unsigned state highways designated along its length. US 43 travels concurrently with Alabama State Route 13 (SR 13) from its southern terminus to an intersection in southeastern Fayette County. For the rest of its length in the state, US 43 is concurrent with signed state highways. In Tennessee, US 43 travels concurrently with Tennessee State Route 6 (SR 6) along its entire length in the state. It also has an unsigned concurrency with SR 227 between Saint Joseph and Loretto.
Hillsborough House
Hillsborough House, later called Hillsborough Hall, is a large, stone-built mansion constructed in the Adam style in the latter part of the 18th century. It stands 2+1⁄2 miles north-west of the centre of Sheffield at grid reference SK331901 in the suburb of Hillsborough within Hillsborough Park, a council-owned public recreational area. For 124 years the house was a private dwelling, but since 1906 it has housed the Hillsborough branch library. It is a Grade II listed building as are the coach house and stables which stand 22 yards (20 m) north-west of the main house.

Hillsborough, Sheffield
Hillsborough (grid reference SK332896) is a suburb in north-west Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The centre of the district is popularly thought to be 'Hillsborough Corner' where Langsett Road, Middlewood Road, Holme Lane and Bradfield Road all meet. The Hillsborough ward population at the 2011 Census was 18,605.
Lesley Thomson (lawyer)
Lesley Thomson KC is a Scottish lawyer who served as the Solicitor General for Scotland from 2011 to 2016. She was appointed to the office on 19 May 2011, after the Scottish Parliament election, succeeding Frank Mulholland who was promoted to Lord Advocate.

Solicitor General for Scotland
His Majesty's Solicitor General for Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Àrd-neach-lagha a' Chrùin an Alba) is one of the Law Officers of the Crown, and the deputy to the Lord Advocate. The Lord Advocate has a duty is to advise the Scottish Government on Scots Law alongside the Solicitor General for Scotland. They are also responsible for the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service which together constitute the Criminal Prosecution Service in Scotland.

Together with the Lord Advocate, the Solicitor General for Scotland is one of the senior legal advisors to the government in Scotland. Whilst the Solicitor General for Scotland supports the Lord Advocate in their functions, the Solicitor General may also exercise their statutory and common law powers when necessary.
2019 Italian Open (tennis)
The 2019 Italian Open (also known as the Rome Masters or the Internazionali BNL d'Italia for sponsorship reasons) was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Foro Italico in Rome, Italy from 15 to 21 May 2019. It was the 76th edition of the Italian Open and was classified as an ATP Tour Masters 1000 event on the 2019 ATP Tour and a Premier 5 event on the 2019 WTA Tour.

2019 WTA Tour
The 2019 WTA Tour was the elite professional tennis circuit organised by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for the 2019 tennis season. The 2019 WTA Tour calendar was composed of the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF), the WTA Premier tournaments (Premier Mandatory, Premier 5, and regular Premier), the WTA International tournaments, the Fed Cup (organized by the ITF), and the year-end championships (the WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Elite Trophy). The Hopman Cup, organized by the ITF, also is included but did not distribute ranking points.

Prior to the season, the WTA announced usage of a shot clock at all Premier events. Players had have a minute to get on court, five minutes to warm up, and one minute to start the match. The time allotted to players in between points has been increased from 20 to 25 seconds. Finally, players were allowed only one toilet break in a match.
Gain graph
A gain graph is a graph whose edges are labelled "invertibly", or "orientably", by elements of a group G.  This means that, if an edge e in one direction has label g (a group element), then in the other direction it has label g −1.  The label function φ therefore has the property that it is defined differently, but not independently, on the two different orientations, or directions, of an edge e.  The group G is called the gain group, φ is the gain function, and the value φ(e) is the gain of e (in some indicated direction).  A gain graph is a generalization of a signed graph, where the gain group G has only two elements.  See Zaslavsky (1989, 1991).

A gain should not be confused with a weight on an edge, whose value is independent of the orientation of the edge.

Flow network
In graph theory, a flow network (also known as a transportation network) is a directed graph where each edge has a capacity and each edge receives a flow. The amount of flow on an edge cannot exceed the capacity of the edge. Often in operations research, a directed graph is called a network, the vertices are called nodes and the edges are called arcs.  A flow must satisfy the restriction that the amount of flow into a node equals the amount of flow out of it, unless it is a source, which has only outgoing flow, or sink, which has only incoming flow. A flow network can be used to model traffic in a computer network, circulation with demands, fluids in pipes, currents in an electrical circuit, or anything similar in which something travels through a network of nodes. As such, efficient algorithms for solving network flows can also be applied to solve problems that can be reduced to a flow network, including survey design, airline scheduling, image segmentation, and the matching problem.
SP!RE
SP!RE is a high-rise condominium building located at 70 Adelaide Street East at Church Street in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada by Context Development. Construction was completed in 2007.

The structure was designed by Peter Clewes of architectsAlliance and is 145 metres tall with 322 suites (from 42 m2 to 228 m2) in 45 floors.

Peter Clewes
Peter Clewes is a Canadian architect and the principal of the Toronto-based firm architectsAlliance. He has been one of the leading architects in the condo boom that has reshaped Toronto in the first decade of the 21st century. His projects include SP!RE, Casa Condominio Residenza, Murano, Burano, X Condominium, 20 Niagara, Ideal Lofts, and MoZo. He most often works for Howard Cohen of Context Developments.
Roy Dupuis
Roy Michael Joseph Dupuis (French pronunciation: [ʁɔj dypɥi]; born April 21, 1963) is a Canadian actor best known in America for his role as counterterrorism operative Michael Samuelle in the television series La Femme Nikita. In Canada, specifically Quebec, he's known for numerous leading roles he's played in film. He portrayed Maurice Richard on television and in film and Roméo Dallaire in the 2007 film Shake Hands with the Devil.

MetroStar Award
The MetroStar Award (French: Prix MetroStar) was presented for achievements in French-Canadian (Québécois) television and was based on popular vote. Many notable Québécois performing artists have been honored with this award; for example, Céline Dion in 1988 and Roy Dupuis in 1991, 1992, and 2003.

The sponsorship of this award (Metro Inc.) and its name were changed in 2006, when the Prix MetroStar became the Prix Artis (Artis Award).
Stavros, Othonoi
Stavros  (Greek: Σταυρός) is a village on the island of Othonoi, Greece. It takes its name from the Cross monument, located at an altitude of 217 meters, that commemorates the massacre of the inhabitants of the island by the Ottoman fleet under Hayreddin Barbarossa in 1537 when Diapontia islands and Corfu were parts of  Republic of Venice.

Othonoi
Othonoi (Greek: Οθωνοί, also rendered as Othoni, Ancient Greek: Ὀθρωνός, romanized: Othrōnós) is a small inhabited Greek island in the Ionian Sea, located northwest of Corfu, and is the westernmost point of Greece. Othonoi is the largest and most populated of the Diapontian Islands. Since the 2019 local government reform it is part of the municipality of Central Corfu and Diapontian Islands.

In the 19th century the island was the capital of the Diapontia Islands municipality, which also included nearby islands of Ereikoussa, Mathraki, islets and rocks of Diakopo, Diaplo, Karavi, Kastrino, Leipso, Ostrako, Plaka, Plateia and Tracheia. Othonoi is about 47 nautical miles from Santa Maria di Leuca cape, Italy.
Krishna Nagar, Delhi
Krishna Nagar, Delhi is an urban ward situated in the East Delhi district of Delhi in the Trans-Yamuna area. It is surrounded by Vishwas Nagar, Gandhi Nagar, Preet Vihar & Geeta Colony areas.

The main areas under this Delhi Assembly constituency include the Ghondli Vill, Lal Quarter Market, Old Anarkali, Jagatpuri, Ram Nagar, Ram Nagar Extension, East Krishna Nagar, Krishna Nagar Blocks A through K, Krishna Nagar Extension, Shivpuri, Shivpuri Extension, Arjun Nagar, Old Arjun Nagar, Kanti Nagar, Radhey Puri, Rashid Market, Chander Nagar, New Layal Pur and New Layal Pur Extn., West Azad Nagar and Khureji Khas.

The Lal Quarter market is the main attraction of Krishna Nagar, featuring Lajpat-style jewelry, kurtis and dupattas, Sarojini-style style daily wear, saris, bags, accessories, and footwear.

Gandhi Nagar, Delhi
Gandhi Nagar is a residential area in the East Delhi district of Delhi in the Trans-Yamuna area. It is most known for Gandhi Nagar Market, which is Asia's biggest readymade garments/textile market. Gandhi Nagar is home to a vast number of shops and factories. 
 It was built on the acquired village lands of Seelampur.

Administratively it is one of the three subdivision of the East Delhi district (the others being Preet Vihar and Vivek Vihar) and one of the ten state legislative assembly constituencies under the East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency), presently represented by Harsh Malhotra. The area is one of the most congested colonies with a population of around 3.5 lakh. It a high population of Muslims, many of whom are workers in the factory in the East Delhi constituency at 22%.

It was a notorious market between 2016 and 2017 by the USTR for selling counterfeit apparel.