hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Porpidia flavicunda
Porpidia flavicunda is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Lecideaceae. This bright yellow-orange lichen forms crusty patches on siliceous rocks, bordered by distinctive narrow black lines, and is dotted with small black disc-shaped fruiting bodies. It has a circumpolar distribution across arctic and boreal regions and is among the most common lichens found growing on rocks in Iceland.

Porpidia
Porpidia is a genus of crustose lichens in the family Lecideaceae. Porpidia species primarily inhabit siliceous rocks, pebbles, and stonework, with rare occurrences on bark, wood, and compacted soil. The thallus, or body of the lichen, varies in appearance from thick and crusty to barely visible. It may form a continuous layer or develop cracks resulting in a segmented, areolate structure. The colour of the thallus ranges from grey and white to orange.
Dan Jessee
Daniel Edward Jessee (February 22, 1901 – April 30, 1970) was an American professional baseball player and coach of college football and college baseball. He appeared in one Major League Baseball game as a pinch runner for the Cleveland Indians on August 14 during the 1929 Cleveland Indians season. Jessee served as the head football coach at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut from 1932 to 1966, compiling a record of 150–76–7. He also had two stints as Trinity's head baseball coach, from 1935 to 1961 and 1963, to 1967, tallying a mark of 239–170–5. Jessee/Miller Field, the home stadium of the Trinity Bantams football team, was named for Jessee in 1966 and now also honors his successor as head football coach, Don Miller.

Jessee attended Pacific University in Forest Grove, Oregon, where he played football, basketball, and baseball. He earned a master's degree in physical education from Columbia University in 1932. Jessee died on April 30, 1970, in Venice, Florida.

Don Miller (American football coach)
Donald G. Miller (born c. 1933) is a retired American football coach and former player. He served as the head football coach at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut from 1967 to 1998. Miller played college football at the University of Delaware, where he was the starting quarterback who led the Blue Hens to victory in the 1954 Refrigerator Bowl.

Miller began his coaching career at Newark High School in Newark, Delaware in 1955. He led Newark to a record of 31–2 in four seasons as head coach before he resigned in April 1959 to take an assistant coaching position at Amherst College in Amherst, Massachusetts.

Jessee/Miller Field, the home stadium of the Trinity Bantams football team is named for Miller and his predecessor, Dan Jessee.
Kan (river)
The Kan (Russian: Кан) river is a right tributary of the Yenisey in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Siberia, Russia. It is 629-kilometre (391 mi) long and drains a basin of 36,900 square kilometres (14,200 sq mi). Its valley forms the southern boundary of the Yenisey Range.

Yenisei
The Yenisey or Yenisei (/ˌjɛnɪˈseɪ/, YEN-iss-AY; Russian: Енисе́й, pronounced [jɪnʲɪˈsʲej]) is the fifth-longest river system in the world, and the largest to drain into the Arctic Ocean.

Rising in Mungaragiyn-gol in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course through Lake Baikal and the Krasnoyarsk Dam before draining into the Yenisey Gulf in the Kara Sea. The Yenisey divides the Western Siberian Plain in the west from the Central Siberian Plateau to the east; it drains a large part of central Siberia. Its delta is formed between the Gyda Peninsula and the Taymyr Peninsula.

It is the central one of three large Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob and the Lena). The maximum depth of the Yenisey is 61 metres (200 ft) and the average depth is 14 metres (45 ft).
Subang Parade
Subang Parade is a shopping mall located in Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. The building has over 200 stores at a space of approximately 1,169,038 square feet (108,607.2 m2) distributed in three floors. It is located just off the Malaysian Federal Highway, and is within walking distance to Darul Ehsan Mosque, Aeon Big (formerly Carrefour), Empire Shopping Gallery and Subang Jaya station.

Subang Jaya
Subang Jaya is a city in Petaling District, Selangor, Malaysia. It comprises the southern third district of Petaling. It consists of the neighbourhoods from SS12 to SS19, UEP Subang Jaya (USJ), Putra Heights, Batu Tiga as well as PJS7, PJS9 and PJS11 of Bandar Sunway, the latter of which are partially jurisdictional within Petaling Jaya under the MBPJ. The city is governed by Subang Jaya City Council (MBSJ), which also governs other areas of the Petaling district, such as Puchong and Seri Kembangan. According to Subang Jaya City Council, Subang Jaya has a population of 968,930 in 2020, which makes it the sixth largest city in Malaysia by population.
Geology Today
Geology Today is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by  Wiley on behalf of the Geologists' Association and the Geological Society of London. The editor-in-chief is Peter Doyle (Geological Society of London). The journal covers all aspects of the Earth sciences.

Geologists' Association
The Geologists' Association, founded in 1858, is a British organisation with charitable status for those concerned with the study of geology. It publishes the Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
and jointly with the Geological Society of London, Geology Today.
Elizabeth River (Virginia)
The Elizabeth River is a 6-mile-long (10 km) tidal estuary forming an arm of Hampton Roads harbor at the southern end of Chesapeake Bay in southeast Virginia in the United States. It is located along the southern side of the mouth of the James River, between the cities of Portsmouth, Norfolk, and Chesapeake. Forming the core of the Hampton Roads harbor, it is heavily supported by its tributaries which depend upon it.

Through its Southern Branch and the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal, the Elizabeth River also is a gateway to points to the south for the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, an inland path from the ocean providing a more sheltered navigable waterway to Florida for commercial and recreational boating.

Western Branch Elizabeth River
36°50′56″N 76°21′28″W﻿ / ﻿36.84889°N 76.35778°W﻿ / 36.84889; -76.35778

The Western Branch Elizabeth River is a 7.0-mile-long (11.3 km) tidal river which bisects the city of Portsmouth, Virginia, in the United States.  It is a tributary of the Elizabeth River, part of the harbor of Hampton Roads in southeastern Virginia.
Downpatrick
Downpatrick (from Irish Dún Pádraig, meaning 'Patrick's fort') is a town in County Down, Northern Ireland. It is on the Lecale peninsula, about 21 mi (34 km) south of Belfast. In the Middle Ages, it was the capital of the Dál Fiatach, the main ruling dynasty of Ulaid. Its cathedral is said to be the burial place of Saint Patrick. Today, it is the county town of Down and the joint headquarters of Newry, Mourne and Down District Council.
Downpatrick had a population of 11,545 according to the 2021 Census.

Irish rebellion of 1803
The Irish rebellion of 1803 was an attempt by Irish republicans to seize the seat of the British government in Ireland, Dublin Castle, and trigger a nationwide insurrection. Renewing the struggle of 1798, they were organised under a reconstituted United Irish directorate. Hopes of French aid, of a diversionary rising by radical militants in England, and of Presbyterians in the north-east rallying once more to the cause of a republic were disappointed. The rising in Dublin misfired, and after a series of street skirmishes, the rebels dispersed. Their principal leader, Robert Emmet, was executed; others went into exile.
Reading
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch.

For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), punctuation, alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.

Other types of reading and writing, such as pictograms (e.g., a hazard symbol or an emoji), are not based on speech-based writing systems. The common link is the interpretation of symbols to extract the meaning from the visual notations or tactile signals (e.g., braille).

There is a growing body of evidence which illustrates the importance of reading for pleasure for both educational purposes as well as personal development.

Guided reading
Guided reading is "small-group reading instruction designed to provide differentiated teaching that supports students in developing reading proficiency". The small group model allows students to be taught in a way that is intended to be more focused on their specific needs, accelerating their progress.

The approach has been questioned for its efficacy and is increasingly faced with scrutiny since reporting by Emily Hanford in “Sold a Story” during 2022-2023 and more recently in a New Yorker Article about the poor research behind these methods.

In a recent example, a Michigan school district that implemented one of these approaches saw their scores drop 2x faster during the pandemic than the statewide average. https://www.michigancapitolconfidential.com/news/reading-scores-plummeted-as-michigan-schools-adopted-now-discredited-curriculum
Newfoundland and Labrador Route 438
Route 438, also known as Croque Road, is a 28.8-kilometre-long (17.9 mi) east–west highway on the Great Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland in the Canadian Province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It connects the communities of Croque and St. Julien's (also known as Grandois) with Route 432 (Main Brook Highway) and the town of Main Brook. The entire length of Route 438 is a narrow, winding, gravel road.

Newfoundland and Labrador Route 432
Route 432, also known as Main Brook Highway, is a 110-kilometre-long (68 mi) east-west highway on the Great Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland in the Canadian Province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It connects the towns of Roddickton, Bide Arm, Main Brook, along with many other smaller communities, with Route 430 (Great Northern Peninsula Highway/Viking Trail) and the town of St. Anthony. Route 432 also carries the designation The Grenfell Loop after the Grenfell Mission founded by Sir Wilfred Grenfell.
Triptycene
Triptycene is an aromatic hydrocarbon, the simplest iptycene molecule with the formula C2H2(C6H4)3. It is a white solid that is soluble in organic solvents.  The compound has a paddle-wheel configuration with D3h symmetry.  It is named after the medieval three-piece art panel, the triptych.  Several substituted triptycenes are known.  Barrelenes are structurally related.  Due to the rigid framework and three-dimensional geometry, derivatives of triptycene have been well researched.

Iptycene
An iptycene is an aromatic compound composed of varying number of arene subunits bound to a bridged bicyclo-octatriene core structure. They are formally derivatives of barrelene. The first and simplest iptycene molecule is triptycene.

The first iptycene was reported in 1931 by Erich Clar. Paul Bartlett's research group developed Clar's method and made the first triptycene. Following Bertlett's work on triptycene, Hart et al., with acknowledgement to Professor Joel F. Liebman, proposed the trivial name iptycene for this class of molecules.
KRSQ
KRSQ (101.9 FM) is a commercial radio station in Laurel, Montana, serving the Billings, Montana area. The station airs a contemporary hit radio music format branded as "Hot 101-9". Licensed to Laurel, Montana, United States, the station serves the Billings area.  The station is currently owned by Radio Billings, LLC.

Laurel, Montana
Laurel is a city in Yellowstone County, Montana, United States and the third largest community in the Billings Metropolitan Statistical Area. Laurel is located in the Yellowstone Valley as an east–west terminal division point of the BNSF Railway. The population was 7,222 at the 2020 census.

Laurel is home to a Cenex Harvest States oil refinery and BNSF's Laurel Yard, the largest rail yard between St. Paul, Minnesota and Pasco, Washington.
Peter Temple-Morris
Peter Temple-Morris, Baron Temple-Morris (12 February 1938 – 1 May 2018) was a British politician. He was elected as the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Leominster in 1974; he stood down in 2001 after changing parties. He sat in the House of Lords as a Labour peer.

Owen Temple-Morris
Sir Owen Temple-Morris, QC (15 September 1896 – 21 April 1985) was a British barrister and Conservative politician, who sat for Cardiff East from 1931 until being appointed a County Court judge in 1942.

The son of Dr Frederick Temple-Morris, a physician and surgeon, and his wife Florence (daughter of Col Charles Lanyon Owen, C.B., of Portsmouth), Owen Temple-Morris was born at Cardiff. He was admitted as a solicitor in 1919, and was called to the Bar from Gray's Inn in 1925. Temple-Morris was appointed KC in 1937, and later served as chairman of the County Court Rule Committee.

In 1927, he married Vera, daughter of David Hamilton Thompson, of Cardiff. Their son, Peter Temple-Morris, was also a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP), but left the party and later joined the Labour Party.
Special Atomic Demolition Munition
The Special Atomic Demolition Munition (SADM), also known as the  XM129 and XM159 Atomic Demolition Charges, and the B54 bomb was a nuclear man-portable atomic demolition munition (ADM) system fielded by the US military from the 1960s to 1980s but never used in combat. It had an estimated yield of up to 1 kiloton of TNT.

Atomic demolition munition
Atomic demolition munitions (ADMs), colloquially known as nuclear land mines, are small nuclear explosive devices. ADMs were developed for both military and civilian purposes. As weapons, they were designed to be exploded in the forward battle area, in order to block or channel enemy forces. Non-militarily, they were designed for demolition, mining or earthmoving. Apart from testing, however, they have never been used for either purpose.
Patton Glacier
Patton Glacier (78°16′S 85°25′W﻿ / ﻿78.267°S 85.417°W﻿ / -78.267; -85.417) is a broad tributary glacier in the Sentinel Range, Ellsworth Mountains. It drains the east slope of the main ridge between Mounts Ostenso and Tyree, flows east-northeastwards between Evans Peak and Versinikia Peak on the north and Mount Bearskin on the south, and enters Ellen Glacier northeast of Zalmoxis Peak and southeast of Mount Jumper.

The feature was first mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1957–59. It was named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Sgt. Richard J. Patton, United States Air Force (USAF), the first to parachute land at the South Pole, November 26, 1956. He gave valuable assistance on the ground in directing the air drops from Globemaster aircraft, used in transporting supplies to establish the South Pole Station.

Ellen Glacier
The Ellen Glacier is a glacier in the central Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains of Antarctica. It drains the eastern slopes of Mount Anderson and Long Gables and flows generally southeast for 22 nautical miles (41 km; 25 mi) to Barnes Ridge, where it leaves the range and enters the south flowing Rutford Ice Stream.

It was first mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1957–59, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Lieutenant Colonel Cicero J. Ellen of the U.S. Air Force, who was in command of many of the air operations when the South Pole Station was established by air drop in the 1956–57 season.
SS Fürst Bismarck (1905)
SS Fürst Bismarck was a Hamburg America Line (HAPAG) ocean liner. She was launched in Scotland in 1905. In 1914 she was renamed Friedrichsruh. In 1919 the United Kingdom seized her as World War I reparations. In 1921 Messageries Maritimes acquired her and renamed her Amboise. She was scrapped in Italy in 1935.

The ship spent much of her HAPAG career on the route between Hamburg and Vera Cruz. For most of her Messageries Maritimes career her route was between Marseille and Haiphong.

She was the second HAPAG ocean liner to be named after Otto von Bismarck. HAPAG's first Fürst Bismarck was launched in 1890 and sold to Russia in 1904.

SS Fürst Bismarck (1890)
The first SS Fürst Bismarck was an ocean liner built in 1890 by AG Vulcan for the Hamburg America Line. A steamship of 8,430 gross register tons, it was assigned to transatlantic crossings between Hamburg Germany and New York City, United States. Fürst Bismarck and the sister ships were part of an express fleet that usually made the trip in five to six days.
Leger Pataplume 1
The Leger Pataplume 1 is a French amateur-built aircraft, designed by Leger Aviation of Archiac and made available in the form of plans for amateur construction. The aircraft's design goals are simplicity and economy of construction with low operating costs.

When it was available the aircraft was marketed with the French slogan "simplicite, economie, amusement".

By 2013 the company website had been removed and the plans were apparently no longer available.

Léger Aviation
SARL Léger Aviation was a French aircraft manufacturer based in Archiac. When it was in operation the company specialized in the design and manufacture of wooden ultralight aircraft in the form of plans for amateur construction. The company also supplied raw material for construction.

The company was a Société à responsabilité limitée.

Founded by father and son team Fabien and Jean Claude Léger the company produced plans and materials  for two designs, the open cockpit Leger Pataplume 1 and the enclosed cockpit Leger Pataplume 2. Both aircraft emphasized simplicity and ease of construction and were marketed with the French slogan "simplicite, economie, amusement".

By 2013 the company website had been removed and the plans were apparently no longer available.
Iowa Highway 136
Iowa Highway 136 (Iowa 136) is a state highway maintained by the Iowa Department of Transportation. It runs for 87.611 miles (140.996 km) in eastern Iowa. It begins at the Mississippi River in Clinton on the Mark Morris Memorial Bridge, where it continues as Illinois Route 136. It ends at an interchange with U.S. Highway 20 (US 20) and US 52 in Dyersville. Although signed as a north–south highway throughout, the highway runs east to west between Clinton and Oxford Junction, while turning north at Oxford Junction to complete its run to Dyersville. For most of its existence, Iowa 136 connected Clinton and Luxemburg. During the 1950s-1960s, the northern and southern ends of the route shifted slightly because nearby United States highways changed their alignments. The northern end of Iowa 136 shifted again in early 2022.

Maquoketa River
The Maquoketa River (/məˈkoʊkɪtə/) is a tributary of the Mississippi River, approximately 150 miles (240 km) long, in northeastern Iowa in the United States. Its watershed covers 1,694 square miles (4,387 km2) within a rural region of rolling hills and farmland southwest of Dubuque. The river and its tributaries mark the border of the Driftless Area of Iowa, with the areas east of it not having been covered by ice during the last ice age. Its name derives from Maquaw-Autaw, which means "Bear River" in Meskwaki.
2nd Battalion, 4th Marines
2nd Battalion, 4th Marines (2/4) is an infantry battalion of the United States Marine Corps.  The battalion, nicknamed the Magnificent Bastards from the Vietnam War, is based out of Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California and is a part of the 5th Marine Regiment and 1st Marine Division.

Joe C. Paul
Lance Corporal Joe Calvin Paul  (April 23, 1946 – August 19, 1965) was a United States Marine killed in the Vietnam War who posthumously received the Medal of Honor for diverting an attack long enough to allow the evacuation of wounded Marines during Operation Starlite near Chu Lai, Vietnam, on August 18, 1965. The medal was awarded on February 7, 1967, during a ceremony in the Office of Secretary of the Navy Paul H. Nitze, who presented the award to his parents.
Laurent Miquelard
Laurent Miquelard (born 1970) is a French former tennis player.

Miquelard, a Paris native, was a collegiate tennis player for Mississippi State University in the early 1990s. He was one of several French players in the Mississippi State side during this time, including his doubles partner Daniel Courcol.

In 1994 he won the NCAA doubles championships with Joc Simmons, over USC's Wayne Black and Jon Leach. The pair then featured together in the doubles main draw of the 1994 US Open.

Joc Simmons
Joc Simmons is an American former professional tennis player.

Raised in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Simmons played two seasons of collegiate tennis at the University of Oklahoma and won a Big Eight title both years. Transferring to Mississippi State, he partnered with Laurent Miquelard to win the 1994 NCAA doubles championship. The pair received a place in the doubles main draw of the 1994 US Open.
Velyki Dederkaly
Velyki Dederkaly (Ukrainian: Великі Дедеркали, Polish: Dederkały Wielkie) is a village in Kremenets Raion, Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Velyki Dederkaly rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

Until 18 July 2020, Velyki Dederkaly was located in Shumsk Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast to three. The area of Shumsk Raion was merged into Kremenets Raion.

Velyki Dederkaly rural hromada
Velyki Dederkaly rural territorial hromada (Ukrainian: Великодедеркальська територіальна громада, romanized: Velykodederkalska silska terytorialna hromada) is a hromada in Ukraine, in Kremenets Raion of Ternopil Oblast. The administrative center is the village of Velyki Dederkaly. Its population is 6,228 (2022 estimate) Established on 14 September 2016.
Thomas Le Boteller
Thomas Le Boteller, or Thomas Butler, nicknamed Thomas Bacach i.e. Thomas the Lame (before 1386 – 1420), was the illegitimate son of the 3rd Earl of Ormond, and a leading political figure in early fifteenth-century Ireland. He held the offices of Lord Chancellor of Ireland, Lord Deputy of Ireland and Prior of Kilmainham. In his own lifetime, he was a highly unpopular statesman, who was accused by his numerous enemies of treason. He is now chiefly remembered as a professional soldier, who was present at the Siege of Rouen in 1418–19. He had previously fought in the sanguinary conflict known as the Battle of Bloody Bank near Dublin in 1402.

Lord Chancellor of Ireland
The Lord High Chancellor of Ireland, commonly known as the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, was the highest ranking judicial office in Ireland until the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922. From 1721 until the end of 1800, it was also the highest political office of the Irish Parliament; the Chancellor was Speaker of the Irish House of Lords. The Lord Chancellor was also Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of Ireland. In all three respects, the office mirrored the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain.
Salmoniformes
Salmoniformes (/sælˈmɒnɪfɔːrmiːz/, lit. "salmon-shaped") is an order of ray-finned fishes native to the temperate and subarctic Northern Hemisphere. It contains two suborders: Salmonoidei (containing only the Salmonidae) and Esocoidei (containing pikes and mudminnows). In addition, potential fossil members of the group, dating back to the Late Cretaceous, are also known from Europe and Africa. Both large-sized members of this order (Salmonidae and Esocidae) are important food and sport fish of the Northern Hemisphere.

Umbridae
Umbridae is a family of ray-finned fish in the order Salmoniformes. The single living genus, Umbra, occupies weed-choked freshwater habitats in eastern North America and eastern Europe. While the family traditionally contained the genera Umbra, Novumbra, and Dallia, recent genetic and paleontological research have recovered this grouping as paraphyletic, with Novumbra and Dallia being moved to the family Esocidae.