hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenases (EC 1.2.1.10) are dehydrogenase enzymes which catalyze the conversion of acetaldehyde into acetyl-CoA. This can be summarized as follows:

Acetaldehyde + NAD+ + Coenzyme A ↔ Acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+

In humans, there are three known genes which encode this enzymatic activity, ALDH1A1, ALDH2, and the more recently discovered ALDH1B1 (also known as ALDH5).  These enzymes are members of the larger class of aldehyde dehydrogenases.

The CAS number for this type of the enzyme is [9028-91-5].

ALDH2
Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ALDH2 gene located on chromosome 12. ALDH2 belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of enzymes. Aldehyde dehydrogenase is the second enzyme of the major oxidative pathway of alcohol metabolism. ALDH2 has a low Km for acetaldehyde, and is localized in mitochondrial matrix. The other liver isozyme, ALDH1, localizes to the cytosol.

Most White people have both major isozymes, while approximately 36% of East Asians have the cytosolic isozyme but not a functional mitochondrial isozyme. A remarkably higher frequency of acute alcohol intoxication among East Asians than among Whites could be related to this absence of a catalytically active form of ALDH2. The increased exposure to acetaldehyde in individuals with the catalytically inactive form may also confer greater susceptibility to many types of cancer.
Solomon Dias Bandaranaike
Sir Solomon Dias Abeywickrema Jayatilleke Senewiratna Rajakumaruna Kadukeralu Bandaranaike, KCMG, JP (Sinhala: සොලමන් ඩයස් අබේවික්‍රම ජයතිලක සෙනෙවිරත්න රාජකුමාරුණ කඩුකෙරළු බණ්ඩාරනායක; 22 May 1862 – 31 July 1946) was a Ceylonese colonial-era headman. He was appointed as Head Mudaliyar and the aide-de-camp to the British Governor of Ceylon, therefore he was one of the most powerful personalities in British colonial Ceylon.

Ceylonese Mudaliyars
Mudaliyar (or Mudali) was a Ceylonese colonial title during Portuguese and British rule of the island. Stemming from the native headman system, the title was usually hereditary, made to wealthy influential families loyal to the British Crown.

It was first used by Sinhalese kings and reigning princes from the Polonnaruwa period onwards to ennoble subjects, the Portuguese from the 17th century onwards, followed by the Dutch and British continued use of the Mudaliyar title. The British use differed slightly in that they re-established a Mudaliyar class, at the behest of the Governor of Ceylon, with appointments that had the title of Mudali. This process was stopped in the 1930s when the Native Department of the British government of Ceylon was closed down.

The members of this group formed a unique social group called the Sri Lankan Mudaliyars and associated with older Radala caste. At present, the post of Court Mudliar remains in function in Sri Lankan courts.
Albugnano
Albugnano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Turin and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of Asti.

Albugnano borders the following municipalities: Aramengo, Berzano di San Pietro, Castelnuovo Don Bosco, Moncucco Torinese, Passerano Marmorito, and Pino d'Asti.

Aramengo
Aramengo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) east of Turin and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of Asti.

Aramengo borders the following municipalities: Albugnano, Berzano di San Pietro, Casalborgone, Cocconato, Passerano Marmorito, and Tonengo.
Kashgar River
The Kashgar River (also spelled Kaxgar; known in its upper course as the Kizilsu; Uyghur: قەشقەر دەرياسى, romanized: Qeshqer deryasi;  simplified Chinese: 喀什噶尔河; traditional Chinese: 喀什噶爾河) is a river in the Xinjiang region of the People’s Republic of China.

It rises on the eastern slopes of the Pamir Mountains, near the Alay Valley close to the border with Kyrgyzstan. From there, the river flows generally eastward, passing through the ErkeshtamPass and the city of Kashgar, after which it continues into the northwestern margins of the Taklamakan Desert. The Kashgar River ultimately joins the Yarkand River. Among its tributaries is the Ma'erkansu River.

Yarkand River
The Yarkand River (also spelled Yarkent River) is a river in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of western China. It originates in the Siachen Muztagh in a part of the Karakoram range and flows into the Tarim River, with which it is sometimes identified. However, in modern times, the Yarkand river drains into the Midstream Reservoir and exhausts its supply without reaching the Tarim river. The Yarkand River is approximately 1,332.25 km (827.82 mi) in length, with an average discharge of 210 m3/s (7,400 cu ft/s).

A part of the river valley is known to the Kyrgyz people as Raskam Valley, and the upper course of the river itself is called the Raskam River. Another name of the river is Zarafshan.  The area was once claimed by the ruler of Hunza.
Declaration of the World Food Summit: five years later
The Declaration of the World Food Summit: five years later was adopted by governments at the 2002 World Food Summit that was convened by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Among others, the declaration calls for the establishment of an intergovernmental working group to prepare a set of guidelines on the implementation of the right to food, resulting in the drafting of the Right to Food Guidelines. It also unanimously adopted a declaration calling on the international community to fulfil an earlier pledge to cut the number of hungry people to about 400 million by 2015. That pledge was made at the original World Food Summit in 1996 - the largest-ever global gathering of leaders to address hunger and food security - and progress towards it remained disappointingly slow.

Right to Food Guidelines
The Voluntary Guidelines to support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security, also known as the Right to Food Guidelines, is a document adopted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in 2004, with the aim of guiding states to implement the right to food. It is not legally binding, but directed to states' obligations to the right to food under international law. In specific, it is directed towards States Parties to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and to States that still have to ratify it.
AFL Capricornia
AFL Capricornia is an amateur Australian rules football competition played across Central Queensland between the months of March to September, which are typically the cooler months of the Queensland climate. Spanning across three main regions of Central Queensland including: Rockhampton, Gladstone and Livingstone. The league is moderately popular despite rugby league being the more favoured football code in Central Queensland.

Traditionally the Grand Final is held in Rockhampton at the Rockhampton Cricket Ground or occasionally at Stenlake Park (last in 2011), however Gladstone has twice held the Grand Final at Clinton Park (2004 & 2015).

AFL Queensland
AFL Queensland Limited (AFLQ) is the governing body of Australian rules football in Queensland formed in 2000 and based at Leyshon Park in the Brisbane suburb of Yeronga. AFL Queensland has over 216,000 participants (including Northern Rivers which is governed by AFLQ) playing at all levels of football from the introductory NAB AFL Auskick program to the AFL Masters Competition. AFL Queensland covers 13 regions, 24 leagues and 159 clubs.
Brewarrina railway line
The Brewarrina railway line is a closed branch railway line in far-western New South Wales, Australia. It joined the Main West Line at Byrock with the town of Brewarrina on the Darling River. It was 93.67 km long.

Main Western railway line
The Main Western railway line (or Great Western Railway) is a major railway in New South Wales, Australia. It runs through the Blue Mountains, and Central West regions. It is 825 kilometres (513 mi) long, of which 484 kilometres (301 mi) is currently operational.
Ropewalk (Karlskrona)
The Ropewalk (Swedish: Repslagarbanan) is a building on the island of Lindholmen in southeastern Sweden. It is located within the naval base in Karlskrona. Dating from 1692, the rope factory terminated production in 1960 but in 2006, after renovation, it was opened to the public with exhibitions and demonstrations of ropemaking. With a length of some 300 metres (980 ft), the Ropewalk is Sweden's longest wooden building.

Karlskrona
Karlskrona (UK: /ˈkɑːrlskroʊnə/, US: /kɑːrlzˈkruːnə/, Swedish: [kaɭsˈkrûːna] ⓘ) is a locality and the seat of Karlskrona Municipality, Blekinge County, Sweden with a population of 66,675 in 2018. It is also the capital of Blekinge County. Karlskrona is known as Sweden's only baroque city and is host to Sweden's largest naval base and the headquarters of the Swedish Coast Guard.

Historically, the city has been home to a German minority, thus enabling the formation of a German Congregational church. It also counted Jewish people in its population.

In 1998, parts of the city, including the Karlskrona Naval Base, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Lágymányos
Lágymányos is a neighbourhood in the district of Újbuda in Budapest, Hungary. In 2001, Lágymányos had a population of 19,741. The Budapest University of Technology and Economics is located here, as well as some faculties of Eötvös Loránd University.

The neighbourhood is served by a number of tram and bus lines, including the 4 and 6 trams.

47°28′N 19°03′E﻿ / ﻿47.467°N 19.050°E﻿ / 47.467; 19.050

Újbuda
Újbuda (lit. New Buda) is the 11th district of Budapest (Hungarian: Budapest XI. kerület), Hungary. It is the most populous district of Budapest with 137,426 inhabitants (2008). Until the 1890s, Újbuda's present territory was a field south of the historical town of Buda. The construction of a new residential area started in the 1900s, the present district was formed in 1930. From 1880 to 1980, Újbuda's population increased from 1,180 to 178,960. There are boulevards, avenues with tram lines, and communist-era housing estates in the district. Line 4 of the Budapest metro passes through Újbuda.
Western Zhou
The Western Zhou (Chinese: 西周; pinyin: Xīzhōu; c. 1046 – 771 BC) was a period of Chinese history corresponding roughly to the first half of the Zhou dynasty. It began when King Wu of Zhou overthrew the Shang dynasty at the Battle of Muye and ended in 771 BC when Quanrong pastoralists sacked the Zhou capital at Haojing and killed King You of Zhou. The "Western" label for the period refers to the location of the Zhou royal capitals, which were clustered in the Wei River valley near present-day Xi'an.

The early Zhou state was ascendant for about 75 years; thereafter, it gradually lost power. The former lands of the Shang were divided into hereditary fiefs that became increasingly independent of the Zhou king over time. The Zhou court was driven out of the Wei River valley in 771 BC: this marked the beginning of the Eastern Zhou period, wherein political power was wielded in actuality by the king's nominal vassals.

Haojing
Hao or Haojing, also called Zongzhou, was one of the two settlements comprising the capital of the Western Zhou dynasty (c. 1046 – c. 771 BCE), the other being Feng or Fengjing (豐京). They stood on opposite banks of the Feng River (灃河), Feng on the west bank and Hao on the east, and were together known as Fenghao. Archaeological discoveries indicate that the ruins of Haojing lie next to the Feng River around the north end of Doumen Subdistrict (斗门街道) in present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi Province.
Hjälmaren
Hjälmaren (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈjɛ̂lːmarɛn] or [ˈjɛ̂lːmaɳ]), also spelled Jälmaren, is Sweden's fourth largest lake. It is situated in the Central Swedish lowland and drains through Eskilstunaån into the adjacent Lake Mälaren, which in turn drains into the Baltic Sea, west of Stockholm. It is connected by waterway with Stockholm by the 13 kilometres long Hjälmare kanal.

It is bounded by the provinces of Södermanland, Närke, and Västmanland.

Hjälmaren is 63 kilometres long, about 20 kilometres wide, and has an average depth of 6 metres, and a surface of 483 km2. The largest towns around the lake is Örebro and Eskilstuna situated at the western and eastern ends of the lake.

Between 1878 and 1887, a damming project lowered the surface level of Hjälmaren 1.3 metres (4.3 ft) to free up land for agriculture and to reduce the risk of flooding.

Rebel Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson was assassinated in 1436 at Engelbrektsholmen, an islet in Lake Hjälmaren.

Eskilstunaån
Eskilstunaån (Eskilstuna River) is a small river in Sweden, length 32 km, running through the city of Eskilstuna and the town of Torshälla in Södermanland County.  The river drains Lake Hjälmaren into Lake Mälaren.  It is by local custom alternatively referred to as Torshällaån  (Torshälla River) in its lower course from Torshälla to Lake Mälaren.

Eskilstuna and Torshälla Canal was completed in its present form in 1860 to connect Lake Mälaren with the industrial city of Eskilstuna through Eskilstunaån, and three locks which circumvent the rapids in Eskilstuna and Torshälla.  Due to the building of low bridges in the 1960s it is currently only partially navigable between Lake Mälaren and Eskilstuna for vessels with low clearance.
Bandelet (computer science)
Bandelets are an orthonormal basis that is adapted to geometric boundaries. Bandelets can be interpreted as a warped wavelet basis. The motivation behind bandelets is to perform a transform on functions defined as smooth functions on smoothly bounded domains. As bandelet construction utilizes wavelets, many of the results follow. Similar approaches to take account of geometric structure were taken for contourlets and curvelets.

Contourlet
In image processing, contourlets form a multiresolution directional tight frame designed to efficiently approximate images made of smooth regions separated by smooth boundaries. The contourlet transform has a fast implementation based on a Laplacian pyramid decomposition followed by directional filterbanks applied on each bandpass subband.
East Kowloon Cultural Centre
The East Kowloon Cultural Centre is an arts complex in Jordan Valley, Kowloon, Hong Kong. It will be located on part of the former site of Lower Ngau Tau Kok Estate, directly across Kwun Tong Road from Kowloon Bay station. It will be built on a 2.16-hectare (5.3-acre) site at an estimated cost of $4.1 billion and opened in October 2024.

The centre will house five performance halls including a 1,200-seat multi-purpose hall and a 550-seat theatre, plus three smaller venues. It was designed by Rocco Yim and the Architectural Services Department.

Lower Ngau Tau Kok (II) Estate
Lower Ngau Tau Kok (II) Estate was a 7-block public housing estate built on reclaimed land in Ngau Tau Kok, Kwun Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, located opposite Kowloon Bay station on the MTR. The demolition of the estate started in March 2010. The estate, along with the Lower Ngau Tau Kok (I) Estate, which was demolished in June 2004, formed the Lower Ngau Tau Kok Estate. A new estate, retaining the name Lower Ngau Tau Kok Estate, is being constructed on the site.

The estate was often described as the last resettlement estate in Hong Kong.
Giovanni Cobelli
Giovanni (de) Cobelli (24 June 1849 – 22 January 1937) was an Italian civil servant and amateur naturalist.

After his studies in his home town of Rovereto, he went to Vienna to study natural history. On his return to his birthplace he taught at the technical institute, a position he occupied until 1902. He directed, from 1879 to 1937, the Rovereto museum. He collaborated with his brother Ruggero Cobelli (1838-1921), in various natural history researches, principally in entomology. He also worked with the entomologist Bernardino Halbherr (1844-1934).

Ruggero Cobelli
Ruggero (de) Cobelli (5 April 1838 – 5 September 1921) was an Italian entomologist who specialised in Orthoptera, Hemiptera and Hymenoptera.

Born in Rovereto and the brother of Giovanni Cobelli, Ruggero Cobelli was a physician.  His collection of Hymenoptera, Orthoptera and Cicadidae is in the Museo Civico Rovereto.
4th Infantry Division (United States)
The 4th Infantry Division is a division of the United States Army based at Fort Carson, Colorado. It is composed of a division headquarters battalion, three brigade combat teams (two Stryker and one armor), a combat aviation brigade, a division sustainment brigade, and a division artillery.

The 4th Infantry Division's official nickname, "Ivy", is a play on words of the Roman numeral IV or 4. Ivy leaves symbolize tenacity and fidelity which is the basis of the division's motto: "Steadfast and Loyal". The second nickname, "Iron Horse", has been adopted to underscore the speed and power of the division and its soldiers.

4th Infantry Division Artillery (United States)
The 4th Infantry Division Artillery ("Ivy Gunners") or DIVARTY is the force fires headquarters for the 4th Infantry Division of the United States Army. The 4th DIVARTY has been active from 1917 to 1921, 1935–1939, 1940–1946, 1948–1995, 1996–2007, and most recently reactivated in 2015. The DIVARTY has operational service in World War I, World War II, Vietnam, and Operation Iraqi Freedom.
Group Finot
Group Finot is a French boat design company based in Jouy-en-Josas. Founded by Jean-Marie Finot, the company specializes in the design of fiberglass sailboats.

The company also collaborates with designer Pascal Conq as Groupe Finot - Conq, based in Vannes, France.

Beneteau 311
The Beneteau 311 is a recreational keelboat, built in France by Beneteau from 1997 to 2003, with 1042 boats built.

The design was also marketed as the Oceanis 311, and the Stardust 311 for the yacht charter market. The hull design was also the basis for the Figaro Solo, the Beneteau First 310, Beneteau First 31.7 and the Beneteau Oceanis 300.
Protostates
A protostates (Greek: πρωτοστάτης, lit. 'the one who stands first/in front'), in Ancient Greece, was the man in front of an epistates (the one who stands behind). The Greek phalanx was made up of alternate ranks of protostates and epistates. Thus, in a file of eight men, the protostates were the men in positions 1, 3, 5 and 7, while the epistates occupied positions 2, 4, 6 and 8. The term remained in use into the Byzantine Empire. The foremost protostates of a file (lochos) was called a lochagos (λοχαγός).

Lochos
A lochos, plural lochoi (Ancient Greek: λόχος, romanized: lokhos; pl. λόχοι, lokhoi), is a tactical sub unit of Classical Greece and of the modern Greek army. The term derived from the ancient Greek for ambush and the men carrying out the ambush, but in practice, its meaning was essentially that of "war-band", a body of armed men. This translation has been used traditionally, e.g. for the Sacred Band of Thebes.
Fuorn Pass
Fuorn Pass or Ofen Pass (Romansh: Pass dal Fuorn, German: Ofenpass, Italian: Passo del Forno) (el. 2149 m.) is a high alpine mountain pass in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. The name is based on the ovens that were used in ironworks in the area. The ruins of these ovens can still be seen from nearby trails.

It connects Zernez in the Engadin valley with Val Müstair, crossing the Swiss National Park in Switzerland.

It was here that a brown bear (Ursus arctos) was seen and photographed in July 2005 - the first sighting of a wild bear in Switzerland since 1923

In 2004, the biggest Honey fungus spotted in Europe was found near the Pass. The fungus is about 1,000 years old and its diameter is estimated at 500 to 800 meters.

Val Müstair
Val Müstair (German: Münstertal, pronounced [ˈmʏnstərˌtaːl]) is a municipality in the Engiadina Bassa/Val Müstair Region in the Swiss canton of the Grisons. It was formed on 1 January 2009 through the merger of Tschierv, Fuldera, Lü, Valchava, Santa Maria Val Müstair and Müstair.
TMCR 95.3
TMCR or Today's More Choice Radio is a community radio station based in Thorne, South Yorkshire, England, broadcasting to north-east Doncaster and parts of the Isle of Axholme in Lincolnshire.

TMCR was set up as a Restricted Service Licence or 'trial station' to see how it would be received by the communities of Thorne and Moorends. Supported by Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council, and with financial backing through the Neighbourhood Renewal Fund, a four-week period on-air was run from a studio in Thorne.

Thorne, South Yorkshire
Thorne is a market town and civil parish in the City of Doncaster in South Yorkshire, England.   It was historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire until 1974. It has a population of 16,592, increasing to 17,295 at the 2011 Census.
Moscow Strikes Back
Moscow Strikes Back is a Soviet war documentary film about the Battle of Moscow between October 1941 and January 1942. It was directed by Ilya Kopalin and Leonid Varlamov. It was one of four films that won a 1942 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.

Russian Central Studio of Documentary Films
Russian Central Studio of Documentary Film (Russian: Российская центральная студия документальных фильмов) was a Russian film studio, founded in 1927. It was the largest Soviet newsreel and documentary cinematography studio. It is headquartered in Moscow.
Quaternion-Kähler manifold
In differential geometry, a quaternion-Kähler manifold (or quaternionic Kähler manifold) is a Riemannian 4n-manifold whose Riemannian holonomy group is a subgroup of Sp(n)·Sp(1) for some . Here Sp(n) is the sub-group of  consisting of those orthogonal transformations that arise by left-multiplication by some quaternionic  matrix, while the group  of unit-length quaternions instead acts on quaternionic -space  by right scalar multiplication. The Lie group  generated by combining these actions is then abstractly isomorphic to .

Although the above loose version of the definition includes hyperkähler manifolds, the standard convention of excluding these will be followed by also requiring that the scalar curvature be non-zero— as is automatically true if the holonomy group equals the entire group Sp(n)·Sp(1).

Einstein manifold
In differential geometry and mathematical physics, an Einstein manifold is a Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian differentiable manifold whose Ricci tensor is proportional to the metric. They are named after Albert Einstein because this condition is equivalent to saying that the metric is a solution of the vacuum Einstein field equations (with cosmological constant), although both the dimension and the signature of the metric can be arbitrary, thus not being restricted to Lorentzian manifolds (including the four-dimensional Lorentzian manifolds usually studied in general relativity). Einstein manifolds in four Euclidean dimensions are studied as gravitational instantons.

If  is the underlying -dimensional manifold, and  is its metric tensor, the Einstein condition means that

for some constant , where  denotes the Ricci tensor of . Einstein manifolds with  are called Ricci-flat manifolds.