hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Welfare maximization
The welfare maximization problem is an optimization problem studied in economics and computer science. Its goal is to partition a set of items among agents with different utility functions, such that the welfare – defined as the sum of the agents' utilities – is as high as possible. In other words, the goal is to find an item allocation satisfying the utilitarian rule.

An equivalent problem in the context of combinatorial auctions is called the winner determination problem. In this context, each agent submits a list of bids on sets of items, and the goal is to determine what bid or bids should win, such that the sum of the winning bids is maximum.

Demand oracle
In algorithmic game theory, a branch of both computer science and economics, a demand oracle is a function that, given a price-vector, returns the demand of an agent. It is used by many algorithms related to pricing and optimization in online market. It is usually contrasted with a value oracle, which is a function that, given a set of items, returns the value assigned to them by an agent.
Putten railway station
Putten is a railway station located in Putten, Netherlands. The station was opened on 20 August 1863 and is located on the Amersfoort–Zwolle section of the Utrecht–Kampen railway (Centraalspoorweg). The station is operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen.

Putten
Putten (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈpʏtə(n)] ⓘ) is a municipality and town in the province of Gelderland, Netherlands. It had a population of 
24,365 in 2021. It is located in the coastal area of the old Zuiderzee (Southern Sea). To the east of Putten lies the Veluwe, the biggest national park of the Netherlands. To the north, east and west, Putten is surrounded by farmlands.
Jarocin County
Jarocin County (Polish: powiat jarociński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Jarocin, which lies 63 kilometres (39 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań. The only other town in the county is Żerków, lying 12 km (7 mi) north of Jarocin.

The county covers an area of 587.7 square kilometres (226.9 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 70,390, out of which the population of Jarocin is 25,834, that of Żerków is 2,058, and the rural population is 42,498.

Żerków
Żerków  ([ˈʐɛrkuf]) is a town in Jarocin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland, with 2,122 inhabitants (2010). It is located 53 kilometres (33 mi) east of the regional capital of Poznań.

The town is near the Żerków-Czeszewo Landscape Park.
Mukurthi
Mukurthi Peak is one of the highest peaks in the Western Ghats, situated on the border of Udagamandalam taluk, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, Nilambur taluk, Malappuram, and Kerala in India. It reaches an altitude of 2,554 m (8,379ft), and is the fifth-highest peak in South India.

Nilgiri Mountains
The Nilgiri Mountains (Tamil: [n̪iːlɐɡiɾi], English: /ˈniːlgɪri/) form a part of the Western Ghats in northwestern Tamil Nadu, southern Karnataka and eastern Kerala in South India. They are located at the trijunction of the three states and connect the Western Ghats to the Eastern Ghats. The range consists of at least 24 peaks above 2,000 m (6,600 ft), with Doddabetta being the highest at 2,637 m (8,652 ft).
Sri Lanka Army Medical Corps
The Sri Lanka Army Medical Corps  (SLAMC) (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකා යුද හමුදා වෛද්‍ය බලකාය Shri Lanka Yuddha Hamuda Vayidya Balakaya) is a specialist corps in the Sri Lanka Army which specializes in military medicine and provides medical services to all army personnel and their families in war and in peace. It is made up of 4 regular units and one volunteer unit. Headquartered in Colombo, formally at army headquarters. The corps Cap badge depicting the Rod of Asclepius. General officers and senior officers of the SLMC wear gorget patches of maroon rather than of scarlet worn by other officers of similar rank.

Herbert Clifford Serasinghe
Brigadier Herbert Clifford Serasinghe, OBE, ED was a Ceylonese physician. He was first commanding officer of the Sri Lanka Army Medical Corps.

Serasinghe received his medical training at the Ceylon Medical College, where he gained a Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery. He joined the Ceylon Volunteer Medical Corps of the Ceylon Defence Force and was commissioned as a captain, serving during World War II. After the formation of the Ceylon Army, Serasinghe transferred to a regular commission as a major and took command of the newly Ceylon Army Medical Corps as it established its first General Military Hospital in Colombo. He retired from the army with the honorary rank of brigadier. He was awarded an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1954 Birthday Honours and had been awarded the Efficiency Decoration. In 1967, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of St John in 1967.
Gove County, Kansas
Gove County is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas.  Its county seat is Gove City, and its most populous city is Quinter.  As of the 2020 census, the county population was 2,718.  The county was named for Granville Gove, a captain of Company G of the 11th Kansas Cavalry Regiment Volunteer Cavalry, who died from battle wounds during the American Civil War.

Castle Rock (Kansas)
Castle Rock is a 70-ft-tall (21 m) chalk pillar landmark in Gove County, Kansas, United States.  The formation and the nearby badlands are located in the Smoky Hills region of Kansas, which is about 11 mi (18 km) south of I-70 near Quinter, Kansas.
Vasily Livanov
Vasily Borisovich Livanov (Russian: Василий Борисович Ливанов; born 19 July 1935), MBE, is a Soviet and Russian film actor, animation and film director, screenwriter and writer most famous for portraying Sherlock Holmes in the Soviet TV series. He was named People's Artist of the RSFSR in 1988.

Karlsson-on-the-Roof
Karlsson-on-the-Roof (Swedish: Karlsson på taket) is a character who features in a series of children's books by the Swedish author Astrid Lindgren. Lindgren may have borrowed the idea for the series from a similar story about Mr. O'Malley in the comic strip Barnaby (1942) by Crockett Johnson.
Goudarz
Goudarz (Persian: گودرز) is a hero from Iranian national history and one of the main figures in the Shahnameh, the national epic of Greater Iran, and progenitor of one of its most prominent families. He is  son of Kashvad, father of Giv and Roham and the grandfather of Bizhan. His first appearance is in the time of Kay Kavus and thereafter he appears almost in every story of the heroic age, sometimes he is the spahbed of Iranian Army. His personality is described very positively with traits such as loyalty, patience and altruism.

Bizhan (Shahnameh)
Bizhan, Bezhan, Bijan or Bejan (Persian: بیژن, romanized: Bēžan) is one of the main Iranian heroes in the Shahnameh, the national epic of Greater Iran. Bizhan is son of Giv and Banu Goshasp and grandson of Goudarz and Rostam. Although he appears in almost all stories in the heroic age of the Shahnameh, he has a significant role in the story of Bizhan and Manizhe, where he falls in love with Manizha, the daughter of Afrasiab, the king of Turan and longtime enemy of Iran.

Outside of the Shahnameh, he has been celebrated in other epics such as Faramarznameh. Another epic poem named Bizhannameh is dedicated to his adventures. It consists of almost 1,900 verses.

It has been suggested that Bizhan is a Parthian figure. Vizhan is the name of the grandson of Gotarzes I and the grandfather of Gotarzes II. According to Theodor Nöldeke, noble Parthian families who were guardians of Iranian national epics, later attributed some of the exploits of the ancient heroes to their own ancestors.
Owenia (plant)
Owenia is a genus of plants, mainly trees in the family Meliaceae. They are dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants. They are endemic to Australia and fairly widespread across the continent. There are five species in the genus, living in conditions ranging from wet rainforest to the verges of the desert.

One species, Owenia cepiodora, is rare, and is renowned for having freshly cut bark that smells of onions. Its common name is onion cedar or bog onion.

The species recognised at the Australian Plant Census include

Owenia acidula

Owenia cepiodora

Owenia reliqua

Owenia reticulata

Owenia vernicosa

Meliaceae
Meliaceae, the mahogany family, is a flowering plant family of mostly trees and shrubs (and a few herbaceous plants, mangroves) in the order Sapindales.

They are characterised by alternate, usually pinnate leaves without stipules, and by syncarpous, apparently cryptically unisexual flowers borne in panicles, cymes, spikes or clusters. Most species are evergreen, but some are deciduous, either in the dry season or in winter.

The family includes about 53 genera and about 600 known species, with a pantropical distribution; one genus (Toona) extends north into temperate China and south into southeast Australia, another (Synoum) into southeast Australia, and another (Melia) nearly as far north. They most commonly grow as understory trees in rainforests, but are also found in mangroves and arid regions.

The fossil record of the family extends back into the Late Cretaceous.
Equatoguinean Cup
The Equatoguinean Cup (Spanish: Copa de Su Excelencia) is the top knockout tournament of the Equatoguinean football. Its full name is Equatoguinean Cup - King's Cup  Abudunal Sun. It was created in 1974.

CD Elá Nguema
Sony de Elá Nguema  is an Equatorial Guinean football club based in the Malabo neighborhood of Elá Nguema. The club won 8 titles in a row, from 1984 to 1991. Sony de Elá Nguema is the most successful football club from Equatorial Guinea.
Liu Yingke
Liu Yingke (Chinese: 劉郢客; pinyin: Liǘ Yǐngkè; died 174 BC), posthumous name Prince Yi of Chu (楚夷王), was an imperial prince of China's Western Han dynasty and a ruler of the fief of Chu. He was a nephew of Emperor Gaozu of Han and a son of Liu Jiao (Prince Yuan of Chu). He inherited the fief after his father died in 178 BC. In 174 BC, he died of a sudden illness, and his son Liu Wu inherited the principality from him.

Liu Wu, Prince of Chu
Liu Wu (simplified Chinese: 刘戊; traditional Chinese: 劉戊; pinyin: Liú Wù, died 154 BC) was the son of Liu Yingke, Prince Yi of Chu, and grandson of Liu Jiao, Prince Yuan of Chu. After the short reign of his father, he inherited the title Prince of Chu in 174 BC. In 155 BC, Empress Dowager Bo, grandmother of Emperor Jing, died. Liu Wu was caught drinking during the grieving period, so Emperor Jing reduced the size of his fiefdom. Wu was later convinced to join the Rebellion of the Seven States by Liu Pi despite objections from his prime minister and tutor. Liu Wu put both of them to death.

In 154 BC, he launched his campaign against the principality of Liang but was defeated by Zhou Yafu. When the remaining troops surrendered and his supplies were cut off, Wu committed suicide. His son Liu Li was allowed to succeed to the Prince of Chu title despite the rebellion. He had a granddaughter named Princess Jieyou.
Aluminaire House
The Aluminaire House is a three-story house designed as a case study by architects A. Lawrence Kocher and Albert Frey in April 1931. Made of donated materials and built in ten days, it was the first all-metal house in the United States. After being displayed at architecture shows, it was installed at multiple locations in New York, and was later transferred to the Palm Springs Art Museum, where it is currently on view as an exhibit.

Albert Frey (architect)
Albert Frey (/ˈfreɪ/ FRAY; October 18, 1903 – November 14, 1998) was a Swiss-born architect who established a style of modernist architecture centered on Palm Springs, California, United States, that came to be known as "desert modernism".
Gino Colaussi
Luigi Colausig (4 March 1914 – 27 July 1991), known as Gino Colaussi (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdʒiːno kolaˈussi]), was an Italian footballer who played as a striker. He was the first player to score multiple goals in a World Cup final.

1933–1935 Central European International Cup
The 1933–35 Central European International Cup was the third edition of the Central European International Cup played between 1933 and 1935. It was played in a round robin tournament between five teams involved in the tournament.
Mogilev region
Mogilev region, also known as Mogilev oblast or Mahilyow voblasts, is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is the city of Mogilev.

Important cities within the region include Mogilev, Asipovichy and Babruysk.

Kastsyukovichy district
Kastsyukovichy district or Kasciukovičy district (Belarusian: Касцюковіцкі раён; Russian: Костюковичский район, romanized: Kostyukovichsky rayon) is a district (raion) of Mogilev region in Belarus. The administrative center is the town of Kastsyukovichy. As of 2009, its population was 26,410. The population of Kastsyukovichy accounts for 60.6% of the district's population.
Arthur Maling
Arthur Gordon Maling (June 11, 1923 – October 24, 2013) was an American writer of crime and thriller novels. He graduated from Francis W. Parker School, Chicago in 1940; in 1944 he received a B.A. from Harvard University. In the Second World War Maling was an ensign in the U.S. Navy from 1944 to 1945. From 1945 to 1946 he was a reporter for the San Diego Journal. After 1946, he worked as an executive manager for Maling Brothers, a retail shoe chain.

Francis W. Parker School (Chicago)
The Francis W. Parker School is a private school in Chicago, Illinois, serving students from pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. Located in Chicago's Lincoln Park neighborhood, the school is based on the progressive education philosophies of John Dewey and Colonel Francis Wayland Parker, emphasizing community and citizenship. Tuition and fees range from $43,070 to $47,400.
Jefferies House
Jefferies House, also known as the Jolly House, is a historic home located at Gaffney, Cherokee County, South Carolina. It was built in 1884, and is a two-story, frame, Italianate style dwelling.  It is asymmetrical and features a large one-story porch on the main façade and a two-tiered porch on the right elevation.  Also on the main façade is a one-story square bay window with decorative brackets. It is one of the oldest and most significant residences remaining in Gaffney.

It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

Gaffney, South Carolina
Gaffney is a city in and the seat of Cherokee County, South Carolina, United States, in the Upstate region of South Carolina. Gaffney is known as the "Peach Capital of South Carolina". The population was 12,764 at the 2020 census. The city had an estimated population of 12,609 in 2019. It is the principal city of the Gaffney, South Carolina, Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Cherokee County and which is further included in the greater Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, South Carolina Combined Statistical Area. Gaffney was the home of Limestone University, which operated from 1845 until 2025.
Meizhou Hakka F.C.
Meizhou Hakka Football Club (simplified Chinese: 梅州客家足球俱乐部; traditional Chinese: 梅州客家足球俱樂部; pinyin: Méizhōu Kèjiā Zúqiú Jùlèbù; Hakka language: Mòi-Chû Hag-Ga chuk-khiù khî-lo̍k-phu) is a Chinese professional football club based in Wuhua, Meizhou, Guangdong, that competes in China League One, the second tier of Chinese football. Meizhou Hakka plays its home matches at the Huitang Stadium, located within Wuhua County. Their current majority shareholders are the Meizhou municipal government, Municipal Sports Bureau, Wei Real Estate Development Co. Ltd. and partners.

2015 China League Two
The 2015 Chinese Football Association Division Two League season was the 26th season since its establishment in 1989. It was divided into two groups, North and South. There were 16 teams participating in the league, 8 teams in North Group and 8 teams in South Group. The league was made up of two stages, the group stage and the play-off. The group stage was a double round-robin format. Each team in the group will play the other teams twice, home and away.
John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont
John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont PC FRS (24 or 25 February 1711 – 4 December 1770) was a British politician, political pamphleteer, and genealogist who served as First Lord of the Admiralty. Of Anglo-Irish background, he sat in both the Irish and British Parliaments. He was the father of the Regency Era Prime Minister Spencer Perceval.

Mount Taranaki
Mount Taranaki (Māori: Taranaki Maunga), officially Taranaki Maunga and also known as Mount Egmont, is a dormant stratovolcano in the Taranaki region on the west coast of New Zealand's North Island.  At 2,518 metres (8,261 ft), it is the second highest mountain in the North Island, after Mount Ruapehu. It has a secondary cone, Fanthams Peak (Māori: Panitahi), 1,966 metres (6,450 ft), on its south side.
Konstanz (district)
Konstanz (or Constance) is a Landkreis (district) in the south of Baden-Württemberg on the German-Swiss border, situated along the shores of Lake Constance. Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Schwarzwald-Baar, Tuttlingen, Sigmaringen and Bodenseekreis. To the south it borders the Swiss cantons of Zurich, Thurgau and Schaffhausen. The municipality of Büsingen am Hochrhein is an exclave of Germany surrounded by Swiss territory.

Sigmaringen (district)
Sigmaringen is a Landkreis (district) in the south of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from north clockwise) Reutlingen, Biberach, Ravensburg, Bodensee, Constance,
Tuttlingen, and Zollernalbkreis.
Hornepayne
Hornepayne is a township of 968 people in the Algoma District of Ontario, Canada. The town was established in 1915 as Fitzback when the Canadian Northern Railway's transcontinental line was built through the area. It was renamed Hornepayne in 1920 after British financier Robert Horne-Payne. The municipality was originally named Wicksteed Township after the geographic township in which it is located. It was renamed Hornepayne, after its primary community, in 1986.

Hornepayne station
Hornepayne railway station is located in the township of Hornepayne, Ontario, Canada. This station is served by Via Rail's transcontinental train The Canadian.

The station was established in 1913 by the Canadian Northern Railway as a divisional point and headquarters for the Superior Division, under the name Fitzbach railway station; its name was changed to Hornepayne around 1920. 
Before the completion of the northern section of Highway 631 in 1959,: 90  the town was dependent on the railway for transportation of supplies into the community.

The historic station building, built in 1921, was a designated property under the Heritage Railway Stations Protection Act.  Despite this, CN applied for and was granted permission to demolish it, due to safety concerns.  The demolition was completed in 2020.
Löwenhielm family
The Löwenhielm family (English pronunciation: [lˈɜːwənhˌiːlm]), also known as House of Löwenhielm, is a Swedish noble family originating from the extinct Nordenberg family and the still existing Nordenfalk family. The Löwenhielm family has obtained baronial status and one branch has further elevated to count-hood. The family was first ennobled on 12 March 1725. Löwenhielm was first introduced in the House of Nobility in 1726 under the number Löwenhielm - 1791.

Gudmund Löwenhielm
Gudmund Löwenhielm the Elder (born Gudmund Nordberg; 24 December 1656 – 30 May 1739) was a Swedish military official, justiciary and statesman who served as the 13th governor of Bohuslän from 1702 until his death in 1739. He was the founder of the Löwenhielm family.
Ron Hornaday Jr.
Ronald Lee Hornaday Jr. (born June 20, 1958) is an American former professional stock car racing driver and businessman. He currently owns Team Hornaday Development, a driver development program, as well as Hornaday Race Cars, a Dirt Modified chassis builder. He is also the father of former NASCAR driver Ronnie Hornaday and son of the late Ron Hornaday Sr., a two-time NASCAR Winston West Series Champion. Hornaday himself is a four-time champion in the NASCAR Truck Series, his most recent coming in 2009 and is a NASCAR Featherlite Southwest Tour Champion. He was noticed by Dale Earnhardt while participating in the NASCAR Winter Heat on TNN.

Kevin Harvick Incorporated
Kevin Harvick, Inc., colloquially referred to as KHI, is a racing team owned by former NASCAR Cup Series driver Kevin Harvick and his wife DeLana, who is the daughter of former Busch Series driver John Linville. The team owned cars in the NASCAR Nationwide Series, Truck Series, and the ARCA Re/Max Series.

The team's Nationwide Series equipment was originally purchased from the former BACE Motorsports and Andy Petree Racing teams. It was announced in September 2011 that KHI would merge with Richard Childress Racing beginning in 2012, with KHI no longer fielding a vehicle in any of the top three NASCAR divisions. In 2024, the team returned to late model racing in the CARS Tour, fielding the No. 29 late model full-time for Brent Crews and the No. 62 late model full-time for several drivers. KHI also operates as a management agency for athletes, particularly in motorsports.
Carleton County, Ontario
Carleton County is the name of a former county in Ontario, Canada. In 1969, it was superseded by the Regional Municipality of Ottawa–Carleton. In 2001, the Regional Municipality and its eleven local municipalities (including Ottawa) were replaced by the current city of Ottawa.

Former counties of Ontario
The Canadian province of Ontario has several historic counties, which are past census divisions that no longer exist today. Most historic counties either merged with other counties, or became regional municipalities or single-tier municipalities. Although counties had existed prior to 1849, after 1849 they replaced the district systems in administering local government and courts in Ontario.

The county system is used in southern, southwestern and eastern sections of the province of Ontario. There are no counties in Northern Ontario due to sparse population and a long-standing boundary dispute with the Northwest Territories (that was not resolved until 1912).
American Board of Thoracic Surgery
The American Board of Thoracic Surgery is an American surgical organization devoted to thoracic surgery. The ABTS will soon shut down their access to the Self-Education Self Assessment in Thoracic Surgery.

Cardiothoracic surgery
Cardiothoracic (CT) surgery is the field of medicine involved in surgical treatment of organs inside the thoracic cavity — generally treatment of conditions of the heart (heart disease), lungs (lung disease), and other pleural or mediastinal structures.

In most countries, cardiothoracic surgery is further subspecialized into cardiac surgery (involving the heart and the great vessels) and thoracic surgery (involving the lungs, esophagus, thymus, etc.); the exceptions are the United States, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, India and some European Union countries such as Portugal.
Wahb ibn Abd Manaf
Wahb ibn 'Abd Manaf (Arabic: وهب بن عبد مناف) ibn Zuhrah ibn Kilab ibn Murrah, was the chief of Banu Zuhrah, and the father of Aminah bint Wahb. He was the maternal grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Murrah ibn Ka'b
Murrah ibn Ka'b (Arabic: مُرَّة ٱبْن كَعْب) ibn Luay ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr ibn Malik was a man from Quraysh tribe, supposed to have lived in the 4th century. He was the sixth-in-line of Muhammad's grandfathers. He is the common ancestor of all four of Muhammad's grandparents. He is also the common ancestor of six of Muhammad's eight great-grandparents. He is also the common ancestor of Muhammad and his friend Abu Bakr.