hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Loss of rights due to criminal conviction
Loss of rights due to criminal conviction refers to the practice in some countries of reducing the rights of individuals who have been convicted of a criminal offence.  The restrictions are in addition to other penalties such as incarceration or fines.  In addition to restrictions imposed directly upon conviction, there can also be collateral civil consequences resulting from a criminal conviction, but which are not imposed directly by the courts as a result of the conviction.

Disfranchisement
Disfranchisement, also disenfranchisement (which has become more common since 1982) or voter disqualification, is the restriction of suffrage (the right to vote) of a person or group of people, or a practice that has the effect of preventing someone from exercising the right to vote. Disfranchisement can also refer to the revocation of power or control of a particular individual, community, or being to the natural amenity they have; that is to deprive of a franchise, of a legal right, of some privilege or inherent immunity. Disfranchisement may be accomplished explicitly by law or implicitly through requirements applied in a discriminatory fashion, through intimidation, or by placing unreasonable requirements on voters for registration or voting.
High barriers to entry to the political competition can disenfranchise political movements.
Novokuybyshevsk constituency
The Novokuybyshevsk Constituency (No.151) was a Russian legislative constituency in Samara Oblast in 1993–2007. It covered Samara suburbs, Novokuybyshevsk and rural northern Samara Oblast. This seat was last occupied by United Russia deputy Viktor Kazakov, former Vice Governor of Samara Oblast and Yukos executive, who defeated two-term Communist incumbent State Duma member Valentin Romanov in the 2003 election.

The constituency was dissolved in 2007 when State Duma adopted full proportional representation for the next two electoral cycles. Novokuybyshevsk constituency was not re-established for the 2016 election, currently Novokuybyshevsk is a part of Samara constituency, Chapayevsk in Zhigulyovsk constituency, east-central Samara Oblast (including Kinel and Otradny) in Promyshlenny constituency, while northern Samara Oblast was united with northern Samara into new Krasnoglinsky constituency.

Samara constituency
Samara constituency (No. 158) is a Russian legislative constituency in Samara Oblast. In its current configuration the constituency covers parts of Samara, Novokuybyshevsk and south-eastern Samara Oblast.

The constituency has been vacant since December 5, 2024, following the resignation of five-term United Russia deputy, former investigative journalist and Chairman of the Duma Committee on Information Policy, Information Technologies and Communications, who was appointed acting Governor of Kursk Oblast.
Ulemosaurus
Ulemosaurus is an extinct genus of dinocephalian therapsids that lived 265 to 260 million years ago, at Isheevo in Russian Tatarstan. It was a tapinocephalid, a group of bulky herbivores which flourished in the Middle Permian. Ulemosaurus and other tapinocephalians disappeared at the end of the Middle Permian.

Tapinocephalia
The Tapinocephalia are one of the major groups of dinocephalian therapsids and the major herbivorous group. Tapinocephalia has been found to consist of three clades: Styracocephalidae, Titanosuchidae, and the very successful Tapinocephalidae. Notable tapinocephalians include Moschops, Tapinocephalus, and Titanosuchus.
Cedar Lake (Manitoba)
Cedar Lake is a lake just north of Lake Winnipegosis in Manitoba, Canada. Cedar Lake's water level is controlled by the Grand Rapids Dam. The town of Grand Rapids and the First Nations town of Easterville are nearby.

The lake is known to have excellent examples of prehistoric amber fossil of cretaceous age. This type of amber is called as "Chemawinit", according to an Indian tribe which lives in this area. Another name of this amber is "Cedarit". This amber contains many organic inclusions. To date, these inclusions have not been thoroughly researched.

The lake's main source is the Saskatchewan River, which forms a delta on the northwest side of the lake. The flow of the Saskatchewan River to Lake Winnipeg on the eastern end of Cedar Lake is regulated by the Grand Rapids Dam built in 1962 by Manitoba Hydro.

Some 40 commercial fishing licenses are granted to operate on the lake, which produce between $600,000 and $1M in landed value, making it the 4th largest fishery in Manitoba.

Grand Rapids, Manitoba
Grand Rapids is a town in Manitoba, Canada, on the northwestern shore of Lake Winnipeg where the Saskatchewan River enters the lake. As the name implies, the river had a significant drop at this point: more than 75 ft (23 m) in less than 3 mi (4.8 km). In modern days, a large hydroelectric plant has been built there. Cedar Lake, a short distance upriver, provides a natural water source for the plant. Provincial Trunk Highway 6, the region's primary roadway, crosses the Saskatchewan River at the Grand Rapids Bridge.

Grand Rapids was on the main canoe route toward the West, where Fort Bourbon once stood. It is also across the river from the Misipawistik Cree Nation.

In 1894, fire destroyed a number of buildings in the Grand Rapids docks. The steamboat Colvile also caught fire and was destroyed.
Cliff Town Congregational Church
The Cliff Town Congregational Church is a Grade II listed church in Southend-on-Sea, Essex, England. It was designed by W. Allen Dixon in around 1865. The Church is now deconsecrated, and is now the Clifftown Theatre, and hosts the East 15 theatre school run by the University of Essex.

W. Allen Dixon
William Allen Dixon (1821–1893) was a British architect who specialised in the design of churches and particularly Baptist churches. His heyday was in the late 1860s to the early 1870s when he designed at least five church in England, several of which are grade II listed buildings.
Rochy-Condé station
Rochy-Condé is a railway station located in the commune of Rochy-Condé in the Oise department, France. The station is located at kilometre point 80.259 on the Creil - Beauvais line and is served by TER Hauts-de-France trains. It was also the terminus of a line between Rochy-Condé and Soissons via Clermont-de-l'Oise and Compiègne, now closed and partly abandoned.

Clermont-de-l'Oise station
Clermont-de-l'Oise is a railway station located in the town of Clermont in the Oise department in northern France. The station is situated on the Paris–Lille railway. The station is staffed on weekdays and is equipped with an automatic ticket dispenser. There are two free paved car parks, with 120 and 200 spaces respectively. Both are underequipped and undersized; renovating them would require charging for parking.
California Division of Occupational Safety and Health
The Division of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH, but more commonly known as Cal/OSHA) of the  California Department of Industrial Relations is an agency of the Government of California established by the California Occupational Safety & Health Act of 1973.

California Department of Industrial Relations
The California Department of Industrial Relations (DIR) is a department of the government of the state of California which was initially created in 1927. The department is currently part of the Cabinet-level California Labor and Workforce Development Agency, and headquartered at the Elihu M. Harris State Office Building in Oakland.
Estey Hall
Estey Hall is a historic building on the campus of Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina. It was the first building constructed for the higher education of African-American women in the United States. Built in 1873, Estey Hall is the oldest surviving building at Shaw, which is the oldest historically black college in the South and was the second institution of higher learning established for freedmen after the Civil War. The building, originally known as "Estey Seminary," was named in honor of Jacob Estey, the largest donor to the construction project. Estey Hall, located in the East Raleigh-South Park Historic District, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and is a Raleigh Historic Landmark.

East Raleigh–South Park Historic District
The East Raleigh–South Park Historic District is the largest historically African-American neighborhood in Raleigh, North Carolina. The district, located south and east of downtown Raleigh, covers approximately 30 blocks and contains portions of the Smith–Haywood and St. Petersburg neighborhoods. Most homes in these neighborhoods were built between 1900 and 1940, with one-fifth dating back to the 19th century. Historic buildings in the district include Estey Hall and Leonard Hall, both located on the campus of Shaw University. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in October 1990.

During the 1980s and 1990s portions of the district were redeveloped by the City of Raleigh housing authority in a slum clearance exercise in an effort to redevelop the neighborhood and improve infrastructure.
Spanish Springs High School
Spanish Springs High School is a public secondary school in unincorporated Washoe County serving students living in Spanish Springs and Sparks, Nevada, part of the Washoe County School District; it is one of three public high schools serving the city of Sparks.

Washoe County School District
The Washoe County School District (WCSD) is a public school district providing public education to students in all parts of Washoe County, Nevada, including the cities of Reno and Sparks, and the unincorporated communities of Verdi, Incline Village, Sun Valley and Gerlach. The Washoe County School District is the second largest school district in Nevada with approximately 64,000 students enrolled in 96 schools.

A board of seven elected trustees governs the Washoe County School District. The current president of the WCSD Board of Trustees is Beth Smith. The trustees appoint a superintendent to lead the district in day-to-day operations.
Toriya, Ishikawa
Toriya (鳥屋町, Toriya-machi) was a town located in Kashima District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

In 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,576 and a population density of 206.52 per km2. The total area was 27.00 km2.

On March 1, 2005, Toriya, along with the towns of Kashima and Rokusei (all from Kashima District), was merged to create the town of Nakanoto.

Nakanoto, Ishikawa
Nakanoto (中能登町, Nakanoto-machi) is a town located in Kashima District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 February 2018, the town had an estimated population of 18,278 in 6,625 households, and a population density of 84 persons per km2. The total area of the town was 246.76 square kilometres (95.27 sq mi).
Chigubo District
Chigubo District is a district of Gaza Province in south-western Mozambique. The administrative center of the district is Dindiza. The district is located in the east of the province, and borders with Massangena District in the north, Mabote and Funhalouro Districts of Inhambane Province in the east, Chibuto District in the south, Guijá District in the southwest, Mabalane District in the west, and with Chicualacuala District in the northwest. The area of the district is 14,864 square kilometres (5,739 sq mi). It has a population of 20,685 (2007).

Mabalane District
Mabalane District is a district of Gaza Province in south-western Mozambique. The administrative center of the district is Mabalane. The district is located at the center of the province, and borders with Chicualacuala District in the north, Chigubo District in the east, Guijá District in the southeast, Chókwè District in the south, and with Massingir District in the west. The area of the district is 9,107 square kilometres (3,516 sq mi). It has a population of 32,040 (2007).
Hugo Schmeisser
Hugo Schmeisser (24 September 1884 – 12 September 1953) was a German developer of 20th century infantry weapons.

Schmeisser was born in Jena, Thuringia. His father, Louis Schmeisser (1848–1917), was one of the best-known weapons designers in Europe. The life and work of Hugo Schmeisser mostly took place in the weapons manufacturing city of Suhl, Thuringia.

Louis Schmeisser
Louis Schmeisser (5 February 1848, Zöllnitz – 23 March 1917) was one of the best-known weapon technical designers of Europe. He is associated with the early development and production of the series of guns that would become the Bergmann machine guns used during the First World War.. He designed the Dreyse 1907 Pistol which was used in both World Wars.

Schmeisser was born in Zöllnitz, Saxe-Altenburg. He was the father of Hugo Schmeisser (1884–1953), who was also a famous designer of infantry weapons, including the StG 44. His other son, Hans Schmeisser, was also a well-known weaponry designer.
Angelo La Barbera
Angelo La Barbera (Italian: [ˈandʒelo la barˈbɛːra]; 3 July 1924 – 28 October 1975) was a powerful member of the Sicilian Mafia. Together with his brother Salvatore La Barbera he ruled the Mafia family of Palermo Centro. Salvatore La Barbera sat on the first Sicilian Mafia Commission that was set up in 1958 as the capo mandamento, or district head, for Mafia families of Borgo Vecchio, Porta Nuova and Palermo Centro.

Gaia Servadio, an English/Italian journalist who wrote a biography on Angelo La Barbera, described him as the symbol of the quick, clever gangster – the new post-war mafioso who in the end became the victim of the many politicians he himself had built. He represented the proletariat who tried to become mafioso, middle class, and ultimately did not succeed.

Ciaculli massacre
The Ciaculli massacre on 30 June 1963 was caused by a car bomb that exploded in Ciaculli, an outlying suburb of Palermo, killing seven police and military officers sent to defuse it after an anonymous phone call. The bomb was intended for Salvatore "Ciaschiteddu" Greco, head of the Sicilian Mafia Commission and the boss of the Ciaculli Mafia family. At first, mafia boss Pietro Torretta was considered to be the instigator behind the bomb attack, but it was eventually found to be Michele Cavataio.

The Ciaculli massacre was the culmination of a bloody Mafia war between rival clans in Palermo in the early 1960s—now known as the First Mafia War, a second started in the early 1980s—for the control of the profitable opportunities brought about by rapid urban growth and the illicit heroin trade to North America. The unprecedented ferocity of the struggle reaped 68 victims from 1961 to 1963.
Minister of Transport (France)
The Minister of Transport (French: Ministre des Transports) is a cabinet member in the Government of France.

The position was created in 1870 as a modification to the position of Minister of Public Works (Ministre des Travaux Publics), which had been established in 1830. It has frequently been combined with the position of Minister of Infrastructure (Ministre de l'Équipement), Minister of Housing (Ministre du Logement), Minister of Tourism (Ministre du Tourisme), Minister of Territorial Development (Ministre de l'Aménagement du territoire), as well as Minister of the Sea (Ministre de la Mer). Following the election of Nicolas Sarkozy as President of France in 2007, the Ministry of Transport, Public Works, Tourism and the Sea was absorbed by the Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable and Territorial Development.

The position holder in the Borne, Attal, and Barnier governments held the title of minister delegate (Ministre délégué aux Transports).

Minister of Territorial Development (France)
The Ministry of Partnership with Territories and Decentralization (French: Ministre de l'Aménagement du territoire et de la Décentralisation) is a cabinet member in the Government of France, responsible for territorial cohesion; in particular with the regions and departments; they are also in charge of French decentralization  The current officeholder is Catherine Vautrin of La République En Marche! (LREM).

The position has frequently been combined with the portfolios of Public Works (Équipement), Transportation (Transports), Tourism (Tourisme) and the Sea (Mer). The ministry had merged with the Ministry of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and Territorial Development upon the election of Nicolas Sarkozy as President of France. In 2009, it has been separated from the Ecology Ministry and has taken the name of Ministry of Rural Areas and Spatial Planning.
Halifax County, North Carolina
Halifax County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 48,622. Its county seat is Halifax. Halifax County is part of the Roanoke Rapids, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Rocky Mount-Wilson-Roanoke Rapids, NC Combined Statistical Area.

Roanoke Rapids micropolitan area
The Roanoke Rapids, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area (μSA) as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of two counties in North Carolina, anchored by the city of Roanoke Rapids.

As of the 2000 census, the μSA had a population of 79,456 (though a July 1, 2009 estimate placed the population at 74,716).
Marylebone High Street
Marylebone High Street is a shopping street in London, running sub-parallel to Baker Street and terminating at its northern end at the junction with Marylebone Road. Given its secluded location, the street has been described as "the hidden wonder of the West End" and it was voted Best Street in London in 2002 by listeners of BBC Radio 4, winning praise for its being "a haven in the middle of the frantic city." Marylebone High Street was also an electoral ward of the City of Westminster from 2002 to 2022; its population at the 2011 Census was 10,366.

Marylebone Road
Marylebone Road (/ˈmɑːrlɪbən/ ⓘ MAR-li-bən) is an important thoroughfare in central London, within the City of Westminster. It runs east–west from the Euston Road at Regent's Park to the A40 Westway at Paddington. The road which runs in three lanes in both directions, is part of the London Inner Ring Road and as such forms part of the boundary of the zone within which the London congestion charge applies.

As part of the ring road and a feeder route to the A40 (and hence the M40 motorway) (to the west) and the A5 and M1 motorway (to the north) much of the traffic leaving central London for the Midlands and the North of England travels on this road. It is frequently heavily congested.
Mun Tsai Tong
Mun Tsai Tong or Moon Tsai Tong (Chinese: 門仔塘) was a harbour located between northeast Tsing Yi Island and Nga Ying Chau in Hong Kong. It was reclaimed for the development of a new town on Tsing Yi Island in the 1980s. The harbour became two public housing estates, Cheung On Estate and Cheung Fat Estate.

The harbour once protected the boats of fishermen and boat-people that were affected by the reclamation of Tsuen Wan and Kwai Chung areas. They were forced to leave again when reclamation on the harbour started. CARE and Caritas Hong Kong built homes for them in the nearby hill, namely Tsing Yi Fishermen Village (青衣漁民村) and St. Paul's Village (聖保祿村). Tsing Yi Fishermen's Children's School was established by the Fish Marketing Organisation above the hill nearby on the Tsing Yi Island.

Cheung On Estate
Cheung On Estate (Chinese: 長安邨) is a public housing estate in Tsing Yi Island, New Territories, Hong Kong built partly on the former peninsula of Tam Kon Shan and partly on the reclaimed land of Mun Tsai Tong in Tsing Yi North near Tsing Yi Northeast Park and MTR Tsing Yi station. It consists of ten residential blocks completed between 1987 and 1989. Among 7,338 flats in the estate, 5,617 flats have been sold to the residents under the TPS Phase 1 since January 1998.
Turmer
Turmer is a small hamlet near Harbridge in Hampshire, England.  It lies within the civil parish of Ellingham, Harbridge and Ibsley.

Turmer is unusual for a settlement in England. No paved roads reach the hamlet and traditional farming techniques, including heavy horses, are still used there. The council describes it as "a village almost lost in time".

The hamlet is part of a conservation area and includes an 18th-century farm, a 19th-century school built by the Earl of Normanton and thatched cottages, all grouped around a pond.

The Avon Valley Path passes through the hamlet.

Ellingham, Harbridge and Ibsley
Ellingham, Harbridge and Ibsley is a civil parish in the New Forest district, in the west of the county of Hampshire, England. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 Census was 1,171.

The civil parish was formed on 1 April 1979 from "Ellingham" and Harbridge and Ibsley.

The main geographical features of the area are the A338 road (connecting Poole and Bournemouth with Salisbury) and the Hampshire Avon. The nearest towns are Ringwood and Fordingbridge.

Populated places in the parish include:

Ellingham

Furze Hill

Harbridge

Highwood

Ibsley

Linford

Linwood

Mockbeggar

Moyles Court School

Poulner

Rockford

Shobley

Somerley

South Gorley

Turmer
Trams in Brussels
The Brussels tramway network is a tram system serving a large part of the Brussels-Capital Region of Belgium. It is the 16th largest tram system in the world by route length, in 2017 providing 149.1 million journeys (up 9.5% on 2016) over routes 140.6 km (87.4 mi) in length. In 2018, it consisted of 18 tram lines (eight of which—lines 4, 7, 10, 25, 32, 51, 55 and 82—qualified as premetro lines, and five of which—lines 4, 7, 8, 9 and 10—qualified as "Chrono" or "Fast" lines). Brussels trams are operated by STIB/MIVB, the local public transport company.

The network's development has faced issues including the inconsistent route pattern resulting from the closure of the interurban trams, the conflict between low-floor surface trams and high-floor underground trams, and whether the trams run on the right or the left.

PCC streetcar
A Presidents' Conference Committee (PCC) car is a type of streetcar (tram) that was first built in the United States in the 1930s. The design proved successful domestically, and after World War II it was licensed for production and use elsewhere in the world.

The PCC car has proved to be a long-lasting icon of streetcar design. About 5,000 PCC streetcars were built in the United States, with production continuing until 1952. In North America, some PCC streetcars are still in regular service, with most operating on heritage streetcar lines. As of 2026, the San Francisco Municipal Railway is the largest North American operator of PCC cars, using a fleet of 27 on two heritage lines.

After World War II, the PCC design was licensed to multiple European companies. Over 15,000 PCC-derived streetcars were built in Europe, including the popular Tatra T3.
Alexandra Francis Rzewuska
Aleksandra Franciszka Lubomirska (nicknamed Rosalie by her father) (1788 in Kiev – 11 January 1865 in Warsaw) was a Polish aristocrat, artist and writer from the Lubomirski family. She was the daughter of Prince Alexander Lubomirski, Castellan of Kiev (Kijów), and Rozalia Lubomirska, née Chodkiewicz.

Aleksander Lubomirski (1751–1804)
Prince Aleksander Lubomirski (1751 in Kiev – 14 July 1804 in Vienna) was a Polish nobleman, Castellan of Kiev 1785–1790. Son of Stanisław Lubomirski.

Inherited Lubomirski Palace, Opole Lubelskie, from his uncle Antoni Lubomirski, son of Prince Jozef Lubomirski. Married in 1787 to Rozalia Chodkiewicz, who was arrested on espionage charges in Paris during the Reign of Terror and guillotined in 1794 aged 23. They had one daughter, Alexandra Francis Lubomirska, (after her mother's death, also called Rozalia, Rosalie etc.) who married the orientalist Count "Emir" Wacław Seweryn Rzewuski in Vienna in 1804.