hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Thornbury, Gloucestershire
Thornbury is a market town and civil parish in the South Gloucestershire unitary authority area of England, about 12 miles (19 km)  north of Bristol. It had a population of 12,063 at the 2011 census, rising to 14,496 in the 2021 census. Thornbury is a Britain in Bloom award-winning town, with its own competition: Thornbury in Bloom. The earliest documentary evidence of a village at "Thornbyrig" dates from the end of the 9th century. The Domesday Book of 1086 noted a manor of "Turneberie" belonging to William the Conqueror’s consort, Matilda of Flanders, with 104 residents.

Marlwood School
Marlwood School (founded 1606) is a state-funded co-educational secondary school currently part of the CSET multi-academy trust. Located at Alveston, South Gloucestershire, it is situated on the B3561 on the outskirts of the south-west of the village.

Marlwood School has around 550 pupils aged 11–16.

In its most recent Ofsted inspection, Marlwood was rated ‘Good’ in all areas.
Bitva extrasensov
Battle of the Psychics (Russian: Битва экстрасенсов, romanized: Bitva extrasensov) is a Russian TV show which airs on the Russian TNT TV channel, filmed in the format of the British TV show Britain's Psychic Challenge.

Such programs show in the U.S. (America's Psychic Challenge), Israel (Reality Koah – "Power"), Bulgaria ("Ясновидци"), Azerbaijan (Ekstra hiss), Ukraine (Bytva ekstrasensiv), Mongolia (Зөн билгийн тулаан), Georgia (Ekstrasensta Brdzola – ექსტრასენსთა ბრძოლა), Kazakhstan (Qıl kópіr), Australia (The One), Lithuania (Ekstrasensų mūšis), Estonia (Selgeltnägijate tuleproov), Latvia (Ekstrasensu cīņas).

The first season was aired on February 25, 2007.

America's Psychic Challenge
America's Psychic Challenge is a competitive reality TV series on the Lifetime Television Network. The show originated in the UK with the title Britain's Psychic Challenge. Bunim/Murray Productions produced the American version for Lifetime TV.
Hamline Law Review
The Hamline Law Review was the flagship academic journal of the School of Law at Hamline University, St. Paul, Minnesota. The law review was published three times annually by the students of Hamline University School of Law. The Hamline Law Review was established in 1978. In 2007, it was in the top 20% of the Most Cited Law Reviews (tied with Energy Law Review at #379), based upon the number of times its articles have been cited by other journals.  The journal ceased publication in 2015 when the Hamline School of Law merged with the William Mitchell College of Law to form Mitchell Hamline School of Law. The journal was succeeded by the merged Mitchell Hamline Law Review.

Hamline University
Hamline University (/ˈhæmlɪn/ HAM-lin) is a private university in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. Founded in 1854, Hamline is the second oldest university in Minnesota, the first coeducational university in the state, and is one of five Associated Colleges of the Twin Cities. The university is named after Bishop Leonidas Lent Hamline of the United Methodist Church. As of 2017, Hamline had 2,117 undergraduate students and 1,668 graduate students.

In 2022, the university attracted widespread criticism after firing an adjunct professor for showing paintings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in a class on the history of Islamic art.
Abbotrule
Abbotrule is a hamlet south of the B6357 road, in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, on Rule Burn, east of the Rule Water. Places nearby include Bedrule, Hallrule, Spittal-on-Rule, Ruletownhead, Bonchester Bridge, Denholm, Southdean, Hobkirk, Ferniehirst Castle and the Wauchope Forest.

Abbotrule was the property of the church from the 12th-Century to 1560, and thereafter a country estate successively owned by Kerrs, Hendersons and Cunninghams. By 1956, the estate seat, Abbotrule House, had been demolished. Abbotrule was a parish until 1777, when it was divided between two other parishes; the parish church at Abbotrule was deroofed sometime shortly thereafter.

Southdean
Southdean is a hamlet in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, on the A6088, by the Jed Water and in the Wauchope Forest area. Other settlements nearby include Abbotrule, Bedrule, Bonchester Bridge, Denholm, Hallrule, Hobkirk and the Swinnie Forest.

Ruins which can be seen nearby include the remains of Southdean Old Parish Church, the remains of Dykeraw Tower, and the remains of Slack's Tower.

James Telfer (1802 - 1862) was born in Southdean, and he became a teacher. He wrote ballads about farming life.
Ruth Barcan Marcus
Ruth Barcan Marcus (/ˈbɑːrkən ˈmɑːrkəs/; born Ruth Charlotte Barcan; 2 August 1921 – 19 February 2012) was an American academic philosopher and logician best known for her work in modal and philosophical logic. She developed the first formal systems of quantified modal logic and in so doing introduced the schema or principle known as the Barcan formula. (She would also introduce the now standard "box" operator for necessity in the process.) Marcus, who originally published as Ruth C. Barcan, was, as Don Garrett notes "one of the twentieth century's most important and influential philosopher-logicians". Timothy Williamson, in a 2008 celebration of Marcus' long career, states that many of her "main ideas are not just original, and clever, and beautiful, and fascinating, and influential, and way ahead of their time, but actually – I believe – true".

American Philosophical Association
The American Philosophical Association (APA) is the main professional organization for philosophers in the United States.  Founded in 1900, its mission is to promote the exchange of ideas among philosophers, to encourage creative and scholarly activity in philosophy, to facilitate the professional work and teaching of philosophers, and to represent philosophy as a discipline. The APA's governance has included Robert Audi, Jaegwon Kim and Ruth Barcan Marcus.
Alfred Hutty
Alfred Heber Hutty (September 15, 1877 – June 27, 1954) was a 20th-century American artist who is considered one of the leading figures of the Charleston Renaissance. His oeuvre ranges from impressionist landscape paintings to detailed drawings and prints of life in the South Carolina Lowcountry. He was active in local arts organizations, helping to found both an art school and an etchers' club.

Charleston Renaissance
The Charleston Renaissance is a period between World Wars I and II in which the city of Charleston, South Carolina, experienced a boom in the arts as artists, writers, architects, and historical preservationists came together to improve and represent their city. The Charleston Renaissance was related to the larger interwar artistic movement known as the Southern Renaissance and is credited with helping to spur the city's tourist industry.
Betsy-Tacy
The Betsy-Tacy books are a series of semi-autobiographical novels by American novelist and short-story writer Maud Hart Lovelace (1892–1980), which were originally published between 1940 and 1955 by the Thomas Y. Crowell Co.  The books are now published by HarperCollins.  The first four books were illustrated by Lois Lenski and the remainder by Vera Neville.

The series follows the adventures of heroine Betsy Ray, who is based closely on the author, and her friends and family.  The first book, Betsy-Tacy, begins in 1897 on the eve of Betsy's fifth birthday, and the last book, Betsy's Wedding, ends in 1917 as the United States prepares to enter the First World War.

Mankato, Minnesota
Mankato (/mænˈkeɪtoʊ/ ⓘ man-KAY-toh) is a city in Blue Earth, Nicollet, and Le Sueur counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It is the county seat of Blue Earth County. It is the 21st-largest city in Minnesota and fourth-largest outside of the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area, with a population of 44,488 at the 2020 census. The Mankato–North Mankato metropolitan area has an estimated 105,000 residents.

Mankato lies along a large bend of the Minnesota River at its confluence with the Blue Earth River. The city is home to Minnesota State University, the state's second-largest university by enrollment.
Max Wolf
Maximilian Franz Joseph Cornelius Wolf (21 June 1863 – 3 October 1932) was a German astronomer and a pioneer in the field of astrophotography. He was the chairman of astronomy at the University of Heidelberg and director of the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory from 1902 until his death in 1932.

323 Brucia
323 Brucia is a stony Phocaea asteroid and former Mars-crosser from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 33 kilometers (21 miles) in diameter. It was the first asteroid to be discovered by the use of astrophotography.
Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards 2023
The 22nd Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards were announced on December 10, 2023. The nominations were announced on December 9, 2023. Oppenheimer led the nominations with eleven, followed by Barbie with ten. The former won the most awards with six, including Best Director and Best Actor.

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association
The Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association (WAFCA) is a group of film critics based in Washington, D.C., and founded in 2002. WAFCA is composed of over 65 D.C.-based film critics from internet, print, radio, and television. Annually, the group gives awards to the best in film as selected by its members by vote.
James Edson White
James Edson White (28 July 1849 – 3 June 1928), frequently known as Edson White, was an American author, publisher and the second son of two of the pioneers of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, James S. White and Ellen G. White.

In 1870 he married Emma McDearmon, but did not have any children.  After being detached from his parents and their church for a couple of decades he had a spiritual change of heart when he was 44 years old, at the time he lived in Chicago.

James S. White
James Springer White (August 4, 1821 – August 6, 1881), also known as Elder White, was a co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and the husband of Ellen G. White. In 1849, he started the first Sabbatarian Adventist periodical entitled The Present Truth, in 1855 he relocated the fledgling center of the movement to Battle Creek, Michigan, and in 1863 played a pivotal role in the formal organization of the denomination. He later played a major role in the development of the Adventist educational structure beginning in 1874 with the formation of Battle Creek College.
Cella Dati
Cella Dati (Cremunés: Céla) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southeast of Milan and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) east of Cremona.

Cella Dati borders the following municipalities: Cingia de' Botti, Derovere, Motta Baluffi, Pieve San Giacomo, San Daniele Po, Sospiro.

Cingia de' Botti
Cingia de' Botti (Cremunés: Singia) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) southeast of Milan and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Cremona.

Cingia de' Botti borders the following municipalities: Ca' d'Andrea, Cella Dati, Derovere, Motta Baluffi, San Martino del Lago, Scandolara Ravara.

In a 2005 ruling of the European Court of Justice, the comune's award of a concession contract for public gas distribution services was criticised, as the contract had been awarded to a company called Padania without a competitive procurement process, contrary to EU regulations. Padania was a public-sector company owned by the Province of Cremona and most of the comunes within the province, including Cingia de’ Botti, but also open, at least to some degree, to private part-ownership.
The Queen of Sheba (1921 film)
The Queen of Sheba is a 1921 American silent drama film produced by Fox studios about the story of the ill-fated romance between Solomon, King of Israel, and the Queen of Sheba. Written and directed by J. Gordon Edwards, it starred Betty Blythe as the Queen and Fritz Leiber Sr. as King Solomon. The film is well known amongst silent film buffs for the risqué costumes worn by Blythe, as evidenced by several surviving stills taken during the production. Only a short fragment of the film survives.

Nudity in film
Nudity in film has been a topic of discussion and debate since the beginning of film as a medium. It may be obvious or merely suggestive, such as when a person appears to be naked but is covered by a sheet. It is a distinct topic from sex in film, as many films contain nudity in a non-sexual context, although nudity is almost always present in pornographic films, and are commonly seen in erotic films.

Nude scenes are considered controversial in many cultures because they often challenge a community's standards of modesty. These standards vary by culture and depend on the type of nudity, who is exposed, which parts of the body are exposed, the duration of the exposure, the posing, the context, or other aspects.

Nudity in film may be subject to censorship or rating regimes that control the content of films. Many directors and producers apply self-censorship, limiting nudity (and other content) in their films to avoid censorship or a strict rating.
Roy H. Laird
Roy Harlan Laird (April 6, 1889 – December 19, 1950) was an American businessman and politician who served as Mayor of Kilgore, Texas for an extensive period during the city's oil boom and post-boom development. He is highly regarded for his pivotal role in establishing key civic institutions, including the Kilgore Public Library and the Roy H. Laird Memorial Hospital, which later evolved into the modern Kilgore College Health Science Center.

Kilgore, Texas
Kilgore (/ˈkɪlɡɔːr/ ⓘ) is a city in the Gregg and Rusk counties in Texas, United States.  As of the 2020 census, its population was 13,376.  It is located where Interstate 20 and US 259 converge south of the Sabine River.
Chorley
Chorley is a town and the administrative centre of the wider Borough of Chorley in Lancashire, England, 8 miles (13 km) north of Wigan, 11 miles (18 km) south west of Blackburn, 11 miles (18 km) north west of Bolton, 12 miles (19 km) south of Preston and 20 miles (32 km) north west of Manchester. The town's wealth came principally from the cotton industry. In 2020 it had a population of 36,682.

In the 1970s, the skyline was dominated by factory chimneys, but most have now been demolished: remnants of the industrial past include Morrisons chimney and other mill buildings, and the streets of terraced houses for mill workers. Chorley is the home of the Chorley cake.

Leeds and Liverpool Canal
The Leeds and Liverpool Canal is a canal in Northern England, linking the cities of Leeds and Liverpool.

Over a distance of 127 miles (204 km), crossing the Pennines, and including 91 locks on the main line. The Leeds and Liverpool Canal has several small branches, and in the early 21st century a new link was constructed into the Liverpool docks system.
Nick Wright (sportscaster)
Nicholas James Wright (born October 3, 1984) is an American sports television personality, sports podcaster, and former sports radio talk show host. Wright is a co-host of First Things First, a talk show on Fox Sports 1 (FS1), alongside Kevin Wildes and Chris Broussard. Signed to The Volume podcast network, he also hosts What's Wright? with Nick Wright with his son, Damonza Byrd. Outside of sports, Wright has also participated in poker competitions.

His presence in the sports media landscape has garnered him both praise and criticism from fellow media members and viewers, who have particularly noted his open fandom for his hometown professional sports teams and basketball player LeBron James, as well as his outspoken views on social issues in sports.

Chris Broussard
Christopher Dana Broussard (born October 28, 1968) is an American sports analyst and commentator for Fox Sports 1 (FS1) and Fox Sports Radio. Best known for his coverage of the NBA, he is now a co-host on FS1's afternoon show First Things First, as well as co-host of The Odd Couple with Rob Parker on Fox Sports Radio. Previously, he worked for The New York Times, ESPN The Magazine and ESPN.com, and made appearances on ESPN's SportsCenter, NBA Countdown, First Take, and NBA Fastbreak as an analyst.
Coregonus nilssoni
Coregonus nilssoni is a putative species of whitefish, part of the Coregonus lavaretus complex (European whitefish). It is a pelagic fish feeding on zooplankton. Its distribution is in lakes of Sweden, southern Norway, Denmark and Poland.

In Sweden, the name C. nilssoni has referred to a form of whitefish known as the planktonsik. That is however no more considered a distinct species but an ecotype within Coregonus maraena ("Coregonus maraena morphotype nilssoni"), and not different from "Coregonus maraena morphotype megalops".

Coregonus megalops
Coregonus megalops is a putative species of whitefish, part of the Coregonus lavaretus complex (European whitefish). Its distribution is in Sweden, Finland, and Russia.

In Sweden, the name C. megalops has referred to a form of whitefish known as the blåsik ("blue whitefish"). That is however no more considered a distinct species but a morphotype of Coregonus maraena ("Coregonus maraena morphotype megalops"), and not different from "Coregonus maraena morphotype nilssoni".
Zaozyorsk
Zaozyorsk (Russian: Заозёрск), formerly known as Zaozyorny (Заозёрный), Severomorsk-7 (Североморск-7), and Murmansk-150 (Му́рманск-150), is a closed town in Murmansk Oblast, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 11,199; down from 12,687 recorded in the 2002 Census.

Closed city
A closed city or town is a settlement where travel or residency restrictions are applied.

Historically, the construction of closed cities became increasingly common after the beginning of the Cold War, particularly in the Soviet Union. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, they remain widespread in Russia and some of the other post-Soviet countries. The Russian government officially designates these closed cities as "closed administrative–territorial formations" (ZATO; Russian: закрытые административно–территориальные образования [ЗАТО]), for the management and execution of high-value research and development concerning nuclear energy, weapons of mass destruction, or the space industry.
Lula, Sardinia
Lula (Sardinian: Lùvula) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 220 kilometres (140 mi) north of the regional capital Cagliari and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of the provincial capital Nuoro.

Lula is located on the bottom of Mount Albo, a  chain of white limestone, with numerous natural caves and stalactites.

Lula borders the following municipalities: Bitti, Dorgali, Galtellì, Irgoli, Loculi, Lodè, Onanì, Orune, Siniscola.

Bitti
Bitti (Sardinian: Bitzi) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in the Italian region of Sardinia. It is located about 140 kilometres (87 mi) north of Cagliari and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Nuoro. Bitti borders the municipalities of Alà dei Sardi, Buddusò, Lodè, Lula, Nule, Onanì, Orune, Osidda, and Padru.
Unix philosophy
The Unix philosophy, originated by Ken Thompson, is a set of cultural norms and philosophical approaches to minimalist, modular software development. It is based on the experience of leading developers of the Unix operating system. Early Unix developers were important in bringing the concepts of modularity and reusability into software engineering practice, spawning a "software tools" movement. Over time, the leading developers of Unix (and programs that ran on it) established a set of cultural norms for developing software; these norms became as important and influential as the technology of Unix itself, and have been termed the "Unix philosophy."

The Unix philosophy emphasizes building simple, compact, clear, modular, and extensible code that can be easily maintained and repurposed by developers other than its creators. The Unix philosophy favors composability as opposed to monolithic design.

Douglas McIlroy
Malcolm Douglas McIlroy (born 1932) is an American mathematician, engineer, and programmer. As of 2019 he is an Adjunct Professor of Computer Science at Dartmouth College.
McIlroy is best known for having originally proposed Unix pipelines and developed several Unix tools, such as echo, spell, diff, sort, join, graph, speak, and tr. He was also one of the pioneering researchers of macro processors and programming language extensibility. He participated in the design of multiple influential programming languages, particularly PL/I, SNOBOL, ALTRAN, TMG and C++.

His seminal work on software componentization and code reuse makes him a pioneer of component-based software engineering and software product line engineering.
George Buchan of Kelloe
George Buchan (29 May 1775 – 3 January 1856) was a civil servant who was shipwrecked on his first passage to India as a teenager. Born into an elite family, his career progressed in the Indian Civil Service rising to the rank of Chief Secretary. Following his retirement,  he came home to Scotland and had a Christian conversion. After several years as an elder in the Church of Scotland, he left at the Disruption and joined the Free Church of Scotland. He was an author writing about shipwrecks, Madras, duelling and church-state relations. He also wrote about God's providence illustrated from his own biography. Buchan was also an office bearer for a number of charity organisations.

Edrom
Edrom is a parish and small village in the pre-1975 ancient county of Berwickshire, now an administrative area of the  Scottish Borders region of Scotland.

The rural parish of Edrom is in east central Berwickshire being bounded on the north by the parishes of Bunkle and Preston and Chirnside, on the east by the Parishes of Chirnside, Hutton and Whitsome and Hilton, on the south by the parishes of Whitsome and Hilton, Swinton and Fogo and on the west by the parishes of Langton and Duns. It includes the nearby village of Allanton.
Cooperative movement in India
The cooperative movement in India plays a crucial role in the agricultural sector, banking and housing. The history of cooperatives in India is more than a hundred years old. Cooperatives developed very rapidly after Indian independence. According to an estimate, more than half a million cooperative societies are active in the country. Many cooperative societies, particularly in rural areas, increase political participation and are used as a stepping stone by aspiring politicians.

Amul
The Anand Milk Union Limited, commonly known as Amul, is an Indian dairy brand owned by the cooperative society, Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF), based in Anand, Gujarat. GCMMF is controlled by 3.6 million milk producers.

Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel founded the organisation in 1946 and served as its chairman until his retirement in the 1970s. He hired Verghese Kurien in 1949, initially as the general manager, where Kurien guided the technical and marketing efforts of the cooperative. Kurien briefly became the chairman of Amul following Patel's death in 1994, and is credited with the success of Amul's marketing.

Amul spurred India's White Revolution, which made the country the world's largest producer of milk and milk products, and has since ventured into overseas markets.
The Boyhood Deeds of Fionn
The Boyhood Deeds of Fionn (Old Irish: Macgnímartha Finn) is a medieval Irish narrative belonging to the Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology. As its title implies, it recounts the boyhood exploits of Fionn mac Cumhaill, the cycle's central figure.

Fionn mac Cumhaill
Fionn mac Cumhaill (alternatively spelled Finn mac Cumhaill), sometimes anglicised Finn McCool or MacCool, is a hero in Irish mythology, as well as in later Scottish and Manx folklore. He is the leader of the Fianna bands of young roving hunter-warriors, as well as being a seer and poet. He is said to have a magic thumb that bestows him with great wisdom. He is often depicted hunting with his hounds Bran and Sceólang, and fighting with his spear and sword. The tales of Fionn and his fiann form the Fianna Cycle or Fenian Cycle (an Fhiannaíocht), much of it narrated by Fionn's son, the poet Oisín.