hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bentley Hall
Bentley Hall is a historic building located on the campus of Allegheny College at Meadville, Crawford County, Pennsylvania.  It was built between 1820 and 1835, and is a vernacular brick and stone building with a Federal style center building and Greek Revival style wings.  The central section measures three stories and 60 feet wide and the two-story wings are 30 feet wide each. It is topped by a distinctive cupola. It was the first building built on the Allegheny College campus, and the only building until Ruter Hall was built in 1853.  It is named for Rev. William Bentley, an early benefactor.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

William Bentley
William Bentley (June 22, 1759 – December 29, 1819)  was an American Unitarian minister, scholar, columnist, and diarist.  He was a polymath who possessed the second best library in the United States (after that of Thomas Jefferson), and was an indefatigable reader and collector of information at the local national and international level.  Starting in 1794, he produced a weekly news summary of world events for the local newspaper the Salem Gazette.  He provided a highly sophisticated capsule of current political and cultural news, set in a broad historical context. His unsigned reports were widely copied and reproduced in the young nation's newspapers.  Bentley believed in Republican enlightenment and the widest possible diffusion of knowledge. He was upset by the increasingly shrill tone of the partisan press, and the superficiality of much journalism.
Searles Valley
35°36′N 117°18′W﻿ / ﻿35.6°N 117.3°W﻿ / 35.6; -117.3

Searles Valley is a valley in the northern Mojave Desert of California, with the northern half in Inyo County and the southern half in San Bernardino County, California, United States.

Searles Valley is located between the Argus Range to the west and the Slate Range to the east.  Death Valley is to the northeast. The valley contains the landform features of Searles Lake and the Trona Pinnacles.

The valley was named after John Wemple Searles.

Argus Range
The Argus Range is a mountain range located primarily in Inyo County, California, southeast of the town of Darwin. The range forms the western boundary of Panamint Valley, and the northwestern boundary of Searles Valley.  The Coso Range is located to the west, and the Panamint Range to the east.
Musculocutaneous nerve
The musculocutaneous nerve is a mixed branch of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus derived from cervical spinal nerves C5-C7. It arises opposite the lower border of the pectoralis minor. It provides motor innervation to the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm: the coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis. It provides sensory innervation to the lateral forearm (via its terminal branch). It courses through the anterior part of the arm, terminating 2 cm above elbow; after passing the lateral edge of the tendon of biceps brachii it is becomes known as the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm.

Fascial compartments of arm
The fascial compartments of arm  refers to the specific anatomical term of the compartments within the upper segment of the upper limb (the arm) of the body. The upper limb is divided into two segments, the arm and the forearm. Each of these segments is further divided into two compartments which are formed by deep fascia – tough connective tissue septa (walls). Each compartment encloses specific muscles and nerves.

The compartments of the arm are the anterior compartment of the arm and the posterior compartment of the arm, divided by the lateral and the medial intermuscular septa. The compartments of the forearm are the anterior compartment of the forearm and posterior compartment of the forearm.
Kuroshio (train)
The Kuroshio (くろしお) is a limited express train service in Japan connecting Kyoto, Shin-Osaka, Tennōji, Wakayama, Kii-Tanabe, Shirahama, and Shingu via the Tokaido Main Line (JR Kyoto Line), Osaka Loop Line, Hanwa Line, and Kisei Line (Kinokuni Line), operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West). This article also covers the derivative limited express trains, "Super Kuroshio (スーパーくろしお)" and "Ocean Arrow (オーシャンアロー)", the names of which were discontinued from start of the revised timetable on 17 March 2012.

Hanwa Line
The Hanwa Line (阪和線, Hanwa-sen) is a commuter rail line in the Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto Metropolitan Area, owned and operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West). The 61.3 km (38.1 mi) line runs between Osaka and Wakayama, Japan and has a 1.7 km branchline in a southern Osaka suburb. The name is taken from the second syllable of Osaka and the first syllable of Wakayama.
Adam Ant Is the Blueblack Hussar in Marrying the Gunner's Daughter
Adam Ant Is the Blueblack Hussar in Marrying the Gunner's Daughter, is the sixth solo studio album by Adam Ant. The album's title was announced by Ant in the NME in April 2010. As he had announced at his gig in Chatham in September 2012, the new album was released on 21 January 2013 by Ant's own record label, Blueblack Hussar Records. Despite the independent self-release, the album reached number 25 on the UK Albums Chart, only one place lower than its predecessor, Wonderful, released on the major EMI label nearly eighteen years earlier. It had previously been at number 8 in the midweek chart update.

Boz Boorer
Martin James "Boz" Boorer (born 19 May 1962) is an English guitarist and producer. He founded the new wave rockabilly group the Polecats, and starting in 1991 had a 30-year collaboration with singer Morrissey as co-writer, guitarist and musical director.
Immigration Wars
Immigration Wars: Forging an American Solution is a 2013 non-fiction book about immigration in the United States co-written by Jeb Bush, who served as the governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007, and Clint Bolick, who serves as the vice president of litigation at the Goldwater Institute in Phoenix, Arizona.

Clint Bolick
Clint Bolick (born December 26, 1957) is a justice of the Arizona Supreme Court. Previously, he served as Vice President of Litigation at the conservative/libertarian Goldwater Institute. He co-founded the libertarian Institute for Justice, where he was the Vice President and Director of Litigation from 1991 until 2004. He led two cases that went before the Supreme Court of the United States. He has also defended state-based school choice programs in the Supreme Courts of Wisconsin and Ohio.
Licking Creek (Potomac River tributary)
Licking Creek is a 56.6-mile-long (91.1 km) tributary of the Potomac River in Pennsylvania and Maryland in the United States.

Licking Creek is born on the west slope of Tuscarora Mountain, near Cowans Gap State Park, flows through western Fulton County, Pennsylvania and then enters Washington County to join the Potomac River downstream of Hancock.

Hancock, Maryland
Hancock is a town in Washington County, Maryland, United States. The population was 1,557 at the 2020 census. The Western Maryland community is notable for being located at the narrowest part of the state. The north–south distance from the Pennsylvania state line to the West Virginia state line is only 1.8 miles (2.9 km) at Hancock.
Passu
Passu (Urdu: پسو) is a small village in the Gojal valley of Upper Hunza in the Gilgit Baltistan region of Northern Pakistan. Located along the Karakoram Highway, Passu is a tourist destination. The village is known for its landscapes and views of the 7,478-meter (24,534 ft) Passu Sar mountain, the Passu Glacier, Batura glacier and the Passu Cathedral (Tupopdan) 6,106 m (20,033 ft).

Northern Pakistan
Northern Pakistan (Urdu: شمالی پاکستان ALA-LC: śimālī Pākistān) is a tourism region in the northern and north-western parts of Pakistan, comprising the administrative units of Gilgit-Baltistan (formerly known as Northern Areas), Azad Kashmir, Malakand and Hazara Division in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Islamabad Capital Territory and the Murree District in Punjab. The first two territories are Pakistani-administered sectors of the wider Kashmir region. Northern Pakistan is a mountainous region straddling the Himalayas, Karakoram and the Hindu Kush mountain ranges, containing  many of the highest peaks in the world and some of the longest glaciers outside polar regions. Northern Pakistan accounts for a high level of Pakistan's tourism industry.
Resuttano
Resuttano (Sicilian: Rastanu) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Caltanissetta in the Italian region of Sicily, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southeast of Palermo and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Caltanissetta. As of 1 January 2021, it had a population of 1,823 and an area of 38.27 square kilometres (14.78 sq mi).

Resuttano borders the following municipalities: Alimena, Blufi, Bompietro, Petralia Sottana, Santa Caterina Villarmosa.

Province of Caltanissetta
The province of Caltanissetta (Italian: provincia di Caltanissetta; Sicilian: pruvincia di Nissa or pruvincia di Cartanissetta; officially libero consorzio comunale di Caltanissetta) is a province in the southern part of Sicily, Italy. Following the suppression of the Sicilian provinces, it was replaced in 2015 by the free municipal consortium of Caltanissetta (Italian: libero consorzio comunale di Caltanissetta). The province contains 22 municipalities (comuni). Its coat of arms is a red crest and two green leaf stems on top with a laurel leaf on the right and a crown in the middle. The River Salso is the main river of the province; it is 122 kilometres (76 mi) long and originates in the province of Palermo, and it flows into the Mediterranean in this province at the end of the Gulf of Gela.
Battle of Plovdiv (1878)
The Battle of Plovdiv, or Battle of Philippopolis, was one of the final battles of the 1877-1878 Russo-Turkish War.

Following the crushing Russian victory at the last battle of Shipka Pass, Russian commander Gen. Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko began to move southeast towards Constantinople.  Blocking the route was the Ottoman fortress at Plovdiv under Suleiman Pasha.  On 16 January 1878, a squadron of Russian dragoons led by Captain Alexander Burago stormed the city. Its defenses were strong but superior Russian numbers overwhelmed them and the Ottoman forces retreated almost to Constantinople.  At this time foreign powers intervened and Russia agreed to the Treaty of San Stefano.

Iosif Gurko
Count Iosif Vladimirovich Romeyko-Gurko (Russian: Граф Ио́сиф Влади́мирович Роме́йко-Гурко́, romanized: Iósif Vladímirovič Roméjko-Gurkó;  28 July [O.S. 16 July] 1828 – 28 January [O.S. 15 January] 1901), also known as Joseph or Ossip Gourko, was a prominent Russian field marshal  during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878).
Murray Bowen
Murray Bowen (/ˈboʊən/ BOH-ən; January 31, 1913, in Waverly, Tennessee – October 9, 1990) was an American psychiatrist and a professor in psychiatry at Georgetown University. Bowen was among the pioneers of family therapy and a noted founder of systemic therapy. Beginning in the 1950s he developed a systems theory of the family.

Systemic therapy
Systemic therapy is a type of psychotherapy that seeks to address people in relationships, dealing with the interactions of groups and their interactional patterns and dynamics.

Early forms of systemic therapy were based on cybernetics and systems theory. Systemic therapy practically addresses stagnant behavior patterns within living systems without analyzing their cause. The therapist's role is to introduce creative "nudges" to help systems change themselves. This approach is increasingly applied in various fields like business, education, politics, psychiatry, social work, and family medicine.
Międzywodzie
Międzywodzie [mjɛnd͡zɨˈvɔd͡ʑɛ] (German: Heidebrink) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dziwnów, within Kamień County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) west of Dziwnów, 8 km (5 mi) north-west of Kamień Pomorski, and 66 km (41 mi) north of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 681 (2014).

Gmina Dziwnów
Gmina Dziwnów is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Kamień County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Dziwnów, which lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Kamień Pomorski and 68 km (42 mi) north of the regional capital Szczecin.

The gmina covers an area of 37.91 square kilometres (14.6 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,148 (out of which the population of Dziwnów amounts to 2,949, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 1,199).
Beazley Medal
The Beazley Medals are two annual awards awarded by the School Curriculum and Standards Authority (and previously the Curriculum Council of Western Australia). From 2001 onwards, two medals have been awarded each year — one to the top TEE student (WACE from 2010 onward) and one to the top vocational education and training (VET) student.

The medal was first awarded in 1984 and is named after former Federal Education Minister Kim Beazley Sr. In 2000, a new student award, the Excellence in Vocational Studies Award, was introduced for the student who demonstrated the best results in a secondary school vocational program. The award was renamed the Beazley Medal: VET in the following year to reflect its equal status.

Kim Beazley Sr.
Kim Edward Beazley AO (30 September 1917 – 12 October 2007) was an Australian politician who served as a member of the House of Representatives from 1945 to 1977, representing the Labor Party. He was Minister for Education in the Whitlam government from 1972 to 1975.
Kyoto Imperial Palace
The Kyōto Imperial Palace (京都御所, Kyōto-gosho), also known as Dairi (内裏), is the former palace of the Emperor of Japan from 1337 to 1869 located in Kamigyō-ku, Kyoto, Japan. Since the Meiji Restoration in 1869, the Emperors have resided at the Tokyo Imperial Palace, while the preservation of the Kyoto Imperial Palace was ordered in 1877. Today, the grounds are open to the public, and the Imperial Household Agency hosts public tours of the buildings several times a day.

The Kyoto Imperial Palace is the latest of the imperial palaces built in the northeastern part of the old capital of Heian-kyō (now known as Kyoto) after the abandonment of the Heian Palace that was located to the west of the current palace during the Heian period. The Palace lost much of its function at the time of the Meiji Restoration, when the capital functions were moved to Tokyo in 1869. However, Emperor Taishō and Shōwa still had their enthronement ceremonies at the palace.

Emperor Go-Mizunoo
Kotohito (Japanese: 政仁; IPA: [ko̞to̞çito̞]; 29 June 1596 – 11 September 1680, posthumously honored as Emperor Go-Mizunoo (後水尾天皇, Gomizunō Tennō; [ɡo̞mʲizɨno̞ː tẽ̞nːo̞ː]), was the 108th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.: 113–115  Go-Mizunoo's reign spanned the years from 1611 through 1629, and he was the first emperor to reign entirely during the Edo period.

This 17th-century sovereign was named after the 9th-century Emperor Seiwa, sometimes posthumously referred to as Mizunoo (水尾) because this is the location of his tomb, while go translates as "later", and thus, he could be called the "Later Emperor Mizunoo". The Japanese word go has also been translated to mean the "second one", and in some older sources, this emperor may be identified as "Mizunoo, the second" or "Mizunoo II".
Alabama A&M University
Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University (Alabama A&M or AAMU) is a public historically black land-grant university in Normal, Alabama, United States, a part of Huntsville. Founded in 1875 as a state-run "normal school", it took its present name in 1969. AAMU is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. The Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University Historic District, also known as Normal Hill College Historic District, has 28 buildings and four structures listed in the United States National Register of Historic Places. Alabama A&M's athletic teams, known as the Bulldogs, compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC).

Alabama A&M Bulldogs and Lady Bulldogs
The Alabama A&M Bulldogs and Lady Bulldogs are the athletic teams that represent Alabama A&M University. The program will feature 17 varsity sports teams in the 2024–25 school year. A&M participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference. Russell Athletic is the current sponsor of the Alabama A&M University Athletic Department.
Ptilothrix
Ptilothrix is a genus within the tribe Emphorini of the family Apidae (bumblebees, euglossines, honeybees, stingless bees). Bees of this genus can range from 7 to 15 mm (0.28 to 0.59 in). Ptilothrix species are solitary, ground-nesting bees. These bees have especially prominent hairs in the scopae of their hind legs, to help gather pollen to provision their nests. Ptilothrix species specialize on certain families of plants for their pollen, including the families Malvaceae, Convolvulaceae, Onagraceae, Cactaceae, Pontederiaceae, and Asteraceae. The genus is found in the New World, with species ranging across the Americas.

Malvaceae
Malvaceae (/mælˈveɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/), or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include cacao, cola, cotton, okra, roselle and durian. There are also some genera containing familiar ornamentals, such as Alcea (hollyhock), Malva (mallow), and Tilia (lime or linden tree). The genera with the largest numbers of species include Hibiscus (434 species), Pavonia (291 species), Sida (275 species), Ayenia (216 species), Dombeya (197 species), and Sterculia (181 species).
Edward Augustus Inglefield
Sir Edward Augustus Inglefield KCB FRS FRGS (27 March 1820 – 4 September 1894) was a Royal Navy officer who led one of the searches for the missing Arctic explorer John Franklin during the 1850s. In doing so, his expedition charted previously unexplored areas along the northern Canadian coastline, including Baffin Bay, Smith Sound and Lancaster Sound.

He was also the inventor of the marine hydraulic steering gear and the anchor design that bears his name. HMS Inglefield bears his name, as do the Inglefield Land region and the Inglefield Gulf of Greenland.

Inglefield Gulf
Inglefield Gulf or Inglefield Fjord (Danish: Inglefield Bredning;  Greenlandic: Kangerlussuaq) is a fjord in northwestern Greenland. To the west, the fjord opens into the Baffin Bay. Administratively it belongs to the Avannaata municipality.

Inglefield Gulf was named after English explorer Edward Augustus Inglefield.
Yang Yang (Atlanta giant panda)
Yang Yang (Chinese: 洋洋, meaning: "little sea") (b. 9 September 1997) is a male giant panda who lived at Zoo Atlanta in Atlanta, Georgia. He is the mate to Lun Lun and the father to Mei Lan, Xi Lan, Po, twins Mei Lun and Mei Huan, and twins Ya Lun and Xi Lun.

Yang Yang was born at the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding and was on loan to Zoo Atlanta from November 1999 to late 2024. He was originally named Jiu Jiu, until his "adoption" by three organizations in the Netherlands.

In 2024, Yang Yang, Lun Lun, and their offspring still living at the zoo were returned to China.

Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding
The Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding (or simply Chengdu Panda Base) is a government-funded non-profit breeding and research institute for giant pandas, red pandas, and other rare animals, located in Chengdu, Sichuan, China.

Chengdu Panda Base was founded in 1987 by the Chengdu Municipal People's Government. It started with 6 giant pandas that were rescued from the wild. By 2008, it had 124 panda births, and the captive panda population has grown to 83.

Its stated goal is to "be a world-class research facility, conservation education center, and international educational tourism destination."

In February 2024, the institute made international headlines after it banned a 53-year-old male visitor for life for throwing unspecified objects into a giant panda enclosure.
Tree of Hippocrates
The Tree of Hippocrates is the plane tree (or platane, in Europe) under which, according to legend, Hippocrates of Kos (considered the father of medicine) taught his pupils the art of medicine. Paul of Tarsus purportedly taught here as well. The Platanus in Kos is an oriental plane (Platanus orientalis), with a crown diameter of about 12 m (39 ft), said to be the largest for a plane tree in Europe.

Hippocrates' tree resides on the Platía Platanou (or "Square of the Platane"), in front of the Castle of Knights and next to the Gazi Hassan Mosque (erected in 1776) in the centre of Kos town. The current tree is only about 500 years old, but may possibly be a descendant of the original tree which allegedly stood there 2400 years ago, in Hippocrates' time. The tree has become hollowed out over the years, and some branches are supported by metal scaffolding. Next to the tree is a white tap with engravings in the Arabic language, also built by the Turkish Governor Gazi Hassan.

Platanus orientalis
Platanus orientalis, the Oriental plane, is a large, deciduous tree in the family Platanaceae, growing to 30 m (98 ft) or more, and known for its longevity and spreading crown. In autumn its deep green leaves may change to blood red, amber, and yellow.
Williamson ether synthesis
The Williamson ether synthesis is an organic reaction,  forming an ether from an organohalide and a deprotonated alcohol (alkoxide). This reaction was developed by Alexander Williamson in 1850. Typically it involves the reaction of an alkoxide ion with a primary alkyl halide via an SN2 reaction. This reaction is important in the history of organic chemistry because it helped prove the structure of ethers.

The general reaction mechanism is as follows:

An example is the reaction of sodium ethoxide with chloroethane to form diethyl ether and sodium chloride:

C2H5Cl + C2H5ONa  →  C2H5OC2H5 + NaCl

SN2 reaction
The bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) is a type of reaction mechanism that is common in organic chemistry. In the SN2 reaction, a strong nucleophile forms a new bond to an sp3-hybridised carbon atom via a backside attack, all while the leaving group detaches from the reaction center in a concerted (i.e. simultaneous) fashion.

The name SN2 refers to the Hughes-Ingold symbol of the mechanism:  "SN" indicates that the reaction is a nucleophilic substitution, and "2" that it proceeds via a bimolecular mechanism, which means both the reacting species are involved in the rate-determining step. What distinguishes SN2 from the other major type of nucleophilic substitution, the SN1 reaction, is that the displacement of the leaving group, which is the rate-determining step, is separate from the nucleophilic attack in SN1.

The SN2 reaction can be considered as an organic-chemistry analogue of the associative substitution from the field of inorganic chemistry.