hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of the fur trade by the Sea of Okhotsk
The history of fur trade by Sea of Okhotsk is an important part of the history of the Siberian fur trade. When Russians reached the Pacific coast their river boats were no longer useful. Once knowledge of ship building and navigation was slowly moved across Siberia they advanced to Alaska. The Alaska trade was controlled from the Okhotsk coast until the whole system broke up around 1860. A major problem was moving supplies over the coastal mountains.  For background see Siberian River Routes.

Siberian River Routes
Siberian River Routes were the main ways of communication in Russian Siberia before the 1730s, when roads began to be built. The rivers were also of primary importance in the process of Russian conquest and exploration of vast Siberian territories eastwards. Since the three great Siberian rivers, the Ob, the Yenisey, and the Lena all flow into the Arctic Ocean, the aim was to find parts or branches of these rivers that flow approximately east-west and find short portages between them.  Since Siberia is relatively flat, portages were usually short.  Despite resistance from the Siberian tribes, Russian Cossacks were able to expand from the Urals to the Pacific in only 57 years (1582-1639). These river routes were crucial in the first years of the Siberian fur trade as the furs were easier to transport over water than land. The rivers connected the major fur gathering centers and provided for relatively quick transport between them.
Survey of Consumer Finances
The Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) is a triennial statistical survey of the balance sheet, pension, income and other demographic characteristics of families in the United States; the survey also gathers information on the use of financial institutions.

It is sponsored by the United States Federal Reserve Board in cooperation with the U.S. Treasury Department. Since 1992, data have been collected by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, located in Chicago, Illinois. Data from the survey are widely used, from analysis at the Federal Reserve and other branches of government to scholarly work at the major economic research centers.

NORC at the University of Chicago
NORC at the University of Chicago, originally the National Opinion Research Center, is an independent non-profit research institute affiliated with the University of Chicago, a private university in Chicago, Illinois, United States.

Established in 1941, its corporate headquarters is located in downtown Chicago, with offices in several other locations throughout the United States. Organized as an independent corporation, more than half its board comes from faculty and administration of the University of Chicago. It also jointly staffs some of the university's academic research centers.
Kposo language
Kposo language, or Ikposo (Ikpɔsɔ), is the language of the Akposso people, mainly in the Plateau Region of Togo, west of Atakpamé, but also into eastern Ghana. It is considered one of the Ghana–Togo Mountain languages, but does not have the system of noun classes that is characteristic of other languages in the group.

Ghana–Togo Mountain languages
The Ghana–Togo Mountain languages, formerly called Togorestsprachen (Togo Remnant languages) and Central Togo languages, form a grouping of about fourteen languages spoken in the mountains of the Ghana–Togo borderland. They are part of the Kwa branch of the Niger–Congo family.
Pamela Gillies
Professor Pamela Gillies CBE FRSA FAcSS FRSE  (born 1953) is a Scottish academic and educator who served as Principal and Vice-Chancellor of Glasgow Caledonian University from March 2006 until January 2023.

Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences
The Fellowship of the Academy of Social Sciences (FAcSS) is an award granted by the Academy of Social Sciences to leading academics, policy-makers, and practitioners of the social sciences.

Fellows were previously known as Academicians and used the post-nominal letter "AcSS". This was changed in July 2014 to bring the academy in line with other British learned societies.
Prostitution in the Republic of Ireland
Prostitution in Ireland is legal. However, since March 2017, it has been an offence to buy sex. All forms of third party involvement (such as operating brothels, sex trafficking, and other forms of pimping) are illegal but are commonly practiced. Since the law that criminalises clients came into being, with the purpose of reducing the demand for prostitution, the number of prosecutions for the purchase of sex increased from 10 in 2018 to 92 in 2020. In a report from UCD's Sexual Exploitation Research Programme the development is called ”a promising start in interrupting the demand for prostitution.” Most prostitution in Ireland occurs indoors. Street prostitution has declined considerably in the 21st century, with the vast majority of prostitution now advertised on the internet.

Magdalene laundries in Ireland
The Magdalene laundries in Ireland, also known as Magdalene asylums, were institutions usually run by Roman Catholic orders, which operated from the 18th to the late 20th century. They were run ostensibly to house "fallen women", an estimated 30,000 of whom were confined in these institutions in Ireland. They functioned as penitentiary workhouses in which women did laundry for income.

In 1993, unmarked graves of 155 women were uncovered in the convent grounds of one of the laundries. This led to media revelations about the operations of the secretive institutions. A formal state apology was issued in 2014, and a compensation scheme for survivors was set up by the Irish Government, which by 2022 and after an extension of the scheme had paid out €32.8 million to 814 survivors. The religious orders which operated the laundries have rejected appeals, including from victims and Ireland's Justice Minister, to contribute financially to this programme.
Gina McKee
Georgina McKee (born 14 April 1964) is an English actress. She won the 1997 BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for Our Friends in the North (1996), and earned subsequent nominations for  The Lost Prince (2003) and The Street (2007). She also starred on television in The Forsyte Saga (2002) and as Caterina Sforza in The Borgias (2011). Her film appearances include Notting Hill (1999),  Phantom Thread (2017), and My Policeman (2022). On the stage, she has been nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for King Lear in 2011, Dear England in 2024, and The Years in 2025.

Harold Pinter Theatre
The Harold Pinter Theatre, known as the Comedy Theatre until 2011, is a West End theatre, and opened on Panton Street in the City of Westminster, on 15 October 1881, as the Royal Comedy Theatre. It was designed by Thomas Verity and built in just six months in painted (stucco) stone and brick. By 1884 it was known as simply the Comedy Theatre. In the mid-1950s the theatre underwent major reconstruction and re-opened in December 1955; the auditorium remains essentially that of 1881, with three tiers of horseshoe-shaped balconies.
John Armatage
John Armatage (born 5 August 1929) is an English jazz swing drummer and arranger.

Armatage began professional work in 1957 when he gigged with John Chilton and then recorded, toured and made a film with Bruce Turner, the film called Living Jazz (1962). He has played with artists such as Pete Allen and Terry Lightfoot. He has done collaborative work with Pee Wee Russell.

Pete Allen (musician)
Pete Allen (born 23 November 1954) is an English Dixieland jazz clarinettist, alto and soprano saxophonist, banjo, bandleader, and vocalist.  He has appeared in television and radio shows, both with his band and as a solo act. He has worked with Peanuts Hucko, Bud Freeman, Bob Wilber, Marty Grosz, Billy Butterfield, Barrett Deems, Jack Lesberg, and Kenny Ball.
Bodotriidae
Bodotriidae is a family of crustaceans belonging to the order Cumacea. Bodotriids have a worldwide distribution in shallow and deep waters. There are over 380 described species in over 30 genera, being the most diverse cumacean family. Their external morphology differs from other cumaceans by a combination of traits that independently are not unique to the family: the telson is fused to the last abdominal segment (last pleonite), the dorsal part of the mandible has a boat shape (naviculoid), exopods exist on the third maxilliped and the first peraeopod, and there is a uropodal endopod with one or two articles.

Cumacea
Cumacea is an order of small marine crustaceans of the superorder Peracarida, occasionally called hooded shrimp or comma shrimp. Their unique appearance and uniform body plan makes them easy to distinguish from other crustaceans. They live in soft-bottoms such as mud and sand, mostly in the marine environment. There are more than 1,500 species of cumaceans formally described. The species diversity of Cumacea increases with depth.
Seiza
Seiza  (正座 or 正坐; せいざ SAY-zah; lit. 'proper sitting') is the formal, traditional way of sitting in Japan. It involves a specific positioning and posture in a kneeled position so as to convey respect, particularly toward elders. It developed among samurai during the Edo period and was later widely adopted by the public.

Seiza is associated with straw tatami flooring or zabuton pillows that allow for comfortable sitting, and it is commonly used in several Japanese practices, including Japanese martial arts and the Japanese tea ceremony. Sitting seiza-style is often difficult for people who are not accustomed to it or for the physically infirm, such as injured people and the elderly. Sitting seiza-style for long periods of time is associated with health problems, particularly those of the knees. Seiza may be compared to similar seated positions in other cultures, such as Indian Vajrasana.

Iaido
Iaidō (居合道), abbreviated iai (居合), is a Japanese martial art that emphasizes being aware and capable of quickly drawing the sword and responding to sudden attacks.

Iaido consists of four main components: the smooth, controlled movements of drawing the sword from its scabbard (or saya), striking or cutting an opponent, shaking blood from the blade, and replacing the sword in the scabbard. While beginning practitioners of iaido may start learning with a wooden sword (bokutō 木刀) depending on the teaching style of a particular instructor, most of the practitioners use a blunt-edged sword called an iaitō or mogitō. Few, more experienced, iaido practitioners use a sharp-edged sword (shinken).

Practitioners of iaido are called iaidoka.
Yen Press
Yen Press is an American manga, graphic novel and light novel publisher co-owned by Kadokawa Corporation and Hachette Book Group. It published Yen Plus, a monthly comic anthology, between 2008 and 2013. In addition to translated material, Yen Press has published original series, most notably Svetlana Chmakova's Nightschool and a manga adaptation of James Patterson's Maximum Ride.

Yokohama Station SF
Yokohama Station SF (横浜駅SF, Yokohama Eki SF) is a Japanese light novel written by Yuba Isukari and illustrated by Tatsuyuki Tanaka. It was initially serialized as a web novel published on Kadokawa Corporation's Kakuyomu website between January 2016 and March 2017. A single volume was published under Fujimi Shobo's Kadokawa Books imprint in December 2016. A sequel titled Yokohama Station SF National was published in August 2017. A manga adaptation illustrated by Gonbe Shinkawa was serialized on Kadokawa Shoten's Young Ace Up website between December 2016 and October 2018.
Morse potential
The Morse potential, named after physicist Philip M. Morse, is a convenient 
interatomic interaction model for the potential energy of a diatomic molecule. It is a better approximation for the vibrational structure of the molecule than the quantum harmonic oscillator because it explicitly includes the effects of bond breaking, such as the existence of unbound states. It also accounts for the anharmonicity of real bonds and the non-zero transition probability for overtone and combination bands. The Morse potential can also be used to model other interactions such as the interaction between an atom and a surface. Due to its simplicity (only three fitting parameters), it is not used in modern spectroscopy. However, its mathematical form inspired the MLR (Morse/Long-range) potential, which is the most popular potential energy function used for fitting spectroscopic data.

Interatomic potential
Interatomic potentials are mathematical functions to calculate the potential energy of a system of atoms with given positions in space. Interatomic potentials are widely used as the physical basis of molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations in computational chemistry, computational physics and computational materials science to explain and predict materials properties. Examples of quantitative properties and qualitative phenomena that are explored with interatomic potentials include lattice parameters, surface energies, interfacial energies, adsorption, cohesion, thermal expansion, and elastic and plastic material behavior, as well as chemical reactions.
Triple M Goulburn Valley
Triple M Goulburn Valley is a commercial radio service broadcasting to the Goulburn Valley region of Victoria, Australia. The station originates from Shepparton and is broadcast on 95.3 MHz in Shepparton and 91.3 MHz in Mansfield. providing coverage across the wider region. It is owned by Southern Cross Austereo and broadcasts an adult contemporary (AC) format, featuring a mix of locally produced programming and nationally syndicated content.

The service commenced broadcasting in 1998 as 3SR FM, before being rebranded as Triple M in December 2016 as part of a network-wide rebrand by Southern Cross Austereo.

Triple M
Triple M is an Australian commercial radio network owned and operated by Southern Cross Austereo. The network consists of 45 radio stations with flagship stations broadcasting a mainstream/classic rock music format in Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane, 37 regional stations broadcasting a modern adult contemporary/adult hits format and 5 digital radio stations.

The network dates back to the launch of Triple M Sydney in 1980. On 15 December 2016, the network was amalgamated with the LocalWorks network of regional radio stations.
Live Oak, Tampa and Charlotte Harbor Railroad
The Live Oak, Tampa and Charlotte Harbor Railroad was a historic railroad in Florida chartered by railroad tycoon Henry B. Plant.  It was built as an extension of Plant's Live Oak and Rowlands Bluff Railroad.  Together, the two lines ran from Live Oak, Florida, to Gainesville via High Springs.  The lines were completed in 1884.

DuPont—Lakeland Line
The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad's DuPont—Lakeland Line (R Line) was a historic rail line in southern Georgia and the northern west coast of Florida.    On employee timetables, the line was actually divided into the DuPont—High Springs Line (which was part of the company's Waycross District) and the High Springs—Lakeland Line (which was part of the company's Ocala District).  The line was primarily used for freight, though some passenger services ran on parts of it in Florida.  While parts of the line were built as early as 1863, the full line was not complete until 1913.  Parts of the line in Florida are still active today.
Inflatable boat
An inflatable boat is a lightweight boat constructed with its sides and bow made of flexible tubes containing pressurised gas. For smaller boats, the floor and hull are often flexible, while for boats longer than 3 metres (9.8 ft), the floor typically consists of three to five rigid plywood or aluminium sheets fixed between the tubes, but not joined rigidly together. Often the transom is rigid, providing a location and structure for mounting an outboard motor.

Some inflatable boats can be disassembled and packed into a small volume, so that they can be easily stored and transported. The boat, when inflated, is kept rigid cross-ways by a foldable removable thwart. This feature makes these boats suitable for liferafts for larger boats or aircraft, and for travel or recreational purposes.

Zodiac Nautic
Zodiac Nautic, formerly Zodiac Marine & Pool, then Zodiac Marine, is a French company known for their inflatable boats. Originating as an airship company, the boating division was split off from the aerospace-focused Zodiac Group in 2007.

In France, "zodiac" has become a genericized trademark for an inflatable boat.
Flyford Flavell
Flyford Flavell is a village in Worcestershire. It has a traditional pub in the centre of the village adjacent to the village green and a primary school (rated Good by Ofsted in November 2016). A garage and another pub lie on the periphery of the village and the nearest shop is 3 miles. The name Flyford is of unknown origin. The second element is thought to derive from the Old English fyrhð meaning 'wood'. The first element could possibly derive from the personal name Flaede, but the exact origin is not known. The affix Flavell is an Anglo-Norman rendering of the village's name, used to distinguish it from nearby Grafton Flyford.

Grafton Flyford
Grafton Flyford is a village about 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Worcester, in Worcestershire, England.

It neighbours Stock Green, with the large farm house Hill Top Farm standing on the border.

In 1377, or 1378, Henry de Ardern was granted the manor of Grafton Flyford by the Earl of Warwick for a red rose.

The name Grafton derives from the Old English grāftūn meaning 'settlement by a grove'. The affix Flyford refers to the village's position near Flyford Flavell.
Myocardial contractility
Myocardial contractility represents the innate ability of the heart muscle (cardiac muscle or myocardium) to contract. It is the maximum attainable value for the force of contraction of a given heart. The ability to produce changes in force during contraction result from incremental degrees of binding between different types of tissue, that is, between filaments of myosin (thick) and actin (thin) tissue. The degree of binding depends upon the concentration of calcium ions in the cell.
Within an in vivo intact heart, the action/response of the sympathetic nervous system is driven by precisely timed releases of a catecholamine, which is a process that determines the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol of cardiac muscle cells. The factors causing an increase in contractility work by causing an increase in intracellular calcium ions (Ca++) during contraction.

Afterload
Afterload is the pressure that the heart must work against to eject blood during systole (ventricular contraction). Afterload is proportional to the average arterial pressure. As aortic and pulmonary pressures increase, the afterload increases on the left and right ventricles respectively.  Afterload changes to adapt to the continually changing demands on an animal's cardiovascular system. Afterload is proportional to mean systolic blood pressure and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).
Donald Ramotar
Donald Rabindranauth Ramotar (born 22 October 1950) is a Guyanese politician who was President of Guyana from 2011 to 2015. He was also the General Secretary of the People's Progressive Party (PPP) from 1997 to 2013.

People's Progressive Party/Civic
The People's Progressive Party/Civic (PPP/C) is a major political party in Guyana. As of 2025, the party holds 36 of the 65 seats in the National Assembly and rules the government since 2020. It has been the ruling party in the past as well, most recently between 1992 and 2015. In Guyana's ethnically divided political landscape, the PPP/C is a multi-ethnic organization with its base of support from the Indo-Guyanese people.
Eschenburg (hill)
Eschenburg (also written Eschenberg on some maps) is a hill in Hesse, Germany. It is located in the borough of Dillenburg, near the villages of Nanzenbach and Wissenbach. With an elevation of 589 metres, it is the town's highest point.

The hill gave its name to the municipality of Eschenburg.

Dillenburg
Dillenburg (German pronunciation: [ˈdɪlənbʊʁk] ⓘ), officially Oranienstadt Dillenburg, is a town in Hesse's Gießen region in Germany. The town was formerly the seat of the old Dillkreis district, which is now part of the Lahn-Dill-Kreis.

The town lies on the German-Dutch holiday road called the Orange Route, joining towns, cities and regions associated with the House of Orange-Nassau, as well as on the German Timber-Frame Road and the Rothaarsteig hiking trail.
Haberdashers' Knights Academy
Haberdashers' Knights Academy (formerly Malory School and then Haberdashers' Aske's Knights Academy) is a secondary school with academy status located in the Downham area of the London Borough of Lewisham, England. 
Haberdashers' Knights Academy is part of the Haberdashers' Aske's Federation in south-east London.

Downham, London
Downham is a district of South East London, England, within the London Borough of Lewisham. Downham is located south of Lewisham and borders north London Borough of Bromley.

Downham was named in honour of Lord Downham, who was chairman of the London County Council between 1919 and 1920.

The Prime Meridian passes just to the west of Downham.

British Film-maker Luna Carmoon was raised in the area and made her first two shorts and her debut feature Hoard in the area. She refers to them as her Downham Trilogy'.
Bitterne
Bitterne is an eastern suburb and ward of Southampton, in the ceremonial county of Hampshire, England.

Bitterne derives its name not from the similarly named bird, the bittern, but probably from the bend in the River Itchen; the Old English words byht and ærn together mean "house near a bend" or possibly bita ærn; "house of horse bits", either most likely a reference to Bitterne Manor House. A reference from the late 11th century spells the name Byterne.

Bitterne Ward comprises the suburbs of Bitterne and Thornhill, and had a population of 13,800 at the 2011 census. The ward borders Sholing Ward and Harefield Ward to the west and north.

Thornhill, Southampton
Thornhill is a suburb of Southampton, United Kingdom, situated on the eastern border of the city and bounded by three major roads. According to the 2001 census the population was 11,460. Those under age 16 represent 23.4% of the population, 5% more than the city figure of 18.2%; those over age 65 represent 17.4% of the population, again higher than the city average of 14.5%.
Listed buildings in North Stainley with Sleningford
North Stainley with Sleningford is a civil parish in the county of North Yorkshire, England. It contains 23 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, two are listed at Grade II*, the middle of the three grades, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The parish contains the village of North Stainley, smaller settlements including Sutton Grange, and the surrounding countryside. Most of the listed buildings consist of country houses, smaller houses and cottages, and associated structures. The others include a farmhouse, farm buildings, a bridge, a watermill, a well cover, and a school with associated structures.

North Stainley
North Stainley is a village in the county of North Yorkshire, England 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Ripon. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, it is the closest settlement to the theme park Lightwater Valley which is 0.62 miles (1 km) to the south.