hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria
Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria (Albrecht Luitpold Ferdinand Michael; 3 May 1905 –  8 July 1996) was the son of the last crown prince of Bavaria, Rupprecht, and his first wife, Duchess Marie Gabrielle in Bavaria. He was the only child from that marriage who reached adulthood. His paternal grandfather was Ludwig III of Bavaria, the last king of Bavaria, who was deposed in 1918.

Duchess Marie Gabrielle in Bavaria
Marie Gabrielle (German: Marie Gabrielle Mathilde Isabelle Therese Antoinette Sabine Herzogin in Bayern;  9 October 1878 –  24 October 1912) Duchess in Bavaria, was the youngest daughter of Duke Karl Theodor in Bavaria and his second wife, Infanta Maria José of Portugal. She married Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria in 1900 but died before he became Crown Prince. Through her second son Albrecht, Marie Gabrielle was the grandmother of the present Duke of Bavaria, Franz.
Catamarca-class destroyer
The Catamarca class consisted of two destroyers built for the Argentine Navy during the 1910s in Germany because Argentina lacked the industrial facilities needed to build them. Completed in 1912, the sister ships were initially assigned duties as training ships. Catamarca spent much of her career as a flotilla leader while Jujuy spent more time in reserve or on training duties. They remained in service until 1947 when they were placed in reserve. The ships were stricken from the navy list in 1956 and sold for scrap in 1959–1960.

ARA Catamarca
ARA Catamarca was the lead ship of her class of two destroyers built for the Argentine Navy during the 1910s in Germany. They were constructed there as Argentina lacked the industrial facilities needed to build them. Completed in 1912, the ship often served as a flotilla leader. She was modernized and rearmed during the mid-1920s. Catamarca spent 1932 in reserve, but was reactivated the following year. The ship conducted Neutrality Patrols during the Second World War before being transferred to the River Squadron in 1942. She was permanently reduced to reserve in 1947, discarded in 1956 and sold for scrap three years later.
Multi-booting
Multi-booting is the act of installing multiple operating systems on a single computer, and being able to choose which one to boot. The term dual-booting refers to the common configuration of specifically two operating systems. Multi-booting may require a custom boot loader.

GNU GRUB
GNU GRUB (short for GNU GRand Unified Bootloader, commonly referred to as GRUB) is a boot loader package from the GNU Project. GRUB is the reference implementation of the Free Software Foundation's Multiboot Specification, which provides a user the choice to boot one of multiple operating systems installed on a computer set up for multi-booting or select a specific kernel configuration available on a particular operating system's partitions.

GNU GRUB was developed from a package called the Grand Unified Bootloader (a play on Grand Unified Theory). It is predominantly used for Unix-like systems.
Erhöhtes Fleisch und Blut, BWV 173
Erhöhtes Fleisch und Blut (Exalted flesh and blood), BWV 173 (BWV 173.2), is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach. He composed it in Leipzig for Pentecost Monday and probably first performed it on 29 May 1724.

Church cantata (Bach)
Throughout his life as a musician, Johann Sebastian Bach composed cantatas for both secular and sacred use. He composed his church cantatas for use in the Lutheran church, mainly intended for the occasions of the liturgical year.
Sun TV Network
Sun TV Network Limited is an Indian media company, headquartered in Chennai. It is a part of Sun Group and was established on 14 April 1993 by Kalanithi Maran. It owns a variety of television channels and radio stations in multiple languages. Its flagship channel is Sun TV.

Kalanithi Maran
Kalanithi Maran (born 24 July 1964) is an Indian billionaire media proprietor. He is the founder and chairman of Sun Group, one of India's largest media conglomerates. He owns multiple television channels, newspapers, weeklies, FM radio stations, DTH services, a movie production house (Sun Pictures), and three cricket team franchises: Sunrisers Hyderabad in the Indian Premier League, Sunrisers Eastern Cape in the SA20 League in South Africa and Sunrisers Leeds in The Hundred in England. He also held a major share in the Indian airline SpiceJet from 2010 to 2015.

Maran won Young Businessman awards from CNBC and Ernst & Young, and Forbes magazine named him the "Television king of southern India". As of November 2025, his net worth is US$2.57 billion.
12th Indian Division
The 12th Indian Division was formed in March 1915 from units of the British Indian Army. It formed part of the Tigris Corps, for service during the Mesopotamia Campaign of World War I. The Division arrived in Mesopotamia in April 1915 and remained there until it was broken up in March 1916.
The Division's brigades remained in Mesopotamia as independent formations until forming part of the 15th Indian Division in May 1916.
During its short existence it fought in a number of actions including the Battle of Shaiba between April 12–14, 1915, the  Battle of Khafajiya between May 14–16, 1915, the Battle of Nasiriya between July 5, 13-14, 24 1915, where 400 British and Indian soldiers were killed in the battle and up to 2,000 Turkish Soldiers. The Occupation of Nasiriya and the affair at Butanuja, January 14, 1916.

III Corps (India)
The III Corps is a formation of the Indian Army that was formed during World War I in Mesopotamia during its respective campaign. Prior to the reorganization of the British and Indian forces in Mesopotamia, it was designated as the Tigris Corps.

A new III Corps was formed by the Indian Army during World War II for service in Southeast Asia. The corps fought in the Battle of Singapore where it surrendered in February 1942.

It is headquartered in the state of Nagaland of India in the city of Dimapur, at Rangapahar Military Station.
Phoenix Picturehouse
The Phoenix Picturehouse is a cinema in Oxford, England. It is at 57 Walton Street in the Jericho district of Oxford.

The Phoenix used to be an independent cinema, and from 1989 the Picturehouse Cinemas chain developed from it. Since 2012 the multi-national Cineworld group has owned Picturehouse Cinemas.

Jericho, Oxford
Jericho is a historic suburb of the English city of Oxford. It consists of the streets bounded by the Oxford Canal, Worcester College, Walton Street and Walton Well Road. Located outside the old city wall, it was originally a place for travellers to rest if they had reached the city after the gates had closed. The name Jericho may have been adopted to signify this 'remote place' outside the wall. As of February 2021, the population of the Jericho and Osney wards was 6,995.
Skia Graphics Engine
The Skia Graphics Engine or Skia is an open-source 2D graphics library written in C++. Skia abstracts away platform-specific graphics APIs (which differ from one to another). Skia Inc. originally developed the library; Google acquired it in 2005, and then released the software as open source licensed under the New BSD free software license in 2008.

Graphics library
A graphics library or graphics API is a program library designed to aid in rendering computer graphics to a monitor. This typically involves providing optimized versions of functions that handle common rendering tasks. This can be done purely in software and running on the CPU, common in embedded systems, or being hardware accelerated by a GPU, more common in PCs. By employing these functions, a program can assemble an image to be output to a monitor. This relieves the programmer of the task of creating and optimizing these functions, and allows them to focus on building the graphics program. Graphics libraries are mainly used in video games and simulations.

The use of graphics libraries in connection with video production systems, such as Pixar RenderMan, is not covered here.

Some APIs use Graphics Library (GL) in their name, notably OpenGL and WebGL.
Xavier High School (New York City)
Xavier High School is an American independent university-preparatory high school for boys run by the USA East Province of the Society of Jesus, in the Chelsea neighborhood of the Manhattan borough of New York City, New York.

Named for St. Francis Xavier (1506–1552), it was founded by John Larkin in 1847 as the College of St. Francis Xavier and also known as St. Francis Xavier College.

Mike Petri
Michael Zachary Petri (born August 16, 1984) is a former American rugby union player who played for Rugby United New York (RUNY) of Major League Rugby (MLR). His position was scrum-half. He is known as "Peaches" by his teammates. He currently is the head coach for RUNY's academy development program.

Petri has previously played for the Newport Gwent Dragons, Sale Sharks, and Barbarians FC (2009).
Wörlitz
Wörlitz (German pronunciation: [ˈvœʁlɪts] ⓘ) is a town and a former municipality in the district of Wittenberg, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2011, it has been part of the town Oranienbaum-Wörlitz. It is situated on the left bank of the Elbe, east of Dessau.

The historic parks of Wörlitz are included into the Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm, one of the World Heritage Sites, designated in 2000.

Dessau
Dessau is a district of the independent city of Dessau-Roßlau in Saxony-Anhalt at the confluence of the rivers Mulde and Elbe, in the Bundesland (Federal State) of Saxony-Anhalt. Until 1 July 2007, it was an independent city. The population of Dessau is 67,747 (Dec. 2020).
Gerrards Cross
Gerrards Cross is a town and civil parish in Buckinghamshire, England. It lies immediately south of Chalfont St Peter and a short distance west of the London Borough of Hillingdon, from which it is separated by the parish of Denham. Other neighbouring villages include Fulmer, Hedgerley, Iver Heath and Stoke Poges. It is 19 miles (31 km) west-north-west of central London. The town stands on the lower slopes of the Chiltern Hills, and the River Misbourne flows through the parish, north-east of the town. Bulstrode Park Camp was an Iron Age fortified encampment. The town is close to the M25 motorway and the M40 motorway, the latter running beside woodland on the town's southern boundary.

St James Church, Gerrards Cross
St James is an evangelical Church of England parish church in Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire. The Parish of St. James, within the Deanery of Amersham in the Diocese of Oxford, is the result of the amalgamation of St James Gerrards Cross and St James Fulmer, which began sharing a single parochial church council in 1984 and were formally merged in 1986.

The current rector is The Rev. Matt Beeby. One of the previous incumbents, Paul Gavin Williams, is currently the Bishop of Southwell and Nottingham.

The church is listed Grade II* on the National Heritage List for England.
SDS-PAGE
SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) is a discontinuous electrophoretic system developed by Ulrich K. Laemmli which is commonly used as a method to separate proteins with molecular masses between 5 and 250 kDa. The combined use of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, also known as sodium lauryl sulfate) and polyacrylamide gel eliminates the influence of structure and charge, and proteins are separated by differences in their size. At least up to 2025, the publication describing it was the most frequently cited paper by a single author, and the second most cited overall - with over 259,000 citations.

Discontinuous electrophoresis
Discontinuous electrophoresis (colloquially disc electrophoresis) is a type of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was developed by Ornstein and Davis. This method produces high resolution and good band definition. It is widely used technique for separating  proteins according to size and charge.
Egophony
Egophony (British English, aegophony) is an increased resonance of voice sounds heard when auscultating the lungs, often caused by lung consolidation and fibrosis. It is due to enhanced transmission of high-frequency sound across fluid, such as in abnormal lung tissue, with lower frequencies filtered out. It results in a high-pitched nasal or bleating quality in the affected person's voice.

Respiratory sounds
Respiratory sounds, also known as lung sounds or breath sounds, are the specific sounds generated by the movement of air through the respiratory system. These may be easily audible or identified through auscultation of the respiratory system through the lung fields with a stethoscope as well as from the spectral characteristics of lung sounds. These include normal breath sounds and added sounds such as crackles, wheezes, pleural friction rubs, stertor, and stridor.

Description and classification of the sounds usually involve auscultation of the inspiratory and expiratory phases of the breath cycle, noting both the pitch (typically described as low (≤200 Hz), medium or high (≥400 Hz))  and intensity (soft, medium, loud or very loud) of the sounds heard.
One Wales
One Wales (Welsh: Cymru'n Un [ˈkəmrɨn ˈɨn]) was the coalition agreement for the National Assembly for Wales between Labour and Plaid Cymru agreed to by Rhodri Morgan, First Minister of Wales and leader of Welsh Labour, and Ieuan Wyn Jones, leader of Plaid Cymru, on 27 June 2007. It was negotiated in the wake of the preceding National Assembly election which resulted in a large Labour plurality, but no majority. Labour and Plaid Cymru approved the document in separate votes on 6 and 7 July, respectively.

Welsh Conservatives
The Welsh Conservative Party (Welsh: Plaid Ceidwadwyr Cymreig), commonly the Welsh Conservatives (Welsh: Ceidwadwyr Cymreig), is the branch of the United Kingdom Conservative Party that operates in Wales. At Westminster elections and as of 1999, it was the second-most popular political party in Wales by vote share, having obtained the second-largest share of the vote at every general election since 1931. In Senedd elections, the Conservatives are currently the second-most supported party but have at times been third. Presently, they hold 13 of the 60 seats in the Senedd and none of the 32 Welsh seats in the House of Commons.
Interstate 395 (Connecticut–Massachusetts)
Interstate 395 (I-395) is an auxiliary Interstate Highway in the U.S. states of Connecticut and Massachusetts; it is maintained by the Connecticut Department of Transportation (CTDOT) and the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT). Spanning nearly 67 miles (108 km) on a south–north axis, it is the only spur route of I-95 in Connecticut. The 36-mile (58 km) section between its splits from I-95 in East Lyme and SR 695 in Plainfield is a component highway of the Connecticut Turnpike. Within that state, the highway is named the American Ex-Prisoner of War Memorial Highway from Plainfield to Thompson.

The highway was first established as part of the Connecticut Turnpike in 1958, while the Connecticut Route 52 designation was applied to the portion north of the turnpike in 1967. Connecticut Route 52 was intended to become a southern extension of I-290, although the current designation of I-395 was ultimately assigned in 1983.

U.S. Route 44
U.S. Route 44 (US 44) is an east–west United States Numbered Highway that runs for 237 miles (381 km) through four states in the Northeastern United States. The western terminus is at US 209 and New York State Route 55 (NY 55) in Kerhonkson, New York, a hamlet in the Hudson Valley region. The eastern terminus is at Route 3A in Plymouth, Massachusetts.
St. Margrethen
St. Margrethen (Sankt Margrethen, German pronunciation: [zaŋkt maʁˈɡʁeːtən],  lit. 'Saint Margrethen') is a municipality in the Wahlkreis (constituency) of Rheintal in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It is located on the Swiss–Austrian border.

St. Margrethen railway station
St. Margrethen railway station (German: Bahnhof St. Margrethen) is a railway station in St. Margrethen, in the Swiss canton of St. Gallen. It is an intermediate stop on the Chur–Rorschach line and the western terminus of the St. Margrethen–Lauterach line to Austria. It is located at the Swiss–Austrian border.
Jordan Antiquities Database and Information System
The Jordan Antiquities Database and Information System (JADIS) was a computer database of antiquities in Jordan, the first of its kind in the Arab world. It was established by the Department of Antiquities in 1990, in cooperation with the American Center for Oriental Research in Amman and sponsored by the United States Agency for International Development. JADIS was in use until 2002, when it was superseded by a new system, MEGA-J. Over 10,841 antiquities were registered in the database.

An introduction and printed summary of the database was published by the Department of Antiquities in 1994, edited by Gaetano Palumbo.

Department of Antiquities (Jordan)
The Department of Antiquities (Arabic: دائرة الآثار العامة, romanized: Dāʼirat al-Āthār al-ʻĀmmah) is a government department in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan with responsibility for archaeological research and cultural heritage management. It is part of the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities.

The Department was established in 1923 in what was then the Emirate of Transjordan, a protectorate of the British Empire. Its responsibilities are legislated for in laws no. 24 of 1934, no. 21 of 1988 and no. 22 of 2004.

The Department has organised an international conference on the history and archaeology of Jordan every three years since 1980.
Taiki Sawatani
Taiki Sawatani (Japanese: 澤谷大樹, Sawatani Taiki; born June 11, 1999) is a Japanese kickboxer, currently competing in the super featherweight division of RISE.

As of May 2022 he was the #10 ranked Super Flyweight in the world by Combat Press.

YA-MAN
Ren Sugiyama (Japanese: 杉山 怜, Sugiyama Ren; born May 31, 1996),  better known by his ring name YA-MAN, is a Japanese kickboxer, mixed martial artist and YouTuber. He currently competes in the lightweight division of RISE.

Combat Press ranks YA-MAN as the fifth best bantamweight kickboxer in the world, as of July 2022.
Bulgarian National Olympiad in Linguistics
The Bulgarian National Olympiad in Linguistics (Bulgarian: Олимпиада по математическа лингвистика) is an olympiad for school students in Bulgaria, composed of three rounds: municipal, regional and national. The olympiad's present format has been used every year since 2003.

International Linguistics Olympiad
The International Linguistics Olympiad (IOL) is а student competition for secondary school students from the International Science Olympiads. Its abbreviation, IOL, is deliberately chosen not to correspond to the name of the organization in any particular language so that member organizations can choose for themselves how to designate the competition in their own language. This olympiad furthers the fields of mathematical, theoretical, and descriptive linguistics.
Southern Greater Poland dialect
The Southern Greater Poland dialect (Polish: gwary południowowielkopolskie) belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Northern Greater Poland dialect to the north, the Eastern Greater Poland dialect to the northeast, and the new mixed dialects to the south.

Greater Poland dialect group
Greater Poland dialect group (Polish: dialekt wielkopolski) is a dialect group of the Polish language used in the Greater Poland. It is used in the area, on the south from the cities of Koło, Kalisz, Ostrów Wielkopolski, Rawicz, and Babimost, from the west from Międzychód and Krzyż Wielkopolski, and along the line of the rivers of Noteć and Warta.
The Tortoise and the Hare
"The Tortoise and the Hare" is one of Aesop's Fables and is numbered 226 in the Perry Index. The account of a race between unequal partners has attracted conflicting interpretations. The fable itself is a variant of a common folktale theme in which ingenuity and trickery (rather than doggedness) are employed to overcome a stronger opponent.

Perry Index
The Perry Index is a widely used index of "Aesop's Fables" or "Aesopica", the fables credited to Aesop, the storyteller who lived in ancient Greece between 620 and 560 BC. The index was created by Ben Edwin Perry, a professor of classics at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.

Modern scholarship takes the view that Aesop probably did not compose all of the fables attributed to him; indeed, a few are known to have first been used before Aesop lived, while the first record of many others is from well over a millennium after his time. Traditionally, Aesop's fables were arranged alphabetically, which is not helpful to the reader. Perry listed them by language (Greek then Latin), chronologically, by source, and then alphabetically; the Spanish scholar Francisco Rodríguez Adrados created a similar system. This system also does not help the casual reader, but is the best for scholarly purposes.
Mitchell, Cornwall
Mitchell (sometimes known as Michael or St Michael's) is a village in mid Cornwall, England. It is situated 14 miles (22 km) northeast of Redruth and 17 miles (27 km) west-southwest of Bodmin on the A30 trunk road.

Mitchell straddles the old course of the A30 road but a dual carriageway bypass now carries the traffic north of the village. A 16th-century coaching inn called the Plume of Feathers stands in the main street.

Mitchell (UK Parliament constituency)
Mitchell, or St Michael (sometimes also called St Michael's Borough or Michaelborough), was a rotten borough consisting of the town (or village) of Mitchell, Cornwall. From the first Parliament of Edward VI, in 1547, it elected two members to the unreformed House of Commons.
Codonanthopsis anisophylla
Codonanthopsis anisophylla is a species of flowering plant in the family Gesneriaceae. This species is native in Guyana and mainly grows in wet tropical biomes. The species was first described in the genus Paradrymonia from a specimen collected in 1960, and transferred to Codonanthopsis in 2013.

It is an epiphytic subshrub.

Codonanthopsis
Codonanthopsis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. Its native range is from southern Mexico through tropical America to Bolivia and most of Brazil. Codonanthopsis species are generally trailing epiphytes with pale flowers. Most have a mutualistic relationship with tree-living ants: the plants provide the ants with food, including nectar, and give their nests structure and support, while the ants disperse the plants' seeds. The genus was considerably expanded in 2013 when species were transferred from Codonanthe. Some Codonanthopsis species are cultivated as houseplants, when they may be grown in hanging baskets.
Kra–Dai-speaking peoples
The term Kra–Dai peoples or Kra–Dai-speaking peoples refers collectively to the ethnic groups of southern China and Southeast Asia, stretching from Hainan to Northeast India and from southern Sichuan to Laos, Thailand and parts of Vietnam, who not only speak languages belonging to the Kra–Dai language family, but also share similar traditions, culture and ancestry.

Peopling of China
In the course of the peopling of the World by Homo sapiens, East Asia was reached about 50,000 years ago (50 kya). The "recent African origin" lineage from 70 kya diverged into identifiable East Eurasian and West Eurasian lineages by about 50 kya. The East Eurasian ancestors of East Asians used a southern route to reach South and Southeast Asia, along which they rapidly diverged into the ancestors of Ancient Ancestral South Indians (AASI), Papuans, East Asians and Andamanese peoples (such as the Onge). This early East Asian lineage diverged further during the Last Glacial Maximum, spreading northwards from Mainland Southeast Asia where it significantly contributed to the peopling of the Americas via Beringia about 25 kya. After the last ice age, China was cut off from neighboring island groups. The phenotypes of early East Asians were either replaced or prevailed among more geographically distant groups.