hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Planetary protection
Planetary protection is a guiding principle in the design of an interplanetary mission, aiming to prevent biological contamination of both the target celestial body and the Earth in the case of sample-return missions. Planetary protection reflects both the unknown nature of the space environment and the desire of the scientific community to preserve the pristine nature of celestial bodies until they can be studied in detail.

There are two types of interplanetary contamination. Forward contamination is the transfer of viable organisms from Earth to another celestial body.  Back contamination is the transfer of potential extraterrestrial organisms back to the Earth's biosphere.  Sterilizing human missions is impossible, as humans are typically host to a hundred trillion (1014) microorganisms of thousands of species of the human microbiota, and these cannot be removed.

Committee on Space Research
The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) was established on October 3, 1958 by the International Council for Scientific Unions (ICSU) and its first chair was Hildegard Korf Kallmann-Bijl.  Among COSPAR's objectives are the promotion of scientific research in space on an international level, with emphasis on the free exchange of results, information, and opinions, and providing a forum, open to all scientists, for the discussion of problems that may affect space research.  These objectives are achieved through the organization of symposia, publication, and other means.
COSPAR has created a number of research programmes on different topics, a few in cooperation with other scientific Unions. The long-term project COSPAR international reference atmosphere started in 1960; since then it has produced several editions of the high-atmosphere code CIRA. The code "IRI" of the URSI-COSPAR working group on the International Reference Ionosphere was first edited in 1978 and is yearly updated.
Saint-Amand-sur-Sèvre
Saint-Amand-sur-Sèvre (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃.t‿amɑ̃ syʁ sɛvʁ], literally Saint-Amand on Sèvre) is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. Between 1973 and 1992 it was part of the commune Mauléon.

Mauléon, Deux-Sèvres
Mauléon, also known as Mauléon-Bocage (French pronunciation: [moleɔ̃ bɔkaʒ]) is a commune and town in the French department of Deux-Sèvres, in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, western France. It is around 20 km southeast of Cholet, and around 70 km southeast of Nantes.
Tribochromism
Tribochromism refers to a change in colour of a material caused by mechanical friction, similar to piezochromism, the change in colour of a material caused by pressure. It is a property of some materials and is often associated with thermochromism. Tribochromism and piezochromism are often grouped together under the term mechanochromism.

Tribochromatic materials may be used in sensors when friction has to be detected. These materials generally change colour under mechanical stress conditions; the colour gradually fades once the stress is removed.

Mechanochromism
The change of colour which occurs when chemicals are put under stress in the solid state by mechanical grinding, crushing and milling; by friction and rubbing; or in the solid or solution state by high pressure or sonication is covered by the generic term mechanochromism. Specifically colour change under pressure is known as piezochromism and under grinding or attrition tribochromism.
Food riots in the Middle East
Food riots refer to protests, riots, and civil unrest attributed to popular outrage against food shortages and high or rising prices of food. In the 20th and 21st century, food riots occurred across the Middle East in several different countries. Immediate causes of food riots have included reduction in food subsidies, inflation, and economic stagnation. Food riots have also occurred as part of larger social movements. Food riots also figure prominently in criticism of austerity, neoliberal, and related IMF structural adjustment policies, such as during the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots.

Food riot
A food riot is a riot in protest of a shortage and/or unequal distribution of food. Historical causes have included rises in food prices, harvest failures, inept food storage, transport problems, food speculation, hoarding, poisoning of food, and attacks by pests.

Studies of food riots have found that they are often preceded by conditions of economic desperation, at which point members of the public may attack shops, farms, homes, or government buildings to attain staple foods such as bread, grain, or salt, as in the 1977 Egyptian bread riots. Historically, food riots are part of a larger social movement, such as the Russian Revolution or the French Revolution. Historically, women have been heavily involved in leading food riots; food riots have thus served as a form of female political action even in societies without women's suffrage or other guaranteed political rights.
Galaxy groups and clusters
Galaxy groups and clusters are the largest known gravitationally bound objects to have arisen thus far in the process of cosmic structure formation. They form the densest part of the large-scale structure of the Universe. In models for the gravitational formation of structure with cold dark matter, the smallest structures collapse first and eventually build the largest structures, clusters of galaxies. Clusters are then formed relatively recently between 10 billion years ago and now. Groups and clusters may contain ten to thousands of individual galaxies. The clusters themselves are often associated with larger, non-gravitationally bound, groups called superclusters.

Supercluster
A supercluster is a large group of smaller galaxy clusters or galaxy groups; they are among the largest known structures in the universe. The Milky Way is part of the Local Group galaxy group (which contains more than 54 galaxies), which in turn is part of the Virgo Supercluster, which is part of the Laniakea Supercluster, which is part of the Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex. The large size and low density of superclusters means that most of them, unlike clusters, expand with the Hubble expansion. The number of superclusters in the observable universe is estimated to be 10 million.
Pieve di Teco
Pieve di Teco (Ligurian: Céve) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Imperia, in the Italian region Liguria, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southwest of Genoa and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of Imperia.

Pieve di Teco borders the following municipalities: Armo, Aurigo, Borghetto d'Arroscia, Borgomaro, Caprauna, Caravonica, Cesio, Pornassio, Rezzo, and Vessalico.

Pornassio
Pornassio (Ligurian: Purnasce) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Imperia in the Italian region Liguria, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southwest of Genoa and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of Imperia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 642 and an area of 27.7 square kilometres (10.7 sq mi).

Pornassio borders the following municipalities: Armo, Cosio di Arroscia, Montegrosso Pian Latte, Ormea, Pieve di Teco, and Rezzo.
Santa Ursula BSD School
St. Ursula BSD is a Catholic private school, from Pre-kindergarten to Year 12, located in Bumi Serpong Damai, South Tangerang, Indonesia. The school was established in 1990. St. Ursula BSD is coeducational, different from St. Ursula Girls' School in Jakarta, Indonesia. Their logo called Serviam means "I serve". St. Ursula BSD is one of the top Catholic schools in Tangerang, often ranked among the best high schools in the country.

St. Ursula Catholic School
Santa Ursula Catholic School or Sekolah Katolik Santa Ursula is an all-female Catholic school located in Jakarta, Indonesia. It is located next to Jakarta Cathedral and Filateli Post Office. The school has a branch in BSD, Tangerang.  After its initial establishment as an Ursuline Convent in 1859, the Ursulines established the Prinses Juliana School in Batavia in 1912. At present, the school is known as Santa Ursula Catholic School. The school has been attended by the daughter of Indonesia's founding father, Sukarno, the daughters of Indonesia's first vice president, Mohammad Hatta, along with other notable public figures in Indonesia.
Winonaite
Winonaites are a group of primitive achondrite meteorites. Like all primitive achondrites, winonaites share similarities with chondrites and achondrites. They show signs of metamorphism, partial melting, brecciation and relic chondrules. Their chemical and mineralogical composition lies between H and E chondrites.

Primitive achondrite
Primitive achondrites are a subdivision of meteorites. They are classified on the same rank (historically called "Class") and lying between chondrites and achondrites. They are called primitive because they are achondrites that have retained much of their original chondritic properties. Very characteristic are relic chondrules and chemical compositions close to the composition of chondrites. These observations are explained as melt residues, partial melting, or extensive recrystallization.
Alfredo Santos
Alfredo Manapat Santos (July 13, 1905 – February 7, 1990) was Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in 1962 to 1965, making him the first four-star general of the Philippines' armed forces.

Philippine Legion of Honor
The Philippine Legion of Honor (Filipino: Lehiyong Pandangal ng Pilipinas; Spanish: Legión de Honor Filipina) was established by President Manuel Roxas, through Philippine Army Circular No. 60 dated July 3, 1947. The Philippine Legion of Honor was patterned after the Legion of Merit of the United States of America, and was meant to honor both civilians and members of the military, Filipino or foreign. Originally, like the U.S. Legion of Merit, the Philippine Legion of Honor had four classes, known as degrees, with Legionnaire being the basic rank, and Chief Commander being the highest. With the reform of the Philippine system of orders and decorations in 2003, the Philippine Legion of Honor's classes were renamed "ranks" instead of "degrees", and the ranks expanded.
Tau'uta Reds
Tau'uta Reds is a former Tongan rugby union team that played in the Pacific Rugby Cup from 2006 to 2010. The other Tongan team in the Cup was Tautahi Gold.

The team's name is from the Tau’uta who were the Tongan land warriors that fought in the war which united Tonga as one kingdom. Red represents the colour of blood and the sacrifice which the saviour made on the cross for all mankind.

The Tau'uta Reds were minor premiers in 2007 and hosted the Pacific Rugby Cup final at Teufaiva Stadium in Nukuʻalofa on 5 May 2007, but lost the match 15–35 to Upolu Samoa.

Tautahi Gold
Tautahi Gold is a former Tongan rugby union team that played in the Pacific Rugby Cup from 2006 to 2010. The other Tongan team in the Cup was  Tau'uta Reds. The team's name is from the Tautahi, which was Tonga's traditional Navy Army. Gold was chosen as the team's colour from the Sun which Tongans use as their navigational compass.

The home region of the Tautahi Gold team was a combination of Ha'apai, 'Eua and half of the Tongatapu Town District. It was important to the Union to make a home for the two teams to provide a pathway for players into Tonga's national rugby team.

Tautahi Gold were the Pacific Rugby Cup champions in 2008, defeating Upolu Samoa in the final played at Apia Park in Samoa on 14 May 2008.
Ballymena Academy
Ballymena Academy is a mixed gender, voluntary grammar school in the market town of Ballymena in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It was founded in 1828 as a small provincial school for children in the town and surrounding agricultural hinterland.

Ballymena
Ballymena (/ˌbæliˈmiːnə/ BAL-ee-MEE-nə; from Irish: an Baile Meánach [ənˠ ˌbˠalʲə ˈmʲaːn̪ˠəx]ⓘ, meaning 'the middle townland') is a town in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It had a population of 31,205 people at the 2021 United Kingdom census, making it the seventh largest town in Northern Ireland by population. It is part of the Borough of Mid and East Antrim.

The town was built on the Braid River, on land given to the Adair family by King Charles I in 1626, with a right to hold two annual fairs and a Saturday market in perpetuity. Surrounding villages are Cullybackey, Ahoghill, Broughshane, and Kells-Connor.
Thurstonland and Farnley Tyas Urban District
53°35′49″N 1°44′56″W﻿ / ﻿53.597°N 1.749°W﻿ / 53.597; -1.749

Thurstonland and Farnley Tyas was an urban district in the West Riding of Yorkshire from 1925 to 1938.

It was created in 1925 by the merger of the Thurstonland and Farnley Tyas urban districts (both created in 1894). On 1 April 1938 it was abolished, under a County Review Order, with most going to Kirkburton urban district, and part to Holmfirth Urban District. In 1931 the district had a population of 3,981. The area is now part of the Kirklees metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire.

Thurstonland
Thurstonland is a village in the civil parish of Kirkburton, in Kirklees, West Yorkshire, England. It has a population of almost 400.

The village is on a hilltop above Brockholes, south-east of Farnley Tyas and north of Shepley.  It is a few miles outside the borders of the Peak District National Park.

The village has a public house, first school (Thurstonland Endowed First School), church, children's recreational area and cricket club.  Apart from the pub on the southern edge of the village the other facilities are all located next to each other, at the northern edge. Through the hill is the Thurstonland Tunnel on the Penistone railway line, between Brockholes railway station and Stocksmoor railway station.

Within and around the village are a number of small dairy farms that supply the surrounding area.
Equestrian at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Team jumping
The team jumping in equestrian at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was held at Greenwich Park from 4 to 6 August.

Great Britain's team consisting of Scott Brash, Peter Charles, Ben Maher and Nick Skelton won the gold medal in a jump-off, the first win in the event for Great Britain since 1952. The Netherlands won silver and Saudi Arabia took bronze — the only medal of the 2012 Games for the latter.

Equestrian events at the 2012 Summer Olympics
The equestrian events at the 2012 Olympic Games in London were held between 28 July and 9 August at Greenwich Park. Medals were awarded in three disciplines for both individual and team competitions.

Great Britain was the most successful nation, topping the medal table with three golds and five medals in total. They were particularly dominant in team events, taking two gold medals and a silver medal from three team events.
Olenegorsk, Murmansk Oblast
Olenegorsk (Russian: Оленего́рск, lit. reindeer mountain) is a town in Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located north of the Arctic Circle, 112 kilometers (70 mi) south of Murmansk. Population: 23,072 (2010 Census); 25,166 (2002 Census); 35,584 (1989 Soviet census).

Olenya airbase
Olenya (also Olenegorsk) is a major Russian Navy reconnaissance base, located on the Kola Peninsula 92 km south of Murmansk. As of 2020, units at the base were subordinate to the Long-Range Aviation branch of the Russian Aerospace Forces. The base and its staff settlement (Vysoky, Murmansk Oblast), across Lake Permusozero from the city of Olenegorsk, are served by the Olenegorsk rail station (formerly Olenya station). Olenya has served as the headquarters for five MRAD (Naval Reconnaissance Air Division), and has hosted two reconnaissance regiments. Its 3500-meter runway is the longest on the Kola Peninsula, making it a key facility for intercontinental flights across the North Atlantic basin.

The base is home to the 40th Composite Aviation Regiment as part of the 22nd Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division.
Yun Kwan
Yun Kwan (Korean: 윤관; Hanja: 尹瓘; 12 July 1040 – 15 June 1111) was a Korean military general of Goryeo who was known for training the Pyŏlmuban and leading it to victory against the aggressive Jurchen tribes.

Yejong of Goryeo
Yejong (11 February 1079 – 15 May 1122), personal name Wang U, was the 16th king of the Korean Goryeo dynasty. He was the eldest son of King Sukjong and Queen Myeongui, and succeeded to the throne upon his father's death. His reign is usually described as one of the most splendid periods of Goryeo, during which the arts and philosophy flourished, and military strengthening policies were implemented to ensure border security.
Shenandoah, Louisiana
Shenandoah is a neighborhood of St. George and former census designated place  in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is part of the Baton Rouge Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 18,399 at the 2010 census, up from 17,070 in 2000. Shenandoah consists of a number of residential subdivisions, including Shenandoah Estates, Shenandoah Park, White Oak Landing, White Oak Estates, The Woods and The Lake at White Oak.

It is now within the city limits city of St. George.

Baton Rouge metropolitan area
The Baton Rouge metropolitan statistical area, as defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget, or simply the Baton Rouge metropolitan area or Greater Baton Rouge, is a sprawling metropolitan statistical area surrounding the city of Baton Rouge. Including the western edge of the Florida Parishes regions, it is known as "Plantation Country", the "Capital Region", and "The 225" (a reference to its area code). At the 2010 U.S. census, the metropolitan area had a population of 802,484, up from 705,973 in 2000. At the 2020 census, its population increased to 870,569, up from 2020 estimates at 858,571.
Jisa-ye Kelarabad
Jisa-ye Kelarabad (Persian: جيساكلاراباد) is a village in Kelar-e Sharqi Rural District of Kelar District in Abbasabad County, Mazandaran province, Iran. It is a southern suburb of the city of Kelarabad, bordering Charaz village to its west and Yalbandan-e Sara to its east.

Yalbandan-e Sara
Yalbandan-e Sara (Persian: يالبندان سرا) is a village in Kelar-e Sharqi Rural District of Kelar District in Abbasabad County, Mazandaran province, Iran. It is a southern suburb of the city of Kelarabad, bordering the village of Jisa-ye Kelarabad to its west and Yalbandan to its east.
Jack and His Golden Snuff-Box
Jack and His Golden Snuff-Box is a Romani fairy tale collected by Joseph Jacobs in English Fairy Tales. He listed as his source Francis Hindes Groome's In Gypsy Tents.

Ruth Manning-Sanders included it in The Red King and the Witch: Gypsy Folk and Fairy Tales.

The Red King and the Witch: Gypsy Folk and Fairy Tales
Children's literature portal

The Red King and the Witch: Gypsy Folk and Fairy Tales is a 1964 anthology of 25 tales that have been collected and retold by Ruth Manning-Sanders. The book features illustrations by Hungarian-British artist Victor Ambrus.

This book was first published in the United Kingdom in 1964, by Oxford University Press.
Audible (service)
Audible is an American online audiobook and podcast service that allows users to purchase and stream audiobooks and other forms of spoken-word content. This content can be purchased individually or under a subscription model in which the user receives "credits" that can be redeemed for content monthly and receive access to a curated on-demand library of content. Audible is the United States' largest audiobook producer and retailer. The service is owned by Audible, a wholly owned subsidiary of Amazon.com, Inc., headquartered in Newark, New Jersey.

Amazon Kindle
Amazon Kindle is a series of e-readers designed and marketed by Amazon. Amazon Kindle devices enable users to browse, buy, download, and read e-books, newspapers, magazines,  Audible audiobooks, and other digital media via wireless networking to the Kindle Store. The hardware platform, which Amazon subsidiary Lab126 developed, began as a single device in 2007. Currently, it comprises a range of devices, including e-readers with E Ink electronic paper displays and Kindle applications on all major computing platforms. All Kindle devices integrate with Windows and macOS file systems and Kindle Store content and, as of March 2018, the store had over six million e-books available in the United States.
Ahal Region
Ahal Region (Turkmen: Ahal welaýaty, IPA: [ɑˈχɑːɫ βeˌɫɑːjɑˈtɯ]) is one of five provinces of Turkmenistan. It borders Iran and Afghanistan along the Kopet Dag range. Ahal covers an area of 97,160 km2 (37,510 sq mi), and it has a population of 886,845 as of the 2022 census.

Anau, Turkmenistan
Anau (Turkmen: Änew, Russian: Аннау, romanized: Annau) is a city in Turkmenistan. Until 20 December 2022, it was the capital of Ahal Province. The area has been inhabited since around 5500 BC. Prehistoric sites in Anau were discovered in excavations were conducted by Raphael Pumpelly and William Morris Davis in 1904. In 2022, it had a population of 28,653 people.
Atoyac River (Oaxaca)
The Atoyac River is a river in Oaxaca, Mexico.  The Atoyac flows into the Rio Verde which empties into the Pacific near Laguna Chacahua, in Lagunas de Chacahua National Park, 90 km west of Puerto Escondido. The mountainous terrain of the region it occupies allows for no navigable rivers; instead, there are a large number of smaller ones, which often change name from area to area. The continental divide passes through the state, meaning that there is drainage towards both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. Most of the drainage towards the Gulf is represented by the Papaloapan and Coatzacoalcos Rivers and their tributaries such as the Grande and Salado Rivers. Three rivers account for most of the water headed for the Pacific: the Mixteco River, Tehuantepec River, and the Atoyac, with their tributaries.

During 1984's Hurricane Odile, eighteen passengers and three crewman drowned in flooding on the Atoyac River.

Tehuantepec River
The Tehuantepec River is a river in Oaxaca, Mexico.  The Tehuantepec flows into the Gulf of Tehuantepec on the Pacific Ocean coast of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The mountainous terrain of the region it occupies allows for no navigable rivers; instead, there are a large number of smaller ones, which often change name from area to area. The continental divide passes through the state, meaning there is drainage toward both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific. Most of the drainage toward the Gulf is represented by the Papaloapan and Coatzacoalcos rivers and their tributaries such as the Grande and Salado Rivers. Three rivers account for most of the water headed for the Pacific: the Atoyac River, Mixteco River, and the Tehuantepec River, with their tributaries.
Axolotl (short story)
“Axolotl” is a work of short fiction by  Cortázar, Julio, first appearing in the Spanish language collection Final del juego (1956), and first in the English language in End of the Game and Other Stories (1963).

Blow-Up and Other Stories
Blow-Up and Other Stories is a collection of short stories by Argentine author Julio Cortázar, selected from three of his earlier Spanish-language collections: Bestiario (1951), Final del juego (1956), and Las armas secretas (1959). The work was originally published in English translation by Paul Blackburn as End of the Game and Other Stories (1967), before being changed in a subsequent edition to its present title. The story "Blow-Up" served as the inspiration for the film of the same name by Michelangelo Antonioni.