hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Christiane Schumann
Christiane Schumann, née Schnabel (28 November 1767 in Karsdorf – 4 February 1836 in Zwickau), was the wife of August Schumann (1773–1826) and mother of the composer Robert Schumann (1810–1856). The entire surviving correspondence between Christiane Schumann and her son was scientifically processed and published in 2020 as part of the Schumann edition.

August Schumann
Friedrich August Gottlob Schumann  (March 2, 1773 – August 10, 1826) was a German bookseller and publisher. His best-known work is the 18-volume Lexicon of Saxony, which was completed after his death by Albert Schiffner. He wrote Junker Kurt von Krötenstein's verliebte Heldenfahrt (Lord Kurt von Krötenstein's Hero's Journey of Love) under the pen name of Legaillard.
Raijmel
Raijmel (Assamese: raij (people), mel (meeting)) is a people's meeting in Assam, an old political and social institution that originated in medieval times.  The word raij is derived from rajya, which was originally an administrative or a fiscal unit in some parts of medieval Assam.  Since these meetings could encompass more than one village, they were politically more potent than the village  panchayat.  Raijmels played an important role in peasant organization and uprisings in colonial Assam, especially during the uprisings at Phulaguri (1861),Rangia(1893–94),Lachima(1894) and Patharughat (1894).  In present-day Assam, villagers continue to meet in raijmels.

Phulaguri Uprising
India portal

The Phulaguri Uprising (also Phulaguri Dhawa/Dhewa) was an agrarian uprising in Phulaguri village in the Brahmaputra Valley, in October 1861 against the new income and farm taxation policies of the British Indian Empire following the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The murders of Lieutenant G B Singer and two police constables on 18 October 1861 led to mass reprisals in which at least 54 Assamese farmers were killed.
Haljem
Haljem is a village in Bjørnafjorden Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The village is a suburb of the municipal centre of Osøyro, located immediately to the north. The village is the site of an important ferry quay along the European route E39 highway which runs between the major cities of Bergen (to the north) and Stavanger (to the south).

The population of Halhjem in 1999 was 991, but since 2001 it is considered a part of the urban area of Osøyro.

The ferry quay has two different ferry routes that stop here to cross the Bjørnafjorden. There is a ferry from Halhjem to Våge on the island of Tysnesøya in Tysnes Municipality, to the southeast. There is also a ferry (that is part of the European route E39 highway) from Halhjem to Sandvika, just north of the village of Fitjar in Fitjar Municipality, to the south.

Bjørnafjorden Municipality
Bjørnafjorden is a municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the Midhordland region of the county. The administrative centre of Bjørnafjorden is the village of Osøyro. Other villages in the municipality include Eikelandsosen, Fusa, Hagavik, Haljem, Holdhus, Holmefjord, Strandvik, Sundvor, Syfteland, Søre Øyane, Søvik, and Vinnes.

The 517.4-square-kilometre (199.8 sq mi) municipality is the 204th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Bjørnafjorden Municipality is the 46th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 26,342. The municipality's population density is 50.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (132/sq mi) and its population has increased by 15.9% over the previous 10-year period.
Nickerson, Minnesota
Nickerson is an unincorporated community in Nickerson Township, Pine County, Minnesota, United States.

The community is located between Sandstone and Duluth along State Highway 23 (MN 23); near the boundary line for Pine and Carlton counties.

The Nemadji River flows through the community. The Nemadji State Forest is nearby. The communities of Duquette, Kerrick and Holyoke are all near Nickerson.

Holyoke, Minnesota
Holyoke is an unincorporated community in Holyoke Township, Carlton County, Minnesota, United States.  It is located between Sandstone and Duluth.

Carlton County Road 8 and State Highway 23 (MN 23) are two of the main routes in the community.

Holyoke is located 13 miles south of Wrenshall.  The Nemadji State Forest is nearby.  The communities of Nickerson, MN and Foxboro, WI are near Holyoke.
Iver Larsen Hvamstad
Ivar Larsen Hvamstad (14 December 1843 – 5 October 1903) was a Norwegian educator and politician for the Liberal Party.

He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from the constituency Christians Amt in 1879 and 1882. He served through 1885, representing the Liberal Party from its foundation in 1884. He was a teacher in Gran Municipality and farmer in Brandbu, and was the mayor of Brandbu Municipality for several years.

Together with Marthe Pedersdatter Alm (1846–1928) he had the son Ivar Hvamstad, who became a member of Parliament in 1916.

Ivar Hvamstad
Ivar Hvamstad (28 September 1878 – 9 May 1916) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.

He was born at Hilden in Thingelstad, Brandbu as a son of teacher and farmer Iver Larsen Hvamstad (1843–1903) and Marthe Pedersdatter Alm (1846–1928). After finishing primary school he attended school in Gran. He was a trade clerk in Drøbak and Nes i Romerike, and started his own store in 1898. He ran a store in Hof i Solør until 1911, then in Brandval.

He was a member of the municipal council for Hof Municipality from 1907 to 1910, and also the school board. He chaired the constituency branch of the Labour Party in Solør. In the 1915 parliamentary election he was fielded as Labour's candidate, and with 3,679 votes he edged out the closest challenger, Liberal Per Aasness with a wide margin. Hvamstad assumed his parliamentary seat in early 1916, but died in May 1916. He was replaced by his deputy Halvdan Aarsrud.
Beverly Depot
Beverly Depot is an MBTA Commuter Rail station in Beverly, Massachusetts. Located in Downtown Beverly, it serves the Newburyport/Rockport Line. It is the junction of the line's two branches to Newburyport and Rockport and is served by every train on both branches.

The Eastern Railroad was extended through Beverly to Ipswich in 1839. The 1839 station was replaced in 1855; that station was in turn replaced by one designed by Bradford Lee Gilbert in 1897. The station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979; it is a contributing property of the Beverly Depot-Odell Park Historic District, which was added in 2014. A 500-space parking garage at Beverly opened on August 2, 2014.

Beverly Depot–Odell Park Historic District
The Beverly Depot–Odell Park Historic District encompasses a commercial and industrial area of Beverly, Massachusetts that was developed to its height in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.  A central theme of the district relates to Beverly's transportation history with several railroad-related buildings, a carriage manufactory and early automobile factory.  The district, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014, include two buildings previously listed: the Beverly Depot, built 1896, and the main post office, built 1910.
Oldshore Beg
Oldshore Beg is a remote crofting township,  in western Sutherland, Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland.

The hamlets of Balchrick, Droman, Blairmore and Oldshoremore  are all located within 1⁄2 mile (800 metres) of Oldshore Beg and are reached along the coast road from the south which passes through Achriesgill, Badcall and Kinlochbervie to reach Oldshore Beg from Rhiconich.

Oldshore Beg overlooks the small island of Eilean an Ròin Mòr which is uninhabited.

Oldshoremore
Oldshoremore is a scattered crofting hamlet in the Eddrachillis parish of Sutherland, Scotland. It incorporates around twenty houses, though several of these are holiday homes.

Once owned by the Duke of Sutherland, Oldshoremore and the surrounding area are now part of the Sandwood Estate, a nature reserve owned by the John Muir Trust. Directly west lies Oldshoremore Bay, a sandy beach with a large headland at its northern end known as Eilean na h-Aiteig. The hamlet also contains a car park, toilet facilities, a post box, and a cemetery. A small loch known as Loch Àisir lies to the east.

The nearest sizeable settlement is Kinlochbervie, which lies approximately one mile (1.5 kilometres) southeast. The hamlet of Oldshore Beg lies to the northwest.
Jacques de Bauffremont
Jacques de Bauffremont, 8th Duke of Bauffremont and 10th Prince of Marnay (6 February 1922 – 9 January 2020) was a French prince.

de Bauffremont was elected President of the Institut de la maison de Bourbon in 1976, a position which he held until 2009. He was succeeded by his son, Charles-Emmanuel de Bauffremont.

Bauffremont
The House of Bauffremont is the name of a French princely family which derived its name from a village in the Vosges, outside of Neufchâteau, now spelt Beaufremont.  The family traces itself to Liébaud, sire de Bauffremont, in 1090. They are descended from the female line of the House of Courtenay.
Anthony Lakes (ski area)
Anthony Lakes is a ski area in the northwest United States, located  in northeastern Oregon in the Wallowa–Whitman National Forest west of North Powder. Near the cities of La Grande and Baker City, the resort has one triple chairlift and a vertical drop of 900 feet (274 m). Its summit elevation is 8,000 feet (2,438 m) above sea level and the terrain is mostly of an intermediate and expert level.

The resort also offers snowcat skiing on nearby peaks, and includes a boardercross course as well as a well maintained cross-country (Nordic) ski trails complete with its own Nordic center building. Several backcountry skiing opportunities exist in the nearby area, including Angell Basin.

The ski area resides in the Elkhorn Range of eastern Oregon's Blue Mountains (unrelated to the same named range in southwestern Montana).

Wallowa–Whitman National Forest
The Wallowa–Whitman National Forest is a United States National Forest in the U.S. states of Oregon and Idaho. Formed upon the merger of the Wallowa and Whitman national forests in 1954, it is located in the northeastern corner of Oregon, in Wallowa, Baker, Union, Grant, and Umatilla counties, and includes small areas in Nez Perce and Idaho counties in Idaho.   The forest is named for the Wallowa band of the Nez Perce people, who originally lived in the area, and Marcus and Narcissa Whitman, Presbyterian missionaries who settled just to the north in 1836. Forest headquarters are located in Baker City, Oregon with ranger districts in La Grande, Joseph and Baker City.
Miller County, Missouri
Miller County is a county located in the northern Ozarks region of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 24,722. Its county seat is Tuscumbia. The county was organized February 6, 1837, and named for John Miller, former U.S. Representative and Governor of Missouri.

Marys Home, Missouri
Marys Home is an unincorporated community in northern Miller County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. The community is on Missouri Route H, approximately two miles north of the Osage River. The town of Eugene in the southwest corner of Cole County is about four miles to the northwest, by Route H and Missouri Route 17.
Battle of Beneventum (214 BC)
The Battle of Beneventum was fought in 214 BC near modern Benevento during the Second Punic War. Roman legions under Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus defeated Hanno's Carthaginian forces, denying Hannibal reinforcements. Livy gives a brief description of the battle,  which was part of the Roman campaign to subdue the southern Italian city-states that had joined Hannibal after the Battle of Cannae.

Benevento
Benevento (Italian: [beneˈvɛnto] ⓘ; Beneventano: Biniviento [biniˈvjendə]) is a city and comune (municipality) of Campania, Italy, capital of the province of Benevento. It is situated on a hill 130 metres (427 feet) above sea level at the confluence of the Calore Irpino (or Beneventano) and the Sabato. As of June 30, 2025, Benevento has 55,319 inhabitants. It is also the seat of a Catholic archbishop.

Benevento occupies the site of the ancient Beneventum, originally Maleventum or even earlier Maloenton. In the imperial period, its founder was deemed to have been Diomedes after the Trojan War.

Due to its artistic and cultural significance, the Santa Sofia Church in Benevento was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011, as part of a group of seven historic buildings inscribed as Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.).

The patron saint of Benevento is Saint Bartholomew, the Apostle, whose relics are kept at the Cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta.
Shrikrishna Science Centre
Shrikrishna Science Centre is a science museum in Patna, Bihar, India which was named after the first Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Krishna Sinha. It was inaugurated on 14 April 1978, by the Minister of Education, Shri Thakur Prasad Singh. Shrikrishna Science Centre forms a unit of the National Council of Science Museums, an autonomous body under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India. It is located in the southwestern corner of the Gandhi Maidan. The science centre has been set up for the benefit of the public, especially students.
A new innovation hub also been set up to promote critical thinking through activities in science. Various facilities like 3D printing, broadband internet facilities as well as advanced labs are available.

National Council of Science Museums
National Council of Science Museums (NCSM) is an autonomous scientific organization functioning under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India for science communication through its network of science museums or science centres spread across India. It is the largest chain of science centers/museums under a single administrative umbrella in the world. There are 24 own science centers or museums and one R & D laboratory and training centre. The NCSM has been built to co-ordinate all informal science communication activities in the museum space in the country.
Belvì
Belvì (Sardinian: Brevìe) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Cagliari and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Nuoro. It is part of the traditional region Barbagia di Belvì.

Belvì borders the following municipalities: Aritzo, Atzara, Desulo, Meana Sardo, Sorgono, Tonara.

Tonara
Tonara is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) north of Cagliari and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southwest of Nuoro. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,116 and an area of 52.1 square kilometres (20.1 sq mi).

The municipality of Tonara contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages, and hamlets) Arasulè, Su Pranu, Toneri, Teliseri, and Ilalà (abandoned).

Tonara borders the following municipalities: Austis, Belvì, Desulo, Sorgono, and Tiana.
Ammonia poisoning
Ammonia poisoning is a common fish disease in new aquariums, especially when immediately stocked to full capacity. Ideally, the level of ammonia (NH3) and ammonium compounds (i.e. those containing NH4+) in fish tanks should be zero. Although trace amounts are generally harmless, they can still lead to problems over time. Understanding the nitrogen cycle is essential for the keeping of any aquatic life.

The source of ammonia in fish tanks is fish's excretion. Fish excrete ammonia as a nitrogenous waste product. A build-up of ammonia in the fish tank leads to ammonia poisoning. Species of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) can break down the ammonia and convert it to other, less toxic, nitrogen products. Two examples of AOB are Nitrosospira and Nitrosomonas.

The amount of ammonia present is usually accompanied by a rise in pH. As ammonia is a base, it is stabilized by acidic water. It can cause damage to the gills at a level as small as 0.25 mg/L.

Fish diseases and parasites
Like humans and other animals, fish suffer from diseases and parasites. Fish defences against disease are specific and non-specific. Non-specific defences include skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps microorganisms and inhibits their growth. If pathogens breach these defences, fish can develop inflammatory responses that increase the flow of blood to infected areas and deliver white blood cells that attempt to destroy the pathogens.

Specific defences are specialised responses to particular pathogens recognised by the fish's body, that is adaptative immune responses. In recent years, vaccines have become widely used in aquaculture and ornamental fish, for example vaccines for commercial food fishes like Aeromonas salmonicida, furunculosis in salmon and Lactococcosis\Streptococcosis  in farmed grey mullet, Tilapia and koi herpes virus in koi.

Some commercially important fish diseases are VHS, ICH, and whirling disease.
Flash ADC
A flash ADC (also known as a direct-conversion ADC) is a type of analog-to-digital converter that uses a linear voltage ladder with a comparator at each "rung" of the ladder to compare the input voltage to successive reference voltages. Often these reference ladders are constructed of many resistors; however, modern implementations show that capacitive voltage division is also possible. The output of these comparators is generally fed into a digital encoder, which converts the inputs into a binary value (the collected outputs from the comparators can be thought of as a unary value).

Voltage ladder
A voltage ladder is a simple electronic circuit consisting of several resistors connected in series with a voltage placed across the entire resistor network, a generalisation of a two-resistor voltage divider. Connections to the nodes provide access to the voltages available. Voltage ladders are useful for providing a set of successive voltage references, for instance for a flash analog-to-digital converter.
Quirimbas Islands
The Quirimbas Islands [kiˈɾĩbɐʃ] lie in the western Indian Ocean off northeastern Mozambique in the Mozambique Channel, close to Pemba, the capital of the province of Cabo Delgado. The archipelago consists of about 32 islands, including Ibo, Matemo, Medjumbe, Quirimba, Metundo, Quisiva, Vamizi Island and Rolas Island extending north toward the border with Tanzania's Mtwara region.

Medjumbe Island
11°48′59″S 40°36′14″E﻿ / ﻿11.816276°S 40.603924°E﻿ / -11.816276; 40.603924

Medjumbe Island (Kisiwa cha Medjumbe, in Swahili) is one of the Quirimbas Islands off the northern coast of Mozambique, within the Quirimbas National Park. It is privately owned, operated as an exclusive resort.
Accommodations are 13 thatched wooden chalets.
The island is 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) long and 500 metres (1,600 ft) wide.
It is surrounded by spectacular coral reefs.
Tourist activities include diving and snorkeling, windsurfing and deep sea fishing.
Oleg Ryaskov
Oleg Ryaskov is a director, screenwriter, and producer. He was born in Moscow into a family of engineers. Oleg Ryaskov studied at Moscow architecture University. During his studies, he began to work in cinema and TV. His career began with Vladislav Listyev in the TV show TEMA. In 1992 he made the TV Show Nostalgie. He worked as a chief director of the TV channel Stolica, then chief Director at the morning channel TV6, conducted a survey as directed more than 20 ballet performances in the theater of Stanislavsky and Nemirovich Danchenko. A supervised cycle of documentary films Mysteries of the Century channel 1 (Russia). From 2002 Oleg Ryaskov specializes in historical movies. The most famous of his movies is The Sovereign's Servant, shown in more than 20 countries and has participated in international festivals in presenting his films in Italy, Sweden, Holland, Russia.

The Sovereign's Servant
The Sovereign's Servant (Russian: Слуга государев, romanized: Sluga Gosudarev) is a 2007 Russian swashbuckler film written and directed by Oleg Ryaskov, and starring Dmitry Miller, Aleksandr Bukharov, Kseniya Knyazeva, Darya Semyonova and Alexei Chadov in the lead roles. It depicts the events of the Great Northern War, with a particular focus on the Battle of Poltava.
Turn! Turn! Turn!
"Turn! Turn! Turn!", also known as or subtitled "To Everything There Is a Season", is a song written by Pete Seeger in 1959. The lyrics – except for the title, which is repeated throughout the song, and the final two lines – consist of the first eight verses of the third chapter of the biblical Book of Ecclesiastes. The song was originally released in 1962 as "To Everything There Is a Season" on the folk group the Limeliters' album Folk Matinee, and then some months later on Seeger's own The Bitter and the Sweet.

The song became an international hit in late 1965 when it was adapted by the American folk rock group the Byrds. The single entered the U.S. chart at number 80 on October 23, 1965, before reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on December 4, 1965. In Canada, it reached number 3 on November 29, 1965, and also peaked at number 26 on the UK Singles Chart.

Roger McGuinn
James Roger McGuinn (/məˈɡwɪn/; born James Joseph McGuinn III; July 13, 1942) is an American musician, best known for being the frontman and leader of the Byrds. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991 as a member of the band. As a solo artist, he has released 10 albums and collaborated with, among others, Bob Dylan, Tom Petty and Chris Hillman. The Rickenbacker 12-string guitar is his signature instrument.
Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
The Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (WIAC) is an intercollegiate athletic conference that competes in the NCAA's Division III. In women's gymnastics, it competes alongside Division I and II members, as the NCAA sponsors a single championship event open to members of all NCAA divisions. As the name implies, member teams are located in the state of Wisconsin, although there are three associate members from Minnesota and one from Illinois. All full members are part of the University of Wisconsin System.

University of Wisconsin–Whitewater
The University of Wisconsin–Whitewater (UW–Whitewater or UWW) is a public university in Whitewater, Wisconsin, United States. It is part of the University of Wisconsin System. As of fall 2024, the university offers 47 undergraduate majors and 13 graduate programs and enrolls approximately 11,000 students. Approximately 1,400 faculty and staff are employed by the university, and the student body consists of individuals from about 40 US states and 30 countries. UW–Whitewater operates the University of Wisconsin–Whitewater at Rock County, a two-year branch campus in Janesville, Wisconsin.
Ugo Marotta
Ugo Marotta (September 23, 1942 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian musician, conductor, arranger, composer, keyboardist and vibraphonist. He took part at the Brazilian music movements Bossa Nova and Musicanossa.

Eumir Deodato
Eumir Deodato de Almeida (Brazilian Portuguese: [ẽwˈmiʁ deoˈdatu]; born 22 June 1942) is a Brazilian pianist, composer, arranger and record producer, primarily in jazz but who has been known for his eclectic melding of genres, such as pop, rock, disco, rhythm and blues, classical, Latin and bossa nova.

Deodato has arranged and produced more than 500 records for acts such as Frank Sinatra, Roberta Flack, Björk and Christophe, as well as produced Kool & the Gang's hits "Celebration", "Ladies' Night" and "Too Hot".

Deodato was nominated for three Grammy Awards and won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance in 1974 for "Also Sprach Zarathustra (2001)." The song peaked at number 2 on the weekly Billboard Hot 100 in March 1973. It reached number 3 in Canada and number 7 on the British charts.