hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Electron spin resonance dating
Electron spin resonance dating, or ESR dating, is a technique used to date materials, for which radiocarbon dating does not work well, such as minerals (e.g. carbonates, silicates, sulphates), inorganic biological materials (e.g., tooth enamel), inorganic archaeological materials (e.g., ceramics) and certain foods. Electron spin resonance dating was first introduced to the science community in 1975, when Japanese nuclear physicist Motoji Ikeya dated a speleothem in Akiyoshi Cave, Japan. ESR dating measures the amount of unpaired electrons in crystalline structures that were previously exposed to natural radiation. The age of a substance can be determined by measuring the dosage of radiation since the time of its formation.

Electron paramagnetic resonance
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is a method for studying materials that have unpaired electrons. The basic concepts of EPR are analogous to those of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), but the spins excited are those of the electrons instead of the atomic nuclei. EPR spectroscopy is useful for analyzing metal ions and organic radicals (compounds with unpaired electrons). The technique reveals some structural information but often simply provides a characteristic "finger print".  The measurement requires a large magnet into which the sample is placed.  Signals are detected using microwaves.  In contrast to NMR and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, EPR spectroscopy is less common.  For a given sample, some of the parameters of interest are g-values (analogous to chemical shift), anisotropy (asymmetry), hyperfine coupling constants (analogous to coupling constant J), and relaxation times.
Belly Amphora by the Andokides Painter (Munich 2301)
The Belly Amphora in the Staatliche Antikensammlungen at Munich (inventory number 2301) is one of the most famous works by the Andokides Painter. The vase measures 53.5 cm high and 22.5 cm in diameter. It dates to between 520 and 510 BC and was discovered at Vulci. It was acquired by Martin von Wagner, an agent of Ludwig I of Bavaria.

As a bilingual vase, it is an important archaeological source for the transition from Attic black-figure pottery to the red-figure style. Bilingual vases are uncommon, and ones that repeat the same subject in the two styles are vanishingly rare; the vase is therefore very often used to illustrate the differences between the two techniques. It is signed by the potter Andokides, who probably made it. Some scholars assume that the black-figure side was painted by the Lysippides Painter, while others suggest that he is identical with the Andokides Painter.

Bilingual vase painting
Bilingual vase painting is a special form of ancient Greek vase painting. The term, derived from linguistics, is essentially a metaphorical one; it describes vases that are painted both in the black-figure and in the red-figure techniques. It also describes the transitional period when black-figure was being gradually replaced in dominance by red-figure, basically the last quarter of the 6th and the very beginning of the 5th century BC. Their appearance may be due to the initial uncertainty of the market for the new red-figure style, although that style subsequently became dominant rather fast.
Ubaidul Haq
Ubaidul Haq (Bengali: উবায়দুল হক; 2 May 1928 – 6 October 2007), also spelt Obaidul Haq (Bengali: ওবাইবদুল হক), was a Bangladeshi teacher, muhaddith, mufassir and writer. He was the former khatib of the national mosque of Bangladesh.

2005 Bangladesh bombings
On 17 August 2005, around 500 bomb explosions occurred at 300 locations in 63 of the 64 districts of Bangladesh. The bombs exploded within a half-hour period, starting at 11:00 am. A terrorist organization, Jama'atul Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB), claimed responsibility for the bombings. The group was led by Shaykh Abdur Rahman and Siddique ul-Islam (also known as Bangla Bhai). Another terrorist group, named Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami, was associated with JMB in executing the co-ordinated attack. Following the bombings, both groups were banned by the BNP government of Bangladesh.
High Point Christian Academy
High Point Christian Academy (HPCA) is a private, college preparatory, Christian school located in High Point, North Carolina, United States. HPCA serves students in grades Pre-Kindergarten through twelfth Grade.

Bam Adebayo
Edrice Femi "Bam" Adebayo Listenⓘ(/ˌɑːdəˈbaɪoʊ/ AH-də-BY-oh; born July 18, 1997) is an American professional basketball player for the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Kentucky Wildcats before being selected by the Heat with the 14th overall pick in the 2017 NBA draft. He is a three-time NBA All-Star, a five-time NBA All-Defensive Team honoree, and he helped the Heat reach the NBA Finals in 2020 and 2023. He also won a gold medal with the 2020 and 2024 U.S. Olympic teams.
Preone
Preone (Friulian: Preon) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Udine in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 110 kilometres (68 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northwest of Udine.

Preone borders the following municipalities: Enemonzo, Socchieve, Tramonti di Sotto, Verzegnis, Vito d'Asio.

Verzegnis
Verzegnis (Carnian Friulian: Verzegnas) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Udine in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of Udine.

The town of Verzegnis hosts the annual Hillclimb Rally, an FIA-sanctioned event bringing in spectators and drivers from around the world.

Verzegnis borders the following municipalities: Cavazzo Carnico, Enemonzo, Preone, Tolmezzo, Tramonti di Sotto, Villa Santina, Vito d'Asio.
Kundiawa
Kundiawa is the capital of Simbu Province, Papua New Guinea, with a population of 8,147 (2000 Census). It lies along the Highlands Highway approximately halfway between Goroka and Mount Hagen, respectively the capitals of the Eastern Highlands and Western Highlands provinces.

Kundiawa is the centre of activity for people who are formally employed (which is a relatively small minority, because most people farm) but also for people who want to sell the coffee that they have grown, or to catch PMVs (public motor vehicles) to other towns. The busiest time in Kundiawa is every other Friday afternoon, because this is when everyone gets paid.

Mount Hagen
Mount Hagen (Tok Pisin: Maun Hagen) is the third largest city in Papua New Guinea, with a population of 46,250. It is the capital of the Western Highlands Province and is located in the large fertile Wahgi Valley in central mainland Papua New Guinea, at an elevation of 1,677 m (5,502 ft).

The Highlands Highway is the main arterial route to connect Mount Hagen with the coastal cities of Lae and Madang.

The city is named after the old eroded volcano Mount Hagen, located about 24 kilometres (15 mi) to the north-west. The volcano was named after the German colonial officer Curt von Hagen (1859–1897).
Diemen
Diemen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈdimə(n)] ⓘ) is a town and municipality with a population of 31,334 in the province of North Holland, Netherlands. It is located approximately 6 km (3.7 mi) southeast of Amsterdam's city centre, within the Amsterdam metropolitan area.

Duivendrecht
Duivendrecht (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈdœyvə(n)ˌdrɛxt]) is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Ouder-Amstel, and lies about 6 km southeast of Amsterdam’s city centre. It is a suburb of Amsterdam.
Black pitohui
The black pitohui (Melanorectes nigrescens) is a species of bird in the monotypic genus of Melanorectes in the family Pachycephalidae.
It is found throughout the highlands of New Guinea.
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

Pitohui (genus)
Pitohui is a genus of birds endemic to New Guinea. The birds formerly lumped together as pitohuis were found by a 2008 study that examined their evolutionary history on the basis of the genetic sequences to have included birds that were quite unrelated to each other. They have since been separated into other genera.
Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (c. 23) (RIP or RIPA) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, regulating the powers of public bodies to carry out surveillance and investigation, and covering the interception of communications. It was introduced by the Tony Blair Labour government ostensibly  to take account of technological change such as the growth of the Internet and strong encryption.

The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Bill was introduced in the House of Commons on 9 February 2000 and completed its parliamentary passage on 26 July.

Following a public consultation and Parliamentary debate, Parliament approved new additions in December 2003, April 2005, July 2006 and February 2010. A draft bill was put before Parliament during 4 November 2015.

HM Revenue and Customs
His Majesty's Revenue and Customs (commonly HM Revenue and Customs) is a  department of the UK government responsible for the collection of taxes, the payment of some forms of state support, the administration of other regulatory regimes including the national minimum wage and the issuance of national insurance numbers.

HMRC was formed by the merger of the Inland Revenue and HM Customs and Excise, which took effect on 18 April 2005. The department's logo is the Tudor Crown enclosed within a circle.
Eddie Jobson
Edwin Jobson (born 28 April 1955) is an English musician who has been a member of several rock bands including Curved Air, Roxy Music, U.K., and Jethro Tull. He was also part of Frank Zappa's band in 1976–77. Noted for his keyboard work, Jobson has also gained acclaim for his violin playing. He won the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2017 Progressive Music Awards. In March 2019 Jobson was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Roxy Music.

Terry Bozzio
Terry John Bozzio (born December 27, 1950) is an American drummer best known for his work with Missing Persons, U.K., and Frank Zappa. He has been featured on nine solo or collaborative albums, 26 albums with Zappa and five albums with Missing Persons. Bozzio has been a prolific sideman, playing on numerous releases by other artists since the mid-1970s. He was inducted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 1997.
West Bank Premier League
The West Bank Premier League is one of the two top divisions of the Palestinian Football Association (PFA). The other is the Gaza Strip Premier League. Palestinian clubs have a rich history stretching back to the early 1930s, but most teams folded due to the political turmoil, and ensuing reduction of the geographical area of the country. Over the years, the format of the league has taken many different shapes. It was most recently contested in 2022–23.

Shabab Al-Khaleel SC
Shabab Al-Khaleel Sports Club (Arabic: نادي شباب الخليل الرياضي), or simply Shabab Al-Khaleel, is a Palestinian professional football club from the city of Hebron that plays in the West Bank Premier League.
The Clinton Centre
54°20′40″N 07°38′05″W﻿ / ﻿54.34444°N 7.63472°W﻿ / 54.34444; -7.63472The Clinton Centre is situated on the site of the Remembrance Day bombing on 8 November 1987 in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland when the Provisional Irish Republican Army murdered 12 and injured 63 with a time bomb.  Former President of the United States of America Bill Clinton gave his name to the facility in dedication to peace and prosperity in Ireland and around the world and has visited the site several times along with his wife, Hillary Clinton.

Enniskillen
Enniskillen (/ˌɛnɪsˈkɪlən/ EN-iss-KIL-ən, from Irish: Inis Ceithleann [ˈɪnʲɪʃ ˈcɛlʲən̪ˠ], 'Ceithlenn's island') is the largest town in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. It is in the middle of the county, between the Upper and Lower sections of Lough Erne. It had a population of 14,086 at the 2021 census. Enniskillen Castle was built in the 15th century as a stronghold of the Maguires, before coming under English control in the early 17th century. The castle and town were expanded during the Plantation of Ulster. It was the seat of local government for the former Fermanagh District Council, and is the county town of Fermanagh. The town is in a civil parish of the same name.
Jón korpur Hrafnsson
Jón korpur Hrafnsson (born 1255) (Anglicized John "the raven" son of Raven) son of  Þuríður Sturludóttir (born  1228) and Hrafn Oddsson (born 1225). His mother, Þuríður, was a direct descendant of Þóra Magnúsdóttir daughter of Magnus III of Norway a direct descendant of Harald Fairhair (Haraldur hárfagri) founder of the Fairhair dynasty the first royal dynasty of the united Norway, and a branch of the Ynglings (also see Ynglinga saga). His father, Hrafn, on the other hand was a direct descendant of Skalla-Grímr father of skald and Viking Egill Skallagrímsson. With the birth of  Jón korpur Hrafnsson the warring clans of the Fairhair dynasty and Skalla-Grímr were genetically united in Iceland.

Þuríður Sturludóttir
Þuríður Sturludóttir (1199–1238; Modern Icelandic: [ˈθʏːrˌiːðʏr ˈstʏ(r)tlʏˌtouhtɪr̥]; Old Norse: Þuríðr Sturludóttir [ˈθurˌiːðz̠ ˈsturloˌdoːtːez̠]) was daughter of Icelandic chieftain Sturla Sighvatsson and Sólveig Sæmundsdóttir. Mother of Jón korpur Hrafnsson in whom the warring clans of Haraldur hárfagri (Harald Fairhair) and Egill Skallagrímsson were genetically united in Iceland in 1255.

The bloodline of Þuríður Sturludóttir from Haraldur hárfagri Hálfdánarson:

Haraldur “Hárfagri” Hálfdánarson (850) – King in Norway

Sigurður “Hrísi” Haraldsson (880)

Hálfdán Sigurðsson (930)

Sigurður “Sýr” Hálfdánarson (970)

Haraldur “Harðráði” Sigurðsson (1047) – King in Norway

Ólafur “Kyrri” Haraldsson (1066) – King in Norway

Magnús “Berfættur” Ólafsson (1090) – King in Norway

Þóra Magnúsdóttir (1100)

Jón Loftsson (1124–1197)

Sæmundur Jónsson (1154–1222)

Sólveig Sæmundsdóttir (1200–1244)

Þuríður Sturludóttir (1228–1288)
Kampong Kapor Methodist Church
Kampong Kapor Methodist Church (Abbreviation: KKMC) is located on Kampong Kapor Road in Singapore's Little India district. The church is approximately 300 metres from Jalan Besar MRT station.

Founded in 1894, KKMC is one of the first Peranakan churches and the fourth Methodist church to be established in Singapore. During its early years, the church catered to the Peranakan or Straits-born Chinese, with services conducted in Baba Malay in a building located on 155 Middle Road. In 1930, the church moved to its present site on 1 Kampong Kapor Road, where it now offers a variety of services to different ethnic groups.

The church building on Kampong Kapor Road was given conservation status by Singapore’s Urban Redevelopment Authority in 1989; its earlier building on 155 Middle Road was awarded historic site status in 2000. The church celebrated its hundredth anniversary in January 1994.

Little India, Singapore
Little India (Tamil: லிட்டில் இந்தியா) is an ethnic enclave in Singapore located east of the Singapore River, across from Chinatown, and north of Kampong Glam. Little India is commonly known as Tekka among the Indian Singaporean community. The precinct is notable for its markets, including the Tekka Market, and the festivals it hosts throughout the year, such as Deepavali and Thaipusam.
Lotfi Nezzar
Lotfi Nezzar is an Algerian businessman, son of Major-General Khaled Nezzar. He is the vice-president of Smart Link Communication, an internet service provider. In July 2020, he was sentenced to 6 years in prison in absentia for money laundering, illicit transfer of funds and forgery and use of forgery to obtain undue privileges, an INTERPOL red notice was also filed against him, he was acquitted of all charges in November 2021.

Khaled Nezzar
Major-General Khaled Nezzar (Arabic: خالد نزّار; 25 December 1937 – 29 December 2023) was an Algerian general and a member of the High Council of State of Algeria. He was born in the douar of Thlet, in Seriana in the Batna region. His father, Rahal Nezzar, was a former non-commissioned officer in the French army who had turned to farming after World War II. His mother died in 1941.
460 Scania
460 Scania (/ˈskeɪiə/; prov. designation: A900 UF or 1900 FN) is a background asteroid and a slow rotator from the central regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory on 22 October 1900. The uncommon K-type asteroid has an exceptionally long rotation period of 164.1 hours and measures approximately 21 kilometers (13 miles) in diameter. It was named after the Swedish region of Scania, where a meeting was held by the Astronomische Gesellschaft in 1904.

Max Wolf
Maximilian Franz Joseph Cornelius Wolf (21 June 1863 – 3 October 1932) was a German astronomer and a pioneer in the field of astrophotography. He was the chairman of astronomy at the University of Heidelberg and director of the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory from 1902 until his death in 1932.
Park–Ratheniska GAA
Park–Ratheniska GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association gaelic football and hurling club in County Laois, Ireland.

The club was founded in 1981 after the amalgamation of Park Football Club and Ratheniska Hurling Club. The club's colours are green and gold. The club has competed at senior level in both hurling and Gaelic football and has a juvenile section, catering for both boys and girls in hurling and football from U6 up to U21.

Laois Junior Football Championships
The Laois Junior Football Championships are the lower-tier Laois Club Football Championships.

The Junior A and Junior B Championships use group phases then down to eight-four-two and the Junior C Championship operates similarly to the Senior Championship and Intermediate Championship by going for a straight knockout.

Portlaoise are the title holders (2022), having defeated Barrowhouse in the final.
Skrapar
Skrapar (Albanian definite form: Skrapari) is a municipality in Berat County, southern Albania. It was created in 2015 by the merger of the former municipalities Bogovë, Çepan, Çorovodë, Gjerbës, Leshnjë, Potom, Qendër Skrapar, Vendreshë and Zhepë. The seat of the municipality is the town Çorovodë. The total population is 12,403 (2011 census), in a total area of 832.04 km2. It covers part of the area of the former Skrapar District, without the town Poliçan.

It is also roughly contiguous with the Albanian "ethnographic region" of Skrapar which is known for its folklore, its raki production, its high rate of those belonging to the Bektashi order and its scenic mountains.

Gjerbës
Gjerbës is a village and a former municipality in Berat County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Skrapar. The population at the 2011 census was 813.
Saetia
Saetia (pronounced SAY-shuh) is a New York City-based screamo band. While relatively unknown during their initial existence, the band is now seen as one of the most critically lauded bands of the late-1990s screamo scene.

Touché Amoré
Touché Amoré is an American post-hardcore band from Los Angeles formed in 2007. Since 2010, the band has consisted of vocalist Jeremy Bolm, guitarists Clayton Stevens and Nick Steinhardt, bassist Tyler Kirby, and drummer Elliot Babin. To date, Touché_Amoré has released six studio albums: ...To the Beat of a Dead Horse in 2009,  Parting the Sea Between Brightness and Me in 2011, Is Survived By in 2013, Stage Four in 2016, Lament in 2020, and Spiral in a Straight Line in 2024.

The band is considered part of the musical movement known as "The Wave",  consisting of American post-hardcore bands that emerged from the late 2000s through early 2010s – among them La Dispute, Defeater, Pianos Become the Teeth, and Make Do and Mend. Pitchfork said the band is "reliably cathartic and anthemic melodic post-hardcore", while Stereogum remarked in 2016 of the band's style: "If arena hardcore existed, this is how it might sound."
Gould's sequence
Gould's sequence is an integer sequence named after Henry W. Gould  that counts how many odd numbers are in each row of Pascal's triangle. It consists only of powers of two, and begins:

1, 2, 2, 4, 2, 4, 4, 8, 2, 4, 4, 8, 4, 8, 8, 16, 2, 4, ... (sequence A001316 in the OEIS)

For instance, the sixth number in the sequence is 4, because there are four odd numbers in the sixth row of Pascal's triangle (the four bold numbers in the sequence 1, 5, 10, 10, 5, 1). Gould's sequence is also a fractal sequence.

Power of two
A power of two is a number of the form 2n where n is an integer, that is, the result of exponentiation with number two as the base and integer n as the exponent. In the fast-growing hierarchy, 2n is exactly equal to . In the Hardy hierarchy, 2n is exactly equal to .

Powers of two with non-negative exponents are integers: 20 = 1, 21 = 2, and 2n is two multiplied by itself n times. The first ten powers of 2 for non-negative values of n are:

1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, ... (sequence A000079 in the OEIS)

By comparison, powers of two with negative exponents are fractions: for positive integer n, 2−n is one half multiplied by itself n times. Thus the first few negative powers of 2 are ⁠1/2⁠, ⁠1/4⁠, ⁠1/8⁠, ⁠1/16⁠, etc. Sometimes these are called inverse powers of two because each is the multiplicative inverse of a positive power of two.
Seibu 3000 series
The Seibu 3000 series (西武3000系) was an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the private railway operator Seibu Railway on commuter services in the Tokyo area of Japan from 1982 until 2014.

Seibu Railway
Seibu Railway Company, Ltd. (西武鉄道株式会社, Seibu Tetsudō Kabushiki-gaisha) is a conglomerate based in Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan, with principal business areas in railways, tourism, and real estate. Seibu Railway's operations are concentrated in northwest Tokyo and Saitama Prefecture; the name "Seibu" is an abbreviation of "west Musashi", referring to the historic name for this area. It and its holding company hold shares of numerous bus, hotel and tourism operations nationwide.
Amersham plc
Amersham plc was a manufacturer of radiopharmaceutical products, to be used in diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine procedures. The company became GE Healthcare following a takeover in 2003, which was based at the original site in Amersham, Buckinghamshire until 2016, when the headquarters moved to Chicago.

Amersham
Amersham (/ˈæmərʃəm/ AM-ər-shəm) is a market town and civil parish in Buckinghamshire, England, in the Chiltern Hills, 27 miles (43 km) northwest of central London, 15 miles (24 km) south-east of Aylesbury and 9 miles (14 km) north-east of High Wycombe. Amersham is part of the London commuter belt.

There are two distinct areas:

Old Amersham, set in the valley of the River Misbourne, containing the 13th-century parish church of St. Mary's and several old pubs and coaching inns

Amersham-on-the-Hill, which grew in the early 20th century around Amersham station, which was served by the Metropolitan Railway (now the Metropolitan line) and the Great Central Railway.
John Carter (Virginia colonial secretary)
John Carter (circa 1695 – July 31, 1742) was a Virginia planter, lawyer, merchant and politician who served for two decades as the secretary of state for the Colony of Virginia, as well as for the Governor's Advisory Council (essentially the upper house of the Virginia General Assembly), but whose political career was overshadowed by that of his father Robert Carter, often nicknamed "King Carter" for his wealth and social and political prominence in the Colony of Virginia, with whom he served on the Governor's Council for nine years.

Charles Hill Carter
Charles Hill Carter (c. 1732 – June 28, 1806) was a Virginia planter who represented Lancaster County in the Virginia House of Burgesses (1758–1775) and all five of the Virginia Revolutionary Conventions, and also sat on the first Council of State in 1776.