hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Reticular theory
Reticular theory is an obsolete scientific theory in neurobiology that stated that everything in the nervous system, such as the brain, is a single continuous network. The concept was postulated by a German anatomist Joseph von Gerlach in 1871, and was most popularised by the Nobel laureate Italian physician Camillo Golgi.

However, the theory was refuted by later observations of Spanish pathologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal, using a staining technique discovered by Golgi, which showed that nervous tissue, like other tissues, is made of discrete cells.  This neuron doctrine turned out to be the correct description of the nervous system, whereas the reticular theory was discredited.

The proponents of the two contrasting theories, Golgi and Ramón y Cajal were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906, "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system".

Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Santiago Ramón y Cajal (Spanish: [sanˈtjaɣo raˈmon i kaˈxal]; 1 May 1852 – 17 October 1934) was a Spanish neuroscientist, pathologist, and histologist specialising in neuroanatomy, and the central nervous system. He and Camillo Golgi received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906. Ramón y Cajal was the first Spaniard to win a scientific Nobel Prize. His original investigations of the microscopic structure of the brain made him a pioneer of modern neuroscience.

Hundreds of his drawings illustrating the arborization (tree-like growth) of brain cells are still in use, since the mid-20th century, for educational and training purposes.
Austria at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Austria competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden.
Austrian and Hungarian results at early Olympic Games are generally kept separate despite the union of the two nations as Austria-Hungary at the time. 85 competitors, 76 men and 6 women, took part in 46 events in 12 sports.

Hungary at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Hungary competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. Austrian and Hungarian results at early Olympic Games are generally kept separate despite the union of the two nations as Austria-Hungary at the time. 121 competitors, all men, took part in 52 events in 11 sports.
Cheese latke
Cheese latkes (Yiddish: קאַזעס קיכעלעך, romanized: kases kichelech, literally "cheese cookies") are a traditional Jewish dish with ancient roots, especially significant in Ashkenazi cuisine. It is a type of latke pancake made from cheese and is often enjoyed during Hanukkah and other festive occasions. Cheese latkes are distinct from the more commonly known potato latkes, which also play a significant role in Jewish culinary traditions.

Latke
A latke (Yiddish: לאַטקע, romanized: latke, lit. 'pancake'; sometimes romanized latka) is a type of potato pancake or fritter in Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine that is traditionally prepared to celebrate Hanukkah.

It is commonly eaten by the Jewish diaspora where it is known as ״לביבות״ (romanized levivot, lit. "little hearts") and has many variations. The most basic form is composed of shredded potatoes and egg yolk, fried in oil.
Astriclypeidae
Astriclypeidae is a family of echinoderms belonging to the order Clypeasteroida.

Genera:

Amphiope L.Agassiz, 1840

Astriclypeus Verrill, 1867

Echinodiscus Leske, 1778

Kieria Mihály, 1985

Paraamphiope Stara & Sanciu, 2014

Sculpsitechinus Stara & Sanciu, 2014

Tretodiscus

Sand dollar
Sand dollars (also known as sea cookies or snapper biscuits in New Zealand and Brazil, or pansy shells in South Africa) are species of flat, burrowing sea urchins belonging to the order Clypeasteroida. Some species within the order, not quite as flat, are known as sea biscuits. Sand dollars can also be called "sand cakes" or "cake urchins".
Sira, Norway
Sira is a village in Flekkefjord municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located immediately east of the county border of Agder and Rogaland. The European route E39 highway passes by the village and the Sørlandet Line runs right through the village, stopping at Sira Station. The 0.66-square-kilometre (160-acre) village has a population (2015) of 630, giving the village a population density of 955 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,470/sq mi).

Sira lies along the Sira River, just south of the lake Sirdalsvatnet. The river and lake are both a part of the Sira-Kvina hydropower system. Sira was the administrative centre of the former municipality of Bakke which was dissolved and merged into Flekkefjord in 1965. Bakke Church lies at the southern end of the village.

Sira (river)
Sira is a river in southwestern Norway. The 152-kilometre (94 mi) long river flows begins in the Sirdalsheiane mountains near the borders of Agder and Rogaland counties.  The headwaters of the river is the lake Ytre Storevatnet and it flows south through the Sirdalen valley in the municipalities of Sirdal and Flekkefjord. The river flows through the large lakes Sirdalsvatnet and Lundevatnet before heading south on the Agder/Rogaland county border.  At the village of Åna-Sira the river empties into the Åna fjord.  The river runs through several large villages such as Åna-Sira, Sira, Tonstad, Lunde, and Kvæven.  The river drains the 1,902.7-square-kilometre (734.6 sq mi) watershed.  The Tonstad Hydroelectric Power Station is powered by water from the waterfalls along this river.
Penrose drain
A Penrose drain is a soft, flexible rubber tube used as a surgical drain, to prevent the buildup of fluid in a surgical site. It belongs to the "passive" type of drain, the other broad type being "active". The Penrose drain is named after American gynecologist Charles Bingham Penrose (1862–1925).

Drain (surgery)
A surgical drain is a tube used to remove pus, blood or other fluids from a wound, body cavity, or organ. They are commonly placed by surgeons or interventional radiologists after procedures or some types of injuries, but they can also be used as an intervention for decompression. There are several types of drains, and selection of which to use often depends on the placement site and how long the drain is needed.
Jack Smith (film director)
Jack Smith (November 14, 1932 – September 18, 1989) was an American filmmaker, actor, and pioneer of underground cinema. He is generally acclaimed as a founding father of American performance art, and has been critically recognized as a master photographer.

Ken Jacobs
Kenneth Martin Jacobs (May 25, 1933 – October 5, 2025) was an American experimental filmmaker. His style often involved the use of found footage which he edited and manipulated. He also directed films using his own footage.
Fornax in Chinese astronomy
According to traditional Chinese uranography, the modern constellation Fornax is located within the western quadrant of the sky, The White Tiger of the West (西方白虎, Xī Fāng Bái Hǔ).

The name of the western constellation in modern Chinese is 天爐座 (tiān lú zuò), meaning "the heaven furnace constellation".

Fornax
Fornax (/ˈfɔːrnæks/) is a constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere, partly ringed by the celestial river Eridanus. Its name is Latin for furnace. It was named by French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in 1756. Fornax is one of the 88 modern constellations.

The three brightest stars—Alpha, Beta and Nu Fornacis—form a flattened triangle facing south. With an apparent magnitude of 3.91, Alpha Fornacis is the brightest star in Fornax. Six star systems have been found to have exoplanets. The Fornax Dwarf galaxy is a small faint satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. NGC 1316 is a relatively close radio galaxy.

The Hubble Space Telescope's Ultra-Deep Field is located within Fornax.

It is the 41st largest constellation in the night-sky, occupying an area of 398 square degrees. It is located in the first quadrant of the southern hemisphere (SQ1) and can be seen at latitudes between +50° and -90° during the month of December.
Freedom Force vs the 3rd Reich
Freedom Force vs the 3rd Reich is a real-time tactical role-playing game developed and published by Irrational Games. The sequel to Freedom Force, the player guides a team of superheroes as they travel back in time, and help overthrow Nazi Germany and its allies during World War II. In the game, players take control of a team of up to four characters and battle their way through completely destructible 3D maps in a series of missions based on classic superhero comics.

Tactical role-playing game
Tactical role-playing game (abbreviated TRPG), also known as strategy role-playing game or simulation RPG (both abbreviated SRPG), is a video game genre that combines core elements of role-playing video games with those of tactical (turn-based or real-time) strategy video games. The formats of tactical RPGs are much like traditional tabletop role-playing games and strategy games in appearance, pacing, and rule structure. Likewise, early tabletop role-playing games are descended from skirmish wargames such as Chainmail, which were primarily concerned with combat.
Prasert Prasarttong-Osoth
Prasert Prasarttong-Osoth (Thai: ปราเสริฐ ปราสาททองโอสถ, born 22 March 1933) is a Thai billionaire businessman of Chinese descent, former surgeon, and the founder and owner of Bangkok Dusit Medical Services, Thailand's largest private healthcare group, and a regional airline, Bangkok Airways. As of August 2018, Forbes estimated his net worth at US$3.5 billion.

Bangkok Airways
Bangkok Airways Public Company Limited (Thai: บริษัท การบินกรุงเทพ จำกัด (มหาชน)) is a regional airline based in Bangkok, Thailand. It operates scheduled services to destinations in Thailand, Cambodia, Hong Kong, Laos, Maldives, and Singapore. Its main base is Suvarnabhumi Airport in the Thai capital Bangkok.
Kelvin, South Lanarkshire
Kelvin is an area of the new town of East Kilbride, in South Lanarkshire, Scotland.

The area is a large industrial estate in the south-east of the town, surrounded by the St. Leonards, High Whitehills and The Murray residential districts, and Calderglen Country Park. The area is named after Lord Kelvin.

In 1995, several modern units were built and the area was named Kelvin South Business Park with Sainsbury's latterly building a large warehouse/transport depot. In 2008, South Lanarkshire College (previously based at several sites in the area) opened its new centralised campus in Kelvin.

Calderglen Country Park
Calderglen Country Park is a country park in the town of East Kilbride, South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is situated along the eastern edge of the town and is its principal area designated for recreation and leisure in a countryside setting. It falls within a longstanding area of greenbelt, which distinguishes it from intra-urban greenspace.
Comacchio
Comacchio (Italian: [koˈmakkjo]; Comacchiese: Cmâc' [kˈmaːts]) is a town and comune of Emilia Romagna, Italy, in the province of Ferrara, 48 kilometres (30 mi) from the provincial capital Ferrara. It was founded about two thousand years ago; across its history it was first governed by the Exarchate of Ravenna, then by the Duchy of Ferrara, and eventually returned to be part of the territories of the Papal States. For its landscape and its history, it is considered one of the major centres of the Po delta. Comacchio is part of the UNESCO World Heritage site "Ferrara, City of the Renaissance, and its Po Delta."

Comacchio Cathedral
Comacchio Cathedral (Italian: Duomo di Comacchio; Cattedrale di San Cassiano), also the Basilica of San Cassiano, is a Baroque Roman Catholic cathedral and minor basilica dedicated to Saint Cassian of Imola (San Cassiano) in the city of Comacchio, in the province of Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna, Italy. Formerly the seat of the bishops of Comacchio, it has been since 1986 a co-cathedral in the Archdiocese of Ferrara-Comacchio.
Church of the Mission of France
The Church of the Mission of France is a historic church constructed in the late 17th century and extensively renovated in the 19th century. Located at 44 Rue du Tapis-Vert in the 1st arrondissement of Marseille, Marseille, France, it has been designated a historic monument since 8 December 1965.

Congregation of the Mission
The Congregation of the Mission (Latin: Congregatio Missionis), abbreviated CM and commonly called the Vincentians or Lazarists, is a Catholic society of apostolic life of pontifical right for men founded by Vincent de Paul. It is associated with the Vincentian Family, a loose federation of organizations that consider Vincent de Paul as their founder or patron.
10Kh
10Kh was the designation for the initial series of Soviet Union pulse jet engine powered air-launched cruise missiles, reverse engineered from the Fieseler Fi 103 (V-1) flying bomb, developed in the 1950s by OKB-52 under the leadership of Vladimir Nikolaevič Čelomej (Chelomey) and cancelled in the same decade.

Argus As 014
The Argus As 014 (designated 109-014 by the RLM) was a pulsejet engine used on the German V-1 flying bomb of World War II, and the first model of pulsejet engine placed in mass production. License manufacture of the As 014 was carried out in Japan in the latter stages of World War II, as the Kawanishi Maru Ka10 for the Kawanishi Baika kamikaze jet.

The United States reverse-engineered the design for the Ford PJ31 powering the Republic-Ford JB-2 cruise missile and the experimental USAAF-developed JB-4 television-guided bomb.
Wakhan
37°07′45″N 73°37′07″E﻿ / ﻿37.129240°N 73.618680°E﻿ / 37.129240; 73.618680
Wakhan (Dari; Pashto: واخان), also spelt as Vakhan and known as Vakhon (Tajik: Вахон}, is a rugged, mountainous part of the Pamir Mountains, Hindu Kush and Karakoram regions of Afghanistan and Tajikistan. It covers mainly the Wakhan District of Badakshan Province in northeastern Afghanistan.

Wakhi language
Wakhi (ښیکوار, Х̆икв̆ор, IPA: [xikwɔr]) is an Indo-European language in the Eastern Iranian branch of the language family spoken today in Wakhan District, Northern Afghanistan, and neighboring areas of Tajikistan, Pakistan and China.
Lirung monitor
The Lirung monitor (Varanus lirungensis) is a species of monitor lizards on the Talaud Islands in Indonesia. It was recently discovered by André Koch, a German scientist from the Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig in Bonn, during a joint German-Indonesian research project. Koch stated the discovery was important, "because it illustrates the high diversity of monitor lizards in Indonesia."

Monitor lizard
Monitor lizards are lizards in the genus Varanus, the only extant genus in the family Varanidae. They are native to Africa, Asia, and Oceania, and one species is also found in the southern United States as an invasive species.  About 94 species are recognized.

Monitor lizards have long necks, powerful tails and claws, and well-developed limbs. The adult length of extant species ranges from 20 cm (7.9 in) in some species such as Varanus sparnus, to over 3 m (10 ft) in the case of the Komodo dragon, though the extinct megalania (Varanus priscus) may have reached lengths of more than 7 m (23 ft). Most monitor species are terrestrial, but many are also arboreal or semiaquatic. While most monitor lizards are carnivorous, eating smaller reptiles, fish, birds, insects, small mammals, and eggs, a few species also eat fruit and vegetation.
Henry Silverman
Henry R. Silverman (born August 1, 1940) is an American entrepreneur and private equity investor. Silverman is best known for his role in building Cendant Corporation into a multibillion-dollar business services company that provided car rentals, travel reservation services as well as real estate brokerage services and was also the largest franchisor of hotels globally.

Among the brands that Silverman controlled included hotels and motels such as AmeriHost Inn, Days Inn, Howard Johnson's, Ramada, Super 8 and Travelodge; car rental operators such as Avis Rent a Car System and Budget Rent a Car; real estate brokerages such as Coldwell Banker, Century 21 Real Estate and Sotheby's International Realty; as well as Orbitz Worldwide.

Blackstone Inc.
Blackstone Inc. is an American alternative investment management company based in New York City. It was founded in 1985 as a mergers and acquisitions firm by Peter Peterson and Stephen Schwarzman, who had previously worked together at Lehman Brothers. Blackstone's private equity business has been one of the largest investors in leveraged buyouts in the last three decades, while its real estate business has actively acquired commercial real estate across the globe. Blackstone is also active in credit, infrastructure, hedge funds, secondaries, growth equity, and insurance solutions. As of September 30, 2025, Blackstone has $1.2 trillion in total assets under management, making it the world's largest alternative investment firm.
Crepuscular animal
In zoology, a crepuscular animal is one that is active primarily during the twilight period, being matutinal (active during dawn), vespertine/vespertinal (active during dusk), or both. This is distinguished from diurnal and nocturnal behavior, where an animal is active during the hours of daytime and of night, respectively. Some crepuscular animals may also be active by moonlight or during an overcast day.

A number of factors affect the time of day an animal is active. Predators hunt when their prey is available, and prey try to avoid the times when their principal predators are at large. The temperature may be too high at midday or too low at night. Some creatures may adjust their activities depending on local competition.

Vespertine (biology)
Vespertine is a term used in the life sciences to indicate something of, relating to, or occurring in the evening. In botany, a vespertine flower is one that opens or blooms in the evening. In zoology, the term is used for a creature that becomes active at dusk, such as bats and owls. Strictly speaking, however, the term means that activity ceases during the hours of full darkness and does not resume until the next evening. Activity that continues throughout the night should be described as nocturnal.

Vespertine behaviour is a special case of crepuscular behaviour; like crepuscular activity, vespertine activity is limited to dusk rather than full darkness. Unlike vespertine activity, crepuscular activity may resume in dim twilight before dawn. A related term is matutinal, referring to activity limited to the dawn twilight.

The word vespertine is derived from the Latin word vespertīnus, an adjective meaning "evening".
Boiled egg
Boiled eggs are a food typically made using chicken eggs. They are cooked with their shells unbroken, usually by immersion in boiling water. Hard-boiled or hard-cooked eggs are cooked so that the egg white and egg yolk both solidify, while soft-boiled eggs may leave the yolk, and sometimes the white, at least partially liquid. Boiled eggs are a popular breakfast food around the world.

Besides boiling water immersion, there are a few different methods to make boiled eggs. Eggs can also be cooked below the boiling temperature, i.e. coddling, or they can be steamed. The egg timer was named for commonly being used to time the boiling of eggs.

Coddled egg
In cooking, coddled eggs are eggs that have been cracked into a ramekin or another small container, placed in a water bath or bain-marie and gently or lightly cooked just below boiling temperature. They can be partially cooked, mostly cooked, or hardly cooked at all (as in the eggs used to make Caesar salad dressing, which is only slightly poached for a thicker end-product).  Poached eggs are similar to coddled eggs but cooked by submersion in water, rather than being placed in a water bath.
Vangsvik
Vangsvik or Vangsvika is a village in Senja Municipality in Troms county, Norway. The village has a population of about 350. The village has a school, Vangsvik Chapel, store, and medical office. There is also a large fish farming facility nearby. The Senja Rutebil (bus company) has its headquarters in Vangsvik. The village was the administrative centre of the old Tranøy Municipality until 1 January 2020 when it was merged into Senja Municipality.

Vangsvik is located on the south side of the island of Senja, along the Solbergfjorden. It is about 15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of the town of Finnsnes. Vangsvik is also about 32 km (20 mi) northeast of the village of Stonglandseidet and about 40 km (25 mi) from the village of Å.

The 0.4-square-kilometre (99-acre) village has a population (2023) of 276 and a population density of 690 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,800/sq mi).

Solbergfjorden
Solbergfjorden is a fjord (or more accurately, a strait) on the southeastern side of the large island of Senja in Troms county, Norway. The fjord flows through Dyrøy Municipality, Sørreisa Municipality, and Senja Municipality. The 27-kilometre (17 mi) long strait flows into the Vågsfjorden to the southwest and into the Finnfjorden and Reisafjorden in the northeast. The village of Vangsvik is one of the larger settlements along the Solbergfjorden.
22nd Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)
The 22nd Armoured Brigade was an armoured brigade of the British Army that saw service during and after the Second World War. The brigade was formed on the outbreak of war on 3 September 1939 from Territorial Army (TA) armoured regiments. It saw a considerable amount of action during the war, beginning with the Western Desert Campaign where it was engaged in Operation Crusader and at the Battles of Gazala, Mersa Matruh, First Alamein and Alam el Halfa. It then joined the 7th Armoured Division (the 'Desert Rats') for the Second Battle of El Alamein. It remained part of 7th Armoured for the rest of the war, including the campaigns in Tunisia, Italy and North West Europe. It continued in the postwar TA until 1956. The brigade was re-established, made up of regular regiments in Germany, between 1981 and 1993.

King's Royal Rifle Corps
The King's Royal Rifle Corps was an infantry rifle regiment of the British Army that was originally raised in British North America as the Royal American Regiment during the phase of the Seven Years' War in North America known in the United States as 'The French and Indian War.' Subsequently numbered the 60th Regiment of Foot, the regiment served for more than 200 years throughout the British Empire. In 1958, the regiment joined the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry and the Rifle Brigade in the Green Jackets Brigade and in 1966 the three regiments were formally amalgamated to become the Royal Green Jackets. The KRRC became the 2nd Battalion, Royal Green Jackets. On the disbandment of the 1st Battalion, Royal Green Jackets in 1992, the RGJ's KRRC battalion was redesignated as the 1st Battalion, Royal Green Jackets, eventually becoming 2nd Battalion, The Rifles in 2007.
Neotominae
The Neotominae are a subfamily of the family Cricetidae. They consist of four tribes, 16 genera, and many species of New World rats and mice, predominantly found in North America. Among them are the well-known deer mice, packrats, and grasshopper mice.

Neotomines are related to the other two subfamilies of mice in the New World, the Sigmodontinae and Tylomyinae. Many authorities place them all in a single subfamily, Sigmodontinae.

Tylomyinae
The subfamily Tylomyinae consists of several species of New World rats and mice including the vesper and climbing rats.  They are not as well known as their relatives in the subfamilies Sigmodontinae and Neotominae.  Many authorities place all three of these subfamilies in a single subfamily, Sigmodontinae.
49th meridian east
The meridian 49° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Madagascar, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.

The 49th meridian east forms a great circle with the 131st meridian west.

131st meridian west
The meridian 131° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.

The 131st meridian west forms a great circle with the 49th meridian east.