hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Deviation risk measure
In financial mathematics, a deviation risk measure is a function to quantify financial risk (and not necessarily downside risk) in a different method than a general risk measure. Deviation risk measures generalize the concept of standard deviation.

Downside risk
Downside risk is the financial risk associated with losses. That is, it is the risk of the actual return being below the expected return, or the uncertainty about the magnitude of that difference.

Risk measures typically quantify the downside risk, whereas the standard deviation (an example of a deviation risk measure) measures both the upside and downside risk. Specifically, downside risk can be measured either with downside beta or by measuring lower semi-deviation.: 3  The statistic below-target semi-deviation or simply target semi-deviation (TSV) has become the industry standard.
Waterford F.C.
Waterford Football Club formerly Waterford United Football Club is an Irish association football club based in Waterford who play in the League of Ireland Premier Division. The club was founded and elected to the league in 1930. Originally the club was based at the greyhound stadium known as Kilcohan Park, but moved to the Waterford Regional Sports Centre in the 1993–94 season. In 2018 the club and its players became fully professional.

League of Ireland U19 Division
The League of Ireland U19 Division is the under-19 division of the League of Ireland.  The current division is the successor of earlier U21 and U20 divisions. Like the Premier Division and First Division, the U19 Division is currently sponsored by Airtricity and as a result it is also known as the SSE Airtricity U19 League. The earlier U21 and U20 divisions were sponsored by Eircom and as a result were referred to as the Eircom U21 League or the Eircom U20 League. The division is also sometimes referred to as the Dr Tony O'Neill League because the winners are awarded the Dr Tony O'Neill Cup. In 2016 Cork City  became the first team to represent the division in the UEFA Youth League.
Ron Giteau
Ron Giteau (born 31 May 1955) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer. A prolific point-scoring centre, he was captain of the Canberra Raiders team in the New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership. Giteau also played for Western Suburbs and Eastern Suburbs.

He was a Wests junior graded from the Enfield Federals junior club in 1974.

Ron Giteau is the father of former Australian rugby union player, Matt Giteau, Australia women's dual-code rugby international Kristy Giteau and Canberra Raiders NSW Cup side coach Justin Giteau

Matt Giteau
Matthew James Giteau (born 29 September 1982) is an Australian rugby union professional player who plays for the San Diego Legion of Major League Rugby (MLR).

Giteau plays as a utility back. His usual positions are inside centre and fly-half, although he started his career as a scrum-half. He played for the Wallabies for the first time in 2002 against England at Twickenham and was a nominee for the International Rugby Board Player of the Year in 2004. He appeared in 104 Super Rugby matches. During his career he won 103 test caps for Australia. He was re-selected to the national team after several years' absence under a rule known as Giteau's law.
First Army (Turkey)
The First Army of the Republic of Turkey (Turkish: Birinci Ordu) is one of the four field armies of the Turkish Army. Its headquarters is located at Selimiye Barracks in Istanbul. It guards the sensitive borders of Turkey with Greece and Bulgaria, including the straits Bosporus and Dardanelles. The First Army is stationed in East Thrace.

Selimiye Barracks
Selimiye Barracks (Turkish: Selimiye Kışlası), also known as Scutari Barracks, is a Turkish Army barracks located in Selimiye in the Üsküdar district on the Asian side of Istanbul, Turkey. It was originally built in 1800 by Sultan Selim III for the soldiers of the newly established  Nizam-ı Cedid (literally "New Order") within the framework of the Ottoman military reform efforts. Today, it serves as the headquarters of the First Army of Turkish Land Forces.

The Barracks is situated in the Harem neighbourhood between Üsküdar and Kadıköy, close to the Sea of Marmara. The highway connecting the ferry terminal and the overland bus terminal to the motorway O.2 Istanbul-Ankara runs right past the barracks.
Di Lampedusa strategy
The di Lampedusa strategy or di Lampedusa principle (often misspelled de Lampedusa strategy) is a political doctrine that in order to maintain the status quo, one must accept change. It takes its name from the Italian novelist Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, who expressed the principle in his novel Il Gattopardo.

Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa
Giuseppe Tomasi, 11th Prince of Lampedusa, 12th Duke of Palma, GE (23 December 1896 – 23 July 1957), known as Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa (Italian pronunciation: [dʒuˈzɛppe toˈmaːzi di lampeˈduːza]), was a Sicilian writer, as well as the last generation of Tomasi Princes of Lampedusa before the family's and their titles' extinction. He is most famous for his only novel, Il Gattopardo (first published posthumously in 1958), which is set in his native Sicily during the Risorgimento. A reserved, solitary, shy, and somewhat misanthropic aristocrat, he opened up only with a few close friends, and spent a great deal of his time reading and meditating. He said of himself as a child, "I was a boy who liked solitude, who preferred the company of things to that of people", and in 1954 wrote, "Of my sixteen hours of daily wakefulness, at least ten are spent in solitude."
William Farrer
William James Farrer (3 April 1845 – 16 April 1906) was a leading English Australian agronomist and plant breeder. Farrer is best remembered as the originator of the "Federation" strain of wheat, distributed in 1903. His work resulted in significant improvements in both the quality and crop yields of Australia's national wheat harvest, a contribution for which he earned the title 'father of the Australian wheat industry'.

Tharwa, Australian Capital Territory
Tharwa is a village in the district of Paddys River, in the Australian Capital Territory in Australia. It is situated on the southern side of the Australian Capital Territory, 35 kilometres (22 mi) south of Canberra. At the 2021 census, Tharwa had a population of 82.

The village is located on the banks of the Murrumbidgee River and at the junction of Tidbinbilla and Naas Roads, and Tharwa Drive. The main public buildings are a general store, a preschool and primary school (now closed), Saint Edmund's Anglican Church, a cemetery, a community hall and tennis courts.  The annual Tharwa Fair was hosted by the school, and was held in May until 2006. The Tharwa Fair is now organised by Tharwa Preschool.
Straight-twin engine
A straight-twin engine (also known as an inline-twin, vertical-twin, inline-2, or parallel-twin) is a two-cylinder piston engine whose cylinders are arranged in a line along a common crankshaft.

Straight-twin engines are primarily used in motorcycles; other uses include automobiles, marine vessels, snowmobiles, jet skis, all-terrain vehicles, tractors and ultralight aircraft.

Various different crankshaft configurations have been used for straight-twin engines, with the most common being 360 degrees, 180 degrees and 270 degrees.

Engine balance
Engine balance refers to how the inertial forces produced by moving parts in an internal combustion engine or steam engine are neutralised with counterweights and balance shafts, to prevent unpleasant and potentially damaging vibration. The strongest inertial forces occur at crankshaft speed (first-order forces) and balance is mandatory, while forces at twice crankshaft speed (second-order forces) can become significant in some cases.
2023–24 Copa del Rey
The 2023–24 Copa del Rey was the 122nd edition of the Copa del Rey (including two seasons where two rival editions were played). The winners were assured a place in the 2024–25 UEFA Europa League league phase. Both the winners and the runners-up qualified for the four-team 2025 Supercopa de España.

Real Madrid were the defending champions, having beaten Osasuna in the final of the previous edition, but were eliminated in the round of 16 by Atlético Madrid.

The final was held at Estadio de La Cartuja in Seville on 6 April 2024, between Athletic Bilbao and Mallorca. Following a 1–1 draw, Athletic Bilbao won the match 4–2 on penalties, securing a 25th Copa del Rey title and their first since 1984.

As across Spain, match times up to 28 October 2023 and from 27 March 2024 were CEST (UTC+2). Times on interim ("winter") days were CET (UTC+1). Matches played in the Canary Islands used the WET (UTC±00:00).

2024 Copa del Rey final
The 2024 Copa del Rey final was a football match to decide the winners of the 2023–24 Copa del Rey, the 122nd edition of Spain's primary football cup (including two seasons where two rival editions were played). The match was played on 6 April 2024 at Estadio de La Cartuja in Seville between Athletic Bilbao and Mallorca.

Mallorca played in their first final since their only victory in 2003, having lost twice prior. This was Athletic Bilbao's 40th final, having last appeared in the final in 2021, and its last victory was in 1984.

Following a 1–1 draw after extra time, Athletic Bilbao won 4–2 on penalties to secure a 24th Copa del Rey title, ending a 40-year major trophy drought.
Bulboid corpuscle
The bulboid corpuscles (end-bulbs of Krause, Krause corpuscles) are cutaneous receptors in humans and other animals.

The end-bulbs of Krause were named after the German anatomist Wilhelm Krause (1833–1910).

Cutaneous receptor
A cutaneous receptor is a sensory receptor found in the skin that provides information about temperature, touch (including vibration and pain), spatial orientation, pressure (stretching or squeezing), and metabolic circumstances (including those induced by external chemical substances). The main four types of cutaneous receptors are tactile corpuscles, bulbous corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and Merkel nerve endings, although the latter do not qualify as sensory corpuscles in the narrow sense.
Break (music)
In popular music, a break is an instrumental or percussion section during a song derived from or related to stop-time – being a "break" from the main parts of the song or piece. A break is usually interpolated between sections of a song, to provide a sense of anticipation, signal the start of a new section, or create variety in the arrangement.

A Night in Tunisia
"A Night in Tunisia" is a musical composition written in 1942 by American trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie that has become a jazz standard. Dizzy wrote it while he was playing with the Benny Carter band. The tune is also known as "Interlude".

"A Night in Tunisia" was one of the signature pieces of Gillespie's bebop big band, and he also played it with his small groups. In January 2004, The Recording Academy added Gillespie's 1946 RCA Victor recording to the Grammy Hall of Fame.
Nerussa (river)
The Nerussa (Russian: Нерусса) is a river in the Oryol and Bryansk oblasts of Russia. It is a left tributary of the Desna. It is 161 kilometres (100 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 5,630 square kilometres (2,170 sq mi). The river flows through the town of Dmitrovsk.

Desna (river)
The Desna (Russian and Ukrainian: Десна) is a river in Russia and Ukraine, a major left-tributary of the Dnieper. Its name in Old East Slavic: деснъ means lit. "right hand". It has a length of 1,130 km (702 mi), and its drainage basin covers 88,900 km2 (34,324 sq mi).

In Ukraine, the river's width ranges from 60 to 250 metres (200 to 820 ft), with its average depth being 3 m (10 ft). The mean annual discharge at its mouth is 360 m3/s (13,000 cu ft/s). The river freezes over from early December to early April, and is navigable from Novhorod-Siverskyi to its mouth, a length of about 535 km (332 mi).

The water level of the river reached its lowest recorded point in 140 years in June 2020. This water level was 5 m (16 ft) below normal for that time of year.
Grand Parade (Halifax, Nova Scotia)
The Grand Parade (sometimes incorrectly referred to as "Parade Square") is a historic military parade square dating from the founding of Halifax in 1749.  At the north end of the Grand Parade, is the Halifax City Hall, the seat of municipal government in Nova Scotia's Halifax Regional Municipality.  At the south end is St. Paul's Church. In the middle of Grand Parade is the cenotaph built originally to commemorate the soldiers who served in World War I.

Centrally located in Downtown Halifax, the square remains an important civic space used for numerous events including musical performances, political demonstrations, the annual New Year's Eve celebrations, Remembrance Day ceremonies, and Christmas tree lighting.

J. Massey Rhind
John Massey Rhind (9 July 1860 – 22 October 1936) was a Scottish-American sculptor.  Among Rhind's better known works is the Stephenson Grand Army of the Republic Memorial and the marble statue of Dr. Crawford W. Long, located in the National Statuary Hall Collection, in Washington D.C. (1926).
Back to the Future (TV series)
Back to the Future (also known as Back to the Future: The Animated Series) is an animated science-fiction comedy adventure television series for television based on the live-action Back to the Future film trilogy. The show lasted two seasons, each featuring 13 episodes, and ran on CBS from September 14, 1991, to December 26, 1992, with reruns until August 28, 1993. The show was canceled after two seasons. It was later rerun on Fox as a part of the FoxBox block in 2003.

Although the series is set after the films, creator Bob Gale has stated that the animated series takes place in its own alternate timeline. This show marked the debut television appearance of Bill Nye on a nationally broadcast show.

DeLorean time machine
In the Back to the Future franchise, the DeLorean time machine is a time travel vehicle constructed from a retrofitted DMC DeLorean. Its time travel ability is derived from the "flux capacitor", a component that allows the car to travel to the past or future (though not through space). This occurs when the car accelerates to 88 miles per hour and requires 1.21 gigawatts of electricity.

In 2021, the time machine was added to the Library of Congress's National Historic Vehicle Register.
Beersel Castle
Beersel Castle (Dutch: Kasteel van Beersel; French: Château de Beersel) is a medieval castle located in Beersel, Flemish Brabant, Belgium. Originating in 1300 under the auspices of the Duchy of Brabant, the water castle's present configuration dates to 1357. It was twice sacked and was subject to significant restorations in 1491 and 1617. Its present condition owes much to a major restoration in 1928–39. Built largely of brick, a rare material for such buildings at the time, around a circular enceinte, its major feature is its three large towers. Nowadays, it is open to the public and is considered one of Belgium's best-preserved castles.

Water castle
A water castle, sometimes water-castle, is a castle which incorporates a natural or artificial body of water into its defences. It can be entirely surrounded by water-filled moats (moated castle) or natural waterbodies such as island castles in a river or offshore. The term comes from European castle studies, mainly German Burgenkunde. Some interpretations of the category emphasise that the use of water extends beyond a defensive purpose. When stately homes were built in such a location, or a Wasserburg was later rebuilt as a residential manor, the German term becomes Wasserschloss, lit. "water palace/manor".
Montrose (Parliament of Scotland constituency)
Montrose in Forfarshire was a burgh constituency that elected one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates.

At the time of the Acts of Union 1707, the commissioner for Montrose was chosen as one of the Scottish representatives to the first Parliament of Great Britain. From the 1708 British general election, Montrose, Aberdeen, Arbroath, Brechin and Inverbervie formed the Aberdeen district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.

Aberdeen Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)
Aberdeen Burghs was a district of burghs constituency which was represented from 1708 to 1800 in the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain, and from 1801 to 1832 in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Polish Christian Democratic Party
Polish Christian Democratic Party (Polish: Polskie Stronnictwo Chrześcijańskiej Demokracji, PSChD, commonly known as Chrześcijańska Demokracja or Chadecja),  was a political party of Polish right wing Christian democracy faction existing in the first year of the Second Polish Republic. Its leader and main activist was Wojciech Korfanty.

In 1922, Chadecja became part of the Chrześcijański Związek Jedności Narodowej (Chiena) coalition. Part of the Chjeno-Piast coalition after signing the Lanckorona Pact in 1923.

After the May Coup of 1926, split into three factions. Member of Centrolew coalition in 1929. Member of Front Morges coalition in 1937, and merged with National Workers' Party to form the Labor Party.

Front Morges
The Front Morges was a political alliance of centrist political parties (Polish Christian Democratic Party, National Workers' Party, Związek Hallerczyków) of interbellum Poland. It was founded in 1936 in the Swiss village of Morges by General Władysław Sikorski and former Polish prime minister Ignacy Paderewski.

Prominent activists included Józef Haller, Wojciech Korfanty, and Karol Popiel. They opposed Poland's Sanation regime – which had caused some of them to emigrate abroad. They wanted to form a new government with Paderewski as president and Wincenty Witos as prime minister. They demanded Poland's democratization and closer ties with France.

The Front Morges gained little publicity or support in Poland, but in 1937 led to the formation of a new political party there, the Labor Party (Stronnictwo Pracy), which would become part of the political basis for the Polish Government-in-Exile during 1939–1945.
Fyodorovsky District, Bashkortostan
Fyodorovsky District (Russian: Фёдоровский райо́н; Bashkir: Фёдоровка районы, Fyodorovka rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the republic and borders with Sterlibashevsky District in the north, Meleuzovsky District in the east, Kuyurgazinsky District in the south, and with Orenburg Oblast in the west. The area of the district is 1,693.24 square kilometers (653.76 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Fyodorovka. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 18,650, with the population of Fyodorovka accounting for 23.1% of that number.

Sterlibashevsky District
Sterlibashevsky District (Russian: Стерлиба́шевский райо́н; Bashkir and Tatar: Стәрлебаш районы, Stärlebaş rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Miyakinsky District in the north, Sterlitamaksky District in the northeast and east, Meleuzovsky District in the southeast, Fyodorovsky District in the south, and with Orenburg Oblast in the west. The area of the district is 1,609 square kilometers (621 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Sterlibashevo. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 20,217, with the population of Sterlibashevo accounting for 29.3% of that number.
Warwick Thornton
Warwick Thornton is an Aboriginal Australian film director, screenwriter, and cinematographer. His debut feature film Samson and Delilah won the Caméra d'Or at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival and the award for Best Film at the Asia Pacific Screen Awards. He also won the Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Film in 2017 for Sweet Country. His latest film, Wolfram premiered at the Adelaide Film Festival on 26 October 2025.

Deborah Mailman
Deborah Jane Mailman AM (born 14 July 1972) is an Australian actress. Mailman is best known for her characters: MP Alexandra "Alex" Irving on the Australian political drama series Total Control, Kelly Lewis on the Australian drama series The Secret Life of Us, Cherie Butterfield in the Australian comedy-drama series Offspring, Lorraine in the Australian drama series Redfern Now, Poppy Birkbeck in the miniseries Boy Swallows Universe and Aunt Linda in the Australian dystopian science fiction series Cleverman.

Mailman was the first Indigenous Australian actress to win the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, and has gone on to win seven more both in television and film. She first gained recognition in the 1998 film Radiance for which she won her first AFI award. Her other well known films are Rabbit-Proof Fence, Bran Nue Dae, Oddball, The Sapphires, Paper Planes, Blinky Bill the Movie, H Is for Happiness,  and The Book of Revelation.
Guge
Guge (Tibetan: གུ་གེ་, Wylie: gu ge) was an ancient dynastic kingdom in Western Tibet. The kingdom was centered in present-day Zanda County, Ngari Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region. At various points in history after the 10th century AD, the kingdom held sway over a vast area including south-eastern Zanskar, Kinnaur district, and Spiti Valley, either by conquest or as tributaries. The ruins of the former capital of the Guge kingdom are located at Tsaparang in the Sutlej valley, not far from Mount Kailash and 1,200 miles (1,900 km) west from Lhasa.

Khasa Kingdom
Khasa-Malla kingdom (Nepali: खस मल्ल राज्य, romanized: Khasa Malla Rājya), popularly known as Khasa Kingdom (Nepali: खस राज्य, romanized: Khasa Rājya) and Yatse (Wylie: ya rtse) in Tibetan, was a medieval kingdom established around the 11th century in regions that are presently in far-western Nepal and parts of Uttarakhand state in India.

The origins of the ruling family are disputed with some arguing that the kingdom was ruled by kings of Khasa tribe who bore the family name "Malla" (not to be confused with the later Malla dynasty of Kathmandu). However a growing body of evidence indicates that the ruling family were descended from the Tibetan House of Yatse and was gradually Indianised. The Khasa Malla kings ruled western parts of Nepal during 11th–14th century. The 954 AD Khajuraho Inscription of Dhaṇga states that the Khasa Kingdom were equivalent to the Gaudas of Bengal and the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty.
Sub-Balkan valleys
The Sub-Balkan Valleys (Bulgarian: Подбалкански котловини, romanized: Podbalkanski kotlovini) are row of 11 valleys running from the Bulgarian border with Serbia east to the Black Sea. They are separating the Balkan Mountains from a chain of other mountains known as Srednogorie which includes Vitosha and Sredna Gora. There is great abundance of mineral waters. They are divided into two parts: Western (higher) and Eastern (lower). The western valleys include: Burel Valley; Sofia Valley; Saranska Valley; Kamarska Valley. The eastern valleys are: Zlatitsa–Pirdop Valley; Karlovo Valley; Kazanlak Valley; Tvarditsa Valley; Sliven Valley; Karnobat Valley; Aytos Valley.

Tvarditsa Valley
Tvarditsa Valley (Bulgarian: Твърдишка котловина) is situated in central Bulgaria. It is named after the town of Tvarditsa, its main settlement. It is the eighth of the eleven Sub-Balkan valleys in direction west–east.
Bas Ek Pal
Bas Ek Pal (transl. Just a moment) is a 2006 Indian Hindi-language romantic crime thriller film directed by Onir. It stars Juhi Chawla, Sanjay Suri, and Urmila Matondkar with Jimmy Sheirgill, Rehaan Engineer, and Yashpal Sharma in supporting roles. The film's storyline is an adaptation of Live Flesh, a film by Pedro Almodóvar.

Live Flesh (film)
Live Flesh (Spanish: Carne trémula) is a 1997 erotic drama film written and directed by Pedro Almodóvar, based on the 1986 novel of the same name by English author Ruth Rendell. The film stars Javier Bardem, Francesca Neri, Liberto Rabal, Ángela Molina and José Sancho, with Penélope Cruz and Pilar Bardem.