hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Phyletic gradualism
Phyletic gradualism is a model of evolution which theorizes that most speciation is slow, uniform and gradual. When evolution occurs in this mode, it is usually by the steady transformation of a whole species into a new one (through a process called anagenesis). In this view no clear line of demarcation exists between an ancestral species and a descendant species, unless splitting occurs. The theory is contrasted with punctuated equilibrium.

Anagenesis
Anagenesis is the gradual evolution of a species that continues to exist as an interbreeding population. This contrasts with cladogenesis, which occurs when branching or splitting occurs, leading to two or more lineages and resulting in separate species. Anagenesis does not always lead to the formation of a new species from an ancestral species.  When speciation does occur as different lineages branch off and cease to interbreed, a core group may continue to be defined as the original species. The evolution of this group, without extinction or species selection, is anagenesis.
Students for Justice in Palestine
Students for Justice in Palestine (SJP; Arabic: طلاب من أجل العدالة في فلسطين, romanized: Ṭullāb min ajl al-ʿAdāla fī Filasṭīn) is a pro-Palestinian college student activism organization in the United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Founded at the University of California, Berkeley in 1993, it has campaigned for the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions movement. The SJP praised  Hamas's October 7 attacks on Israel as a "historic win for the Palestinian resistance". The group has faced accusations of antisemitism and a number of its campus chapters have been suspended.

American Muslims for Palestine
The American Muslims for Palestine (AMP) is an American nonprofit organization founded in 2006.

AMP holds conferences and training sessions for coalition building and legislative advocacy, such as hosting annual Palestine Advocacy Days, that provide workshop panels and encourage attendees to meet with American Congress members. AMP works with Jewish Voice for Peace and IfNotNow to bolster Palestine solidarity campaigns.
Hermitian adjoint
In mathematics, specifically in operator theory, each linear operator  on an inner product space defines a Hermitian adjoint (or adjoint) operator  on that space according to the rule

where  is the inner product on the vector space.

The adjoint may also be called the Hermitian conjugate or simply the Hermitian after Charles Hermite.  It is often denoted by A† in fields like physics, especially when used in conjunction with bra–ket notation in quantum mechanics.  In finite dimensions where operators can be represented by matrices, the Hermitian adjoint is given by the conjugate transpose (also known as the Hermitian transpose).

The above definition of an adjoint operator extends verbatim to bounded linear operators on Hilbert spaces .  The definition has been further extended to include unbounded densely defined operators, whose domain is topologically dense in, but not necessarily equal to,

Operator theory
In mathematics, operator theory is the study of linear operators on function spaces, beginning with differential operators and integral operators. The operators may be presented abstractly by their characteristics, such as bounded linear operators or closed operators, and consideration may be given to nonlinear operators. The study, which depends heavily on the topology of function spaces, is a branch of functional analysis.

If a collection of operators forms an algebra over a field, then it is an operator algebra. The description of operator algebras is part of operator theory.
Barstow Freeway
The Barstow Freeway is one of the named principal Southern California freeways. It consists of the following segments:

Interstate 215, from California State Route 210 to Interstate 15 in San Bernardino

Interstate 15, from Interstate 215 to the Nevada state line

Southern California freeways
A vast network of interconnected freeways in the megaregion of Southern California serves a population of over 23 million people. The Master Plan of Metropolitan Los Angeles Freeways was adopted by the Regional Planning Commission in 1947 and construction began in the early 1950s. The plan hit opposition and funding limitations in the 1970s, and by 2004, only some 61% of the original planned network had been completed.
Sukhanand Dham
Sukhanand Dham or Sukhanand ji  is located at a distance of about 12 km (7.5 mi) from the city of Jawad, which is more of an ancient rock-cave that is located on the border of the Rajasthan State. This ashram is said to be built by Sukhdev Swami. This ashram also consists of a temple dedicated to Lord Shiva and it is wholly surrounded by the mountains and a waterfall and Sukhanand Sagar Dam nearby.

Sukhanand Sagar Dam
Sukhanand Sagar Dam, officially called Kenpuriya Dam, is a dam and reservoir complex on the river below Sukhanand Waterfall in Madhya Pradesh, India. Completed in 2012, it is 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the town of Jawad.
Downtown Connector
In Downtown Atlanta, the Downtown Connector or 75/85 (pronounced "seventy-five eighty-five") is the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through the core of the city. Beginning at the I-85/Langford Parkway interchange, the Downtown Connector runs generally due north, meeting the west–east I-20 in the middle. Just north of this is the Grady Curve around Grady Memorial Hospital. Continuing north, the terminus of the Downtown Connector is the Brookwood Interchange or Brookwood Split in the Brookwood area of the city. The overall length of the Downtown Connector is approximately 7.5 miles (12 km). Since the 2000s, it has been officially named James Wendell George Parkway for most of its length, although it is still designated the Connector in the mainstream. It also has unsigned designations State Route 401 (I-75) and State Route 403 (I-85) along its length, due to I-75 and I-85 having 400-series reference numbers.

Georgia Department of Transportation
The Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) is the organization in charge of developing and maintaining all state and federal roadways in the U.S. state of Georgia. In addition to highways, the department also has a limited role in developing public transportation and general aviation programs. GDOT is headquartered in downtown Atlanta and is part of the executive branch of state government.

GDOT has broken up the state of Georgia into seven districts in order to facilitate regional development. Each district is responsible for the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of the state and federal highways in its region.
Gideon Mer
Gideon Mer (Hebrew: גדעון מר; 1894, Panevėžys - 22 March 1961 Rosh Pinna) was an Israeli scientist whose work was mostly concerned with the eradication of malaria. He was the father of Arna Mer-Khamis and the grandfather of Juliano Mer-Khamis.

Israel Jacob Kligler
Israel Jacob Kligler (Hebrew: ישראל יעקב קליגלר; 24 April 1889 – 23 September 1944) was a microbiologist, Zionist and humanist. Kligler was born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, educated in the United States and spent most of his career in Mandatory Palestine, but died before the creation of the State of Israel.

Kliger was one of the first four professors of the Hebrew University and the founder of Department of Hygiene and Bacteriology of the university, which he headed until his death in 1944. As  one of the pioneers of modern medical research in Mandatory Palestine, his interests lay in a wide range of disciplines,  including Parasitology, Virology, Nutrition, Epidemiology and Public Health.

Kliger developed the Kligler Iron Agar medium for the isolation and identification of intestinal bacteria, which is still in use today.

Kligler's was a key contributor to the eradication of malaria in Mandatory Palestine, a mission completed after his death.
Neustadt an der Weinstraße
Neustadt an der Weinstraße (German: [ˈnɔʏʃtat ʔan deːɐ̯ ˈvaɪnˌʃtʁaːsə]; lit. 'New City on the Wine Route'; Palatine German: Naischdadt an de Woischdrooß), formerly known as Neustadt an der Haardt, is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. With 53,300 inhabitants as of 2020, it is the largest town called Neustadt.

Elwetritsch
The Elbedritsch - also Elwetrittche, Ilwedritsch; in the plural Elwedritsche(n) - is an imaginary bird-like creature that is reported in southwest Germany (especially in the Palatinate and neighboring regions). The area of distribution is essentially congruent with the historical Palatinate. With emigrants, the belief in the existence of Elbedritsche also spread to Eastern Europe and North America (Pennsylvania) in the 18th century and to South America (Brazil) in the 19th century. The Elbedritsch is to be seen as a local variation on comparable imaginary creatures from other regions (cf. Wolpertinger). The oldest written mention to date comes from Luckenbach, Texas. In 1847, sources reported that an “Elfendritschenwolpertinger” had been seen by German hunters in the woods around South Grape Creek.
Glen Scotia distillery
Glen Scotia, historically known as The Scotia or Old Scotia is a distillery that produces single malt Scotch whisky. It was founded in 1832 and is one of three distilleries left in Campbeltown, the smallest whisky region.

Campbeltown
Campbeltown (/ˈkæmbəltən/ ⓘ; Scottish Gaelic: Ceann Loch Chille Chiarain or Ceann Locha) is a town and former royal burgh in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. It lies by Campbeltown Loch on the Kintyre Peninsula. Campbeltown became an important centre for Scotch whisky, and a busy fishing port.

The 2018 population estimate was 4,600, indicating a reduction since the 2011 census.
Kris Straub
Kristofer Straub (born January 17, 1979) is an American web cartoonist, performer, and content creator. His key web comic projects include Checkerboard Nightmare, Starslip, Chainsawsuit, Broodhollow, and F Chords. Other notable projects include the creepypasta "Candle Cove" as well as collaborations with Scott Kurtz ("Blamimations"), Paul Verhoeven ("28 Plays Later"), and Penny Arcade ("Strip Search", "Kris and Scott's Scott and Kris Show," "Acquisitions Incorporated: The C-Team").

He has written and produced the YouTube analog horror series Local 58 since October 26, 2015. He also works with Penny Arcade in graphic design, as well as co-hosting the PAX gaming conventions and appearing in their collaborations with Wizards of the Coast and Chaosium, Inc.

Dave Kellett
Dave Kellett is the cartoonist of Drive and Sheldon, and co-director of the documentary Stripped. He is a co-host of the podcast ComicLab and the The Wrong Way… show on YouTube. He has been nominated for various Eisners and Harveys, and won a Reuben Award.
Girolamo Zulian
Cavaliere Girolamo Zulian (1730–1795) was a Venetian nobleman, ambassador, patron of the arts, art collector and Senatore Amplissimo. A member of the House of Zulian, he is best known for his leading art collection and for being one of the earliest patrons of Canova, a great friend of his, from whom he commissioned the Theseus and the Minotaur in 1781, while serving as ambassador to Rome. Zulian is credited as having played a fundamental role in Canova's rise to fame.

Zulian family
The Zulian family (or Zuliani) was an old Venetian noble family. The place from whence the Zulian came to Venice is unclear; however, the family is considered one of the first that moved to Venice, and thus one of the oldest Venetian and Italian noble families. The family produced tribunes, and in the early 8th century gained dukedom, as a family member rose to the position of Maestro dei cavalieri. The family produced several prominent Venetian figures, including statesmen, generals, patrons and magnates.
Metropolis Towers
The M-towers, also known as the Metropolis Towers, are three towers that are proposed between triq d'Argens and triq Testaferrata within the limits of Msida, Malta, though often mentioned at Gżira and commonly known as the "Testaferrata site". The tallest of the three towers, at 33 stories, would become the second tallest building on the island, only behind the Mercury Tower. The towers would form part of a larger project, Metropolis Plaza, to include a plaza, shops and restaurants. 
The building is set to affect the skyline of Valletta and the Grand Harbour. The Gzira Local Council did not object to the project.
Until early 2023, the project was on hold and no development had taken place on site for years. However, works on the site resumed in February 2023.

Muscats Motors
The Muscats Motors showroom, belonging to a car dealership of the same name, is a building located in Gżira, Malta. It was designed by Joseph Colombo in the Streamline Moderne style, and it is the only building of that style in Malta. It was constructed in around 1945 on the site of an earlier garage which had been destroyed in World War II. Today, the building is in good condition and it still serves its original purpose as a showroom.
Marnand, Rhône
Marnand (French pronunciation: [maʁnɑ̃]) is a former commune in the Rhône department in Rhône-Alpes region in eastern France.

On 1 January 2013, Marnand and four other communes merged becoming one commune called Thizy-les-Bourgs.

Thizy-les-Bourgs
Thizy-les-Bourgs (French pronunciation: [tizi le buʁ]) is a commune in the Rhône department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in eastern France. The result of the merger, on 1 January 2013, of the communes of Bourg-de-Thizy, La Chapelle-de-Mardore, Mardore, Marnand and Thizy.
Villa dei Volusii
The ancient Roman Villa dei Volusii or Villa dei Volusii-Saturnini is an archaeological site located in the municipality of Fiano Romano, next to the ancient Roman town and sanctuary of Lucus Feroniae, along the route of ancient Via Tiberina.

This villa is a unique example of an almost entirely excavated large senatorial villa in Italy.

It was a luxurious villa owned by the politically powerful senatorial family of the Volusii Saturnini, and one of the largest Roman villas.

Fiano Romano
Fiano Romano is a town and comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Rome, Italy, approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of the city.

Fiano Romano borders the following municipalities: Capena, Civitella San Paolo, Montelibretti, Montopoli di Sabina, Nazzano.
Akunakuna
The Akunakuna are an ethnic group of Nigeria and Cameroon, closely related to the Efik, Bahumono, Korring and Ibibio people, mostly inhabiting the area around the Cross River. Recent figures have indicated there are over three hundred fifty thousand Akunakuna people.

Bahumono people
The Bahumono (Ehumono, Kohumono) are a southeastern Nigerian ethnic group that primarily resides in the Abi local government area of Cross River State. They are the largest ethnic group in the region.

They speak the Kohumono language.
National brand
A national brand is the brand of a product that is distributed nationally under a brand name owned by a producer or distributor as opposed to local brands distributed only in some areas of a country and to private labels that carry a brand owned by the retailer rather than the producer.

Marketing and advertising may give consumers the impression that a national-brand product is superior to a local or private-labeled product. Both types use an advertising tactic involving giving away promotional products. Entrepreneur Magazine explains more concisely, "physical gifts with your advertising on it such as balloons, smartphone wipes, key chains, fridge magnets, pens and notepads are always popular too."

Private label
A private label, also called a private brand or private-label brand, is a brand owned by a company, offered by that company alongside and competing with other businesses' brands. A private-label brand is almost always offered exclusively by the firm that owns it. However, in rare instances, the brand is licensed to another company. The term often describes products, but can also encompass services.

The most common definition of a private label product is one that is outsourced: company A makes a product for company B, which company B then offers under their brand name. However, it can also define products made in retailer-owned firms. For example, in 2018, The Kroger Company had 60% of its private brands produced by third parties; the remaining 40% was manufactured internally by plants owned by Kroger. Private-label producers are usually anonymous, sometimes by contract. In other cases, they are allowed to mention their role publicly.
Spit hood
A spit hood, spit mask, mesh hood or spit guard is a restraint device intended to prevent a person from spitting or biting. The use of the hoods has been controversial, as they are a potential suffocation risk.

Spitting
Spitting  is the act of forcibly ejecting saliva, sputum, nasal mucus and/or other substances from the mouth.  The act is often done to get rid of unwanted or foul-tasting substances in the mouth, or to get rid of a large buildup of mucus.  Spitting of small saliva droplets can also happen unintentionally during talking, especially when articulating ejective and implosive consonants.

Spitting in public is considered rude, disgusting, and a social taboo in many parts of the world including the West, while in some other parts of the world it is considered more socially acceptable.

Spitting upon another person, especially onto the face, is a global sign of anger, hatred, disrespect or contempt. It can represent a "symbolical regurgitation" or an act of intentional contamination.
South Cheshire (UK Parliament constituency)
53°06′32″N 2°30′14″W﻿ / ﻿53.109°N 2.504°W﻿ / 53.109; -2.504

South Cheshire was a parliamentary constituency in Cheshire, England represented in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1832 to 1868. It was created upon the division of Cheshire in 1832. In 1868, it was abolished with North Cheshire to form parts of East Cheshire, Mid Cheshire, and West Cheshire.

East Cheshire (UK Parliament constituency)
East Cheshire was a parliamentary constituency which returned two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Elections were held using the bloc vote system.
Muriel Powell
Dame Muriel Betty Powell DBE (30 October 1914 – 8 December 1978) was a British nurse, hospital matron, nurse educator, public servant, and Chief Nursing Officer (CNO) for the Scottish Home and Health Department (SHHD) 1970-76.

Chief Nursing Officer (United Kingdom)
The Chief Nursing Officer (CNO) is the most senior adviser on nursing matters in a government. The CNOs in the United Kingdom are appointed to advise their respective governments: His Majesty's Government, the Northern Ireland Executive, the Scottish Government and the Welsh Government. Each CNO is assisted by one or more Deputy Chief Nursing Officers, and is complemented by a Chief Medical Officer.
Scheduling (computing)
In computing, scheduling is the action of assigning resources to perform tasks. The resources may be processors, network links or expansion cards. The tasks may be threads, processes or data flows.

The scheduling activity is carried out by a mechanism called a scheduler. Schedulers are often designed so as to keep all computer resources busy (as in load balancing), allow multiple users to share system resources effectively, or to achieve a target quality-of-service.

Scheduling is fundamental to computation itself, and an intrinsic part of the execution model of a computer system; the concept of scheduling makes it possible to have computer multitasking with a single central processing unit (CPU).

FIFO (computing and electronics)
In computing and in systems theory, first in, first out (the first in is the first out), acronymized as FIFO, is a method for organizing the manipulation of a data structure (often, specifically a data buffer) where the oldest (first) entry, or "head" of the queue, is processed first.

Such processing is analogous to servicing people in a queue area on a first-come, first-served (FCFS) basis, i.e. in the same sequence in which they arrive at the queue's tail.

FCFS is also the jargon term for the FIFO operating system scheduling algorithm, which gives every process central processing unit (CPU) time in the order in which it is demanded. FIFO's opposite is LIFO, last-in-first-out, where the youngest entry or "top of the stack" is processed first. A priority queue is neither FIFO or LIFO but may adopt similar behaviour temporarily or by default. Queueing theory encompasses these methods for processing data structures, as well as interactions between strict-FIFO queues.
Chihlee University of Technology
Chihlee University of Technology (CLUT; Chinese: 致理科技大學; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tì-lí Kho-ki Tāi-ha̍k), is a private university in Banqiao District, New Taipei City, Taiwan. Chihlee serves over 10,000 full-time students. The word zhìlǐ describes a personal quality that may be rendered dedication. CLUT is accredited 
by ACCBE and affiliated with Customs Administration, Ministry of Finance, Importers and Exporters Association of Taipei (IEAT), Customs Broker Association of Kaohsiung, SAP University Alliances and Institute for Innovative Global Education (IIGE).

Banqiao District
Banqiao District (Chinese: 板橋區; pinyin: Bǎnqiáo Qū) Banciao, Panchiao or Pan-ch'iao is a district and the seat of New Taipei City, Taiwan. It has the third-highest population density in Taiwan, with over 24,000/km2 (62,000/sq mi). Until the creation of New Taipei City, Banqiao was an incorporated county-administered city and the former seat of Taipei County.
Ramona Convent Secondary School
Ramona Convent Secondary School is a private, Catholic, college preparatory school for girls grades 9–12, located in Alhambra, California, a suburb of Los Angeles. Sponsored by the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary. Established in 1889, Ramona is one of the oldest continually operating schools in the same location in California. Ramona is fully accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges,  the Western Catholic Education Association and was a U.S. Department of Education Blue Ribbon School of Excellence recipient in 1993 and 1998. Ramona was voted "Best Catholic School" in the San Gabriel Valley Readers' Choice Awards in 2018 and again in 2019.

Alhambra, California
Alhambra (/ælˈhæmbrə/ ⓘ, /ɑːlˈhɑːmbrə/ ⓘ, Spanish pronunciation: [aˈlambɾa] ⓘ; from "Alhambra")  is a city located in the western San Gabriel Valley region of Los Angeles County, California, United States, approximately 8 miles (13 km) east from the downtown Los Angeles civic center. It was incorporated on July 11, 1903. As of the 2020 census, the population was 82,868. The city's ZIP Codes are 91801 and 91803 (plus 91802 for P.O. boxes).
Fox Theatre (Fullerton, California)
Fox Theatre is a historic movie theater located on Harbor Boulevard in Fullerton, California. Built in 1925 as part of the chain of Fox Theatres, the theater was closed and abandoned in 1987. The Fullerton Historic Theatre Foundation is currently in the process of fundraising and restoring the theater.

Constructed by prominent local businessman C. Stanley Chapman, the building was designed as a combination of vaudeville and silent movie house flanked by a one-story retail wing, two-story café, and an having an Italian Renaissance theme. The original lines of this building are now obscured by the many later renovations and additions, including the subsequent construction of the building at the northeast corner of Harbor Boulevard and Chapman Avenue.

Fox Theatres
Fox Theatres was a large chain of movie theaters in the United States dating from the 1920s either built by Fox Film studio owner William Fox, or subsequently merged in 1929 by Fox with the West Coast Theatres chain, to form the Fox West Coast Theatres chain. Fox West Coast went into bankruptcy and was sold to The National Theatres Corporation, led by Charles Skouras, on November 19, 1934, for $17,000,000.00. Eugene Klein later became CEO of National, and turned it into the conglomerate National General. Mann Theatres bought National General's theatres in 1973.

This chain should not be confused with the Reading, Pennsylvania-based Fox Theaters, founded by Richard Allen "Dick" Fox in 1957 and primarily based on the East Coast.