hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Manhattan Beach Botanical Garden
The Manhattan Beach Botanical Garden (.66 acres (0.27 ha)) is a botanical garden located within Polliwog Park in Manhattan Beach, California. It is open daily with free admission. The garden was first envisioned in 1992, with garden construction starting in 1994. In 1997 the garden became a nonprofit organization, and its grand opening was on Earth Day 2001. It consists primarily of plants native to California.

Manhattan Beach, California
Manhattan Beach is a city in southwestern Los Angeles County, California, United States, on the Pacific coast south of El Segundo, west of Hawthorne, and north of Redondo Beach and Hermosa Beach. As of the 2020 census, the population was 35,506.

Together with Hermosa Beach and Redondo Beach, it forms the three Beach Cities within the South Bay region of Los Angeles County. The community is known for a long beach stretching approximately 2.1 miles (3.4 km) and roughly 450 feet (140 m) wide. The climate is moderate because of Manhattan Beach's proximity to the Pacific Ocean, with an average year-round high temperature of 69.1 °F (20.6 °C) and an average year-round low of 56.4 °F (13.6 °C).
Sequential probability ratio test
The sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) is a specific sequential hypothesis test, developed by Abraham Wald and later proven to be optimal by Wald and Jacob Wolfowitz. Neyman and Pearson's 1933 result inspired Wald to reformulate it as a sequential analysis problem. The Neyman-Pearson lemma, by contrast, offers a rule of thumb for when all the data is collected (and its likelihood ratio known).

While originally developed for use in quality control studies in the realm of manufacturing, SPRT has been formulated for use in the computerized testing of human examinees as a termination criterion.

Sequential analysis
In statistics, sequential analysis or sequential hypothesis testing is statistical analysis where the sample size is not fixed in advance.  Instead data is evaluated as it is collected, and further sampling is stopped in accordance with a pre-defined stopping rule as soon as significant results are observed.  Thus a conclusion may sometimes be reached at a much earlier stage than would be possible with more classical hypothesis testing or estimation, at consequently lower financial and/or human cost.
Caliraja rhina
Caliraja rhina, commonly known as the longnose skate, is a species of skate in the family Rajidae from the northeast Pacific. It is found from the eastern   Bering Sea and Alaska to Baja California and the Gulf of California. The longnose skate is found at depths of 9–1,069 m (30–3,507 ft) and often deeper than the big skate.
The longnose skate was briefly associated with the genus Beringraja, having been previously included in Raja until genetic evidence supported reclassification. It was then reclassified into the new Caliraja genus after an analysis of egg case morphology and the number of embryos per egg case. This issue has not be completely resolved and the scientific names "Raja rhina" and "Beringraja rhina" are still in widespread use.

Big skate
The big skate (Beringraja binoculata) is the largest species of skate (family Rajidae) in the waters off North America, and the third largest skate overall (after the flapper skate, Dipturus intermedius and the blue skate, D. batis). They are found along the Pacific Coast from Alaska to Baja California, typically from the intertidal zone to a depth of 120 m (390 ft), and feed on benthic invertebrates and small fishes. They are unusual among skates in that their egg cases may contain up to seven eggs each. This species is one of the most commercially important skates off California and is sold for food.
Thomas Graydon
Thomas Hetherington "Blondy" Graydon (March 30, 1881 – October 1949) was an All-American football player. While attending Harvard, he was selected as fullback on the All-American teams of 1901 and 1902.

1901 All-America college football team
The 1901 All-America college football team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various individuals who chose All-America college football teams for the 1901 college football season.  The only two individuals who have been recognized as "official" selectors by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) for the 1901 season are Walter Camp and Caspar Whitney, who had originated the College Football All-America Team 13 years earlier in 1889. Camp's 1901 All-America Team was published in Collier's Weekly, and Whitney's selections were published in Outing magazine.
Andrews–Curtis conjecture
In mathematics, the Andrews–Curtis conjecture states that every balanced presentation (i.e. a presentation with the same number of generators and relations) of the trivial group can be transformed into a trivial presentation by a sequence of Nielsen transformations on the relators together with conjugations of relators, named after James J. Andrews and Morton L. Curtis who proposed it in 1965.  It is difficult to verify whether the conjecture holds for a given balanced presentation or not.

It is widely believed that the Andrews–Curtis conjecture is false. While there are no counterexamples known, there are numerous potential counterexamples. It is known that the Zeeman conjecture on collapsibility implies the Andrews–Curtis conjecture.

Nielsen transformation
In mathematics, especially in the area of modern algebra known as combinatorial group theory, Nielsen transformations are certain automorphisms of a free group which are a non-commutative analogue of row reduction and one of the main tools used in studying free groups (Fine, Rosenberger & Stille 1995).

Given a finite basis of a free group , the corresponding set of elementary Nielsen transformations forms a finite generating set of . This system of generators is analogous to elementary matrices for  and Dehn twists for mapping class groups of closed surfaces.

Nielsen transformations were introduced in (Nielsen 1921) to prove that every subgroup of a free group is free (the Nielsen–Schreier theorem). They are now used in a variety of mathematics, including computational group theory, k-theory, and knot theory.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2022)
The following is a timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland during 2022. There are significant differences in the legislation and the reporting between the countries of the UK: England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales.

Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2022)
The following is a timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom from January to June 2022.

There are significant differences in the legislation and the reporting between the countries of the UK: England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales. The numbers of cases and deaths are reported on a government Web site updated daily during the pandemic. The UK-wide COVID Symptom Study based on surveys of four million participants, endorsed by authorities in Scotland and Wales, run by health science company ZOE, and analysed by King's College London researchers, publishes daily estimates of the number of new and total current COVID-19 infections (excluding care homes) in UK regions, without restriction to only laboratory-confirmed cases.
Bødalen, Asker
59°46′N 010°28′E﻿ / ﻿59.767°N 10.467°E﻿ / 59.767; 10.467

Bødalen is a village in Røyken in Asker municipality of Akershus, Norway.

Bødalen is situated adjacent to Slemmestad. It is located about 35 km south of  Oslo  and 25 kilometers east of Drammen. For statistical purposes, it is regarded as a part of the Oslo metropolitan urban area.  North of Bødalen and its vicinities is a continuous residential area that continues throughout Asker and Bærum to Oslo.

Bødalen forms part of the Oslo Geological Region (Oslofeltet). This area is located in the escarpment between bedrock to the south and sedimentary rocks in the north. It forms part of the geological area Oslo Graben.

Røyken
Røyken is a district and village (bygd) and a former municipality in Buskerud, Norway. In 2020 Røyken was merged with the municipalities of Hurum and Asker to form the new Asker Municipality (informally called "Greater Asker") located in the newly formed Viken county. Because Viken seized to exist, all of the new Asker Municipality became part of Akershus County. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Midtbygda.  The parish of Røken was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt).

Oslo ATCC, the Area Control Center for the controlled airspace above Østlandet is located here.
Michel Brault
Michel Brault, OQ (25 June 1928 – 21 September 2013) was a Canadian cinematographer, cameraman, film director, screenwriter, and film producer. He was a leading figure of Direct Cinema, characteristic of the French branch of the National Film Board of Canada in the 1960s. Brault was a pioneer of the hand-held camera aesthetic.

Between Sweet and Salt Water
Between Sweet and Salt Water (French: Entre la mer et l'eau douce), also known as Drifting Upstream, is a 1967 Québécois film directed by Michel Brault, co-written by Brault, Gérald Godin, Marcel Dubé, Claude Jutra and Denys Arcand.

The film also features boxer Ronald Jones in a small role. Jones was one of the subjects of Gilles Groulx's 1961 documentary Golden Gloves.
First Anglo-Afghan War
The First Anglo-Afghan War was fought between the British Empire and the Emirate of Kabul from 1838 to 1842. The British initially successfully invaded the country taking sides in a succession dispute between emir Dost Mohammad Khan (Barakzai) and former King Shah Shujah (Durrani), whom they reinstalled upon occupying Kabul in August 1839. The main British Indian force occupied Kabul and endured harsh winters. The force and its camp followers were almost completely massacred during its 1842 retreat from Kabul.

The British then sent what was widely termed an "Army of Retribution" to Kabul to avenge the destruction of the previous forces. After recovering prisoners, they left Afghanistan by the end of the year. Dost Mohammed returned from exile in India to resume his rule.

It was one of the first major conflicts during the Great Game, the 19th century competition for power and influence in Central Asia between Britain and Russia.

John William Kaye
Sir John William Kaye KCSI FRS (3 June 1814 – 24 July 1876) was a British military historian, civil servant and army officer in India. His major works on military history include a three-volume work on The History of the Sepoy War in India. This work was revised later by George Bruce Malleson and published in six volumes in 1890 as Kaye and Malleson's History of the Indian Mutiny.
Aerocon Dash 1.6 wingship
The Aerocon Dash-1.6 wingship was a proposed American ground-effect vehicle intended to carry large cargos and thousands of passengers over long distances at near-aircraft speeds.

The vehicle was claimed to be able to carry a combination of 1,500 short tons (1,400 t; 3,000,000 lb; 1,400,000 kg) of cargo and 2,000 passengers a distance of 11,500 miles (18,500 km; 10,000 nmi) at speeds close to those of commercial airliners.

The US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) evaluated the Aerocon design, along with submissions from several other manufacturers, as part of a preliminary study of the concept during the 1990s to determine whether a billion-dollar program was viable, to develop a wingship for military uses. By the end of 1994, the Department of Defense decided that the design was too high a risk and did not offer further funding.

Ground-effect vehicle
A ground-effect vehicle (GEV), also called a wing-in-ground-effect (WIGE or WIG), ground-effect craft/machine (GEM), wingship, flarecraft, surface effect vehicle or ekranoplan (Russian: экранопла́н – "screenglider"), is a vehicle that makes use of the ground effect, the aerodynamic interaction between a moving wing and the stationary surface below (land or water). Typically, it glides over a level surface (usually over water). Some models can operate over any flat area such as a lake or flat plains similar to a hovercraft. The term Ground-Effect Vehicle originally referred to any craft utilizing ground effect, including what later became known as hovercraft, in patent descriptions during the 1950s. However, this term came to exclude air-cushion vehicles or hovercraft. GEVs do not include racecars utilizing ground-effect for increasing downforce.
Bishop's ʻōʻō
Bishop's ʻōʻō or the Molokai ʻōʻō (Moho bishopi) is an extinct species of Hawaiian honeyeater. The penultimate member of the family, it went extinct six years before the Kauaʻi ʻōʻō. It was previously regarded as member of the Australo-Pacific honeyeaters (Meliphagidae). Lionel Walter Rothschild named it after Charles Reed Bishop, the founder of the Bishop Museum.

Mohoidae
Mohoidae, also known as the Hawaiian honeyeaters, is a family of Hawaiian species of now recently extinct, nectarivorous songbirds in the genera Moho (ʻōʻō) and Chaetoptila (kioea). These now extinct birds form their own family, representing the only complete extinction of an entire avian family in modern times, when the disputed family Turnagridae is regarded as invalid. The last surviving species in the family, the Kauaʻi ʻōʻō (Moho braccatus), became extinct after 1987.
Getting Away with It
"Getting Away with It" is a song by the English band Electronic, which comprised Bernard Sumner of New Order, ex-Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr, and guesting vocalist Neil Tennant of the Pet Shop Boys. It was first released as Electronic's first single in 1989.

Get the Message – The Best of Electronic
Get the Message is a compilation album by the Johnny Marr/Bernard Sumner band Electronic, released in September 2006 (see 2006 in music). It is the first career-spanning collection of the band; a 1999 Japanese compilation was cancelled just before release.
Apostrophe (figure of speech)
An apostrophe is an exclamatory figure of speech. It occurs when a speaker breaks off from addressing the audience (e.g., in a play) and directs speech to a third party such as an opposing litigant or some other individual, sometimes absent from the scene. Often the addressee is a personified abstract quality or inanimate object. In dramatic works and poetry written in or translated into English, such a figure of speech is often introduced by the vocative exclamation, "O". Poets may apostrophize a beloved, the Muses, God or gods, love, time, or any other entity that can't respond in reality.

Figure of speech
A figure of speech or rhetorical figure is a category of literary or linguistic terms, with two related meanings. The first meaning is the broader and more technical one: a synonym for literary device, particularly when divided into two sub-types: schemes, variations deviating from the usual sequence of words, and tropes or figures, deviations of the words themselves from ordinary usage. This meaning dates back to the Renaissance humanists, themselves inspired by the classical rhetoricians.

The second meaning of figure of speech is narrower and its most common one colloquially—essentially, a synonym for trope as defined above: any word or phrase that deviates from straightforward language use or literal meaning to produce a persuasive or other intensified effect (emotionally, aesthetically, intellectually, etc.). In the distinction between literal and figurative language, figures of speech constitute the latter.

This article focuses on the first, broader meaning.
T. O. Sylvester
T.O. Sylvester was a comic strip featured in the San Francisco Chronicle from 1983 to 1999. "T.O. Sylvester" was also the shared pseudonym of the strip's creative team, Sylvia Mollick and Terry Ryan. Sylvester's work was included in Gay Comix #5, #6, and #25.

Gay Comix
Gay Comix (later Gay Comics) is an underground comics series published from 1980 to 1998 featuring cartoons by and for gay men and lesbians. The comic books had the tagline "Lesbians and Gay Men Put It On Paper!"

Much of the early content was autobiographical, but more diverse themes were explored in later editions. The contents of Gay Comix were generally about relationships, personal experiences, and humor, rather than sex. It is generally less sexually explicit than the similarly themed (and male-focused) Meatmen series of graphic novels. Its editors each made a deliberate effort to feature work by both women and men.
Subdivisions of Libya
Subdivisions of Libya have varied significantly over the last two centuries. Initially Libya under Ottoman and Italian control was organized into three to four provinces, then into three governorates (muhafazah) and after World War II into twenty-five districts (baladiyah). Successively into thirty-two districts (shabiyat) with three administrative regions, and then into twenty-two districts (shabiyat). In 2012 the ruling General National Congress  divided the country into governorates (muhafazat) and districts (baladiyat).  While the districts have been created, the governorates have not.

Governorates of Libya
The governorates of Libya (muhafazah) were a tenfold top-level administrative division of Libya from 1963 until 1983.

They came into being on 27 April 1963. In 1970, after the 1 September 1969 Free Officers Movement coup, there was an administrative reorganization which gave local authorities more power to implement policies of the national government, and redesignated some of the names and boundaries of the ten governorates. In February 1975, Libya issued a law that abolished the governorates and their service directorates, however they continued to operate until they were fully replaced in 1983 by the baladiyat system districts.

Historically, the three provinces of Libya (Tripolitania in the northwest, Cyrenaica in the east, and Fezzan in the southwest) were sometimes called governorates.
Kachuiyeh
Kachuiyeh (Persian: كچوييه) is a village in, and the capital of, Zirkuh Rural District of Bagh-e Bahadoran District, Lenjan County, Isfahan province, Iran. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Chermahin, now a city.

Chermahin
Chermahin (Persian: چرمهين) is a city in Bagh-e Bahadoran District of Lenjan County, Isfahan province, Iran. As a village, it was the capital of Zirkuh Rural District until its capital was transferred to the village of Kachuiyeh. The village of Chermahin was elevated to the status of a city in 1991.
Pigs Have Wings
Pigs Have Wings is a novel by P. G. Wodehouse, which first appeared as a serial in Collier's Weekly between 16 August and 20 September 1952. It was first published as a book in the United States on 16 October 1952 by Doubleday & Company, New York, and in the United Kingdom on 31 October 1952 by Herbert Jenkins, London. It is the seventh novel set at Blandings Castle.

Lord Emsworth
Clarence Threepwood, 9th Earl of Emsworth, commonly known as Lord Emsworth, is a recurring fictional character in the Blandings Castle series of stories by British comic writer P. G. Wodehouse. He is the amiable and somewhat absent-minded head of the large Threepwood family. Longing for nothing more than to talk to his prize pig, Empress of Blandings, or potter peacefully in the idyllic gardens of Blandings Castle, he must frequently face the unpleasant reality of his domineering sisters and familial duties.

Lord Emsworth's first appearance is in the novel Something Fresh (1915). The last completed work by Wodehouse in which Emsworth appears is A Pelican at Blandings (1969). He is also in Wodehouse's unfinished novel Sunset at Blandings.
11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
The 11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), formally the Political Bureau of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, was elected at the 1st plenary session of the 11th Central Committee of the CCP on 19 August 1977 in the aftermath of the 11th National Congress. This electoral term was preceded by the 10th Politburo and succeeded by the 12th. Eighth of the 29 members served concurrently in the 11th Politburo Standing Committee.

11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party
The 11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held in the Great Hall of the People, Beijing, between August 12–18, 1977, about five years before the 12th National Congress, and four years after the 10th National Congress. 1,510 delegates represented the party's estimated 35 million members.

The Congress formally declared the Cultural Revolution officially over after 11 years, ending a long chapter of Chinese history. The Gang of Four were fully criticized for their role in the revolution. However, it also affirmed the "success" of the revolution and declared that class struggle would remain the hallmark of Chinese socialism. Hua Guofeng was formally elected as Chairman of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and was elected to the chairmanship of the Central Military Commission. The Political Bureau was also renewed with new memberships when the 11th Politburo was elected as a result of the congress.
Henry Hall (bishop)
Henry Hall (1615 – 1663) was an English Anglican priest in Ireland in the seventeenth century.

A native of Wells, Somerset, he was educated at Lincoln College, Oxford. He was Chaplain to James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde. He became a Prebendary of Ossory in  1642, and  Precentor of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin in 1647.  He was appointed Dean of Cork in 1643, (though his appointment was blocked by the Cathedral chapter  in favour of Edward Worth); Vicar of Harwell, Oxfordshire (then Berkshire) in the following year; and Bishop of Killala and Achonry in 1661, a post he held until his death on 23 July 1663.

Edward Worth (bishop)
Edward Worth (c. 1620–2 August 1669) was a Church of Ireland Bishop of Killaloe, who is mainly remembered now as the founder of the Blue Coat School for the poor boys of Cork. In his own lifetime, he was known as an adroit political player, who skilfully negotiated his way through the turbulent world of seventeenth-century Irish politics, although he ended not in a position of great influence but as holder of a rather insignificant bishopric.

He was born in Newmarket, County Cork, the son of James Worth, a clergyman; his grandfather Jasper Worth came to Ireland from Prestbury, Cheshire, where the family had lived for several centuries. He entered Trinity College Dublin in 1638 and was awarded a Doctor of Divinity (D.D.).
King's Standing Bowl Barrow
King's Standing Bowl Barrow or Kingstanding Mound, is a scheduled monument in the Kingstanding area of Birmingham. It comprises the buried and earthwork remains of a bowl barrow from the late Neolithic to the late Bronze Age, lying alongside the Icknield Street Roman road to the South of Sutton Park.

It is reputedly the site from where King Charles I reviewed his troops on 18 October 1642, during the English Civil War; from which event both the mound and the area take their name.

Kingstanding
Kingstanding is an area in north Birmingham, England.  It gives its name to a ward in the Erdington council constituency. Kingstanding ward includes the areas; Perry Common, Witton Lakes. The other part of Kingstanding falls under the Oscott ward.

Kingstanding houses a covered drinking water reservoir, Perry Barr Reservoir, on the site of the former Perry Barr Farm.

Kingstanding is served by two libraries; Kingstanding Library and Perry Common Library.

The area known as Kingstanding Circle is where the Kingstanding village centre lies with its shops and Kings Road/ Kingstanding Road roundabout.