hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Topological manifold
In topology, a topological manifold is a topological space that locally resembles real n-dimensional Euclidean space. Topological manifolds are an important class of topological spaces, with applications throughout mathematics. All manifolds are topological manifolds by definition. Other types of manifolds are formed by adding structure to a topological manifold (e.g. differentiable manifolds are topological manifolds equipped with a differential structure). Every manifold has an "underlying" topological manifold, obtained by simply "forgetting" the added structure. However, not every topological manifold can be endowed with a particular additional structure. For example, the E8 manifold is a topological manifold which cannot be endowed with a differentiable structure.

Normal space
In topology and related branches of mathematics, a normal space is a topological space in which any two disjoint closed sets have disjoint open neighborhoods.  Such spaces need not be Hausdorff in general.  A normal Hausdorff space is called a T4 space.  Strengthenings of these concepts are detailed in the article below and include completely normal spaces and perfectly normal spaces, and their Hausdorff variants: T5 spaces and T6 spaces.
All these conditions are examples of separation axioms.
Pomerelia
Pomerelia, also known as Eastern Pomerania, Vistula Pomerania, and also before World War II as Polish Pomerania, is a historical sub-region of Pomerania on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in northern Poland.

Gdańsk Pomerania is largely coextensive with Pomerelia, but slightly narrower, as it does not include Chełmno Land and Michałów Land.

Its largest and most important city is Gdańsk. Since 1999 the region has formed the core of Pomeranian Voivodeship.

Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772)
The Pomeranian Voivodeship (Polish: Województwo pomorskie, German: Woiwodschaft Pommerellen) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1454/1466 until the First partition of Poland in 1772. From 1613 the capital was at Skarszewy (Schöneck).

The voivodeship comprised the westernmost part of the autonomous province of Royal Prussia and, after the Union of Lublin in 1569, the northernmost part of the Greater Poland Province.
Ibestad Church
Ibestad Church (Norwegian: Ibestad kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Ibestad Municipality in Troms county, Norway. It is located in the village of Hamnvik in eastern part of the island of Rolla. It is the main church for the Ibestad parish which is part of the Trondenes prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland. The white, stone, neo-Gothic church was built in a long church style in 1881 using plans drawn up by the architect J.A. Johansen from Trondheim. The church seats about 500 people.

Hamnvik
Hamnvik, also known as Ibestad (Norwegian) or Ivvárstádik (Northern Sami) is the administrative centre of Ibestad Municipality in Troms county, Norway. It is located on the eastern tip of the island of Rolla. The 0.69-square-kilometre (170-acre) village has a population (2023) of 446 and a population density of 646 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,670/sq mi).

The village is located at the western end of the Ibestad Tunnel, which is part of a ferry-free road connection to the mainland. Ibestad Church is also located in Hamnvik. The village is the commercial centre of the municipality with several stores, doctors, nursing homes, and schools.
Handbuch des Schachspiels
Handbuch des Schachspiels (Handbook of Chess, often simply called the Handbuch) is a chess book, first published in 1843 by Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa. It was a comprehensive reference book on the game, and one of the most important references on opening theory for many decades. The Handbuch had been the project of Paul Rudolf von Bilguer, who was with von der Lasa a member of the Berlin Chess Club and the influential group of chess masters later called the Berlin Pleiades. Bilguer died in 1840, with the work still in the early stages. Von der Lasa completed the project and saw it published, with his friend von Bilguer alone named as author. It contained comprehensive analyses of all opening variations then known, plus a section on the history and literature of chess.

Berlin Pleiades
The Berlin Pleiades was a group of seven masters of German chess in the 19th century. They are named after the star constellation the Pleiades.

The members of the Berlin Pleiades were:

Paul Rudolf von Bilguer (1815–1840), Army Lieutenant and author of the Handbuch des Schachspiels, the most influential chess book for 90 years;

Dr. Ludwig Bledow (1795–1846), teacher of mathematics and the Pleiades co-founder;

Wilhelm Hanstein (1811–1850), civil servant;

Bernhard Horwitz (1807–1885), painter;

Baron Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa (1818–1899), later became a Prussian diplomat and chess historian;

Carl Mayet (1810–1868), barrister and judge;

Carl Schorn (1803–1850), painter.

The Berlin Pleiades

Paul von Bilguer

Ludwig Bledow

Wilhelm Hanstein

Bernhard Horwitz

Von der Lasa

Carl Mayet

Carl Schorn
Habitation de Québec
Habitation de Québec was an ensemble of buildings interconnected by Samuel de Champlain when he founded Québec during 1608. The site is located in what is now Vieux-Québec, on the site of present-day Place Royale. It was located near the site of the abandoned First Nations village of Stadacona that Jacques Cartier had visited during 1535. It served as a fort and as dwellings for the new colony in New France.

Stadacona
Stadacona was a 16th-century St. Lawrence Iroquoian village not far from where Quebec City was founded in 1608. It was the site of the first attempted permanent settlement by French colonists in New France and played an important role in the early exploration of Quebec.

The name Canada, borrowed by Jacques Cartier to designate the country around Stadaconé and the similar village of Hochelaga as well as the Saint Lawrence River (Rivière de Canada), comes from the Iroquoian language, in which the word meant "town". No archaeological trace of Stadacona has been found, so its precise location remains unknown to this day. It is assumed that it was located near the confluence of the Saint Lawrence and the Saint-Charles River in what is now the Vieux-Limoilou district of Quebec City.
Okinoerabujima
Okinoerabujima (Japanese: 沖永良部島; Okinoerabu: いぃらぶ, Yirabu; archaic Northern Ryukyuan: せりよさ, Seriyosa), also known as Okinoerabu, is one of the Satsunan Islands, classed with the Amami archipelago between Kyūshū and Okinawa.

The island, 93.63 km2 in area, has a population of approximately 14,000 persons. Administratively it is divided into the towns of Wadomari and China  in Kagoshima Prefecture. Much of the island is within the borders of the Amami Guntō National Park.

Satsunan Islands
The Satsunan Islands (薩南諸島, Satsunan-shotō) is a geopolitical name for a group of islands that forms the northern part of the Ryukyu Islands. The whole island group belongs to Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.
Floreffe
Floreffe (French pronunciation: [flɔ.ʁɛf]; Walloon: Florefe) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Namur, Belgium.

On 1 January 2012 the municipality had 7,883 inhabitants. The total area is 38.89 km2, giving a population density of 203 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts:  Floreffe, Floriffoux, Franière, and Soye.

In 1977, the newly expanded (thus newly adjoining) municipality of Profondeville was given Lakisse, an area in the southeast of the original Floreffe.

Floreffe is best known as the location of Floreffe Abbey, founded in the 12th century and suppressed during the French Revolution.

Profondeville
Profondeville (French: [pʁɔ.fɔ̃d.vil]; Walloon: Parfondveye) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Namur, Belgium.

On January 1, 2016, Profondeville had a total population of 12,117. The total area of the municipality is 50.34 km2 (19.44 sq mi) and the population density is 240.70 inhabitants per km2.

The original municipality of Profondeville was expanded, during the post-1974 fusion of the Belgian municipalities, with the addition of the ancienne communes of Arbre, Bois-de-Villers, Lesve, Lustin, Rivière and the Lakisse area from the southeast of the newly-adjoining municipality of Floreffe.
Arthur Rock
Arthur Rock (born August 19, 1926) is an American businessman and investor. Based in Silicon Valley, California, he was an early investor in major firms including Intel, Apple, Scientific Data Systems and Teledyne.

Robert Noyce
Robert Norton Noyce (December 12, 1927 – June 3, 1990), nicknamed "the Mayor of Silicon Valley", was an American physicist and entrepreneur who co-founded Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957 and Intel Corporation in 1968. He was also credited with the realization of the first monolithic integrated circuit or microchip made with silicon, which fueled the personal computer revolution and gave Silicon Valley its name.

Noyce founded The Noyce School of Applied Computing within the College of Engineering at  Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo. In 1987, President Ronald Reagan awarded him the National Medal of Technology, and in 1989, he was inducted into the U.S. Business Hall of Fame, with President George H. W. Bush delivering the keynote. In 1990, he received a Lifetime Achievement Medal alongside Jack Kilby and John Bardeen during the bicentennial celebration of the Patent Act.
Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission
The Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (Malay: Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia; Jawi: سوروهنجاي ڤنچڬاهن رسواه مليسيا‎), abbreviated MACC or SPRM (formerly known as Anti-Corruption Agency, ACA or Badan Pencegah Rasuah, BPR), is a government agency in Malaysia that investigates and prosecutes corruption in the public and private sectors.

Latheefa Koya
Latheefa Beebi Koya (Latīpha Bīvi Kēāya; born 4 February 1973), often called Kak Lat, is a Malaysian politician, lawyer and human rights activist who was the fifth Chief Commissioner of the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) from June 2019 to March 2020. She was a member of the People's Justice Party (PKR) and sat on the central executive committee of PKR. She is the first woman and non-Malay to assume office as chief-commissioner.
Atul Agnihotri
Atul Agnihotri (born 10 July 1970) is an Indian actor, producer and director. He started his Bollywood career as an actor, went on to direct two films, and found success as a film producer. He is best known for his debut film Sir (1993), which was the most notable film of his career and featured him as the lead protagonist. His other notable films are Aatish: Feel the Fire (1994) and Krantiveer (1994).

O Teri
O Teri (transl. Oh your...) is a 2014 Indian Hindi-language comedy film directed by Umesh Bisht and produced by Atul Agnihotri and Alvira Khan Agnihotri. It stars Pulkit Samrat, Bilal Amrohi, Sarah-Jane Dias, and Mandira Bedi. The film follows two journalists who come across a big scam. Upon its release on 28 March 2014, the film received generally negative reviews and emerged as a commercial failure.
Caiolo
Caiolo (Lombard: Cajoeul) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Sondrio in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) northeast of Milan and about 5 kilometres (3 mi) southwest of Sondrio. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 994 and an area of 33.3 square kilometres (12.9 sq mi).

Caiolo borders the following municipalities: Albosaggia, Carona, Castione Andevenno, Cedrasco, Foppolo, Piateda, Postalesio, Sondrio.

The church of San Vittore has Renaissance frescoes by Vincenzo De Barberis.

Postalesio
Postalesio (Lombard: Pustalés) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Sondrio in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) northeast of Milan and about 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Sondrio. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 618 and an area of 10.6 square kilometres (4.1 sq mi).

Postalesio borders the following municipalities: Berbenno di Valtellina, Caiolo, Castione Andevenno, Cedrasco, Fusine, Torre di Santa Maria.
Dartmouth Big Green men's lacrosse
The Dartmouth Big Green men's lacrosse team represents Dartmouth College in NCAA Division I men's lacrosse. Dartmouth competes as a member of the Ivy League and plays its home games at Scully–Fahey Field in Hanover, New Hampshire. Dartmouth fielded its first lacrosse team in 1926.

Scully–Fahey Field
Scully–Fahey Field is a lacrosse venue located on the campus of Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire. It is the home field of the Dartmouth men's and women's lacrosse teams. It was built in 2000 with an AstroTurf surface at a cost of $4.4 million. It measures 86,400 square feet (8,030 m2) and has a capacity for 1,600 spectators. This was replaced with a more grass-like FieldTurf surface in 2009.

The field is named in honor of Donald Scully and Peter Fahey. Scully graduated from Dartmouth in 1949 and played on its lacrosse and soccer teams, and was a two-time USILA All-American with 107 career goals to his credit. Fahey received his undergraduate degree in 1968 and a graduate degree from the Thayer School of Engineering in 1970, and played basketball and competed in track at the school.
Quasar Flavio
The Quasar Flavio is a Czech high-wing, single-place, hang glider that was designed by world hang gliding champion Tomáš Suchánek and is produced by Quasa, based in Dolní Bečva. The aircraft is supplied complete and ready to fly.

Quasar (Czech company)
Quasar is a Czech aircraft manufacturer based in Dolní Bečva and founded by Karel Haman. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of hang gliders in the form of ready-to-fly aircraft, plus ultralight trike wings.

The company produces a wide range of hang glider wings that has included beginner wings, like the Quasar Tramp, intermediate wings, such as the Quasar 2000 and the Quasar Flavio that was designed by world hang gliding champion Tomáš Suchánek plus the competition topless Quasar Relief wing design.
Teniz, Yereymentau District
Teniz (Kazakh: Теңіз; Russian: Тениз) is a bittern salt lake in Yereymentau District, Akmola Region, Kazakhstan.

Yereymentau lies 20 kilometers (12 mi) to the southwest. Teniz is part of an Important Bird Area and the Buiratau National Park, a protected area, lies to the south of the lake.

Yereymentau District
Yereymentau District (Kazakh: Ерейментау ауданы) is a district of Akmola Region in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the town of Yereymentau. Population: 32,236 (2009 census results); 42,246 (1999 census results).
Brayer
A brayer is a hand-tool used historically in printing and printmaking to break up and "rub out" (spread) ink, before it was "beaten" using inking balls or composition rollers. A brayer consists of a short wooden cylinder with a handle fitted to one end; the other, flat end is used to rub the ink.

Relief printing
Relief printing is a family of printing methods where a printing block, plate or matrix, which has had ink applied to its non-recessed surface, is brought into contact with paper. The non-recessed surface will leave ink on the paper, whereas the recessed areas will not. A printing press may not be needed, as the back of the paper can be rubbed or pressed by hand with a simple tool such as a brayer or roller. In contrast, in intaglio printing, the recessed areas are printed.

Relief printing is one of the traditional families of printmaking techniques, along with the intaglio and planographic families, though modern developments have created others.
Nopaline
Nopaline is a chemical compound derived from the amino acids glutamic acid and arginine.  It is classified as an opine. Ti plasmids are classified on the basis of the different types of opines they produce. These may be nopaline plasmids, octopine plasmids and agropine plasmids. These opines are condensation products of amino acids and keto acids or may be derived from sugars. The opines are used as carbon and nitrogen sources and metabolized by Agrobacterium.

Opine
Opines are low molecular weight compounds found in plant crown gall tumors or hairy root tumors produced by pathogenic bacteria  of the genus Agrobacterium and Rhizobium.  Opine biosynthesis is catalyzed by specific enzymes encoded by genes contained in a small segment of DNA (known as the T-DNA, for 'transfer DNA'), which is part of the Ti plasmid (in Agrobacterium) or Ri plasmid (in Rhizobium), inserted by the bacterium into the plant genome. The opines are used by the bacterium as an important energy, carbon and nitrogen source. Each strain of Agrobacterium and Rhizobium induces and catabolizes a specific set of opines, this set typifying the Ti plasmid and Ri plasmid. There are some 30 different opines described so far.
SpaceShipOne flight 17P
Flight 17P of SpaceShipOne was a spaceflight in the Tier One program that took place on October 4, 2004. It was the second competitive flight in the Ansari X Prize competition to demonstrate a non-governmental reusable crewed spacecraft, and is hence also referred to as the X2 flight.  It was a successful flight, winning the X PRIZE. As of December 2025 this is the last solo spaceflight in history.

Brian Binnie
William Brian Binnie (April 26, 1953 – September 15, 2022) was a United States Navy officer and one of the test pilots for SpaceShipOne, the experimental spaceplane developed by Scaled Composites and flown from 2003 to 2004.
Orchha Fort complex
The Orchha Fort complex, which houses a large number of ancient monuments consisting of the fort, palaces, temple, and other edifices, is located in the Orchha town in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The fort and other structures within it were built by the Bundela Rajputs starting from the early 16th century by King Rudra Pratap Singh of the Orchha State and others who followed him.

The fort complex, which is accessed from an arched causeway, leads to a large gateway. This is followed by a large quadrangular open yard surrounded by palaces. These are Raja Mahal or Raja Mandir, Sheesh Mahal, Jahangir Mahal, a temple, gardens and pavilions. The battlements of the fort have ornamentation. Notable architectural features in the fort complex are projecting balconies, open flat areas and decorated latticed windows.

Orchha
Orchha is a city near the city of Niwari in the Niwari district of Madhya Pradesh state, India. The city was established by a Bundela Rajput ruler Rudra Pratap Singh some time after 1501, as the seat of an eponymous former princely state including parts of central and north India, in the Bundelkhand region. Orchha lies on the Betwa River, 126 km from 
Gwalior, 89 km from Tikamgarh and 18 km from Jhansi in Uttar Pradesh.
XML
Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language and file format for storing, transmitting, and reconstructing data. It defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. The World Wide Web Consortium's XML 1.0 Specification of 1998 and several other related specifications—all of them free open standards—define XML.

The design goals of XML emphasize simplicity, generality, and usability across the Internet. It is a textual data format with strong support via Unicode for different human languages. Although the design of XML focuses on documents, the language is widely used for the representation of arbitrary data structures, such as those used in web services.

Several schema systems exist to aid in the definition of XML-based languages, while programmers have developed many application programming interfaces (APIs) to aid the processing of XML data.

Simple API for XML
SAX (Simple API for XML) is an event-driven  online algorithm for lexing and parsing XML documents, with an API developed by the XML-DEV mailing list. SAX provides a mechanism for reading data from an XML document that is an alternative to that provided by the Document Object Model (DOM). Where the DOM operates on the document as a whole—building the full abstract syntax tree of an XML document for convenience of the user—SAX parsers operate on each piece of the XML document sequentially, issuing parsing events while making a single pass through the input stream.
2018 World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup
The 2018 World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup was the thirteenth edition of the Pacific Nations Cup annual international rugby union competition. All matches for the 2018 tournament, played over two rounds, were held in Fiji at the ANZ National Stadium in Suva.

Hosts Fiji and fellow Pacific nations Samoa and Tonga were joined by Georgia who competing for the first time in the tournament. Romania was also initially scheduled to compete for the Cup until Samoa's place in the competition was confirmed in May 2018.

Fiji won the tournament with two wins from their two matches played. Tonga and Georgia placed second and third respectively with one win each.

2018 June rugby union tests
The 2018 mid-year rugby union internationals (also known as the summer internationals in the Northern Hemisphere) are international rugby union matches that are mostly played in the Southern Hemisphere during the June international window.

The matches are part of World Rugby's global rugby calendar (2012–19) that includes test matches between touring Northern Hemisphere nations and home Southern Hemisphere nations. In addition, the global calendar gives Tier 2 nations the opportunity to play Tier 1 nations outside the November International Window, increasing competitiveness from the Tier 2 sides ahead of the 2019 Rugby World Cup.
Georgia women's national under-18 basketball team
The Georgia women's national under-18 basketball team is a national basketball team of Georgia, administered by the Georgian Basketball Federation. It represents the country in under-18 women's international basketball competitions.

Georgian Basketball Federation
The Georgian Basketball Federation (abbr. GBF; Georgian: საქართველოს კალათბურთის ფედერაცია) is the national governing body of basketball in Georgia. It was founded on 4 June 1991, and is headquartered in Tbilisi.

The Georgian Basketball Federation operates the Georgia men's national team and Georgia women's national team. They organize national competitions in Georgia, for both the men's and women's senior teams and also the youth national basketball teams.

The top professional league in Georgia is the Georgian Superliga.
Malawian Defence Force
The Malawi Defence Force is the state military organisation responsible for defending Malawi. It originated from elements of the British King's African Rifles, colonial units formed before independence in 1964.

The military is organized under the purview of the Ministry of Defence.

British Aerospace 125
The British Aerospace 125 is a twinjet mid-size business jet.  Originally developed by de Havilland and initially designated as the DH.125 Jet Dragon, it entered production as the Hawker Siddeley HS.125, which was the designation used until 1977 when Hawker Siddeley was merged into British Aerospace.  Later variants of the type were marketed as the Hawker 800 and Hawker 1000.

More than 60% of the total sales of the aircraft were to North American customers. It was also used by the Royal Air Force as a navigation trainer, as the Hawker Siddeley Dominie T1, and was operated by the United States Air Force as a calibration aircraft, under the designation C-29.