hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Soil formation
Soil formation, also known as pedogenesis, is the process of soil genesis as regulated by the effects of place, environment, and history. Biogeochemical processes act to both create and destroy order (anisotropy) within soils. These alterations lead to the development of layers, termed soil horizons, distinguished by differences in color, structure, texture, and chemistry. These features occur in patterns of soil type distribution, forming in response to differences in soil forming factors.

Pedogenesis is studied as a branch of pedology, the study of soil in its natural environment. Other branches of pedology are the study of soil morphology and soil classification. The study of pedogenesis is important to understanding soil distribution patterns in current (soil geography) and past (paleopedology) geologic periods.

Perturbation (geology)
Perturbation (from Latin: perturbare "to confuse, disorder, disturb", from per- "through" + turbare "disturb, confuse," from turba "turmoil, crowd") is a set of pedology (soil study) and sedimentary geology processes relating to changes in the nature of water-borne alluvial sediments and in situ soil deposits over time.

Pedoturbation (from Greek: πέδον (pédon), "soil") involves mixing between soil horizons and is an important factor in soil formation. Pedoturbation includes churning clays, cryoturbation, and bioturbation. Pedoturbation transforms soils through destratification, mixing, and sorting, as well as creating preferential flow paths for soil gas and infiltrating water.

Precipitation of surface salts also causes localized disruption of soils. Because it does not result in mixing between soil horizons, it is not considered pedoturbation.
Tegeticula cassandra
Tegeticula cassandra is a moth of the family Prodoxidae. It is found in the United States in north-central Florida and bordering areas of Georgia. The habitat consists of open pine and pine-oak forests and open grassy areas with oak scrub.

T. cassandra is very closely related to Tegeticula intermedia, a yucca moth that is found more so in the southwestern part of the United States. Both exhibit behavior that is considered cheating since neither pollinate their host yucca plants that they lay their eggs upon.

The wingspan is 20–27 mm. The forewings are white and the hindwings are dark gray with a brown tinge.

The larvae feed on Yucca filamentosa, Yucca smalliana, Yucca flaccida and possibly Yucca aloifolia. They feed on developing seeds. Pupation takes place in a cocoon in the soil.

Tegeticula intermedia
Tegeticula intermedia is a moth of the family Prodoxidae. Along with other moth species, it is commonly known as a yucca moth. T. intermedia lives in North America, particularly the United States. The moth resides in the southwest, the Great Plains, the Southeast, and mid-Atlantic. It also has been found much farther north in regions of Canada like Ontario and Alberta. There are also notable populations present in New Mexico. Their habitats are diverse and vary in terms of climate, landscape, and other factors. The moth lives in sand dunes, forests (pine, pinyon, oak), glades, grassland, desert, and forests from the East Coast to the Southwest. Yucca moths have developed a strong mutualism with the yucca plant, such that both depend on each other for survival. The yucca moths and yucca plants have coevolved over millions of years. However, Tegeticula intermedia differs from most yucca moths in that it exhibits cheating behavior by laying eggs without pollinating the yucca plant.
Bagley, Iowa
Bagley is a town in Guthrie County, Iowa, United States. The population was 233 in the 2020 census, a decline from 354 in 2000 census. It is part of the Des Moines–West Des Moines Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Des Moines metropolitan area
The Des Moines metropolitan area, officially known as the Des Moines–West Des Moines, IA Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) is located at the confluence of the Des Moines River and the Raccoon River. Des Moines serves as the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Iowa. The metro area consists of six counties in central Iowa: Polk, Dallas, Warren, Madison, Guthrie, and Jasper. The Des Moines–Ames–West Des Moines Combined Statistical Area (CSA) encompasses the separate metropolitan area of Ames (Story County), and the separate micropolitan area of Boone (Boone County). The Des Moines area is a fast-growing metro area.
Strathspey Camanachd
Strathspey Camanachd is a shinty club based in Grantown-on-Spey, Strathspey, Scotland, currently competing in the Marine Harvest North Division Two.

Founded in 2011 the club was admitted into senior league shinty for the beginning of the 2012 season.

Lewis Camanachd
Lewis Camanachd (Scottish Gaelic: Comann Camanachd Leòdhais is the senior shinty team from the Isle of Lewis, Scotland. The club entered North Division Three for the first time in 2011. This was the first time a team from the Western Isles was allowed to compete in league shinty. However, the club was only allowed in on trial and awaited a decision from the Camanachd Association as to whether this was to become a permanent arrangement. Lewis was granted entry on a permanent basis from 2012.
Ciuhur
The Ciuhur is a left tributary of the river Prut in northwestern Moldova. Its source is near the town Ocnița, and it flows through the villages Mihălășeni, Grinăuți-Raia, Bîrlădeni, Ruseni, Parcova, Cupcini, Stolniceni, Pociumbăuți, Pociumbeni, Horodiște and Văratic. It discharges into the Lake Stânca-Costești, which is drained by the Prut, near Costești.

Prut
The Prut (also spelled in English as Pruth; Romanian pronunciation: [prut], Ukrainian: Прут) is a river in Eastern Europe. It is a left tributary of the Danube, and is 953 km (592 mi) long. Part of its course forms Romania's border with Moldova and Ukraine.
Bugaj, Września County
Bugaj [ˈbuɡai̯] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Miłosław, within Września County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

The name Bugaj comes from the Polish name Boży Gaj ("God's Grove"), and refers to a former place of shelter during foreign invasions and a former Slavic pagan temple. A Polish insurgent unit was stationed in the village during the Greater Poland uprising (1848) against Prussia, and a battle was fought there.

During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), on 20 November 1939, the Germans carried out an execution of three Poles, inhabitants of Izbica Kujawska and Koło, in the village (see Nazi crimes against the Polish nation).

Gmina Miłosław
Gmina Miłosław is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Września County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Miłosław, which lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) south-west of Września and 45 km (28 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

The gmina covers an area of 132.26 square kilometres (51.1 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 10,266 (out of which the population of Miłosław amounts to 3,589, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 6,677).
Drei Kronen & Ehrt
Drei Kronen & Ehrt is a former mine in the Harz Mountains of central Germany. It is located in the parish of Elbingerode in the county of Harz (Saxony-Anhalt). The mine extracted pyrite. Since 1992 it has been used, albeit not continuously, as a visitor mine.

Elbingerode
Elbingerode (German pronunciation: [ɛlbɪŋəˈʁoːdə] ⓘ) is an Ortsteil of Oberharz am Brocken in the Harz district, in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. The former town was incorporated into the newly established municipality on 1 January 2010. Its population is 3,101 (2021).
Monte Sant'Angelo
Monte Sant'Angelo (Foggiano: Mónde) is a town and comune of Apulia, southern Italy, in the province of Foggia, on the southern slopes of Monte Gargano. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

I Borghi più belli d'Italia
I borghi più belli d'Italia (Italian: [i ˈborɡi pju bˈbɛlli diˈtaːlja]) is a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest. It was founded in March 2001 on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities, with the aim of preserving and maintaining villages of quality heritage. Its motto is Il fascino dell'Italia nascosta ("The charm of hidden Italy").

Participants in the group are small population centres which risk neglect and abandonment because they lie outside the main tourist circuits. Initially they comprised about a hundred villages, but had increased to 361 in 2023.

In 2012, the Italian association was one of the founding members of the international association The Most Beautiful Villages in the World, a private organization that brings together various territorial associations promoting small inhabited centres of particular historical and landscape interest.
Denis Kiwanuka Lote
Denis Kiwanuka Lote (25 March 1938 – 24 April 2022) was a Ugandan Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Tororo from 27 June 2007 until 2 January 2014. He previously served as Bishop of Kotido from 20 May 1991 until 27 June 2007.

Diocese of Kotido
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Kotido (Latin: Diocese of Kotidoensis) is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of Tororo in Uganda, covering Kotido, Kaabong, Karenga, and Abim districts in the Karamoja sub-region. Erected on May 20, 1991, by Pope John Paul II, it was separated from the Diocese of Moroto and operates under the Dicastery for Evangelization. The Good Shepherd Cathedral in Kotido, consecrated in 2014, serves as its principal church. It is governed by Bishop Dominic Eibu , MCCI.
Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon)
The Baka people, known in the Congo as Bayaka (Bebayaka, Bebayaga, Bibaya), are an ethnic group inhabiting the southeastern rain forests of Cameroon, northern Republic of the Congo, northern Gabon, and southwestern Central African Republic. They are sometimes called a subgroup of the Twa, but the two peoples are not closely related. Likewise, the name "Baka" is sometimes mistakenly applied to other peoples of the area who, like the Baka and Twa, have been historically called pygmies, a term that is now considered derogatory.

Pygmy peoples
In anthropology, pygmy peoples are ethnic groups whose average height is unusually short. The term pygmyism is used to describe the phenotype of endemic short stature (as opposed to disproportionate dwarfism occurring in isolated cases in a population) for populations in which adult men are on average less than 150 cm (4 ft 11 in) tall.

Although the term is sometimes considered derogatory because it focuses on a physical trait, it remains the primary term associated with the African Pygmies, the hunter-gatherers of the Congo Basin (comprising the Bambenga, Bambuti and Batwa). The terms "Asiatic pygmies" and "Oceanic pygmies" have also been used to describe the Negrito populations of Southeast Asia and Australo-Melanesian peoples of short stature. The Taron people of Myanmar are an exceptional case of a pygmy population of East Asian phenotype.
Total 7
Kompakt: Total 7 or Total 7 was released on 21 August 2006. The album is the seventh installment of the Cologne-based microhouse label's annual compilation of vinyl releases and exclusives from its biggest artists and most promising newcomers. All tracks on the vinyl edition are previously unreleased. The CD edition includes all tracks from the vinyl edition except one (which was put on an album released half a year later), and additionally some songs which were at the time of release already available on 12 inch format.

Kompakt
Kompakt (Labelcode: LC 12012) is a Cologne-based electronic music independent record label and vinyl/CD distributor, owned by Wolfgang Voigt, Michael Mayer and Jürgen Paape. They specialize in microhouse and minimal techno, and are known for their Total compilation series.
DS 5LS
The DS 5LS is a premium compact executive car and the first traditional sedan to have been designed and developed by the DS division of the French automaker PSA Peugeot Citroën; it was launched on March 28, 2014. It is the first DS model that applied "DS wing" front face design and wears independent DS logo and this model is considered as a declaration of the independence of DS brand. It was produced and sold only in China. Its hatchback version is the DS 4S.

DS Automobiles
DS Automobiles is a French luxury-premium marque created in 2009. Formerly part of Automobiles Citroën S.A., DS has been a standalone brand ultimately owned by PSA Group, later Stellantis. The independent DS marque was created in 2014 from the former DS subbrand and line of models of Citroën cars made since 2009, although it had been separated from Citroën in Asia since 2012.

The name DS is considered a nod to the classic executive car Citroën DS. The name is also a play on words, as in French it is pronounced like the word déesse, meaning "goddess".
Kloss's leaf warbler
Kloss's leaf warbler (Phylloscopus ogilviegranti) is a leaf warbler found in Cambodia, China, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam.  Its natural habitats are temperate forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

Kloss's leaf warbler was formerly considered as a subspecies of Davison's leaf warbler. It was promoted to species status based on evidence from both molecular genetic and vocalization studies.

Leaf warbler
Leaf warblers are small insectivorous passerine birds belonging to the genus Phylloscopus.

Leaf warblers were formerly included in the Old World warbler family but are now considered to belong to the family Phylloscopidae, introduced in 2006. The family originally included the genus Seicercus, but all species have been moved to Phylloscopus in the most recent classification. Leaf warblers are active, constantly moving, often flicking their wings as they glean the foliage for insects along the branches of trees and bushes. They forage at various levels within forests, from the top canopy to the understorey. Most of the species are markedly territorial both in their summer and winter quarters. Most are greenish or brownish above and off-white or yellowish below. Compared to some other "warblers", their songs are very simple. Species breeding in temperate regions are usually strongly migratory.
Zarrinabad
Zarrinabad (Persian: زرين آباد) is a city in the Central District of Ijrud County, Zanjan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. As a village, Zarrinabad was the capital of Ijrud-e Bala Rural District until its capital was transferred to the village of Qareh Said. Zarrinabad was elevated to the status of a city in 1997.

Ijrud-e Bala Rural District
Ijrud-e Bala Rural District (Persian: دهستان ايجرود بالا) is in the Central District of Ijrud County, Zanjan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Qareh Said. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Zarrinabad, now a city.
Laminas
Laminas Project (formerly Zend Framework or ZF) is an open source, object-oriented web application framework implemented in PHP 7 and licensed under the New BSD License. The framework is basically a collection of professional PHP-based packages. The framework uses various packages by the use of Composer as part of its package dependency managers; some of them are PHPUnit for testing all packages, Travis CI for continuous Integration Services. Laminas provides to users a support of the model–view–controller (MVC) in combination with Front Controller solution. MVC implementation in Laminas has five main areas. The router and dispatcher functions to decide which controller to run based on data from URL, and controller functions in combination with the model and view to develop and create the final web page.

On 17 April 2019 it was announced that the framework is transitioning into an open source project hosted by the Linux Foundation to be known as Laminas.

Web framework
A web framework (WF) or web application framework (WAF) is a software framework that is designed to support the development of web applications including web services, web resources, and web APIs. Web frameworks provide a standard way to build and deploy web applications on the World Wide Web. Web frameworks aim to automate the overhead associated with common activities performed in web development. For example, many web frameworks provide libraries for database access, templating frameworks, and session management, and they often promote code reuse. Although they often target development of dynamic web sites, they are also applicable to static websites.
Nimba County
Nimba County is a county in northeastern Liberia that shares borders with the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire in the East and the Republic of Guinea in the Northwest. Its capital city is Sanniquellie and its most populous city is Ganta. With the county's area measuring 11,551 square miles (29,920 km2), Nimba is the largest of Liberia's 15 counties. The county has six statutory districts. As of the 2022 Census, it had a population of 621,841, making it the second most populous county in Liberia.

Named after Mount Nimba (Neinbaa Tohn in the Mahn (or Mano) language), which demarcates part of the Guinea-Côte d'Ivoire border, Nimba is also bordered by Bong and Grand Bassa counties to the west, Rivercess County to the southwest, and Grand Gedeh County to the southeast. The northern and northeastern parts of Nimba border the nation of Republic of Guinea, while the northeast lies along the border of Côte d'Ivoire.

Rivercess County
Rivercess County is a county in the south-central portion of the West African nation of Liberia. One of 15 counties that compose the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has six districts. River Cess serves as the capital with the area of the county measuring 2,160 square miles (5,600 km2). As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 71,509, making it the second-least populous county in Liberia after Grand Kru County.

Eighth largest in area, the county was created in 1984.  It is bordered by Grand Bassa County to the west, Nimba County on the northeast, and Sinoe County to the southeast, while the southern part lies on the Atlantic Ocean.  The current County Superintendent is B. Rancy Ziankahn.
Veturia gens
The gens Veturia, originally Vetusia, was an ancient patrician family of the Roman Republic.  According to tradition, the armourer Mamurius Veturius lived in the time of Numa Pompilius, and made the sacred ancilia.  The Veturii occur regularly in the Fasti Consulares of the early Republic, with Gaius Veturius Geminus Cicurinus holding the consulship in 499 BC.  Like other old patrician gentes, the Veturii also developed plebeian branches.  The family declined in the later Republic, with the last consular Veturius holding office in 206 BC, during the Second Punic War.

Titus Veturius Calvinus
Titus Veturius Calvinus was a Roman statesman, who held the consulship in 334 and 321 BC, the latter year during the Second Samnite War.

As consul in 321, Calvinus and the other consul, Spurius Postumius Albinus, were defeated by the Samnites at the Battle of the Caudine Forks where they were cornered in a mountain pass and forced to surrender, after which their army was forced to "march under the yoke," a symbolic gesture of submission to an enemy.  After returning to Rome, Postumius suggested that the consuls be handed over to the Samnites for having made a disgraceful peace with them, but the Samnites rejected this offer.
Alyeupkigna, California
Alyeupkigna (also, Aleupkigna and Almpquig-na) is a former  Tongva-Gabrieleño Native American settlement in Los Angeles County, California.

It was located at Santa Anita, in the San Gabriel Valley, at the base of Little Santa Anita Canyon.

Alyeupkigna Rancheria was established in 1800 as an agricultural outpost of Mission San Gabriel Arcángel. Hugo Reid built an adobe residence beside spring fed Baldwin Lake on the site in 1839–40, and received the full Mexican land grant for Rancho Santa Anita in 1845.

The site is within the present day Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden and city of Arcadia.

Arcadia, California
Arcadia is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, located about 13 miles (21 km) northeast of downtown Los Angeles in the San Gabriel Valley and at the base of the San Gabriel Mountains. It contains a series of adjacent parks consisting of the Santa Anita Park racetrack, the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden, and Arcadia County Park. The city had a population of 56,681 at the 2020 census. The city is named after Arcadia, Greece.
Port Island
Port Island (ポートアイランド, Pōto Airando) is an artificial island in Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan. It was constructed between 1966 and 1980 (Phase 1) and between 1987 and 2009 (Phase 2) at the Port of Kobe, and officially opened with an exposition called "Portopia '81." It now houses a heliport, numerous hotels, a large convention center, the UCC Coffee Museum, Japan's third IKEA store, and several parks.

The Port Liner automated guideway transit system connects Port Island to Sannomiya Station and to Kobe Airport.

Kobe Airport
Kobe Airport (神戸空港, Kōbe Kūkō) (IATA: UKB, ICAO: RJBE) is a primarily domestic airport on an artificial island just off the coast of Kobe, 8 km (5.0 mi) south of Sannomiya Station, Japan. Opened on February 16, 2006, it primarily handles domestic flights. International flights to destinations within China, South Korea and Taiwan, started in April 2025. The airport can also accommodate international charter flights. In the first year of operation (2006), the airport handled 2,697,000 passengers with an average load factor of 61.1%. In 2017, it handled 3,071,974 passengers with an average load factor of 79.4%. In the fiscal year covering April 2022 to March 2023, UKB had a passenger throughput of 3,109,151. The island airport covers just 156 hectares (385 acres) of land.
Joseph Bellamy
Joseph Bellamy (20 February 1719 – 6 March 1790) was an American Congregationalist pastor and a leading preacher, author, educator and theologian in New England in the second half of the 18th century. He was a disciple of Jonathan Edwards, and along with Samuel Hopkins, Timothy Dwight IV, Nathaniel William Taylor, and Jonathan Edward Jr., one of the "Architects of the New Divinity", a branch of the New Light movement that came out of the Great Awakening.  A proponent of education for both clergy and laity, for a half century out of his rural Bethlehem, Connecticut church he trained fifty ministers, and founded what was possibly the first American Sabbath or Sunday school.

Samuel Hopkins (theologian)
Samuel Hopkins (September 17, 1721 – December 20, 1803) was an American Congregationalist theologian of the late colonial era of the United States. Hopkinsian theology was named for him. Hopkins was an early abolitionist, saying that it was in the interest and duty of the U.S. to set free all of their slaves.
Nicola Peltz
Nicola Anne Peltz Beckham (née Peltz; born January 9, 1995) is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Katara in the film The Last Airbender (2010), Bradley Martin in the A&E drama series Bates Motel (2013–2015) and Tessa Yeager in the film Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014).

Will Peltz
William Peltz (born May 30, 1986) is an American actor, known for his roles in the supernatural horror film Unfriended (2014), the comedy-drama film Men, Women & Children (2014), and the supernatural drama television series Manifest (2021).
54 Piscium
54 Piscium is an orange dwarf star approximately 36 light-years away in the constellation of Pisces. In 2003, an extrasolar planet was confirmed to be orbiting the star, and in 2006, a brown dwarf was also discovered orbiting it.

K-type main-sequence star
A K-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence (core hydrogen-burning) star of spectral type K. The spectral luminosity class is V. These stars are intermediate in size between red dwarfs and yellow dwarfs, hence the term orange dwarfs often applied to this type.