hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
National Weather Service
The National Weather Service (NWS) is an agency of the United States federal government that is tasked with providing weather forecasts, warnings of hazardous weather, and other weather-related products to organizations and the public for the purposes of protection, safety, and general information. It is a part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) branch of the Department of Commerce, and is headquartered in Silver Spring, Maryland, within the Washington metropolitan area. The agency was known as the United States Weather Bureau from 1891 until it adopted its current name in 1970.

The NWS performs its primary task through a collection of national and regional centers, and 122 local Weather Forecast Offices (WFOs). As the NWS is an agency of the U.S. federal government, most of its products are in the public domain and available free of charge.

Silver Spring, Maryland
Silver Spring is a census-designated place (CDP) in southeastern Montgomery County, Maryland, United States, near Washington, D.C. Although officially unincorporated, it is an edge city with a population of 81,015 at the 2020 census, making it the fifth-most-populous place in Maryland after Baltimore, Columbia, Germantown, and Waldorf.

Downtown Silver Spring, located next to the northern tip of Washington, D.C., is the oldest and most urbanized area of Silver Spring, surrounded by several inner suburban residential neighborhoods inside the Capital Beltway. Many mixed-use developments combining retail, residential, and office space have been built since 2004.

Silver Spring takes its name from a mica-flecked spring discovered there in 1840 by Francis Preston Blair, who subsequently bought much of the area's surrounding land. Acorn Park, south of downtown, is believed to be the site of the original spring.
Mallakastër
Mallakastër (Albanian definite form: Mallakastra) is a region and a municipality in Fier County, southwestern Albania. It was created in 2015 by the merger of the present municipalities Aranitas, Ballsh, Fratar, Greshicë, Hekal, Kutë, Ngraçan, Qendër Dukas and Selitë. The seat of the municipality is the town Ballsh. The total population is 27,062 (2011 census), in a total area of 329.37 km2. It is coterminous with the former Mallakastër District.

Ngraçan
Ngraçan is a village and a former municipality in the Fier County, southwestern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Mallakastër. The population at the 2011 census was 588.
Disa begleyi
Disa begleyi is a perennial plant and geophyte belonging to the genus Disa and is part of the fynbos. The species is endemic to the Western Cape and occurs at Jonkershoek and Elgin. The plant has a distribution area of less than 500 km2 and grows on open slopes at approximately 1 200 m above sea level. The plant is considered rare.

Disa (plant)
Disa is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orchidaceae. It comprises about 182 species. Most of the species are indigenous to tropical and southern Africa, with a few more in the Arabian Peninsula, Madagascar, and Réunion. Disa bracteata is naturalised in Western Australia, where the local name is "African weed-orchid."

The genus Disa was named by P.J. Bergius in 1767. It was named after Disa, the heroine of a Swedish legend.
Guy Frazier
Guy Shelton Frazier (born July 20, 1959) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cincinnati Bengals from 1981 to 1984 and the Buffalo Bills from 1985 to 1986. He played college football for the Wyoming Cowboys. He played high school football at Cass Technical High School, graduating in 1977. Frazier was selected by the Bengals in the fourth round of the 1981 NFL draft, and returned to Detroit in 1982 as a rookie with the Bengals in Super Bowl XVI. Frazier made the first hit of the game against the San Francisco 49ers on the opening kickoff causing a fumble that was recovered by teammate John Simmons. That was the first time in Super Bowl history that a turnover occurred on the opening kickoff. The Bengals were unable to capitalize on the turnover and subsequently lost.

Cass Technical High School
Lewis Cass Technical High School (simply referred to as Cass Tech) is a four-year public magnet high school in Midtown Detroit, Michigan, United States. It was established in 1907 and is part of the Detroit Public Schools Community District. It is named after army officer, politician, and slavery advocate Lewis Cass.

Until 1977, Cass was Detroit's only magnet school and the only non-neighborhood enrollment school in Detroit. It remains one of few magnet schools in Detroit. Entrance is based on test scores and middle school grades. Students are required to choose a curriculum path—roughly equivalent to a college "major" —in the ninth grade. Areas of study include among others arts and communication, business management and marketing, engineering and manufacturing, human services, and science and arts.
Amiens SC
Amiens Sporting Club (French pronunciation: [amjɛ̃]; commonly referred to as Amiens SC or simply Amiens) is a French association football club based in the northern city of Amiens in the Hauts-de-France region. The club was formed in 1901 and play in Ligue 2, the second division of French football. The club plays its home matches at the Stade de la Licorne located within the city. The 2017–18 Ligue 1 season was the first in the club's 116-year history, where they finished in 13th place.

Stade de la Licorne
Stade de la Licorne (French pronunciation: [stad də la liˈkɔʁn]) is a multi-use stadium in Amiens, France. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Amiens SC. The stadium is able to hold 12,097 people and was built in 1999. The first match held in the stadium was the Trophée des Champions match between FC Nantes Atlantique and FC Girondins de Bordeaux on 24 July 1999. The stadium is visually striking, with an unusually large transparent roof.

RC Lens played their home matches there for the 2014/15 Ligue 1 season because the Stade Bollaert-Delelis was being renovated for the 2016 European Championships.

In 2018 the stadium underwent a remodel following a barrier collapse in the stands during a match against OSC Lille. The renovations were completed for €15 million, nearly as much as the original construction cost. Included in the remodel was an undersoil heating system for the pitch.
Oracle Cloud
Oracle Cloud is a cloud computing service offered by Oracle Corporation providing servers, storage, network, applications and services through a global network of Oracle Corporation managed data centers. The company allows these services to be provisioned on demand over the Internet.

Oracle Cloud provides infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), software as a service (SaaS), and data as a service (DaaS). These services are used to build, deploy, integrate, and extend applications in the cloud. This platform supports numerous open standards (SQL, HTML5, REST, etc.), open-source applications (Kubernetes, Spark, Hadoop, Kafka, MySQL, Terraform, etc.), and a variety of programming languages, databases, tools, and frameworks including Oracle-specific, open source, and third-party software and systems.

Terraform (software)
Terraform is an infrastructure-as-code software tool created by HashiCorp. Users define and provide data center infrastructure using a declarative configuration language known as HashiCorp Configuration Language (HCL), or optionally JSON.
Old Gray House
The Old Gray House, also known as the Hodgden-Merrow House, is a historic house at 60 Tavenner Road, on Sawyers Island in Boothbay, Maine.  The house, probably built in the 1820s, but possibly older (or including older sections), is built on a site that has been in documented use since the 1740s.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

Boothbay, Maine
Boothbay is a town in Lincoln County, Maine, United States. The population was 3,003 at the 2020 census. It includes the neighborhoods of Back Narrows, Dover, Linekin, Oak Hill, Ocean Point, Spruce Shores, and the villages of East Boothbay and Trevett. Boothbay surrounds the town of Boothbay Harbor, a center of summer tourist activity, and a significant part of its population does not live there year-round.  Five shipyards are located in the town, the largest of which is Washburn & Doughty.
Filistatinella
Filistatinella is a genus of North American crevice weavers that was first described by Willis J. Gertsch & Wilton Ivie in 1936. They are 1.5 to 3.5 millimetres (0.059 to 0.138 in) long, and have a dark brown abdomen, longer than wide, with a few gray scales.

Crevice weaver
Crevice weaver spiders (Filistatidae) are cribellate spiders with features that have been regarded as "primitive" for araneomorph spiders. They are weavers of funnel or tube webs. The family contains 18 genera and more than 120 described species worldwide.
Mohammed bin Khalifa Al Thani
Mohammed bin Khalifa Al Thani is a member of the royal family of Qatar, the House of Thani.

He was born in Doha in 1965. He is a younger half-brother of former emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani.

He graduated from George Washington University with a bachelor's degree in public administration and political science. In August 1989 he took the position of an under-secretary in the ministry of finance and petroleum.

He was appointed as minister of finance, economy and trade between 1995 and 1998. On 20 January 1998 he was appointed as deputy prime minister. He held that office until 2003.

House of Thani
The House of Thani (Arabic: آل ثاني, romanised: Āl Thānī) is the ruling family of Qatar, with origins tracing back to the Adnanite Banu Tamim tribe. Currently, Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani leads the house.

Officially, the House of Thani rules Qatar as a constitutional monarchy, but the wide powers retained by the emir and his family have it bordering an absolute monarchy and autocracy.
Eskimology
Unangam (not shown)

Yupik peoples (Yupik, Siberian Yupik)

Inuit peoples (Iñupiat, Inuvialuit, Nunavut, Nunavik, Nunatsiavut, Nunatuĸavut [not shown], Kalaallit)

Eskimology /ˌɛskɪˈmɒlədʒi/ or Inuitology is a complex of humanities and sciences studying the languages, history, literature, folklore, culture, and ethnology of the speakers of Eskimo–Aleut languages and Inuit, Yupik and Aleut (or Unangam), sometimes collectively known as Eskimos, in historical and comparative context. This includes ethnic groups from the Chukchi Peninsula on the far eastern tip of Siberia in Russia, through Alaska of the United States, Canada's Inuit Nunangat, including the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, Nunavut, Nunavik and Nunatsiavut, through NunatuKavut (but not the Gulf of St. Lawrence area), to Greenland of Denmark. Originally, an Eskimologist or Inuitologist was primarily a linguist or philologist who researches Eskimo or Inuit languages.

Area studies
Area studies, also known as regional studies, is an interdisciplinary field of research and scholarship pertaining to particular geographical, national/federal, or cultural regions.  The term exists primarily as a general description for what are, in the practice of scholarship, many heterogeneous fields of research, encompassing both the social sciences and the humanities. Typical area study programs involve international relations, strategic studies, history, anthropology, political science, political economy, cultural studies, languages, geography, literature, and other related disciplines. In contrast to cultural studies, area studies often include diaspora and emigration from the area.
Gaggi, Sicily
Gaggi (Sicilian: Kaggi) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Messina in the Italian region of Sicily, located about 160 kilometres (99 mi) east of Palermo and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) southwest of Messina. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,812 and an area of 7.3 square kilometres (2.8 sq mi).

The municipality of Gaggi contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Cavallaro, Palmara, Falcò, Costa arancione, and Billirè. Gaggi borders the following municipalities: Castelmola, Castiglione di Sicilia, Graniti, Mongiuffi Melia, Taormina.

Castiglione di Sicilia
Castiglione di Sicilia (Sicilian: Castigghiuni di Sicilia) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Catania in Sicily, southern Italy. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

Castiglione di Sicilia lies about 160 kilometres (99 mi) east of Palermo and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of Catania. It borders the following municipalities: Adrano, Belpasso, Biancavilla, Bronte, Calatabiano, Francavilla di Sicilia, Gaggi, Graniti, Linguaglossa, Maletto, Malvagna, Mojo Alcantara, Motta Camastra, Nicolosi, Piedimonte Etneo, Randazzo, Roccella Valdemone, Sant'Alfio, Taormina, Zafferana Etnea.
Akita 2nd district
Akita 2nd district is a single-member constituency of the House of Representatives, the lower house of the National Diet of Japan. It consists of the northern part of Akita Prefecture, including the cities of Katagami, Kazuno, Kitaakita, Noshiro, Ōdate, and Oga, and the
districts of Kazuno, Kitaakita, Minamiakita, and Yamamoto.

As of February 8, 2026, the district was home to 237,813 constituents.

The district is represented by Takashi Midorikawa of the Constitutional Democratic Party.

Noshiro, Akita
Noshiro (能代市, Noshiro-shi) is a city located in Akita Prefecture, Japan. As of 28 February 2023, the city had an estimated population of 49,150 in 24,079 households, and a population density of 120 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 426.95 square kilometres (164.85 sq mi).
Tullamarine
Tullamarine (/ˌtʌləməˈriːn/ ⓘ TUL-ə-mə-REEN) is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 14 km (8.7 mi) north-west of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Cities of Brimbank, Hume and Merri-bek local government areas. Tullamarine recorded a population of 6,733 at the 2021 census.

The suburb is a collection of recent housing estates and light industry. Generally flat and exposed to the hot northerly winds of Melbourne's summer, as well as cold southerly winds in winter, its most notable feature is the nearby Melbourne Airport. Tullamarine's residential area is contained in a circular loop of the Moonee Ponds Creek, and its western boundary is the Melbourne Airport. Tullamarine contains the smaller residential area of Gladstone Park. The Albion-Jacana railway line separates Tullamarine from Airport West to the south.

Essendon Fields Airport
Essendon Fields Airport (IATA: MEB, ICAO: YMEN), formerly Essendon Airport, is a 305 ha (750 acres) public airport serving scheduled commercial, corporate-jet, charter and general aviation flights. Located in the north western suburb of Essendon Fields, it is Melbourne's second largest airport and the closest to the city's centre. From its construction in 1921 until 1970 it served as Melbourne's main airport, but was replaced by Tullamarine Airport (now Melbourne Airport).
Global National
Global National is the English language flagship national newscast of Canada's Global Television Network. Editorial and production staff are based out of Global's national news centre at Global BC in Burnaby, British Columbia, with Dawna Friesen presenting from the Global BC studios Mondays to Thursdays, and Farah Nasser presenting from the Global Toronto studios Fridays to Sundays. From 2008 to 2010, the program was the only Canadian network newscast to be regularly anchored from the nation's capital, Ottawa.

In addition to Global's owned-and-operated stations (O&Os), Global National also airs on affiliate CHFD-DT in Thunder Bay, Ontario and independent station CJON-DT in St. John's, Newfoundland.

Global also produced a Mandarin version of the newscast, titled Global National Mandarin from 2012 to 2016. It was anchored by Carol Wang. The newscast was seen on Shaw Multicultural Channel in Vancouver, British Columbia & Calgary, Alberta.

Eric Sorensen (journalist)
Eric Sorensen is a Canadian television journalist. He has been the national affairs correspondent for Global National since early 2014, and previously served as Washington, D.C. bureau chief for Global National, from November 2006 to 2014. Sorensen was previously a reporter for CBC Television's The National from 1992 until joining Global News in 2006.

Born in Hearst, Ontario and raised in Port Colborne, Ontario, He began his broadcasting career in 1973 after graduating from the Ryerson Polytechnical Institute radio and television arts program. He worked for a variety of television and radio stations across Canada before joining the CBC's national news division, and was the first Canadian to receive the Benton Fellowship in Broadcast Journalism from the University of Chicago in 1984.
St. Mary's Cathedral, Hamburg
Saint Mary's Cathedral in Hamburg (German: Sankt Mariendom, also Mariendom, or simply Dom or Domkirche, or Hamburger Dom) was the cathedral of the ancient Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg (not to be confused with Hamburg's modern Archdiocese, est. 1994), which was merged in personal union with the Diocese of Bremen in 847, and later in real union to form the Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen, as of 1027.

In 1180 the cathedral compound turned into the cathedral close (German: Domfreiheit; i.e. cathedral immunity district), forming an exclave of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen within the city of Hamburg. By the Reformation the concathedral was converted into a Lutheran church. The cathedral immunity district, since 1648 an exclave of the Duchy of Bremen, was seized by Hamburg in 1803. The city then prompted the demolition of the proto-cathedral between 1804 and 1807.

Johannes Aepinus
Johannes Aepinus (Johann Hoeck) (1499–1553) was a German Lutheran theologian, the first Superintendent of Hamburg from 1532 to 1553, presiding as spiritual leader over the Lutheran state church of Hamburg.
Rydalmere Hospital
Rydalmere Hospital is a heritage-listed former orphanage, psychiatric hospital and now university campus at 171 Victoria Road, Rydalmere, in the City of Parramatta, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It was formerly known as the Female Orphan School and Protestant Orphan School. It is now the Parramatta South Campus of the Western Sydney University. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Western Sydney University
Western Sydney University, formerly the University of Western Sydney, is an Australian multi-campus public research university in the Greater Western region of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

The university in its current form was founded in 1989 as a federated network university with an amalgamation between the Nepean College of Advanced Education and the Hawkesbury Agricultural College. The Macarthur Institute of Higher Education was incorporated in the university in 1989. In 2001, the University of Western Sydney was restructured as a single multi-campus university rather than as a federation. In 2015, the university underwent a rebranding which resulted in a change in name from the University of Western Sydney to Western Sydney University. It is a provider of undergraduate, postgraduate, and higher research degrees with campuses in Bankstown, Blacktown, Campbelltown, Hawkesbury, Liverpool, Parramatta, Penrith, and Surabaya.
East Moline, Illinois
East Moline is a city in Rock Island County, Illinois, United States. The population was 21,374 at the 2020 census. East Moline was incorporated in April 1907. It is one of the five Quad Cities at the confluence of the Rock and Mississippi rivers, along with neighboring Moline and Rock Island in Illinois and Davenport and Bettendorf in Iowa.

Rock Island County, Illinois
Rock Island County is a county located in the U.S. state of Illinois, bounded on the west by the Mississippi River. According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 144,672. Its county seat is Rock Island; its largest city is neighboring Moline. Rock Island County is one of the four counties that make up the Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Prague offensive
The Prague offensive (Russian: Пражская стратегическая наступательная операция, romanized: Prazhskaya strategicheskaya nastupatel'naya operatsiya, lit. 'Prague Strategic Offensive Operation') was the last major military operation of World War II in Europe. The offensive was fought on the Eastern Front from 6 May to 11 May 1945. Fought concurrently with the Prague uprising, the offensive significantly helped the liberation of Czechoslovakia in 1945. The offensive was one of the last engagements of World War II in Europe and continued after Nazi Germany's unconditional capitulation on 8/9 May.

The city of Prague was ultimately liberated by the USSR during the Prague offensive. All of the German troops of Army Group Centre (Heeresgruppe Mitte) and many of Army Group Ostmark (formerly known as Army Group South) were killed or captured, or fell into the hands of the Allies after the capitulation.

4th Panzer Army
The 4th Panzer Army  (German: 4. Panzerarmee), operating as Panzer Group 4 (Panzergruppe 4) from its formation on 15 February 1941 to 1 January 1942, was a German panzer formation during World War II. As a key armoured component of the Wehrmacht, the army took part in the crucial battles of the German-Soviet war of 1941–45, including Operation Barbarossa, the Battle of Moscow, the Battle of Stalingrad, the Battle of Kursk, and the 1943 Battle of Kiev.

The army was destroyed during the Battle of Stalingrad, but later reconstituted.
Pickens County, South Carolina
Pickens County is a county located in the northwest part of the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 census, its population was 131,404. Its county seat is Pickens. The county was created in 1826. It is part of the Greenville-Anderson-Greer, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Oconee County, South Carolina
Oconee County is the westernmost county in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 78,607. Its county seat is Walhalla and its largest community is Seneca. Oconee County is included in the Seneca, SC Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC Combined Statistical Area. South Carolina Highway 11, the Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Highway, begins in southern Oconee County at Interstate Highway 85 at the Georgia state line.
CUSUM
In statistical quality control, the CUSUM (or cumulative sum control chart) is a sequential analysis technique developed by E. S. Page of the University of Cambridge. It is typically used for monitoring change detection.
CUSUM was announced in Biometrika, in 1954, a few years after the publication of Wald's sequential probability ratio test (SPRT).

Page referred to a "quality number" , by which he meant a parameter of the probability distribution; for example, the mean. He devised CUSUM as a method to determine changes in it, and proposed a criterion for deciding when to take corrective action. When the CUSUM method is applied to changes in mean, it can be used for step detection of a time series.

A few years later, George Alfred Barnard developed a visualization method, the V-mask chart, to detect both increases and decreases in .

Sequential probability ratio test
The sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) is a specific sequential hypothesis test, developed by Abraham Wald and later proven to be optimal by Wald and Jacob Wolfowitz. Neyman and Pearson's 1933 result inspired Wald to reformulate it as a sequential analysis problem. The Neyman-Pearson lemma, by contrast, offers a rule of thumb for when all the data is collected (and its likelihood ratio known).

While originally developed for use in quality control studies in the realm of manufacturing, SPRT has been formulated for use in the computerized testing of human examinees as a termination criterion.