hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Coppage v. Kansas
Coppage v. Kansas, 236 U.S. 1 (1915), was a Supreme Court of the United States case based on United States labor law that allowed employers to implement contracts—called yellow-dog contracts—which forbade employees from joining unions.

The case was decided in the era prior to the Great Depression, when the Supreme Court invalidated laws that imposed restrictions on contracts, especially those of employment. The liberty of contract became viewed as a fundamental right that could be abridged only in extreme circumstances; abridgments violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Yellow-dog contract
A yellow-dog contract (a yellow-dog clause of a contract, also known as an ironclad oath) is an agreement between an employer and an employee in which the employee agrees, as a condition of employment, not to be a member of a labor union.  In the United States, such contracts were used by employers to prevent the formation of unions, most often by permitting employers to take legal action against union organizers.  In 1932, yellow-dog contracts were outlawed in the United States under the Norris-LaGuardia Act.
Armier Bay
Armier Bay (Maltese: Bajja tal-Armier), is a bay situated in the locality of Mellieħa, Malta. Armier Bay consists of two beaches, the biggest beach is known as Armier and the other one as Little Armier. The bay's water is known for its crystal blue colour.

At Armier Bay, one can find numerous boat houses, that are used as summer residences. The residents themselves claim that they take very good care of the environment, but there has been some contention on this issue. For instance, the local council has notified the owners of caravans to remove them as they are occupying public land. The Maltese Government has had a patchy history of enforcing its regulations against private encroachment on public land. A feast is also celebrated in summer in the area known as Ramlet il-Qortin. There are also kiosks, but the surrounding of the bay is silent, without the noise of traffic, because it is situated in the green area of Mellieħa known as L-Aħrax.

Mellieħa
Mellieħa (Maltese: il-Mellieħa [ɪl mɛˈlːɪːħɐ]) is a large village in the Northern Region of Malta. It has a population of 11,389 as of 2019. Mellieħa is also a tourist resort, popular for its sandy beaches, natural environment, and Popeye Village nearby.
Ceruloplasmin
Ceruloplasmin (or caeruloplasmin) is a ferroxidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CP gene.

Ceruloplasmin is the major copper-carrying protein in the blood, and in addition plays a role in iron metabolism. It was first described in 1948. Another protein, hephaestin, is noted for its homology to ceruloplasmin, and also participates in iron and probably copper metabolism.

Hepatocyte
A hepatocyte is a cell of the main parenchymal tissue of the liver. Hepatocytes make up 80% of the liver's mass.

These cells are involved in:

Protein synthesis

Protein storage

Transformation of carbohydrates

Synthesis of cholesterol, bile salts and phospholipids

Detoxification, modification, and excretion of exogenous and endogenous substances

Initiation of formation and secretion of bile
Dubble Bubble
Dubble Bubble is an American brand of fruit-flavored, usually pink-colored, bubble gum invented by Walter Diemer, an accountant at Philadelphia-based Fleer Chewing Gum Company in 1928. One of Diemer's hobbies was concocting recipes for chewing gum based on the original Fleer ingredients. Though founder Frank H. Fleer had come up with his own bubble gum recipe under the name Blibber-Blubber in 1906, it was shelved due to its being too sticky and breaking apart too easily. It would be another 20 years until Diemer would use the original idea as inspiration for his invention.

Tootsie Roll Industries
Tootsie Roll Industries (/ˈtʊtsi/) is an American manufacturer of confectionery based in Chicago, Illinois. Its best-known products include the namesake Tootsie Rolls and Tootsie Pops. Tootsie Roll Industries currently markets its brands internationally in Canada, Mexico, and over 75 other countries.
Mariya Borovichenko
Guards Sergeant Mariya Sergeyevna Borovichenko (October 21, 1925 – July 14, 1943) was a Soviet medical officer of the Soviet 32nd Guards Artillery Regiment, awarded the Medal for Combat Service, Medal For Courage, Order of the Red Star and the Order of the Red Banner. She was posthumously awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union in May 1965 for saving a lieutenant.

Medal "For Courage" (Russia)
The Medal "For Courage" or Medal "For Valour" (Russian: Медаль «За отвагу») is a state decoration of the Russian Federation that was retained from the Soviet awards system following the dissolution of the USSR.
Collier Manor-Cresthaven, Florida
Collier Manor-Cresthaven was a census-designated place (CDP) that now serves as a neighborhood of Pompano Beach, Florida, United States. The population was 7,741 at the 2000 census. During the recent rapid appreciation of home values in South Florida, many homes the Cresthaven neighborhood have come to be better maintained than they once were.

The neighborhood was developed by George J. Collier Inc.

Pompano Beach, Florida
Pompano Beach (/ˈpɒmpənoʊ/ POM-pə-noh) is a city in Broward County, Florida, United States. It is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, just north of Fort Lauderdale and 36 miles north of Miami. The nearby Hillsboro Inlet forms part of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. It is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to 6.14 million people in 2020. As of the 2020 census, the population was 112,046, making it the sixth-largest city in Broward County, the ninth-largest city in the South Florida metropolitan area, and the 20th-largest city in Florida.

Pompano Beach Airpark, located within the city, is the home of the Goodyear Blimp Spirit of Innovation.
Music of Tibet
The music of Tibet (Chinese: 藏族音乐) reflects the cultural heritage of the trans-Himalayan region centered in Tibet, but also known wherever ethnic Tibetan groups are found in Nepal, Bhutan, India and further abroad. The religious music of Tibet reflects the profound influence of Tibetan Buddhism on the culture.

The new-age 'singing bowl' music marketed in the West as 'Tibetan music' is of 1970s US origin.

Tibetan horn
The Tibetan horn or dungchen (Tibetan: དུང་ཆེན།, Wylie: dung chen, ZYPY: tungqên, literally "big conch," also called rag dung (རག་དུང་, literally "brass horn"; Mongolian: hiidiin buree (хийдийн бүрээ, literally "monastery horn"); Chinese: 筒欽; pinyin: tǒng qīn) is a long trumpet or horn used in Tibetan Buddhist and Mongolian buddhist ceremonies. It is the most widely used instrument in Tibetan Buddhist culture. It is often played in pairs or multiples, and the sound is compared to the singing of elephants. Tsultrim Allione described the sound:

It is a long, deep, whirring, haunting wail that takes you out somewhere beyond the highest Himalaya peaks and at the same time back into your mother's womb.
Metopius (wasp)
Metopius is a cosmopolitan genus of parasitoid ichneumon wasps in the subfamily Metopiinae. They lay eggs inside caterpillars of Lepidoptera that are found in leaf rolls, and the adult wasps later emerge from the pupa. They are black and yellow striped and reach over 2 cm (0.79 in) in length. Their coloring may be mimicking potter wasps. Metopius spp. make a buzzing noise when captured.

Metopiinae
The Metopiinae are a worldwide subfamily of the parasitic wasp family Ichneumonidae. Metopiinae are koinobiont endoparasitoids of Lepidoptera. There are 26 extant genera. A bulging shield-like face is diagnostic for members of this subfamily, but many members lack this character.
Shimano
Shimano, Inc. (株式会社シマノ, Kabushiki-gaisha Shimano), originally Shimano Iron Works (島野鐵工所) and later Shimano Industries, Inc. (島野工業株式会社), is a Japanese multinational manufacturing company for cycling components, fishing tackle and rowing equipment, which also produced golf supplies until 2005 and snowboarding gear until 2008. Named after founder Shozaburo  Shimano (島野庄三郎, 1894–1958) and headquartered in Sakai, Osaka Prefecture, the company has 49 consolidated subsidiaries, with the primary manufacturing plants based in Kunshan (China), Malaysia and Singapore.

In 2024, Shimano recorded revenue of US$2.87 billion, of which 48.9% in Asia, 35.6% in Europe, 10.4% in North America, and 5.1% the rest of the world. Bicycle components represented 76.6%, fishing tackle 23.3%, and other products 0.1%. The company is publicly traded, with 89.45 million shares of common stock outstanding.

They are also the official neutral support for most of the UCI World Tour.

Sakai
Sakai (堺市, Sakai-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [saꜜ.kai, sa.kaꜜi.ɕi]) is a city located in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. It has been one of the largest and most important seaports of Japan since the medieval era. Sakai is known for its kofun, keyhole-shaped burial mounds dating from the fifth century. The kofun in Sakai include the largest grave in the world by area, Daisen Kofun. Once known for swords, Sakai is now famous for the quality of its cutlery. As of 1 January 2022, the city had an estimated population of 819,965, making it the fourteenth most populous city in Japan (excluding Tokyo).
Nelson Railway Society
The Nelson Railway Society operates a short heritage railway line in the Founders Heritage Park, Nelson, New Zealand.

The society has recovered and now utilises station buildings from a couple of former stations on the Nelson Section, including the Tui Railway Station building.

The society uses a DSA class diesel locomotive on running days, and restored a WF class steam locomotive WF 403. 403 has not yet been steamed nor is in usual service due to its six driving wheels being unable to negotiate the curves of the society's line.

The society was originally incorporated as the "Grand Tapawera Railroad Company" with the intention of establishing and operating a line on the original formation of the Nelson Section near Motupiko.

Tui railway station
Tui railway station was a rural railway station that served the small farming settlement of Tui in the Tasman District of New Zealand’s South Island.  It was one of 25 stations on the Nelson Section, and lasted from 1912 to 1955.

Facilities at this station included: stockyards, accessed via a 22-wagon backshunt; two loops, having a 37 and 27 wagon capacity respectively; a station building; a main goods shed with dimensions of 30 by 20 feet (9.1 m × 6.1 m) and a second smaller goods shed; a loading bank; an outhouse; a railway house (for many years occupied by the local surfaceman); and a water vat.
Old Hall Green
Old Hall Green is a hamlet in Hertfordshire, England. At the 2011 Census the population  was included in the civil parish of Standon.

In 1793, an academy, St Edmund's College, Ware, was established there which provided a school for Catholic boys and a seminary to train priests serving England's recusant community.  St Edmund's College was one of two facilities which replaced the English College at Douai, which had to be evacuated because of the French Revolution. Whilst the school remains, the seminary was moved to Chelsea in 1975.

Standon, Hertfordshire
Standon is a village and civil parish in the East Hertfordshire district of Hertfordshire, England. The village lies 5.5 miles (9 km) north of Ware, its post town. As well as the village itself, the parish also includes the neighbouring village of Puckeridge, the hamlets of Old Hall Green and Colliers End, and surrounding rural areas. Puckeridge and Standon are now classed as a single built up area by the Office for National Statistics. At the 2021 census, the parish had a population of 4,675.
Kvens
Kvens (Kven: kvääni; Finnish: kveeni; Norwegian: kvener; Swedish: kväner; Northern Sami: kveanat) are a Balto-Finnic ethnic group in Northern Norway. In 1996, Kvens were granted minority status in Norway, and in 2005 the Kven language was recognized as a minority language in Norway.

The term Kven is sometimes used more broadly to include the Tornedalians, a closely related Balto-Finnic minority group in northern Sweden.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Norway)
The Commission to Investigate the Norwegianisation Policy and Injustice Against the Sámi and Kven/Norwegian Finnish Peoples (The Truth and Reconciliation Commission) was a Norwegian state commission established by the Storting in 2018. It was led by Dagfinn Høybråten and with a committee consisting of eleven other professionals.

The purpose of the investigation was to lay the foundation for recognition of the experiences of Sámi and Kven (Norwegian Finns) subject to Norwegian authorities' policies of Norwegianization, and the consequences these experiences have had for them as groups and individuals. On 9 May  2019, the commission's mandate was extended to include the Forest Finns.

The commission completed its work and submitted the report to the Storting's Presidency on 1 June 2023. In November 2024, the Storting issued its own 17 resolutions to begin addressing the commission's findings, beginning with a formal apology to the Sámi, Kvens/Norwegian Finns, and Forrest Finns peoples.
Jewish Museum Vienna
The Jüdisches Museum Wien, trading as Jüdisches Museum der Stadt Wien GmbH or the Jewish Museum Vienna, is a museum of Jewish history, life and religion in Austria. The museum is present on two locations, in the Palais Eskeles in the Dorotheergasse and in the Judenplatz, and has distinguished itself by a very active programme of exhibitions and outreach events highlighting the past and present of Jewish culture in Austria. The current director is Barbara Staudinger and the chief curator is Hannes Sulzenbacher.

Jewish Community of Vienna
The Jewish Community of Vienna (Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Wien or IKG) is the body that represents Vienna's Orthodox Jewish community. Today, the IKG has around 10,000 members. Throughout history, it has represented almost all of Austria's Jews, whose numbers are sufficient to form communities in only a few other cities in Austria.
Kamla Nehru College, Korba
Kamla Nehru Mahavidyalaya or the Kamla Nehru College (known as the K.N. College) is a degree college located in Korba, Chhattisgarh, India. It was established by the Kamla Nehru Mahavidyalaya Samiti in 1971.

Korba, Chhattisgarh
Korba is a city and an industrial area in Korba District in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. Korba was part of Bilaspur District before 25 May 1998. It was later designated as a separate district for ease of administration, but is still under Bilaspur Division.
South Korea men's national youth handball team
The South Korea national youth handball team is the national under-18 handball team of South Korea. Controlled by the Korea Handball Federation, that is an affiliate of the International Handball Federation IHF as well as a member of the Asian Handball Federation AHF, The team represents South Korea in international matches.

Korea Handball Federation
The Korea Handball Federation (KHF; Korean: 대한핸드볼협회) is the governing body of handball and beach handball in South Korea. KHF is affiliated to the Asian Handball Federation (AHF), Korean Sport & Olympic Committee and International Handball Federation (IHF) since 1960.
Kenmore High School
Kenmore High School was a public high school in Akron, Ohio, United States. At the time of its closure in 2017, it was one of seven high schools in the Akron Public Schools. Athletic teams were known as the Cardinals and the school competed as a member of the Akron City Series.

The school closed after the 2016–17 school year and was merged with Garfield High School. The merged school, initially known as Kenmore–Garfield High School, was housed at the Kenmore High School building from 2017 to 2022 while a new facility was built on the site of Garfield High School. Upon moving to the new site, the school was renamed Garfield Community Learning Center.

Garfield Community Learning Center
Garfield Community Learning Center is a public high school in Akron, Ohio, United States. It is one of six high schools in the Akron Public Schools.  The school's mascot is the Golden Rams. They are a member of the Akron City Series athletic conference.
Mouthbrooder
Mouthbrooding, also known as oral incubation and buccal incubation, is the care given by some groups of animals to their offspring by holding them in the mouth of the parent for extended periods of time. Although mouthbrooding is performed by a variety of different animals, such as Darwin's frog, fish are by far the most diverse mouthbrooders. Mouthbrooding has evolved independently in several different families of fish.

Arowana
Osteoglossinae are a subfamily of freshwater bony fish, commonly known as arowanas or bonytongues (though the latter is also used for other osteoglossiform fish). The name "bonytongues" is derived from a toothed bone on the floor of the mouth, the "tongue", equipped with teeth that bite against teeth on the roof of the mouth. In this family of fish, the head is bony and the elongated body is covered by large, heavy scales, with a mosaic pattern of canals. The dorsal and anal fins have soft rays and have long fin origins, while the pectoral and ventral fins have stiffer, longer rays. Arowanas are facultative air breathers and can obtain oxygen by ingesting air into its swim bladder, which is lined with capillaries like lung tissue. Despite this, they are not considered amphibious.

The two genera each inhabit a different continent despite its members being freshwater fish, which suggests vicariance from the breakup of Gondwana.
Dodge County, Wisconsin
Dodge County is a county located in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 89,396. Its county seat is Juneau. The county was created from the Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and organized in 1844.

Dodge County comprises the Beaver Dam, WI Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Milwaukee–Racine–Waukesha, WI Combined Statistical Area.

Hubbard, Dodge County, Wisconsin
See also Hubbard, Rusk County, Wisconsin.

Hubbard is a town in Dodge County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,643 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Neda is located in the town. The town is named for Henry Hubbard, the governor of New Hampshire from 1842 to 1844.
Henry C. Magruder
Henry Clay Magruder (1843 – October 20, 1865) was a Confederate soldier, convicted war criminal, and guerrilla during the American Civil War. Born near Lebanon, Kentucky, he took part in several major Western theater battles. Still, he is best known for his fate as a guerrilla and was possibly the inspiration of a fictional local folk hero and guerrilla fighter, Sue Munday, whose exploits closely mirrored his own.

Sue Mundy
Sue Mundy was a fictional guerrilla character created by George D. Prentice, the editor of the Louisville Journal. Prentice opposed the heavy-handed military rule of General Stephen G. Burbridge in Kentucky during the American Civil War.
Estelí Gomez
Estelí Gomez (born December 28, 1985) is an American singer. She is a multiple Grammy Award winning musician.

In addition to her solo touring and recording career, Gomez is a founding member of Roomful of Teeth, recipients of the 2013 Grammy for "Best Chamber Music/Small Ensemble Performance", and they also performed at the 2014 ceremony. Roomful of Teeth was nominated again in 2015 for the album, Render.

Gomez received her second Grammy in 2017 for collaborating on the opening track of Yo-Yo Ma and the Silk Road Ensemble's Sing Me Home, which won in the category of "Best World Music Album" along with fellow Roomful of Teeth members, Caroline Shaw, Cameron Beauchamp and Virginia Warnken Kelsey. She received her third Grammy for "Best Chamber Music/Small Ensemble Performance" in 2024 due to her collaboration on Roomful of Teeth's record Rough Magic.

Roomful of Teeth
Roomful of Teeth is an American vocal ensemble founded in 2009 by Brad Wells and Caroline Shaw. Their 2012 debut, self-titled album was nominated for three Grammys in 2014, and their 2024 fourth studio album, Rough Magic, was nominated in two categories. They have studied and performed in a wide variety of classical and traditional styles of singing from around the world.
Interjet
Interjet (official legal name ABC Aerolíneas, S.A. de C.V.), also known as Interjet Airlines, was a Mexican low-cost carrier headquartered in Mexico City. The airline operated scheduled flights to and from various destinations within Mexico, as well as to and from the Caribbean, Central America, North America, and South America. The airline was a family business: until December 2010, the president and CEO was Miguel Alemán Magnani, son of Miguel Alemán Velasco, who is president of the group that owns the airline, Grupo Alemán. Alemán Velasco is in turn son of former President of Mexico Miguel Alemán Valdés, who amassed a fortune while in office from 1946 to 1952.

As of December 2020, the Interjet CFO announced the suspension of all operations and from the IATA for its non-payment of debt, primarily fuel costs.
 The airline's website is currently inactive, as reported by sources.

The airline also served as a sponsor for Liga MX team Club America, from 2014 to 2020.

Miguel Alemán Magnani
Miguel Alemán Magnani is a Mexican tycoon who was the president and CEO of Mexican airline Interjet, which was facing liquidation on a  federal court order as of April 2023. Magnani is the son of ex-politician and Grupo Alemán president and CEO Miguel Alemán Velasco, and actress and former Miss Universe 1953 Christiane Martel. He is the grandson of the Mexican president from 1946 to 1952, Miguel Alemán Valdés.

In April 2020, Interjet and the Tax Administration Service (SAT) reached an agreement on payment of its MXN $549.3 million debt. Interjet declared "technical bankruptcy" in August 2019 due to poor investments, including those in the Mexico City Texcoco Airport (NAIM). Interjet suspended its flights on March 24, 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico. Interjet's agreement to pay its taxes came after the SAT seized the property of the Miguel Alemán Valdés Foundation in Polanco, Mexico City.

In December 2020, Magnani was replaced as president of Interjet.
Barwon Heads
Barwon Heads (previously known as Point Flinders) is a town on the Bellarine Peninsula, near Geelong, Victoria, Australia. It is situated on the west bank of the mouth of the Barwon River below Lake Connewarre, and is bounded to the west by farmland, golf courses and the saline ephemeral wetland of Murtnaghurt Lagoon. At the 2021 census, Barwon Heads had a population of 4,353.

SeaChange
SeaChange is an Australian television program that ran from 1998 to 2000 on the ABC and in 2019 on the Nine Network. It was created by Andrew Knight and Deborah Cox and starred Sigrid Thornton, David Wenham, William McInnes, John Howard, Tom Long, Kevin Harrington, and Kerry Armstrong. The director was Michael Carson.
Rank product
The rank product is a biologically motivated rank test for the detection of differentially expressed genes in replicated microarray experiments.
It is a simple non-parametric statistical method based on ranks of fold changes. In addition to its use in expression profiling, it can be used to combine ranked lists in various application domains, including proteomics, metabolomics, statistical meta-analysis, and general feature selection.

Gene expression profiling
In the field of molecular biology, gene expression profiling is the measurement of the activity (the expression) of thousands of genes at once, to create a global picture of cellular function. These profiles can, for example, distinguish between cells that are actively dividing, or show how the cells react to a particular treatment. Many experiments of this sort measure an entire genome simultaneously, that is, every gene present in a particular cell.

Several transcriptomics technologies can be used to generate the necessary data to analyse. DNA microarrays measure the relative activity of previously identified target genes. Sequence based techniques, like RNA-Seq, provide information on the sequences of genes in addition to their expression level.