hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Heaviside step function
The Heaviside step function, or the unit step function, usually denoted by H or θ (but sometimes u, 1 or 𝟙), is a step function named after Oliver Heaviside, the value of which is zero for negative arguments and one for positive arguments.  Different conventions concerning the value H(0) are in use. It is an example of the general class of step functions, all of which can be represented as linear combinations of translations of this one.

The function was originally developed in operational calculus for the solution of differential equations, where it represents a signal that switches on at a specified time and stays switched on indefinitely. Heaviside developed the operational calculus as a tool in the analysis of telegraphic communications and represented the function as 1.

Ramp function
The ramp function is a unary real function, whose graph is shaped like a ramp. It can be expressed by numerous definitions, for example "0 for negative inputs, output equals input for non-negative inputs". The term "ramp" can also be used for other functions obtained by scaling and shifting, and the function in this article is the unit ramp function (slope 1, starting at 0).

In mathematics, the ramp function is also known as the positive part.

In machine learning, it is commonly known as a ReLU activation function or a rectifier in analogy to half-wave rectification in electrical engineering.   In statistics (when used as a likelihood function) it is known as a tobit model.

This function has numerous applications in mathematics and engineering, and goes by various names, depending on the context. There are differentiable variants of the ramp function.
Guardians of Order
Guardians of Order was a Canadian company founded in 1996 by Mark C. MacKinnon in Guelph, Ontario. The company's business output consisted of role-playing games (RPGs). Their first game is the anime inspired Big Eyes, Small Mouth. In 2006 Guardians of Order ceased operations due to overwhelming debt.

Amber Diceless Roleplaying Game
The Amber Diceless Roleplaying Game is a role-playing game created and written by Erick Wujcik, set in the fictional universe created by author Roger Zelazny for his Chronicles of Amber. The game is unusual in that no dice are used in resolving conflicts or player actions; instead a simple diceless system of comparative ability, and narrative description of the action by the players and gamemaster, is used to determine how situations are resolved.

Amber DRPG was created in the 1980s, and is much more focused on relationships and roleplaying than most of the roleplaying games of that era. Most Amber characters are members of the two ruling classes in the Amber multiverse, and are much more advanced in matters of strength, endurance, psyche, warfare and sorcery than ordinary beings. This often means that the only individuals who are capable of opposing a character are from his or her family, a fact that leads to much suspicion and intrigue.
Plasma acceleration
Plasma acceleration is a technique for accelerating charged particles, such as electrons or ions, using the electric field associated with an electron plasma wave or other high-gradient plasma structures. These structures are created using either ultra-short laser pulses or energetic particle beams that are matched to the plasma parameters. The technique offers a way to build affordable and compact particle accelerators.

Fully developed, the technology could replace many of the traditional accelerators with applications ranging from high energy physics to medical and industrial applications. Medical applications include betatron and free-electron light sources for diagnostics or radiation therapy and proton sources for hadron therapy.

SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, originally named the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, is a federally funded research and development center in Menlo Park, California, United States. Founded in 1962, the laboratory is now sponsored by the United States Department of Energy and administrated by Stanford University. It is the site of the Stanford Linear Accelerator, a 3.2 km (2 mi) linear accelerator constructed in 1966 that could accelerate electrons to energies of 50 GeV.: 55

Today SLAC research centers on a broad program in atomic and solid-state physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine using X-rays from synchrotron radiation and a free-electron laser as well as experimental and theoretical research in elementary particle physics, accelerator physics, astroparticle physics, and cosmology. The laboratory is under the programmatic direction of the United States Department of Energy Office of Science.
Episcopal Diocese of Rhode Island
The Episcopal Diocese of Rhode Island is a diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, encompassing the state of Rhode Island. It is one of seven New England dioceses that make up Province 1.

The former episcopal seat of the diocese, the Cathedral of St. John is at 271 North Main Street in the see city of Providence. It has subsequently been closed. The bishop is the Right Reverend W. Nicholas Knisely, the thirteenth office holder.

The diocese reported 17,618 members in 2015 and 12,781 members in 2023; no membership statistics were reported nationally in 2024 parochial reports. Plate and pledge income reported for the 52 congregations in 2024 was $9,171,215. Average Sunday attendance (ASA) in 2024 was 3,171 persons.

Province 1 of the Episcopal Church
Province 1 (I), also called the Province of New England, is one of nine ecclesiastical provinces making up the Episcopal Church in the United States of America. It is composed of the seven dioceses of New England.
Calobata
Calobata is a genus of flies belonging to the family Micropezidae.

The genus was first described by Meigen in 1803.

The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America.

Species include:

Calobata petronella

Micropezidae
The Micropezidae are a moderate-sized family of acalyptrate muscoid flies in the insect order Diptera, comprising about 500 species in about 50 genera and five subfamilies worldwide, (except New Zealand and Macquarie Island). They are most diverse in tropical and subtropical habitats, especially in the Neotropical Region.

Insects in this family are commonly called stilt-legged flies, after their characteristically long legs. The fore legs are markedly smaller than the other pairs. Mostly, they are long-bodied, often black flies, usually with infuscated (darkened) wings. Wings are reduced in the genera Calycopteryx and entirely absent in the ant-like Badisis ambulans.
Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure
Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure is a 2013 puzzle sandbox video game developed by 5th Cell and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for the Wii U, Nintendo 3DS and Microsoft Windows. It is the fifth game in the Scribblenauts series of games and the final to be developed by 5th Cell. The game combines the series' traditional gameplay of bringing up words and objects to solve puzzles with characters and settings from the DC Comics universe (DC Universe). In September 2018, Scribblenauts Unmasked and Scribblenauts Unlimited were re-released as part of Scribblenauts Mega Pack, with Unmasked receiving additional characters and levels.

5th Cell
5th Cell was an independently owned American video game developer founded in 2003 as 5th Cell Media, LLC. led by Jeremiah Slaczka and Marius Falhbusch. The company is most well known for creating the Drawn to Life and Scribblenauts series.
Klieg light
A Klieg light is an intense carbon arc lamp especially used in filmmaking. It is named after inventor John Kliegl and his brother Anton Kliegl. Klieg lights usually have a Fresnel lens with a spherical reflector or an ellipsoidal reflector with a lens train containing two plano-convex lenses or a single step lens.

Actinic conjunctivitis
Actinic conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the eye contracted from prolonged exposure to actinic (ultraviolet) rays. Symptoms are redness and swelling of the eyes.  Most often the condition is caused by prolonged exposure to Klieg lights, therapeutic lamps or acetylene torches.  Other names for the condition include Klieg eye, eyeburn, arc-flash, welder's conjunctivitis, flash keratoconjunctivitis, actinic ray ophthalmia, X-ray ophthalmia and ultraviolet ray ophthalmia.
Jinchuan County
Jinchuan County or Quqên (Tibetan: ཆུ་ཆེན་རྫོང་།; Chinese: 金川县) is a county in the northwest of Sichuan Province, China. It is under the administration of the Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture. The seat of county is Dowu Town (Lewu).

The county spans an area of 5,524 square kilometers, and has a population of about 73,000 as of 2019.

Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture
Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, also known as Aba (Tibetan: རྔ་བ་བོད་རིགས་དང་ཆང་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ།, Wylie: rnga ba bod rigs cha'ang rigs rang skyong khul; Qiang: Rrmeabba Shbea Rrmea Nyujwju Gvexueaj Legea; simplified Chinese: 阿坝藏族羌族自治州; traditional Chinese: 阿壩藏族羌族自治州), is an autonomous prefecture of northwestern Sichuan, bordering Gansu to the north and northeast and Qinghai to the northwest. Its seat is in Barkam, and it has an area of 83,201 km2 (32,124 sq mi). The population was 895,200 by 2022.

The county of Wenchuan in Ngawa is the site of the epicenter of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, in which over 20,000 of its residents died and 40,000 were injured.
New Cassel, New York
New Cassel is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the Town of North Hempstead in Nassau County, on Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 14,199 at the time of the 2020 census.

North Hempstead, New York
North Hempstead (officially known as the Town of North Hempstead) is one of three towns in Nassau County, on Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 237,639 at the time of the 2020 census. It is the 7th most populous city or town in New York.
Fork (chess)
In chess, a fork is a tactic in which a piece attacks multiple enemy pieces simultaneously. The attacker usually aims to capture one of the forked pieces. The defender often cannot counter every threat. A fork is most effective when it is forcing, such as when the king is put in check. A fork is a type of double attack.

Check (chess)
In chess and similar games, check is a condition that occurs when a player's king is under immediate threat of capture on the very next turn. A king so threatened is said to be in check, and the attacker traditionally warns their opponent by saying the word "check". A player must get out of check if possible by moving the king to an unattacked square, interposing a piece between the threatening piece and the king, or capturing the threatening piece. If the player cannot remove the check by any of these options, or if using any of these options would result in the player being in check by another piece, the game ends in checkmate and the player loses. Players cannot make any move that puts their own king in check.
Schleiz
Schleiz (German pronunciation: [ˈʃlaɪts] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Saale-Orla-Kreis in Thuringia, Germany. The former municipality Crispendorf was merged into Schleiz in January 2019, and Burgk in December 2019.

Heinrich Gottfried Piegler
Heinrich Gottfried Piegler (* 23 February 1797 in Schleiz, Principality of Reuss j.L., today Thuringia; † 6 February 1849 in Schleiz) was a German entrepreneur and manufacturer who produced the first "modern" lighters which delivered a flame at the pressure of a lever, the so-called Döbereiner lighters, in large quantities in Schleiz and sold them worldwide.
Royal bastard
A royal bastard is a child of a reigning monarch born out of wedlock. The king might have a child with a mistress, or the legitimacy of a marriage might be questioned for reasons concerning succession.

Notable royal bastards include Robert, Earl of Gloucester, son of Henry I of England, Henry FitzRoy, son of Henry VIII of England, and the Duke of Monmouth, son of Charles II. The Anglo-Norman surname Fitzroy means son of a king and was used by various illegitimate royal offspring, and by others who claimed to be such. In medieval England, a bastard's coat of arms was marked with a bend or baton sinister.

Notable fictional examples include Mordred, the villainous illegitimate son of King Arthur. Some fictional portrayals of royal bastards are less negative, such as the character of Philip the Bastard in William Shakespeare's King John.

Louis, Count of Vermandois
Louis de Bourbon, Légitimé de France, Count of Vermandois, born Louis de La Blaume Le Blanc, also known as Louis de/of Vermandois (2 October 1667 – 18 November 1683) was a French nobleman, illegitimate but legitimised son of Louis XIV, King of France by his mistress, Louise de La Vallière. He died exiled and disgraced at the age of 16, unmarried and without issue.
Zetaquira
Zetaquira (Spanish pronunciation: [setaˈkiɾa]) is a town and municipality in the Colombian Lengupá Province, part of the department of Boyacá. Zetaquira is located at 67 kilometres (42 mi) from the department capital Tunja and borders Pesca in the north, Miraflores in the south, in the east Berbeo, San Eduardo and Aquitania and in the west Ramiriquí and Chinavita. The municipality stretches over an area of 262 square kilometres (101 mi2) on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense at altitudes between 1,875 metres (6,152 ft) and 3,600 metres (11,800 ft).

Ramiriquí
Ramiriquí is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Boyacá, part of the subregion of the Márquez Province. Ramiriquí borders the department capital Tunja in the north, in the south Chinavita and Zetaquirá, in the east Rondón and Ciénaga and in the west Chivatá, Tibaná and Jenesano.
History of French
French is a Romance language (meaning that it is descended primarily from Vulgar Latin) that specifically is classified under the Gallo-Romance languages.

The discussion of the history of a language is typically divided into "external history", describing the ethnic, political, social, technological, and other changes that affected the languages, and "internal history", describing the phonological and grammatical changes undergone by the language itself.

Langues d'oïl
The langues d'oïl  are a dialect continuum that includes standard French and its closest relatives historically spoken in the northern half of France, southern Belgium, and the Channel Islands. They belong to the larger category of Gallo-Romance languages, which also include the historical languages of east-central France and western Switzerland, southern France, portions of northern Italy, the Val d'Aran in Spain, and under certain acceptations those of Catalonia.

Linguists divide the Romance languages of France, and especially of Medieval France, into two main geographical subgroups: the langues d'oïl to the north, and the langues d'oc in the southern half of France. Both groups are named after the word for yes in their recent ancestral languages. The most common modern langue d'oïl is standard French, in which the ancestral oïl has become oui.
Butterfield Overland Mail in Baja California
The Butterfield Overland Mail route in Baja California was created as a result of an act by the United States Congress on March 3, 1857, and operated until June 30, 1861 as part of the Second Division of the route.  Subsequently other stage lines operated along the route until the Southern Pacific Railroad arrived in Yuma, Arizona.

Butterfield Overland Mail
Butterfield Overland Mail (officially Overland Mail Company) was a stagecoach service in the United States operating from 1858 to 1861. It carried passengers and U.S. Mail from two eastern termini, Memphis, Tennessee, and St. Louis, Missouri, to San Francisco, California. The routes from each eastern terminus met at Fort Smith, Arkansas, and then continued through Indian Territory (Oklahoma), Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico, and California ending in San Francisco. On March 3, 1857, Congress authorized the U.S. postmaster general, at that time Aaron V. Brown, to contract for delivery of the U.S. mail from St. Louis to San Francisco. Prior to this, U.S. Mail bound for the Far West had been delivered by the San Antonio–San Diego Mail Line since June 1857.

The route was designated a national historic trail in 2023.
Juan Manuel Fernández Pacheco, 8th Duke of Escalona
Juan Manuel Fernández Pacheco y Zúñiga, Duke of Escalona and Marquess of Villena (Marcilla, Navarre, 7 September 1650 – Madrid, 29 June 1725), was a Spanish aristocrat, politician, and academic who founded the Royal Spanish Academy.

Duke of Escalona
Duke of Escalona (Spanish: Duque de Escalona) is a hereditary title in the peerage of Spain, accompanied by the dignity of Grandee and granted in 1472 by Henry IV to Juan Pacheco, 1st Marquess of Villena.

The title refers to the village Escalona del Alberche, in the Province of Toledo.

The Dukes of Escalona remained an important family throughout the history of Spain. Charles III of Spain made Juan Pacheco, 11th Duke-consort of Escalona a Grandee of Spain first class in 1750. They had many other titles, including: Marquess of Villena, Count of Xiquena, Count of San Esteban de Gormaz, Count of Castañeda, etc.
Hopi House
Hopi House is located on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, within Grand Canyon National Park in the U.S. state of Arizona. Built in 1904 as concessioner facilities at the South Rim were being developed, it is the first of eight projects at the Grand Canyon that were designed by architect Mary Colter, along with Bright Angel Lodge, Hermit's Rest, Lookout Studio, Phantom Ranch, Desert View Watchtower, Colter Hall and Victor Hall, (the latter two being employee dormitories). Hopi House was built by the Fred Harvey Company as a market for Native American crafts, made by artisans on the site. The Hopi, as the historic inhabitants of the area, were chosen as the featured artisans, and the building was designed to closely resemble a traditional Hopi pueblo. Hopi House opened on January 1, 1905, two weeks before the El Tovar Hotel, located just to the west, was opened.

Mary Colter
Mary Elizabeth Jane Colter (April 4, 1869 – January 8, 1958) was an American architect and designer. She was one of the very few female American architects in her day. She was the designer of many landmark buildings and spaces for the Fred Harvey Company and the Santa Fe Railroad, notably in Grand Canyon National Park. Her work had enormous influence as she helped to create a style, blending Spanish Colonial Revival and Mission Revival architecture with Native American motifs and Rustic elements, that became popular throughout the Southwest. Colter was a perfectionist, who spent a lifetime advocating and defending her aesthetic vision in a largely male-dominated field.
Azkajwar-Abdallah
Azkajwar-Abdallah was the Afrighid king of Khwarazm from the late 8th till the early 9th century. The precise date of his regnal period is uncertain. He ascended as king after 762, but not later than 783 or 787. He was the grandson of his predecessor Sawashfan. Azkajwar-Abdallah is notable for converting to Islam, taking the Muslim name of Abdallah. He was also the last Afrighid king to have coins minted in pre-Islamic style. The latest discovered coin of Azkajwar-Abdallah cites his overlord the Tahirid dynast Tahir ibn Husayn, who governed Khurasan on behalf of the Abbasid Caliphate in 821–822. Azkajwar-Abdallah was succeeded by Mansur.

Afrighids
The Afrighids (Khwarazmian: ʾfryḡ) were a native Khwarezmian Iranian dynasty who ruled over the ancient kingdom of Khwarazm. Over time, they were under the suzerainty of the Sasanian Empire, the Hephthalite Empire, the Göktürk Khaganate, the Umayyad Caliphate, Abbasid Caliphate and the Samanid Empire.

They were ultimately deposed by a rival family, the Ma'munids of Gurganj, who became the new rulers of Khwarazm.
Chubbuck, Idaho
Chubbuck is a city in Bannock County, Idaho. It is part of the Pocatello Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 15,570 at the 2020 census. Chubbuck is located immediately north of Pocatello, Idaho, and has opposed several consolidation proposals since the 1960s.

Pocatello metropolitan area
The Pocatello Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of Bannock and Power counties in eastern Idaho, anchored by the city of Pocatello. As of the 2010 census, the MSA had a population of 82,839.  Power County was added back to the Pocatello MSA as of April 10, 2018.  It is just south of the Idaho Falls metropolitan area.
Pruno (Cilento)
Pruno is a forest in the Campania region of southern Italy. It is the largest woodlands of central Cilento region. The hamlets (frazioni) with this name are situated in the municipalities of Laurino, Valle dell'Angelo and Piaggine, and are considered a singular village.

Pruno represents one of the most unpolluted natural areas of Campania and one of the lesser inhabited territories of Southern Italy. It is protected within the Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park, and is part of the Cilento World Heritage Site.

Piaggine
Piaggine, also called “Chiaine“ in the local dialect, is a town and comune in the province of Salerno, in the region of Campania, in the south-west of Italy.

The town is located on the river Calore, 93 miles (150 km) south-east of Naples, 57 miles (92 km) north-west of Potenza.

According to the official data, the resident population in 2020 was 1231.

Piaggine was originally inhabited around 1000 A.D by a community of nomadic shepherds, which found green pastures among the mountains near the river.

The town is famous for being the birthplace of the notorious brigant Giuseppe Tardio.
Freemasons' Hall (Toodyay)
The Freemasons' Hall, often spelt Freemason's Hall, also known as the Toodyay Lodge,  Templar Lodge, and Temperance Hall, on Fiennes Street, Toodyay, Western Australia, is a masonic hall built in 1879.

Fiennes Street, Toodyay
Fiennes Street, in Toodyay, Western Australia, is a short street located to the south of the railway line that passes through Toodyay.

Fiennes Street is part of the Central Toodyay Heritage Area, and the location of a number of historic buildings included on the Shire of Toodyay’s Municipal Inventory. These include Lavender Cottage, Whitfield House, the former Green's Cottage, the Toodyay Shire Council offices, the court house, and Toodyay Lodge (also known as Freemasons Hall).
Mt Cattlin mine
The Mt Cattlin mine is a spodumene-tantalite mine 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) north of Ravensthorpe, Western Australia.  In 2019 Mt Cattlin had a reserve of 8.2 million tonnes (18 billion pounds) of ore grading 1.29% Li2O and 155 ppm Ta2O5.

The mine was operated by Galaxy Resources between 2009 and 2012 before being placed on care-and-maintenance in 2013. Mine production restarted on 31 March 2016 with a 17-year mine life at a rate of 800 thousand tonnes (1.8 billion pounds) of ore per year. In January 2017 the first shipment of 10 thousand tonnes (22 million pounds) of lithium concentrate was consigned from Esperance to Lianyungang, China. Following a decrease in lithium prices in 2024, the mine was once again placed on care-and-maintenance, with operations to be suspended by mid-2025.

Ravensthorpe, Western Australia
Ravensthorpe is a town 541 km south-east of Perth and 40 km inland from the south coast of Western Australia. It is the seat of government of the Shire of Ravensthorpe. At the 2021 census, Ravensthorpe had a population of 2,085.

In 1848, the area was surveyed by Surveyor General John Septimus Roe who named many of the geographical features nearby, including the Ravensthorpe Range that the town was named after.

There was one of the Western Australian Government Railways isolated branch lines between Hopetoun and Ravensthorpe. This line, the Hopetoun to Ravensthorpe railway line, opened in 1909.

Alluvial gold was discovered at the Phillips River in 1892. At the goldfield a de facto town emerged, known as Phillips River. The government completed construction of a copper and gold smelter about 2 km south east of the town in 1906, used to cast copper and gold ingots.