hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hisarøyna
Hisarøyna is an island in Gulen Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The 18.7-square-kilometre (7.2 sq mi) island lies about 600 metres (2,000 ft) west of the mainland, and about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) west of the village of Eivindvik, the municipal centre of Gulen Municipality. The island is located south of the Sognesjøen and north of the Gulafjorden. In 2001, there were 43 residents living on the island.

Gulafjorden
Gulafjorden is a fjord in Gulen Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The historic Gulating assemblies in medieval Norway took place in this area. Today, there are several salmon fish farms in the fjord.

The 8-kilometre (5.0 mi) long fjord flows from the Sognesjøen strait to the east towards the mainland. The islands of Byrknesøyna, Mjømna, and Sandøyna lie along the southern side of the fjord. The island of Hisarøyna lies on the northern side of the fjord. The village of Eivindvik, the municipal centre of Gulen Municipality lies on the mainland, along the northern coast of the fjord.

The fjord ends by splitting into three branches: the Eidsfjorden flows to the south, the Nordgulfjorden flows to the north, and the Austgulfjorden flows to the east. When you measure distance of the main fjord and the Austgulfjorden (the longest of its branches), it is 22 kilometres (14 mi) long.
Columella (botany)
Columella (in plants) is an axis of sterile tissue which passes through the center of the spore-case of mosses. In fungi, it refers to a centrally vacuolated part of a hypha, bearing spores. The word finds analogous usage in myxomycetes.

The term columella is also used to refer to story 1 to story 4 (S1 – S4) cells in the root cap, located apically of the quiescent centre. In vascular plants, columella tissue helps the roots to perceive gravity. Within columella cells, the amyloplasts and Golgi apparatus organelles tend to fall to the bottom third of the cell.

Root cap
The root cap (also called the calyptra) is a small but multitasking organ that covers the very tip of every growing plant root. It shields the delicate apical meristem from mechanical damage, lubricates the root's passage through soil, and houses specialised gravity-sensing cells that guide the root's overall direction of growth.
Codice di avviamento postale
Codice di avviamento postale (Italian for 'Postal Routing Code'; CAP) is the Italian post code numeric system, created in 1967. It consists of five digits: the first two denote the administrative province (sometimes shared by two or more provinces for those that have been split after 1967); the third indicates if the town is the chief town of the province (odd number, usually 1 or 9, e.g. 07100 for Sassari) or not (even, usually 0 or 8, e.g. 10015 for Ivrea); the last two designate the specific town or village, (only in provinces created after 1992) the delivery post office, or, in large cities like Rome, Milan, Naples, or Venice, the urban postal district (usually 00 or 70 in minor provincial chief towns). San Marino and the Vatican City are integrated into the Italian postcode system.

Postal code
A postal code (also known locally in various English-speaking countries throughout the world as a postcode, post code, PIN or ZIP Code) is a series of letters or digits or both, sometimes including spaces or punctuation, included in a postal address for the purpose of sorting mail.

As of August 2021, the Universal Postal Union lists 160 countries which require the use of a postal code.

Although postal codes are usually assigned to geographical areas, special codes are sometimes assigned to individual addresses or to institutions that receive large volumes of mail, such as government agencies and large commercial companies. One example is the French CEDEX system.
Texas sharpshooter fallacy
The Texas sharpshooter fallacy is an informal fallacy committed when differences in data are ignored, but similarities are overemphasized. From this reasoning, a false conclusion is inferred. This fallacy is the philosophical or rhetorical application of the multiple comparisons problem (in statistics) and apophenia (in cognitive psychology). It is related to the clustering illusion, which is the tendency in human cognition to interpret patterns where none actually exist.

The name comes from a metaphor about a person from Texas who fires a gun at the side of a barn, then paints a shooting target centered on the tightest cluster of shots and claims to be a sharpshooter.

Clustering illusion
The clustering illusion is the tendency to erroneously consider the inevitable "streaks" or "clusters" arising in small samples from random distributions to be non-random. The illusion is caused by a human tendency to underpredict the amount of variability likely to appear in a small sample of random or pseudorandom data.

Thomas Gilovich, an early author on the subject, argued that the effect occurs for different types of random dispersions. Some might perceive patterns in stock market price fluctuations over time, or clusters in two-dimensional data such as the locations of impact of World War II V-1 flying bombs on maps of London. Although Londoners developed specific theories about the pattern of impacts within London, a statistical analysis by R. D. Clarke originally published in 1946 showed that the impacts of V-2 rockets on London were a close fit to a random distribution.
Zielona Góra Wine Fest
The Zielona Góra Wine Fest (Polish: Winobranie w Zielonej Górze) is a wine festival held in the Polish town of Zielona Góra. The tradition is related to the period of harvest of grapes from the local vineyards which were then turned into wine. The first festival took place in October 1852. Nowadays it starts in the first or second week of September and lasts for nine days.

The festivities starts on a Saturday with a parade through the city centre. It is preceded by a symbolic ceremony when the Roman wine god Bacchus and his Maenads receive the keys to the town from the local authorities. During the nine days a lot of cultural and sport events take place, among which the International Festival of Folklore is one of the most prominent. There are also theatre meetings (including street theatres) and music concerts.

The centre of the town turns into a big marketplace for the time of the fest, with a separate street allotted for the antiques market.

Wine festival
Annual wine festivals celebrate viticulture and usually occur after the harvest of the grapes which, in the northern hemisphere, generally falls at the end of September and runs until well into October or later. They are common in most wine regions around the world and are to be considered in the tradition of other harvest festivals.

The Egyptian god Osiris was dedicated to wine, but the oldest historically documented wine festivals can be traced back to the Greek celebrations for their wine god Dionysos. The typical ingredients of a wine festival include wine drinking, grape pressing, regional foods, music and, in many areas, religious ritual.
Kinkabool
Kinkabool is a heritage-listed apartment block at 32–34 Hanlan Street, Surfers Paradise, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John M. Morton of Lund Hutton Newell Black & Paulsen and built from 1959 to 1960 by J D Booker Constructions (Gold Coast) Pty Ltd. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 February 2009.

Surfers Paradise
Surfers Paradise (colloquially known as Surfers) is a central suburb of the City of Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Surfers Paradise had a population of 26,412 people.

The suburb has many high-rise apartment buildings and a wide surf beach. The feature of the heart of the suburb is Cavill Mall, which runs through the shopping and entertainment  precinct. Cavill Avenue, named after Jim Cavill, an early hotel owner, is one of the busiest shopping strips in Queensland, and the centre of activity for night life.  One of the features of the area is the Surfers Paradise Meter Maids designed to build goodwill with tourists.

Surfers Paradise is the Gold Coast's main entertainment and tourism centre and the suburb's many high-rise buildings are the best known feature of the city's skyline.

In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, Surfers Paradise was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as a "location".
PDC Awards Dinner
The PDC Awards Dinner is an awards ceremony organised by the Professional Darts Corporation. It is held at the Dorchester Hotel in London. It has been held annually since 2007. Each January, the PDC has awarded players for outstanding performance in the previous season including player of the year awards, recognizing nine-dart finishes, and inducting members to the PDC Hall of Fame.

Professional Darts Corporation
The Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) is a professional darts organisation in the United Kingdom, established in 1992 when a group of leading players split from the British Darts Organisation (BDO) to form what was initially called the World Darts Council (WDC). Sports promoter Eddie Hearn is the PDC chairman.

The PDC developed and holds several competitions, including the annual PDC World Darts Championship, the World Matchplay, World Grand Prix, UK Open, Premier League, and Grand Slam. It also runs its own world rankings based on players' performances.
Labinot-Mal
Labinot-Mal is a village and a former municipality in the Elbasan County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Elbasan. The population at the 2011 census was 5,291. The municipal unit consists of the villages Guri i Zi, Labinot-Mal, Serice, Lamolle, Bene, Lugaxhi, Qafe, Qerret, Shmil and Dritas.

Shmil
Shmil is a village in Elbasan County, eastern Albania.

Shmil (Shëmill) is attested in the Ottoman defter of 1467 as a settlement in the vilayet of Çermeniça. It had a total of 42 households Following the local government reform of 2015, Shmil became a part of the municipality of Elbasan and is under the municipal unit of Labinot-Mal.
UNIVAC 418
The UNIVAC 418 was a transistorized computer made by Sperry Univac.  It had 18-bit words and used magnetic-core memory. The name came from its 4-microsecond memory cycle time and 18-bit word.  The assembly language for this class of computers was TRIM III and ART418.

Over the three different models, more than 392 systems were manufactured.  It evolved from the Control Unit Tester (CUT), a device used in the factory to test peripherals for larger systems.

UNIVAC
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) was a line of electronic digital stored-program computers starting with the products of the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation. After capturing the public imagination with the use of the UNIVAC I during the 1952 US Presidential election it was decided to extend the branding to all machines made by the other computing divisions of the Remington Rand company (Engineering Research Associates and the Norwalk Laboratory of Remington Rand).

Subsequently after the merger of Remington Rand with the Sperry Corporation (under name of Sperry Rand) in 1955, it was decided to merge all three divisions along with Remington Rand's tabulator division into one unified organization under the name of the Univac division. This name would persist until the mid 1980's when it would be renamed to the Sperry Computer Systems Division, the last UNIVAC-badged system was the UNIVAC 1100/90 which was announced in 1982 and first shipped in late 1983.
Anthony Berkeley Cox
Anthony Berkeley Cox (5 July 1893 – 9 March 1971) was an English crime writer. He wrote under several pen-names, including Francis Iles, Anthony Berkeley and A. Monmouth Platts. He was a founder of the Detection Club, and his novel Before the Fact was filmed as the Alfred Hitchcock classic Suspicion.

The Poisoned Chocolates Case
The Poisoned Chocolates Case (1929) is a detective novel by Anthony Berkeley set in 1920s London in which a group of armchair detectives, who have founded the "Crimes Circle", formulate theories on a recent murder case Scotland Yard has been unable to solve.  Each of the six members, including their president, Berkeley's amateur sleuth Roger Sheringham, arrives at an altogether different solution as to the motive and the identity of the perpetrator, and also applies different methods of detection (basically deductive or inductive or a combination of both).  Completely devoid of brutality but containing a lot of subtle, tongue-in-cheek humour instead, The Poisoned Chocolates Case is one of the classic whodunnits of the Golden Age of Detective Fiction.  As at least six plausible explanations of what really happened are put forward one after the other, the reader—just like the members of the Crimes Circle themselves—is kept guessing right up to the final pages of the book.
Makabe, Ibaraki
Makabe (真壁町, Makabe-machi) was a town located in Makabe District, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 19,368 and a density of 305.49 persons per km2. The total area was 63.40 km2.

On October 1, 2005, Makabe, along with the village of Yamato (also from Makabe District), and the town of Iwase (from Nishiibaraki District), was merged to create the city of Sakuragawa.

Sakuragawa, Ibaraki
Sakuragawa (桜川市, Sakuragawa-shi) is a city located in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 July 2020, the city had an estimated population of 39,072 in 13,721 households and a population density of 217 persons per km2. The percentage of the population aged over 65 was 34.3%. The total area of the city is 180.06 square kilometres (69.52 sq mi).
Airman's Cross
The Airman's Cross (Dutch: Vliegerkruis) is a military decoration of the Kingdom of the Netherlands created in 1941. The cross is awarded to members of the Dutch military who display initiative, courage, and perseverance against the enemy or during hostile actions during one or more flights. The cross is also awarded to allied pilots whose actions were of high importance to the Netherlands.

A total of 735 Airman's Crosses have been awarded, most recently in 2007 to Royal Netherlands Air Force Major M. Duivesteijn, an F-16 pilot. Major Duivesteijn received the award because of his "exceptional courage and perseverance" during a 1999 flight that was part of the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. Other well-known recipients include Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema (the "Soldier of Orange"), Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, and Ida Veldhuyzen van Zanten.

The Airman's Cross is the fifth-highest Dutch military decoration still being awarded for bravery (after the Cross of Merit).

Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema
Siebren Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema RMWO, DFC  (3 April 1917 – 26 September 2007) was a Dutch writer who became a resistance fighter and RAF pilot during the Second World War. Near the end of the war he was adjudant (assistant) to Queen Wilhelmina. He was made Knight 4th class of the Military William Order. He is perhaps best known for his book Soldaat van Oranje (Soldier of Orange) which described his experiences in the war. His book was later made into a film. The book and the film about it eventually were made into the most successful Dutch musical ever, premiering 30 October 2010.
Fleet Radio Unit, Melbourne
Fleet Radio Unit, Melbourne (FRUMEL) was a United States–Australian–British signals intelligence unit, founded in Melbourne, Australia, during World War II. It was one of two major Allied signals intelligence units called Fleet Radio Units in the Pacific theatre, the other being FRUPAC (also known as Station HYPO), in Hawaii. FRUMEL was a U.S. Navy organization, reporting directly to CINCPAC (Admiral Nimitz) in Hawaii and the Chief of Naval Operations (Admiral King) in Washington, D.C., and hence to the central cryptographic organization. The separate Central Bureau in Melbourne (later Brisbane) was attached and reported to General Douglas MacArthur's Allied South West Pacific Area command headquarters.

Naval Base Melbourne
Naval Base Melbourne was a United States Navy base at Melbourne during World War II. Naval Base Melbourne became the South West Pacific Area Command Headquarters after the 1941 invasion of the Philippines. General Douglas MacArthur, after escaping the Philippines, set up his Headquarters after his arrival on 21 March 1942. MacArthur was appointed Supreme Commander of all Allied Forces in the South West Pacific Area. The US Navy also set up a Headquarters a Melbourne, Allied Naval Forces Southwest Pacific Area under Commander Vice Admiral Herbert F. Leary. MacArthur and Leary used the empty Trustees Executive building at 401 Collins Street, Melbourne for headquarters. The Port of Melbourne had good fleet anchorage and docks. A new naval base was built at Brisbane, Australia, Naval Base Brisbane, and the Headquarters was moved to Brisbane in July 1942.
Neferhetepes
Neferhetepes (nefer-hetep-es; nfr-ḥtp-s, "Her Peace/Grace Is Beautiful") was an ancient Egyptian princess of the 4th Dynasty; a daughter of Pharaoh Djedefre who ruled between his father Khufu and his brother Khafre. Her mother was Hetepheres II.

Djedefre
Djedefre (also known as Djedefra and Radjedef; died c. 2558 BC) was an ancient Egyptian king (pharaoh) of the 4th Dynasty during the Old Kingdom. He is well known by the Hellenized form of his name Rhatoisēs (Ῥατοίσης) by Manetho. Djedefre was the son and immediate throne successor of Khufu, the builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza; his mother is not known for certain. He is the king who introduced the royal title Sa-Rê (meaning “Son of Ra”) and the first to connect his cartouche name with the sun god Ra.
Im Sang-soo
Im Sang-soo (Korean: 임상수; born April 27, 1962) is a South Korean film director and screenwriter. He has twice been invited to compete for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival: first for The Housemaid in 2010, and then The Taste of Money in 2012.

A Good Lawyer's Wife
A Good Lawyer's Wife (Korean: 바람난 가족; RR: Baramnan gajok) is a 2003 South Korean film written and directed by Im Sang-soo. The film is about the various affairs of members of a dysfunctional South Korean family.
Rutherford County, Tennessee
Rutherford County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. It is located in Middle Tennessee. As of a 2023 estimate, the population was 367,101, making it the fifth-most populous county in Tennessee. A study conducted by the University of Tennessee projects Rutherford County to become the third largest county in Tennessee by population by 2050. Its county seat is Murfreesboro, which is also the geographic center of Tennessee. As of 2010, it is the center of population of Tennessee. Rutherford County is included in the Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Franklin, TN Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Rutherford County Schools (Tennessee)
Rutherford County Schools is a school district based in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, United States. It serves Rutherford County, Tennessee, grades pre-kindergarten to 12.

The district gained national attention during the COVID-19 pandemic when local high school student Grady Knox was harassed by district meeting attendees after explaining that his grandmother had died due to the lack of mask-wearing in local schools. Outgoing school board chairman Coy Young subsequently apologized, stating his "regret the young man was treated the way he was."
Fraze Pavilion
The Fraze Pavilion is a 4,300-seat outdoor amphitheater in Kettering, Ohio, that opened in 1991. The Pavilion is named after Ermal Fraze, late resident of Kettering and inventor of the pop-top beverage can.

The theater hosts many popular American and international music artists.

Kettering, Ohio
Kettering is a city in Montgomery County, Ohio, United States. It is an inner suburb of Dayton. The city had a population of 57,862 at the 2020 census, making it the most populous suburb in the Dayton metropolitan area.
Tree transducer
In theoretical computer science and formal language theory, a tree transducer (TT) is an abstract machine taking as input a tree, and generating output – generally other trees, but models producing words or other structures exist. Roughly speaking, tree transducers extend tree automata in the same way that word transducers extend word automata.

Manipulating tree structures instead of words enable TT to model syntax-directed transformations of formal or natural languages. However, TT are not as well-behaved as their word counterparts in terms of algorithmic complexity, closure properties, etcetera. In particular, most of the main classes are not closed under composition.

The main classes of tree transducers are:

Finite-state transducer
A finite-state transducer (FST) is a finite-state machine with two memory tapes, following the terminology for Turing machines: an input tape and an output tape. This contrasts with an ordinary finite-state automaton, which has a single tape.  An FST is a type of finite-state automaton (FSA) that maps between two sets of symbols.  An FST is more general than an FSA.  An FSA defines a formal language by defining a set of accepted strings, while an FST defines a relation between sets of strings.

An FST will read a set of strings on the input tape and generate a set of relations on the output tape.  An FST can be thought of as a translator or relater between strings in a set.

In morphological parsing, an example would be inputting a string of letters into the FST, the FST would then output a string of morphemes.
Plan 9 from User Space
Plan 9 from User Space (also plan9port or p9p) is a port of many Plan 9 from Bell Labs libraries and applications to Unix-like operating systems.  Currently it has been tested on a variety of operating systems, including Linux, macOS, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris and SunOS. The project's name is a reference to the 1950s Ed Wood film Plan 9 from Outer Space.

A number of key applications have been ported, as have programs used by the system itself, along with the requisite libraries from Plan 9. All of these have been made to work on top of a Unix-like environment instead of their native Plan 9. Some of the most significant ported components are:

rc – The Plan 9 shell

sam – A text editor

acme – A combination of text editor and graphical shell especially useful to programmers

mk – A tool for building software, analogous to the traditional Unix make utility

plumber – An interprocess messaging facility

Venti – A network storage system that permanently stores data blocks

Venti (software)
Venti is a network storage system that permanently stores data blocks.  A 160-bit SHA-1 hash of the data (called score by Venti) acts as the address of the data.  This enforces a write-once policy since no other data block can be found with the same address: the addresses of multiple writes of the same data are identical, so it is highly likely that duplicate data is easily identified and the data block is stored only once.  Data blocks cannot be removed, making it ideal for permanent or backup storage.  Venti is typically used with Fossil to provide a file system with permanent snapshots.
Chaim Grade
Chaim Grade (GRAHD-uh; חיים גראַדע‎; April 4, 1910 – June 26, 1982) was one of the leading Yiddish writers of the twentieth century.

Grade was born in Vilna in the Russian Empire and died in The Bronx, New York. He is buried in Riverside Cemetery, Saddle Brook, New Jersey.

Grade was raised Orthodox, and studied in a yeshiva as a teenager, but ended up with a secular outlook, in part due to his poetic ambitions. Losing his family in the Holocaust, he resettled in New York, and increasingly took to fiction, writing in Yiddish.

Ruth Wisse
Ruth Wisse (/waɪs/; Yiddish: רות װײַס; née Roskies; born May 13, 1936) is a Canadian academic and political activist. She is the Martin Peretz Professor of Yiddish Literature and Professor of Comparative Literature at Harvard University emerita. Wisse is a scholar of Yiddish literature and of Jewish history and culture.