hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Christian apologetics
Christian apologetics (Ancient Greek: ἀπολογία, "verbal defense, speech in defense") is a branch of Christian theology that defends Christianity.

Christian apologetics have taken many forms over the centuries, starting with Paul the Apostle in the early church and Patristic writers such as Origen, Augustine of Hippo, Justin Martyr and Tertullian, then continuing with writers such as Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham and Anselm of Canterbury during Scholasticism.

Blaise Pascal was an active Christian apologist during the 17th century. In the modern period, Christianity was defended through the efforts of many authors such as John Henry Newman, G. K. Chesterton and C. S. Lewis, as well as G. E. M. Anscombe.

Celsus
Celsus (/ˈsɛlsəs/; Hellenistic Greek: Κέλσος, Kélsos; fl. AD 175–177) was a 2nd-century Greek philosopher and opponent of early Christianity. His literary work The True Word (also Account, Doctrine or Discourse; Greek: Hellenistic Greek: Λόγος Ἀληθής) survives exclusively via quotations in Contra Celsum, a refutation written in 248 by Origen of Alexandria. The True Word is the earliest known comprehensive criticism of Christianity and Judaism.

Hanegraaff has argued that The True Word was written shortly after the death of Justin Martyr (who was possibly the first Christian apologist), and was probably a response to his work. Origen stated that Celsus was from the first half of the 2nd century AD, although the majority of modern scholars have come to a general consensus that Celsus probably wrote around AD 170 to 180.
Lublin R-XVIII
The Lublin R-XVIII (otherwise known as Lublin R.XVIII) was a Polish heavy bomber project, created by Jerzy Rudlicki of the Plage i Laśkiewicz factory in Lublin, based on the earlier unsuccessful Lublin R-VII Odwet design of 1924, following the specification for a "retribution bomber" by the Polish Ministry of Military Affairs.

PWS-23
PWS-23 was a Polish heavy bomber and transport plane design created by Zbysław Ciołkosz and Antoni Uszacki of the Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów (PWS) factory in Biała Podlaska. Intended as a heavier, trimotor version of the PWS-22 and submitted along with it to the Polish Ministry of Military Affairs in 1929, it was intended as a possible replacement for outdated Farman Goliath and improvised Fokker F.VII bombers in use by the Polish Army at the time. It was created in two possible configurations: the PWS-23 B3N (B3N being an acronym for "bomber, trimotor, night") and PWS-23T (T for transport). However, both designs were rejected along with the PWS-22, and the PWS-23 remained on paper only.
DZMQ
DZMQ (576 AM) Radyo Pilipinas is a radio station owned and operated by the Presidential Broadcast Service. The station's studio and transmitter are located in Brgy. Bonuan Binloc, Dagupan. It is the pioneer AM radio station in the province.

Presidential Broadcast Service
The Presidential Broadcast Service – Bureau of Broadcast Services (PBS-BBS; Filipino: Pampanguluhang Serbisyong Pambrodkast – Kawanihan ng mga Serbisyong Pambrodkast) is a state radio network owned by the Philippine government under the Presidential Communications Office (PCO).

PBS operates national radio brands: Radyo Pilipinas – Radyo Publiko, Sports Radio, Radyo Magasin, Republika ni Juan and The Capital, as well as international shortwave station Radyo Pilipinas World Service. PBS, along with its television network counterparts People's Television Network, Radio Philippines Network (20% minority-owned) and Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation which forms the media arm of the PCO.

As one of the attached agencies of the OPS, the PBS-BBS receives funding from the General Appropriations Act (Annual National Budget) and sales from blocktimers and advertisers, among others.
Diplacus bigelovii
Diplacus bigelovii is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name Bigelow's monkeyflower. It is native to the southwestern United States, where it grows in desert and slope habitats. It was formerly known as Mimulus bigelovii.

Diplacus
Diplacus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Phrymaceae, which was traditionally placed in family Scrophulariaceae. It includes 49 species native to the western United States and northwestern Mexico. Most prefer dry and rocky areas.

The genus Diplacus was first described by Thomas Nuttall in 1838. It was merged into Mimulus no later than 1905, until the 2012 restructuring. The 2012 restructuring of Mimulus by Barker, et al., based largely upon DNA evidence, left seven species in Mimulus, placed 111 into Erythranthe (species with axile placentation and long pedicels), placed 46 into Diplacus (species with parietal placentation and sessile flowers), placed two in Uvedalia, and placed one each in Elacholoma, Mimetanthe, and Thyridia.
Tunbridge Wells F.C.
Tunbridge Wells Football Club is a football club based in Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England. They are currently members of the Southern Counties East League Premier Division. They play their home games at Culverden Stadium. The club is affiliated to the Kent County Football Association.

2013 FA Vase final
The 2013 FA Vase final was the 39th final of the Football Association's cup competition for teams below level 8 of the English football league system. It was the 30th FA Vase Final. It was contested by Northern Football League team Spennymoor Town and Kent League team Tunbridge Wells. The match was played at Wembley Stadium in London on 4 May 2013.
Islam in China
Islam has been practiced in China since the 7th century CE. There are an estimated 20 million Muslims in China, less than 2 percent of the total population. Though Hui Muslims are the most numerous group, the greatest concentration of Muslims reside in northwestern China's Xinjiang autonomous region, which contains a significant Uyghur population. Lesser yet significant populations reside in the regions of Ningxia, Gansu and Qinghai. Of China's 55 officially recognized minority peoples, ten of these groups are predominantly Sunni Muslim.

Tibetan Muslims
Tibetan Muslims, also known as the Khache (Tibetan: ཁ་ཆེ་, lit. 'Kashmiris'), are Tibetans who adhere to Islam. Many are descendants of Kashmiris, Ladakhis, and Nepalis who arrived in Tibet in the 14th to 17th centuries. There are approximately 5,000 Tibetan Muslims living in China, over 1,500 in India, and 300 to 400 in Nepal.

The government of the People's Republic of China does not recognize the Tibetan Muslims as a distinct ethnic group; they are grouped with Tibetan adherents of Buddhism and Bön. In contrast, the Chinese-speaking Hui Muslims are distinguished from the Han Chinese majority.
Gronant
Gronant is a village in Flintshire, Wales, about 2 miles east of Prestatyn. The population, as measured by the 2001 census, is 1,595, living in 697 households. The average age of the populace is 41.4 years, slightly higher than the national average. Following reorganisation all the population is now listed under the community of Llanasa; the electoral ward remains, its population at the 2011 census being 1,527.

Gronant's most famous resident was probably Elis Gruffydd (c. 1490-c. 1552), a noted Welsh chronicler of the early modern period. A soldier who served in the English garrison at Calais, Gruffudd's chronicle is held at the National Library of Wales.

Gronant dunes are part of an extensive network of dunes extending from Prestatyn in Denbighshire to the Point of Ayr in Flintshire which is at the entrance to the Dee Estuary. They are designated as a Local Nature Reserve and the dune system as a whole is recognized as a Site of Special Scientific Interest.

Llanasa
Llanasa is a village and community in Flintshire, north-east Wales. Llanasa is described as one of the ancient parishes of Flintshire. It originally comprised the townships of Gronant, Gwespyr, Kelston, Golden Grove, Picton, Trewaelod, Axtyn and Trelogan. The modern community also includes Ffynnongroyw and Glan yr afon.
First United Methodist Church (London, Ohio)
First United Methodist Church is a historic congregation of the United Methodist Church in downtown London, Ohio, United States.  Founded in London's earliest years, the congregation worships in a historic church building that was built in the 1890s.

London, Ohio
London is a city in and the county seat of Madison County, Ohio, United States.  Located about 25 miles (40 km) southwest of the Ohio capital of Columbus, London was established in 1811 to serve as the county seat. The population was 10,279 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Columbus metropolitan area.
Anderus maculifrons
Anderus maculifrons is a species of ground wētā (previously in the genus Hemiandrus Walker, 1869) endemic to New Zealand. They are nocturnal, carnivorous, and flightless orthopterans belonging to the family Anostostomatidae. Being a nocturnal species, individuals remain in tunnels in the ground during the day and emerge from their burrows after sunset to forage and hunt for small invertebrates. Anderus maculifrons is one of the smallest New Zealand wētā species, averaging 15 mm in length (from the head to the tip of the last abdominal segment, excluding ovipositor in females) and weighing 1–3 g. Unlike the tree wētā and tusked wētā, where sexual dimorphism is found in the form of male weaponry, ground wētā only exhibit sexual size dimorphism: the females are larger than the males.

Anostostomatidae
Anostostomatidae is a family of insects in the order Orthoptera, widely distributed in the southern hemisphere. It is named Mimnermidae or Henicidae in some taxonomies, and common names include king crickets in Australia and South Africa, and wētā in New Zealand (although not all wētā are in Anostostomatidae). Prominent members include the Parktown prawn of South Africa, and the giant wētā of New Zealand.
Caribou Lake (Chaudières-Appalaches)
The Lac Caribou is a lake located in the municipality of Saint-Joseph-de-Coleraine, in the MRC des Les Appalaches Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Chaudière-Appalaches, in Quebec, Canada.

It is crossed by the Ashberham River which originates on the southern flank of the Collines de Bécancour. The discharge from the lake crosses Petit lac Saint-François, before joining Grand lac Saint François, source of the Saint-François River which joins the St. Lawrence River.

Ashberham River
The Ashberham river (in French: rivière Ashberham) is a tributary of Grand lac Saint François which constitutes the head lake of the Saint-François River. The course of the Ashberham River crosses the territory of the municipality of Saint-Joseph-de-Coleraine, in the Les Appalaches Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Chaudière-Appalaches, on the South Shore of the St. Lawrence River, in Quebec, Canada.
Robinvale Storm
Robinvale Storm Rugby League Football Club is an Australian rugby league football club based in Robinvale, Victoria, competing in the Sunraysia-Riverlands Rugby League.
The club won their first premiership in 2014 defeating the Mildura Warriors 20-6, then winning back-to-back titles in 2015 defeating the Chaffey Titans 22-16, before completing their third in a row in 2016, defeating the Mildura Tigers 28-20.

Robinvale
Robinvale is a town on the south bank of the Murray River in north western Victoria, Australia.  It is connected by a bridge to Euston on the other side of the river in New South Wales.  At the 2021 census, Robinvale had a population of 3,740, but a population study conducted by the Rural City of Swan Hill in 2019 identified that Robinvale had an estimated population of between 7,000 in November and 8,800 in March each year.
Shanley High School
Shanley High School (formerly Sacred Heart Academy), is a Catholic high school located in Fargo, North Dakota and operated by the Diocese of Fargo as part of the John Paul II Catholic Schools Network. As of 2014, it served approximately 314 students. Academics are strongly oriented towards college preparatory with approximately 99% of the student body continuing to either a 2 or 4-year degree program. In addition to standard academics courses, student complete required religious education courses during each academic semester.

North Dakota High School Activities Association
The North Dakota High School Activities Association (NDHSAA) is the governing body for the U.S. state of North Dakota's high-school athletics and fine arts. The current executive director of the NDHSAA is Matthew Fetsch and the headquarters are located in Valley City, North Dakota.
Glendale, Colorado
The City of Glendale is a home rule municipality located in an exclave of Arapahoe County, Colorado, United States. The city population was 4,613 at the 2020 United States census. Glendale is an enclave of the City and County of Denver and is the most densely populated municipality in Colorado. The city is a part of the Denver-Aurora-Centennial, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Front Range Urban Corridor.

Glendale's fire and medical services have been provided by the Denver Fire Department and Denver Paramedics through a contract with the City and County of Denver since 2005. Glendale is policed by the Glendale Police Department.

Cherry Creek (Colorado)
Cherry Creek is a tributary of the South Platte River, 48.0 miles (77.2 km) long, in Colorado in the United States. The creek is named for the profusion of black chokecherry shrubs (Prunus virginiana demissa) that grow along its banks.
NBA G League
The NBA G League, or simply the G League, is a professional basketball league in North America that serves as the developmental league of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The league comprises 31 teams; as of the 2024–25 season, all are single-affiliated or owned by an NBA team except for the independent Mexico City Capitanes.

The league was founded in 2001 as the National Basketball Development League (NBDL), renamed the NBA Development League (NBA D-League) in 2005. It received its present name in 2017 under a deal with Gatorade, becoming the first U.S. professional sports league named for an advertiser.

Initially eight teams, the league expanded after 2005 under a plan by NBA commissioner David Stern, Russ Granik, Bobby Sharma, and other league executives, to develop it into a true minor-league farm system, with each team affiliated with one or more NBA teams. By mid-2014, one-third of NBA players had spent time in the league, up from 23% in 2011.

Salt Lake City Stars
The Salt Lake City Stars are an American minor-league basketball team. They are a member of the NBA G League, based in the Salt Lake City suburb of West Valley City, Utah, and are affiliated with the Utah Jazz. Their home arena is the Maverik Center. Before the 2016–17 season, they were based in Boise, Idaho, and were known as the Idaho Stampede.
Walter Vickery
Walter Vickery (25 October 1909 - 7 April 2000) was an international rugby union back row who represented Wales and played club rugby for Aberavon. His father, George Vickery, also played for Aberavon and was also an international player, but he was capped for England.

George Vickery
George Vickery (25 May 1879 – 30 June 1970) was an English international rugby union player.

Born in Chard, Somerset, Vickery learnt his rugby in Wales, where he played for Aberavon. He was a police officer by profession and in 1905 was capped for England in a match against Ireland in Cork.

Vickery's son Walter played for Wales in the 1930s.
Nirenberg and Leder experiment
The Nirenberg and Leder experiment was a scientific experiment performed in 1964 by Marshall W. Nirenberg and Philip Leder. The experiment elucidated the triplet nature of the genetic code and allowed the remaining ambiguous codons in the genetic code to be deciphered.

In this experiment, using a ribosome binding assay called the triplet binding assay, various combinations of mRNA were passed through a filter which contained ribosomes. Unique triplets promoted the binding of specific tRNAs to the ribosome. By associating the tRNA with its specific amino acid, it was possible to determine the triplet mRNA sequence that coded for each amino acid.

Marshall Warren Nirenberg
Marshall Warren Nirenberg (April 10, 1927 – January 15, 2010) was an American biochemist and geneticist. He shared a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 with Har Gobind Khorana and Robert W. Holley for "breaking the genetic code" and describing how it operates in protein synthesis. In the same year, together with Har Gobind Khorana, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.
Willie Faloon
Willie Faloon (born 30 September 1986) is a rugby union coach and former player from Northern Ireland. Since 2025, he has been defence and contact skills coach with Ulster, having formerly been head coach at City of Armagh RFC, an Elite Performance Development Officer with the Ulster academy, and defence coach and head coach for the Ireland under-20 team. As a player, he played openside flanker for Ulster and Connacht.

The Royal School, Armagh
The Royal School, Armagh is a co-educational voluntary grammar school, founded in the 17th century, in the city of Armagh in Northern Ireland.  It has a boarding department with an international intake. It is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference.
History of Dedham, Massachusetts, 1900–1999
The history of Dedham, Massachusetts in the 20th century saw great growth come to the town. It played host to the Sacco and Vanzetti trial, saw the Endicott Estate and a number of schools constructed, a great deal of economic development, and growth in the number of services provided by the Town.

Dedham Museum and Archive
The Dedham Museum and Archive (formerly known as the Dedham Historical Society and Museum and the Dedham Historical Society), is a historical society dedicated to preserving and establishing a greater sense of appreciation for the history of Dedham, Massachusetts.  It consists of a museum and an archive. As of 2002, it had nearly 1,000 members.
Argyll Street, Dunoon
Argyll Street is the main street of Dunoon in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. It runs for about 0.9 miles (1.4 km), from Pier Esplanade (the A815) in the south to Bencorum Brae in the north. The road, which is one-way northbound from Pier Esplanade to John Street, forms part of the A885 from John Street to Bencorum Brae, at which point the A885 becomes the Sandbank Road. The road crosses Milton Burn between McArthur Street and Queen Street.

A815 road (Scotland)
The A815 is a major road in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. It runs for about 35.7 miles (57.5 km) from  the A83, near Cairndow, in the north, to Toward in the south. It passes beside three lochs, while its final stretch is along the Firth of Clyde.
Nawab Shah (actor)
Nawab Shah is an Indian actor, who works in Hindi, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada-language films and television series. Before entering into films, he played character roles in television serials.

Keerthi Chakra (film)
Keerthi Chakra is a 2006 Indian Malayalam-language war film written and directed by Major Ravi, in his directorial debut. The film stars Mohanlal in lead role as Major Mahadevan and also features Jiiva, Biju Menon, Gopika, Lakshmi Gopalaswamy and Nawab Shah in supporting roles. This film marks the debut of Jiiva in Malayalam cinema. The film is based on true events related to incidents that took place in Jammu and Kashmir. The film is the first in the Major Mahadevan film series. The title is derived from the Indian gallantry award, Kirti Chakra.

The film was released worldwide on 4 August 2006. It was critically and commercial well received. It was the third highest-grossing Malayalam film of the year. The film was dubbed released into Tamil titled Aran, with a few additional scenes shot and added for Prakash Raj. Major Ravi won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay for the film.
Verrucaria rhizicola
Verrucaria rhizicola is a rare species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), aquatic, crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. It was formally described in 2011 and is known only from a single location in France, where it grows on alder tree roots along a stream in a temperate forest. This aquatic lichen has a distinctive ecological niche, being regularly submerged in fresh water. It is characterised by its dull green thallus, black shiny reproductive structures (apothecia), and uniquely shaped spores.

Verrucaria
Verrucaria is a genus of lichenized (lichen-forming) fungi in the family Verrucariaceae. These lichens form crust-like growths on rocks, particularly limestone and other calcareous surfaces, though some species also grow on siliceous rock or occasionally on bark and soil. The genus includes both terrestrial species found in dry environments and marine species that can survive periodic flooding or permanent submersion in coastal and freshwater habitats. With about 150 accepted species worldwide, Verrucaria represents a challenging taxonomic group due to overlapping physical characteristics and the polyphyletic nature of the genus.
Crawford Fund
The Crawford Fund, established as an initiative of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (ATSE) in 1987, is a national support organisation for international agricultural research.

Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research
The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) is an Australian Government statutory agency that forms part of the overseas aid program in the Foreign Affairs and Trade Portfolio, reporting to the Minister of Foreign Affairs. ACIAR was established under the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Act 1982 (the ACIAR Act), as amended, to identify agricultural problems in developing problems and brokers Australian agricultural scientists to find solutions.
Marie-Maximilienne de Silvestre
Marie-Maximilienne de Silvestre (1708–1798) was a French painter.

Born in Paris, Marie-Maximilienne was the daughter of Louis and Marie-Catherine Silvestre, and from youth was taught by them. Soon she was active copying her father's works in pastel. She then became drawing teacher and lectrice to Maria Josepha of Saxony; when the latter became Dauphine and traveled to France in 1747, de Silvestre was the only one of her servants permitted to come along; she received praise for her counsel from Maurice of Saxony, and kept the court in Dresden abreast of Maria's health and events in her life. She also introduced the work of Pietro Rotari to the Dauphine. De Silvestre died in Versailles in 1798.

Louis de Silvestre
Louis de Silvestre (23 June 1675 – 11 April 1760), also known as Louis de Silvestre the Younger, was a French portrait and history painter. He was court painter to King Augustus II of Poland, and director of the Royal Academy of Arts in Dresden. He is sometimes called "the Younger" to distinguish him from his older brother Louis Silvestre the Elder, drawing-master to the Dauphin.
Dhananjay Munde
Dhananjay Panditrao Munde aka "Dhanu Bhau" (15 July 1975) is an Indian politician. He is currently a member of the Nationalist Congress Party. He is considered a close aide of the Maharashtra Deputy CM Ajit Pawar. Before Dhananjay Munde was in Bharatiya Janata Party as President Youth Wing (BJYM) and He was a cabinet minister in Devendra Fadnavis government before 2025.

Parli Vaijnath
Parli Vaijnath is a city and a municipal council in Beed district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Parli is Second largest city in terms of size and population in Bid district. It is the headquarters of the Parli taluka of Beed district.