hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tocumwal railway line, Victoria
The Tocumwal railway line is a 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) gauge railway line in Victoria, Australia. The line runs between the border town of Tocumwal in New South Wales to Southern Cross station in Melbourne. The line is used by various passenger and freight trains serving the northern suburbs of Melbourne and northern regions of Victoria.

Toolamba railway station
Toolamba is a closed railway station on the Goulburn Valley railway in the town of Toolamba, Victoria, Australia. The station opened as a junction at the same time as the railway from Mangalore to Shepparton on 13 January 1880, with the line to Tatura opening on the same day. The last passenger service to the station from Echuca ran on 2 March 1981 with Y class diesel locomotive Y161 an ABE carriage and a C van. This consist had only been introduced a few months prior, with a DERM usually being rostered. Toolamba finally closed as a station on 20 December 1987.

The platform was on the west side of the line, with a dirt mound and the foundations of the signal box remaining today. A water tower is located at the Seymour end of the station, and a 725 metre long loop siding is located across from the former platform, which is usable as a crossing loop. The junction for the line to Echuca faces Seymour, and is located on the Shepparton end of the level crossing.
Soap Bubble Nebula
The Soap Bubble Nebula, Ju 1 (also known as PN G075.5+01.7) is a planetary nebula in the constellation Cygnus, near the Crescent Nebula (NGC 6888). The nebula derives its name from its symmetrical spherical shape which resembles a soap bubble.

Crescent Nebula
The Crescent Nebula (also known as NGC 6888, Caldwell 27, Sharpless 105) is an emission nebula in the constellation Cygnus, about 5000 light-years away from Earth. It was discovered by William Herschel in 1792. It is formed by the fast stellar wind from the Wolf-Rayet star WR 136 (HD 192163) colliding with and energizing the slower moving wind ejected by the star when it became a red giant around 250,000 years ago. The result of the collision is a shell and two shock waves, one moving outward and one moving inward. The inward moving shock wave heats the stellar wind to X-ray-emitting temperatures.
Lexicographically minimal string rotation
In computer science, the lexicographically minimal string rotation (LMSR)  or lexicographically least circular substring is the problem of finding the rotation of a string possessing the lowest lexicographical order of all such rotations. For example, the lexicographically minimal rotation of "bbaaccaadd" would be "aaccaaddbb". LMSR is widely used in equality checking of graphs, polygons, automata and chemical structures.

It is possible for a string to have multiple LMSRs, but for most applications this does not matter as the rotations must be equivalent. Finding the lexicographically minimal rotation is useful as a way of normalizing strings. If the strings represent potentially isomorphic structures such as graphs, normalizing in this way allows for simple equality checking.
A common implementation trick when dealing with circular strings is to concatenate the string to itself instead of having to perform modular arithmetic on the string indices.

Lexicographic order
In mathematics, the lexicographic or lexicographical order (also known as lexical order, or dictionary order) is a generalization of the alphabetical order of the dictionaries to sequences of ordered symbols or, more generally, of elements of a totally ordered set.

There are several variants and generalizations of the lexicographical ordering. One variant applies to sequences of different lengths by comparing the lengths of the sequences before considering their elements.

Another variant, widely used in combinatorics, orders subsets of a given finite set by assigning a total order to the finite set, and converting subsets into increasing sequences, to which the lexicographical order is applied.

A generalization defines an order on an n-ary Cartesian product of partially ordered sets; this order is a total order if and only if all factors of the Cartesian product are totally ordered.
Sagarika (missile)
Sagarika (pronounced: sɑːgərikɑː) (lit. 'Oceanic'), also known by the code names K-15 or B-05 or PJ-08, is an Indian submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) with a range of 750 kilometres (466 mi) that was designed for retaliatory nuclear strikes. It belongs to the K Missile family and forms a part of India's nuclear triad.

Arihant-class submarine
The Arihant-class (lit. 'Vanquisher of the Enemy') is a class of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines in service with Indian Navy. They were developed under the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project to design and build nuclear-powered submarines. The project is being seen as a black project. These vessels are classified as 'strategic strike nuclear submarines' by India.

The lead vessel of the class, INS Arihant was laid down in 2004, launched in 2009 and after extensive sea trials was confirmed to be commissioned in August 2016. Arihant holds the distinction of being the first ballistic missile submarine to have been built by a country other than one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. As of 25 October 2024, INS Arihant and INS Arighaat are already on deep sea patrols.
Hans Barlien
Hans Andersen Barlien (29 February 1772 – 31 October 1842) was a Norwegian farmer and politician. He has been credited with the establishment of a Norwegian-American immigrant settlement in Sugar Creek, Iowa.

Overhalla Municipality
Overhalla is a municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Namdalen region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Ranemsletta (also called Overhalla). Other villages include Melen, Hunn, Skogmo, Svalia, and Øysletta.

The population is concentrated in the relatively broad Namsen river valley at the center. Public services, agriculture, and tourism are the main sources of income. Overhallahus (a house building company) and Pharmaq (a fish vaccine factory) are both located in the municipality.

The 730-square-kilometre (280 sq mi) municipality is the 155th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Overhalla Municipality is the 205th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 3,924. The municipality's population density is 5.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (15/sq mi) and its population has increased by 5.1% over the previous 10-year period.
Sandgate Post Office
Sandgate Post Office is a heritage-listed former post office at 1 Bowser Parade, Sandgate, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed in the office of the Queensland Colonial Architect and built from 1886 to 1887. It is also known as Sandgate Post and Telegraph Office. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005.

Sandgate, Queensland
Sandgate is a northern coastal suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Sandgate had a population of 4,926 people.

The town became a popular destination for the people of Brisbane in the early 20th century and remains popular due to its coastline, including Lovers Walk along the bay between Sandgate and neighbouring Shorncliffe as well as Moora Park and Beach.
Communist Party of Nepal (2006)
Communist Party of Nepal (2006) (Nepali: नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (२००६)) was a communist party in Nepal. It was formed in 2006, after a split in the Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre-Masal). Bijaya Kumar is the general secretary of the party and Narendra Man KC is the party spokesman.

Soon after its formation, the party merged into the Communist Party of Nepal.

Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre–Masal)
The Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre–Masal) (Nepali: नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकता केन्द्र–मसाल)), abbreviated CPN (UC–M) was an underground communist party in Nepal. The CPN (UC–M) was formed in 2002 through the merger of Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre) and Communist Party of Nepal (Masal).
Roanoke Review
Roanoke Review is an American literary journal based at Roanoke College in Salem, Virginia.  It was founded in 1967 by Henry Taylor and Edward A. Tedeschi.  Among the journal's original contributors were Malcolm Cowley, Lee Smith, and R.H.W. Dillard.   Robert Walter edited the Review until 2001.  Paul Hanstedt took over the Review after Dr. Walter's retirement, and has edited it since.  Starting in 2015, the Review became a digital-only journal, featuring stories, poems, nonfiction essays, interviews, art, and podcasts.

Among the recent contributors are Ernest Kroll, June Spence, Vaishnavi Pusapati, Charles Wright, Radoslav Rochallyi and Jacob M. Appel.

Roanoke College
Roanoke College is a private liberal arts college in Salem, Virginia. It has approximately 2,000 students who represent approximately 40 states and 30 countries. The college offers 35 majors, 57 minors and concentrations, and pre-professional programs. Roanoke awards bachelor's degrees in arts, science, and business administration and is one of 280 colleges with a chapter of the Phi Beta Kappa honor society.

Roanoke is an NCAA Division III school competing in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference. The college fields varsity teams in eleven men's and ten women's sports. Roanoke's athletic nickname is Maroons and the mascot is Rooney, a maroon-tailed hawk.
Mark B. N. Hansen
Mark Boris Nicola Hansen (born 2 August 1965) is an American literary scholar and media theorist. His work focuses on the way technology alters the fabric of human agency and social life. Hansen is currently the James B. Duke Distinguished Professor of Literature and Chair of the Program in Literature at the Trinity College of Arts and Sciences at Duke University.

James B. Duke Professor
At Duke University, the title of James B. Duke Distinguished Professor is given to a small number of the faculty with extraordinary records of achievement. At some universities, titles like "distinguished professor", "institute professor", or "regents professor" are counterparts of this title. Two Nobel laureates (Robert Lefkowitz and Paul L. Modrich) served as James B. Duke Professors, and another, Ingrid Daubechies received the National Medal of Science.
Machacamarca, Oruro
Machacamarca is a small town in the Pantaléon Dalence Province in the Oruro Department in Bolivia. It is the seat of the Machacamarca Municipality and of the Machacamarca Canton. At the time of census 2001 it had a population of 2,206. The town is situated south of Oruro near the south-eastern shore of Lake Uru Uru at the road and railway that lead to Poopó.

Machacamarca is the hispanicized spelling of Aymara: Machaqa Marka, machaqa = new, marka = village, town: So the name means "new village" or "new town".

The people in the Machacamarca Municipality are mainly Quechua (80.7%).

Oruro
Oruro (Hispanicized spelling) or Uru Uru is a city in Bolivia with a population of 264,683 (2012 calculation), about halfway between La Paz and Sucre in the Altiplano, approximately 3,709 meters (12,169 ft) above sea level.

It is Bolivia's fifth-largest city by population, after Santa Cruz de la Sierra, El Alto, La Paz, and Cochabamba. It is the capital of the Department of Oruro and the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Oruro. Oruro has been subject to cycles of boom and bust owing to its dependence on the mining industry, notably tin, tungsten, silver and copper.
Left-wing Union for the Socialist Democracy
The Leftwing Union for the Socialist Democracy (Portuguese: União da Esquerda para a Democracia Socialista) was a Portuguese left-wing party founded in January 1978. The party has its origins in the Socialist Culture Association - Worker Brotherhood, a socialist organization and in groups of independent people linked  to the Socialist Party.

The party participated in the legislative election of 1980 in coalition with the Socialist Party and the Independent Social Democratic Action in the Republican and Socialist Front. In the subsequent elections, the party's members integrated the lists of the Socialist Party. In the Presidential election of 1986 the UEDS members split, one part supporting Mário Soares and the other supporting Maria de Lurdes Pintasilgo.

The party was disbanded in 1986 and some of its members joined the Socialist Party.

Independent Social Democratic Action
The Independent Social Democratic Action (Portuguese: Ação Social Democrata Independente) was a political party in Portugal founded in 1979, having been officially established in June 1980. It was founded after several members of the Social Democratic Party (among them António Sousa Franco, Joaquim Magalhães Mota, Sérvulo Correia, Guilherme d'Oliveira Martins and António Marques Mendes).

The party contested the 1980 legislative election with the Socialist Party, being a part of the Republican and Socialist Front, that also included the Left-wing Union for the Socialist Democracy.

The party ended up being dissolved in 1985 and most of its members joined to the Socialist Party.
Culture of Karachi
The cultural history of Karachi dates back at least five thousand years to the rise of the Indus Valley Civilization in the third millennium BC. The early culture was mostly predominantly Neolithic, characterised by the widespread use of small tools and semi-precious stones. The numerous megalithic Arab graves found around Karachi suggest significant megalithic activity from the Arabian Peninsula.

Muhajir (Pakistan)
The Muhajir people (also spelled Mohajir and Mahajir) (Urdu: مہاجر) are a multi-origin ethnic group of Pakistan. They are the Muslim immigrants, of various ethnic groups and regional origins, who migrated from various regions of India after the 1947 independence to settle in the newly independent state of Pakistan, and their descendants.
Muhajirs come from various ethnic and regional backgrounds, with a significant portion of the community residing in Karachi and other major urban centers of Pakistan.

The total population of Muhajrs worldwide is estimated to be around 15 million, and the overwhelming majority of this figure (14.7 million) is located in Pakistan, according to the 2017 Pakistani census. Though the official controversial 2017 census of Karachi, which has historically hosted the country's largest Muhajir population, has been challenged by most of Sindh's political parties.
Kloofendal Nature Reserve
Kloofendal Nature Reserve is a municipal nature reserve in Roodepoort, South Africa. It is one of the first nature reserves in Johannesburg. It is also recognized as the place where gold was first mined in Johannesburg. The old gold mine can be visited by appointment. There are hiking trails and a small dam.

Roodepoort
Roodepoort (locally /ˈrʊərdəpʊərt/ ROOR-də-poort) is a city in the Gauteng province of South Africa. Formerly an independent municipality, Roodepoort became part of the Johannesburg municipality in the late 1990s, along with Randburg and Sandton. Johannesburg's most famous botanical garden, Witwatersrand National Botanical Gardens (now renamed Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden), is located in Roodepoort.
Juan Antonio Menéndez Fernández
Juan Antonio Menéndez Fernández (6 January 1957 – 15 May 2019) was a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop.

Menéndez Fernández was born in Villamarín de Salcedo and was ordained to the priesthood in 1981. He served as an auxiliary bishop for the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Oviedo, and titular bishop of Nasai from 2013 to 2015. He then served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Astorga, from 2015 until his death in May 2019, due to a heart attack.

Diocese of Astorga
The Diocese of Astorga (Latin: Dioecesis Asturicensis) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church whose seat is in the city of Astorga, in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain.

The diocese is a part of the ecclesiastical province of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Oviedo since 1954. It traces its foundation to the 3rd century, making it one of the oldest in Spain.
Glenwood, California
Glenwood, California, is an unincorporated area of Santa Cruz County.  It is located at coordinates 37°6′29″N 121°59′8″W﻿ / ﻿37.10806°N 121.98556°W﻿ / 37.10806; -121.98556, and is 891 feet above sea level.

California State Route 17
State Route 17 (SR 17, locally known as Highway 17) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California that runs from State Route 1 in Santa Cruz to I-280 and I-880 in San Jose. SR 17, a freeway and expressway, carries substantial commuter and vacation traffic through the Santa Cruz Mountains at Patchen Pass ("The Summit") between Santa Cruz and the San Francisco Bay Area.
Nahe Valley Railway
The Nahe Valley Railway (German: Nahetalbahn) is a two-track, partially electrified main line railway in the German states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, which runs for almost 100 kilometres along the Nahe. It was built by the Rhine-Nahe Railway Company and connects Bingen am Rhein on the Left Rhine line with Saarbrücken. It was opened between 1858 and 1860 and is one of the oldest railways in Germany. The section south of Bad Kreuznach is part of the regionally important transport corridor between the two major cities of Mainz and Saarbrücken.

Idar-Oberstein
Idar-Oberstein (German: [ˌiːdaːɐ̯ ˈʔoːbɐˌʃtaɪn] ⓘ) is a town in the Birkenfeld district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. As a Große kreisangehörige Stadt (large city belonging to a district), it assumes some of the responsibilities that for smaller municipalities in the district are assumed by the district administration. Today's town of Idar-Oberstein is the product of two rounds of administrative reform, one in 1933 and the other in 1969, which saw many municipalities amalgamated into one. The various Stadtteile have, however, retained their original identities, which, aside from the somewhat more urban character encountered in Idar and Oberstein, tend to hark back to each centre's history as a rural village. Idar-Oberstein is known as a gemstone town, and also as a garrison town. It is also the largest town in the Hunsrück.
Leslie C. Allen
Leslie C. Allen was an Old Testament scholar. He was Senior Professor of Old Testament at Fuller Theological Seminary's School of Theology, where he taught in the Hebrew Prophets, OT 'Writings' and OT Exegesis in Lamentations and Psalms. He authored a number of scholarly books, most notably the commentary on the books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah and Micah in the New International Commentary on the Old Testament series. Also numbers of scholarly journals, biblical encyclopedias and academic religious periodicals have included articles by Allen.

Word Biblical Commentary
The Word Biblical Commentary (WBC) is a series of commentaries in English on the text of the Bible both Old and New Testament. It is currently published by the Zondervan Publishing Company.  Initially published under the "Word Books" imprint, the series spent some time as part of the Thomas Nelson list. When this publisher was acquired by HarperCollins the series was assigned to another of the group's publishers, Zondervan.
Real Audiencia of Buenos Aires
The Real Audiencia de Buenos Aires, were two audiencias, or highest courts, of the Spanish crown, which operated in Buenos Aires. The jurisdiction of the first covered the territory of the Governorate of the Río de la Plata and operated from 1661 to 1671. The second began to function in 1783 and had jurisdiction over the parts of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata not covered by the Audiencia de Charcas, that is to say the intendancies of Buenos Aires, Córdoba del Tucumán, Salta del Tucumán and Paraguay. In 1810, after the May Revolution, it was suspended, and in 1813 the Assembly of the Year XIII permanently abolished it. The Audiencias operated in the city's cabildo building.

Real Audiencia of Charcas
The Real Audiencia of Charcas (Spanish: Audiencia y Cancillería Real de La Plata de los Charcas) was a Spanish audiencia with its seat in what is today Bolivia. It was established in 1559 in Ciudad de la Plata de Nuevo Toledo (later Charcas, modern-day Sucre) and had jurisdiction over the Governorate of Charcas (es), Paraguay and the Governorate of the Río de la Plata (now Uruguay and northern Argentina). The audiencia oversaw the incredible silver output of the mines at Potosí. It was part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until 1776, when it was transferred to the newly created Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata and began to be referred to as Upper Peru.
Mare Island San Pablo Bay Trail
The Mare Island San Pablo Bay Trail is a walking trail on Mare Island in Vallejo, California.

It runs along the west side of Mare Island, near San Pablo Bay. It has views of the bay and mountains, including Mount Diablo and Mount Tamalpais.

The trail encircles a U. S. Navy Base Realignment and Closure Investigation Area.

The trail has been lit for holiday events.

Mare Island
Mare Island (Spanish: Isla de la Yegua) is a peninsula in the United States in the city of Vallejo, California, about 23 miles (37 km) northeast of San Francisco. The Napa River forms its eastern side as it enters the Carquinez Strait juncture with the east side of San Pablo Bay. Mare Island is a peninsula, as no full body of water separates this or several other named "islands" from the mainland. Instead, a series of small sloughs cause seasonal water-flows among the so-called islands. Mare Island is the largest of these at about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) long and a mile wide.
Gary Hart (wrestler)
Gary Richard Williams (January 24, 1942 – March 16, 2008) was an American professional wrestling manager, as well as a professional wrestler in his early career, best known by his ring name Gary Hart. Hart was one of the pivotal driving forces behind what is considered to be World Class Championship Wrestling's "golden years" in the early 1980s.

Manager (professional wrestling)
In professional wrestling, a manager is a supporting character paired with a wrestler (or wrestlers) for a variety of reasons. A woman accompanying, or "seconding", a male wrestler to a match is sometimes referred to as a valet.

Performers who assume this role may be non-wrestlers, occasional wrestlers, older wrestlers who have retired or are nearing retirement, the tag team partner of the wrestler they are managing, or new wrestlers who are breaking into the business (or a specific company) and need experience in front of the crowds. The wrestler who is paired with a manager may be referred to as their charge, client, or ward. A professional wrestling manager's portrayal as a wrestler's decision-maker is usually fictional and has nothing to do with a wrestler or promotion's real-world counterpart or road agent.
Chromatic spectral sequence
In mathematics, the chromatic spectral sequence is a spectral sequence, introduced by Ravenel (1978), used for calculating the initial term of the Adams spectral sequence for Brown–Peterson cohomology, which is in turn used for calculating the stable homotopy groups of spheres.

Spectral sequence
In homological algebra and algebraic topology, a spectral sequence is a means of computing homology groups by taking successive approximations.  Spectral sequences are a generalization of exact sequences, and since their introduction by Jean Leray (1946a, 1946b), they have become important computational tools, particularly in algebraic topology, algebraic geometry and homological algebra.