hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Testery
The Testery was a section at Bletchley Park, the British codebreaking station during World War II. It was set up in July 1942 as the "FISH Subsection" under Major Ralph Tester, hence its alternative name. Four founder members were Tester himself and three senior cryptanalysts: Captain Jerry Roberts, Captain Peter Ericsson and Major Denis Oswald. All four were fluent in German. From 1 July 1942 on, this team switched and was tasked with breaking the German High Command's most top-level code Tunny after Bill Tutte successfully broke Tunny system in Spring 1942.

Bletchley Park
Bletchley Park is an English country house and estate in Bletchley, Milton Keynes (Buckinghamshire), that became the principal centre of Allied code-breaking during the Second World War. During World War II, the estate housed the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), which regularly penetrated the secret communications of the Axis powers –  most importantly the German Enigma and Lorenz ciphers. The GC&CS team of codebreakers included John Tiltman, Dilwyn Knox, Alan Turing, Harry Golombek, Gordon Welchman, Hugh Alexander, Donald Michie, Bill Tutte and Stuart Milner-Barry.

The team at Bletchley Park, 75% women, devised automatic machinery to help with decryption, culminating in the development of Colossus, the world's first programmable digital electronic computer. Codebreaking operations at Bletchley Park ended in 1946 and all information about the wartime operations was classified until the mid-1970s. After the war it had various uses and now houses the Bletchley Park museum.
Coregonus pallasii
Coregonus pallasii is a putative species of whitefish in the family Salmonidae, part of the Coregonus lavaretus complex (European whitefish).

It is a lacustrine fish, indicated to live in large lakes of Sweden, Finland and Karelia (Russia).  A typical size is 42 cm and maximum size 60 cm.

In Sweden, the name C. pallasii has been used of a whitefish form known as aspsik in the large lakes of the northern river basins, including lakes Pakijaure, Hornävan, Storlaisan, Storuman, Vojmsjön and Storlögdan. Currently these populations are no more considered separate from the common whitefish, but as a morphotype within Coregonus maraena. Also in Finland, only one species of the C. lavaretus group is recognized, and C. lavaretus f. pallasi has been used to denote the zooplankton-feeding ecomorph "northern densely-rakered whitefish".

Coregonus
Coregonus is a diverse genus of fish in the salmon family (Salmonidae).  The Coregonus species are known as whitefishes.  The genus contains at least 68 described extant taxa, but the true number of species is a matter of debate. The type species of the genus is Coregonus lavaretus.

Most Coregonus species inhabit lakes and rivers, and several species, including the Arctic cisco (C. autumnalis), the Bering cisco (C. laurettae), and the least cisco (C. sardinella) are anadromous, moving between salt water and fresh water.

Many whitefish species or ecotypes, especially from the Great Lakes and the Alpine lakes of Europe, have gone extinct over the past century or are endangered. Among 12 freshwater fish considered extinct in Europe, 6 are Coregonus. All Coregonus species are protected under appendix III of the Bern Convention, and Annex IV of the EC Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC)
Lorain, Ohio
Lorain (/lɔːˈreɪn/) is a city in Lorain County, Ohio, United States. It is located in Northeast Ohio on Lake Erie at the mouth of the Black River, about 25 miles (40 km) west of Cleveland. With a population of 65,211 at the 2020 census, Lorain is the ninth-most populous city in Ohio, the most populous in Lorain County and the third-most populous in Greater Cleveland.

Greater Cleveland
The Cleveland metropolitan area, or Greater Cleveland, is the metropolitan area surrounding the city of Cleveland, Ohio, United States. The six-county Cleveland, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) as defined by the Office of Management and Budget consists of Cuyahoga, Ashtabula, Geauga, Lake, Lorain, and Medina counties in northeast Ohio, with a total population of 2,185,825. This makes it the 33rd-most populous metropolitan area in the United States and the third largest in Ohio.

The metro area is also part of the larger Cleveland-Akron-Canton, OH Combined Statistical Area, which, with over 3.7 million people, is the 17th most populous combined statistical area in the nation. Northeast Ohio refers to a larger region that includes Greater Cleveland, as well as metropolitan Akron, Canton, Youngstown, and surrounding rural areas. Greater Cleveland is part of what is known historically as the Connecticut Western Reserve.
Spike (missile)
Spike (Hebrew: ספייק) is an Israeli fire-and-forget anti-tank guided missile and anti-personnel missile with a tandem-charge high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warhead. As of 2024, it is in its sixth generation. It was developed and designed by the Israeli company Rafael Advanced Defense Systems. It is available in man-portable, vehicle-launched, helicopter-launched and maritime variants.

The missile can engage and destroy targets within the line-of-sight of the launcher ("fire-and-forget"), and some variants can make a top attack through a "fire, observe and update" method (essentially lock-on after launch); the operator tracking the target, or switching to another target, optically through the trailing fiber-optic wire (or RF link in the case of the vehicle-mounted, long-range NLOS variant) while the missile is climbing to altitude after launch. This is similar to the lofted trajectory flight profile of the US FGM-148 Javelin.

Puma (German infantry fighting vehicle)
The Schützenpanzer Puma (SPz Puma), meaning “Infantry fighting vehicle Puma”, is a German infantry fighting vehicle (IFV), per the Panzergrenadier-doctrine, designed to replace the aging Marder IFVs currently in service with the German Army. Production of the first batch of 350 vehicles began in 2010 and was completed in August 2021. A second batch of 229 Pumas received funding. Mass production began on 6 July 2009. The companies responsible for this project are KNDS Deutschland and Rheinmetall, which created a joint venture, Projekt System Management GmbH (PSM). The Puma is one of the world's best-protected IFVs, while still having a high power-to-weight ratio.
Pywiack Dome
Pywiack Dome is a prominent 600 foot granite dome in Yosemite National Park, located 0.7 miles (1.1 km) north-east of Tenaya Lake, 4 miles (6.4 km) west of Tuolumne Meadows and 200 feet (61.0 m) from the Tioga Road. It is quite near Harlequin Dome, and North and South Whizz Domes are north.

Josiah Whitney the head of California Geological Survey wrote in 1863 about Pywiack Dome in Geology:

At the head of Lake Tenaya is a very conspicuous conical knob of bare granite, about 800 feet high, the sides of which are everywhere finely polished and grooved by former glaciers.

North Whizz Dome
North Whizz Dome is a granite dome in the Tuolumne Meadows area of Yosemite National Park. North Whizz Dome is a bit south, of Cathedral Creek, which has its source, near Cathedral Peak. North Whizz Dome Dome is north of both Medlicott Dome and Pywiack Dome, both of which are south of California State Route 120, which runs through Tuolumne Meadows to Tioga Pass. It is near Hammer Dome, also, Daff Dome and Polly Dome are nearby.
Lingual nerve
The lingual nerve carries sensory innervation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. It contains fibres from both the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3) and from the facial nerve (CN VII). The fibres from the trigeminal nerve are for touch, pain and temperature (general sensation), and the ones from the facial nerve are for taste (special sensation).

Inferior alveolar nerve
The inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) (also the inferior dental nerve) is a sensory branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3) (which is itself the third branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)). The nerve provides sensory innervation to the lower/mandibular teeth and their corresponding gingiva as well as a small area of the face (via its mental nerve).
Chicken
The chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a domesticated form of the red junglefowl (Gallus gallus), originally native to Southeast Asia. It was first domesticated around 8,000 years ago and is one of the most common and widespread domesticated animals in the world. Chickens are primarily kept for their meat and eggs, though they are also kept as pets.

As of 2023, the global chicken population exceeds 26.5 billion, with more than 50 billion birds produced annually for consumption. Specialized breeds such as broilers and laying hens have been developed for meat and egg production, respectively. A hen bred for laying can produce over 300 eggs per year. Chickens are social animals with complex vocalizations and behaviors, and feature in folklore, religion, and literature across many societies. Their economic importance makes them a central component of global animal husbandry.

Cultural references to chickens
There are numerous cultural references to chickens in myth, folklore, religion, and literature. Because the chicken has lived in close association with humans for millennia, it has become deeply embedded in cultures worldwide. Its presence in myth, religion, and art from every inhabited continent reflects not only its practical value but also its symbolic importance. The ubiquity of chickens in human societies exemplifies their long-standing symbiotic relationship with humans—a partnership that has made the chicken one of the most successful species on Earth.

Chickens are a sacred animal in many cultures, being deeply embedded in  belief systems and religious worship practices.

Roosters are sometimes used for a divination practice called Alectryomancy, a word deriving from the Greek for "rooster" and "divination". This would sometimes involve sacrificing a sacred rooster during a ritual cockfight to communicate with the gods.
Splitter (geometry)
In Euclidean geometry, a splitter is a line segment through one of the vertices of a triangle (that is, a cevian) that bisects the perimeter of the triangle. They are not to be confused with cleavers, which also bisect the perimeter but instead emanate from the midpoint of one of the triangle's sides.

Cevian
In geometry, a cevian is a line segment which joins a vertex of a triangle to a point on the opposite side of the triangle. Medians, symmedians, angle bisectors, altitudes are all special cases of cevians. The name cevian comes from the Italian mathematician Giovanni Ceva, who proved a theorem about cevians which also bears his name.
Karuna Gaon
Karuna Gaon (Maithili: करुणा गांव) is a legendary village in the Mithila region of Bihar in India. It is located in the Harlakhi block of the Madhubani district in the state of Bihar in India. It is simply called as Karuna. It is situated near Indo-Nepal border area. There is a legendary pond known as Ram Sagar Pokhair related to the epic Ramayana in the village. It is a part of the spiritual journey Mithila Madhya Parikrama in the region. It is one of the major fifteen destinations in the path of the historical Mithila Madhya Parikrama.

Mithila Madhya Parikrama
Mithila Madhya Parikrama (मिथिला मध्य परिक्रमा) is an annual circular journey of the central part of the Mithila region in Nepal and Bihar (India). It is held every year between the months of Kartik (October–November), Falgun (February–March) and Baishakh (April–May). It is mentioned in the epic Mithila Mahatmya which was composed in the 18th century. It is also called as the Mahakumbha of Mithila. Similarly it is also considered as the symbol of Nepal-India mutual goodwill. It also symbolizes the "roti-beti ka rishta" by connecting communities in India and Nepal through a shared cultural and religious heritage related to the legendary marriage between Lord Rama and Goddess Sita in the ancient Mithila Kingdom. Devotees from both nations undertake the pilgrimage, which includes sites in both countries, to reinforce shared traditions and goodwill. It is echoing the historical familial ties that form the basis of this deeply rooted relationship.
Smoky Hills
The Smoky Hills are an upland region of hills in the central Great Plains of North America. They are located in the Midwestern United States, encompassing north-central Kansas and a small portion of south-central Nebraska.

The hills are a dissected plain covered by tallgrass and mixed-grass prairie. The Smoky Hills were formed by erosion of sedimentary deposits from the Cretaceous period and expose chalk, limestone, and sandstone rock outcroppings.

Republican River
The Republican River is a river in the central Great Plains of North America, rising in the High Plains of eastern Colorado and flowing east 453 miles (729 km) through the U.S. states of Nebraska and Kansas.
Roman Catholic Diocese of Cork and Ross
The Diocese of Cork and Ross (Irish: Deoise Chorcaí agus Rosa) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Ireland, one of six suffragan dioceses in the ecclesiastical province of Cashel and Emly.

The cathedral church of the diocese is Cathedral of St Mary and St Anne in Cork city.

The incumbent bishop of the diocese is Fintan Gavin.

Cathedral of St Mary and St Anne
The Cathedral of Saint Mary and Saint Anne (Irish: Ardeaglais Naomh Muire agus Naomh Áine), also known as Saint Mary's Cathedral, The North Cathedral or The North Chapel, is a Roman Catholic cathedral located at the top of Shandon Street in Cork, Ireland. It is the seat of the Bishop of Cork and Ross, and the mother church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cork and Ross. Its name derived from the fact that it encompassed the ecclesiastical parish of St. Mary and the civil parish of St. Anne.
Mountain View, California
Mountain View is a city in Santa Clara County, California, United States, part of the San Francisco Bay Area. Named for its views of the Santa Cruz Mountains, the population was 82,376 at the 2020 census.

Mountain View was integral to the early history and growth of Silicon Valley, and is the location of many high technology companies. In 1956, William Shockley established Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in Mountain View, the first company to develop silicon semiconductor devices in Silicon Valley. Mountain View houses the headquarters of many of the world's largest technology companies, including Google and Alphabet Inc., Intuit, NASA Ames Research Center, and former or existing headquarters for Symantec, 23andMe, LinkedIn, Samsung, Quora and Synopsys.

California State Route 82
State Route 82 (SR 82) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California that runs from Interstate 880 (I-880) in San Jose to I-280 in San Francisco following the San Francisco Peninsula. It is the spinal arterial road of the peninsula and runs parallel to the nearby Caltrain line along much of the route. For much of its length, the highway is named El Camino Real and formed part of the historic El Camino Real mission trail. It passes through and near the historic downtowns of many Peninsula cities, including Burlingame, San Mateo, Redwood City, Menlo Park, Palo Alto, Mountain View, Sunnyvale, and Santa Clara, and through some of the most walkable and transit-oriented neighborhoods in the region.
Distributed Bragg reflector
A distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) is a reflector used in waveguides, such as optical fibers. It is a structure formed from multiple layers of alternating materials with different refractive index, or by periodic variation of some characteristic (such as height) of a dielectric waveguide, resulting in periodic variation in the effective refractive index in the guide. Each layer boundary causes a partial reflection and refraction of an optical wave. For waves whose vacuum wavelength is close to four times the optical thickness of the layers, the interaction between these beams generates constructive interference, and the layers act as a high-quality reflector.  The range of wavelengths that are reflected is called the photonic stopband. Within this range of wavelengths, light is "forbidden" to propagate in the structure.

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser
The vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL /ˈvɪksəl/) is a type of semiconductor laser diode with laser beam emission perpendicular from the top surface, contrary to conventional edge-emitting semiconductor lasers (also called in-plane lasers) which emit from surfaces formed by cleaving the individual chip out of a wafer.  VCSELs are used in various laser products, including computer mice, fiber-optic communications, laser printers, Face ID, and smartglasses.
Echagere
12°37′13.46″N 76°57′15.3″E﻿ / ﻿12.6204056°N 76.954250°E﻿ / 12.6204056; 76.954250
Echagere is a small village located in Karnataka state, Mandya District and block, Hodaghatta panchayat. It is 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) north-east of the city of Mandya. Neighbouring villages include Keelara and Hodaghatta. Echagere is sometimes spelled "Eachagere". Under Eachagere, the India Census of 2011 gives the village a population of 1,352.

Keelara
Keelara  is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Mandya taluk of Mandya district. The village is around 10 km from Mandya city and 96 km from the capital city of Karnataka via NH-275.
R. B. Ratnamalala
Ran Banda Ratnamalala (13 December 1912 – 1974) was a Sri Lankan politician. He was the member of Parliament of Sri Lanka from Kalawewa representing the Sri Lanka Freedom Party.

He was elected to parliament from Kalawewa in the March 1960 general election and was re-elected in the July 1960 general election, the 1965 general election and the 1970 general election. On his death, A. M. S. Adikari succeeded him having been elected in a by-election.

A. M. S. Adikari
Adikari Mudiyanselage Somapala Adikari (24 November 1935 - 14 December 2015) was a Sri Lankan politician. He was the Minister of Posts and Telecommunications, Minister of Tourism and the member of Parliament of Sri Lanka from Kalawewa representing the United National Party.

Adikari was elected to parliament from Kalawewa in a by election in 1974 following the death of R. B. Ratnamalala. He was re-elected 1977 general election.
Shepley Co-operative Society
Shepley Industrial and Provident Society was a small consumer co-operative based in the West Yorkshire village of Shepley in England. The Society, which was founded in 1852, operated a single co-operative foodstore on Station Road.

A registered Industrial and Provident Society, Shepley Industrial and Provident Society was a corporate member of the Co-operative Group (formerly Co-operative Wholesale Society) and its national buying scheme, the Co-operative Retail Trading Group.

In August 2013, the Society was wound-up and its assets transferred to the Midlands Co-operative Society. This became Central England Co-operative in January 2014.

Midlands Co-operative Society
Midlands Co-operative Society Limited was the second largest consumer co-operative in the United Kingdom. It was a registered Industrial and Provident Society, a member of the Co-operative Union, the Co-operative Retail Trading Group and a corporate member of The Co-operative Group (formerly Co-operative Wholesale Society), the largest consumer co-operative in the world. The Society had over 200 stores, principally trading in the English Midlands. Head office was located in Lichfield, Staffordshire.

On 19 September 2013, it was announced that the boards of Midlands Co-operative Society and Anglia Regional Co-operative Society had agreed merger terms. Approved by members on 4 and 18 November, legal completion of the merger took place on 1 December, with the Anglia Society transferring engagements to Midlands Co-operative. On 15 January 2014, members of the merged society approved a change of name to Central England Co-operative effective from 25 January 2014.
Macarona bil-bechamel
Macarona bil-bechamel (Egyptian Arabic: مكرونة بالبشاميل) is a traditional Egyptian pasta bake that combines penne pasta, a spiced meat sauce, and creamy béchamel sauce. Some versions involve a top layer of cheese. This casserole is reminiscent of Italian lasagna and Greek pastitsio, likely drawing inspiration from the latter during the early 20th century, when a significant Greek community resided in Egypt.

Pastitsio
Pastitsio (Greek: παστίτσιο, pastítsio) is a baked pasta dish with ground meat and béchamel sauce, which came from the Ionian Islands to Greece. Variations of the dish are found in other countries near the Mediterranean Sea.
Tongguan District
Tongguan District (simplified Chinese: 铜官区; traditional Chinese: 銅官區; pinyin: Tóngguān Qū) is an urban district under the administration of the city of Tongling, Anhui Province, China. It has a total area of 83 square kilometres (32 sq mi), and a population of approximately 402,062. The district's postal code is 244000 and 244031. Tongguan District was established after the merge of Tongguanshan District and Shizishan District in October 2015.

Tongling
Tongling (simplified Chinese: 铜陵; traditional Chinese: 銅陵; pinyin: Tónglíng; Wade–Giles: T'ung-ling; lit. 'Copper Hillock') is a prefecture-level city in southern Anhui province of China. A river port along the Yangtze River, Tongling borders Wuhu to the east, Chizhou to the southwest and Anqing to the west.

As of the 2020 census, its population was 1,311,726 inhabitants whom 842,675 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of 3 urban districts.
At the end of 2024 and the beginning of 2025, the permanent population will be 1.302 million. The asteroid 12418 Tongling was named after the city.
Siniaka-Minia National Park
The Siniaka-Minia National Park is located in the regions of Guéra and Moyen-Chari in Chad. It was established as an IUCN Category IV area in 1965 covering an area of 4,260 km2 (1,640 sq mi), due its importance for preserving black rhinoceros. Siniaka-Minia has been managed by the nonprofit conservation organization African Parks since 2017 in partnership with Chad's government following the success of the African Parks partnership in Zakouma National Park.

In 2023, Siniaka-Minia was promoted from a Reserve to a National Park. In addition to anti-poaching measures, the organization states some of its key priorities are wildlife monitoring and infrastructure development.

African Parks
African Parks is a non-governmental organization (NGO) focused on biodiversity conservation through protected area management, established in 2000 and headquartered in Johannesburg, South Africa. It was founded as the African Parks Management and Finance Company, a private company, then underwent structural changes to become an NGO called African Parks Foundation, and later renamed African Parks Network. The organization manages national parks and protected areas throughout Africa, in collaboration with governments and surrounding communities. African Parks manages 24 protected areas in 13 countries as of October 2025, and employs more than 5000 staff.
National Savings (Pakistan)
The Central Directorate of National Savings is a Pakistani state-owned savings bank, operating as an attached department under the Finance Division, Ministry of Finance led by the Director General. It is based in Melody Market, Islamabad.

National Savings serves as an intermediary which raises funds from individual savers to help finance the government's fiscal deficit through non-bank means.

Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)
The Ministry of Finance is a cabinet-level ministry of the government of Pakistan that is in charge of government finance, fiscal policy, and financial regulation. A Finance Minister, an executive or cabinet position heads it.
The Minister is responsible each year for presenting the federal government's budget to the Parliament of Pakistan.