hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Marian civil war
The Marian civil war in Scotland (1568–1573) was a period of conflict which followed the abdication of Mary, Queen of Scots, and her escape from Lochleven Castle in May 1568. Those who ruled in the name of her infant son James VI fought against the supporters of the Queen, who was exiled in England. Edinburgh Castle, which was garrisoned in her name, became the focus of the conflict and surrendered only after an English intervention in May 1573. The conflict in 1570 was called an "internecine war in the bowels of this commonwealth", and the period was called soon after an "internecine war driven by questions against authority."

James MacGill
Sir James MacGill, Lord Rankeillor of Nether Rankeillour (died 1579), was a Scottish courtier and Senator of the College of Justice.

Sworn of the Privy Council by Mary, Queen of Scots in 1561, he became her Lord Clerk Register (Keeper of the Scots Royal Archives). He was knighted as Sir James MacGill of Nether Rankeillour.

Although engaged in the administration of Queen Mary (of Guise) he remained a committed Protestant. He occupied the manse in Flisk, an estate three miles south of Cupar in Fife. His successor as Lord Clerk Register, James Balfour, later Lord Pittendreich, previously held the manse in Flisk.
Whitehorse Manningham Libraries
Whitehorse Manningham Regional Library Corporation provides library services to the City of Manningham and the City of Whitehorse. City of Manningham covers 114 square kilometres. The estimated population was 119,442 in 2015. The languages spoken include Cantonese, Greek, Mandarin, Italian and Arabic. The City of Whitehorse covers 64 square kilometres. The estimated population was 163,697 in 2014.

The combined library service was established in 1996 on the amalgamation of the City of Nunawading Library Service and the Box Hill/Doncaster Library Service.

City of Whitehorse
The City of Whitehorse is a local government area in Victoria, Australia in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne. It has an area of 64.2 km2 (25 sq mi) and an estimated residential population of 183,462 as of June 2024.
Arabhi
Arabhi or Aarabhi (pronounced ārabhi) is a ragam (musical scale) in Carnatic music (South Indian classical music). It is a Janya raga (derived scale), whose Melakarta raga (parent scale, also known as janaka) is Shankarabharanam, 29th in the 72 Melakarta raga system. It is a combination of the pentatonic scale Shuddha Saveri (or Durga in Hindustani Music) and the sampurna raga scale Shankarabharanam.

Arabhi is a raga that dates back to 7 AD. Originally, it was called as pazhanthakkam in Ancient Tamil music. A very auspicious ragam that emanates Veera rasa (valour), Arabhi is one of the five Ghana ragams that shine with special brilliance when Thanam is played on Veena.

Shuddha Saveri
Shuddha Saveri or śuddha sāveri  is a ragam in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music) and Yakshagana music. It is an audava rāgam (or owdava rāgam, meaning pentatonic scale). It is a janya rāgam (derived scale)of the Melakarta ragam Dhīraśaṅkarābharaṇaṃ which is 29th Melakarta raga. In Hindustani music it is called Durga. According to the school of Muthuswami Dikshitar, this rāgam is called Devakriya. Karnataka Shuddha Saveri, a janya rāgam of 1st melakarta Kanakangi, is called Shuddha Saveri by the Dikshitar school. Devakriya in the Tyagaraja school of music is a different Raga, which is a Janya of Natabhairavi(Mela 20).
William F. Friedman
William Frederick Friedman (September 24, 1891 – November 2, 1969) was a US Army cryptographer who ran the research division of the Army's Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) in the 1930s, and parts of its follow-on services into the 1950s. In 1940, subordinates of his led by Frank Rowlett broke Japan's PURPLE cipher, thus disclosing Japanese diplomatic secrets before America's entrance into World War II.

Rotor machine
In cryptography, a rotor machine is an electro-mechanical stream cipher device used for encrypting and decrypting messages. Rotor machines were the cryptographic state-of-the-art for much of the 20th century; they were in widespread use from the 1920s to the 1970s. The most famous example is the German Enigma machine, the output of which was deciphered by the Allies during World War II,  producing intelligence code-named Ultra.
Mike Andrews
Michael Jay Andrews (born July 9, 1943) is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as an infielder for the Boston Red Sox, Chicago White Sox and Oakland Athletics. After his playing career, he served for more than 25 years as chairman of The Jimmy Fund, an event fundraising organization affiliated with the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, Massachusetts. He is the older brother of Rob Andrews, who played five seasons in MLB from 1975 through 1979.

Dick Williams
Richard Hirschfeld Williams (May 7, 1929 – July 7, 2011) was an American left fielder, third baseman, manager, coach and front-office consultant in Major League Baseball (MLB). Known especially as a hard-driving, sharp-tongued manager from 1967 to 1969 and from 1971 to 1988, he led teams to three American League pennants, one National League pennant, and two World Series triumphs. He is one of nine managers to win pennants in both major leagues, and joined Bill McKechnie in becoming only the second manager to lead three franchises to the Series (Bruce Bochy, in 2023, became the third). He and Lou Piniella are the only managers in history to lead four teams to seasons of 90 or more wins. Williams was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2008 following his election by the Veterans Committee.
2025 J2 League
The 2025 J2 League, also known as the 2025 Meiji Yasuda J2 League (Japanese: 2025 明治安田J2リーグ, Hepburn: 2025 Meiji Yasuda J2 Rīgu) for sponsorship reasons, was the 27th season of the J2 League, the second-tier Japanese professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1999. This was also the eleventh season of the league since its rebrand from J.League Division 2.

2025 J3 League
The 2025 J3 League, also known as the 2025 Meiji Yasuda J3 League (Japanese: 2025 明治安田J3リーグ, Hepburn: 2025 Meiji Yasuda J3 Rīgu) for sponsorship reasons, was the 12th season of the J3 League, the third-tier Japanese professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 2013.
Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary
The Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary situated in Pratapgarh and Chittaurgarh districts of Rajasthan Rajasthan, India, declared as a protected forest area by the Government of Rajasthan Notification No. F 11 (9) Revenue/8/79, dated 2/11/1979. It is a dense forest, with an area of 422.95 square kilometers, which is about 40% of the total land area of the district. The land is undulating because of the confluence of three different formations — Malwa Plateau, the Vindhyachal Hills and Aravali mountain ranges.

Aravalli Range
The Aravalli Range (also spelled Aravali) is a mountain range in north-western India. running approximately 670 km (420 mi) in a south-west direction, starting near Delhi, passing through southern Haryana and Rajasthan, and ending in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. The highest peak is Guru Shikhar in Mount Abu, Rajasthan at 1,722 m (5,650 ft). The Aravalli Range is the oldest fold-mountain belt in India, dating back to the Paleoproterozoic era.
Electoral district of Western Suburbs
Western Suburbs was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales in Sydney's inner western suburbs. It was created as a five-member electorate with the introduction of proportional representation in 1920, replacing Ashfield, Dulwich Hill, Leichhardt, Marrickville and Petersham. It was abolished in 1927 and replaced by Ashfield, Burwood, Croydon, Leichhardt and Marrickville.

Electoral district of Croydon (New South Wales)
Croydon  was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, created in 1927, with the abolition of proportional representation from part of the multi-member electorate of Western Suburbs, and named after and including the Sydney suburb of Croydon. It was abolished in 1959 and partly combined with Ashfield to create Ashfield-Croydon.
Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Gloucester
Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford, 5th Earl of Gloucester, 1st Lord of Glamorgan, 7th Lord of Clare (1180 – 25 October 1230) was the son of Richard de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford (c. 1153–1217), from whom he inherited the Clare estates. He also inherited from his mother, Amice Fitz William, the estates of Gloucester and the honour of St. Hilary, and from Rohese, an ancestor, the moiety of the Giffard estates. In June 1202, he was entrusted with the lands of Harfleur and Montivilliers in Normandy.

Isabel Marshal
Isabel Marshal (9 October 1200 – 17 January 1240) was a medieval English countess and a member of the Marshal Family. She was the wife of both Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford and 5th Earl of Gloucester and Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall (son of King John of England). With the former, she was a great grandmother of King Robert the Bruce of Scotland.
Lowton
Lowton is a village within the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan, in Greater Manchester, England. It is around 2 miles (3 km) from Leigh, 7 miles (11 km) south of Wigan and 12 miles (19 km) west of Manchester city centre. The settlement lies across the A580 East Lancashire Road.

Within the boundaries of the historic county of Lancashire, Lowton's history is closely connected with Byrom Manor, the ancestral home of the Byroms, a family which included poet John Byrom, the inventor of a system of shorthand. During the Industrial Revolution Lowton was associated with coal mining and manufacturing: it was close to several collieries and factories.

At the 2011 census, the population of Lowton was split between two wards: Lowton East, and Golborne and Lowton West. The latter partially counted the entire population of Golborne, and partially the population of Lowton's western half, with the boundary between them roughly being at Scott Road to the north and Windsor Road to the south.

Leigh (UK Parliament constituency)
Leigh was a constituency in Greater Manchester represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament.

From 2019 to 2024, Leigh was held by James Grundy of the Conservative Party. Before this, the seat was represented by Andy Burnham of the Labour Party, who served as the MP from 2001, and Shadow Home Secretary in Jeremy Corbyn's Shadow Cabinet until October 2016. Burnham stood down following his victory at the 2017 Greater Manchester mayoral election, and was succeeded by the Labour and Co-operative Party's Jo Platt who was MP from 2017 to 2019. Burnham, who was re-elected as Mayor of Greater Manchester in 2021 with an increased majority, still resides in the Leigh constituency.

The constituency was abolished as a result of the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies. With the addition of the town of Atherton, it was reformed as Leigh and Atherton, and was first contested in the 2024 general election.
Robert Wald
Robert M. Wald (/wɔːld/; born  June 29, 1947 in New York City) is an American theoretical physicist and professor at the University of Chicago. He studies general relativity, black holes, and quantum gravity and has written textbooks on these subjects.

Black hole thermodynamics
In physics, black hole thermodynamics is a set of physical relationships between the properties of black holes that stands in direct relationship to classical laws of thermodynamics.: 442  The equivalence is developed by replacing entropy with black hole horizon area and replacing temperature with black hole horizon surface gravity. Having temperature implies that a black hole must emit radiation, that is, Hawking radiation.: 426

There is no known way to verify black hole thermodynamics; it is the most widely accepted physical model that combines general relativity, quantum field theory, and thermodynamics, though Hawking's area law has already been tested by analyzing gravitational waves.
MSG Western New York
MSG Western New York (MSG WNY) is an American regional sports network that is a joint venture between Sphere Entertainment (a company spun off from Madison Square Garden Entertainment) and Hockey Western New York LLC. The channel (also on occasion credited as Pegula Sports Network or MSG Buffalo) is a sub-feed of MSG Network, with programming oriented towards the Western New York region, including coverage of the National Hockey League's Buffalo Sabres and the National Football League's Buffalo Bills. It replaced MSG Network on television providers in the Sabres' media market in 2016.

MSG Western New York is available on cable providers throughout Western New York. Most programming is available nationwide on satellite via DirecTV.

Regional sports network
A regional sports network (RSN) in the United States and Canada is a television channel that presents sports programming to a local media market or geographical region. Such channels often focus on one or a few teams in Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, or the National Hockey League. Minor league sports, college sports, and high school sports may also be shown on such networks.

Some RSNs originated as premium channels. Since the 1990s, they have commonly been distributed through the expanded basic tiers of cable television and IPTV services. Direct broadcast satellite providers may require subscribers to purchase a higher programming tier or a specialized sports tier to receive local and out-of-market regional sports networks.

Due to the rise in cord cutting, some RSNs have closed in the 2020s, with teams and leagues moving some games to free-to-air (FTA) and over-the-top (OTT) television services.
Nara clan
Nara (Manchu: ᠨᠠᡵᠠ ᡥᠠᠯᠠ, Wade-Giles: nara hala, Chinese: 納喇氏, 納蘭氏 or 那拉氏) is a clan name shared by a number of aristocratic Manchu clans, sometimes also transliterated as Nalan or Nalland. The four tribes of the Hūlun confederation (扈倫四部) – Hada (哈達; Hādá), Ula (烏拉; Wūlā), Hoifa (輝發; Huīfā) and Yehe (葉赫; Yèhè) – were all ruled by clans bearing this name.

The head of each clan held the princely title of "beile" (貝勒).

During the Jin dynasty, Nara was listed as one of the noble "white clans" (白號姓氏).

Nar is the Mongolian word for "sun". In Mongolia, the sun is associated to Genghis Khan as the nara tamga is the main tamga attributed to him.

Lady Abahai
Empress Xiaoliewu (1590 – 1 October 1626), of the Ula-Nara clan, personal name Abahai, was a wife of Nurhaci. She was 31 years his junior.

Abahai was erroneously identified with Hong Taiji, Nurhaci's eighth son and successor, in earlier sources.
Henry A. Bumstead
Henry Andrews Bumstead (March 12, 1870 – December 31, 1920) was an American physicist who taught at Yale from 1897 to 1920. In 1918 he was scientific attache to the United States embassy in London. In 1920 he was Chairman of the National Research Council.

Leigh Page
Leigh Page (October 13, 1884 – September 14, 1952) was an American theoretical physicist. Chairman of Mathematical Physics at the Sloane Physics Laboratory of Yale University for over three decades, he is the namesake of Yale's  Leigh Page Prize Lectures.
Langwedel
Langwedel (German pronunciation: [ˈlaŋveːdl̩]) is a municipality in the district of Verden, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the right bank of the Weser, approx. 7 km northwest of Verden, and 30 km southeast of Bremen.

Langwedel belonged to the Prince-Bishopric of Verden, established in 1180. In 1648 the Prince-Bishopric was transformed into the Principality of Verden, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish Crown - interrupted by a Danish occupation (1712–1715) - and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown. The Kingdom of Hanover incorporated the Principality in a real union and the Princely territory, including Langwedel, became part of the new Stade Region, established in 1823.

Prince-Bishopric of Verden
The Prince-Bishopric of Verden was an ecclesiastical principality or Hochstift of the Holy Roman Empire, located in Lower Saxony, Germany. Established as a diocese of the Catholic Church in the middle of the 8th century, it was officially dissolved by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, and replaced by the Duchies of Bremen-Verden.
Jambyl Region
Jambyl Region, formerly named Dzhambul Region until 1991, is a region of Kazakhstan. The population of the region is 1,209,665 Its administrative center is Taraz, with a population of 335,100. To the south the region borders Kyrgyzstan and nearly borders Uzbekistan in the southwest. Jambyl also borders three other provinces of Kazakhstan: Karaganda Region (to the north), Turkistan Region (to the west), and Almaty Region (to the east). The total area is 144,200 square kilometres (55,700 mi2). The province borders Lake Balkhash to its northeast. The province (and its capital during the Soviet era) was named after the Kazakh akyn (folk singer) Jambyl Jabayev.

Almaty Region
Almaty Region (Kazakh: Almaty oblysy [ɑɫmɑˈtə ˌwobɫɤˈsə]), formerly known as the Alma-Ata Region until 1993, is a region in Kazakhstan, located in the southeastern part of the country. It surrounds, but does not include, the eponymous city of Almaty. Its capital is Qonaev.
Cytidine deaminase
Cytidine deaminase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDA gene.

This gene encodes an enzyme involved in pyrimidine salvaging. The encoded protein forms a homotetramer that catalyzes the irreversible hydrolytic deamination of cytidine and deoxycytidine to uridine and deoxyuridine, respectively. It is one of several deaminases responsible for maintaining the cellular pyrimidine pool. Mutations in this gene are associated with decreased sensitivity to the cytosine nucleoside analogue cytosine arabinoside used in the treatment of certain childhood leukemias. Most cytidine deaminases act on RNA, and the few that act on DNA require ssDNA.

A related activation-induced (cytidine) deaminase (AID) regulates antibody diversification, especially the process of somatic hypermutation.

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase, also known as AICDA, AID and single-stranded DNA cytosine deaminase, is a 24 kDa enzyme which in humans is encoded by the AICDA gene.  It creates mutations in DNA by deamination of cytosine base, which turns it into uracil (which is recognized as a thymine).  In other words, it changes a C:G base pair into a U:G mismatch.  The cell's DNA replication machinery recognizes the U as a T, and hence C:G is converted to a T:A base pair. During germinal center development of B lymphocytes, error-prone DNA repair following AID action also generates other types of mutations, such as C:G to A:T. AID is a member of the APOBEC family.

In B cells in the lymph nodes, AID causes mutations that produce antibody diversity, but that same mutation process can also lead to B cell lymphoma.
Charles Lambart, 3rd Earl of Cavan
Charles Lambart, 3rd Earl of Cavan (7 September 1649 – 5 December 1702) was an Irish peer.

He was the eldest son of Richard Lambart, 2nd Earl of Cavan and Rose Ware, daughter of the historian Sir James Ware and Elizabeth Newman. He inherited the Earldom of Cavan in 1690 from his father, who had long been insane. His mother apparently died giving birth to him.

He married Castilina, daughter of Henry Gilbert of Kilminchy, County Laois and Gertrude St Leger and sister of St Leger Gilbert, MP for Maryborough, and had four sons, including Charles, Lord Lambart, who predeceased him, Richard Lambart, 4th Earl of Cavan, Oliver, who married Frances Stewart, and Henry, father of the 6th Earl. He died in December 1702 and was buried in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. Castilina died at a great age in 1742.

Richard Lambart, 4th Earl of Cavan
Richard Lambart, 4th Earl of Cavan PC (I) (died 10 March 1742) was an Irish peer.

He was the second but eldest surviving son of Charles Lambart, 3rd Earl of Cavan, and Castilina Gilbert, daughter of Henry Gilbert of Kilminchy and sister of St Leger Gilbert MP. He inherited the Earldom of Cavan in 1702, his eldest brother Charles having predeceased their father.

He married Margaret Trant, daughter of  Richard Trant, Governor of Barbados, and had four children, including Ford Lambart, 5th Earl of Cavan, and Gertrude who married William Fitzmaurice, 2nd Earl of Kerry.
David Sharples
David Sharples  AKC (born 17 March 1958) is a retired priest who served as Archdeacon of Rochdale and former Archdeacon of Salford.

He was educated at King's College London and ordained after a period of study at the College of the Resurrection, Mirfield in 1983. After a curacy at St Mary the Virgin, Prestwich he was Vicar of St Anne's, Royton from 1987 to 2002; and  Director of Ordinands for the Anglican Diocese of Manchester from 2002.

He retired effective 31 March 2024.

A keen supporter of Manchester City, he is married with two sons.

Archdeacon of Rochdale
The Archdeacon of Rochdale is a senior ecclesiastical officer within the Diocese of Manchester.

As Archdeacon, they are responsible for the disciplinary supervision of the clergy within the five area deaneries: Ashton-under-Lyne, Heywood and Middleton, Rochdale, Oldham East and Oldham West.

Created on 3 June 1910 from the Manchester archdeaconry, the post is currently vacant.
Stockholm Archipelago
The Stockholm Archipelago (Swedish: Stockholms skärgård) is the largest archipelago in Sweden, and the second-largest archipelago in the Baltic Sea (the largest being the Archipelago Sea across the Baltic in Finland). Part of the archipelago has been designated as a Ramsar site since 1989.

Stockholm Archipelago has been found to have slightly over 24,000 islands, islets and skerries and covers approximately 1,700 km² of which approximately 530 km² is land. There are around 10,000 permanent residences and 50,000 holiday homes in the archipelago. Residents are found on all the larger islands closest to the coast that have fixed bridges or ferry connections with road ferries, such as Vaxholm, Ingarö, Värmdö, Yxlan, Blidö, Ljusterö and Väddö, but also on many of the larger islands farther out from the coast, as Ingmarsö, Möja, Runmarö, Nämdö, Ornö and Utö, which are served by passenger ships with fixed itineraries.

Landsort
Landsort (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈlânːdsʊʈ]) is a Swedish village with a lighthouse on the island of Öja. The village has around 30 permanent residents.

The tower was built in 1689, with an upper conical iron section added in 1870. Open fires, serving as beacons, have been lit at the site since early times.

Landsort is the southernmost point of the Stockholm archipelago.
Shang Juncheng
Shang Juncheng (Chinese: 商竣程, also known as Jerry Shang; born 2 February 2005) is a Chinese professional tennis player. He reached a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 47 on 21 October 2024. He is currently the No. 4 singles player from China. In July 2021, he reached No. 1 in the ITF junior rankings.

Kei Nishikori
Kei Nishikori (錦織 圭, Nishikori Kei; [ɲiɕi̥koꜜɾi keꜜː]; born 29 December 1989) is a Japanese professional tennis player. He is the only Japanese man in the Open Era to have been ranked in the top five in singles, reaching his career-high ranking of world No. 4 in March 2015, and the second man in history to do so after Jiro Sato. Nishikori has won twelve titles on the ATP Tour and was runner-up at the 2014 US Open, making him the only man representing an Asian country to contest a major singles final. He also became the first man from Asia to qualify for the ATP Finals, reaching the semifinals in 2014 and 2016.

In addition, Nishikori defeated Rafael Nadal to win the bronze medal in singles at the 2016 Summer Olympics, bringing Japan its first Olympic tennis medal in 96 years. He holds one of the highest percentages of deciding-set wins in the Open Era and has the third-highest win percentage in matches extending to five sets, with a record of 29–8 and a win percentage of 78.4%.