hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Massena (village), New York
Massena is a village in St. Lawrence County, New York, United States. The village is named after André Masséna, one of Napoleon's generals.

The Village of Massena is at the southwestern town line of the Town of Massena, with a small southeastern section of the community spilling into the Town of Louisville, and a tiny portion in the Town of Norfolk. The village is located near the northern border of the county.

Massena Central High School
Massena Central High School is a four-year public high school located in Massena, New York, for students in grades 9 through 12. It is one of five schools, and the only high school, in the Massena Central School District.

The school district includes the entire Village of Massena, plus a portion of the Akwesasne census-designated place. The district includes most of the towns of Massena and Louisville, and parts of the towns of Norfolk and Brasher. In 2003 some children from the Canadian portion of Akwesasne attended high school at Massena Central.
Inabe, Mie (town)
Inabe (員弁町, Inabe-chō) was a town located in Inabe District, Mie Prefecture, Japan.

On December 1, 2003, Inabe absorbed the towns of Hokusei, Daian and Fujiwara (all from Inabe District) to create the city of Inabe.

Daian, Mie
Daian (大安町, Daian-chō) was a town located in Inabe District, Mie Prefecture, Japan.

On December 1, 2003, Daian, along with the towns of Inabe (former), Hokusei, and Fujiwara (all from Inabe District), was merged to create the city of Inabe.
Conservative temperature
Conservative temperature  is a thermodynamic property of seawater. It is derived from the potential enthalpy and is recommended under the TEOS-10 standard (Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater - 2010) as a replacement for potential temperature as it more accurately represents the heat content in the ocean.

Potential temperature
The potential temperature of a parcel of fluid at pressure  is the temperature that the parcel would attain if adiabatically brought to a standard reference pressure , usually 1,000 hPa (1,000 mb). The potential temperature is denoted  and, for a gas well-approximated as ideal, is given by

where  is the current absolute temperature (in K) of the parcel,  is the specific gas constant of air, and  is the specific heat capacity at a constant pressure.
 for air (meteorology). The reference point for potential temperature in the ocean is usually at the ocean's surface which has a water pressure of 0 dbar. The potential temperature in the ocean doesn't account for the varying heat capacities of seawater, therefore it is not a conservative measure of heat content. Graphical representation of potential temperature will always be less than the actual temperature line in a temperature vs depth graph.
Lyon-Perrache station
Lyon–Perrache or simply Perrache (French: Gare de Lyon-Perrache, [ɡaʁ də ljɔ̃ pɛʁaʃ]) is a large railway station located in the Perrache quarter, in the 2nd arrondissement of Lyon, France. Historically the primary railway station in Lyon, today it is the city's second-busiest station, after the newer Lyon-Part-Dieu station.

Opened in 1857 on Lyon's Presqu'île, the station is located on the Paris–Marseille railway, Lyon–Geneva railway and Moret–Lyon railway. The train services are operated by the SNCF and include TGV, Intercités, TER and international services.

Lyon–Geneva railway
The Lyon–Geneva railway is an important route in the national rail network.  It connects not only Geneva but also feeds the Maurienne railway and the Geneva to Valence via Grenoble line. It carries a variety of traffic: TGV Paris-Geneva, Geneva - South of France, TER Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Léman Express and goods trains.

The line is numbered 890 000 of the RFF national network.
Revision tag
A revision tag is a textual label that can be associated with a specific revision of a project maintained by a version control system. This allows the user to define a meaningful name to be given to a particular state of a project that is under version control. This label can then be used in place of the revision identifier for commands supported by the version control system.

For example, in software development, a tag may be used to identify a specific release of the software such as "version 1.2".

Branching (version control)
Branching, in version control and software configuration management, is the duplication of an object under version control (such as a source code file or a directory tree). Each object can thereafter be modified separately and in parallel so that the objects become different. In this context the objects are called branches. The users of the version control system can branch any branch.

Branches are also known as trees, streams or codelines. The originating branch is sometimes called the parent branch, the upstream branch (or simply upstream, especially if the branches are maintained by different organizations or individuals), or the backing stream.
Shapi Kaziev
Shapi Magomedovitch Kaziev (Russian: Шапи́ Магомедович Кази́ев; 27 March 1956 – 20 March 2020) was a Russian writer, playwright and script writer. An Avar by ethnicity, he was the author of historical novels and other books.

Imam Shamil
Imam Shamil (26 June 1797 – 4 February 1871) was the third Imam of the Caucasian Imamate (1840–1859), and a Muslim sheikh of the Naqshbandi Sufi order. Nicknamed the "Caucasian Eagle", he was the political, military, and spiritual leader of North Caucasian resistance to Imperial Russia in the 1800s; his rule was recognized in Dagestan and Chechnya, and indirectly through his representative Muhammad Amin, in Circassia. He is considered a hero by peoples of the Northern Caucasus.
The Golden Mile, Singapore
The Golden Mile, formerly Golden Mile Complex (Chinese: 黄金坊; pinyin: Huángjīn fāng), is an upcoming high-rise commercial and residential building on Beach Road in Kallang, Singapore. Within walking distance to Nicoll Highway MRT station, the building was formerly known as Woh Hup Complex. Prior to collective sale, the complex contained 411 shops and 500 parking spaces. The building was largely an ethnic enclave for the Thai population in Singapore.

Beach Road, Singapore
Beach Road is a road located within the planning areas of Kallang, Rochor and the Downtown Core in Singapore.

The road starts at its junction with Crawford Street in Kallang in the north, runs in a generally southerly direction, enters the Downtown Core at its junction with Ophir Road, and ends at its junction with Stamford Road and St. Andrew's Road to the south.

As its name implies, Beach Road used to run along Singapore's southern coast, before land reclamation took place in the Kallang Basin area.
Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor
The Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor is an award presented annually at the Kerala Film Critics Association Awards, honouring the best performances by male actors in Malayalam films.

Kerala Film Critics Association Awards
The Kerala Film Critics Association Awards are presented annually by the Kerala Film Critics Association to honour both artistic and technical excellence of professionals in the Malayalam language film industry of India. The awards were instituted in 1977.
Attacks on refugee camps in the Gaza war
In the Gaza war, as part of the bombing and invasion of Gaza, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) has conducted numerous airstrikes in densely populated Palestinian refugee camps in both the Gaza Strip and West Bank.

Palestinian refugee camps
Palestinian refugee camps were first established to accommodate Palestinians who were displaced by the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight during the 1948 Palestine war. Camps were established by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. A subsequent wave of Palestinian refugees were created in the Naksa after the Six-Day War in 1967.

There are 68 Palestinian refugee camps in total, 58 official and 10 unofficial, ten of which were established after the Six-Day War while the others were established in 1948 to 1950s.

Only a third of registered Palestinian refugees live within the boundaries of the refugee camps. Most have integrated socially and economically outside the camps. Many live in adjacent geographic areas.

The number of registered Palestine refugees grew from 750,000 in 1950 to around 5 million in 2013.
Windsor Air Raid Shelter
Windsor Air Raid Shelter is a heritage-listed former air raid shelter at Lutwyche Road, Lutwyche, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Frank Gibson Costello and built c. 1942 by Brisbane City Council. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 April 2005.

Lutwyche, Queensland
Lutwyche (/ˈlʌtwɪtʃ/ LUT-witch) is a northern suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Lutwyche had a population of 4,610 people.

Lutwyche is 5.8 kilometres (3.6 mi) north of the city's central business district.
Thomas Parr (courtier)
Sir Thomas Parr (1478 – 11 November 1517) of Kendal in Westmorland (now Cumbria), England, was a courtier and is best known as the father of Queen Catherine Parr, the sixth and final wife of King Henry VIII.

Maud Green
Maud Green, Lady Parr (6 April 1490/92 – 1 December 1531) was an English courtier. She was the mother of Catherine Parr, the sixth wife of King Henry VIII of England. She was a close friend and lady-in-waiting to Catherine of Aragon. She was also co-heiress to her father, Sir Thomas Green of Green's Norton in Northamptonshire along with her sister, Anne, Lady Vaux.
Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester
PCBM ([6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) is a fullerene derivative being investigated for its potential use in organic solar cells.

PCBM is a fullerene derivative of the C60 buckyball that was first synthesized in the 1990s. It is an electron acceptor material and is often used in organic solar cells (plastic solar cells) or flexible electronics in conjunction with electron donor materials such as P3HT or other conductive polymers.  It is a more practical choice for an electron acceptor when compared with fullerenes because of its solubility in chlorobenzene. This allows for solution processable donor/acceptor mixes, a necessary property for "printable" solar cells.  However, considering the cost of fabricating fullerenes, it is not certain that this derivative can be synthesized on a large scale for commercial applications.

Buckminsterfullerene
Buckminsterfullerene is a type of fullerene with the formula C60. It has a cage-like fused-ring structure (truncated icosahedron) made of twenty hexagons and twelve pentagons, and resembles a football. Each of its 60 carbon atoms is bonded to its three neighbors.

Buckminsterfullerene is a black solid that dissolves in hydrocarbon solvents to produce a purple solution. The substance was discovered in 1985 and has received intense study, although few real world applications have been found.

Molecules of buckminsterfullerene (or of fullerenes in general) are commonly nicknamed buckyballs.
Perfluorohexane
Perfluorohexane (C6F14), or tetradecafluorohexane, is a fluorocarbon. It is a derivative of hexane in which all the hydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine atoms. It is used in one formulation of the electronic cooling liquid/insulator Fluorinert for low-temperature applications due to its low boiling point of 56 °C and freezing point of −90 °C. It is odorless and colorless. Unlike typical hydrocarbons, the structure features a helical carbon backbone. In medical imaging it is used as a contrast agent.

Fluorocarbon
Fluorocarbons are chemical compounds with carbon-fluorine bonds.  Compounds that contain many C-F bonds often have distinctive properties, e.g., enhanced stability, volatility, and hydrophobicity.  Several fluorocarbons and their derivatives are commercial polymers, refrigerants, drugs, and anesthetics.
Olney Theatre Center
Located in Olney, Maryland, the Olney Theatre Center is one of the two official state theaters of Maryland. Olney Theatre Center is situated on 14 acres (57,000 m2) in the middle of the Washington–Baltimore–Frederick "triangle." There are three indoor venues: the Historic Theatre, the Roberts Mainstage, and the Mulitz-Gudelsky Theatre Lab. There is also an outdoor venue, the Root Family Stage at Omi's Pavilion.

The Roberts Mainstage seats 429 patrons, with a small theatre lab added in 1999.

As of November 2023, Olney Theatre Center has won 28 Helen Hayes Awards since the award's founding in 1985 and received 208 nominations. It is one of only two theaters in the country to operate under an Actors' Equity Association Council of Stock Theaters (COST) contract.

Olney, Maryland
Olney is a census-designated place and an unincorporated area in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is located in the north central part of the county, thirteen miles (21 km) north of Washington, D.C.

Olney was largely agricultural until the 1960s, when growth of Washington, D.C.'s suburbs led to its conversion into a mostly residential area. It has a total population of 35,820 as of the 2020 United States census.
Amaninatakilebte
Amaninatakilebte was a Meroitic king who ruled in the 6th century, probably between 538 and 519 BC at Napata. He succeeded King Analmaye and was in turn succeeded by King Karkamani. Like others of his dynasty, he was discovered buried among the pyramid chambers at Nuri, specifically Nuri 10. These remains, along with engraved blocks at Meroe, are the only known records of the ruler. Also significant is the gold cylinder discovered with the ruler in this pyramid, not unlike those found buried with King Aspelta in Nuri 8, but the function of which remains obscure.

According to Herodotus, the Persian King, Cambyses attempted an invasion of Meroe in about 525 BC during the reign of Amaninatakilebte but stopped after a few failed campaigns.

Karkamani
Karkamani was a Meroitic king who ruled in the 6th century, probably between 519 and 510 BC at Napata. He succeeded King Amaninatakilebte and was in turn succeeded by King Amaniastabarqa. Like others of his dynasty, he was discovered buried among the pyramid chambers at Nuri, specifically Nuri 7.
Takatsukasa Fuyuie
Takatsukasa Fuyuie (鷹司 冬家; 1367 – July 8, 1428), son of Fuyumichi, was kugyo or highest-ranking Japanese court noble of the Muromachi period (1336–1573). Unlike other members of the family, he did not hold a regent position kampaku. Regent Fusahira was his son.

Takatsukasa Fuyumichi
Takatsukasa Fuyumichi (鷹司 冬通; 1330 – 1386), son of Morohira, was kugyo or highest-ranking Japanese court noble of the Muromachi period (1336–1573). He held a regent position Kampaku from 1367 to 1369. Fuyuie was his son. His daughter married Ichijō Tsunetsugu.
Maulana Azad Library
The Maulana Azad Library is the central library of Aligarh Muslim University in Aligarh, India. It is the largest university library in Asia. The seven-storey building is surrounded by 4.75 acres (1.92 ha) of lawns and gardens. It has about 1,500,000 print collection out of which 138,178,2 are books. It celebrated its 73rd anniversary on 7 December 2023.

The library received a donation of around 5000 books which were the personal collection of the poet Kaifi Azmi.

Prof Nishat Fatima serves as the current university librarian of the library.

Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh Muslim University is a collegiate, central, and research university located in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, which was originally established by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan as the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875. Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College became Aligarh Muslim University in 1920, following the Aligarh Muslim University Act.

The university offers more than 300 courses in traditional and modern branches of education. It is an Institute of National Importance and is listed in the Union List under the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India.
Chrysaorian League
The Chrysaorian League (Ancient Greek: σύστημα Χρυσαορικόν, systema Chrysaorikon) was an informal loose federation of several cities in ancient region of Caria, Anatolia that was apparently formed in the early Seleucid period and lasted at least until 203 BC.  The League had its primary focus on unified defense, and secondarily on trade, and may have been linked by ethnic bonds (the Chrysaorians).  It had an assembly and financial institutions, and a form of reciprocal citizenship whereby a citizen of a member city was entitled to certain rights and privileges in any other member city.  The capital of the League was Chrysaorium where the assembly met.  [usurped]

Other member cities included: Alabanda (renamed Antiochia of the Chrysaorians), Alinda, Amyzon, Ceramus, Mylasa, Kaunos, Stratonicea, Thera.

For periods of time, some of the member cities were subject to Rhodes as part of the Rhodian Peraea.

Stratonicea (Caria)
Stratonicea (Hittite: 𒀜𒊑𒅀 Atriya, Ancient Greek: Στρατoνικεια or Στρατoνικη; or per Stephanus of Byzantium: Στρατονίκεια) – also transliterated as Stratonikeia, Stratoniceia, Stratoniki, and Stratonike and Stratonice; a successor settlement to Chrysaoris; and for a time named Hadrianopolis – was one of the most important towns in the interior of ancient Caria, Anatolia, situated on the east-southeast of Mylasa, and on the south of the river Marsyas; its site is now located at the present village of Eskihisar, Muğla Province, Turkey. It is situated at a distance of 1 km (0.62 mi) from the intercity road D.330 that connects the district center of Yatağan with Bodrum and Milas, shortly before Yatağan power station if one has taken departure from the latter towns.
Jingde County
Jingde County (Chinese: 旌德县; pinyin: Jīngdé Xiàn) is a county in the southeast of Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Xuancheng. It has a population of 150,000 and an area of 905 km2 (349 sq mi). The government of Jingde County is located in Jingyang Town.

Jingde County has jurisdiction over five towns and five townships.

Xuancheng
Xuancheng (Chinese: 宣城; pinyin: Xuānchéng; Xuanzhou Wu: Shye-san) is a city in the southeast of Anhui province. Archeological digs suggest that the city has been settled for over 4,000 years, and has been under formal administration since the Qin dynasty. Located in the lower Yangtze River drainage basin and Yangtze River Delta, it borders Wuhu to the northwest, Chizhou to the west, Huangshan to the southwest, and the coastal provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangsu to the southeast and northeast respectively.
Cleburne, Texas
Cleburne (/ˈkliːbɜːrn/ KLEE-burn) is a city in and the county seat of Johnson County, Texas, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 31,352. The city is named in honor of Patrick Cleburne, a Confederate general. Lake Pat Cleburne, the reservoir that provides water to the city and surrounding area, is also named after him.

Lake Pat Cleburne
Lake Pat Cleburne is the municipal water reservoir for the city of Cleburne, Texas, as well as a recreational lake for residents. Lake Pat Cleburne is owned and operated by the City of Cleburne. It was built as the city's water supply and was impounded in 1964. U.S. Highway 67 crosses over the north end of the lake.
Skaun (village)
Skaun is a small village in Skaun Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway.  The village is located along the Norwegian County Road 709, about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south of the village of Eggkleiva. Skaun Church is located in the village.

Norwegian County Road 709
Norwegian County Road 709 (Norwegian: Fylkesvei 709, abbreviated as Fv709) is a Norwegian county road which runs between the villages of Børsa and Hove in Skaun Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The 14.1-kilometre (8.8 mi) long road intersects with the European route E39 at its northern terminus. Prior to 1 January 2010, this road was a Norwegian national road; on that date the regional reform came into force, and the status of this road was downgraded from a national road to a county road.
Quetzaltenango
Quetzaltenango (Spanish pronunciation: [keˌtsal.teˈnaŋ.ɡo], also known by its Maya name Xelajú [ʃelaˈχu] or Xela [ˈʃela]) is a municipality and namesake department in western Guatemala. The city is located in a mountain valley at an elevation of 2,330 meters (7,640 feet) above sea level at its lowest part. Inside the city, it can reach above 2,400 m (7,900 ft).

Quetzaltenango is a part of the Los Altos Metropolitan Area, which also includes the municipalities of Salcajá, Cantel, Almolonga, Zunil, Concepción Chiquirichapa, San Mateo, La Esperanza, San Juan Ostuncalco, Olintepeque, San Miguel Sigüilá, and Cajolá in Quetzaltenango Department, as well as San Cristóbal Totonicapán and San Andrés Xecul in Totonicapán Department.

As of the 2018 census, the city has a population of 180,706 in 122 km2 (47 sq mi). 43% of the population was indigenous in 2014.

Almolonga, Quetzaltenango
Almolonga is a town, with a population of 17,613 (2023 census), and a municipality in the Quetzaltenango Department of Guatemala, located on the road between Ciudad de Quetzaltenango (Quetzaltenango City) and Zunil. Its population is primarily indigenous, speaking the K'iche' (Quiché) language

The town is known as the "Vegetable Basket of the Americas" (La Hortaliza de las Américas) due to the intense cultivation of vegetables in its vicinity.

Tourist attractions include the nearby thermal baths and Paradise Valley.
Prabalgad
Prabalgad (also known as Muranjan, Pradhangad or Prabalmachi) is a fort located between Matheran and Panvel and comes under the Raigad District in the state of Maharashtra, India.

The Prabalgad Fort stands at an elevation of 2,300 feet (700 m) in the Western Ghats. The fort was previously known as Muranjan until it was taken over and renamed by the Maratha forces under Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's rule. Its sister fort is Irshalgad. Right next to Prabalgad, to its north, lies the steep Kalavantin pinnacle.

Irshalgad
18°56′01″N 73°13′55″E﻿ / ﻿18.933568°N 73.232031°E﻿ / 18.933568; 73.232031

Irshalgad is a fortress located between Matheran and Panvel in Maharashtra, India. It is a sister fort to Prabalgad. The area of the fort is not large but there are several water cisterns cut from the rock. The nearest village is Irshalwadi.
8-Hydroxygeraniol
8-Hydroxygeraniol (also incorrectly called 10-hydroxygeraniol) is a monoterpene synthesized from geraniol by the enzyme geraniol 8-hydroxylase.  8-Hydroxygeraniol is a substrate for 8-hydroxygeraniol dehydrogenase (G80) which synthesizes 8-oxogeranial.  8-Hydroxygeraniol is an intermediate in the synthesis of the secologanin, a key monoterpene needed for formation of terpene indole alkaloids.

In the laboratory, 8-hydroxygeraniol can be prepared from geranyl acetate.

Geraniol
Geraniol is a monoterpenoid and an alcohol. It is the primary component of citronella oil and is a primary component of rose oil and palmarosa oil. It is a colorless oil, although commercial samples can appear yellow. It has low solubility in water, but it is soluble in common organic solvents.
Vellara alphabet
Vellara script or Vellara alphabet is one of the original Albanian alphabets, encountered for the first time in the early 19th century. It is named after the Greek doctor, lyricist and writer Ioannis Vilaras (Jan Vellarai in Albanian), the author of a manuscript where this alphabet is documented for the first and so far the only time.

Albanian alphabet
The Albanian alphabet (Albanian: abetarja shqipe) is a variant of the Latin alphabet used to write the Albanian language. It consists of 36 letters representing all the phonemes of Standard Albanian:

The letters are named simply by their sounds, followed by ë for consonants (e.g. shë). Listenⓘ to the pronunciation of the 36 letters.