hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Road switcher locomotive
A road switcher locomotive is a type of railroad locomotive 
designed to both haul railcars in mainline service and shunt them in railroad yards. Both type and term are North American in origin, although similar types have been used elsewhere.

A road switcher must be able to operate and have good visibility in both directions. As a road engine, a road switcher must be able to operate at road speeds, with suitable power and cooling capacity. It has high-speed road trucks rather than low-speed switcher only trucks.

Modern road trucks are always equipped with "frictionless" roller bearings, whereas switcher trucks were almost always equipped with "friction" plain bearings, until plain bearings were outlawed in interchange service on both railcars and locomotives.

ALCO RS-1
The ALCO RS-1 is a 4-axle diesel-electric locomotive built by Alco-GE between 1941 and 1953 and the American Locomotive Company from 1953 to 1960. ALCO subsidiary Montreal Locomotive Works built an additional three RS-1s in 1954. This model has the distinction of having the longest production run of any diesel locomotive for the North American market. The RS-1 was in production for 19 years from the first unit Rock Island #748 in March 1941 to the last unit National of Mexico #5663 in March 1960.
Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)
The Treaty of Fontainebleau was an agreement concluded in Fontainebleau, France, on 11 April 1814 between Napoleon and representatives of Austria, Russia and Prussia. The treaty was signed in Paris on 11 April by the plenipotentiaries of both sides and ratified by Napoleon on 13 April. With this treaty, the allies ended Napoleon's rule as emperor of the French and sent him into exile on Elba.

Principality of Elba
The Principality of Elba (Italian: Principato d'Elba) was a non-hereditary monarchy established on the Mediterranean island of Elba following the Treaty of Fontainebleau on 11 April 1814. It lasted less than a year, and its only head was Napoleon Bonaparte, who returned to rule in France before his ultimate defeat and the dissolution of the principality.
Stoke Golding
Stoke Golding is a village and civil parish in the Hinckley and Bosworth district of Leicestershire, England, close to the county border with Warwickshire.  According to the 2001 census, the total population was 1,721 in just over 700 houses. The population at the 2011 census was 1,684 in 723 households.  The village is 15 miles (24 km) from the city of Leicester, about 3 miles (4.8 km) northwest of Hinckley and 4.5 miles (7.2 km) northeast of Nuneaton.
The village is bordered on one side by the Ashby Canal, well-used for recreational purposes.

Hinckley and Bosworth
Hinckley and Bosworth is a local government district with borough status in Leicestershire, England. The council is based in Hinckley, the largest town. The borough also includes the town of Earl Shilton and numerous villages and surrounding rural areas. The Bosworth in the borough's name refers to the small market town of Market Bosworth, near which the Battle of Bosworth Field was fought in 1485.

The neighbouring districts are North West Leicestershire, Charnwood, Blaby, Rugby, Nuneaton and Bedworth and North Warwickshire.
Cecil Ballow Baseball Complex
Cecil Ballow Baseball Complex is the home to the Tarleton State Texans baseball team in Stephenville, Texas. The field is natural grass, and seated capacity is 550. The stadium opened in 1988 just after completion.

Tarleton State University
Tarleton State University is a public research university in Stephenville, Texas, United States. It is a founding member of the Texas A&M University System and enrolled over 15,000 students in the fall of 2022. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".
Ghestem
In the game of bridge, Ghestem is a conventional overcall structure, using 2NT, 3♣, and the (non-jump) cuebid over an opposing opening at the one level to denote two-suited hands in two of the remaining three suits.

This convention was devised by the French bridge and checkers player Pierre Ghestem.

When playing Ghestem, after an opposing one-level opening, the three overcalls mentioned denote the three possible two-suited hands in the suits excluding the opened suit:

2NT : shows the two lowest-ranking unbid suits

3♣ : shows the two highest-ranking unbid suits

Cuebid : shows the top- and bottom-ranking unbid suits

Bridge convention
In contract bridge, a convention is an agreement about an artificial call or a set of related artificial calls. Calls made during the auction phase of a contract bridge game convey information about the player's card holdings. Calls may be "natural" (that is, are based on a holding of the suit bid, or a balanced distribution in the case of a notrump bid) or "artificial" (show a feature unrelated to the named denomination).
Marlborough Mall
Marlborough Mall is a shopping mall located in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Opened in November 1971, the mall has expanded several times and today includes approximately 100 stores and services, and encompasses 570,837 square feet (53,032.5 m2) of retail floor space. The mall also featured a Safeway until the 1990s, when the store moved to its own location west of 36th Street.

The current anchor store is Walmart, as Sears closed its doors in March 2017.

Marlborough station
Marlborough Station is a Calgary C-Train light rail station in the Calgary Northeast neighbourhood of Marlborough. It serves the Northeast Leg of the Blue Line and opened on April 27, 1985, as part of the original Northeast (202) line.

The station is located in the median of 36 Street NE, located near its intersection with 8 Avenue NE/Marlborough Drive NE. The station is 6.5 km (4.0 mi) from the City Hall Interlocking and is located near Calgary's Marlborough neighbourhood and also serves nearby businesses along 36 Street NE, including Marlborough Mall. Pedestrian overpasses connect the station to both sides of 36 Street NE. Stairs, escalators, as well as an elevator provide access down to the center-loading platform.
485 spaces of the mall facility are now owned by Calgary Transit and are designated for park-and-ride service.

In 2005, the station registered an average transit of 19,600 boardings per weekday, the busiest station in the system other than the downtown platforms.
Ostrzeszów County
Ostrzeszów County (Polish: powiat ostrzeszowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Ostrzeszów, which lies 134 kilometres (83 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań. The county also contains the towns of Grabów nad Prosną, lying 14 km (9 mi) north-east of Ostrzeszów, and Mikstat, 15 km (9 mi) north of Ostrzeszów.

The county covers an area of 772.37 square kilometres (298.2 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 54,490, out of which the population of Ostrzeszów is 14,536, that of Grabów nad Prosną is 1,967, that of Mikstat is 1,840, and the rural population is 36,147.

Mikstat
Mikstat [ˈmʲikstat] (German: Mixstadt) is a town in Ostrzeszów County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in south-central Poland, with 1,906 inhabitants (2011).

Mikstat was granted town rights before 1366. It was royal town of the Kingdom of Poland, administratively located in the Ostrzeszów County in the Sieradz Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province.
3-inch/50-caliber gun
The 3-inch/50-caliber gun (spoken "three-inch fifty-caliber") in United States naval gun terminology indicates the gun fired a projectile 3 inches (76 mm) in diameter, and the barrel was 50 calibers long (barrel length is 3 in × 50 = 150 in or 3.8 m). Different guns (identified by Mark numbers) of this caliber were used by the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard from 1900 through to 1990 on a variety of combatant and transport ship classes.

The gun is still in use with the Spanish Navy on Serviola-class patrol boats.

Clemson-class destroyer
The Clemson class was a series of 156 destroyers (six more were cancelled and never begun) built at the end of World War I, the majority of which served with the United States Navy from after World War I and through World War II.

The Clemson-class ships were commissioned by the United States Navy from 1919 to 1922, built by Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company, New York Shipbuilding Corporation, William Cramp & Sons, Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Norfolk Naval Shipyard and Bath Iron Works, some quite rapidly. The Clemson class was a minor redesign of the Wickes class for greater fuel capacity and was the last pre-World War II class of flush-deck destroyers to be built for the United States. Until the Fletcher-class destroyer, the Clemsons were the most numerous class of destroyers commissioned in the United States Navy and were known colloquially as "flush-deckers", "four-stackers" or "four-pipers".
Kaiser Park
Kaiser Park is a public park on the northwestern coast of Coney Island in Brooklyn, New York City. It abuts Coney Island Creek, Gravesend Bay, and Coney Island Creek Park and is across Coney Island Creek from Calvert Vaux Park and Six Diamonds Park.

Coney Island Creek Park
Coney Island Creek Park is a public park on the northwestern coast of Coney Island in Brooklyn, New York City. It abuts Coney Island Creek, Gravesend Bay, and Kaiser Park and is across Coney Island Creek from Calvert Vaux Park and Six Diamonds Park.
Mohammad Zabihullah
Mohammad Zabihullah was an anti-Soviet resistance leader in Afghanistan in the 1980s. Zabihullah was a former religious school teacher, member of the Jamiat-e Islami movement, and lead the faction in Balkh Province until his assassination by KhAD in December 1984, which threw his resistance in Balkh into disarray.

He commanded Balkh with several thousand fighters and was one of the best known commanders to the Western press in the 1980-1984 period. He had been described as an "excellent organizer." Zabiullah, like Massoud, also established civil administration in his region such as literacy classes and schools.

On 14 December 1984, Zabihullah was killed when his Jeep ran over a landmine.

Jamiat-e Islami
Jamiat-e-Islami (also rendered as Jamiati Islami; Dari: جمعیت اسلامی افغانستان, lit. 'Islamic Society'), sometimes shortened to Jamiat, is a predominantly Afghan Tajik political party and former paramilitary organisation in Afghanistan. It was the largest functioning paramilitary in Afghanistan, with 5,000 cadres and 30,000 supporters, and was originally formed as a student political society at Kabul University. It has a communitarian ideology based on Islamic law. During the Soviet–Afghan War and the subsequent First Afghan Civil War against the communist government, Jamiat-e Islami was one of the most powerful of the Afghan mujahideen groups. Burhanuddin Rabbani led the party (including its predecessors) from 1968 to 2011, and served as President of the Islamic State of Afghanistan from 1992 to 2001, in exile from 1996.
Mosogno
Mosogno is a former municipality in the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.  On 10 April 2016 the former municipalities of Vergeletto, Gresso, Mosogno and Isorno merged into the municipality of Onsernone.

Vergeletto
Vergeletto is a former municipality in the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.  On 10 April 2016 the former municipalities of Vergeletto, Gresso, Mosogno and Isorno merged into the municipality of Onsernone.
Burn It Down (band)
Burn It Down was an American metalcore band from Indianapolis, Indiana, whose album, Let the Dead Bury the Dead, was released in 2000 on Escape Artist Records. Produced by Ed Rose (The Get Up Kids, Coalesce), the album garnered a 4 "K" review in Kerrang! and a 4/5 in Alternative Press. It followed two EPs and a split CD with Racetraitor. Burn It Down toured with Shadows Fall, In Flames, Dillinger Escape Plan and Zao before disbanding. They played their final show at the 2001 Hellfest and a reunion show in 2005.

Ryan J. Downey has reported for MTV, MSNBC, Alternative Press, AllMusic and other outlets; and manages bands and producers. John Zeps owns music stores and plays in several bands. Jason McCash was in the doom metal band, The Gates Of Slumber before his death in 2014. "Iron" Brian "Bob" Fouts continued to record and tour with several bands (Apostle of Solitude, Nachtmystium) and produced / engineered, as well, until his death in 2020.

Racetraitor
Racetraitor is an American hardcore punk and metal band originally from Chicago, Illinois. The band attracted controversy in the late 1990s, before any releases, as a result of their radical take on racial politics, which focused on ideas like systemic racism and white privilege before they were widely discussed topics in popular or underground culture. Racetraitor was also a key proto-metalcore act, one of the first few bands to incorporate extreme metal influences, such as death metal, grindcore, and doom metal, into hardcore.

In 1998, the band released their album Burn the Idol of the White Messiah. The album was followed by a split EP with Indianapolis band Burn It Down called Make Them Talk in 1999 before an initial breakup. The band has reformed as of 2016 and has since released four new EPs and two LPs, 2042 and Creation and the Timeless Order of Things.
Logroño
Logroño (UK: /lɒˈɡrɒnjoʊ/ ⓘ log-RON-yoh, US: /ləˈɡroʊnjoʊ, loʊˈ-/ lə-GROHN-yoh, loh-, Spanish: [loˈɣɾoɲo] ⓘ) is the capital of the autonomous community of La Rioja, Spain. Located in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, primarily in the right (South) bank of the Ebro River, Logroño has historically been a place of passage, such as the Camino de Santiago. Its borders were disputed between the Iberian kingdoms of Castille, Navarre and Aragon during the Middle Ages.

The population of the city in 2021 was 150,808 while the metropolitan area included nearly 200,000 inhabitants. The city is a centre of trade of Rioja wine, for which the area is noted, and manufacturing of wood, metal and textile products.

Fausto Elhuyar
Fausto de Elhuyar (11 October 1755 – 6 February 1833) was a Spanish chemist, and the first to isolate tungsten with his brother Juan José Elhuyar in 1783. He was in charge, under a King of Spain commission, of organizing the School of Mines in México City and so was responsible for building the Palacio de Minería, a structure that would house the school. Elhuyar left Mexico after the Mexican War of Independence, when most of the Spanish residents in Mexico were expelled.
Balaclava, New South Wales
Balaclava (/ˈbæləˌklɑːvə/) is a Northern Village of the Southern Highlands of New South Wales, Australia in Wingecarribee Shire. It is 1 km north-east of Mittagong. The village includes a service station, real estate, pre-school, nursery, doctor's surgery and antiques store. It is located in Wingecarribee Shire and is often considered part of Braemar along with its neighbour Willow Vale.

Northern Villages (Southern Highlands, New South Wales)
Northern Villages is the name that refers to the small villages and hamlets that make up the north of the Southern Highlands and Wingecarribee Shire. All are north of Mittagong. Historically, many either are on the Old Hume Highway or the old Picton Loop Line. In the past they were referred to as the Northern Towns. All of the Northern Villages made up the previous Mittagong (Nattai) Shire.

The postcode for the Northern Villages is the same as Mittagong: 2575. However, Balmoral has the postcode of 2571.
Ludlow, Massachusetts
Ludlow is a New England town in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 21,002 as of the 2020 census, and it is considered part of the Springfield Metropolitan Statistical Area. Located just northeast of Springfield across the Chicopee River, it is one of the city's suburbs. It has a sizable and visible Portuguese and Polish community.

Hampden County, Massachusetts
Hampden County is a non-governmental county located in the Pioneer Valley of the U.S. state of Massachusetts, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, Hampden County's population was 465,825. Its traditional county seat is Springfield, the Connecticut River Valley's largest city, and economic and cultural capital; with an estimated population of 154,758, approximately one-third of Hampden County residents  live in Springfield.
42°08′N 72°38′W﻿ / ﻿42.14°N 72.63°W﻿ / 42.14; -72.63
1951 executions in Albania
The People's Republic of Albania executed 22 intellectuals without trial on 26 February 1951, as ordered by Enver Hoxha. They were accused of bombing the Soviet embassy in Tirana. The victims were 21 men and 1 woman. One day earlier, Jonuz Kaceli was killed while accused of the same crime. It was the first time the Agitation and Propaganda law was used.

Agitation and Propaganda against the State
Constitution 55, or Agitation and Propaganda against the State (Albanian: Agjitacion dhe Propagandë kundër shtetit), was a criminal offence in Communist Albania. This law was used from 1945 until 1991 and was part of the Constitution of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania.

The term was interchangeably used with counterrevolutionary agitation. The latter one was in use after the Albanian Resistance of World War II and was gradually phased out by the end of the 1990s in favor of the former one. According to article 55 of the Albanian Penal Code enacted during Hoxhaism, "propaganda and agitation that called to overturn or undermining of the Albanian power" was punishable with at least 6 months of imprisonment and up to the death sentence in the periods of war or unrest.
Elections in Monaco
Monaco elects on the national level a legislature (parliament). The National Council (Conseil National) has 24 members, elected for a five-year term, 16 elected by a winner-take-all plurality system, and the other 8 by proportional representation. Each voter may cast a ballot with up to 16 candidates' names. First, the 16 individuals with the most votes are elected. Then, votes are counted by party groups to fill the remaining 8 seats. E.g., if a party polled 51% of the votes it would probably win 20 out of 24 seats (all 16 of the winner-take-all seats and then 4 of the 8 proportional seats).

National Council (Monaco)
The National Council (French: Conseil national; Monégasque: Cunsiyu naçiunale) is the unicameral parliament (legislative body) of the Principality of Monaco. Formed in 1911 after the Monégasque Revolution, the National Council initially had 12 members, increased to 18 in 1962 and 24 members since 2002, who are elected from lists by universal suffrage. The National Council is chaired by a president, who was initially appointed by the sovereign prince but has been elected by the National Council members since  the year 1962. The current president of the National Council is Thomas Brezzo.
Abraham Walkowitz
Abraham Walkowitz (March 28, 1878 – January 27, 1965) was a Russian–American painter who was among the first generation of American modernists. While not having attained the same level of fame as his contemporaries, Walkowitz' close relationship with the 291 Gallery and Alfred Stieglitz placed him at the center of the modernist movement. His early abstract cityscapes and collection of over 5,000 drawings of Isadora Duncan also remain significant art historical records.

American modernism
American modernism, much like the modernism movement in general, is a trend of philosophical thought arising from the widespread changes in culture and society in the age of modernity. American modernism is an artistic and cultural movement in the United States beginning at the turn of the 20th century, with a core period between World War I and World War II. Like its European counterpart, American modernism stemmed from a rejection of Enlightenment thinking, seeking to better represent reality in a new, more industrialized world.
Gobannus
Gobannus (or Gobannos, the Gaulish form, sometimes Cobannus) was a Gallo-Roman smithing god.

A number of statues dedicated to him are preserved, found together with a bronze cauldron dedicated to Deus Cobannos, in the late 1980s and exported to the United States, now in the Getty Museum in the Getty Center, in California. He is mentioned in an inscription found in the 1970s in Fontenay-près-Vézelay, reading AVG(VSTO) SAC(RVM) [DE]O COBANNO, i.e. dedicated to Augustus and Deus Cobannus.

Gallo-Roman religion
Gallo-Roman religion is a fusion of the traditional religious practices of the Gauls, who were originally Gaulish language speakers, and the Roman and Hellenistic religions introduced to the region under Roman Imperial rule. It was the result of selective acculturation.
Poblenou (Barcelona Metro)
Poblenou is a Barcelona Metro station in Poblenou, a formerly industrial area of Barcelona's Sant Martí district. The location of the station is in the intersections of Carrer de Pujades with carrer de Bilbao and carrer de Lope de Vega.

It's served by L4 (yellow line). It was opened in 1977 (1977) along with the lines from Barceloneta to Selva de Mar. The platforms are 93 m (305 ft) long.

Carrer de Pujades, Barcelona
Carrer de Pujades and Passeig de Pujades, before 1900 rendered Pujadas, are respectively a street and a promenade in the Poblenou and Sant Martí de Provençals areas of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain). It's named after the poet and historian Jeroni Pujades, who penned a Universal Chronicle of the Principality of Catalonia in the 16th century. In Ildefons Cerdà's urban plan the street was to be named U street. It starts by Passeig de Picasso and Passeig de Lluís Companys, and runs to the north-east of Poblenou, at Carrer de la Selva de Mar, near Avinguda Diagonal. It borders one of Barcelona's biggest parks, Parc de la Ciutadella and crosses the city's new development district, 22@. Some 19th-century and early-20th-century industrial architecture is still to be found in the area, along with late-20th-century developments, despite their being replaced by newer structures and office buildings.

In 2018, a new hotel was built in Passeig de Pujades by the German hotel group, Motel One.
Surface science
Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid–liquid interfaces, solid–gas interfaces, solid–vacuum interfaces, and liquid–gas interfaces. It includes the fields of surface chemistry and surface physics. Some related practical applications are classed as surface engineering. The science encompasses concepts such as heterogeneous catalysis, semiconductor device fabrication, fuel cells, self-assembled monolayers, and adhesives. Surface science is closely related to interface and colloid science. Interfacial chemistry and physics are common subjects for both. The methods are different. In addition, interface and colloid science studies macroscopic phenomena that occur in heterogeneous systems due to peculiarities of interfaces.

X-ray crystal truncation rod
X-ray crystal truncation rod scattering is a powerful method in surface science, based on analysis of surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD) patterns from a crystalline surface.

For an infinite crystal, the diffracted pattern is concentrated in Dirac delta function like Bragg peaks. Presence of crystalline surfaces results in additional structure along so-called truncation rods (linear regions in momentum space normal to the surface). Crystal Truncation Rod (CTR) measurements allow detailed determination of atomic structure at the surface, especially useful in cases of oxidation, epitaxial growth, and adsorption studies on crystalline surfaces.