hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Premiership of Humza Yousaf
Humza Yousaf's term as first minister of Scotland began on 29 March 2023 when he was formally sworn into office at the Court of Session, and ended on 7 May 2024, when he resigned amid two votes of no confidence in him and his government.

Yousaf was appointed first minister on 29 March 2023, becoming the youngest person, the first Scottish Asian, and the first Muslim to serve in office. He was sworn into the Privy Council in May 2023. In April 2024, he formed a minority government after terminating a power-sharing agreement with the Scottish Greens. After facing an imminent motion of no confidence, he announced his intention to resign as first minister and party leader on 29 April 2024, and was succeeded by John Swinney.

2024 Scottish government crisis
In April 2024, Humza Yousaf, first minister of Scotland and leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP), faced a confidence challenge following his termination of the Bute House Agreement between the SNP and the Scottish Greens, which meant that Patrick Harvie and Lorna Slater, co-leaders of the Greens and their only government ministers, were removed from government. This was following changes to landmark climate policy by Cabinet Secretary for Wellbeing Economy, Net Zero and Energy Màiri McAllan, after which a planned Greens vote on the continuation of the agreement was announced. Facing a motion of confidence in him Yousaf announced his intention to resign as first minister and party leader on 29 April.
Toronto Wolfpack
Toronto Wolfpack RLFC was a Canadian professional rugby league club based in Toronto, Ontario. The club was the first and only professional rugby league club in North America, and in 2023 competed in the self sponsored TWP Canada Cup, an invitational league for North American teams organised by Toronto Wolfpack.

The club originally competed in the British rugby league system but withdrew in the 2020 Super League season due to "overwhelming financial challenges" caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

The club is the first and only North American team to play in the Rugby Football League system, making it the first transatlantic rugby league team.

As of December 2025, the Wolfpack have not played any organized matches since playing in the TWP Canada Cup in 2023.

Lamport Stadium
Allan A. Lamport Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium on King Street West in the Liberty Village neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is the practice facility for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League. It is also a part-time home for the Canada national rugby league team. The playing surface of the 9,600 seating capacity stadium is also dually marked for soccer and field hockey. The stadium was named for long-time Toronto politician Allan Lamport, who was associated with sporting activities in the city.
Colt Automatic Rifle
The Colt Automatic Rifle or Colt Light Machine Gun is a 5.56 mm NATO, open-bolt, automatic squad automatic weapon developed by Colt Defense. It is based on the M16A2/A4, and has a distinctive squared-off handguard, vertical grip, carrying handle and integrated bipod.

It is one of many squad automatic weapon-type firearms that have been developed from the Armalite AR-15 that use the Stoner bolt and carrier piston system. The family name was derived from the original AR-15 by adding "Colt", resulting in the CAR-15, to stand for Colt Automatic Rifle, even though the "AR" in AR-15 stands for Armalite Rifle, the original manufacturer. The CAR-15 weapons system consisted of the AR-15 and five variations, including the Colt Machine Gun and CAR-15 Heavy Assault Rifle.

CAR-15
The Colt Automatic Rifle-15 or CAR-15 is a family of M16 rifle–based firearms marketed by Colt in the 1960s and early 1970s. However, the term "CAR-15" is most commonly associated with the Colt Commando (AKA: XM177); these select-fire carbines have ultrashort 10.5-inch (270 mm) and 11.5-inch (290 mm) barrels with over-sized flash suppressors.
Christian IV's naval expedition to Stockholm
The Naval Expedition to Stockholm (Swedish: Sjötåget mot Stockholm; Danish: Kristian IV's Tog mod Stockholm) occurred from 31 August to 10 September 1612, during the late stages of the 1611–1613 Kalmar War. A Danish fleet of 36 warships under Christian IV attempted to capture Stockholm, the de facto capital of the Swedish Empire but failed. This was due to poor planning by Christian, who did not bring sufficient troops with him to seriously entertain capturing the city, as well as the Swedes' stalwart defence of Stockholm and their fortifications of the westernmost inlet leading to the city, in the form of Vaxholm Fortress.

The Kalmar War would end just over 4 months later in January 1613 with a Dano-Norwegian victory, but Christian would not gain the decisive defeat over the Swedes that he had sought at Stockholm to gain leverage over and better terms from Sweden.

Kalmar War
The Kalmar War (1611–1613) was fought between Denmark–Norway and Sweden. Though Denmark–Norway soon gained the upper hand, it was unable to defeat Sweden entirely. The Kalmar War was the last time Denmark–Norway successfully defended its dominium maris baltici against Sweden, and it also marked the increasing influence of the two countries on Baltic politics.
Young Men (organization)
The Young Men (often referred to as Young Men's) is a youth organization and official program of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Its purpose is to assist the church's Aaronic priesthood-aged young men in their growth and development.  The organization serves young men from the year they turn 12 until they are 18.

Bishop (Latter Day Saints)
In the Latter Day Saint movement, a bishop is the highest office of the Aaronic priesthood. It is almost always held by one who holds the office of high priest in the Melchizedek priesthood. The Latter Day Saint concept of the office differs significantly from the role of bishops in other Christian denominations, being in some respects more analogous to a pastor or parish priest. Each bishop serves with two counselors, who together form a bishopric.

The role of a bishop varies in the different Latter Day Saint denominations; however, they derive from a common history.
Ukraine women's national volleyball team
The Ukraine women's national volleyball team (Ukrainian: Жіноча збірна України з волейболу, Zhinocha zbirna Ukrai'ny z volejbolu) represents Ukraine in international women's volleyball competitions and friendly matches. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union the team first competed on the highest level under its own flag at the 1993 European Championship, winning the bronze medal.

Tetyana Ivanyushkyna
Tetyana Ivanyushkyna (Ukrainian: Тетяна Іванюшкіна; born 18 September 1966) is a former Ukrainian volleyball player.

She was part of the Ukraine women's national volleyball team at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
On club level she played with Iskra Lugansk.
Fayt-lez-Manage
Fayt-lez-Manage (French: [fa(j)ilemanaʒ], literally Fayt near Manage; Walloon: El Fayi-dlé-Manadje) is a town of Wallonia and a district of the municipality of Manage, located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

The name dates to 1920, previously it was called Fayt-lez-Seneffe. It was a municipality in its own right before the merger of the municipalities in 1977.

The locality is served by bus 30 Anderlues - Morlanwelz - La Louvière - Strépy-Bracquenies - Thieu.

Manage, Belgium
Manage (French pronunciation: [manaʒ] ⓘ; Walloon: Manadje) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

On January 1, 2006, Manage had a total population of 22,341. The total area is 19.60 km2 which gives a population density of 1,140 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Bellecourt, Bois-d'Haine, Fayt-lez-Manage, La Hestre, and Manage.
Third and Indiana
Third and Indiana is a novel written by Steve Lopez about the experiences of several people connected to 14-year-old Gabriel Santoro, while living in the dangerous gang-controlled streets of the Badlands section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The novel gave notoriety to Third Street and Indiana Avenue, a real-life intersection in the Fairhill area known for the prevalence of drug dealers. The first printing had 50,000 copies printed. Published in 1994, it was Lopez's first novel.

Philadelphia Badlands
The Philadelphia Badlands is a section of North Philadelphia and Lower Northeast Philadelphia in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania that is known for an abundance of open-air recreational drug markets and drug-related violence. It has amorphous and somewhat disputed boundaries, but is generally agreed to include the 25th police district.

It is widely typically defined as encompassing the area between Kensington Avenue to the east and Broad Street to the west, and between Hunting Park Avenue to the north and York Street to the south, mostly coinciding with the Fairhill, Glenwood, Hunting Park, Hartranft, Harrowgate, Kensington, North Central, Stanton, and West Kensington sections of Philadelphia, the nation's sixth-largest city as of 2020.
Sihui station
Sihui Station (Chinese: 四惠站; pinyin: Sì Huì Zhàn) is a station on Line 1 and the Batong line (through operation to Line 1) of the Beijing Subway. It is located in Sihui, Chaoyang District, Beijing.

This station was once called Bawangfen during planning.

Line 1 (Beijing Subway)
Line 1 of the Beijing Subway (Chinese: 北京地铁1号线; pinyin: Běijīng dìtiě yīhào xiàn) is the oldest and one of the busiest lines of Beijing's mass transit rail network.  The line runs underneath Chang'an Avenue, the city's grand east–west thoroughfare, right through the heart of Beijing with stops on either side of Tiananmen Square. Line 1's color is dark red. Through operation with the Batong line started on August 29, 2021.
Albert Ákos
Albert from the kindred Ákos, also known as Albert the Great (Hungarian: Ákos nembeli (Nagy) Albert; died after 1276), was a Hungarian lord in the second half of the 13th century, who served as Master of the horse from 1270 to 1272, then briefly Ban of Severin in 1272.

Master of the Horse (Kingdom of Hungary)
The Master of the Horse (German: Königlicher Oberststallmeister, Hungarian: főlovászmester, and Latin: agazonum regalium magistri or magister agazonum) was one of the high officials of the royal household in the Kingdom of Hungary. Masters of the Horse were included among the "true barons" of the realm from around 1220.
Mengcheng County
Mengcheng County (Chinese: 蒙城县; pinyin: Méngchéng Xiàn) is a county in the northwest of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Bozhou city, bordering Lixin County. It is famous for its beef production and for Zhuangzi, 4th century BCE philosopher. Niu Qun, a well-known comedian, used to serve as deputy magistrate of Mengcheng County.

Bozhou
Bozhou (Chinese: 亳州; pinyin: Bózhōu) is a prefecture-level city in northwestern Anhui province, China. It borders Huaibei to the northeast, Bengbu to the southeast, Huainan to the south, Fuyang to the southwest, and Henan to the north. Its population was 4,996,844 at the 2020 census, of whom 1,537,231 lived in the built-up area made of Qiaocheng urban district, even though the county remains largely rural.
Mandarin Learning Center
The Chinese Culture University Mandarin Learning Center (CCU MLC; Chinese: 中國文化大學華語中心) is a sub-division of Chinese Culture University, the largest institute of continuing education in Taiwan. The MLC is one of several satellite campuses of Chinese Culture University, located in the Daan District of Taipei City, with an enrollment of over 1000 foreign students in its Mandarin training program every year.

Chinese Culture University
Chinese Culture University (CCU; Chinese: 中國文化大學) is a private university located in Yangmingshan in Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan. Established in 1962, CCU is one of the largest universities in Taiwan with an enrollment of about 32,000 students. Satellite campuses are located in the Jianguo, Ximending, and Zhongxiao East Road areas of Taipei City.
Šiauliai BMX Track
Šiauliai BMX Track is a bicycle motocross track in Šiauliai, Lithuania. Main BMX facility in Lithuania that are eligible to host international championships.

Located near to Šiauliai Arena. Opened in 2008, instead of old BMX track. Track cost over 3 million LTL.

Home base for first Olympic Lithuanian BMX cyclist Vilma Rimšaitė.

Šiauliai Arena
Šiauliai Arena is the largest arena in Šiauliai, Lithuania. It generally hosts basketball games as well as concerts. The basketball club BC Šiauliai, which currently competes in the domestic LKL and ULEB Cup, uses the facility for all of its European and LKL home fixtures. It opened on 25 July 2007. The arena had hosted the Eurobasket 2011 Group B matches from 31 August 2011 to 5 September 2011.

In 2013, Šiauliai Arena hosted Davis Cup matches.
Invasion of Ryukyu
The invasion of Ryukyu (琉球侵攻, Ryūkyū Shinkō) by forces of the Japanese feudal domain of Satsuma took place from March to May of 1609, and marked the beginning of the Ryukyu Kingdom's status as a vassal state under the Satsuma domain. Former Satsuma territories that had been invaded by the Ryukyu Kingdom, such as the Amami Islands, were reintegrated into the Satsuma domain. The invasion force was met with stiff resistance from the Ryukyuan military on all but one island during the campaign. Ryukyu would remain a vassal state under Satsuma, alongside its already long-established tributary relationship with China, until it was formally annexed by Japan in 1879 as the Okinawa Prefecture.

Military of the Ryukyu Kingdom
The military of the Ryukyu Kingdom defended the kingdom from 1429 until 1879. It had roots in the late army of Chūzan, which became the Ryukyu Kingdom under the leadership of King Shō Hashi. The Ryukyuan military operated throughout the Ryukyu Islands, the East China Sea, and elsewhere that Ryukyuan ships went, including the South China Sea and further west, along the maritime silk road. Ryukyu primarily fought with other Ryukyuan kingdoms and chiefdoms, but also Japanese samurai from Satsuma Domain and pirates. Soldiers were stationed aboard ships and Ryukyuan fortifications. The Ryukyuan military declined after the 17th century until it was abolished following the Japanese annexation of Ryukyu in 1879.
Albania national youth football team
The Albania national youth football teams are a group of seven (formerly eight) teams that represents Albania in association football at various specific age levels, ranging from under-15 to under-21 (formerly to under-23). All of the teams are controlled by Albanian Football Federation, the governing body for football in Albania.

The seven (formerly eight) teams are the following:

Albania national under-23 football team (defunct)

Albania national under-21 football team

Albania national under-20 football team

Albania national under-19 football team

Albania national under-18 football team

Albania national under-17 football team

Albania national under-16 football team

Albania national under-15 football team

Albania national under-18 football team
The Albania national under-18 football team represents Albania in international football at this age level and is controlled by Albanian Football Association, the governing body for football in Albania.

The Albania U18 football team is a feeder team of Albania U19.

The team competed in the UEFA European Under-18 Football Championship, but after the rule change in the 2000s, the event had an age limit of 19.
Ultimate Universe
The Ultimate Universe is an imprint of comic books published by Marvel Comics beginning in 2023 and concluding in 2026; the imprint is overseen by writer Jonathan Hickman. It reimagines several classic Marvel characters in a new fictional continuity, after Hickman and artist Bryan Hitch's Ultimate Invasion limited series depicted The Maker (the Reed Richards of Earth-1610) shaping a new world in his image, resulting in Earth-6160, a new Earth preceded by alternate history.

While it shares its name with the earlier Ultimate Marvel imprint that ran from 2000 to 2015, it is not a direct reboot. While the original Ultimate Marvel started by updating the origins of Marvel Universe characters in a then-modern but recognizable Earth-1610, the Ultimate Universe (Earth-6160) features entirely new interpretations of Marvel characters set in a radically altered sociopolitical status quo caused by the Maker.

Howard Stark
Howard Stark is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character primarily appears in a supporting role in stories featuring Iron Man and stories featuring Captain America. He is the founder of Stark Industries and the father of Tony Stark (Iron Man).

Howard Stark has also appeared in several animated television series and films. Actors John Slattery and Dominic Cooper have portrayed the character throughout the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) franchise.
Newer Volcanics Province
The Newer Volcanics Province is a geological area which is a volcanic field, formed by the East Australia hotspot across south-eastern Australia. It covers an area of 15,000 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi), with over 400 small shield volcanoes and volcanic vents. The area contains the youngest volcanoes in Australia.

The volcanoes date from the Late-Pleistocene to Holocene ages. The area is characterised by flat lava flows, forming a plain above which rise numerous small scoria cones, tuff rings, and maars. The most recent eruptions in the region took place at Mount Schank and Mount Gambier, estimated about 5000 years BP, when several maars were formed and associated lava flows spread around the cones.

Volcanic field
A volcanic field is an area of Earth's crust that is prone to localized volcanic activity. The type and number of volcanoes required to be called a "field" is not well-defined. Volcanic fields usually consist of clusters of up to 100 volcanoes such as cinder cones. Lava flows may also occur. They may occur as a monogenetic volcanic field or a polygenetic volcanic field.
Beyers Naudé Drive
Beyers Naudé Drive is a large arterial route in Johannesburg, South Africa. It starts at the University of Johannesburg in Auckland Park, travelling through Melville, Roosevelt Park, Northcliff, Blackheath and traversing the N1 Western Bypass at Randpark Ridge. It terminates at the N14 freeway near Muldersdrift. It was previously known as DF Malan Drive. It forms part of Johannesburg's M5 road.

N1 Western Bypass (Johannesburg)
The Western Bypass is a section of the N1 and the Johannesburg Ring Road located in the city of Johannesburg, South Africa. Known at the time as the Concrete Highway, the freeway was initially opened in 1975 as a route to avoid the city centre of Johannesburg and to provide access to the western areas of the Witwatersrand. From the south, the Western Bypass begins at the Diepkloof Interchange in Soweto, where it splits from the N12 freeway and ends at the Buccleuch Interchange, where it merges with the N3 Eastern Bypass, M1 South and N1 Ben Schoeman freeways.

The Western Bypass is the longest section of the Johannesburg Ring Road. The freeway is mostly four lanes wide in either direction, but fans out into six lanes between Rivonia and Buccleuch, where there is heavy traffic moving north towards Pretoria. The Western Bypass is part of the N1 road that spans the length of South Africa.
Fourier–Deligne transform
In algebraic geometry, the Fourier–Deligne transform, or ℓ-adic Fourier transform, or geometric Fourier transform, is an operation on objects of the derived category of ℓ-adic sheaves over the affine line. It was introduced by Pierre Deligne on November 29, 1976 in a letter  to  David Kazhdan  as an analogue of the usual Fourier transform. It was used by Gérard Laumon to simplify Deligne's proof of the Weil conjectures.

ℓ-adic sheaf
In algebraic geometry, an ℓ-adic sheaf on a Noetherian scheme X is an inverse system consisting of -modules  in the étale topology and  inducing .

Bhatt–Scholze's pro-étale topology gives an alternative approach.
South-Eastern Finland fortification system
South-Eastern Finland fortification system is an extensive defensive system formed by three concentric fortress chains in South-East Finland built by Russia in the 1790s. The purpose of the fortification system was to protect the capital of the Russian Empire, Saint Petersburg, from a possible Swedish attack.

Hamina Fortress
Hamina Fortress (Finnish: Haminan linnoitus) is located in Finland on the coast of the Gulf of Finland and it is an integral part of the Hamina city centre. Hamina fortress is a Star fort, representing the Renaissance ideal city embodied by Palmanova city in northeastern Italy.
Euonymus fimbriatus
Euonymus fimbriatus, also known as the fringed spindle tree, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Euonymus. This tree is native to the Himalayas. It can grow up to 10 metres (33 ft) tall and it is deciduous.

Euonymus
Euonymus /juːˈɒnɪməs/ is a genus of flowering plants in the staff vine family Celastraceae. Common names vary widely among different species and between different English-speaking countries, but include spindle (or spindle tree), burning-bush, strawberry-bush, wahoo, wintercreeper, or simply euonymus. It has about 140 species of deciduous and evergreen shrubs, small trees and lianas. They are mostly native to East Asia, extending to the Himalayas, and they are also distributed in Europe, Australasia, North America, and Madagascar. Fifty species are endemic to China.
Adaptive predictive coding
Adaptive predictive coding (APC) is a narrowband analog-to-digital conversion that uses a one-level or multilevel sampling system in which the value of the signal at each sampling instant is predicted according to a linear function of the past values of the quantized signals.

APC is related to linear predictive coding (LPC) in that both use adaptive predictors. However, APC uses fewer prediction coefficients, thus requiring a higher sampling rate than LPC.

Linear predictive coding
Linear predictive coding (LPC) is a method used mostly in audio signal processing and speech processing for representing the spectral envelope of a digital signal of speech in compressed form, using the information of a linear predictive model.

LPC is the most widely used method in speech coding and speech synthesis. It is a powerful speech analysis technique, and a useful method for encoding good quality speech at a low bit rate.
When Mom Is Away
When Mom Is Away (Italian: 10 giorni senza mamma, lit. '10 days without mom') is a 2019 Italian comedy film directed by Alessandro Genovesi.

A Christmas-themed sequel entitled When Mom Is Away... With the Family was released in December 2020.

When Mom Is Away... With the Family
When Mom Is Away... With the Family (Italian: 10 giorni con Babbo Natale, lit. 'Ten days with Santa Claus') is a 2020 Italian Christmas comedy film directed by Alessandro Genovesi.

The film is a sequel to 2019 film When Mom Is Away and was followed by When Mom Is Away... With the In-laws.
Edmonton EcoPark
Edmonton EcoPark is a waste-to-energy plant which burns waste from several London boroughs to provide electricity for the National Grid. It is located on the River Lee Navigation and bordered by the North Circular Road, in Edmonton in the London Borough of Enfield. It is also known as Edmonton EcoPark.

Lee Navigation
The Lee Navigation is a canalised river incorporating the River Lea (also called the River Lee along the sections that are navigable). It flows from Hertford Castle Weir to the River Thames at Bow Creek; its first lock is Hertford Lock and its last Bow Locks.
D6 Adventure
D6 Adventure is a generic role-playing game system based on the D6 System. D6 Adventure is published as a stand-alone rulebook (not dependent upon or requiring any other D6 System rulebooks) and is supported by its own line of supplements.

D6 Fantasy
D6 Fantasy is a generic fantasy role-playing game (RPG) based on the D6 System. D6 Fantasy is published as a stand-alone rulebook (not dependent upon or requiring any other D6 System rulebook) and is supported by its own line of supplements.