hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gaudiosus of Naples
Gaudiosus of Naples or Gaudiosus the African (Latin: Sanctus Gaudiosus Africanus) was a bishop of Abitina, a village near Carthage in present-day western Tunisia, in the Roman Africa Province.

Born Septimius Celius Gaudiosus, he fled North Africa during the persecutions of Genseric, king of the Vandals, by boat and arrived at Naples with other exiled churchmen, including the bishop of Carthage, who was named Quodvultdeus.  Arriving around 439 AD, he established himself on the acropolis of Naples.

The introduction of the Augustinian Rule into Naples is attributed to him as well as the introduction of some relics, including those of Restituta.

Gaudiosus' relics were later buried in the Catacombs of San Gennaro in the 6th century.  One of the cemeteries of these catacombs, San Gaudioso, refers to Gaudiosus.

Restituta
Restituta (Restituta of Africa; died in AD 255 or 304) is a Berber saint and martyr of the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. She was said to have been born in Carthage or Teniza (presently Ras Djebel, Tunisia) and martyred under Roman Emperor Diocletian.  The location and date of her martyrdom are not precisely known. She sometimes is considered one of the Martyrs of Abitinae, Roman Province of Africa, a group of North Africans including Dativus, Saturninus, et alia, who were martyred in AD 304.
Infant Jesus of Prague
The Infant Jesus of Prague (Czech: Pražské Jezulátko: Spanish: Niño Jesús de Praga) is a 16th-century wax-coated wooden statue of the Child Jesus holding a globus cruciger of Spanish origin, now located in the Discalced Carmelite Church of Our Lady of Victories in Malá Strana, Prague, Czech Republic. First appearing in 1556, pious legends claim that the statue once belonged to Teresa of Ávila and was consequently donated to the Carmelite friars by Princess Polyxena of Lobkowicz in 1628.

The divine image is routinely clothed by the Carmelite nuns in luxurious fabrics with imperial regalia and a golden crown while his left hand holds a globus cruciger and the right hand is raised in a gesture of benediction. It is venerated on Christmas and the first Sunday of May commemorating both its centenary and "episcopal coronation" in 1655.

Malá Strana
Malá Strana (Czech for "Little Side (of the River)", German: Prager Kleinseite) or historically Menší Město pražské (English: Lesser Town of Prague) is a district of the city of Prague, Czech Republic, and one of its most historic neighbourhoods.

In the Middle Ages, it was a dominant center of the ethnic German (and since 16th century also Italian) citizens of Prague. It also housed many noble palaces while the right-bank towns were comparatively more bourgeois and more Bohemian Czech.
Robert Solberg
Robert A. Solberg (Solborg) was a soldier and spy during World War I and World War II, becoming a key figure in the development of the Office of the Coordinator of Information and the Office of Strategic Services, precursor to the Central Intelligence Agency.

He served as an officer in the Czar's Army in World War I, fled Russia after the Russian Civil War, and performed espionage work for the British while acting undercover as an international businessman in the interwar period, at the order of the Americans Millard Preston Goodfellow and the G-2.

Millard Preston Goodfellow
Millard Preston Goodfellow, who often went by the name "Preston Goodfellow," was an American soldier, spy, diplomat, journalist, war correspondent, and newspaper publisher. A veteran of World War I, Goodfellow became a leading figure at the Office of the Coordinator of Information and the Office of Strategic Services during World War II.

Goodfellow was a publisher of the Brooklyn Eagle, Pocatello Tribune, and the New York American. During the Korean War, he acted as Special Adviser to President Syngman Rhee, mediating on behalf of the State Department and Central Intelligence Agency between Rhee and Kim Ku. Goodfellow died in Washington, DC, in 1973, at age 81.
Licinius of Angers
Licinius of Angers (also known as Saint Lezin, or Lésin) (c.540–c.610) was a Frankish nobleman and bishop of Angers, celebrated as  Catholic saint on 13 February.

Lucinius was born about 540 and sent to the court of King Chlothar I when about 20.  Chlothar's son King Chilperic I made him governor of Angers.  Upon the death of Bishop Audouin in about 600, he was also made bishop of Angers by King Chlothar II.

He founded a monastery and a Church both dedicated to St John the Baptist, and was buried there.  His age at death was said to be 64 and the date 618 by one source, but others state earlier.

Diocese of Angers
The Diocese of Angers (Latin: Dioecesis Andegavensis; French: Diocèse d'Angers) is a  Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in France. The episcopal see is located in Angers Cathedral in the city of Angers. The diocese extends over the entire department of Maine-et-Loire.

It was a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Tours under the old regime as well as under the Concordat. Since the general reorganization of the French hierarchy of 8 December 2002, the diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Rennes, Dol, and Saint-Malo.

In 2022, in the Diocese of Angers there was one priest for every 2,944 Catholics.
Inks Lake
Inks Lake is a reservoir on the Colorado River in the Texas Hill Country in the United States.  The reservoir was formed in 1938 by the construction of Inks Dam by the Lower Colorado River Authority.  Located near Burnet, Texas, the lake serves to provide flood control in tandem with Lake Buchanan and features the smallest hydroelectric power plant on the Highland Lakes chain. Inks Lake was named for Roy B. Inks, one of the original board members of the Lower Colorado River Authority, and serves as a venue for outdoor recreation, including fishing, boating, swimming, camping, and picnicking.

The other reservoirs on the Colorado River are Lake Buchanan, Lake LBJ, Lake Marble Falls, Lake Travis, Lake Austin, and Lady Bird Lake.

Lower Colorado River Authority
The Lower Colorado River Authority (LCRA) is a nonprofit public utility created in November 1934 by the Texas Legislature. LCRA's mission is to enhance the lives of the Texans it serves through water stewardship, energy and community service. LCRA provides public power, manages the lower Colorado River, builds and operates transmission lines, owns public parks, and offers community services.

LCRA does not receive state appropriations or have the ability to levy taxes. Instead, LCRA is funded by revenue it generates, the vast majority of which comes from producing and transmitting electricity. A very small portion of LCRA's revenue comes from selling water.
Yam O
Yam O (Chinese: 陰澳) is a bay located on the northeast shore of Lantau Island, in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is part of the Ma Wan constituency of the Tsuen Wan District Council.

Yam O was the only natural lumber preservation zone in Hong Kong. Even today, travellers passing through Yam O can see natural lumber on stilts in the bay.

Today, Yam O is known for its interchange for the Disneyland Resort line via the nearby Sunny Bay MTR station, built on reclaimed land near Yam O.

Lantau Island
Lantau Island (also Lantao Island, Lan Tao or Lan Tau) is the largest island in Hong Kong. Located west of Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula, it is part of the New Territories. Administratively, most of Lantau Island is part of the Islands District of Hong Kong. A small northeastern portion of the island is located in the Tsuen Wan District.

Originally an island with fishing villages, it has been developed since the late 20th century with the construction of Tung Chung New Town on its north-western coast and the completion of several major infrastructure projects, including Lantau Link (1997), Hong Kong International Airport (1998), Hong Kong Disneyland (2005), and the Ngong Ping 360 gondola lift (2006).
2022 NCAA Division I FCS football season
The 2022 NCAA Division I FCS football season, part of college football in the United States, was organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) level. The regular season began on August 27 and ended on November 19. The postseason began on November 26, and ended on January 8, 2023, with the 2023 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game at Toyota Stadium in Frisco, Texas. South Dakota State defeated defending champion North Dakota State, 45-21, to win the title.

2022 North Dakota State Bison football team
The 2022 North Dakota State Bison football team represented North Dakota State University as a member of the Missouri Valley Football Conference (MVFC) during the 2022 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The Bison were led by fourth-year head coach Matt Entz. They played their home games at the Fargodome in Fargo, North Dakota. 
The Bison finished their regular season with an overall record of 9–2 and 7–1 in MVFC play. NDSU received the number 3 overall seed in the FCS playoffs. The Bison then beat Montana in the second round, Samford in the quarterfinals, and Incarnate Word in the semifinals, before falling to topseed and archrival South Dakota State in the FCS National Championship. This was the program's first loss in the FCS title game, and only their third ever loss in a title game at any level.
E7 polytope
In 7-dimensional geometry, there are 127 uniform polytopes with E7 symmetry. The three simplest forms are the 321, 231, and 132 polytopes, composed of 56, 126, and 576 vertices respectively.

They can be visualized as symmetric orthographic projections in Coxeter planes of the E7 Coxeter group, and other subgroups.

2 31 polytope
In 7-dimensional geometry, 231 is a uniform polytope, constructed from the E7 group.

Its Coxeter symbol is 231, describing its bifurcating Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, with a single ring on the end of the 2-node branch.

The rectified 231 is constructed by points at the mid-edges of the 231.

These polytopes are part of a family of 127 (or 27−1) convex uniform polytopes in seven dimensions, made of uniform polytope facets and vertex figures, defined by all combinations of rings in this Coxeter-Dynkin diagram: .
Early 21st Century Romanticism
"Early 21st Century Romanticism" is the fifteenth episode of the second season of the American comedy television series Community and the fortieth episode of the series overall. It aired in the United States on NBC on February 10, 2011. The episode revolves around the study group's various Valentine's Day plans: Abed and Troy ask the same girl to the dance, Britta goes on a date with a lesbian, and Jeff is tricked into hosting a party.

Community season 2
The second season of the television comedy series Community premiered on September 23, 2010 and concluded on May 12, 2011, on NBC. The season consists of 24 episodes and aired on Thursdays at 8:00 pm ET as part of Comedy Night Done Right.
Los Bybys
Los Bybys are a Mexican musical group playing in the genres of Cumbia and Tropical. Originating in the town of Tequixquiac they began playing in 1991, and became locally successful, eventually touring also outside of Mexico. Among their hits are  “Llorar llorar”, “Corazón barato” and “Esa mujer”. Among the band members are Sergio Ramírez Prado, the lead singer. In 2015 the band's percussionist Édgar Octavio Ramírez Prado disappeared in December 2015 and was found dead in a sewage pool several months later.

Tequixquiac
Tequixquiac is a municipality located in the Zumpango Region of the State of Mexico in Mexico. The municipality is located 84 kilometres (52 mi) north of Mexico City within the valley that connects the Valley of Mexico with the Mezquital Valley. The name comes from Nahuatl and means "place of tequesquite waters". The municipal seat is the town of Santiago Tequixquiac, although both the town and municipality are commonly referred to as simply "Tequixquiac".

The municipality is known as the "cradle of prehistoric art in the Americas" because of the sacrum bone and other artifacts found in the region.
Pettinengo
Pettinengo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Turin and about 3 kilometres (2 mi) southeast of Biella. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,567 and an area of 11.5 square kilometres (4.4 mi2).

Pettinengo borders the following municipalities: Andorno Micca, Biella, Bioglio, Callabiana, Camandona, Piedicavallo, Pila, Piode, Rassa, Ronco Biellese, Scopello,  Tavigliano, Ternengo, Valle Mosso, Valle San Nicolao, Veglio, Zumaglia.

Valle San Nicolao
Valle San Nicolao is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northeast of Turin and about 6 kilometres (4 mi) northeast of Biella. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,136 and an area of 14.9 square kilometres (5.8 mi2).

Valle San Nicolao borders the following municipalities: Bioglio, Camandona, Cossato, Pettinengo, Piatto, Piedicavallo, Quaregna, Scopello, Strona, Trivero, Vallanzengo, Valle Mosso.
Craigellachie, British Columbia
Craigellachie (pronounced /krəˈɡɛləxi, -hi/) is a locality in British Columbia, located several kilometres to the west of the Eagle Pass summit between Sicamous and Revelstoke. Craigellachie is the site of a tourist stop on the Trans-Canada Highway between Salmon Arm and Revelstoke.

It was named after the village of Craigellachie on the River Spey in Moray, Scotland, the ancestral home of Sir George Stephen, the first president of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). At a critical time in the railway's development, Stephen travelled to Britain to raise desperately needed capital funding; when he succeeded, he telegraphed his associates in Canada quoting the familiar motto of Clan Grant: "Stand fast, Craigellachie!"

The Canadian Craigellachie is most famous for being the site of the "Last Spike" of the CPR, driven by Sir Donald Smith, a director of the CPR, on November 7, 1885.

Last spike (Canadian Pacific Railway)
A ceremonial final spike was driven into the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) at Craigellachie, British Columbia, at 9:22 am on November 7, 1885. It was driven in by CPR railway financier Donald Smith, Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal, marking the end to a saga of natural disasters, financial crises, and even rebellion that plagued Canada's first transcontinental railway from its beginning.
Butternut squash
Butternut squash (a variety of Cucurbita moschata), known in Australia and New Zealand as butternut pumpkin or gramma, is a type of winter squash that grows on a vine. It has a sweet, nutty taste, when cooked,  similar to that of a pumpkin. It has tan-yellow skin and orange fleshy pulp with a compartment of seeds in the blossom end. When ripening, the flesh turns increasingly deep orange due to its rich content of beta-carotene, a provitamin A compound.

Although botanically a fruit (specifically, a berry), butternut squash is used culinarily as a vegetable that can be roasted, sautéed, puréed for soups such as squash soup, or mashed to be used in casseroles, breads, muffins, and pies. It is part of the same squash family as ponca, waltham, pumpkin, and calabaza.

Cucurbita moschata
Cucurbita moschata is a species originating in the tropical Americas which is cultivated for edible flesh, flowers, greens, and seeds. It includes cultivars known in English as squash or pumpkin. Cultivars of C. moschata are generally more tolerant of hot, humid weather than squash of other domesticated species. C. moschata also exhibit a greater resistance to certain disease and insects, notably including to the squash vine borer. Commercially-made pumpkin pie mix is most often made from varieties of C. moschata.
Landau
Landau (Palatine German: Landach), officially Landau in der Pfalz (German pronunciation: [ˈlandaʊ ʔɪn deːɐ̯ ˈpfalts], lit. 'Landau in the Palatinate'), is an autonomous (kreisfrei) town surrounded by the Südliche Weinstraße ("Southern Wine Route") district of southern Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is a university town (since 1990), a long-standing cultural centre, and a market and shopping town, surrounded by vineyards and wine-growing villages of the Palatinate wine region. Landau lies east of the Palatinate forest, on the German Wine Route.

It contains the districts (Ortsteile) of Arzheim, Dammheim, Godramstein, Mörlheim, Mörzheim, Nussdorf, Queichheim, and Wollmesheim.

Palatinate Forest
The Palatinate Forest (/pəˈlætɪnɪt/; German: Pfälzerwald [ˈpfɛltsɐvalt] ⓘ), sometimes also called the Palatine Forest, is a low-mountain region in southwestern Germany, located in the Palatinate in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The forest is a designated nature park (German: Naturpark Pfälzerwald) covering 1,771 km2 and its highest elevation is the Kalmit (672.6 m).

Together with the northern part of the adjacent Vosges Mountains in France it forms the UNESCO-designated Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve.
Ectocion
Ectocion (sometimes Ectocyon) is an extinct genus of placental mammals of the family Phenacodontidae. The genus was earlier classified as Gidleyina (Simpson 1935) and Prosthecion (Patterson and West 1973) It reached 6 to 12 kg and was similar in size and morphology to Copecion. Both these herbivorous ungulates likely occupied similar ecological niches.

Paleocene specimens of these hoofed, ground-dwelling herbivores have been found in Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan) and the United States (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, and Wyoming).  Eocene specimens have been found in Mexico and the United States (Colorado, Mississippi, Wyoming).

One of the dramatic effects of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) was some animals evolving smaller bodies.  Fossilized Ectocion jaw bones show that this genus was smaller during (E. parvus, 55.5 mya) the PETM than its relatives before (E. osbornianus, 55.6 mya) and after (E. osbornianus, 55.3 mya) the brief climatic peak period.

Phenacodontidae
Phenacodontidae is an extinct family of large herbivorous mammals traditionally placed in the "wastebasket taxon" Condylarthra, which may instead represent early-stage perissodactyls. They lived from the late early Paleocene to early middle Eocene (about 60–50 million years ago) and their fossil remains have been found in North America and Europe. The only unequivocal Asian phenacodontid is Lophocion asiaticus.
Linear code sequence and jump
Linear code sequence and jump (LCSAJ), in the broad sense, is a software analysis method used to identify structural units in code under test.  Its primary use is with dynamic software analysis to help answer the question "How much testing is enough?".  Dynamic software analysis is used to measure the quality and efficacy of software test data, where the quantification is performed in terms of structural units of the code under test.  When used to quantify the structural units exercised by a given set of test data, dynamic analysis is also referred to as structural coverage analysis.

In a narrower sense, an LCSAJ is a well-defined linear region of a program's code. When used in this sense, LCSAJ is also called JJ-path, standing for jump-to-jump path.

Code coverage
In software engineering, code coverage, also called test coverage, is a percentage measure of the degree to which the source code of a program is executed when a particular test suite is run. A program with high code coverage has more of its source code executed during testing, which suggests it has a lower chance of containing undetected software bugs compared to a program with low code coverage. Many different metrics can be used to calculate test coverage. Some of the most basic are the percentage of program subroutines and the percentage of program statements called during execution of the test suite.

Code coverage was among the first methods invented for systematic software testing. The first published reference was by Miller and Maloney in Communications of the ACM, in 1963.
Palazzo della Cancelleria
The Palazzo della Cancelleria (Palace of the Chancellery, referring to the former Apostolic Chancery of the Pope) is a Renaissance palace in Rome, Italy, situated between the present Corso Vittorio Emanuele II and the Campo de' Fiori, in the rione of Parione. It was built 1489–1513 by Baccio Pontelli and Antonio da Sangallo the Elder as a palace for Raffaele Cardinal Riario, Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, and is regarded as the earliest Renaissance palace in Rome.

The Palazzo houses the institutions of justice of the Roman Curia, is an extraterritorial property of the Holy See, and is designated as a World Heritage Site.

Parione
Parione is the 6th rione of Rome, Italy, identified by the initials R. VI, and belongs to the Municipio I. Its name comes from the fact that in the area there was a huge ancient wall, maybe belonging to the stadium of Domitianus; the nickname people gave to this wall was Parietone ('big wall' in ancient Italian), from which the name Parione.

The coat of arms of the rione depicts a rampant griffon, a Greek mythological creature with the head of an eagle and the body of a lion. It was chosen as a symbol of pride and nobility.
Bishop–Cannings theorem
The Bishop–Cannings theorem is a theorem in evolutionary game theory.  It states that  (i) all members of a mixed evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) have the same payoff (Theorem 2), and (ii) that none of these can also be a pure ESS (from their Theorem 3). The usefulness of the results comes from the fact that they can be used to directly find ESSs algebraically, rather than simulating the game and solving it by iteration.

The theorem was formulated by Tim Bishop and Chris Cannings at Sheffield University, who published it in 1978.

A review is given by John Maynard Smith in his book Evolution and the Theory of Games, with proof in the appendix.

Evolutionary game theory
Evolutionary game theory (EGT) is the application of game theory to evolving populations in biology. It defines a framework of contests, strategies, and analytics into which Darwinian competition can be modelled. It originated in 1973 with John Maynard Smith and George R. Price's formalisation of contests, analysed as strategies, and the mathematical criteria that can be used to predict the results of competing strategies.

Evolutionary game theory differs from classical game theory in focusing more on the dynamics of strategy change. This is influenced by the frequency of the competing strategies in the population.

Evolutionary game theory has helped to explain the basis of altruistic behaviours in Darwinian evolution. It has in turn become of interest to economists, sociologists, anthropologists, and philosophers.
Sheung Shui station
Sheung Shui (Chinese: 上水; Cantonese Yale: Seuhngséui; pronounced: [sœŋ˨.sɵɥ˧˥], literally "Above-water") is the penultimate northbound station on the East Rail line in Hong Kong. This station serves as the northern terminus of the East Rail line after the Lo Wu and Lok Ma Chau boundary crossings have closed for the day.  It is also the last northbound station on the East Rail line that passengers without a Closed Area Permit, Mainland Travel Permit, or valid passport and mainland Chinese visa may freely travel to.

This station is located in the North District, New Territories, Hong Kong, serving the Sheung Shui area and its vicinity.

Sheung Shui
Sheung Shui (Chinese: 上水; Jyutping: soeng6 seoi2, literally "Above-water") is an area in New Territories, Hong Kong. Sheung Shui Town, a part of this area, is part of Fanling–Sheung Shui New Town in North District of Hong Kong. Fanling Town is to its southeast.