hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Boston, Lincolnshire
Boston is a market town and inland port in the borough of the same name in the county of Lincolnshire, England. It lies to the south-east of Lincoln, east of Nottingham and north-east of Peterborough. The town had a population of 45,339 at the 2021 census, while the borough had an estimated population of 66,900 at the ONS mid-2015 estimates. The Haven in Boston flows about 5 miles away to the Lincolnshire coast at The Wash, a bay between Lincolnshire and Norfolk.

Boston's most notable landmark is St Botolph's Church, colloquially referred to as 'The Stump', the largest parish church in England, which is visible from miles away across the flat lands of Lincolnshire. Residents of Boston are known as Bostonians. Emigrants from Boston named several other settlements around the world after the town—most notably Boston, Massachusetts, then an English colony and now part of the United States.

Botolph of Thorney
Botolph of Thorney (/ˈbɒtʊlf/; also called Botolph, Botulph or Botulf; later known as Saint Botolph; died c. 680) was an English abbot and saint. He is regarded as the patron saint of boundaries, and by extension, of trade and travel, as well as various aspects of farming. His feast day is celebrated either on 17 June (England) or 25 June (Scotland).
St. Charles, Illinois
St. Charles or Saint Charles is a city in Kane and DuPage Counties, Illinois, United States. The population was 33,081 at the 2020 census, and was estimated at 33,482 in 2024. It lies roughly 35 miles west of Chicago on Illinois Route 64. The official city slogan is "Pride of the Fox", after the Fox River that runs through the center of town. St. Charles is part of a tri-city area along with Geneva and Batavia, all western Chicago suburbs of similar size and socioeconomic condition.

Fox River (Illinois River tributary)
The Fox River is a 202-mile-long (325 km) tributary of the Illinois River, flowing from southeastern Wisconsin to Ottawa, Illinois in the United States. The Wisconsin section was known as the Pishtaka River in the 19th century. There is another Fox River in Wisconsin that flows through Lake Winnebago into Green Bay. There are also two other "Fox Rivers" in southern Illinois: the Fox River (Little Wabash tributary) and a smaller "Fox River" that joins the Wabash River near New Harmony, Indiana.

The Fox River (Illinois River tributary) is known locally as an excellent fishery with opportunities for smallmouth bass, flathead catfish, and walleye.  The river’s watershed encompasses 1,720 square miles (4,500 km2) in Illinois and 938 square miles (2,430 km2) in Wisconsin.
Konstanty Kalinowski
Konstanty Kalinowski, or Wincenty Konstanty Kalinowski (2 February [O.S. 21 January] 1838 – 22 March [O.S. 10 March] 1864), was a Polish writer, journalist, lawyer and revolutionary. He was one of the leaders of the 1863 January Uprising on the lands of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He is considered a national hero in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus. Particularly in Belarus, Kalinowski is revered as Father of the Nation and icon of Belarusian nationalism.

Kalinowski conducted his activities in the spirit of resurrecting the common state of Lithuania, Ruthenia (now Belarus and Ukraine), and Poland in the traditions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Mostowlany
Mostowlany ([mɔstɔˈvlanɨ]; Lithuanian: Mastaulėnai) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gródek, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus.
1st Sussex Engineers
The 1st Sussex Engineers was a Volunteer unit of Britain's Royal Engineers raised in Eastbourne in 1890. It became the engineer component of the 44th (Home Counties) Division of the Territorial Force, but its units saw action with Regular Army formations on the Western Front, at Salonika and in Italy during the First World War, and in North Russia and Turkey after the war ended. During the Second World War, its units were in the Battle of France and at Alamein, in Sicily, on D Day and the subsequent campaign in North West Europe, including the Rhine crossing. Detached companies fought in Tunisia, Italy, and Burma, where one was involved in the decisive Battle of Kohima and the assault crossing of the Irrawaddy. The unit continued in the postwar Territorial Army until 1967.

1st Hampshire Engineers
The 1st Hampshire Engineer Volunteer Corps was first formed in 1862 and then reformed in 1891 with special responsibility for the port defences of the South Coast of England. It carried out this role during World War I, as well as forming field units that served on the Western Front and at Salonika. Before the outbreak of World War II it formed an air defence regiment that saw service during The Blitz and field companies that fought in the Western Desert and Italy, The unit continued in the postwar Territorial Army before finally disbanding in 1967.
Saskatchewan Mining Development Corporation
The Saskatchewan Mining Development Corporation (SMDC) was a provincial crown corporation established in 1974 by the Government of Saskatchewan to manage its interests in exploration and mining in the province. It was active in the exploration for uranium, gold and diamonds.

In 1988, SMDC's assets were merged with those of Eldorado Nuclear Limited, under the terms of The Saskatchewan Mining Development Corporation Reorganization Act, to form Cameco Corporation with its head office in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

Cameco
Cameco Corporation (formerly Canadian Mining and Energy Corporation) is the world's largest publicly traded uranium company, based in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. In 2015, it was the world's second largest uranium producer, accounting for 18% of world production.
The Pirates! in an Adventure with Communists
The Pirates! in an Adventure with Communists is the third book in The Pirates! series by Gideon Defoe to feature his hapless pirate crew. It was published in 2006 by Orion Books (ISBN 0-297-84867-4).

This book follows the adventures of the Pirate Captain and his crew through Paris and London—accompanied by Karl Marx and his sidekick Friedrich Engels—as they attempt to clear the communists' good name after it is sullied by Richard Wagner and his malevolent benefactor.

Gideon Defoe
Gideon Defoe (born 26 December 1975) is an English novelist of The Pirates!, a historical fiction fantasy comedy book series about a group of pirates on their adventures. He also wrote the screenplay for The Pirates! Band of Misfits which is an Aardman Animations stop-motion animated feature film based on The Pirates! in an Adventure with Scientists, the first book in The Pirates! book series. According to his 2020 book An Atlas of Extinct Countries, Defoe also does film development work with Locksmith Animation and StudioCanal and is developing a TV sitcom with BBC Studios.
Corneal epithelium
The corneal epithelium (epithelium corneae anterior layer) is made up of epithelial tissue and covers the front of the cornea. It acts as a barrier to protect the cornea, resisting the free flow of fluids from the tears, and prevents bacteria from entering the epithelium and corneal stroma.

Cornea
The cornea is the transparent front part of the eyeball which covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Along with the anterior chamber and lens, the cornea refracts light, accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power. In humans, the refractive power of the cornea is approximately 43 dioptres. The cornea can be reshaped by surgical procedures such as LASIK.

While the cornea contributes most of the eye's focusing power, its focus is fixed. Accommodation (the refocusing of light to better view near objects) is accomplished by changing the geometry of the lens.  Medical terms related to the cornea often start with the prefix "kerat-" from the Greek word κέρας, horn.
Milton-Freewater, Oregon
Milton-Freewater is a city in Umatilla County, Oregon,  United States. The city received its current name in 1951 when  neighboring rival cities of Milton and Freewater voted to merge. The population was 7,151 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Pendleton–Hermiston Micropolitan Statistical Area. Milton-Freewater is home to a growing wine industry.

Umatilla County, Oregon
Umatilla County (/ˌjuːməˈtɪlə/) is one of the 36 counties in the U.S. state of Oregon. The population of 81,826 ranks it as the 14th largest in Oregon, and largest in Eastern Oregon. Hermiston is the largest and fastest growing city in Umatilla County, but Pendleton remains the county seat.  Umatilla County is part of the Hermiston-Pendleton, OR Micropolitan Statistical Area, which has a combined population of 94,833. It is included in the eight-county definition of Eastern Oregon.

The county is named for the Umatilla River.
Live Fest
Live Fest is a bi-annual music festival held at The O2 in London. According to its organizers, it is the largest indoor music festival in the United Kingdom. In the first festival on 23 July 2011, some of the headlining acts included Zane Lowe, Tinchy Stryder, Roll Deep, The Hoosiers, and Funeral for a Friend. Prominent genres of music at the festival include urban, pop, rock, and indie.

Live and Unsigned
Live and Unsigned is a music competition in the United Kingdom for unsigned bands and vocal groups to perform live for substantial prizes. It was founded 2007, and has attracted over 40,000 entrants annually since its inception. Competitors perform in their own genre and style to a paying audience and judging panel. The competition tours the UK holding auditions and finals in various areas and regions, and the Grand National Final is held in London The O2 in London being the last used.
Celestine Damiano
Celestine Joseph Damiano (November 1, 1911 – October 2, 1967) was an American Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Camden from 1960 to 1967. He previously served as apostolic delegate to South Africa (1953–1960).

Diocese of Camden
The Diocese of Camden (Latin: Dioecesis Camdensis) is a diocese of the Catholic Church in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It consists of about 475,000 Catholics in the South Jersey counties of Atlantic, Camden, Cape May, Cumberland, Gloucester, and Salem. The mother church is the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Camden. The bishop is Joseph A. Williams.
Regional Municipality of Durham
The Regional Municipality of Durham (/ˈdʊərəm/), informally referred to as Durham Region, is a regional municipality in Southern Ontario, Canada. Located east of Toronto and the Regional Municipality of York, it forms the east end of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) and is part of the Golden Horseshoe region. It has an area of approximately 2,500 km2 (970 sq mi). The regional government is headquartered in Whitby.

The southern portion of Durham Region, on Lake Ontario, is primarily suburban in nature, forming the eastern end of the "905 belt" of suburbs around Toronto, while the northern portion comprises rural areas and small towns. The city of Pickering, town of Ajax, and the township of Uxbridge are part of the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area, while the communities of Oshawa, Whitby, and Clarington comprise the Oshawa Census Metropolitan Area.

Trent University
Trent University is a public liberal arts university in Peterborough, Ontario, with a satellite campus in Oshawa, which serves the Regional Municipality of Durham. Founded in 1964, the university is known for its Oxbridge college system, small class sizes, and 11 on-campus nature reserves. The university's main Symons campus is located on the Otonabee River at the northeast corner of the City of Peterborough. Trent University offers only a few programs at the graduate level. In 2023, over 13,000 undergraduates and over 1,200 graduate students were enrolled at the Symons campus while Trent University Durham GTA served over 3,000 full- and part-time students at its Oshawa campus. The university is represented in Canadian Interuniversity Sports by the Trent Excalibur varsity team.
1736 English cricket season
The earliest known instance of a tie happened in the 1736 English cricket season. The occasion was a three-a-side single wicket match between London and Surrey on Lamb's Conduit Field in Holborn. The season is also notable for the first appearances in sources of Chertsey Cricket Club and its Laleham Burway ground. Details of 20 matches are known.

London Cricket Club
The original London Cricket Club was formed in 1722 and was one of the foremost clubs in English cricket over the next four decades, holding important match status. It is closely associated with the Artillery Ground, where it played most of its home matches.
Pyruvic acid
Pyruvic acid (CH3COCOOH) is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids, with a carboxylic acid and a ketone functional group. Pyruvate, the conjugate base, CH3COCOO−, is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways throughout the cell.

Pyruvic acid can be made from glucose through glycolysis, converted back to carbohydrates (such as glucose) via gluconeogenesis, or converted to fatty acids through a reaction with acetyl-CoA. It can also be used to construct the amino acid alanine and can be converted into ethanol or lactic acid via fermentation.

Pyruvic acid supplies energy to cells through the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle) when oxygen is present (aerobic respiration), and alternatively ferments to produce lactate when oxygen is lacking.

Metabolic intermediate
Metabolic intermediates are compounds produced during the conversion of substrates (starting molecules) into final products in biochemical reactions within cells.

Although these intermediates are of relatively minor direct importance to cellular function, they can play important roles in the allosteric regulation of enzymes, glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and amino acid synthesis.

Metabolic pathways consist of a series of enzymatically catalyzed reactions where each step transforms a substrate into a product that serves as the substrate for the next reaction. Metabolic intermediates are compounds that form during these steps, and they are neither the starting substrate nor the final product of the pathway. These intermediates are crucial because they allow for regulation, energy storage, and extraction of chemical energy in a controlled manner.
Line integral
In mathematics, a line integral is an integral where the function to be integrated is evaluated along a curve.  The terms path integral, curve integral, and curvilinear integral are also used; contour integral is used as well, although that is typically reserved for line integrals in the complex plane.

The function to be integrated may be a scalar field or a vector field. The value of the line integral is the sum of values of the field at all points on the curve, weighted by some scalar function on the curve (commonly arc length or, for a vector field, the scalar product of the vector field with a differential vector in the curve). This weighting distinguishes the line integral from simpler integrals defined on intervals. Many simple formulae in physics, such as the definition of work as , have natural continuous analogues in terms of line integrals, in this case , which computes the work done on an object moving through an electric or gravitational field F along a path .

Contour integration
In the mathematical field of complex analysis, contour integration is a method of evaluating certain integrals along paths in the complex plane.

Contour integration is closely related to the calculus of residues, a method of complex analysis.

One use for contour integrals is the evaluation of integrals along the real line that are not readily found by using only real variable methods. It also has various applications in physics.

Contour integration methods include:

direct integration of a complex-valued function along a curve in the complex plane

application of the Cauchy integral formula

application of the residue theorem

One method can be used, or a combination of these methods, or various limiting processes, for the purpose of finding these integrals or sums.
Kamiah High School
Kamiah High School (KAM-ee-eye) is a four-year public secondary school in Kamiah, Idaho, the only high school in Kamiah School District #304. Located in the Clearwater Valley of rural Lewis County in the north central part of the state, the school colors are maroon and white and the mascot is a Kub.

At the south end of the city, the high school was built in 1914, and the current building on 9th Street opened 67 years ago in November 1959.

Kamiah, Idaho
Kamiah (/ˈkæmi.aɪ/ ⓘ KAM-ee-eye) is a city in Lewis and Idaho counties in the U.S. state of Idaho. The largest city in Lewis County, it extends only a small distance into Idaho County, south of Lawyer Creek. As of the 2020 census, Kamiah had a population of 1,117. The city lies in the narrow valley of the Clearwater River; downstream are Orofino and Lewiston, at the confluence with the Snake River.
Naval War College Review
The Naval War College Review is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the United States Navy's Naval War College. It covers public policy matters of interest to the maritime services and was established in 1948.

Naval War College
The Naval War College (NWC or NAVWARCOL) is the staff college and "Home of Thought" for the United States Navy at Naval Station Newport in Newport, Rhode Island. The NWC educates and develops leaders, supports defining the future Navy and associated roles and missions, supports combat readiness, and strengthens global maritime partnerships.

The Naval War College is one of the senior service colleges including the Army War College, the Marine Corps War College, and the USAF Air War College.  Additionally, the U.S. Department of Defense operates the National War College.
Jewish studies
Jewish studies (Hebrew: מדעי היהדות, romanized: madʿê ha-yahadut, lit. 'sciences of Judaism'), or Judaic studies, is an academic discipline centered on the study of Jews and Judaism. Jewish studies is interdisciplinary and combines aspects of history (especially Jewish history), Middle Eastern studies, Asian studies, Oriental studies, religious studies, archeology, sociology, languages (Jewish languages), political science, area studies, women's studies, and ethnic studies. Jewish studies as a distinct field is mainly present at colleges and universities in North America.

Related fields include Holocaust research and Israel studies, and in Israel, Jewish thought. Bar-Ilan University has the world's largest school of Jewish studies, while Harvard University was the first American university, and perhaps the first in the world, to appoint a full-time scholar of Judaica to its faculty.

Asian studies
Asian studies is the term used usually in North America and Australia for what in Europe is known as Oriental studies. The field is concerned with the Asian people, their cultures, languages, history and politics. Within the Asian sphere, Asian studies combines aspects of sociology, history, cultural anthropology, cultural studies, and many other disciplines to study political, cultural and economic phenomena in Asian traditional and contemporary societies. Asian studies form a field of post-graduate study in many universities.

It is a branch of area studies, and many Western universities combine Asian and African studies in a single faculty or institute, like SOAS in London. It is often combined with Islamic studies in a similar way. The history of the discipline in the West is covered under Oriental studies.

The International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS) only considers Asia to the east of the Indus River in its scope of "Asian Studies".
Hraun (Fljót)
Hraun is the outermost farm in the Fljót district of eastern Skagafjörður, Iceland. The outermost farm in western Skagafjörður county, on the tip of the Skagi peninsula is also called Hraun, which is Icelandic for "lava," but its name is in the singular, while the Hraun in Fljót is plural (note: hraun is the same in both the singular and plural in two of Icelandic's four grammatical cases). The farm is at a similar northern latitude, but the Hraun on the Skagi peninsula is a little more north.

Fljót
Fljót is the northernmost district on the east side of Skagafjörður, Iceland. It is divided into Eastern and Western Fljót and extends from Stafá river in the west to the county's border with Eyjafjörður county in the east. In the north of Fljót, the boundary between the counties lies on Almenningsnöf.
Unit 121
Unit 121 is the secret assassination squad of Lebanese militant organization Hezbollah. The squad reports directly to the Hezbollah's Secretary-General. The unit is believed to have carried out deadly car bomb attacks against Lebanese army and political leaders and journalists, including former Prime Minister Rafic Hariri, officer Wissam Eid, military officials Wissam al-Hassan and François al-Hajj, diplomat Mohamad Chatah, and political activist Lokman Slim.

Mustafa Badreddine
Mustafa Badreddine (Arabic: مُصْطَفَىٰ بَدْرِ الدِّينِ, romanized: Muṣṭafā Badr ad-Dīn‎; 6 April 1961 – 12 May 2016; also known by his aliases as Mustafa Amine Badreddine, Mustafa Youssef Badreddine, Sami Issa, and Elias Fouad Saab) was a Lebanese militant leader of Hezbollah and both the cousin and brother-in-law of Imad Mughniyeh. He was nicknamed Zulfiqar referring to the legendary sword of Ali. His death was seen as one of the biggest blows in the Hezbollah leadership.
Oud- en Nieuw-Gastel
Oud- en Nieuw-Gastel was a municipality in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It covered the villages of Oud Gastel, located 7 km north of Roosendaal, and Stampersgat.

The municipality existed until 1997, when it became part of the new municipality of Halderberge.

Oud Gastel
Oud Gastel is a village situated in the municipality of Halderberge, in the north-west of the North Brabant province in the Netherlands.

The village was first mentioned in 1278 as Gestele, and means "guest house". Oud (old) has been added to distinguish from the former village Nieuw Gastel. Oud Gastel is a stretched out settlement which developed in the Late Middle Ages.

The Catholic St Laurentius Church was built in 1906 to replace its predecessor. The tower of the old church remained and dates from 1483. The tower was restored between 1952 and 1959.

Oud Gastel was home to 581 people in 1840. Prior to 1997, the village was part of the Oud- en Nieuw-Gastel municipality.
Cheboygan Bascule Bridge
The Cheboygan Bascule Bridge, also known as the State Street Bridge, is a double-leaf bascule bridge in Cheboygan, Michigan, carrying U.S. Highway 23 (State Street) across the Cheboygan River. Built in 1940, it was the last bascule bridge constructed in the state of Michigan prior to the end of World War II. It replaced an aging swing bridge built in 1877. The bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Cheboygan River
The Cheboygan River (/ʃəˈbɔɪɡən/ shə-BOY-gən) is a river in the U.S. state of Michigan. The seven-mile (11 km) river flows from Mullett Lake to Lake Huron, with its mouth in the city of Cheboygan. The river forms part of the Inland Waterway, a 38-mile-long (61 km) series of lakes and rivers that nearly connect Little Traverse Bay, a bay of Lake Michigan, with Lake Huron. The Black River is the largest tributary of the Cheboygan River.
New Midleton Distillery
New Midleton Distillery is situated in Midleton, County Cork, Ireland. Established in 1975 and owned by Irish Distillers, a subsidiary of Pernod Ricard. Located alongside is the Old Midleton Distillery, which was established in the early 17th century and now operates as a visitor centre known as the Jameson Experience.

Midleton
Midleton (/ˈmɪdəltən/; Irish: Mainistir na Corann, meaning "monastery at the weir") is a town in south-eastern County Cork, Ireland. It lies approximately 16 km east of Cork City on the Owenacurra River and the N25 road, which connects Cork to the port of Rosslare. A satellite town of Cork City, Midleton is part of Metropolitan Cork. It is the central hub of business for the East Cork Area. The town is in the civil parish of Middleton. Midleton is within the Cork East Dáil constituency.