hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Arbutus
Arbutus is a genus of 12 accepted species of flowering plants in the family Ericaceae, native to temperate regions of the Mediterranean, western Europe, the Canary Islands and North America, and commonly called madrones, madronas, or strawberry trees. The name Arbutus was taken by taxonomists from Latin, where it referred to the species now designated Arbutus unedo.

Epigaea
Epigaea is a small genus of flowering plant in the family Ericaceae. The species are small creeping shrubs that are typically anywhere from 10 to 20 cm (3.9 to 7.9 in) tall at full growth, forming large patches. The leaves are evergreen, alternate and simple, ranging amongst the three species from 2 to 10 cm (0.79 to 3.94 in) long. The flowers are small, white or pink, with a five-lobed tubular corolla which is produced in mid-spring. The fruit is a dry capsule with numerous small seeds.
Maria Castriota
Maria Castriota (died 1560) (Albanian: Maria Kastriota) was the daughter of the Albanian nobleman Gjon Kastrioti II, who was the son of Skanderbeg, his wife Jerina Branković. She married Carlo Minutolo and she dedicated her life to art. She also had three siblings, Giorgio Castriota (1540), Costantino Castriota (1477–1500), and Ferdinand Castriota (1561).

Jerina Branković (wife of Gjon Kastrioti II)
Jerina Branković (Serbian Cyrillic: Јерина Бранковић) or Irina (Ирина), was a Serbian noblewoman and the wife of Gjon Kastrioti II. She was the third daughter of Lazar Branković and Helena Palaiologina.
Altona-Nord
Altona-Nord (German pronunciation: [ˈaltoːnə ˈnɔʁt] ⓘ, lit. 'Altona-North') located in the Altona borough in the city Hamburg, Germany, is one of 104 quarters of Hamburg. In 2023, the population was 26,807.

Boroughs and quarters of Hamburg
The city of Hamburg in Germany is made up of seven boroughs (German: Bezirke, also known as districts or administrative districts) and subdivided into 104 quarters (German: Stadtteile). Most of the quarters were former independent settlements. The areal organisation is regulated by the constitution of Hamburg and several laws. The subdivision into boroughs and quarters was last modified in March 2008.
Birmingham Small Arms Company
The Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited (BSA) was a major British industrial combine, a group of businesses manufacturing military and sporting firearms; bicycles; motorcycles; cars; buses and bodies; steel; iron castings; hand, power, and machine tools; coal cleaning and handling plants; sintered metals; and hard chrome process.

After the Second World War, BSA did not manage its business well, and a government-organised rescue operation in 1973 led to a takeover of such operations as it still owned. Those few that survived the process disappeared into the ownership of other businesses.

Lewis gun
The Lewis gun (or Lewis automatic machine gun or Lewis automatic rifle) is a First World War–era light machine gun. Designed privately in the United States though not adopted there, the design was finalised and mass-produced in the United Kingdom, and widely used by troops of the British Empire during the war. It had a distinctive barrel cooling shroud (containing a finned breech-to-muzzle aluminium heat sink to cool the gun barrel), and top-mounted pan magazine. The Lewis served until the end of the Korean War, and was widely used as an aircraft machine gun during both World Wars, almost always with the cooling shroud removed, as air flow during flight offered sufficient cooling.
Bob Marley Museum
The Bob Marley Museum is a tourist attraction in Kingston, Jamaica, dedicated to the reggae musician Bob Marley. The museum is located at 56 Hope Road, Kingston, and is Bob Marley's former place of residence. It was home to the Tuff Gong reggae record label which was founded by The Wailers in 1970. In 1976, it was the site of a failed assassination attempt on Bob Marley. It was converted into a museum in 1986 by his wife, Rita Marley after his death.

The song "56 Hope Road" from the album In the Pursuit of Leisure by Sugar Ray featuring Shaggy is named in reference to the home.

Tuff Gong
Tuff Gong is the brand name associated with a number of businesses started by Bob Marley and the Marley family. 'Tuff Gong' comes from Marley's nickname, which was in turn an echo of that given to founder of the Rastafari movement, Leonard "The Gong" Howell.
Savia (album)
Savia is an album by J-pop singer Mami Kawada. It is her 2nd studio album overall produced by I've Sound and Geneon Entertainment. The album was released on March 26, 2008.

This album's catalog number is GNCV-1001 for the Regular Edition (CD only) and GNCV-1002 for the Limited Edition (CD+DVD). The DVD will contain the PV for the song portamento.

The album has 13 songs and some of the songs came from her previous singles Akai Namida/Beehive, Get my way! and JOINT. There are 8 new songs plus an album remix of her song Beehive. 翡翠 -HISUI- was used as the theme song for the movie adaptation of the game Onechanbara, which marked her first non-anime tie-in. sense will be used as one of the insert songs for the anime series Shakugan no Shana II.

This album garnered the #15 position in the Oricon charts with a first-week sales of 9,504 units. This album charted for a total of 5 weeks.

Joint (song)
"Joint", stylized as "JOINT", is the fifth maxi single by Japanese J-pop artist Mami Kawada, with both its A-side and B-side featured in her 2008 Savia album. It contains four tracks in both regular and instrumental versions and spans 17:40. Both its A-side and B-side tracks are featured as opening and ending themes for the second season of the anime series Shakugan no Shana. Geneon Entertainment released the single on October 31, 2007 in both a regular CD release and a limited CD and DVD that featured the music video for the track "Joint" bearing the catalog numbers GNCA-86 and GNCA-85 respectively.
AH65
Asian Highway 65 (AH65) is a road in the Asian Highway Network that runs 1,250 kilometers (780 mi) from Kashgar, Xinjiang, China to Termez in Uzbekistan. The Irkeshtam–Termez route is also numbered European route E60. The route is as follows:

Erkeshtam
Erkeshtam, called Irkeshtam in Chinese and Dungan, or Erkech-Tam in Uyghur and Kyrgyz, is a border crossing between Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang, China, named after a village on the Kyrgyz side of the border in southern Osh Region. The border crossing is also called Simuhana (斯姆哈纳), after the first settlement on the Chinese side of the border, but Erkeshtam is now the more common name used in both countries.

Erkeshtam is the westernmost border crossing in China. It is one of two border crossings between Kyrgyzstan and China, the other being Torugart, some 165 km (103 mi) to the northeast.
Vardzia
Vardzia (Georgian: ვარძია [vaɾdzia]) is a cave monastery site in southern Georgia, excavated from the slopes of the Erusheti Mountain on the left bank of the Kura River, thirty kilometres from Aspindza. The main period of construction was the second half of the twelfth century. The caves stretch along the cliff for some five hundred meters and in up to nineteen tiers. The monastery was an important cultural center, a place of significant literary and artistic work.

The Church of the Dormition, dating to the 1180s during the golden age of Tamar and Rustaveli, has an important series of wall paintings. The site was largely abandoned after the Ottoman takeover in the sixteenth century. Now part of a state heritage reserve, the extended area of Vardzia-Khertvisi has been submitted for future inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Battle of Basiani
The Battle of Basiani (Georgian: ბასიანის ბრძოლა) was fought between the armies of the Kingdom of Georgia and the Seljukid Sultanate of Rum in the Basiani Valley, 60 km north-east of the city of Erzurum in what is now northeast Turkey. The date of the battle has been debated, but recent scholarship tends to favor the years 1203 or 1204. According to modern Turkish historians, the site of the battle is usually identified as the castle of Micingerd (Mazankert).
Hillclimbing
Hillclimbing, also known as hill climbing, speed hillclimbing, or speed hill climbing, is a branch of motorsport in which drivers compete against the clock to complete an uphill course. It is one of the oldest forms of motorsport, since the first known hillclimb at La Turbie near Nice, France, took place as long ago as 31 January 1897. The hillclimb held at Shelsley Walsh, in Worcestershire, England, is the world's oldest continuously staged motorsport event still staged on its original course, having been first run in 1905.

Shelsley Walsh Speed Hill Climb
The Shelsley Walsh Speed Hill Climb is a hillclimb in Shelsley Walsh, Worcestershire, England, organised by the Midland Automobile Club (MAC). It is the third oldest motorsport events in the world, and is the oldest to have been staged continuously (wartime excepted) on its original course, first having been run in 1905. On that first occasion, the course was 992 yards (907 m) in length, but in 1907 it was standardised at 1000 yards (914 m), the length it remains today.

Shelsley Walsh is a notably steep course by the standards of today's hillclimbs held in the United Kingdom. It rises 328 feet (100 m) during its length, for an average gradient of 1 in 9.14 (10.9%), with the steepest section being as much as 1 in 6.24 (16%). This makes Shelsley a hill on which power is important, and on which the gap in times between the most powerful cars and the rest is greater than at many other venues. It is also narrow, being no more than 12 feet (3.66 m) wide at some points.
Castelfranco di Sopra
Castelfranco di Sopra is a frazione (parish) of the comune of Castelfranco Piandiscò, in the province of Arezzo, in the Italian region of Tuscany. It is located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Florence and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Arezzo. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

It was an autonomous comune until 1 January 2014, when it was merged with Pian di Scò to form the new comune of Castelfranco Piandiscò.

I Borghi più belli d'Italia
I borghi più belli d'Italia (Italian: [i ˈborɡi pju bˈbɛlli diˈtaːlja]) is a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest. It was founded in March 2001 on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities, with the aim of preserving and maintaining villages of quality heritage. Its motto is Il fascino dell'Italia nascosta ("The charm of hidden Italy").

Participants in the group are small population centres which risk neglect and abandonment because they lie outside the main tourist circuits. Initially they comprised about a hundred villages, but had increased to 361 in 2023.

In 2012, the Italian association was one of the founding members of the international association The Most Beautiful Villages in the World, a private organization that brings together various territorial associations promoting small inhabited centres of particular historical and landscape interest.
Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument
Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument is a U.S. National Monument located approximately 40 miles (64 km) southwest of Santa Fe, New Mexico, near Cochiti Pueblo. Managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the Cochiti Pueblo tribe, it was established as a national monument by President Bill Clinton in January 2001. Kasha-Katuwe means "white cliffs" in the Pueblo language Keresan. The monument is a unit of the BLM's National Conservation Lands.

Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument, a popular recreation area between Santa Fe and Albuquerque, was closed in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and remained closed until November 2024. To prevent crowding the BLM introduced a reservation system, which will allow about 75,000 visitors annually, a reduction from a peak of 130,000.

Hoodoo (geology)
A hoodoo (also called a tent rock, fairy chimney, or earth pyramid) is a tall, thin spire of rock formed by erosion. Hoodoos typically consist of relatively soft rock topped by harder, less easily eroded stone that protects each column from the elements. They generally form within sedimentary rock and volcanic rock formations.

Hoodoos range in size from the height of an average human to heights exceeding a 10-story building. Hoodoo shapes are affected by the erosional patterns of alternating hard and softer rock layers. Minerals deposited within different rock types can cause hoodoos to have different colors throughout their height.
Aju
Aju (or Achu; Khalkha Mongolian: Ажу; Chinese: 阿朮) (1227–1287) was a general and chancellor of the Mongol Empire and the Yuan dynasty. He was from the Jarchud clan of the Mongol Uriankhai. His father was Yuan dynasty general Uriyangkhadai and his grandfather was Subutai, the honored general and Noyan of Genghis Khan.

Subutai
Subutai (c. 1175–1248) was a Mongol general and the primary military strategist of Genghis Khan and Ögedei Khan. He ultimately directed more than 20 campaigns, during which he conquered more territory than any other commander in history as part of the expansion of the Mongol Empire, the largest contiguous empire in human history. He often gained victory by means of sophisticated strategies and routinely coordinated movements of armies that operated hundreds of kilometers apart from each other. Subutai is regarded as one of the greatest military commanders in history, and the single greatest in Mongolian history. He was instrumental in the conquests of Genghis Khan and Ögedei Khan.
Kugarchinsky District
Kugarchinsky District (Russian: Кугарчи́нский райо́н; Bashkir: Күгәрсен районы, romanized: Kügärsen rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the republic and borders Meleuzovsky District in the north, Burzyansky District in the northeast, Zilairsky District in the east, Zianchurinsky District in the south, Orenburg Oblast in the southwest, and Kuyurgazinsky District in the west. The area of the district is 3,371 square kilometers (1,302 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Mrakovo. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 31,444, with the population of Mrakovo accounting for 27.6% of that number.

Kuyurgazinsky District
Kuyurgazinsky District (Russian: Куюрга́зинский райо́н; Bashkir: Көйөргәҙе районы, Köyörgäźe rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the republic and borders with Fyodorovsky and Meleuzovsky Districts in the north, Kugarchinsky District in the east, and with Orenburg Oblast in the east, south, and west. The area of the district is 2,235 square kilometers (863 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Yermolayevo. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 25,125, with the population of Yermolayevo accounting for 25.5% of that number.
Caprile
Caprile is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) northeast of Turin and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Biella. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 221 and an area of 11.4 square kilometres (4.4 sq mi).

Caprile borders the following municipalities: Ailoche, Coggiola, Crevacuore, Guardabosone, Portula, Postua, Pray, Scopello, Trivero.

Pray, Piedmont
Pray is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) northeast of Turin and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) northeast of Biella. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,434 and an area of 9.3 square kilometres (3.6 sq mi).

Pray borders the following municipalities: Caprile, Coggiola, Crevacuore, Curino, Portula, Trivero.
Setaphyta
The Setaphyta are a clade within the division Bryophyta sensu lato which includes Marchantiophytina (liverworts) and Bryophytina (mosses). Excluded are the Anthocerotophytina (hornworts). A 2018 study found through molecular sequencing that liverworts are more closely related to mosses than hornworts, with the implication that liverworts were not among the first species to colonize land.

Hornwort
Hornworts are a group of non-vascular Embryophytes (land plants) constituting the division Anthocerotophyta (/ˌænθoʊˌsɛrəˈtɒfətə, -təˈfaɪtə/). The common name refers to the elongated horn-like structure, which is the sporophyte. As in mosses and liverworts, hornworts have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of genetic information; the flattened, green plant body of a hornwort is the gametophyte stage of the plant.

Hornworts may be found worldwide, though they tend to grow only in places that are damp or humid. Some species grow in large numbers as tiny weeds in the soil of gardens and cultivated fields. Large tropical and sub-tropical species of Dendroceros may be found growing on the bark of trees.

The total number of species is still uncertain. While there are more than 300 published species names, the actual number could be as low as 100–150 species.
Jaroslav Ježek (chess player)
Jaroslav Ježek (9 March 1926 – 1998) was a Czech chess player who held the ICCF title of International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster (1985). He was a European Team Chess Championship team medalist (1957).

International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster
International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster is a correspondence chess title created by FIDE in 1953, second only to that of world correspondence champion. Currently, this title is awarded by the International Correspondence Chess Federation (ICCF).
Myrosinase
Myrosinase (EC 3.2.1.147, thioglucoside glucohydrolase, sinigrinase, and sinigrase) is a family of enzymes involved in plant defense against herbivores, specifically the mustard oil bomb. The three-dimensional structure has been elucidated and is available in the PDB (see links in the infobox).

A member of the glycoside hydrolase family, myrosinase possesses several similarities with the more ubiquitous O-glycosidases. However, myrosinase is the only known enzyme found in nature that can cleave a thio-linked glucose. Its known biological function is to catalyze the hydrolysis of a class of compounds called glucosinolates.

Nitrile
In organic chemistry, a nitrile is any organic compound that has a −C≡N functional group. The name of the compound is composed of a base, which includes the carbon of the −C≡N, suffixed with "nitrile", so for example CH3CH2C≡N is called "propionitrile" (or propanenitrile). The prefix cyano- is used interchangeably with the term nitrile in industrial literature. Nitriles are found in many useful compounds, including methyl cyanoacrylate, used in super glue, and nitrile rubber, a nitrile-containing polymer used in latex-free laboratory and medical gloves. Nitrile rubber is also widely used as automotive and other seals since it is resistant to fuels and oils. Organic compounds containing multiple nitrile groups are known as cyanocarbons.

Inorganic compounds containing the −C≡N group are not called nitriles, but cyanides instead. Though both nitriles and cyanides can be derived from cyanide salts, most nitriles are not nearly as toxic.
Yale-Cady Octagon House and Yale Lock Factory Site
The Yale-Cady Octagon House and Yale Lock Factory Site is a private residence at 7550 North Main Street in Newport, New York, comprising an historic octagonal  house and the adjoining site of the lock factory of Linus Yale, Sr. and his son Linus Yale, Jr., the inventor of the cylinder lock and the founders of the Yale Lock company.

Linus Yale, Sr., built the house in 1849 as a gift for his daughter, Chlothilda, who had married Ira L. Cady on July 8, 1839, father of architect Merton Yale Cady.  Currently, the house is a private residence and the Yale Lock Factory is in ruins.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

It is a property with several interesting details, including overhanging eaves with pairs of curvilinear brackets, cupola and bay windows which are typical of the Italianate style.

Merton Yale Cady
Merton Yale Cady (1840 – 1900) was a prominent architect and builder in Moline, Illinois. He designed various buildings at Chicago World's Fair in 1893, and designed the Riverside Cemetery in Moline. He designed Cast-iron structures and number of buildings for his father-in-law, John Deere, and his enterprise, Deere & Company.

He also worked in New York for the Yale Lock Company of his grandfather, Linus Yale Sr., and on the Equitable Life Building in Manhattan.
Journal of the History of Philosophy
The Journal of the History of Philosophy is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal. It was established in 1963 after the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association passed a motion to this effect in 1957. The journal is published by the Johns Hopkins University Press and covers the history of Western philosophy. Time periods covered include everything from the ancient period to modern developments in the study of philosophy. The editor-in-chief is Deborah Boyle (College of Charleston).

American Philosophical Association
The American Philosophical Association (APA) is the main professional organization for philosophers in the United States.  Founded in 1900, its mission is to promote the exchange of ideas among philosophers, to encourage creative and scholarly activity in philosophy, to facilitate the professional work and teaching of philosophers, and to represent philosophy as a discipline. The APA's governance has included Robert Audi, Jaegwon Kim and Ruth Barcan Marcus.
Rairok
Rairok (Marshallese: Rairōk, [rˠɑːiːrˠɤk]) is a town in the Marshall Islands. It is located on the southeastern side Majuro Atoll, between Delap in the east and Ajeltake in the west.

On January 30, 1944, United States troops invaded and built a large base, Naval Base Majuro.

Naval Base Majuro
Naval Base Majuro was a major United States Navy base built on Majuro Atoll, in the Marshall Islands to support the World War II efforts in the Pacific War. The base was built after the Battle of Majuro-Kwajalein ended 3 February 1944. Majuro was found to be unoccupied and abandoned when the United States Army arrived. The US Navy built airfields, a seaport, and other facilities on the captured islands. The base was part of the vast Naval Base Marshall Islands.
Parapriacanthus
Parapriacanthus is a genus of sweepers native to the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean. Parapriacanthus are bioluminescent, with ventral light organs for counter-illumination. Parapriacanthus luciferase is a kleptoprotein, obtained from their diet on bioluminescent ostracods.

Sweeper
Sweepers are small, tropical marine (occasionally brackish) ray-finned fish of the family Pempheridae. Found in the western Atlantic Ocean and Indo-Pacific region, the family contains about 80 species in two genera. One species (Pempheris xanthoptera) is the target of subsistence fisheries in Japan, where the fish is much enjoyed for its taste. Sweepers are occasionally kept in marine aquaria.
Yamato-Kamiichi Station
Yamato-Kamiichi Station (大和上市駅, Yamato-Kamiichi-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the town of Yoshino, Nara Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the private transportation company, Kintetsu Railway.

Yoshino, Nara
Yoshino (吉野町, Yoshino-chō) is a town located in Yoshino District, Nara Prefecture, Japan.  As of 30 September 2024, the town had an estimated population of 5,874 in 2997 households, and a population density of 61 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 95.65 km2 (36.93 sq mi). In 2012, Yoshino was designated one of The Most Beautiful Villages in Japan.