hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dannebrog
The Dannebrog (Danish: Dannebrog, pronounced [ˈtænəˌpʁoˀ]) is the flag of Denmark. The flag is red with a white Nordic cross, which means that the cross extends to the edges of the flag and that the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side.

A banner with a white-on-red cross is attested as having been used by the kings of Denmark since the 14th century. An origin legend with considerable impact on Danish national historiography connects the introduction of the flag to the Battle of Lindanise of 1219.

The elongated Nordic cross, which represents Christianity, reflects its use as a maritime flag in the 18th century. The flag became popular as a national flag in the early 16th century. Its private use was outlawed in 1834 but again permitted by a regulation of 1854. The flag holds the Guinness world record of being the oldest continuously used national flag, that is since 1625.

National flag
A national flag is a flag that represents and symbolizes a given nation. It is flown by the government of that nation, but can also be flown by its citizens. A national flag is typically designed with specific meanings for its colors and symbols, which may also be used separately from the flag as a symbol of the nation. The design of a national flag is sometimes altered after the occurrence of important historical events.
Total South Africa
TotalEnergies Marketing South Africa (Pty) Ltd (commonly simply referred to in South Africa as Total) is an energy and chemical company operating across South Africa's fuel, lubricants, and renewable energy markets. Headquartered in Johannesburg, it is the South African affiliate of the French multinational TotalEnergies SE, one of the world's largest integrated energy companies.

The company manages a network of over 540 petrol stations nationwide, supplies fuel and aviation products to commercial sectors, and holds a 36.4% stake in the Natref refinery.

In addition to petroleum operations, it is actively expanding into solar and wind energy projects, and plays a growing role in South Africa's transition toward low-carbon power solutions. In December 2023, the company commenced construction of a 140 MW wind farm and a 120 MW solar plant in the Northern Cape province, with operations expected to begin by the end of 2026.

Sasol
Sasol Limited, commonly referred to as Sasol, is an integrated energy and chemical company based in Sandton, South Africa.

The company was formed in 1950 in Sasolburg, South Africa, and built around coal liquefaction processes that German chemists and engineers first developed in the early 1900s. Today, Sasol develops and commercializes technologies, including synthetic fuel technologies, and produces different liquid fuels, chemicals, coal tar, and electricity.

Sasol is listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE: SOL) and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE: SSL). Major shareholders include the South African Government Employees Pension Fund, Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa Limited (IDC), Allan Gray Investment Counsel, Coronation Fund Managers, Ninety One, and others.

Sasol employs over 27,000 people worldwide and has operations in 33 countries. It is the largest corporate taxpayer in South Africa, and the seventh-largest coal mining company in the world.
Hypericum tertiaerum
Hypericum tertiaerum is an extinct species of the genus Hypericum. Seeds of H. tertiaerum have been found in Central and Eastern Europe and Siberia, and date from the Lower to Upper Miocene and the Pliocene. While it has sufficient identifying characteristics to place it within Hypericum, there is not enough surviving detail to assign it to any subdivisions within the genus. However, it has been determined that the seeds of H. japonicum, H. virginicum, and H. tubulosum closely resemble those of H. tertiaerum.

Hypericum tubulosum
Hypericum tubulosum, the lesser marsh St. Johnswort or southern marsh St. John's-wort, is a species of flowering plant in the family Hypericaceae. Formerly classified as synonym Triadenum tubulosum, the species is found across the Southern United States and Midwest. It grows in wetlands such as bogs and floodplains.
Ethan Allen Greenwood
Ethan Allen Greenwood (May 27, 1779 – May 3, 1856) was an American  lawyer, portrait painter, and entrepreneurial museum proprietor in Boston, Massachusetts, in the early 19th century. He established the New England Museum in 1818.

Hubbardston, Massachusetts
Hubbardston is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts,  United States. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the town population was 4,328. It is situated 18 miles north of Worcester and 53 miles west of Boston; it is distinguished in Massachusetts by being unusually high, at 1015 feet above sea level.
Len Tyler
Christianity portal

Leonard George (Len) Tyler  (15 April 1920 – 21 September 2010) was Archdeacon of Rochdale from 1962 until 1966.

Tyler was educated at Darwen Grammar School; Liverpool University; Christ's College, Cambridge; and Westcott House. He was ordained in 1926.

He was successively

Chaplain, Trinity College, Kandy

Principal, Diocesan Divinity School, Colombo

Rector (ecclesiastical) of Bradford, Manchester

Vicar of Leigh, Lancashire

Anglican adviser to ABC Weekend TV

Principal, William Temple School

Archdeacon of Rochdale
The Archdeacon of Rochdale is a senior ecclesiastical officer within the Diocese of Manchester.

As Archdeacon, they are responsible for the disciplinary supervision of the clergy within the five area deaneries: Ashton-under-Lyne, Heywood and Middleton, Rochdale, Oldham East and Oldham West.

Created on 3 June 1910 from the Manchester archdeaconry, the post is currently vacant.
Randy Lerner
Randolph David Lerner (born February 21, 1962) is an American billionaire businessman and former sports team owner. He became the majority owner of the American football team, the Cleveland Browns, of the National Football League (NFL), upon the death of his father Alfred Lerner in 2002, and sold the team in 2012. Lerner became the owner and chairman of English club Aston Villa F.C. of the Premier League in 2006; Lerner sold the club at a loss in 2016 following their relegation. As of July 2024, Forbes estimated his net worth at US$1.2 billion.

Doug Ellis
Sir Herbert Douglas Ellis, OBE (3 January 1924 – 11 October 2018) was an English entrepreneur. He was the chairman of Aston Villa Football Club from 1968 to 1975, and again from 1982 until 2006. Ellis was knighted in the 2012 New Year Honours List for charitable services.
Canadian fiddle
Canadian fiddle is the aggregate body of tunes, styles and musicians engaging the traditional folk music of Canada on the fiddle. It is an integral extension of the Anglo-Celtic and Québécois French folk music tradition but has distinct features found only in the Western hemisphere.

Scottish fiddling
Scottish fiddling may be distinguished from other folk fiddling styles by its particular precision of execution and energy in the delivery, for example, the rendering of the dotted-quaver/semi-quaver rhythmic patterns, commonly used in the Strathspey. Christine Martin, in her Traditional Scottish Fiddling players guide, discusses the techniques of "hack bowing", "the Scotch snap", and "snap bowing". These techniques contrast quite sharply with the most common bowing patterns of Irish fiddling. The style has a very large repertoire consisting of a great variation of rhythms and key signatures. There is also a strong link to the playing of traditional Scottish bagpipes which is better known throughout the world.
Iwate-Funakoshi Station
Iwate-Funakoshi Station (岩手船越駅, Iwate-Funakoshi-eki) is a Sanriku Railway Company station located in Yamada, Iwate Prefecture, Japan. 
A sign on the station platform indicates that this was the easternmost railway station on Honshu island.

Yamada, Iwate
Yamada (山田町, Yamada-machi) is a town in Iwate Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 May 2020, the town had an estimated population of 15,195 and a population density of 58 persons per km2, in 6,554 households. The total area of the town is 262.81 square kilometres (101.47 sq mi).
Menuka Khand K.C.
Menuka Khand K.C. (Nepali: मेनुका खांण के.सी.) is a Nepalese politician and currently serving as the Deputy Speaker of the Lumbini Provincial Assembly since 18 January 2023. She is currently serving as a member of the 2nd Lumbini Provincial Assembly. In the 2022 Nepalese provincial election she was elected as a proportional representative from the Khas people category.

2nd Lumbini Provincial Assembly
The second Lumbini Provincial Assembly was elected by the 2022 provincial elections on 20 November 2022. 87 members were elected to the assembly, 52 of whom were elected through direct elections and 35 of whom were elected through the party list proportional representation system. The first session of the assembly commenced from 2 January 2023.
Mason County Historical Society
Mason County Historical Society, located in Ludington, Michigan, is a private, non-profit, educational organization. It operates the Mason County Research Center, the Port of Ludington Maritime Museum, and the White Pine Village, a living history museum, showcasing nineteenth-century history. The historical society hosts the Mason County Sports Hall of Fame and the Scottville Clown Band Collection, and maintains the Ludington Murals and the Pere Marquette Memorial Cross.

Ludington, Michigan
Ludington (/ˈlʌdɪŋtən/ LUH-ding-tən) is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is the county seat and the largest city in Mason County. The population was 7,655 at the 2020 census, making it the fourth largest city in the northern Michigan area.

The city is located at the mouth of the Pere Marquette River at Lake Michigan. Nearby are Ludington State Park (which includes the Big Sable Point Light), Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness, and Manistee National Forest, making the area a popular tourist destination in the summer. Ludington is the home port of the SS Badger, a vehicle and passenger ferry with daily service in the summer across Lake Michigan to Manitowoc, Wisconsin.
Newlands Forest
Newlands Forest is a conservancy area on the eastern slopes of Table Mountain, beside the suburb of Newlands, Cape Town, South Africa. It is owned and maintained by the Table Mountain National Parks Board, along with the City Parks Department of Cape Town, and includes a Fire Station, Nursery and Reservoir.

The forest itself is a popular walking and jogging destination (See trail map below), close and easily accessible from the city's southern suburbs. Due to its location on the mountain slopes, there are impressive views eastward over the Cape Flats.

Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos
Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos is a vegetation type that naturally occurs in the Cape Winelands (or "Boland") of the Western Cape, South Africa.

This vegetation type is found on lower mountain slopes and high, rolling plains in the Western Cape Boland of South Africa. The loamy soils are naturally poor, moist and slightly acidic but the biodiversity is rich.

The vegetation consists of a diverse array of Protea, Erica, geophyte and daisy species, as well as some endemic species. In the moister areas, the Ericas predominate over the other plant groups.
This vegetation type is more vulnerable than other types of mountain fynbos, as it typically grows on lower slopes, which tend to be developed for housing or cultivated for farming.
Barbara T. Bowman
Barbara Francis Taylor Bowman (October 30, 1928 – November 4, 2024) was an American early childhood education expert, advocate, academic, and author. Her areas of expertise included early childhood care/education, educational equity for minority and low-income children, as well as intergenerational family support and roles. She served on several boards and was the co-founder of Erikson Institute, where she pioneered the teaching of early childhood education and administration.

James E. Bowman
James Edward Bowman Jr. (February 5, 1923 – September 28, 2011) was an American physician and specialist in pathology, hematology, and genetics.  He was a professor of pathology and genetics at the Pritzker School of Medicine at the University of Chicago. He published more than ninety works across the fields of human genetics; population genetics; and ethical, legal and public policy issues in human genetics. He received many awards, including the Chicago African American History Makers Award and recognition from the Hastings Center and Stanford’s Kaiser Family Foundation, and Howard University.
Advocates Library
The Advocates Library, founded in 1682, is the law library of the Faculty of Advocates, in Edinburgh. It served as the national deposit library of Scotland until 1925, at which time through an act of Parliament, the National Library of Scotland Act 1925 (15 & 16 Geo. 5. c. 73), the National Library of Scotland was created. All the non-legal collections were transferred to the National Library. Today, it alone of the Scottish libraries still holds the privilege of receiving a copy of every law book entered at Stationers' Hall.

The library forms part of the complex that includes Parliament House, located on the Royal Mile.

Faculty of Advocates
The Faculty of Advocates (Scottish Gaelic: Dàmh an Luchd-tagraidh) is an independent body of lawyers who have been admitted to practise as advocates before the courts of Scotland, especially the Court of Session and the High Court of Justiciary. The Faculty of Advocates is a constituent part of the College of Justice and is based in Edinburgh.

Advocates are privileged to plead in any cause before any of the courts of Scotland, including the sheriff courts and district courts, where counsel are not excluded by statute.
The Firebird and Princess Vasilisa
The Firebird and Princess Vasilisa (Russian: Жар-птица и царевна Василиса) is a Russian fairy tale collected by Alexander Afanasyev in Narodnye russkie skazki. It is one of many tales written about the mythical Firebird.

It is Aarne-Thompson type 531.  Other tales of this type include Ferdinand the Faithful and Ferdinand the Unfaithful, Corvetto, King Fortunatus's Golden Wig.  Another, literary variant is Madame d'Aulnoy's La Belle aux cheveux d'or, or The Story of Pretty Goldilocks.

Russian Fairy Tales
Russian Fairy Tales (Russian: Народные русские сказки, variously translated; English titles include also Russian Folk Tales) is a collection of nearly 600 fairy and folktales, collected and published by Alexander Afanasyev between 1855 and 1863.  The collection contained fairy and folk tales from Ukraine and Belarus alongside Russian stories.  In compiling the work, Afanasyev's editing was informed by the German Grimm's Fairy Tales, Slovak tales collected by Pavol Dobšinský, Božena Němcová's work, Vuk Karadžić's Serbian tales, and other Norwegian, French, and Romanian research.

Vladimir Propp drew heavily on this collection for his analyses in his Morphology of the Folktale.
Our Happy Hours
Our Happy Hours: LGBT Voices from the Gay Bars is a 2017 anthology that came about as a result of the massacre at the Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida. The anthology is curated by writers Renee Bess and Lee Lynch and contains contributions from LGBT writers from all walks of life. The anthology was created to give LGBTQ writers a chance to reflect upon the role of the gay bar in their lives and to express its importance to non-LGBTQ people.

Pulse (nightclub)
Pulse was a gay bar, dance club, and nightclub in Orlando, Florida, founded in 2004 by Barbara Poma and Ron Legler. On June 12, 2016, the club was the scene of the second-deadliest mass shooting by a single gunman in U.S. history, and the second-deadliest terrorist attack on U.S. soil since the September 11 attacks. Forty-nine people were killed and 58 other people were injured.
Celorico de Basto
Celorico de Basto  (Portuguese: [sɨluˈɾiku ðɨ ˈβaʃtu] ⓘ) is a municipality in Braga District in Portugal. The population in 2021 was 17,643, in an area of 181.07 square kilometres (69.91 sq mi). The town of Celorico de Basto has around 2,500 inhabitants. The municipality is located bordering the municipality of Cabeceiras de Basto to the north, Mondim de Basto to the east, Amarante to the south, Felgueiras to the southeast and Fafe to the west.

The present mayor is José Peixoto Lima, elected by the Social Democratic Party. The municipal holiday is July 25, when they celebrate James the Great (São Tiago).

Celorico de Basto has been occupied since ancient times, as witness marks in the most ancient civilisations have left here.

Mondim de Basto
Mondim de Basto (European Portuguese pronunciation: [mõˈdĩ dɨ ˈβaʃtu] ⓘ) is a town and a municipality in the Vila Real district in northern Portugal. The municipality covers an area of 172.08 square kilometres (66.44 sq mi) and had a population of 6,410 in 2021, of whom 2,971 lived in the central parish of Mondim de Basto, where the town is located. The present mayor is Bruno Ferreira, elected by the PSD Party and the municipal holiday is July 25.
Kraljeva Sutjeska
Kraljeva Sutjeska (sometimes Kraljevska Sutjeska, or just Sutjeska or Sutiska, historically Trstivnica, in local tradition Naše stolno misto) is a village in the municipality of Kakanj, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The village has historical significance and rich heritage, and during the Middle Ages it used to be the capital of the Banate of Bosnia.

Franciscan friary, Kraljeva Sutjeska
Kraljeva Sutjeska is a Bosnian Franciscan monastery in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located near Kakanj, in the village of Kraljeva Sutjeska. The architectural ensemble of the Franciscan monastery in Kreševo together with its movable property is included into the list of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina by KONS, on 20 January 2004.

It includes a museum in which it houses historical treasures, a library which keeps rare and valuable historical records. There are around 11,000 works in the library, including 31 incunabula and works in Bosnian Cyrillic. The earliest parish register is preserved since 1641. There are also a number of Ottoman Turkish documents.

It also includes Grgurevo, a site where the kings' castle from 1330 along with his remains are located.

The historically important dwelling of Bosnian kings, Bobovac, is also a short distance from the castle remains and the monastery, as well as other sights of Kraljeva Sutjeska.
ADP-ribosylation
ADP-ribosylation is the addition of one or more ADP-ribose moieties to a protein. It is a reversible post-translational modification that is involved in many cellular processes, including cell signaling, DNA repair, gene regulation and apoptosis.
Improper ADP-ribosylation has been implicated in some forms of cancer. It is also the basis for the toxicity of bacterial compounds such as cholera toxin, diphtheria toxin, and others.

PARP1
Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP-1) also known as NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase 1 or poly[ADP-ribose] synthase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PARP1 gene. It is the most abundant of the PARP family of enzymes, accounting for 90% of the NAD+ used by the family. PARP1 is mostly present in cell nucleus, but cytosolic fraction of this protein was also reported.
Great Diamond
The Great Diamond, also called the Diamond of Virgo, is an asterism that can be seen during spring evenings in the Northern Hemisphere. It is composed of the following stars:

Cor Caroli (α CVn), in Canes Venatici

Denebola (β Leo), the tail of Leo

Spica (α Vir), the wheat of Virgo

Arcturus (α Boo), the brightest star in Boötes

The Great Diamond is larger than the Big Dipper. The three southernmost stars are sometimes regarded as being their own asterism, the Spring Triangle.

Lying within the Great Diamond is the set of stars traditionally assigned to Coma Berenices. Many nearby galaxies, including galaxies in the Virgo Cluster, are within this asterism, and some of these galaxies can easily be observed with amateur telescopes.

Denebola
Denebola is the second-brightest star in the zodiac constellation of Leo. It is the easternmost of the bright stars of Leo. It has the Bayer designation Beta Leonis or β Leonis, which are abbreviated Beta Leo or β Leo. Denebola is an A-type main sequence star with 75% more mass than the Sun and 15 times the Sun's luminosity. Based on parallax measurements from the Hipparcos astrometry satellite, the star is at a distance of 36 light-years (11 parsecs) from the Sun. Its apparent visual magnitude is 2.14, making it readily visible to the naked eye. Denebola is a Delta Scuti type variable star, meaning its luminosity varies very slightly over a period of a few hours.
Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control
The Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control (JEDC) is a peer-reviewed scholarly journal devoted to computational economics, dynamic economic models, and macroeconomics. It is edited at the University of Amsterdam and published by Elsevier. It has been published since 1979.

The journal sometimes devotes special issues to particular topics, like 'Complexity in Economics and Finance' (May 2009), 'Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Modelling' (August 2008), and 'Applications of Statistical Physics in Economics and Finance' (January 2008). In some years it has also published selected articles from the annual meeting of the Society for Computational Economics.

In their ranking of academic impact of economics journals, Kalaitzidakis et al. (2003) rank JEDC twenty-third out of 159 journals. while Kodrzycki and Yu (2006) rank it 27th out of 181 journals for its impact on economics.

Computational economics
Computational or algorithmic economics is an interdisciplinary field combining computer science and economics to efficiently solve computationally-expensive problems in economics. Some of these areas are unique, while others established areas of economics by allowing robust data analytics and solutions of problems that would be arduous to research without computers and associated numerical methods.

Major advances in computational economics include search and matching theory, game theory, the theory of linear programming, algorithmic mechanism design, and fair division algorithms.
Pasir Mas (town)
Pasir Mas ( Jawi: ڤاسير مس, Chinese: 巴西馬, Kelantanese: Pasey Mah) is a town in Pasir Mas District, in north-western Kelantan, Malaysia.

Pasir Mas is Kelantan's second largest city by population (230,424 in 2020 census).

Pasir Mas District
Pasir Mas District (Kelantanese: Jajahey Pasey Mah) is a district (jajahan) in Kelantan, Malaysia. The district  covers an area of 614.15 square kilometers and is bordered by the districts of Tumpat District to the north, Tanah Merah District to the south, Kota Bharu District to the east, and the Thai district of Su-ngai Kolok (Malay: Sungai Golok) to the west.

Due to its geographical location, it acts as the main gateway of the East Coast of Malaysia to Thailand and is also traversed by major road transport routes from the West Coast to the state capital of Kota Bharu.

The district of Pasir Mas was originally part of the district of Kota Bharu. In 1918, the town of Pasir Mas and its surrounding areas were separated from Kota Bharu and granted its own local government. The seat of this district is the town of Pasir Mas.
Larvamima
Larvamima is a genus of mites placed in its own family, Larvamimidae, in the order Mesostigmata. Larvamima contains four recognized species:

Larvamima marianae R. J. Elzinga, 1993

Larvamima carli Elzinga, 1993

Larvamima cristata Elzinga, 1993

Larvamima schneirlai Elzinga, 1993

Mesostigmata
Mesostigmata is an order of mites belonging to the Parasitiformes. They are by far the largest group of Parasitiformes, with over 8,000 species in 130 families. Mesostigmata includes parasitic as well as free-living and predatory forms. They can be recognized by the single pair of spiracles positioned laterally on the body.

The family with the most described species is Phytoseiidae. Other families of note are Diplogyniidae, Macrochelidae, Pachylaelapidae, Uropodidae and Veigaiidae.

Amongst the best known species are Varroa destructor, an economically important parasite of honey bees, as well as the red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae), a parasite of poultry, most commonly chickens.