hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ram Trucks
Ram Trucks (stylized as RAM) is an American brand of light to mid-weight pickup heavy duty trucks and other commercial vehicles, and a division of Stellantis North America (previously Chrysler Group LLC). It was established in a spin-off of Dodge in 2009 using the name of the Ram pickup line of trucks. Ram Trucks' logo was originally used as Dodge's logo. New series Ram 1500 pickups are made at Sterling Heights Assembly in Sterling Heights, Michigan. Since its inception, the brand has used the slogan "Guts. Glory. Ram."

Fiat Strada
The Fiat Strada is a coupé utility produced by the Italian manufacturer Fiat since 1998. It is mainly produced in Brazil and marketed throughout Latin America, whereas the first-generation Strada was also assembled in South Africa and exported to Europe from Brazil.

Based on a unibody chassis with front-wheel drive configuration, the Strada shares its platform with several Fiat subcompact cars such as the Palio, Siena, and Uno. As of 2024, the Strada is the smallest of three Fiat pickup trucks, which include the larger unibody Toro and the body-on-frame Titano.
Poy Sang Long
Poy sang long (Shan: ပွႆးသၢင်ႇလွင်း) is a rite of passage ceremony among the Shan peoples, in Myanmar and in neighbouring northern Thailand, undergone by boys at some point between seven and fourteen years of age. It consists of taking novice monastic vows and participating in monastery life for a period of time that can vary from a week to many months or more. Usually, a large group of boys are ordained as sāmaṇera (novitiate monk) at the same time.

Rite of passage
A rite of passage is a ceremony or ritual of the passage which occurs when an individual leaves one group to enter another. It involves a significant change of status in society. In cultural anthropology, the term is the anglicisation of rite de passage, a French term innovated by the ethnographer Arnold van Gennep in his work Les rites de passage, The Rites of Passage. The term is now fully adopted into anthropology as well as into the literature and popular cultures of many modern languages.
Ashfield Boys High School
Ashfield Boys High School is a government-funded comprehensive single-sex secondary school for boys, located on Liverpool Road, in Ashfield, an Inner West suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Established in 1962, the school had 771 enrollments in 2023, of whom two percent identified as Indigenous Australians and 64 percent as being from a language background other than English. The school is operated by the NSW Department of Education in accordance with a curriculum developed by the New South Wales Education Standards Authority; the principal is Dwayne Hopwood.
The High school had two names before Ashfield Boys High School, Ashfield Superior School and Ashfield Superior Technical School.

Inner West
The Inner West of Sydney is an area directly west of the Sydney central business district, New South Wales, Australia.  The suburbs that make up the Inner West are predominantly located along the southern shore of Port Jackson (Parramatta River), stretching south to the shores of the Cooks River. The western boundary of the Inner West is approximately the A3 arterial road (Homebush Bay Drive / Centenary Drive), which divides the Inner West from the Greater Western Sydney region. The Inner West is much larger than the Inner West Council local government area. The Inner West roughly corresponds with the Parish of Petersham and Parish of Concord, two cadastral divisions used for land titles.
Johnny Speight
Johnny Speight (2 June 1920 – 5 July 1998) was an English television scriptwriter of many classic British sitcoms.

Speight emerged in the mid-1950s, writing for radio comics Frankie Howerd, Vic Oliver, Arthur Askey, and Cyril Fletcher. For television he wrote for Morecambe & Wise, Peter Sellers and The Arthur Haynes Show. Later, he began to write Till Death Us Do Part, which included his most famous creation, the controversial bigot Alf Garnett. His shows often explored the themes of racism and sexism through satire.

Great Scott – It's Maynard!
Great Scott – It's Maynard! was a British television series which aired on the BBC from 1955 to 1956. It was a popular comedy sketch series starring Bill Maynard and Terry Scott, with musical guests including Petula Clark. It was produced by Duncan Wood, and written by Lewis Schwarz, Eric Merriman, Dave Freeman and Johnny Speight.

Although telerecording existed, none of the episodes are known to remain in the BBC archives.
Liza Safronova
Yelizaveta Safronova Canbolat (Russian: Елизавета Сафронова Джанболат, Ukrainian: Єлизавета Сафронова Джанболат; born 17 January 2006 in Kyiv, Ukraine) is a Turkish-Kazakhstani volleyball player who plays for Volero Le Cannet of Ligue Nationale de Volley and CEV Champions League. She is 193 cm (6.33 ft) tall at 69 kg (152 lb).

Turkey women's national volleyball team
The Turkey women's national volleyball team (Turkish: Türkiye Kadın Voleybol Milli Takımı) is formed by the Turkish Volleyball Federation (TVF) and represents Turkey in international CEV and FIVB organizations.

The team is the most successful national sports team in the country and has been nicknamed "Filenin Sultanları" (English: Sultans of the Net) since the 2003 Women's European Volleyball Championship hosted in Ankara, Turkey. As of 8 September 2025, the team is ranked third in the FIVB World Rankings. Daniele Santarelli is the head coach of the team.
Zlatiya Glacier
Zlatiya Glacier (Bulgarian: ледник Златия, romanized: lednik Zlatiya, IPA: [ˈlɛdniɡ zɫɐˈtijɐ]) is the 6.7 km long and 3 km wide glacier on Brabant Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica situated north of Rush Glacier and west of upper Hippocrates Glacier.  It drains west-southwestwards from Aluzore Gap, flows between Mount Sarnegor and Veles Bastion, and enters Dallmann Bay north of Sidell Spur and south of Fleming Point.

The glacier is named after the settlements of Zlatiya in Northwestern and Northeastern Bulgaria.

Aluzore Gap
Aluzore Gap (Bulgarian: седловина Алузоре, romanized: Sedlovina Aluzore \se-dlo-vi-'na a-lu-'zo-re\) is the ice-covered saddle of elevation 1078 m connecting Stribog Mountains to Solvay Mountains on Brabant Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica.  It extends 3 km in north-northwest to south-southeast direction, and is part of the glacial divide between Hippocrates Glacier to the east, and Zlatiya Glacier and Rush Glacier to the west and southwest respectively.

The saddle is named after the ancient Roman station of Aluzore in Southern Bulgaria.
Jared Diamond
Jared Mason Diamond (born September 10, 1937) is an American scientist, historian, and author. He has written hundreds of scientific and popular articles and books, most notably Guns, Germs, and Steel (1997), which received multiple awards, including the 1998 Pulitzer Prize for general nonfiction. In 2005, Diamond was ranked ninth on a poll by Prospect and Foreign Policy of the world's top 100 public intellectuals.

Originally trained in biochemistry and physiology, Diamond has published in many fields, including anthropology, ecology, geography, and evolutionary biology. In 1985, he received a MacArthur Genius Grant and in 1999, the National Medal of Science, an honor bestowed by the President of the United States and the National Science Foundation. He was a professor of geography at UCLA until his retirement in 2024. Anthropologists have criticized his work as “shallow,” saying he overemphasizes geography and climate.

Upheaval (book)
Upheaval: How Nations Cope with Crisis and Change is a 2019 nonfiction book by American scientist and historian Jared Diamond. Diamond attempts to analyze devastating crises (political, economic, civil, ecological, etc.) that may destroy whole countries and the multiple reasons causing them. To support his analysis with real-world examples, Diamond investigates past crises that have hit such countries as Finland, Japan, Chile, Indonesia, Germany, Australia, and the United States. Diamond also tries to understand the ways in which individuals learn to cope with personal traumas and how these approaches can be applied to nations. His unexpected conclusion is that individuals do learn from crisis but countries seldom do. He also concludes that the United States is a country in which crises are getting worse.
Waris (film)
Waris (transl. Heir) is a 1969 Indian Hindi-language film, produced by Vasu Menon and directed by Ramanna. The film stars Jeetendra, Hema Malini with music composed by R. D. Burman. It is a remake of the Tamil film Naan (1967).

Naan (1967 film)
Naan (transl. Me) is 1967 Indian Tamil-language film, directed by T. R. Ramanna and written by T. N. Balu. The film stars Ravichandran, Jayalalithaa, Muthuraman and Nagesh. It focuses on a raja's failed attempt to find his lost son, and three men who claim to be the lost son, seeking rights to the raja's properties.

Naan was released on 1 November 1967, and ran for over 175 days in theatres. It was remade in Telugu as Nenante Nene (1968) and in Hindi as Waris (1969).
Histioteuthis reversa
Histioteuthis reversa, commonly known as the reverse jewel squid or the elongate jewel squid, is a species of cock-eyed squid, so called because the eyes are dissimilar. It occurs at moderate depths in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It is also known from the Indian Ocean.

Histioteuthis
Histioteuthis is a genus of squid in the family Histioteuthidae. It goes by the common name cock-eyed squid, because in all species the right eye is normal-sized, round, blue and sunken; whereas the left eye is at least twice the diameter of the right eye, tubular, yellow-green, faces upward, and bulges out of the head.

In 2017, researchers at Duke University established that Histioteuthis uses its larger eye to see ambient sunlight, and its smaller eye to detect bioluminescence from prey animals.

The name is composed of the Greek histion (ἱστίον, "sail", a large webbed membrane between six of the arms, in some species) and teuthis ("squid").

The genus contains bioluminescent species.
Convict crisis
The Convict crisis, also known as the "Anti-convict demonstrations" or "Anti-convict agitation" or "Cape Town anti-convict petition", was a period of civil unrest and protesting, lasting from 4 July 1849 to February 1850, in the Cape Colony. It was caused by the prospect of the British authorities making the Cape Colony a penal colony and was triggered by the arrival off the coast of Cape Town of a ship, The Neptune, carrying 288 ticket-of-leave convicts from Ireland. The event was important in forming a distinct political identity in the Cape and strengthening the movement for self government.

Penal colony
A penal colony or exile colony is a settlement used to exile prisoners and separate them from the general population by placing them in a remote location, often an island or distant colonial territory. Although the term can be used to refer to a correctional facility located in a remote location, it is more commonly used to refer to communities of prisoners overseen by wardens or governors having absolute authority.

Historically, penal colonies have often been used for penal labour in an economically underdeveloped part of a state's (usually colonial) territories, and on a far larger scale than a prison farm.
Arluno
Arluno (Lombard: Arlun [arˈlỹː], locally Arlugn [arˈlyɲ]) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 20 miles (32 km) west of Milan.

Arluno borders the following municipalities: Parabiago, Nerviano, Pogliano Milanese, Casorezzo, Vanzago, Ossona, Sedriano, Santo Stefano Ticino, Vittuone, and Corbetta.

Ossona
Ossona (Milanese: Ossòna [uˈsɔna]) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) west of Milan. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 3,928 and an area of 6.0 square kilometres (2.3 sq mi).

The municipality of Ossona contains the frazione (subdivision) Asmonte.

Ossona borders the following municipalities: Casorezzo, Inveruno, Arluno, Mesero, Marcallo con Casone, Santo Stefano Ticino.
Palata, Italy
Palata is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Campobasso, located in the Italian region of Molise. It is situated about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northeast of Campobasso.

Palata borders the following municipalities: Acquaviva Collecroce, Guardialfiera, Guglionesi, Larino, Montecilfone, Montenero di Bisaccia, Tavenna.

Tavenna
Tavenna is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Campobasso in the Italian region Molise, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of Campobasso.

Tavenna borders the following municipalities: Acquaviva Collecroce, Mafalda, Montenero di Bisaccia, Palata, San Felice del Molise.
Dirichlet series
In mathematics, a Dirichlet series is any series of the form

where s is complex, and  is a complex sequence. It is a special case of general Dirichlet series.

Dirichlet series play a variety of important roles in analytic number theory. The most usually seen definition of the Riemann zeta function is a Dirichlet series, as are the Dirichlet L-functions. Specifically, the Riemann zeta function ζ(s) is the Dirichlet series of the constant unit function u(n), namely:

where D(u, s) denotes the Dirichlet series of u(n).
It is conjectured that the Selberg class of series obeys the generalized Riemann hypothesis. The series is named in honor of Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet.

Arithmetic function
In number theory, an arithmetic, arithmetical, or number-theoretic function is generally any function whose domain is the set of positive integers and whose range is a subset of the complex numbers. Hardy & Wright include in their definition the requirement that an arithmetical function "expresses some arithmetical property of n". There is a larger class of number-theoretic functions that do not fit this definition, for example, the prime-counting functions. This article provides links to functions of both classes.

An example of an arithmetic function is the divisor function whose value at a positive integer n is equal to the number of divisors of n.

Arithmetic functions are often extremely irregular (see table), but some of them have series expansions in terms of Ramanujan's sum.
Maheshwar
Maheshwar is a town, near Khargone city in Khargone district of Madhya Pradesh state, in central India. It is located on State Highway-38 (Khargone city-Barwaha- Bandheri Highway),13.5 km east of National Highway 3 (Agra-Mumbai highway) and 91 km from Indore, the commercial capital of the state. The Town lies on the north bank of the Narmada River. It was the kingdom of Chakravarty Samrat Sahastraarjun,    Kartavirya Arjuna a Heheya king. Lately, after many years, it was the capital of the Malwa during the Maratha Holkar reign till 6 January 1818, when the capital was shifted to Indore by Malhar Rao Holkar III.

Ahilyabai Holkar
Ahilyabai Holkar (Marathi pronunciation: [əɦɪljɑbaɪ]; 31 May 1725 – 13 August 1795), also spelled Ahalya Bai, was the Rajamata and later the ruling queen of Indore within the Maratha Empire. She established Maheshwar (in Madhya Pradesh) as the seat of the Holkar Dynasty. She is renowned for good governance, social welfare, and humanitarian work along with religious, educational, and cultural advancements. She contributed to the growth of Indian architecture through the commission of various temples, Ghats, and Dharmshalas. Ahilyabai's Matha, or charitable endowments, spread across India. She is remembered as a Sadhvi, or holy woman.

After the deaths of her husband Khanderao Holkar, father-in-law Malhar Rao Holkar, and son Male Rao Holkar, Ahilyabai undertook the affairs of the Holkar dynasty. She defended Indore against invasions and personally led armies into battle, with her brother-in-law Tukoji Rao Holkar serving as her military commander.
Aberdare strike 1857–1858
One of the first significant industrial disputes in the history of the steam coal trade of South Wales took place in Aberdare in 1857–1858.  The origins of the strike lay in the decision of the employers to impose a wage reduction of up to 20%, as a result of the general depression in trade in the aftermath of the Crimean War. During the dispute a trade union appeared amongst the miners of the Aberdare Valley but the men were ultimately forced to return to work on the terms set by the owners.

Henry Bruce, 1st Baron Aberdare
Henry Austin Bruce, 1st Baron Aberdare GCB, PC, JP, DL, FRS, FRHistS (16 April 1815 – 25 February 1895), was a British Liberal Party politician, who served in government most notably as Home Secretary (1868–1873) and as Lord President of the Council.
IEEE 802.15
IEEE 802.15 is a working group of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) IEEE 802 standards committee which specifies Wireless Specialty Networks (WSN) standards. The working group was formerly known as Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks.

The number of Task Groups in IEEE 802.15 varies based on the number of active projects. The current list of active projects can be found on the IEEE 802.15 website.

IEEE 802.15.6
The IEEE 802.15.6 standard is the latest international standard for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN).

WBAN supports a variety of real-time health monitoring and consumer electronics applications. The latest international standard for WBAN is the IEEE 802.15.6 standard which aims to provide an international standard for low power, short range, and extremely reliable wireless communication within the surrounding area of the human body, supporting a vast range of data rates for different applications. Short-range, wireless communications in the vicinity of, or inside, a human body (but not limited to humans) are specified in this standard. It uses existing industrial scientific medical (ISM) bands as well as frequency bands approved by national medical and/or regulatory authorities. Support for quality of service (QoS), extremely low power, and data rates up to 10 Mbps is required while simultaneously complying with strict non-interference guidelines where needed.
Mayhew Lake Township, Benton County, Minnesota
Mayhew Lake Township is a township in Benton County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 831 as of the 2010 census. Mayhew Lake Township was named for George V. Mayhew, an early settler of Benton County who became a state legislator.

Benton County, Minnesota
Benton County is a county in the East Central part of the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 41,379. Its county seat is Foley.

Benton County is part of the St. Cloud Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Combined Statistical Area.
Barbara Jagiellon
Barbara Jagiellon (Polish: Barbara Jagiellonka, Lithuanian: Barbora Jogailaitė; 15 July 1478 – 15 February 1534) was a princess of the Kingdom of Poland and of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, member of the Jagiellonian dynasty and by marriage Duchess of Saxony.

Born in Sandomierz, she was the sixth daughter of King Casimir IV of Poland and Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria. She was named after her great-grandmother, Barbara of Cilli, Holy Roman Empress.

Elizabeth of Austria (1436–1505)
Elizabeth of Austria (German: Elisabeth von Habsburg; Polish: Elżbieta Rakuszanka; Lithuanian: Elžbieta Habsburgaitė; c. 1436 – 30 August 1505) was Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania as the wife of King Casimir IV of Poland. Orphaned at an early age, she spent her childhood in the court of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III. As one of the three surviving grandchildren of Emperor Sigismund, she had a strong claim to the kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia. That made her an attractive bride for a Polish prince. The Polish nobility, seeking to increase Polish influence in Hungary and Bohemia, pursued marriage with Elizabeth since she was born and finally succeeded in 1454. Her marriage to Casimir was one of the most successful royal marriages in Poland. She gave birth to thirteen children, eleven of whom survived to adulthood. Four of her sons were crowned as kings.
Charles Cunningham (civil servant)
Sir Charles Craik Cunningham, GCB, KBE, CVO (7 May 1906 – 7 July 1998) was a Scottish civil servant. From 1957 to 1966, he was Permanent Under-Secretary of State at the Home Office, its most senior civil servant. He had worked in the Scottish Office from 1929 until moving to the Home Office in 1957, and served as Secretary of the Scottish Home Department between 1948 and 1957.

Permanent Under-Secretary of State at the Home Office
The permanent under-secretary of state at the Home Office is the permanent secretary at the Home Office, the most senior civil servant in the department, charged with running its affairs on a day-to-day basis.
Cumberland Motor Services
Cumberland Motor Services was a bus operator running services in the county of Cumberland, as well as parts of Lancashire. Founded in 1921, the operator today is a part of the Stagecoach Group and, after a demerger from Stagecoach North West, trades as Stagecoach Cumbria & North Lancashire.

Leyland National
The Leyland National is an integrally constructed British step-floor single-decker bus manufactured in large quantities between 1972 and 1985. It was developed as a joint project between two UK nationalised industries – the National Bus Company and British Leyland. Buses were constructed at a specially built factory at the Lillyhall Industrial Estate, Workington. Styling was carried out by the Italian vehicle stylist Giovanni Michelotti, previously commissioned by both Triumph (Herald, TR4, GT6, 2000/2500, 1300, Dolomite and Stag) and Scammell lorries (Routeman GRP cab).

It was intended to replace all the rear-engined single-decker buses offered by British Leyland, including the AEC Swift, Bristol RE, single-deck Daimler Fleetline, Daimler Roadliner and Leyland Panther.
Obiteljska televizija Valentino
Obiteljska televizija Valentino or OTV Valentino is a Bosnian commercial cable television channel based in Bijela in Brčko District.

The program is mainly produced in the Bosnian language and it is available via cable systems throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina. The channel broadcasts content that is interesting to Bosnian diaspora.

In the media market of BiH, Obiteljska televizija Valentino is a part of the media group called DENI-COMPANI along with sister TV channels: VALENTINO ETNO, Valentino Music HD, PRVA HERCEGOVAČKA and radio station called Obiteljski Radio Valentino.

Obiteljski Radio Valentino
Obiteljski Radio Valentino  or ORV is a Bosnian commercial radio station, broadcasting from Bijela in Brčko District.

Radio was founded on 6 August 1995. The station focuses on turbo-folk music and talk shows that is usually ordered by listeners, by phone, SMS or internet. Estimated number of potential listeners of ORV is around 848.877. The program is also broadcast via web and satellite (Eutelsat W2, 16 degrees E, frequency 11.366, symbol rate 30.000, FEC 3/4).

In the media market of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Obiteljski Radio Valentino is a part of the media group called DENI-COMPANI along with sister TV channels: Obiteljska televizija Valentino, VALENTINO ETNO, Valentino Music HD and PRVA HERCEGOVAČKA.