hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Spanggur Gap
The Spanggur Gap (Chinese: 斯潘古爾山口; pinyin: Sī pān gǔ ěr shānkǒu) is a 4,900 metres (16,100 ft) high mountain pass on the Line of Actual Control between the Ladakh union territory of India and the Rutog County, Ngari Prefecture in the Tibet region of China. It is a gap in the mountains to the south of the Pangong Lake. To the east of the gap is the Spanggur Lake.

According to Indian sources, India was in control of the Spanggur Gap during the war of 1962 and there were Indian posts there, but it was taken over by the Chinese army during the Sino-Indian War as the Indian army withdrew in order to bolster defenses of the nearby Indian village of Chushul. India wants to restore the post and take over the pass.

Chushul
Chushul is a village in the Leh district of Ladakh, India. It is located in the Durbuk tehsil, in the area known as "Chushul Valley", south of the Pangong Lake and west of the Spanggur Lake. The Line of Actual Control with China runs about 5 miles (8 km) east of Chushul, across the Chushul Valley. Famous as site for historical battle grounds.
Ribonuclease
Ribonuclease (commonly abbreviated RNase) is a type of nuclease that catalyzes the degradation of RNA into smaller components.  Ribonucleases can be divided into endoribonucleases and exoribonucleases, and comprise several sub-classes within the EC 2.7 (for the phosphorolytic enzymes) and 3.1 (for the hydrolytic enzymes) classes of enzymes.

Nuclease
In biochemistry, a nuclease (also archaically known as nucleodepolymerase or polynucleotidase) is an enzyme capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bonds that link nucleotides together to form nucleic acids. Nucleases variously affect single and double stranded breaks in their target molecules. In living organisms, they are essential machinery for many aspects of DNA repair. Defects in certain nucleases can cause genetic instability or immunodeficiency. Nucleases are also extensively used in molecular cloning.

There are two primary classifications based on the locus of activity. Exonucleases digest nucleic acids from the ends. Endonucleases act on regions in the middle of target molecules. They are further subcategorized as deoxyribonucleases and ribonucleases. The former acts on DNA, the latter on RNA.
John Maverick
Rev. John Maverick (1578–1636) was the first minister of the First Parish Church of Dorchester in early colonial Dorchester, Massachusetts.

John Maverick was born to Rev. Peter Maverick, a vicar in Awliscombe, Devon in 1578. In 1595, Maverick enrolled in University of Oxford. Five years later, in 1600, he married Mary Gye. Two of their sons, Samuel and Moses, are notable people in early Massachusetts history. In 1603, Maverick received his MA from Oxford. He was the curate for his uncle, Rev. Radford Maverick, from 1606 to 1614. Afterwards, he was rector of a church in Beaworthy, Devon until 1629.

Maverick became a Puritan before migrating to the Massachusetts Bay Colony at Dorchester, Massachusetts on 30 May 1630, where he served as the first minister of the First Parish Church of Dorchester with Rev. John Warham.

He became a freeman in 1631 and helped establish the government in Dorchester; he died February 3, 1636.  His eulogy was by John Cotton and Governor John Winthrop.

Moses Maverick
Moses Maverick (1611—1686) was a 17th-century English colonist who migrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded Marblehead, Massachusetts. He served as selectman for 14 years. Maverick Street, Maverick Cove, Maverick Court and Moses Maverick Square are named after him.
Löllbach
Löllbach (German pronunciation: [ˈlœlbax]) is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde Nahe-Glan, whose seat is in Bad Sobernheim.

Kappeln, Rhineland-Palatinate
Kappeln (German pronunciation: [ˈkapl̩n] ⓘ) is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Kusel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde Lauterecken-Wolfstein.
Fujiwara no Sumitomo
Fujiwara no Sumitomo (藤原 純友; died 941) was a Japanese Heian era court noble and warrior. From 939 to 941, he aided the Taira clan in a series of revolts.

Sumitomo built his power base in Northern Kyushu. After making a secret agreement with Taira no Masakado, who was leading a revolt in Shimōsa Province, Sumitomo led his own revolt in Iyo province in 939, and soon afterwards invaded the provinces of Harima and Bizen. The revolt quickly spread throughout the whole San'yō region.

Pursued by imperial forces led by Ono no Yoshifuru and Minamoto no Tsunemoto, Sumitomo fled to Dazaifu, burning down the Dazaifu headquarters before he was defeated in battle at Hakata Bay. He then fled back to Iyo province, where he was captured. He was executed shortly afterwards, in 941, by Tachibana no Tōyasu.

His father was Fujiwara no Yoshinori, and he was the ancestor of the Arima clan of Hizen province.

Minamoto no Tsunemoto
Minamoto no Tsunemoto (源 経基; 894–961) was a samurai and Imperial Prince during Japan's Heian period, one of the progenitors of the Seiwa Genji branch of the Minamoto clan. He was a son of Sadazumi-shinnō and grandson of Emperor Seiwa. Legend has it that Tsunemoto, in his childhood, was called Rokusonnō (六孫王), with roku (六, 'six') meaning that his father was the sixth son of Emperor Seiwa, and son (孫, 'grandson') meaning that he was a grandson of the Emperor.

Tsunemoto took part in a number of campaigns for the Imperial Court, including those against Taira no Masakado in 940 and against Fujiwara no Sumitomo the following year.

He held the title of Chinjufu-shōgun, or Commander-in-chief of the Defense of the North, and was granted the clan name of Minamoto by the Emperor in 961, the year he died.

Tsunemoto was the father of Minamoto no Mitsunaka.
James Hector
Sir James Hector KCMG FRS FRSE (16 March 1834 – 6 November 1907) was a Scottish-New Zealand geologist, naturalist, and surgeon who accompanied the Palliser Expedition as a surgeon and geologist. He went on to have a lengthy career as a government employed man of science in New Zealand, and during this period he dominated the colony's scientific institutions in a way that no single person has since.

Joseph Dalton Hooker
Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British botanist and explorer in the 19th century. He was a founder of geographical botany and Charles Darwin's closest friend. For 20 years he served as director of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, succeeding his father, William Jackson Hooker, and was awarded the highest honours of British science.
Massachusetts Department of Youth Services
The Massachusetts Department of Youth Services (DYS) is a state agency of Massachusetts. Its administrative office is headquartered in 600 Washington Street, Boston. The agency operates the state's juvenile justice services and facilities for incarcerated children.

The DYS regions are the Central, Metro, Northeastern, Southeastern, and Western regions.

Lyman School for Boys
The Lyman School for Boys was established by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in c. 1884 and operated until c. 1971. The institution opened following the closure of the State Reform School for Boys in Westborough. The school was named for its principal benefactor, philanthropist Theodore Lyman, who served as mayor of Boston, Massachusetts from 1834 to 1836. The property is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
Aargau
Aargau (/ˈɑːrɡaʊ/ AR-gow, Swiss Standard German: [ˈaːrɡaʊ] ⓘ), more formally the Canton of Aargau (German: Kanton Aargau; Romansh: Chantun Argovia; French: Canton d'Argovie; Italian: Canton Argovia), is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of eleven districts and its capital is Aarau.

Aargau is one of the most northerly cantons of Switzerland, by the lower course of the Aare River, which is why it is called Aar-gau ("Aare province"). It is one of the most densely populated regions of Switzerland.

Toggenburg War
The Toggenburg War, also known as the Second War of Villmergen or the Swiss Civil War of 1712, was a Swiss civil war during the Old Swiss Confederacy from 12 April to 11 August 1712. The Catholic "inner cantons" and the Imperial Abbey of Saint Gall fought the Protestant cantons of Bern and Zürich as well as the abbatial subjects of Toggenburg. The conflict was a religious war, a war for hegemony in the Confederacy and an uprising of subjects. The war ended in a Protestant victory and upset the balance of political power within the Confederacy.
Coastal Disturbances
Coastal Disturbances is a play by Tina Howe, which premiered Off-Broadway in 1986 and transferred to Broadway. It received a Tony Award nomination as Best Play. The play takes place on a beach in Massachusetts.

Tim Daly
James Timothy Daly (born March 1, 1956) is an American actor, producer and director, best known for his roles as Joe Hackett on the NBC sitcom Wings and his recurring role as drug-addicted screenwriter J.T. Dolan on The Sopranos.  He starred as Pete Wilder on the ABC medical drama Private Practice from 2007 to 2012. He is also known for his voice role as Clark Kent/Superman in Superman: The Animated Series and several animated Superman movies. From 2014 until 2019, he portrayed Henry McCord, husband of the Secretary of State, on the CBS political drama Madam Secretary, starring Téa Leoni.
Faroe Islands national football team
The Faroe Islands national football team (Faroese: Føroyska fótbóltsmanslandsliðið) represents the Faroe Islands in men's international football, and is governed by the Faroe Islands Football Association (FSF). The FSF became a member of FIFA in 1988 and UEFA in 1990 and represents the fourth-smallest UEFA country by population.

The team has never advanced to the finals of the FIFA World Cup or UEFA European Championship. They took part in the Island Games in 1989 and 1991 and won both tournaments. The team also took part in the Nordic Football Championship for the first time in 2000–01, the last time the competition was played. In 2024, they made their debut in the Baltic Cup as a guest entrant and placed fourth. In the Faroe Islands, the team is known as the landsliðið. Home matches are played at Tórsvøllur.

Kazakhstan national football team
The Kazakhstan national football team (Kazakh: Қазақстан Ұлттық футбол құрамасы, Qazaqstan Ūlttyq Futbol qūramasy, [qɑzɑqˈstɑn ʊɫt̚ˈtɤq fʊdˈboɫ qʊrɑmɑˈsə]) represents Kazakhstan in men's international football and it is governed by the Kazakhstan Football Federation. They split from the Soviet Union national team after independence in 1991 and joined the Asian Football Confederation's Central Asian Football Federation. After failing to qualify for the 1998 and 2002 FIFA World Cups, they joined UEFA, but are yet to qualify for a FIFA World Cup or a UEFA European Championship.
2019–20 National Independent Soccer Association season
The 2019–20 NISA season was the inaugural season of the National Independent Soccer Association, a third-division soccer competition in the United States. The regular season was divided into two halves, Fall and Spring, intended to culminate in playoffs. The Fall season, branded as the "NISA Showcase", featured seven teams; the champions of the East and West conferences earned berths into the 2020 playoffs. The Spring season expanded to eight teams and switched to a single-table format, with the top three teams set to join the Fall West champion, California United Strikers, in the postseason.
However, the Spring season was suspended on March 12 for an initial 30-day period due to the coronavirus pandemic. The suspension was subsequently extended in accordance with CDC guidelines before the season was officially cancelled on April 27, 2020.

National Independent Soccer Association
The National Independent Soccer Association (NISA) is a professional men's soccer league in the United States. The league is previously in the third tier of American soccer and began play in 2019. NISA initially used a fall-to-spring season format with a winter break but have switched to spring-to-fall which is more common in the United States. The league went on hiatus during the 2025 season but plans to resume play in 2026.
Twiggy Ramirez
Jeordie Osbourne White better known as Twiggy Ramirez or simply Twiggy, is an American musician, mostly known as the former bassist and guitarist of the rock band Marilyn Manson. Previously, he was the bassist for A Perfect Circle and a touring member of Nine Inch Nails, and is currently the vocalist for Goon Moon. He left Marilyn Manson in 2002, later rejoined the band in 2008, and was dismissed in 2017. He has been a principal songwriter for the band and has also contributed to some of the Desert Sessions recordings.  He also hosted the Hour of Goon podcast with fellow musician Fred Sablan, on the Starburns Audio network.

Jessicka (singer)
Jessicka Addams (born Jessica Fodera on October 23, 1975) is an American visual artist and musician. Best known by her stage name Jessicka, she was the frontwoman for the alternative rock band Jack Off Jill, and later for the noise pop band Scarling.
Muricopsinae
Muricopsinae is a taxonomic subfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the large family Muricidae, the murex snails and rock snails.

A study, released in September 2010, showed that the subfamily Muricopsinae is polyphyletic

Muricidae
Muricidae is a large and varied taxonomic family of small to large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, commonly known as murex snails or rock snails. With over 1,700 living species, the Muricidae represent almost 10% of the Neogastropoda. Additionally, 1,200 fossil species have been recognized. Numerous subfamilies are recognized, although experts disagree about the subfamily divisions and the definitions of the genera.
Many muricids have unusual shells which are considered attractive by shell collectors and by interior designers.
Kitty Garman
Kathleen Eleonora Garman (later Epstein and Godley; 27 August 1926 – 11 January 2011) was a British artist and muse. She was a model for her father Jacob Epstein, her first husband Lucian Freud (including Portrait of Kitty), and Andrew Tift. In 2004, she had her own show at The New Art Gallery Walsall.

Lucian Freud
Lucian Michael Freud OM CH (/frɔɪd/; 8 December 1922 – 20 July 2011) was a British painter and draughtsman, specialising in figurative art, who is known as one of the foremost 20th-century English portraitists.

His early career as a painter was influenced by surrealism, and afterwards by expressionism, but by the early 1950s his often stark and alienated paintings tended towards realism. Freud was an intensely private and guarded man, and his paintings, completed over a 60-year career, are mostly of friends and family. They are generally sombre and thickly impastoed, often set in unsettling interiors and urban landscapes. The works are noted for their psychological penetration and often discomfiting examination of the relationship between artist and model. Freud worked from life studies and was known for asking for extended and punishing sittings from his models.
Doug Petrie
Douglas Petrie is an American screenwriter, director, and producer. Best known as a writer, director, and co-executive producer on Buffy the Vampire Slayer. He co-wrote the screenplays for the Fantastic Four film and Harriet the Spy. He has also written for the television shows Angel, The 4400, Tru Calling and American Horror Story: Coven. He served as a co-executive producer and writer for two seasons on CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and as a consulting producer and writer on the second season of Pushing Daisies. He made a cameo on Joss Whedon's web-based film, Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog, as "Professor Normal". He served as co-executive producer on the first season of the Netflix show Daredevil, and took over as showrunner for its second season alongside Marco Ramirez. In April 2016 Petrie and Ramirez were announced as showrunners of The Defenders, a miniseries that crosses over Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, and Iron Fist.

Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 5
The fifth season of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer premiered on September 26, 2000, on The WB and concluded its 22-episode season on May 22, 2001. It maintained its previous timeslot, airing Tuesdays at 8:00 pm ET. This was the final season to air on The WB before it moved to UPN; The WB billed the season five finale as "The WB series finale".
Rovčani
The Rovčani (Serbian Cyrillic: Ровчани, pronounced [rǒ̞ʋt͡ʃani]) are a historical tribe of Montenegro and one of the seven highlander tribes of the Brda region, alongside the Bjelopavlići, Piperi, Kuči, Bratonožići, Moračani and Vasojevići. The historical region that they inhabit is called Rovca (Serbian Cyrillic: Ровца, pronounced [rǒ̞ʋt͡za]).

Bratonožići
The Bratonožići (Serbian Cyrillic: Братоножићи, pronounced [bräto̞no̞ʒit͡ɕi]) is a historical tribe (pleme) of Albanian origin in the Brda region of Montenegro. It appeared during the Ottoman period and was a captaincy of the Principality of Montenegro in the 19th century. Today, it forms part of northeastern Podgorica Municipality. In Montenegro, the majority of people who trace their origin in Bratonožići identify as Christian Orthodox Montenegrins and Christian Orthodox Serbs. Brotherhoods (bratstvo) from the historical tribe that settled in Bijelo Polje and became Muslims in the Ottoman period identify as Bosniaks. In the 18th century, many families from the region settled in western Serbia. In Kosovo, a part of the Serbs of northwestern Kosovo come from Bratonožići.
Main–Broad–Grove Streets Historic District
Main–Broad–Grove Streets Historic District is a national historic district located at Oneida in Madison County, New York. The district contains 194 contributing buildings, including Cottage Lawn and the Farnam Mansion. It is predominantly residential in character but includes two schools, five churches, and one park.  It has a collection of residential types and styles from the 1830s to 1930s.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

Farnam Mansion
The Farnam Mansion is a 19th-century mansion in Oneida, New York, United States. Built circa 1862, it is situated on the southwest corner of Main and Stone Streets within the city's Main-Broad-Grove Streets Historic District, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in the year 1983.
Virginio Orsini (cardinal)
Virginio Orsini (1615 – 21 August 1676) was an Italian Cardinal.

He belonged to the ducal family of Bracciano, He renounced his birthright in his youth, entered the military order of the Knights of Malta and distinguished himself in battle against the Ottoman Empire during the Thirty Years' War.

He had plans to marry Ippolita Ludovisi (daughter of Orazio Ludovisi, sister of Niccolò Ludovisi and a niece of Pope Gregory XV) but Pope Urban VIII had no desire for the marriage to go ahead. Instead, in December 1641, the Pope raised him to the dignity of cardinal, and appointed him Protector of the Polish as well as of the Portuguese Orient. He was commissioned to direct the building of the new fortifications with which Urban VIII enclosed the Leonine City and a quarter of Trastevere.

In 1675 he became Cardinal Bishop of Frascati.

Suburbicarian Diocese of Frascati
The Diocese of Frascati (Lat.: Tusculana) is a Latin suburbicarian see of the Diocese of Rome and a diocese of the Catholic Church in Italy, based at Frascati, near Rome. The bishop of Frascati is a Cardinal Bishop; from the Latin name of the area, the bishop has also been called Bishop of Tusculum. Tusculum was destroyed in 1191. The bishopric moved from Tusculum to Frascati, a nearby town which is first mentioned in the pontificate of Pope Leo IV. Until 1962, the Cardinal-Bishop was concurrently the diocesan bishop of the see. Pope John XXIII removed the Cardinal Bishops from any actual responsibility in their suburbicarian dioceses and made the title purely honorific.
Leica R3
The Leica R3 was a 35mm SLR camera by Leica and the first model of their R series.

Leica launched the Leica R3 in 1976. It was the successor of the Leicaflex SL2, and was developed in cooperation with Minolta, together with the Minolta XE bodies.

It was a 35mm SLR with a Copal CLS electronic focal plane shutter, which was produced for Leica and Minolta only.

The Leica Safari, a tropicalised version of the R3

Minolta XE
The Minolta XE, known as the XE-1 in Europe and the XE-7 in North America, is a manual focus, 35 mm single-lens reflex camera produced by Minolta of Japan between 1974 and 1977. It was developed in collaboration with Leica Camera and has many similarities to the Leica R3.

The XE uses a Leitz-Copal electronic, vertically traveling, metal blade focal plane shutter supporting exposure times of 1/1000 of a second to four seconds, plus bulb setting.  In aperture priority auto-exposure mode, the shutter speed is varied steplessly; in manual mode, the shutter speeds are selected in whole stop increments. The camera has a very short shutter lag of about 38ms, among the best for an SLR regardless of manufacturer.

Detail

XE-7 with covers removed, exposing the electronics
Cambridge Interferometer
The Cambridge Interferometer was a radio telescope interferometer built by Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish in the early 1950s to the west of Cambridge (between the Grange Road football ground and the current Cavendish Laboratory). The interferometer consisted of an array of 4 fixed elements to survey the sky. It produced the two Cambridge catalogues of radio sources (the 2C catalogue of radio sources at 81.5 MHz, and the 3C catalogue of radio sources at 159 MHz, building on the work of the Preliminary survey of the radio stars in the Northern Hemisphere Archived 21 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine at 45 MHz - 214 MHz using the 2-element Long Michelson Interferometer), discovering some of the most interesting astronomical objects known. The telescope was operated by the Radio Astronomy Group of Cambridge University.

Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974 for this and other related work.

Cavendish Astrophysics Group
The Cavendish Astrophysics Group (formerly the Radio Astronomy Group) is based at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge. The group operates all of the telescopes at the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory except for the 32m MERLIN telescope, which is operated by Jodrell Bank.

The group is the second largest of three astronomy departments in the University of Cambridge.
Premier Lacrosse League
The Premier Lacrosse League (PLL) is a professional field lacrosse league in the United States. The league comprises eight teams. Its inaugural season debuted on June 1, 2019, and included a 14-week tour-based schedule taking place in 12 major-market cities. The league was founded by the American professional lacrosse player Paul Rabil and his brother Mike Rabil. Investors include the Chernin Group, the Raine Group and Joseph Tsai.

Utah Archers
The Utah Archers are a professional field lacrosse team based in the Salt Lake City metropolitan area that competes in the Premier Lacrosse League (PLL). The Archers are one of the six founding members of the PLL for the 2019 season. Notable players include Tom Schreiber, Grant Ament, and Graeme Hossack.

After an 8–2 season where they were the #1 seed and Tom Schreiber won MVP, they won the 2023 PLL championship, defeating the Waterdogs 15–14.