hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Regulation (European Union)
A regulation is a legal act of the European Union which becomes immediately enforceable as law in all member states simultaneously. Regulations can be distinguished from directives which, at least in principle, need to be transposed into national law. Regulations can be adopted by means of a variety of legislative procedures depending on their subject matter. Despite their name, Regulations are primary legislation rather than regulatory delegated legislation; as such, they are often described as "Acts" (e.g. the Digital Services Act).

Digital Services Act
The Digital Services Act (DSA) is an EU regulation that entered into force in 2022, establishing a comprehensive legal framework for digital services accountability, content moderation, and platform transparency across the European Union. It significantly updates the Electronic Commerce Directive 2000 in EU law by introducing graduated obligations based on service size and risk levels, and was proposed alongside the Digital Markets Act (DMA).

The DSA applies to all digital intermediary services, including hosting services, online platforms (such as social networks, online marketplaces, pornographic platforms, app stores), and search engines. It establishes a tiered regulatory approach: basic obligations for all services, enhanced duties for online platforms, and the most stringent requirements for Very Large Online Platforms (VLOPs) and Very Large Online Search Engines (VLOSEs) with over 45 million monthly active users in the EU.
Vemasse Administrative Post
Vemasse, officially Vemasse Administrative Post (Portuguese: Posto Administrativo de Vemasse, Tetum: Postu administrativu Vemasi), is an administrative post (and was formerly a subdistrict) in Baucau municipality, Timor-Leste. Its seat or administrative centre is Vemasse.

Baucau Municipality
Baucau (Portuguese: Município Baucau, Tetum: Munisípiu Baukau) is a municipality, and was formerly a district, of Timor-Leste, on the northern coast in the eastern part of the country. The capital is also called Baucau (formerly Vila Salazar). The population of the municipality is 111,694 (census 2010) and it has an area of 1,506 km2.
French submarine Duguay-Trouin
Duguay-Trouin (S636) is a French nuclear attack submarine and the second boat of the Suffren class. The vessel was laid down on 26 June 2009 and launched on 9 September 2022 at Cherbourg. It was commissioned on 28 July 2023.

Suffren-class submarine
The Suffren class is a class of nuclear-powered attack submarines, designed by the French shipbuilder Naval Group (formerly DCNS) for the French Navy. It is intended to replace the Rubis class. Construction began in 2007 and the lead boat of the class, Suffren, was commissioned on 6 November 2020. It officially entered active service on 3 June 2022.
J. C. Ratwatte II
Sir James Cudah Ratwatte (known as J. C. Ratwatte Adigar ) was a Ceylonese legislator. He was an elected member of the State Council of Ceylon for Balangoda in 1931 and was appointed Adigar by the British Government of Ceylon. He was the first Kandyan to be awarded a knighthood.

Jayampathy Charitha Ratwatte was the third son of Sir Cudah Ratwatte Adigar former Mayor of Kandy and Chitravo Katugaha née Kumarihamy. His brothers include Lennie, MBE who was the former Ceylon's High Commissioner in Ghana, Stanley and Kenneth. His cousin was Sirimavo Bandaranaike the first female prime minister in the world.

Ratwatte married Phyllis Sita née Aluwihare, daughter of Sir Richard Aluwihare, the first Ceylonese Inspector General of Police and Lady Lucille Aluwihare. They had three sons: Jayampathy Charitha III (b.1948), Rajitha (b.1960) and Surendra (b. 1962).

Richard Aluwihare
Sir Richard Aluwihare, KCMG, CBE, JP, CCS (23 May 1895 – 22 December 1976) was a Sri Lankan civil servant. He was the first Ceylonese Inspector General of Police and Ceylon's High Commissioner to India.
Fort de la Conchée
Fort de la Conchée is a fortification on the rocky island of Quincé, four kilometers north-west of St Malo, France. Constructed by Sébastien Vauban the fort covers almost the entire island. The fortress consists of a service building built on high, thick granite masonry walls two stories high. An oval upper terrace with embrasures facing the open sea served as the fort's site for the fort's battery. Today, the fort is a nature reserve for seabirds.

Saint-Malo
Saint-Malo (UK: /sæ̃ ˈmɑːloʊ/, US: /ˌsæ̃ məˈloʊ/, French: [sɛ̃ malo] ⓘ; Gallo: Saent-Malô; Breton: Sant-Maloù) is a historic French port commune in Ille-et-Vilaine, Brittany.

The walled city on the English Channel coast has a long history of piracy, earning much wealth from local extortion and overseas adventures. In 1944, during World War II, the Allies heavily bombed Saint-Malo. The city became a popular tourist centre, with a ferry terminal serving the Channel Islands of Jersey and Guernsey, as well as the Southern English settlements of Portsmouth, Hampshire and Poole, Dorset.

The transatlantic single-handed yacht race Route du Rhum, which takes place every four years in November, is between Saint Malo and Pointe-à-Pitre in Guadeloupe.
Oliver Cowdery
Oliver H. P. Cowdery (October 3, 1806 – March 3, 1850) was an American religious leader who, with Joseph Smith, was an important participant in the formative period of the Latter Day Saint movement in the 1820s and 1830s.

He was the principal scribe to the Book of Mormon, the first baptized Latter Day Saint, one of the Three Witnesses to the Book of Mormon's golden plates, one of the first Latter Day Saint apostles, a key early missionary, and a member of the First Presidency in Kirtland.

Cowdery's relationship with Joseph Smith and the church's leadership deteriorated in the mid-1830s, and in 1838 he was excommunicated with several other prominent Missouri leaders amid a leadership struggle with Smith.

After his excommunication, Cowdery moved to Wisconsin, where he practiced law and became involved in local politics. Cowdery briefly joined a Methodist church before being rebaptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in 1848.

Poultney (town), Vermont
Poultney is a town in Rutland County in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Vermont. New York state is on its western border. Castleton, Vermont, is on its northern border. Poultney was home to Green Mountain College, a private liberal arts college that closed in 2019. The Village of Poultney is entirely within the town. The town population was 3,020 at the 2020 census.

Poultney was charted on September 21, 1761, named for William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath, a British politician and orator. Bath was the founder of the political faction known as the Patriot Whigs, in opposition to the government of Robert Walpole.
Oliver Tree
Oliver Tree Nickell (born June 29, 1993) is an American singer-songwriter, record producer, rapper, and filmmaker. Born in Santa Cruz, California, Tree signed to Atlantic Records in 2017 after his song "When I'm Down" went viral and released his debut studio album Ugly Is Beautiful in 2020. He achieved international recognition with his songs "Life Goes On" in 2021, and "Miss You" in 2022. He released his second studio album Cowboy Tears on February 18, 2022, and his third studio album Alone in a Crowd was released on September 29, 2023.

Getter (DJ)
Tanner Stephen Petulla (born April 13, 1993), known professionally as both Terror Reid and Getter, is an American DJ, rapper, and music producer from San Jose, California.

Petulla was signed to Datsik's label Firepower Records in 2012, while also releasing through other labels such as Rottun Recordings and OWSLA. Petulla has collaborated with some big-name artists such as Datsik, Skrillex, Borgore, and Suicideboys, and also had Liquid Stranger remix his song "Ill Shit". In 2017, Petulla launched his own record label, clothes shop, and artist collective known as Shred Collective. He also produces and performs hip-hop under the name Terror Reid, and is best known for his song "Uppercuts".
Quad (unit)
A quad is a unit of energy equal to 1015 (a short-scale quadrillion) BTU, or 1.055×1018 joule (1.055 exajoules or EJ) in SI units.

The unit is used by the U.S. Department of Energy in discussing world and national energy budgets.  The global primary energy production in 2022 was 637.8 quad, i.e., 672.9 EJ.

British thermal unit
The British thermal unit (Btu) is a measure of heat, which is a form of energy. It was originally defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. It is also part of the United States customary units. The SI unit for energy is the joule (J); one Btu equals about 1,055 J (varying within the range of 1,054–1,060 J depending on the specific definition of Btu; see below).

While units of heat are often supplanted by energy units in scientific work, they are still used in some fields. For example, in the United States the price of natural gas is quoted in dollars per the amount of natural gas that would give 1 million Btu (1 "MMBtu") of heat energy if burned.
Torgersen Island
Torgersen Island is a small rocky island lying just east of Litchfield Island in the entrance to Arthur Harbour, off the south-west coast of Anvers Island in the Palmer Archipelago of Antarctica. It was surveyed by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1955 and named by the UK-APC for Torstein Torgersen, first mate of the Harbor in late February 1955, preceding the vessel Norsel in one of the ship's boats and making soundings.

Arthur Harbour
Arthur Harbour (64°46′S 64°04′W﻿ / ﻿64.767°S 64.067°W﻿ / -64.767; -64.067)  is a small harbour entered between Bonaparte Point and Amsler Island on the south-west coast of Anvers Island in the Palmer Archipelago of Antarctica.
Kashihara, Nara
Kashihara (橿原市, Kashihara-shi) is a city located in Nara Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 October 2024, the city had an estimated population of 118,674 in 56,013 households, and a population density of 3000 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 39.56 km2 (15.27 sq mi). A number of historical sites in Kashihara are listed on the UNESCO World Heritage (Cultural Heritage) Tentative List as "The Asuka and Fujiwara Imperial Capitals and Related Properties," including the remains of Fujiwara-kyō, Hon-Yakushi-ji temple ruins, Maruyama Kofun, and the Yamato Sanzan.

Kashiharajingū-mae Station
Kashiharajingū-mae Station (橿原神宮前駅, Kashiharajingū-mae-eki) is a train station located in Kashihara, Nara Prefecture, Japan. It is on Kintetsu Kashihara Line, Minami Osaka Line and Yoshino Lines. It is one of the major stations on the Kintetsu lines and all trains in service stop at this station.

The center station building was designed by Togo Murano, an architect representing the 20th century.
New Cathedral, Linz
The New Cathedral (German: Neuer Dom), also known as the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (German: Mariä-Empfängnis-Dom; Mariendom), is a Roman Catholic cathedral located in Linz, Austria. The neo-Gothic church is the largest church building in Austria.

Franz-Josef Rudigier
Franz Josef Rudigier (7 April 1811 – 29 November 1884) was an Austrian Roman Catholic prelate and served as the Bishop of Linz from his appointment in 1853 until his death. Much of his local diocese grew due to his vigorous in promoting evangelic zeal and fundamental religious principles. He became the intellectual figurehead for Catholics in their struggle with liberalism. He promoted the Christian press and took a visible stand defending the 1855 concordat, when liberals annulled it without papal consultation in 1870. A beatification process for Rudigier was initiated under Pope Pius X in 1905 and he was titled as a Servant of God. The confirmation of his life of heroic virtue allowed for Pope Benedict XVI to name him as Venerable in 2009.
Israel National Institute for Energy Storage
The Israel National Institute for Energy Storage (Hebrew: המכון הלאומי לאגירת אנרגיה, romanized: HaMakhon HaLe'umi LeAgirat Energia) is an Israeli governmental research institute based at Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan. The institute specializes in the research and development (R&D) of energy storage technologies and was established as an academic collaboration between Bar-Ilan University and the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology. It operates under the auspices of the Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure, to which it is formally affiliated.

The institute was officially inaugurated on 3 June 2025.

Bar-Ilan University
Bar-Ilan University (BIU, Hebrew: אוניברסיטת בר-אילן, Universitat Bar-Ilan) is a public research university in the Tel Aviv District city of Ramat Gan, Israel. Established in 1955, Bar Ilan is Israel's second-largest academic university institution. It has 20,000 students and 1,350 faculty members.

Bar-Ilan's mission is to "blend Jewish tradition with modern technologies and scholarship and the university endeavors to ... teach the Jewish heritage to all its students while providing [an] academic education." The university is among the best in the Middle East in the fields of computer science, engineering, engineering physics and applied physics. In 2024, the university was donated $260 million, one of the biggest donations to a university in Israeli history, for investment in science. The donor wished to remain anonymous.
Margaret P. Colvin
Margaret Plunkett Richardson Colvin (October 9, 1820 – August 2, 1894) was a 19th-century inventor. She received four patents over her lifetime, all related to laundry improvements. Colvin's most important invention was the Triumph Rotary Washer which she exhibited at the Philadelphia Centennial in 1876 and the Columbian Exposition in 1893.

Washing machine
A washing machine (laundry machine, clothes washer, or washer) is a machine designed to launder clothing. The term is mostly applied to machines that use water. Other ways of doing laundry include dry cleaning (which uses alternative cleaning fluids and is performed by specialist businesses) and ultrasonic cleaning.

Modern-day home appliances use electric power to automatically clean clothes. The user adds laundry detergent, which is sold in liquid, powder, or dehydrated sheet form, to the wash water. The machines are also found in commercial laundromats where customers pay-per-use.
Nick Mason
Nicholas Berkeley Mason (born 27 January 1944) is an English drummer and a founder member  of the rock band Pink Floyd. He has been the only constant member since the band's formation in 1965, and the only member to appear on every Pink Floyd album. He co-wrote Pink Floyd compositions including "Echoes", "Time", "Careful with That Axe, Eugene" and "One of These Days".

In 1996, Mason was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Pink Floyd. In 2018, he formed a new band, Nick Mason's Saucerful of Secrets, to perform music from Pink Floyd's early years. Mason collects classic cars and competes in motorsport races, and has produced books and documentaries on the subject.

Steve Hillage
Stephen Simpson Hillage (born 2 August 1951) is an English musician, best known as a guitarist. He is associated with the Canterbury scene and has worked in experimental domains since the late 1960s. Besides his solo recordings he has been a member of Uriel, Khan, Gong and System 7.
Avolta
Avolta AG (until November 2023: Dufry AG) is a Swiss-based travel retailer that operates duty-free and duty-paid (specialty retail) shops and convenience stores in airports, cruise lines, seaports, railway stations, and central tourist areas. The company, headquartered in Basel, employs almost 75,000 people and operates in over 75 countries worldwide. It is publicly traded on the SIX Swiss Exchange.

Autogrill
Autogrill S.p.A. is an Italian multinational catering company, which was controlled with a 50.1% stake by the Edizione Holding investment vehicle of the Benetton family. Over 90% of the company's business derives from outlets in airport terminals and motorway service areas.

It runs operations in 30 countries, primarily in Europe and North America, with over 300 licensed and proprietary brands.

On February 6, 2023, Dufry acquired a controlling interest in the company.
Yankee (department store)
Yankee was an American discount department store chain begun in Flint, Michigan. Partners Joseph Megdell and Wilbert Roberts
opened their first store in 1948 to sell military surplus under the name U.S. Surplus. By 1964, it had become a discount chain with 21 stores throughout southeastern Michigan, primarily around Flint. Many of its locations were paired with local supermarket chain Hamady Brothers. Some larger stores, including those in Lansing and Bay City, were called Yankee Stadium.

Megdell and Roberts sold the chain to Borman Foods, then-parent of Farmer Jack supermarkets, in 1965. Borman unsuccessfully expanded the chain into Metro Detroit, closing those stores by 1971. Many of the Detroit stores were sold to Shoppers Fair. In 1972, Borman sold the Yankee chain to California-based Zody's. Zody's closed its Michigan operations in 1974 as part of the chain's bankruptcy proceedings.

Hartfield-Zodys
Hartfield-Zodys was an American retail corporation begun in 1960. It operated the Hartfield chain of women's ready-to-wear apparel in the Los Angeles area, and starting in 1960, the Zodys chain of discount retail stores (1960–1986), which operated locations in California, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, and Michigan.
Beckton railway station
Beckton railway station was a railway station in Beckton, London originally owned by the Gas Light and Coke Company, to serve the (then) recently built Beckton Gas Works. The line was opened for freight in 1872 and to passengers in 1874. It was leased to the Great Eastern Railway from 1874.

Beckton Gas Works
Beckton Gas Works was a major London gasworks built to manufacture coal gas and other products including coke from coal. It has been variously described as "the largest such plant in the world" and "the largest gas works in Europe". It operated from 1870 to 1976, with an associated by-products works that operated from 1879 to 1970. The works were located on East Ham Level, on the north bank of the Thames at Gallions Reach, to the west of Barking Creek.
Screamer
The screamers are three South American bird species placed in family Anhimidae. They were thought to be related to the Galliformes because of similar bills, but are more closely related to the family Anatidae, i.e. ducks and allies, and the magpie goose, within the clade Anseriformes. The clade is exceptional within the living birds in lacking uncinate processes of ribs. The three species are: The horned screamer (Anhima cornuta); the southern screamer or crested screamer (Chauna torquata); and the northern screamer or black-necked screamer (Chauna chavaria).

Horned screamer
The horned screamer  (Anhima cornuta) is a species of bird that belongs to a relatively small family, the Anhimidae, which occurs in wetlands of tropical South America. There are three screamer species, the other two being the southern screamer and the northern screamer in the genus Chauna. They are related to ducks, geese and swans, which are in the family Anatidae, but have bills looking more like those of game birds.
Mazara del Vallo
Mazara del Vallo (Italian: [madˈdzaːra del ˈvallo]; Sicilian: Mazzara [matˈtsaːɾa]) is a city and comune in the province of Trapani, northwestern Sicily, Italy. It lies mainly on the left bank at the mouth of the Mazaro river.

It is an agricultural and fishing centre and its port gives shelter to the largest fishing fleet in Italy. The city is also one of the most historically significant in Sicily.

Mazaro
The Mazaro (Italian: [ˈmaddzaro]; sometimes spelt as Màzaro) is a river in Sicily, Italy.

The Mazaro river flows 28 kilometres (17 mi) across south-western Sicily, from its source in Rapicaldo, located within the Salemi city boundaries, to the Mediterranean Sea in Mazara del Vallo.

Mazaro is a historically important river which has provided water and farming for the people living around it for centuries. The Greeks and Muslims used the river for water to supply their armies in Sicily. The river is shallow. It is connected to the Mediterranean Sea.
Betty May
Betty May (born Bessie Golding 25 August 1894 – 5 May 1980) was a British singer, dancer, and model, who worked primarily in London's West End. She was a member of the London Bohemian set of the inter-war years, claimed to have joined a criminal gang in Paris, was associated with occultist Aleister Crowley, and sat for Augustus John and Jacob Epstein. She became known as the "Tiger Woman". She adopted the name Betty May early in life, for reasons that are unclear.

Lilian Shelley
Lilian Shelley (born Lilian Milsom 1892, died after 1933) was an artists' model, music hall entertainer, and cabaret singer in London in the 1910s and 1920s, known as "The Bug" or "The Pocket Edition". She posed for Jacob Epstein and Augustus John.

John's portrait of Shelley was described as one of the "star turns" in an exhibition Pictures of Women at the Wildenstein Galleries, London, in 1940.
Helensburgh railway station
Helensburgh railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the South Coast railway line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the town of Helensburgh. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Helensburgh, New South Wales
Helensburgh is a small town, located 45 kilometres (28 mi) south of Sydney and 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Wollongong and north and above the Illawarra escarpment and region. Helensburgh is in the Wollongong City Council local government area. It is surrounded by bushland reserves adjacent to the southern end of the Royal National Park and Garawarra State Conservation Area and the Woronora reservoir water catchment is to its west.
Sir Richard Butler of Polestown
Sir Richard Butler (1395–1443) of Polestown, County Kilkenny, was the second son of James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond, and Anne Welles. His older brother James inherited the earldom. Following the extinction of the senior family line, his great-grandson, Piers Butler, became the 8th Earl of Ormond.

Richard was born at Kilkenny Castle and was named in honour of the visiting King Richard II, who had joined his cousin, James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond, to campaign against the Irish.

Piers Butler, 8th Earl of Ormond
Piers Butler, 8th Earl of Ormond, 1st Earl of Ossory (c. 1467 – 26 August 1539) also known as Red Piers (Irish Piers Ruadh), was from the Polestown branch of the Butler family of Ireland. In the succession crisis at the death of Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond he succeeded to the earldom as heir male, but lost the title in 1528 to Thomas Boleyn. He regained it after Boleyn's death in 1538.
Ituri Province
Ituri Province (French: Province de l'Ituri; Swahili: Jimbo la Ituri) is one of the 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Ituri, Bas-Uele, Haut-Uele, and Tshopo provinces are the result of the subdividing of the former Orientale province. Ituri was formed from the Ituri district whose town of Bunia was elevated to capital city of the new province.

Tshopo
Tshopo is one of the 21 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning.  It is situated in the north central part of the country on the Tshopo River, for which it is named.

Tshopo, Bas-Uele, Haut-Uele, and Ituri provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Orientale province.  Tshopo was formed from the Tshopo district and the independently administered city of Kisangani which retained its status as a provincial capital. The 2020 population was estimated to be 2,829,700.