hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Particulate inorganic carbon
Particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) can be contrasted with dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), the other form of inorganic carbon found in the ocean. These distinctions are important in chemical oceanography. Particulate inorganic carbon is sometimes called suspended inorganic carbon. In operational terms, it is defined as the inorganic carbon in particulate form that is too large to pass through the filter used to separate dissolved inorganic carbon.

Most PIC is calcium carbonate, CaCO3, particularly in the form of calcite, but also in the form of aragonite. Calcium carbonate makes up the shells of many marine organisms. It also forms during whiting events and is excreted by marine fish during osmoregulation.

Dissolved inorganic carbon
Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is the sum of the aqueous species of inorganic carbon in a solution. Carbon compounds can be distinguished as either organic or inorganic, and as dissolved or particulate, depending on their composition. Organic carbon forms the backbone of key component of organic compounds such as – proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

Inorganic carbon is found primarily in simple compounds such as carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, bicarbonate, and carbonate (CO2, H2CO3, HCO−3, CO2−3 respectively). Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) includes three major aqueous species, CO2, HCO−3 ,CO2−3, and to a lesser extent their complexes in solution with metal ions.
Christian Lindner
Christian Wolfgang Lindner (German: [ˈkʁɪsti̯an ˈvɔlfɡaŋ ˈlɪndnɐ] ⓘ; born 7 January 1979) is a German retired politician of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) who was the Federal Minister of Finance from 2021 until his dismissal in 2024 during a government crisis. Serving from 2013 to 2025, Lindner was the longest-serving party-leader of the FDP and a Member of the Bundestag (MdB) for North Rhine-Westphalia from 2017 to 2025, having previously held a seat from 2009 until 2012. Lindner resigned as party leader and announced his retirement from active politics after the FDP dropped out of parliament as a result of the 2025 federal election. His decision to withdraw from the Scholz cabinet is often considered the main catalyst for the party's inability to enter the Bundestag in the election.

Philipp Rösler
Philipp Rösler GOM (German pronunciation: [ˈfɪlɪp ˈʁøːslɐ]; born 24 February 1973) is a German former politician who served as federal minister of health from 2009 to 2011 and federal minister of economics and technology as well as vice-chancellor of Germany from 2011 to 2013.

Rösler was chairman of the liberal Free Democratic Party (FDP) from 2011 to 2013. Following the 2013 federal election in which the FDP left the Bundestag, he announced his resignation from the chairmanship. Born in South Vietnam, Rösler was the first cabinet minister and vice-chancellor of Asian background in Germany.  Before entering politics, Rösler was a cardiothoracic surgeon.
Cierva C.8
The Cierva C.8 is an experimental autogyro built by Juan de la Cierva in England in 1926 in association with Avro. Like Cierva's earlier autogyros, the C.8s were based on existing fixed-wing aircraft fuselages – in this case, the Avro 552.

Harold Frederick Pitcairn
Harold Frederick Pitcairn  (June 20, 1897 – April 23, 1960) was an American aviation inventor and pioneer. He played a key role in the development of the autogyro and founded the Autogiro Company of America. He patented a number of innovations relating to rotary wing aircraft.
Alfonso Gesualdo
Alfonso Gesualdo di Conza (20 October 1540 – 14 February 1603) was an Italian Cardinal starting in 1561. He was from Calitri, not far from Naples.  His attendance at the papal conclave of 1565-1566 at the age of only 25 makes him one of the youngest Cardinals ever to participate in a papal election.

He was Archbishop of Conza in 1564 (consecrated 23 April 1564 by Francesco Pisani), Bishop of Albano in 1583, Bishop of Frascati in 1587, Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina in 1589, Bishop of Ostia in 1591, and Archbishop of Naples in 1596.

He was a patron of Sant'Andrea della Valle in Rome, the mother church of the Theatine Order. The composer Carlo Gesualdo was his nephew.

Suburbicarian Diocese of Albano
The Diocese of Albano (Latin: Albanensis) is a Latin suburbicarian see of the Diocese of Rome in Italy, comprising seven towns in the Province of Rome. Albano Laziale is situated on the Appian Way some 15 kilometres (9 mi) from Rome.

Since 1966, it has both a titular bishop and a diocesan bishop.
Sodium dithiophosphate
Sodium dithiophosphate is the salt with the formula Na3PS2O2.  It is usually supplied as the hydrated solid or as an aqueous solution together with other thiophosphates such as sodium monothiophosphate and sodium trithiophosphate.  Both Na3PS2O2 and its hydrate are colorless solids, but commercial samples can appear dark owing to the presence of impurities.  It is used to facilitate the isolation of molybdenum from its ores.

Phosphorus pentasulfide
Phosphorus pentasulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula P2S5 (empirical) or P4S10 (molecular). This yellow solid is the one of two phosphorus sulfides of commercial value. Samples often appear greenish-gray due to impurities. It is soluble in carbon disulfide but reacts with many other solvents such as alcohols, DMSO, and DMF.
Tri-Cities Regional Airport
Tri-Cities Airport (IATA: TRI, ICAO: KTRI, FAA LID: TRI) (also known as Tri-Cities Airport, TN/VA), serves the Tri-Cities area (Johnson City, Tennessee; Kingsport, Tennessee; Bristol, Tennessee-Virginia) of Northeast Tennessee and Southwest Virginia. It has a street address in the census-designated place of Blountville, Tennessee, but is adjacent to the city limits of Kingsport.  The airport is governed by the Tri-Cities Airport Authority (TCAA) whose members are appointed by the cities of Johnson City, Kingsport, Bristol (TN), Bristol (VA) and both Washington and Sullivan counties in Tennessee.

Federal Aviation Administration records say the airport had 202,730 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 217,783 in 2009 and 202,114 in 2010. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a primary commercial service airport (more than 10,000 enplanements per year).

Kingsport, Tennessee
Kingsport is a city in Sullivan and Hawkins counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee. It lies along the Holston River and had a population of 55,442 at the 2020 census. It is the largest city in the Kingsport–Bristol metropolitan area, which had 307,613 residents in 2020. The metro area is a component of the larger Tri-Cities region of Tennessee and Virginia, with a population of 508,260 in 2020.

Kingsport was chartered in 1822. The city's name is a simplification of King's Port, originally referring to the area on the Holston River known as King's Boat Yard, the head of navigation for the Tennessee Valley. Kingsport is commonly included in what is known as the "Mountain Empire" in southwest Virginia and northeastern Tennessee.
Oasis, Iowa
Oasis is an unincorporated community located in Johnson County, Iowa, United States. It is within section 26 of Graham Township, and was once known as Graham, Iowa. It is part of the Iowa City, Iowa Metropolitan Statistical Area.

As of 2005, the town had a total population of approximately 20. It contains several homes, a cemetery, and a functioning grain elevator. It was once a stop on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railway, later the CRI&P, whose bed has now become the Hoover Nature Trail which runs from Oasis to West Branch. West of town is the Oasis Cemetery. Oasis once featured a sign that greeted visitors, but it disappeared.

Iowa City metropolitan area
The Iowa City Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of two counties in Iowa anchored by the city of Iowa City. The Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) had a population of 182,711 people in the 2024 US Census Bureau population estimate. growing 4.16% compared to 2020.

The Iowa City Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) is also a part of a Combined Statistical Area (CSA) with the nearby Cedar Rapids Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). This CSA plus two additional counties are known as the Iowa City-Cedar Rapids (ICR) region and collectively have a population of nearly 500,000.
Wolf Howl Harmony from Exile Tribe
Wolf Howl Harmony from Exile Tribe (Japanese: ウルフ ハウル ハーモニー フロム エグザイル トライブ, stylized as WOLF HOWL HARMONY from EXILE TRIBE) is a four-member boy band formed in 2022. The group is part of the collective Exile Tribe, managed by LDH.

The group was formed through the LDH-hosted audition program iCON Z ~Dreams For Children~.

They released their debut maxi single "Sweet Rain" in August 2023.

LDH (company)
LDH JAPAN Inc. (株式会社LDH JAPAN) is a Japanese management and entertainment company founded by the six original members of Japanese boy group Exile in 2003. The president is Hiroyuki Igarashi, the leader of the Exile. The name "LDH" is an acronym of "Love + Dream + Happiness". The company operates several boy bands and girl groups and a talent school named "EXPG".

In January 2017, the company changed its name to LDH Japan and established overseas branches in United States, Asia, and Europe. They established a new company called LDH World, the parent company of the four branches. For LDH World, Hiro took on the role of chief creative officer, while Verbal, NIGO and Dr. Romanelli (aka DRx) were appointed as executive creative directors. Masataka Mori was appointed as the CEO of LDH Japan, Makoto Matsuda as the CEO of LDH Asia, Afrojack as the CEO of LDH Europe and Hirotaka Mori as the CEO of LDH USA.
Puran Bhagat
Puran Bhagat (later became Sri Chauranginatha) is one of the Navnatha (Nine Saints) of Natha Sampradaya and mythical prince of Sialkot from Punjabi folklore. According to the story, he was son of King Salban of Sialkot and an elder brother of prince Rasalu.

Raja Rasalu
Raja Rasalu is a legendary prince and protagonist of the Adventures of Raja Rasalu, a Punjabi folktale. According to the story, he is son of Raja Sálbán, the king of Sialkot, and a younger brother of Puran Bhagat.
San Buenaventura, Ixtapaluca
San Buenaventura is the second-largest community in the municipality of Ixtapaluca in the eastern part of Mexico State, Mexico. In the 2005 INEGI Census, the town reported a population of 48,037 inhabitants.

Ixtapaluca
Ixtapaluca is a city and a municipality in the eastern part of the State of Mexico in Mexico. It lies between Mexico City and the western border of the state of Puebla. The name Ixtapaluca means "Where the salt gets wet".

As of 2006, Ixta included part of the world's largest habitational zone, along with Chalco and Neza.
Page fault
In computing, a page fault is an exception that the memory management unit (MMU) raises when a process accesses a memory page without proper preparations. Accessing the page requires a mapping to be added to the process's virtual address space. Furthermore, the actual page contents may need to be loaded from a back-up, e.g. a disk. The MMU detects the page fault, but the operating system's kernel handles the exception by making the required page accessible in the physical memory or denying an illegal memory access.

Valid page faults are common and necessary to increase the amount of memory available to programs in any operating system that uses virtual memory, such as Windows, macOS, and the Linux kernel.

Virtual address space
In computing, a virtual address space (VAS) is an area of contiguous virtual memory locations, called virtual addresses, which an operating system makes available to a process for executing instructions and storing data, and which it maps to the address space of physical addresses in a computer's hardware memory. The range of virtual addresses usually starts at a low address and can extend to the highest address allowed by the computer's instruction set architecture and supported by the operating system's pointer size implementation, which can be 4 bytes for 32-bit or 8 bytes for 64-bit OS versions. This provides several benefits including security through process isolation, assuming each process is given a separate address space.
Odalric, Count of Barcelona
Odalric, also spelled Odalrih, Odelric, or Udalrich, was the Count of Barcelona, Girona, Roussillon, and Empúries and Margrave of Septimania from 852 to 858.

Odalric was a Hunfriding, probably the second son of Hunfrid, Margrave of Istria. He had to deal with increasing conflicts with the Muslim kingdoms to the south while the Frankish Empire was suffering succession issues.

Count of Girona
The Counts of Girona (Catalan: Comtes de Girona, Spanish: Condes de Gerona) ruled over the County of Girona (currently in Catalonia), the earliest-established of the Catalan Counties which formed the Marca Hispanica. The line was established by the Frankish noble Charles Rostan, Rostany, first Count of Girona (785-801) at the time of Sa'dun al Ruayni.
Line 1 (Hangzhou Metro)
Line 1 of the Hangzhou Metro (Chinese: 杭州地铁一号线; pinyin: Hángzhōu Dìtiě Yī Hào Xiàn) is an arc-shaped rapid transit line running from Xianghu station in western Xiaoshan District to Xiaoshan International Airport in eastern Xiaoshan District, passing through downtown Hangzhou. The line opened on 24 November 2012. It is the oldest in the city's metro network.

The line is 52 km (32 mi) long with 33 stations.

The line is operated by Hangzhou MTR, a consortium consisting of the Hangzhou Metro, which holds a 51% share, and the Hong Kong-based MTR Corporation Ltd., which holds a 49% share. As a result, the voice of Cheri Chan Yu-yan, the announcer of the Hong Kong MTR, can be heard on the English announcements on this line.

Xiaoshan International Airport station
Xiaoshan International Airport (Chinese: 萧山国际机场) is a metro station on Line 1, Line 7 and Line 19 of Hangzhou Metro in China. It is located near the Terminal 3 of Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport. The station began its service on 30 December 2020, together with the inauguration of Line 1 Phase 3 and Line 7. The station has 3 exits.
United Pictures Corporation
United Pictures Corporation (UPC) was an American film production company in the mid 1960s that produced nine modestly-budgeted action and science-fiction films originally intended for television. It became part of Commonwealth United Entertainment, which released the films theatrically.

Castle of Evil
Castle of Evil is a 1966 American horror film directed by Francis D. Lyon and written by Charles A. Wallace. It stars Scott Brady, Virginia Mayo, David Brian, Lisa Gaye, Hugh Marlowe and William Thourlby. The film tells the story of a dead scientist who, with the help of his long-time housekeeper and a robot, seeks revenge from beyond the grave on the person who murdered him.

Castle of Evil was released by World Entertainment Corp. as the first movie on a double bill with the black-and-white British science fiction film Blood Beast from Outer Space (1965).
Medium Atomic Demolition Munition
Medium Atomic Demolition Munition (MADM) was a tactical nuclear weapon developed by the United States during the Cold War. It was an atomic demolition munition (ADM), a combat engineering device for demolition of structures and for battlefield shaping. The device contained a W45 warhead with an estimated yield of 0.5 to 15 kilotonnes of TNT (2.1 to 62.8 TJ). Each MADM weighed 391 pounds (177 kg) in its transportation container. They were deployed between 1962 and 1986.

In service, the MADM was known as the M167, M172 and M175 Atomic Demolition Charges (ADCs).

Tactical nuclear weapon
A tactical nuclear weapon (TNW) or non-strategic nuclear weapon (NSNW) is a nuclear weapon that is designed to be used on a battlefield in military situations, mostly with friendly forces in proximity and perhaps even on contested friendly territory. Generally smaller in explosive power, they are defined in contrast to strategic nuclear weapons, which are designed mostly to be targeted at the enemy interior far away from the war front against military bases, cities, towns, arms industries, and other hardened or larger-area targets to damage the enemy's ability to wage war. No tactical nuclear weapons have ever been used in combat.
Jelsi
Jelsi (or Jevze in local Molisan dialect) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Campobasso in the Italian region Molise, located about 12 kilometres (7 mi) southeast of Campobasso.

Jelsi borders the following municipalities: Campodipietra, Cercemaggiore, Gildone, Pietracatella, Riccia, Toro.

Each year, the feast of Saint Anne is held here. It is also referred to as the feast of grain. Villagers are free to enter the float competition, in which case they must create a float out of grain, which can or cannot have to do with Saint Anne. If it is pulled by a cow, it is a traglia, but if it is pulled by a small tractor, it is a carro.

Pietracatella
Pietracatella is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Campobasso, in the Italian region of Molise, located about 15 kilometres (9 mi) east of Campobasso.

Pietracatella borders the municipalities of Gambatesa, Jelsi, Macchia Valfortore, Sant'Elia a Pianisi, Monacilioni, Riccia and Toro.
Newfane (CDP), New York
Newfane is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Newfane in Niagara County, New York, United States, along State Route 78. The population was 3,822 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area
The Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan statistical area is a metropolitan area, designated by the United States Census Bureau, encompassing two counties - Erie and Niagara - in the state of New York. It is the second-largest metropolitan area in the state. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) had a population of 1,166,902. The larger Buffalo Niagara Region is an economic zone consisting of eight counties in Western New York.
Michael Richey
Michael William Dugdale Mills Richey MBE (6 July 1917 – 22 December 2009) was an English sailor and navigator, and an author and editor of books and journals about navigation. His first publication, an article about his experiences in a shipwreck, was awarded the first John Llewellyn Rhys Prize in 1942.

Richey was known as a passionate sailor and regular participant at the Observer Single-handed Trans-Atlantic Race (OSTAR) organised every four years by the Royal Western Yacht Club of England. He started in each of these races between 1968 and 1996 with his small yacht Jester. Finishing his last competition in 1996 at the age of 80 he achieved an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest man to cross the Atlantic as a solo sailor.

Royal Institute of Navigation
The Royal Institute of Navigation (RIN) is a learned society and a professional body for navigation. The RIN was founded in 1947 as a forum for mariners, pilots, engineers and academics to compare their experiences and exchange information. Today it is a leading centre for promoting knowledge in navigation and its associated sciences, including positioning, timing, tracking and conduct of a journey, whether on, in, over or under land, sea, air or space. The institute has members in over 50 countries worldwide.
Richard Lewontin
Richard Charles Lewontin (March 29, 1929 – July 4, 2021) was an American evolutionary biologist, mathematician, geneticist, and social commentator. A leader in developing the mathematical basis of population genetics and evolutionary theory, he applied techniques from molecular biology, such as gel electrophoresis, to questions of genetic variation and evolution. He was a self-described Marxist.

In a pair of seminal 1966 papers co-authored with J. L. Hubby in the journal Genetics, Lewontin helped set the stage for the modern field of molecular evolution. In 1979, he and Stephen Jay Gould introduced the term "spandrel" into evolutionary theory. From 1973 to 1998, he held an endowed chair in zoology and biology at Harvard University, and from 2003 until his death in 2021 he was a research professor there.

From a sociological perspective, Lewontin strongly opposed genetic determinism.

The Apportionment of Human Diversity
"The Apportionment of Human Diversity" is a 1972 paper on racial categorisation by American evolutionary biologist Richard Lewontin published in the book series Evolutionary Biology. In it, Lewontin presented an analysis of genetic diversity amongst people from different conventionally defined races. His main finding, that there is more genetic variation within these populations than between them, is considered a landmark in the study of human genetic variation and contributed to the abandonment of race as a scientific concept.
Tennessee Bureau of Investigation
The Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (TBI) is the state bureau of investigation of the state of Tennessee. It has statutory authority to conduct criminal investigations and make arrests of crimes occurring throughout the state. The bureau is analogous to the FBI on the federal level.

State bureau of investigation
A state bureau of investigation (SBI) is a state-level detective agency in the United States. They are plainclothes agencies that usually investigate criminal cases involving the state and/or multiple jurisdictions. They also typically provide technical support to local agencies in the form of laboratory and/or record services, or to directly assist in investigations at the local agency's request.

An SBI is a state's equivalent to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, but can include investigative jurisdiction similar to other federal law enforcement agencies. SBIs investigate a range of cases assigned to them by state laws and typically report to their state's attorney general, or in some cases, directly to their state's governor.

SBIs can also exist either independently or within a state Department of Public Safety or Department of Justice (an agency coordinating and/or controlling various state-level law enforcement agencies) or a state police force.
Lake Palace
Lake Palace (formerly known as Jag Niwas Palace) is a former summer palace of the royal dynasty of Mewar, now operated as a hotel. The Lake Palace is located on the island of Jag Niwas in Lake Pichola, Udaipur, India, and its natural foundation spans 4 acres (16,000 m2).

The Jag Niwas palace was constructed of white marble circa 1743–1746 by Maharana Jagat Singh II, the 62nd custodian of the House of Mewar. The palace, built to look like it is floating on the lake, was extensively used as a summer retreat for the Mewar royal family.

Currently, IHCL is managing the hotel and has done so for the last 50 years. The palace has attained global fame for its appearance and as a location for several hit movies.

Bhupal Singh
Shri Maharana Sir Bhupal Singh Bahadur KCIE (1884 – 4 July 1955), also spelt Bhopal Singh, was the ruler of the Indian princely state of Udaipur (or Mewar) from 1930 and also Rajpramukh of Rajasthan from 1948 until his death on 4 July 1955.