hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Moneglia
Moneglia (Italian: [moˈneʎʎa]; Ligurian: Moneggia [muˈnedʒa]) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Genoa in the Italian region Liguria, located about 50 kilometres (31 miles) southeast of Genoa. It is a tourist resort on the Riviera di Levante. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

I Borghi più belli d'Italia
I borghi più belli d'Italia (Italian: [i ˈborɡi pju bˈbɛlli diˈtaːlja]) is a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest. It was founded in March 2001 on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities, with the aim of preserving and maintaining villages of quality heritage. Its motto is Il fascino dell'Italia nascosta ("The charm of hidden Italy").

Participants in the group are small population centres which risk neglect and abandonment because they lie outside the main tourist circuits. Initially they comprised about a hundred villages, but had increased to 361 in 2023.

In 2012, the Italian association was one of the founding members of the international association The Most Beautiful Villages in the World, a private organization that brings together various territorial associations promoting small inhabited centres of particular historical and landscape interest.
Bhoma
In Balinese mythology Bhoma is a primordial earth deity associated with fertility, vegetation, and the liminal space between wilderness and human settlement. The image of Bhoma is a carved or formed as grotesque face in Balinese architecture which decorates certain parts of the Balinese temple complex to ward off evil spirits.

Batara Kala
Batara Kala is the god of death in traditional Javanese and Balinese mythology, ruling over it in a cave along with Setesuyara. Batara Kala is also named the creator of light and the earth. He is also the god of time, who devours unlucky people.
Noah Wolff
Noah Wolff (August 18, 1809 – October 4, 1907) was an industrialist and Jewish community leader in Neheim, Germany (now Arnsberg). His headstone at the Neheim Jewish Cemetery (German: Jüdischer Friedhof Neheim) was washed away by the Dambusters raid flood in 1943 and unexpectedly found intact in 2012 during a construction project along the Ruhr. The gravemarker was restored and returned to the cemetery.

Wolff and his brother ran a company called Gebrüder Wolff. They originally produced pins, needles, umbrella frames, and fishing tools, and later kerosene lamps and electrical equipment. In 1857 Wolff was the head of the synagogue district Arnsberg and was the main benefactor who funded the construction of the Neiheim Synagogue in 1876. The synagogue was destroyed on Kristallnacht in 1938 but was restored in 1985 and is used as a community space.

Operation Chastise
Operation Chastise, commonly known as the Dambusters Raid, was an attack on German dams carried out on the night of 16/17 May 1943 by 617 Squadron RAF Bomber Command, later called the Dam Busters, using special bouncing bombs developed by Barnes Wallis. The Möhne and Edersee dams were breached, causing catastrophic flooding of the Ruhr valley and of villages in the Eder valley; the Sorpe Dam sustained only minor damage. Two hydroelectric power stations were destroyed and several more damaged. Factories and mines were also damaged and destroyed. An estimated 1,600 civilians – about 600 Germans and 1,000 enslaved labourers, mainly Soviet – were killed by the flooding. Despite rapid repairs by the Germans, production did not return to normal until September. The RAF lost 56 aircrew, with 53 dead and three captured, amid losses of eight aircraft.
Absolute threshold of hearing
The absolute threshold of hearing (ATH), also known as the absolute hearing threshold or auditory threshold, is the minimum sound level of a pure tone that an average human ear with normal hearing can hear with no other sound present. The absolute threshold relates to the sound that can just be heard by the organism. The absolute threshold is not a discrete point and is therefore classed as the point at which a sound elicits a response a specified percentage of the time.

The threshold of hearing is generally reported in reference to the RMS sound pressure of 20 micropascals, i.e. 0 dB SPL, corresponding to a sound intensity of 0.98 pW/m2 at 1 atmosphere and 25 °C. It is approximately the quietest sound a young human with undamaged hearing can detect at 1 kHz. The threshold of hearing is frequency-dependent and it has been shown that the ear's sensitivity is best at frequencies between 2 kHz and 5 kHz, where the threshold reaches as low as −9 dB SPL.

Hearing
Hearing, or auditory perception, is the ability to perceive sounds through an organ, such as an ear, by detecting vibrations as periodic changes in the pressure of a surrounding medium. The academic field concerned with hearing is auditory science.

Sound may be heard through solid, liquid, or gaseous matter. It is one of the traditional five senses. Partial or total inability to hear is called hearing loss.

In humans and other vertebrates, hearing is performed primarily by the auditory system: mechanical waves, known as vibrations, are detected by the ear and transduced into nerve impulses that are perceived by the brain (primarily in the temporal lobe). Like touch, audition requires sensitivity to the movement of molecules in the world outside the organism. Both hearing and touch are types of mechanosensation.
OpenGL
OpenGL (Open Graphics Library) is a cross-language, cross-platform application programming interface (API) for rendering 2D and 3D vector graphics. The API is typically used to interact with a graphics processing unit (GPU), to achieve hardware-accelerated rendering.

Silicon Graphics, Inc. (SGI) began developing OpenGL in 1991 and released it on June 30, 1992. It is used for a variety of applications, including computer-aided design (CAD), video games, scientific visualization, virtual reality, and flight simulation. Since 2006, OpenGL has been managed by the non-profit technology consortium Khronos Group.

Cross-platform software
Within computing, cross-platform software (also called multi-platform software, platform-agnostic software, or platform-independent software) is computer software that is designed to work in several computing platforms. Some cross-platform software requires a separate build for each platform, but some can be directly run on any platform without special preparation, being written in an interpreted language or compiled to portable bytecode for which the interpreters or run-time packages are common or standard components of all supported platforms.

For example, a cross-platform application may run on Linux, macOS and Microsoft Windows. Cross-platform software may run on many platforms, or as few as two. Some frameworks for cross-platform development are Codename One, ArkUI-X, Kivy, Qt, GTK, Flutter, NativeScript, Xamarin, Apache Cordova, Ionic, and React Native.
Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
The storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre took place in South Africa on 25 June 1993 when approximately three thousand members of the Afrikaner Volksfront (AVF), Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) and other right-wing Afrikaner paramilitary groups stormed the World Trade Centre in Kempton Park, near Johannesburg.

At the time of the attack the World Trade Centre was the venue for multi-party negotiations to end the apartheid system through the country's first multi-racial elections. These negotiations were strongly opposed by right-wing white groups in South Africa.  The invasion came after other clashes between police and right-wingers, such as the Battle of Ventersdorp, and much belligerent rhetoric from right-wing leaders such as Eugène Terre'Blanche of the AWB.

Kempton Park, South Africa
Kempton Park is a city in the East Rand region of Gauteng province, South Africa. It is part of the City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality. It is situated south of Thembisa, one of the largest townships in South Africa, which is also part of Ekurhuleni. South Africa's busiest airport, O. R. Tambo International Airport is located in Kempton Park.

The name of the city is sometimes written as "Kemptonpark" in Afrikaans.
Sebastiane Award
Sebastiane Award is a prize delivered in September, since 2000, to a film or documentary screened during the San Sebastián International Film Festival that best reflects the values and reality of lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgender people.

The selection of the winner film is carried out between all sections that make up the Festival: Official Section, Zabaltegi, Horizontes Latinos, Made Spain, etc.

Nico and Dani
Nico and Dani (Spanish: Krámpack) is a 2000 Spanish Coming-of-age comedy film about the sexual awakening of two teenagers, as one comes to terms with his homosexuality and the other with his heterosexuality. The Spanish title refers to a form of mutual masturbation that the two practice.

It is a loose adaptation of an original screenplay by Spanish actor and screenwriter Jordi Sánchez

Filming took place in the Catalan town of Castelldefels and in various locations in the county of Garraf. The DVD offers short features on the making of the film, theater trailer, interviews with the actors and director, and two music videos made from the film. The film is unrated in its USA release.
Panchmura Mahavidyalaya
Panchmura Mahavidyalaya, established in 1965, is the first rural general college in Panchmura,  Taldangra Block, Bankura district, India. 
It offers undergraduate as well as post-graduate courses in arts, sciences, commerce and Physical Education. In total, it offers seventeen honours courses, three general degree courses and three post-graduate courses under CBCS. It is affiliated to Bankura University.

Bankura University
Bankura University is a public state university in Bankura, West Bengal, India. It was established by an Act of the West Bengal legislature. It currently offers courses at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels.
Ronnie Caldwell
Ronald Louis Caldwell (December 27, 1948 – December 10, 1967) was an American soul and R&B musician.

A keyboard player, Caldwell was the only white member of the Bar-Kays musical group based in Memphis, Tennessee. The group recorded with and also accompanied singer Otis Redding. According to James Alexander, Caldwell was fully accepted within Memphis' African-American community, to the point that Caldwell felt free to go about in public with his African-American girlfriend, despite the attitude of racial segregation prevalent at that time.

Caldwell died a few weeks before his 19th birthday, on December 10, 1967, in a plane crash in Lake Monona with Redding and three other band members (Phalon Jones, Carl Cunningham and Jimmie King), their valet Matthew Kelly, and the pilot Richard Fraser while on their way to a performance in Madison, Wisconsin.

Caldwell is interred in the Memorial Park Cemetery in Memphis.

Memorial Park Cemetery (Memphis, Tennessee)
Memorial Park Cemetery was founded in 1924 by E. Clovis Hinds on initial 54 acres (.22 km2). It is located at 5668 Poplar Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee.

Different species of trees of different ages, as well as bushes, can be found throughout the cemetery, enhancing the atmosphere of a park-like setting.

The cemetery is noted for its Crystal Shrine Grotto, a hand-built cave depicting Biblical scenes built by artist Dionicio Rodriguez.

The cemetery is owned by the private death care industry company, NorthStar Memorial Group, based in Houston.
Freccia IFV
The VBM – Freccia is a family of 8×8 armoured vehicles that was designed and manufactured for the Italian Army by Iveco Defence Vehicles for the hull, the engine and the suspension,  and OTO Melara for the armament. The first variant to be developed was the IFV, the Freccia being equipped with a Hitfist turret, the same as the one installed on the Dardo IFV.

Spike (missile)
Spike (Hebrew: ספייק) is an Israeli fire-and-forget anti-tank guided missile and anti-personnel missile with a tandem-charge high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warhead. As of 2024, it is in its sixth generation. It was developed and designed by the Israeli company Rafael Advanced Defense Systems. It is available in man-portable, vehicle-launched, helicopter-launched and maritime variants.

The missile can engage and destroy targets within the line-of-sight of the launcher ("fire-and-forget"), and some variants can make a top attack through a "fire, observe and update" method (essentially lock-on after launch); the operator tracking the target, or switching to another target, optically through the trailing fiber-optic wire (or RF link in the case of the vehicle-mounted, long-range NLOS variant) while the missile is climbing to altitude after launch. This is similar to the lofted trajectory flight profile of the US FGM-148 Javelin.
Nellie Bly
Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman (born Elizabeth Jane Cochran; May 5, 1864 – January 27, 1922), better known by her pen name Nellie Bly, was an American journalist who was widely known for her record-breaking trip around the world in 72 days in emulation of Jules Verne's fictional character Phileas Fogg, and for an exposé in which she worked undercover to report on a mental institution from within. She  ushered in the era of stunt girl reporting and helped advance a new kind of immersion journalism.

New York Press Club
The New York Press Club, sometimes NYPC, is a nonprofit membership organization that promotes journalism in the New York City metropolitan area. It is unaffiliated with any government organization and abstains from politics. While the club is headquarters in New York City, it serves as an association for journalists based in the United States.
Søfteland
Søfteland or Syfteland is a village in Bjørnafjorden Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It lies on the Bergen Peninsula, along the European route E39 highway, about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) north of the municipal centre of Osøyro and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of the city of Bergen. The mountain Møsnuken lies about 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) east of the village and the mountain Lyshornet lies about 2.3 kilometres (1.4 mi) west of the village.

The 1.24-square-kilometre (310-acre) village has a population (2025) of 2,347 and a population density of 1,893 inhabitants per square kilometre (4,900/sq mi).

Bjørnafjorden Municipality
Bjørnafjorden is a municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the Midhordland region of the county. The administrative centre of Bjørnafjorden is the village of Osøyro. Other villages in the municipality include Eikelandsosen, Fusa, Hagavik, Haljem, Holdhus, Holmefjord, Strandvik, Sundvor, Syfteland, Søre Øyane, Søvik, and Vinnes.

The 517.4-square-kilometre (199.8 sq mi) municipality is the 204th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Bjørnafjorden Municipality is the 46th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 26,342. The municipality's population density is 50.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (132/sq mi) and its population has increased by 15.9% over the previous 10-year period.
History of polymerase chain reaction
(This article assumes familiarity with the terms and components used in the PCR process.)

The history of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has variously been described as a classic "Eureka!" moment, or as an example of cooperative teamwork between disparate researchers.  Following is a list of events before, during, and after its development:

Oligomer restriction
Oligomer Restriction (abbreviated OR) is a procedure to detect an altered DNA sequence in a genome. A labeled oligonucleotide probe is hybridized to a target DNA, and then treated with a restriction enzyme. If the probe exactly matches the target, the restriction enzyme will cleave the probe, changing its size. If, however, the target DNA does not exactly match the probe, the restriction enzyme will have no effect on the length of the probe. The OR technique, now rarely performed, was closely associated with the development of the popular polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.
South African Military Academy
The South African Military Academy is based on similar principles to that of the military academy system of the United States (United States Military Academy United States Naval Academy United States Air Force Academy). The academy is a military unit of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) housing the Faculty of Military Science of the University of Stellenbosch. It provides officers of all the arms of service an opportunity to earn a BMil or more advanced degrees.
See Military science § University studies.

Phillip Schoultz
Rear Admiral Philip Schöultz SD SM MMM is a retired Rear Admiral in the South African Navy, who served as Flag Officer Fleet.

He joined the Navy in 1972 and served on minesweeper SAS Pretoria, the destroyer SAS Jan van Riebeeck, and the frigate SAS President Kruger. Later on, he joined the strikecraft flotilla, serving as weapons officer aboard the strike craft SAS Jan Smuts and as operations officer aboard SAS Hendrik Mentz before taking over command of SAS Oswald Pirow.

He served as SSO Personnel at the Strike Craft flotilla before being posted to Navy Headquarters in 1988. He also served as SSO Surface Warfare, Sub Surface Warfare, Director Maritime Plans and Chief Director Maritime Strategy at Naval Headquarters. He was promoted to rear admiral in January 2004.

Additionally, he served as Chief Director Operational Development at the Joint Operations division until 2011 when he was appointed Flag Officer Fleet.
Russ Jackson
Russell Stanley Jackson OC (born July 28, 1936) is a Canadian former professional football player. Jackson spent his entire 12-year professional football career with the Ottawa Rough Riders of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He is a member of the Order of Canada, the Canadian Football Hall of Fame, and Canada's Sports Hall of Fame, and has been described as the best Canadian-born quarterback to play in the CFL. In 2006, Jackson was voted one of the CFL's Top 50 players (#8) of the league's modern era by Canadian sports network TSN, the highest-ranked Canadian-born player on the list.

57th Grey Cup
57th Grey Cup, the Canadian Football League's championship game, was played November 30, 1969, and the Ottawa Rough Riders defeated the Saskatchewan Roughriders 29–11 before 33,172 fans at Montreal's Autostade. It was the first time since 1931, a break of 38 years, that the CFL title match would be played in Montreal.

The game is the focus of the "Playing a Dangerous Game" episode in TSN's 2012 documentary series Engraved on a Nation celebrating the 100th Grey Cup game. Concerns about ongoing FLQ separatist terrorist bombing activities in Quebec prompted the CFL and Montreal authorities to have police officers in full riot gear securing the stadium and Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. However, no incidents occurred during the course of the weekend.

This was the first Grey Cup game played in its entirety on a Sunday; all Grey Cup games since this one (except for 1970) have been played on a Sunday.
Niitsu, Niigata
Niitsu (新津市, Niitsu-shi) was a city located in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. The city itself was founded on January 1, 1951, but the area had already been opened to railway traffic as early as November 20, 1897. As of 2003, the city had an estimated population of 66,058 and the density of 843.87 persons per km2. The total area was 78.28 km2. The city is notable for its Peace Pagoda, built by Nipponzan Myohoji in 1967.

On March 21, 2005, Niitsu was merged into the expanded city of Niigata. Other cities merged into Niigata at this time include the cities of Shirone and Toyosaka, the towns of Kameda, Kosudo and Yokogoshi (all from Nakakanbara District), the town of Nishikawa, and the villages of Ajikata, Iwamuro, Katahigashi, Nakanokuchi and Tsukigata (all from Nishikanbara District).

As of April 1, 2007, the area was part of Akiha-ku ward of Niigata City.

Kameda, Niigata
Kameda (亀田町, Kameda-machi) was a town located in Nakakanbara District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 32,386 and a density of 1,925.45 persons per km2. The total area was 16.82 km2.

On March 21, 2005, Kameda, along with the cities of Niitsu, Shirone and Toyosaka, the towns of Kosudo and Yokogoshi (all from Nakakanbara District), the town of Nishikawa, and the villages of Ajikata, Iwamuro, Katahigashi, Nakanokuchi and Tsukigata (all from Nishikanbara District), was merged into the expanded city of Niigata. As of April 1, 2007, the area is part of the Kōnan-ku ward.
Karegnondi Water Authority
Karegnondi Water Authority (KWA) is a municipal corporation responsible for distributing water services in the Mid-Michigan and Thumb areas of the U.S. state of Michigan.  Members of the authority are the cities of Flint and Lapeer, and the counties of Genesee, Lapeer and Sanilac. Karegnondi is a word from the Petan Indian language meaning "lake" and another early name for Lake Huron.

Genesee County, Michigan
Genesee County (/ˈdʒɛnəsi/ JEN-ə-see) is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 406,211, and was estimated to be 402,279 in 2024, making it the fifth-most populous county in Michigan, and the most populous in Mid-Michigan. The county seat and largest city is Flint (birthplace of General Motors). Genesee County consists of 33 cities, townships, and villages. It is considered to be a part of Mid-Michigan.

The county was named after Genesee County, New York, which in turn comes from the Seneca word Gen-nis'-hee-yo, meaning "Beautiful Valley". Genesee County comprises the Flint, MI Metropolitan statistical area. A major attraction for visitors is Crossroads Village, a living history village north of Flint.

Genesee County is noted for having had the fossil of an ancient whale known as Balaenoptera Lacepede unearthed in Thetford Township during quarry work and estimated at 11,000 years old.
Sun Hei SC
Sun Hei Sports Club (Chinese: 晨曦體育會) is a Hong Kong professional football club which currently competes in the Hong Kong Third Division League. The club has a long history in playing in the top flight, but decided to self-relegate in the 2013–14 season after declining to participate in the newly established Hong Kong Premier League.

Hong Kong First Division League
The Hong Kong First Division League (Chinese: 香港甲組聯賽) is the second-highest division in the Hong Kong football league system. Established in 1908, it is the third oldest in Asia, after Calcutta and Bombay. Moreover, it is the oldest top-flight league system in Asia. The league was formerly the highest division in Hong Kong until the formation of the Hong Kong Premier League in 2014.

Since 1908, a total of 29 clubs have been crowned champions of the Hong Kong football system. South China are the most successful club, having won 41 times since their first participation in 1941.
Hachez
Hachez (French pronunciation: [aʃe]) was a chocolate manufacturing company based in Bremen in northern Germany. It was founded in 1890 by Joseph Emile Hachez and Gustav Linde. The Feodora pralines and chocolate brand has been part of the company since 1953. In 2012, the Danish confectionery company Toms took over the company, which is now run under the name Hanseatisches Chocoladen Kontor. Production has been taking place in Nowa Sól in Poland since 2020.

Toms International
Toms International is a Danish chocolate, liquorice and sugar confectionery producer, headquartered in Ballerup, Denmark. The company produces around 50,000 tons of chocolate and sugar confectionery annually which it supplies to customers in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and the United Kingdom. The company employs around 1,200–1,700 people, depending on the season, and in 2021 generated revenues of DKK 1.6 billion.