hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Quantum efficiency
The quantum efficiency (QE) of a photodetector is a measure of its electrical response to light. Another name for it is incident photon to converted electron (IPCE) ratio.

In a charge-coupled device (CCD) or other photodetector, quantum efficiency is the ratio between the number of charge carriers collected at either terminal and the number of photons hitting the device's photoreactive surface. As a ratio, QE is dimensionless, but it is closely related to the responsivity, which is expressed in amps per watt. Since the energy of a photon is inversely proportional to its wavelength, QE is often measured over a range of different wavelengths to characterize a device's efficiency at each photon energy level. For typical semiconductor photodetectors, QE drops to zero for photons whose energy is below the band gap. A photographic film typically has a QE of much less than 10%, while CCDs can have a QE of well over 90% at some wavelengths.

Photodetector
Photodetectors, also called photosensors, are devices that detect light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation and convert it into an electrical signal. They are essential in a wide range of applications, from digital imaging and optical communication to scientific research and industrial automation. Photodetectors can be classified by their mechanism of detection, such as the photoelectric effect, photochemical reactions, or thermal effects, or by performance metrics like spectral response. Common types include photodiodes, phototransistors, and photomultiplier tubes, each suited to specific uses. Solar cells, which convert light into electricity, are also a type of photodetector. This article explores the principles behind photodetectors, their various types, applications, and recent advancements in the field.
Mani Kaul
Mani Kaul (25 December 1944 – 6 July 2011) was an Indian director of Hindi films and a figure in Indian parallel cinema. He graduated from the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII) where he was a student of Ritwik Ghatak and later became a teacher. Starting his career with Uski Roti (1969), which won him the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie, he went on to win four of them in all. He won the National Film Award for Best Direction in 1974 for Duvidha and later the National Film Award for his documentary film Siddheshwari in 1989.

Ashadh Ka Ek Din (film)
Ashadh Ka Ek Din (transl. A Day of Ashadh, English title: One Day Before the Rainy Season) is a 1971 Hindi film based on play of the same name by Mohan Rakesh. The film was directed by Mani Kaul starring Rekha Sabnis, Arun Khopkar and Om Shivpuri.

The film's story as in play is centered on a love triangle between Sanskrit poet Kalidas, Mallika and Priyangmanjari.

It went on to win Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie in India.
West Hill, Toronto
West Hill is a neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located in the eastern end of the city, in the former suburb of Scarborough. It is roughly bounded by Scarborough Golf Club Road and a branch of Highland Creek on the west, the CNR railway tracks and Lake Ontario on the south, and Highland Creek on the north-east. The name comes from its elevated position on the west side of Highland Creek, a deep glacial ravine.

The section east of Manse Road, which roughly splits this neighbourhood in half, is often now referred to as the Manse Valley neighbourhood.  It has less commercial development and more industrial development than the western part of the neighbourhood.  However, both parts were treated as part of West Hill prior to development.

Highland Creek (Toronto)
Highland Creek is a river in the Scarborough district of Toronto, Ontario, emptying into Lake Ontario at the eastern end of the Scarborough Bluffs. It is home to several species of fish including trout, carp, bass and salmon. It is a meandering river which, like most rivers in Toronto (including the Don and Humber), travels through a glacial ravine formed after the last Ice Age. The Highland Creek watershed, including tributaries, is almost entirely contained within Scarborough.
Carting Island
Carting Island is the largest of the four islands owned by Stratford, Connecticut, in the Housatonic River between I-95 and the Merritt Parkway. The island is north of the Moses Wheeler Bridge, east of Peacock Island (Connecticut), and southwest of Long Island (Connecticut), and Pope's Flat, it is also south of  Fowler Island in Milford and the Igor I. Sikorsky Memorial Bridge. The island is uninhabited except for occasional visits by anglers, bird watchers and duck hunters. All transportation to and from the island is by boat.

From 2011, the island was part of a multi-year wetland restoration report by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, NOAA, and the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection. The project goal was to eradicate an invasive species of plant known as Phragmites.

Stratford, Connecticut
Stratford is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. It is situated on Long Island Sound at the mouth of the Housatonic River. The town is part of the Greater Bridgeport Planning Region, and the Bridgeport–Stamford–Norwalk Metropolitan Statistical Area. It was settled by Puritans in 1639.

The population was 52,355 as of the 2020 census. It is bordered on the west by Bridgeport, to the north by Trumbull and Shelton, and on the east by Milford (across the Housatonic River). Stratford has a historical legacy in aviation, the military, and theater.
Close My Eyes Forever
"Close My Eyes Forever" is a duet by Lita Ford and Ozzy Osbourne from Ford's 1988 album Lita. The song was written by Ford and Osbourne while drunk. In 1989, a remix of the song was released as a single, peaking at number eight on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1989, and number 25 on the US Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart. It is Ford's highest charting single and the highest charting hit of Osbourne's solo career. The song was one of four singles from the album Lita.

Lita (album)
Lita is the third solo studio album by American guitarist, vocalist, and songwriter Lita Ford. Released in February 1988, it was her first for RCA Records and her first published with the supervision of new manager Sharon Osbourne. Musicians Don Nossov and Myron Grombacher, who were best known for being the rhythm section of the successful American singer Pat Benatar, joined Ford for the recording sessions while Charles Dalba and Tommy Caradonna played drums and bass guitar during the promotional tour.

The album is Ford's most successful, reaching No. 29 on the US Billboard 200 chart and being certified platinum. It produced the hit singles  "Close My Eyes Forever" (a duet with Ozzy Osbourne) and "Kiss Me Deadly" which peaked at numbers 8 and 12 respectively on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. "Kiss Me Deadly" was named the 76th best hard rock song of all time by VH1.
Czorsztyn Castle
The ruins of Czorsztyn Castle (German: Sub-Arx Oberschloss, Arx Czorstein) are located in the southernmost part of Poland in Czorsztyn (Nowy Targ County in Lesser Poland), at Czorsztyn Lake within Pieniny National Park borders. On the other side of the Czorsztyn Lake is located Niedzica Castle.

Pieniny National Park (Poland)
Pieniny National Park (Polish: Pieniński Park Narodowy) is a protected area located in the heart of the Pieniny mountains in the southernmost part of Poland. It is the oldest national park in Poland. Administratively, the park lies in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship on the border with Slovakia. Its head office is in Krościenko nad Dunajcem.

The Pieniny mountain chain is divided into three ranges: Pieniny Spiskie, Małe Pieniny, and the Pieniny Właściwe range where the Park is located. The park's area is 23.46 square kilometres (9.06 sq mi), of which 13.11 km2 is forested. One-third (7.5 km2) is strictly protected. On the Slovak side of the mountains there is a parallel park called the Pieninský národný park.
New Hanover, Illinois
New Hanover, Illinois is a small unincorporated community in Monroe County, Illinois, United States. It derives its name from Hanover, Germany, of which many of the immediate area's settlers, including notably Henry B. Stehr, its founder, were natives. It was platted and surveyed by Hugo Ropiquet, county surveyor, January 17, 1860.  The first house, a frame dwelling, was built by John Karius about 1845. New Hanover also gave its name to a historic precinct of Monroe County, which was carved out of Bluff, and the former Eagle and Fountain Precincts (later renamed Columbia and Waterloo, respectively) in 1875 and comprised the territory surrounding it.

Monroe County, Illinois
Monroe County is a county located in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 34,962. Its county seat and largest city is Waterloo. Monroe County is included in the St. Louis, MO-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is located in the southern portion of Illinois known historically as "Little Egypt".
History of the Jews in Cologne
The history of the Jews in Cologne dates to  321 C.E., when they were first recorded in a census decreed by Emperor Constantine I. As such, it is the oldest European Jewish community north of the Alps. The community quickly established itself in what came to be known as Cologne's Jewish quarter, building its first synagogue by 1040 C.E. The Crusades put an end to peaceful coexistence with Christians in 1096 C.E. Despite the Archbishop's protection many Jews were killed and their synagogue destroyed. The community regained its economic and religious life until about 1300 C.E., when the Christian majority again applied pressure. The community's fortunes improved and worsened a number of times into the 20th century. Before the 1930s, it consisted of 19,500 people. After the end of World War II it had been almost entirely extinguished due to Nazi destruction, expulsion and murder. Currently it numbers approximately 5,000.

Cologne City Hall
The City Hall (German: Kölner Rathaus) is a historical building in Cologne, western Germany. It is located off Hohe Straße in the district of Innenstadt, and set between the two squares of Rathausplatz and Alter Markt. It houses part of the city government, including the city council and offices of the Lord Mayor. It is Germany's oldest city hall with a documented history spanning some 900 years. The history of its council during the 11th century is a prominent example for self-gained municipal autonomy of Medieval cities.

Today's building complex consists of several structures, added successively in varying architectural styles: they include the 14th century historic town hall, the 15th century Gothic style tower, the 16th century Renaissance style loggia and cloister (the Löwenhof), and the 20th century Modern Movement atrium (the Piazzetta). The so-called Spanischer Bau is an extension on Rathausplatz but not directly connected with the main building.
Marvel Zombies vs. The Army of Darkness
Marvel Zombies vs. The Army of Darkness is a five-issue 2007 comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics in association with Dynamite Entertainment, an intercompany crossover in which Ash Williams, the protagonist of the Evil Dead franchise, finds himself in the Marvel Zombies universe, a world of flesh-eating, zombified Marvel characters.

The crossover is continuous with the Marvel Zombies prequel Marvel Zombies: Dead Days and explains events happening in the prequel (such as information regarding the zombified Sentry, who initially spread the plague).

Prior to the release of the first issue, Newsarama published a preview, revealing the birth of the zombified Avengers, Ash's descent into the Marvel Zombie universe, and the infection of Spider-Man.

The "Werewolf Spider-Man" introduced during the closing moments of the series made his cinematic debut in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, depicted as a member of Miguel O'Hara's Spider-Society.

Marvel Zombies (comic book)
Marvel Zombies is a comic book metaseries published by Marvel Comics. The series features zombie versions of Marvel Universe superheroes and supervillains who have been portrayed as both protagonists and antagonists through the different limited series within the metaseries.
Donskoy cat
The Donskoy cat, also known as Don Sphynx or Russian Hairless, is a hairless cat breed of Russian origin. It is not related to the better-known Sphynx cat (Canadian Hairless) whose characteristic hairlessness is caused by a recessive mutation in the keratin 71 gene. The Donskoy's hairlessness, on the other hand, is caused by a dominant mutation.

The International Cat Association
The International Cat Association (TICA) is considered the world's largest genetic cat registry. Originally a North American organization, it now has a worldwide presence. The organization has a genetic registry for pedigreed and household pet cats and is one of the world's largest sanctioning bodies for cat shows.
1986 Cal State Fullerton Titans softball team
The 1986 Cal State Fullerton Titans softball team represented California State University, Fullerton in the 1986 NCAA Division I softball season.  The Titans were coached by Judi Garman, who led her seventh season.  The Titans finished with a record of 57–9–1.  They competed in the Pacific Coast Athletic Association, where they finished first with a 22–5–1 record.

The Titans were invited to the 1986 NCAA Division I softball tournament, where they swept the West Regional and then completed a run through the Women's College World Series to claim their first NCAA Women's College World Series Championship.

1986 NCAA Division I softball tournament
The 1986 NCAA Division I softball tournament was the fifth annual tournament to determine the national champion of NCAA women's collegiate softball. Held during May 1986 to mark the conclusion of the 1986 NCAA Division I softball season, fifteen Division I college softball teams contested the championship. The tournament featured seven regionals of two teams (the last team, Creighton, qualified automatically) with the winner of each region (a total of 7 teams plus Creighton) advancing to the 1986 Women's College World Series at Seymour Smith Park in Omaha, Nebraska. Cal State Fullerton won the championship by defeating Texas A&M 1–0 in the final game.
Sibilant
Sibilants (from Latin: sibilans 'hissing') are fricative and affricate consonants of higher amplitude and pitch, made by directing a stream of air with the tongue towards the teeth. Examples of sibilants are the consonants at the beginning of the English words sip, zip, ship, and genre. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet used to denote the sibilant sounds in these words are, respectively, [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ]. Sibilants have a characteristically intense sound, which accounts for their paralinguistic use in getting one's attention (e.g. calling someone using "psst!" or quieting someone using "shhhh!").

Coronal consonant
Coronals are consonants articulated with the flexible front part of the tongue. Among places of articulation, only the coronal consonants can be divided into as many articulation types: apical (using the tip of the tongue), laminal (using the blade of the tongue), domed (with the tongue bunched up), or subapical (using the underside of the tongue) as well as different postalveolar articulations (some of which also involve the back of the tongue as an articulator): palato-alveolar, alveolo-palatal and retroflex. Only the front of the tongue (coronal) has such dexterity among the major places of articulation, allowing such variety of distinctions. Coronals have another dimension, grooved, to make sibilants in combination with the orientations above.
Comunidad Israelita Sefaradí
The Synagogue of the Sephardic Jewish Community (Spanish: Sinagoga de la Comunidad Israelita Sefaradí) is a Jewish congregation and synagogue, located in the Ciudad Vieja neighbourhood of Montevideo, Uruguay.

Ciudad Vieja, Montevideo
Ciudad Vieja (Spanish pronunciation: [sjuˈðað ˈβjexa], Old Town) is a barrio (neighbourhood or district) of Montevideo, Uruguay. Located in a peninsula at the mouth of the Bay of Montevideo, it is the city's historic district. It was founded in 1724 as a walled city by the Spanish Empire. Following Uruguay's independence, it became a district of the expanding city, which quickly grew beyond the original fortress, later dismantled.

As one of the city's central districts, it forms part of its central business district alongside Centro and Cordón. It serves as a key office district, housing several commercial banks and other financial institutions, government buildings, as well as museums, cultural venues, theaters and art galleries. The district also features a high concentration of Art Deco, Art Nouveau, and Neoclassical buildings.
Delirious (wrestler)
Hunter Johnston (born December 19, 1980) is an American professional wrestler, better known by his ring name Delirious, he is currently signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) as an executive producer/head booker. He is known for his outrageous antics, such as running around aimlessly and screaming wildly when the opening ring bell sounds, and speaking in a rambling and mostly incoherent fashion. Delirious has competed internationally in Japan, Mexico, Austria, Germany and the United Kingdom. He is a former head booker of Ring of Honor and was an executive producer of the company's flagship television program, producing and writing over 500 episodes of weekly television along with producing and writing hundreds of live events in the 2010s. He also started as the head trainer for the company's wrestling school, the ROH Dojo in 2007.

ROH Survival of the Fittest
Survival of the Fittest is a professional wrestling tournament held by Ring of Honor (ROH). The inaugural tournament took place in 2004, and - with exceptions (2008, 2013, 2019–2020, 2022) - has become an annual tradition in ROH ever since.
227 series
The 227 series (227系, 227-kei) is a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) train operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR-West) for use on suburban services in the Kansai and Chūgoku regions of Japan since 14 March 2015.

On 14 March 2015, the 227-0 series trains, branded "Red Wing", commenced operation in the Hiroshima area. They are the first new train to be introduced to the Hiroshima area in 32 years.

From 16 March 2019, the 227-1000 series began operating in the Kansai region on the Wakayama Line, Sakurai Line, and Kisei Main Line (Kinokuni Line), marking their introduction outside the Hiroshima area.

Starting on 22 July 2023, 227-500 series trains, branded "Urara", were introduced in the greater Okayama and Fukuyama (Okayama/Bingo) areas.

San'yō Main Line
The San'yō Main Line (山陽本線, San'yō-honsen) is a major railway line owned by JR Group companies in western Japan, connecting Kōbe Station and Moji Station, largely paralleling the coast of the Seto Inland Sea, in other words, the southern coast of western Honshu. The San'yō Shinkansen line largely parallels its route. The name Sanyō derived from the ancient region and highway San'yōdō, the road on the sunny (south) side of the mountains.

The Sanyō Main Line is operated by two JR companies:

West Japan Railway Company (JR West)  JR Kobe Line, San'yō Line

Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu) San'yō Line

The Wadamisaki Line, a short section of line in the length of 2.7 km (1.7 mi) between Hyōgo and Wadamisaki stations in Kobe is a branch of the Sanyō Main Line. A short section connecting Kitakyushu Freight Terminal also forms part of the Sanyō Main Line.
Stokes radius
The Stokes radius or Stokes–Einstein radius of a solute is the radius of a hard sphere that diffuses at the same rate as that solute. Named after George Gabriel Stokes, it is closely related to solute mobility, factoring in not only size but also solvent effects. A smaller ion with stronger hydration, for example, may have a greater Stokes radius than a larger ion with weaker hydration. This is because the smaller ion drags a greater number of water molecules with it as it moves through the solution.

Stokes radius is sometimes used synonymously with effective hydrated radius in solution. Hydrodynamic radius, RH, can refer to the Stokes radius of a polymer or other macromolecule.

Hydrodynamic radius
The hydrodynamic radius of a macromolecule or colloid particle is .  The macromolecule or colloid particle is a collection of  subparticles.  This is done most commonly for polymers; the subparticles would then be the units of the polymer.  For polymers in solution,  is defined by

where  is the distance between subparticles  and , and where the angular brackets  represent an ensemble average. The theoretical hydrodynamic radius  was originally an estimate by John Gamble Kirkwood of the Stokes radius of a polymer, and some sources still use hydrodynamic radius as a synonym for the Stokes radius.

Note that in biophysics, hydrodynamic radius refers to the Stokes radius, or commonly to the apparent Stokes radius obtained from size exclusion chromatography.

The theoretical hydrodynamic radius  arises in the study of the dynamic properties of polymers moving in a solvent.  It is often similar in magnitude to the radius of gyration.
Peace of Olomouc
The Peace of Olomouc was signed on 2 April 1479 between Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and King Vladislaus II of Bohemia (and Hungary, later), bringing the Bohemian–Hungarian War (1468–1478) to an end. On 21 July 1479 the agreement was ratified during the course of festivities in Olomouc. This treaty, overall, ratified all terms within the Treaty of Brno developed in March 1478 (with slight modifications made by the King of Hungary on 20 September 1478). Based on the terms of the treaty, Vladislaus would cede the territories of Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia to Corvinus. If Matthias perished, then Vladislaus could redeem these lands for 400,000 florins. Moreover, both monarchs would be permitted to utilize the title King of Bohemia. However, only Matthias was required to address the other claimant as the King of Bohemia.

Olomouc
Olomouc (Czech pronunciation: [ˈolomouts] ⓘ; German: Olmütz) is a city in the Czech Republic. It has about 103,000 inhabitants, making it the sixth largest city in the country. It is the administrative centre of the Olomouc Region.

Located on the Morava River, the city is the ecclesiastical metropolis and was a historical co-capital city of Moravia, before having been occupied by the Swedish army during the Thirty Years' War. The historic city centre is well preserved and is protected as urban monument reservation. The Holy Trinity Column was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000 for its quintessential Baroque style and symbolic value.
Madeline Bell
Madeline Bell (born July 23, 1942) is an American soul singer, who became famous as a performer in the UK during the 1960s and 1970s with pop group Blue Mink, having arrived from the United States in the gospel show Black Nativity in 1962, with the vocal group Bradford Singers.

Philips Records
Philips Records was a record label founded by Dutch electronics company Philips and in 1999 was absorbed into Dutch-American music corporation Universal Music Group. It was founded as Philips Phonographische Industrie in 1950. In 1946, Philips acquired the company which pressed records for British Decca's Dutch outlet in Amsterdam.