hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Two Dogmas of Empiricism
"Two Dogmas of Empiricism" is a canonical essay by analytic philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine published in 1951.  According to University of Sydney professor of philosophy Peter Godfrey-Smith, this "paper [is] sometimes regarded as the most important in all of twentieth-century philosophy". The paper is an attack on two central aspects of the logical positivists' philosophy: the first being the analytic–synthetic distinction between analytic truths and synthetic truths, explained by Quine as truths grounded only in meanings and independent of facts, and truths grounded in facts; the other being reductionism, the theory that each meaningful statement gets its meaning from some logical construction of terms that refer exclusively to immediate experience.

"Two Dogmas" has six sections. The first four focus on analyticity, the last two on reductionism. There, Quine turns the focus to the logical positivists' theory of meaning. He also presents his own holistic theory of meaning.

Rudolf Carnap
Rudolf Carnap (/ˈkɑːrnæp/; German: [ˈkaʁnaːp]; 18 May 1891 – 14 September 1970) was a German philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a major member of the Vienna Circle and an advocate of logical positivism.
Rågeleje
Rågeleje is a former fishing village and popular tourist resort on the north coast of Zealand, midway between Gilleleje and Tisvildeleje, some 50 km north of Copenhagen, Denmark. As of 2025, it had a population of 702.

Rågegården
Rågegården is an Arts & Crafts inspired country house from 1915 situated on the eastern outskirts of Rågeleje, Gribskov Municipality, some fifty kilometres northwest of Copenhagen, Denmark. The house is perched on a small wooded hill, overlooking the Kattegat coast. It was listed on the Danish registry of protected buildings and places in 1989. The scope of the heritage listing was expanded in 2012.
Darran Valley
Darran Valley (Welsh: Cwm Darran) is a community in the County Borough of Caerphilly, Wales. The Darran Valley consists of the valley of the Bargod Rhymni and contains the villages of Deri, Pentwyn and Fochriw. These settlements grew around the Industrial Age to serve the collieries of Fochriw, Pencarreg and Groesfaen. As of 2001, the community had a recorded population of 2,545, increasing to 2,607 in 2011.

Fochriw
Fochriw (Welsh pronunciation: [vɔxˈrɪu̯]) is a village in Caerphilly County Borough, Wales. It was well known for its neighbouring collieries, which employed nearly the entire local population in the early 20th century. It lies within the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan. The village appears as the backdrop on the BBC Wales sitcom High Hopes credits. The village's population was 1,250 in 2011.
Aditha Karikalan
Aditya II (942–971), also known as Aditha Karikalan, was a Chola prince who lived in the 10th century in India. He was born in Tirukoilur and was the eldest son of Parantaka Chola II. He was the elder brother of Rajaraja Chola I and Kundavai. He was called Virapandiyan Thalai Konda Koparakesari Varman Karikalan. Archaelogists also posit that he might have been known as Parthivendra Pallavan in the Northern parts of the kingdom.

Uttama (Chola dynasty)
Uttama, also known as Madhurantaka, was a Chola Emperor who ruled from 971 to 985 in present-day Tamil Nadu, India. According to Tiruvalangadu plates of Rajendra Chola, Madhurantaka Uttama's reign is placed after Aditya II. The latter may have been a co-regent of Parantaka II and seems to have died before he could formally ascend the throne. Uttama was the cousin of Parantaka II and was the son of Sembiyan Mahadevi and Gandaraditya.
1964 Australian Drivers' Championship
The 1964 Australian Drivers' Championship was open to drivers of Racing Cars complying with either the Australian National Formula or with the Australian 1½ Litre Formula.
The title was contested over a five-round series.

Round 1, Australian Grand Prix, Sandown Raceway, Victoria, 9 February

Round 2, South Pacific Trophy, Longford, Tasmania, 2 March

Round 3, Lakeside, Queensland, 13 September

Round 4, Craven Filter Trophy, Mallala Motor Sport Park, South Australia, 12 October

Round 5, Horden Trophy, Warwick Farm, New South Wales, 6 December

Points were awarded on a 9-6-4-3-2-1 basis to the top six Australian resident place-getters in each round with the championship winner awarded the 1964 CAMS "Gold Star".

1964 Australian Grand Prix
The 1964 Australian Grand Prix was a motor race held at the Sandown Park circuit in suburban Melbourne, Victoria, Australia on 9 February 1964.  
It was the twenty ninth Australian Grand Prix and was also Round 5 of the 1964 Tasman Series and Round 1 of the 1964 Australian Drivers' Championship. The race was open to Racing Cars complying with the Australian National Formula or the Australian 1½ Litre Formula.

Defending winner Jack Brabham won the race driving a Repco Brabham. It was his third and final Australian Grand Prix victory.
Rhodnius
Rhodnius is a genus of assassin bugs in the subfamily Triatominae (the kissing bugs), and is an important vector in the spread of Chagas disease. The Rhodnius species were important models for Sir Vincent Wigglesworth's studies of insect physiology, specifically growth and development.

Reduviidae
The Reduviidae is a large cosmopolitan family of the suborder Heteroptera of the order Hemiptera (true bugs). Among the Hemiptera and together with the Nabidae almost all species are terrestrial ambush predators; most other predatory Hemiptera are aquatic. The main examples of non-predatory Reduviidae are some blood-sucking ectoparasites in the subfamily Triatominae, with a few species from South America noted for their ability to transmit Chagas disease. Though spectacular exceptions are known, most members of the family are fairly easily recognizable: they have a relatively narrow neck, sturdy build, and formidable curved proboscis (sometimes called a rostrum). Large specimens should be handled with caution, if at all, because they sometimes defend themselves with a very painful stab from the proboscis.
Jashore Government City College
Jashore Government City College is a post graduate educational institution located in Manihar area of Jashore District town in Khulna Division of southern Bangladesh. At the time of its establishment in 1966, it was known as Jessore City College; it has been known as Jessore Government City College since 1986. At present, the college offers various subjects in higher secondary, undergraduate, honors, and postgraduate classes. At present, there are about 6,000 students here.

Jessore
Jessore (Bengali: যশোর, romanized: jôshor, [dʒɔʃor]), officially Jashore, is a city of Jessore District in Khulna Division. It lies in southwestern Bangladesh. It is home to the first flight training school of the Bangladeshi Air Force, established in 1971. Jessore city consists of 9 wards and 73 mahalls. Jashore municipality was established in 1864. The area of the town is 21.15 km2. It has a population of about 209,330 according to the record of Jessore municipality, which makes it the 22nd largest city in Bangladesh. Jessore also has a domestic airport known as Jashore Airport.
Church Buildings Council
The Central Council for the Care of Churches of the Church of England was formed in 1917, developing from the Central Committee for the Protection of English Churches under the Archbishops' Council. It became the Church Buildings Council in 2007, after having joined the Cathedrals Fabric Commission for England.

Francis Carolus Eeles was the first honorary secretary from 1917, and served as paid secretary from 1926 until his death in 1954. Judith Scott was general secretary from 1957 to 1971, and Peter Burman was general secretary from 1977 to 1990.

The body produced a series of reports on its work which were published by the Church Information Office.

Archbishops' Council
The Archbishops' Council is a part of the governance structures of the Church of England. Its headquarters are at Church House, Great Smith Street, London.

The council was created in 1999 to provide a central executive body to co-ordinate and lead the work of the church. This was a partial implementation of the recommendations of the report "Working Together as One Body" produced by Michael Turnbull (then Bishop of Durham) in 1994.
JaMarcus Russell
JaMarcus Trenell Russell (born August 9, 1985) is an American former professional football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for three seasons with the Oakland Raiders. He played college football for the LSU Tigers, winning the Manning Award as a junior en route to becoming the most valuable player of the 2007 Sugar Bowl.

Russell was selected first overall by the Raiders in the 2007 NFL draft, but his tenure was marked by inconsistent play and questions over his work ethic. He was released from Oakland in 2010 and, despite attempts at an NFL return, was unable to sign with another team. Due to not meeting the expectations of being the first pick and the short length of his career, he is considered one of the NFL's biggest draft busts.

Lean (drug)
Lean or purple drank (known by numerous local and street names) is a polysubstance drink used as a recreational drug. It is prepared by mixing prescription-grade cough or cold syrup containing an opioid drug and an antihistamine drug with a soft drink and sometimes hard candy. The beverage originated in Houston as early as the 1960s and is popular in hip hop culture, especially within the Southern United States. Codeine/promethazine syrup is usually used to make lean, but other syrups are also used.

Users of lean are at risk of addiction, and serious complications include respiratory depression, respiratory arrest, and cardiac arrest. Lean is especially dangerous when consumed with alcohol.
La Trinità della Cava
The Territorial abbey of La Trinità della Cava (Latin: Abbatia Territorialis Sanctissimae Trinitatis Cavensis), commonly known as Badia di Cava, is a Benedictine territorial abbey located near Cava de' Tirreni, in the province of Salerno, southern Italy. It stands in a gorge of the Finestre Hills.

Territorial abbey
A territorial abbey (or territorial abbacy) is a particular church of the Catholic Church comprising defined territory which is not part of a diocese but surrounds an abbey or monastery whose  abbot or superior functions as ordinary for all Catholics and parishes in the territory. Such an abbot is called a territorial abbot or abbot nullius diœceseos (abbreviated abbot nullius and Latin for "abbot of no diocese"). A territorial abbot thus differs from an ordinary abbot, who exercises authority only within the monastery's walls or to monks or canons who have taken their vows there. A territorial abbot is equivalent to a diocesan bishop in Catholic canon law.

While most belong to the Latin Church, and usually to the Benedictine or Cistercian Orders, there is one Eastern Catholic territorial abbey: the Italo-Albanian Greek Catholic Abbey of Grottaferrata. The closest equivalent in the Eastern Orthodox Church would be a stauropegion (e.g. most famously, Mount Athos).
Sons of Divine Providence
The Sons of Divine Providence (Italian: Figli della Divina Provvidenza), commonly called the Orionine Fathers, is a Roman Catholic clerical religious congregation of Pontifical Right for men founded in 1903 by Luigi Orione (1872–1940) in  Turin, Italy. Its members add the nominal letters F.D.P. after their names to indicate membership in the congregation. It is dedicated to helping the poor and is currently active in 23 nations.

522 Spanish Martyrs
The 522 Spanish Martyrs were victims of the Spanish Civil War beatified by the Roman Catholic Church on 13 October 2013 by order of Pope Francis. It was one of the largest number of persons ever beatified in a single ceremony in the Church's 2000-year history. They originated from all parts of Spain. Their ages ranged from 18 to 86 years old.
Outline of whisky
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to whisky:

Whisky (also "whiskey") – distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash. Various grains (which may be malted) are used in different varieties, including barley, corn, rye, and wheat. Whisky is typically aged in wooden casks, generally made of charred white oak.

Whisky is a strictly regulated spirit worldwide. It encompasses many national expressions and variations. The typical unifying characteristics of the different expressions and variations are the fermentation of grains, distillation, and aging in wooden barrels.

The spelling whiskey is commonly used in Ireland and the United States, while whisky is used almost exclusively in other whisky-producing countries.

Grain whisky
Grain whisky normally refers to any whisky made, at least in part, from grains other than malted barley. Frequently used grains include maize, wheat, and rye. Grain whiskies usually contain some malted barley to provide enzymes needed for mashing and are required to include it if they are produced in Ireland or Scotland. Whisky made only from malted barley is generally called "malt whisky" rather than grain whisky. Most American and Canadian whiskies are grain whiskies.
Ichikawa Danjūrō XIII
Ichikawa Danjūrō XIII (十三代目 市川 團十郎, Jyūsandaime Ichikawa Danjūrō) (born 6 December 1977) is a Japanese Kabuki, film and television actor, and stage producer.  He is the eldest son and successor of the celebrated Ichikawa Danjūrō XII. He is known for being a renowned tachiyaku (actor specializing in male roles). In particular, he specializes in aragoto roles (a tradition in his family since 1660 with his ancestor and founder of the Naritaya acting house, Ichikawa Danjūrō I).

Prior to assuming his current title, Danjūrō was known as Ichikawa Ebizō XI (十一代目 市川 海老蔵, Jyūichidaime Ichikawa Ebizō), the eleventh holder of the Ebizō name.

Ichikawa Ebizō
Ichikawa Ebizō (市川 海老蔵; Japanese pronunciation: [i.tɕi̥.kaꜜ.wa (|) e.bʲi.(d)zoꜜː]) is a stage name taken on by a series of Kabuki actors of the Ichikawa family. Most of these were blood relatives, though some were adopted into the family. It is a famous and important name, and receiving it is an honor.

Ebizō, like other actors' names, is bestowed (or given up) at grand naming ceremonies called shūmei in which a number of actors formally change their names. A number of actors have followed a particular sequence in their stage names, preceding "Ebizō" by being called Ichikawa Shinnosuke or Matsumoto Kōshirō, and following it by achieving the name Ichikawa Danjūrō.

The design of the Ichikawa family mon, three squares nested inside one another, is called mimasu (三升).
Anaicut Assembly constituency
12°52′35″N 78°59′17″E﻿ / ﻿12.876311°N 78.988148°E﻿ / 12.876311; 78.988148

Anaicut is one of the 234 constituencies in the legislative assembly of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It includes the towns of Pallikonda and Odugathur, and the village Anaicut. It is part of Vellore Lok Sabha constituency for national elections to the Parliament of India.

Vellore Lok Sabha constituency
12°55′13″N 79°08′00″E﻿ / ﻿12.920219°N 79.133306°E﻿ / 12.920219; 79.133306

Vellore Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 39 Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituencies in the present state of Tamil Nadu in Southern India. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 8.

The 2019 lok sabha election was scheduled to be held on 18 April in this constituency but the President of India rescinded polling on 16 April after Election Commission of India sent a report stating recovery of huge amount of unaccounted for cash allegedly from Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate's office.
1966 Davis Cup America Zone
The America Zone was one of the three regional zones of the 1966 Davis Cup.

6 teams entered the America Zone, with the winner going on to compete in the Inter-Zonal Zone against the winners of the Eastern Zone and Europe Zone. The United States defeated Mexico in the final and progressed to the Inter-Zonal Zone.

1966 Davis Cup Eastern Zone
The Eastern Zone was one of the three regional zones of the 1966 Davis Cup.

8 teams entered the Eastern Zone, competing across 2 sub-zones. The winner of each sub-zones would play against each other to determine who would compete in the Inter-Zonal Zone against the winners of the America Zone and Europe Zone.

Japan defeated the Philippines in the Zone A final, and India defeated Ceylon in the Zone B final. In the Inter-Zonal final India defeated Japan and progressed to the Inter-Zonal Zone.
Amdo County
Amdo County (Tibetan: ཨ་མདོ་རྫོང་; Chinese: 安多县) is a county within Nagqu of the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. The county covers an area of 43,410.85 square kilometres and is dominated by mainly by Tibetan grassland. In 2000 it had a population of 32,843 .

Its capital is Amdo Town, north of Lhasa. It contains the Amdo railway station on the new railway from Golmud to Lhasa.  There is a major rail depot 3 km (1.9 mi) west of the town. Cona Lake lies to the southwest of the town of Amdo.

Cona Lake
Cona, also Cuona Lake or Tsonag Lake (simplified Chinese: 错那湖; traditional Chinese: 錯那湖; pinyin: Cuònà Hú), is a major lake of northern Tibet Autonomous Region, China. It is located in Amdo County, Nagqu, west of the road between Nagqu Town and Pana Town. The lake is considered holy to the Tibetans especially in the Bon religion, as it is seen as the "soul lake" of the Razheng Living Buddha. The smaller Ganong Lake lies almost adjacent to the southeast.

Its area is approximately 300 square kilometres (120 sq mi), and it is at 4,594 metres (15,072 ft) above sea level making it one of the world's higher freshwater lakes. The lake is the source of the Gyalmo Nagqu, the headwater of the Salween River.

Tsonag Lake can be observed on the right (west) as the train passes Cuonahu railway station on Qingzang Railway, going south toward Lhasa.
Celia Hart
Celia Hart Santamaría (January 4, 1962 – September 7, 2008) was a Cuban physicist and writer. Until May 2006, she was a member of the Cuban Communist Party.  She was the daughter of two historic leaders of the Cuban Revolution, Haydee Santamaría and Armando Hart.

Armando Hart Dávalos
Armando Enrique Hart Dávalos (June 13, 1930 – November 26, 2017) was a Cuban politician and a Communist leader. His grandfather was born in the American state of Georgia and emigrated to Cuba as a child.
Giavera del Montello
Giavera del Montello is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Treviso in the Italian region Veneto, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of Venice and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) northwest of Treviso.

Giavera del Montello borders the following municipalities: Arcade, Nervesa della Battaglia, Povegliano, Sernaglia della Battaglia, Volpago del Montello.

Povegliano, Veneto
Povegliano (Venetian: Pojan) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Treviso in the Italian region Veneto, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of Venice and about 12 kilometres (7 mi) northwest of Treviso.

Povegliano borders the following municipalities: Arcade, Giavera del Montello, Ponzano Veneto, Villorba, Volpago del Montello.
Bharathiraja
Bharathiraja (/ˈbɑːrəθirɑːdʒɑː/ born 17 July 1941) is a multiple-award-winning Indian film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor who works mainly in the Tamil film industry. Making his debut in 1977 with 16 Vayathinile, he is known for realistic and sensitive portrayals of rural life in his films and popularly referred to as Iyakkunar Imayam. Also, in the 1980s-90s, the Bharathiraja (Direction)+Ilaiyaraaja (Music)+Vairamuthu (Lyric's) Best Combination was very popular among Tamil film fans. As of 2017, he has won six National Film Awards, four Filmfare Awards South, six Tamil Nadu State Film Awards and a Nandi Award. He has also directed films in Telugu and Hindi. The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri award, India's fourth-highest civilian honour, in 2004 for his contribution to the film industry. In 2005, he was conferred with the Doctor of Letters (honorary degree) from Sathyabama University.

Kadal Pookkal
Kadal Pookkal (transl. Sea Flowers) is a 2001 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by Bharathiraja, starring Murali, Manoj K. Bharathi, Uma, Prathyusha and Sindhu Menon. The film was released on 14 December 2001. Bharathiraja won the National Film Award for Best Screenplay, and Murali won the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor.
Albert Cassell
Albert Irvin Cassell (1895–1969) was a prominent mid-20th-century African-American architect in Washington, D.C., whose work shaped many academic communities in the United States. He designed buildings for Howard University in Washington D.C., Morgan State University in Baltimore, and Virginia Union University in Richmond. Cassell also designed and built civic structures for the State of Maryland and the District of Columbia.

Mayfair Mansions Apartments
Mayfair Mansions Apartments are historic structures in the Mayfair neighborhood of the Northeast quadrant of Washington, D.C.  The garden apartments were built between 1942 and 1946 and were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.
Piazzale Roma
Piazzale Roma (Venetian: Piasal Roma) is a square in Venice, Italy, at the entrance of the city, at the end of the Ponte della Libertà, a road bridge. The bridge connects the islands that form the historical centre of the city of Venice to the mainland part of the city. Piazzale Roma and nearby Tronchetto island are the only places in Venice's insular urban core accessible to ground motor vehicles, such as automobiles and buses.

The square acts as the main bus station for Venice. There are bus links to Venice Marco Polo Airport and Treviso Airport. The square is close to the main Santa Lucia railway station for Venice, linked by the Ponte della Costituzione, a modern footbridge installed in 2008 over the western end of the Grand Canal. The Venice People Mover, a public transit system, connects Tronchetto island and Piazzale Roma. It started operating in 2010.

Venezia Santa Lucia railway station
Venezia Santa Lucia (Italian: Stazione di Venezia Santa Lucia) (IATA: XVQ) is the central station of Venice in the north-east of Italy. It is a terminus and located at the northern edge of Venice's historic city (Italian: Centro storico).
The station is one of Venice's two most important railway stations; the other one is Venezia Mestre, a mainline junction station on Venice's mainland district of Mestre. Both Santa-Lucia and Mestre stations are managed by Grandi Stazioni and they are connected to each other by Ponte della Libertà (English: Liberty Bridge).
RAF Waddington Voluntary Band
The Royal Air Force Waddington Voluntary Band is the largest of the RAF's eight voluntary bands. It has been based at RAF Waddington for a number of years although it was previously based at RAF Scampton. The band currently has a membership of approximately 60 musicians. In the history of Voluntary Bands, membership been open to only serving members of the RAF who would play as a secondary duty. Modern Voluntary Bands have a wide range of members including serving members as well as retired service personnel, local civilians, students and many dependents. The band openly welcomes enquiries from all members of the public and RAF looking for more information on joining.

In addition, the base also has a separate voluntary pipe band, RAF Waddington Pipes and Drums, which won the 2009 RAF Pipe Band Championships.

RAF Voluntary Bands
RAF Voluntary Bands are voluntary military, brass or pipe bands that provide music for ceremonial and social occasions within the Royal Air Force, as well as local and national charities. In contrast to the RAF's professional musical bands (the RAF Central Band, the RAF Regiment Band and the RAF College Band), the bands are formed of volunteer musicians from RAF stations, other services and members of the local community.