hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cairo Metro
The Cairo Metro (Egyptian Arabic: مترو القاهرة, romanized: Metro Anfāq al-Qāhirah,  lit. "Cairo Tunnel Metro" or مترو الأنفاق  pronounced [ˈmetɾo lʔænˈfæːʔ]) is a rapid transit system in Greater Cairo, Egypt. It was the first of the three full-fledged metro systems in Africa and the first in the Middle East to be constructed. It was opened in 1987 as Line 1 from Helwan to Ramses Square with a length of 29 kilometres (18.0 mi).

As of 2013, the metro carried nearly 4 million passengers per day. As of 15 May 2024, the Cairo Metro has 84 stations of which 5 are transfer stations, with a total length of 106.8 kilometres (66.4 mi). The system consists of three operational lines numbered 1 to 3.

The Cairo Metro is owned by the National Authority for Tunnels. The lines use standard gauge (1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)).

Ramses Station
Ramses Railway Station (Arabic: محطة رمسيس, romanized: Maḥaṭṭat Ramsīs), also called Misr Station (Arabic: محطة مصر, romanized: Maḥaṭṭat Miṣr), is the main railway station of Cairo, Egypt. The name is derived from the Ancient Egyptian pharaoh Ramses II, whose statue was erected by former Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser on the square there in 1955.
Swain equation
The Swain equation relates the kinetic isotope effect for the protium/tritium combination with that of the protium/deuterium combination according to:

where kH,D,T are the reaction rate constants for the protonated, deuterated and tritiated reactants respectively.

Kinetic isotope effect
In physical organic chemistry, a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) is the change in the reaction rate of a chemical reaction when one of the atoms in the reactants is replaced by one of its isotopes. Formally, it is the ratio of rate constants for the reactions involving the light (kL) and the heavy (kH) isotopically substituted reactants (isotopologues): KIE = kL/kH.

This change in reaction rate is a quantum effect that occurs mainly because heavier isotopologues have lower vibrational frequencies than their lighter counterparts. In most cases, this implies a greater energy input needed for heavier isotopologues to reach the transition state (or, in rare cases, dissociation limit), and therefore, a slower reaction rate. The study of KIEs can help elucidate reaction mechanisms, and is occasionally exploited in drug development to improve unfavorable pharmacokinetics by protecting metabolically vulnerable C-H bonds.
Rafael Bardem
Rafael Bardem Solé (10 January 1889 – 6 November 1972) was a Spanish film and stage actor whose career stretched from the 1940s through the 1960s. He was the husband of Matilde Muñoz Sampedro; the father of Juan Antonio Bardem and Pilar Bardem; and grandfather of Javier Bardem, Carlos Bardem, and Mónica Bardem.

Rafael Bardem died in Madrid in 1972.

Pilar Bardem
María del Pilar Bardem Muñoz (14 March 1939 – 17 July 2021) was a Spanish film and television actress. In 1996, she won the Goya Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in Nobody Will Speak of Us When We're Dead.

She was the mother of Carlos, Mónica, and Javier Bardem.
Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces
Citizens of Israel have refused to serve in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) or have disobeyed orders on the grounds of pacifism, antimilitarism, religious philosophy, or political disagreement with Israeli policy such as its occupation of the West Bank. Conscientious objectors in Israel are known as sarvanim (in Hebrew סרבנים) which is sometimes translated as "refuseniks", or mishtamtim (evaders, dodgers).

Antimilitarism
Antimilitarism (also spelt anti-militarism) is a doctrine that opposes war, relying heavily on a critical theory of imperialism and was an explicit goal of the First and Second International. Whereas pacifism is the doctrine that disputes (especially between countries) should be settled without recourse to violence, Paul B. Miller defines anti-militarism as "ideology and activities...aimed at reducing the civil power of the military and ultimately, preventing international war". Cynthia Cockburn defines an anti-militarist movement as one opposed to "military rule, high military expenditure or the imposition of foreign bases in their country". Martin Ceadel points out that anti-militarism is sometimes equated with pacificism—general opposition to war or violence, except in cases where force is deemed necessary to advance the cause of peace.
HMS Jed (1904)
HMS Jed was a Thornycroft type River-class destroyer ordered by the Royal Navy under the 1903 – 1904 Naval Estimates.  Named after the River Jed in southern Scotland, she was the second ship to carry this name since it was introduced in 1814 for a 26-gun sixth rate ship sold in 1833.

River-class destroyer (1903)
The River-class destroyer (re-designated in 1913 as the E class)  was a class of torpedo boat destroyer built for the Royal Navy in the first few years of the 20th century, and which saw extensive service in World War I. These 37 vessels (33 formally ordered under three annual construction programmes, plus another three built on speculation and then purchased by the Admiralty, and a final unit building in Italy for the Portuguese Navy and purchased in 1915) were all constructed to disparate builders' designs, just like the preceding classes.

The class introduced new features to destroyer design, placing a greater emphasis on seakeeping and endurance and less on a high maximum speed in good weather. All the ships were named after British, Irish and Portuguese rivers, and as such were the first Royal Navy destroyer class to be named systematically.
Haubi
Haubi is an administrative ward in the Kondoa district of the Dodoma Region of Tanzania. According to the 2002 census, the ward has a total population of 12,894.

Haubi is a little village less than 1 km (0.62 mi) from Haubi Catholic Mission Station. There is no public water or electricity there. The lake Haubi has been investigated as a natural historical archive. It contains for instance sediments from the Haubi badlands.

Kondoa District
Kondoa District is one of the seven districts of the Dodoma Region of Tanzania. It is bordered to the north by Manyara Region, and to the south by Chemba District. Its district capital is the town of Kondoa.

According to the 2012 Tanzania National Census, the population of Kondoa District was 269,704. As of 2002, the population of the Kondoa District was 429,824. The population of the district declined from 2002 to 2012, because Chemba District was split off. In 2022 the population was 244,854.

The Kondoa Irangi Rock Paintings, which were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006, are found in this district.
Tony Conrad
Anthony Schmalz Conrad (March 7, 1940 – April 9, 2016)  was an American video artist, experimental filmmaker, musician, composer, sound artist, teacher, and writer. Active in a variety of media since the early 1960s, he was a pioneer of both drone music and structural film. As a musician, he was an important figure in the New York minimalist scene of the 1960s, during which time he performed as part of the Theatre of Eternal Music (along with John Cale, La Monte Young, Marian Zazeela, Terry Riley, and others). He became recognized as a filmmaker for his 1966 film The Flicker. He performed and collaborated with a wide range of artists over the course of his career.

Caroline Records
Caroline Records is a record label that was founded in 1973, in the United Kingdom to showcase British progressive rock groups.  The label ceased releasing titles in 1976, and then re-emerged in the United States in 1986. The label released the work of American punk rock, thrash metal and new wave music bands. Caroline had a number of subsidiary labels, including Astralwerks, Gyroscope, Caroline Blue Plate, Beat the World, Scamp and Passenger. In 2013, the brand was relaunched by Universal Music via the Capitol Music Group.
Bradie Tennell
Bradie Tennell (born January 31, 1998) is an American figure skater. She is a 2018 Olympic team event bronze medalist, the 2025 Four Continents silver medalist and 2020 Four Continents bronze medalist, a four-time Grand Prix medalist, an eight-time Challenger Series medalist, and a two-time U.S. national champion (2018, 2021).

Tennell began skating when she was two years old, even though she learned to walk late and had to wear orthotics in her shoes to correct a pronation problem in her feet. Her first rink was in Crystal Lake, Illinois. She began working with coach Denise Myers when she was nine, up until August 2020. Tennell won her first competition at age ten as a juvenile and rose up the ranks, becoming a senior-level skater in November 2016. She spent the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 seasons recovering from a back injury but came back in 2017, winning the gold medal at the 2018 U.S. Nationals and competing at the 2018 Olympics.

2019–20 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final
The 2019–20 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final and ISU Junior Grand Prix Final  was held from December 5–8, 2019 at the Torino Palavela in Turin, Italy. The combined event was the culmination of two international series — the Grand Prix of Figure Skating and the Junior Grand Prix. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dance on the senior and junior levels.

Strasbourg, France was announced as the provisional host, before being changed to Turin.
The Ninja (novel)
The Ninja novel was written in 1980 by Eric Van Lustbader and is a tale of revenge, love and murder. The author blends a number of known themes together: crime, suspense and Japanese martial arts mysticism. The book is divided into five parts, called "rings," as an apparent homage to Miyamoto Musashi's The Book of Five Rings.

The book became a New York Times Best Seller. In North America, it contributed to the popularization of ninjas in popular culture.

Ninjas in popular culture
In the history of Japan, ninja (also known as shinobi) operated as spies, assassins, or thieves; they formed their own caste outside the usual feudal social categories such as lords, samurai, and serfs. Ninja often appear as stock characters in Japanese and global popular culture.
Węgliniec
Węgliniec [vɛŋˈɡliɲɛt͡s] (German: Kohlfurt; Upper Sorbian: Wěgliniec) is a town in Zgorzelec County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, close to the border with Germany. It is the seat of the administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Węgliniec. As of 2024, the town has a population of 2,642.

Lubań
Lubań [ˈlubaɲ] (German: Lauban; Czech: Lubáň), sometimes called Lubań Śląski (English: Silesian Lubań; Upper Sorbian: Lubań Šlešćina, pronounced [ˈlubanʲ ˈʃlɛʃtʃina]); is a town in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship in southwest Poland. It is the administrative seat of Lubań County and also of the smaller Gmina Lubań (although it is not part of the territory of the latter, as the town is a separate urban gmina in its own right).
Touch 'Em with Love
Touch 'Em with Love is the fifth studio album by American singer-songwriter Bobbie Gentry. It was released on July 7, 1969, by Capitol Records. The album was recorded in Nashville, Tennessee, and produced by Kelso Herston.

The Girl from Chickasaw County: The Complete Capitol Masters
The Girl from Chickasaw County: The Complete Capitol Masters is an out-of-print 8-disc box set compilation album by singer-songwriter Bobbie Gentry. It was released on September 21, 2018, by Capitol and UMe. It features Gentry's entire recording career with Capitol Records, bringing together 7 studio albums, 75 previously unreleased tracks, including demos, alternate takes and live recordings from Gentry's BBC television series.

It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Historical Album at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards.
Hansan: Rising Dragon
Hansan: Rising Dragon (Korean: 한산: 용의 출현) is a 2022 South Korean historical war action film directed by Kim Han-min. The sequel to 2014's The Admiral: Roaring Currents, the film is the second installment in the Yi Sun-sin trilogy. It stars an ensemble cast led by Park Hae-il as the Korean naval commander Yi Sun-sin. The film depicts the historical Battle of Hansan which took place five years before the Battle of Myeongnyang depicted in The Admiral. It was released on July 27, 2022 in IMAX, 4DX and ScreenX formats.

The film became the second highest-grossing Korean film of 2022 with 7,264,934 admissions and $59,676,622 gross. It is available for streaming on Netflix from December 2, 2022.

Wakisaka Yasuharu
Wakisaka Yasuharu (脇坂 安治) (1554 – September 26, 1626), sometimes referred to as Wakizaka Yasuharu, was a daimyō (feudal lord) of Awaji Island who fought under a number of warlords over the course of Japan's Sengoku period.
Tahmoor railway station
Tahmoor railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Main Southern line in the town of Tahmoor, part of the Wollondilly Shire local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 where it is also known as the Tahmoor Railway Station Group and Lupton's Inn. The station opened on 13 July 1919 at the same time as a new alignment between Picton and Mittagong railway stations.

Main Southern railway line
The Main Southern railway line (or Great Southern Railway) is a major railway in New South Wales, Australia. It runs from Sydney to Albury, near the Victorian border. The line passes through the Southern Highlands, Southern Tablelands, South West Slopes and Riverina regions.
Abu Dhabi Knight Riders
The Abu Dhabi Knight Riders (ADKR) is a  professional Twenty20 franchise cricket team that competes in the International League T20, a men's Twenty20 league hosted by the Emirates Cricket Board. The franchise is owned by the Knight Riders Group, a sporting subsidiary alliance between the Red Chillies Entertainment and the Mehta Group. Their home ground is the Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium in Abu Dhabi.

Kolkata Knight Riders
The Kolkata Knight Riders, also known as KKR, are  a professional Twenty20 cricket team based in Kolkata, West Bengal, that competes in the Indian Premier League (IPL). The franchise is owned by actor Shah Rukh Khan, actress Juhi Chawla, and her spouse Jay Mehta. Their home ground is Eden Gardens.

The franchise, which has gained immense popularity due to its association with celebrity owners, qualified for the IPL playoffs for the first time in 2011. They became the IPL champions in 2012, by defeating Chennai Super Kings in the final. They repeated the feat in 2014, defeating Kings XI Punjab. In 2024, they won the title for the third time by beating Sunrisers Hyderabad. The Knight Riders hold the record for the longest winning streak by any IPL team (14).

The team's all-time leading run-scorer is Gautam Gambhir, while their leading wicket-taker is Sunil Narine. The official motto of the team is Korbo, Lorbo, Jeetbo (Perform, Fight, Win) and the official colours are purple and gold.
Circuit switching
Circuit switching is a method of implementing a telecommunications network in which two network nodes establish a dedicated communications channel (circuit) through the network before the nodes may communicate. The circuit guarantees the full bandwidth of the channel and remains connected for the duration of the communication session. The circuit functions as if the nodes were physically connected as with an electrical circuit.

Circuit switching originated in analog telephone networks where the network created a dedicated circuit between two telephones for the duration of a telephone call. It contrasts with message switching and packet switching used in modern digital networks in which the trunklines between switching centres carry data between many different nodes in the form of data packets without dedicated circuits.

Telecommunications network
A telecommunications network is a group of nodes interconnected by telecommunications links that are used to exchange messages between the nodes. The links may use a variety of technologies based on the methodologies of circuit switching, message switching, or packet switching to pass messages and signals.

Multiple nodes may cooperate to pass a message from an originating node to a destination node via multiple network hops. For this routing function, each node in the network is assigned a network address for identification and locating it on the network. The collection of addresses in the network is called the address space of the network.

Examples of telecommunications networks include computer networks, the Internet, the public switched telephone network (PSTN), the global Telex network, the aeronautical ACARS network, and the wireless radio networks of cell phone telecommunication providers.
Will Caldecourt
William Henry Caldecourt (28 September 1802 – 21 June 1857) was an English professional cricketer who played from 1821 to 1844.

A medium pace underarm bowler who was mainly associated with Cambridge Town Club and Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), he made 42 known appearances in important matches.  He represented the Players in the Gentlemen v Players series and the South in the North v. South series.

North v South
The North of England and South of England cricket teams appeared in matches between the 1836 and 1961 seasons, most often playing against each other but also individually in games against touring teams, Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and others. Until international cricket became firmly established towards the end of the 19th century, the North v South match was one of the major fixtures in the cricketing calendar along with Gentlemen v Players. Indeed, North v South was really the major fixture because it could potentially showcase the best 22 players in the country, whereas Gentlemen teams in the other match were often very weak.

In all, there were 155 North v South matches. The South won 62; the North won 55; 37 were drawn, and one match in 1889 was abandoned.
Shin'yoshitomi, Fukuoka
Shin'yoshitomi (新吉富村, Shin'yoshitomi-mura) was a village located in Chikujō District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 4,081 and a density of 303.65 persons per km2. The total area was 13.44 km2.

On October 11, 2005, Shin'yoshitomi, along with the village of Taihei (also from Chikujō District), was merged to create the town of Kōge.

Kōge, Fukuoka
Kōge (上毛町, Kōge-machi) is a town located in Chikujō, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 October 2023, the town had an estimated population of  
7,269 in 3228 households, and a population density of 120 persons per km². The total area of the town is 62.44 km2 (24.11 sq mi).
José Benardete
José Amado Benardete (1928 – 2016) was an American philosopher and Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at Syracuse University. He was the son of Maír José Benardete and the brother of Seth Benardete and Diego Benardete, professor of mathematics at the University of Hartford. He is known for his works on metaphysics and infinity.

Maír José Benardete
Maír José Benardete (1895, Çanakkale, Ottoman Empire – 1989, U.S.) was a scholar of Sephardic studies and was a long-time Professor of Spanish and Sephardic Studies at Brooklyn College.

He was a past Director of The Hispanic Institute at Columbia University's Sephardic Studies Section in the late 1920s. The Institute was also known as Casa Hispánica.
Chromatic fantasia
A chromatic fantasia is a specific type of fantasia (or fantasy or fancy) originating in 16th-century Europe. In its earliest form, it is based on a chromatically descending tetrachord which arises naturally out of the dorian mode. Consequently, the chromatic fantasia is almost invariably in D minor (D–E–F–G–A–B♭–C rather than D–E–F–G–A–B–C) even as late as Bach.

Fantasia (musical form)
A fantasia (Italian: [fantaˈziːa]; also English: fantasy, fancy, fantazy, phantasy; German: Fantasie, Phantasie; French: fantaisie) is a musical composition with roots in improvisation. The fantasia, like the impromptu, seldom follows the textbook rules of any strict musical form.
Conservative Campaign Headquarters
51°30′01″N 0°07′52″W﻿ / ﻿51.5004°N 0.1311°W﻿ / 51.5004; -0.1311

The Conservative Campaign Headquarters (CCHQ), formerly known as Conservative Central Office (CCO), is the headquarters of the British Conservative Party, housing its central staff and committee members, including campaign coordinators and managers. It is based in London, as are the Labour Party Headquarters and Liberal Democrat Headquarters.

Liberal Democrat Headquarters (UK)
The Liberal Democrat Headquarters is the principal centre of operations and offices of the British Liberal Democrats. As of September 2025, the headquarters of the party is located at 66 Buckingham Gate, London, SW1E 6AU. The headquarters is located within two miles of the Houses of Parliament, as are the Labour Party Headquarters and the Conservative Campaign Headquarters (formerly known as Conservative Central Office).

Scottish Liberal Democrats have their own headquarters, which are located at Clifton Terrace in Edinburgh, whilst the Welsh Liberal Democrats' headquarters are based at Bute Street, in Cardiff.
Albert Madansky
Albert Madansky (May 16, 1934 - December 8, 2022) was an American statistician known for his work in stock option pricing and the prediction of an accidental nuclear detonation. Alongside Gary L. Gastineau, he developed the Gastineau-Madansky model for stock option pricing and later co-authored the Edmundson-Madansky theorem (which falls in the field of stochastic linear programming). Some of his early research at RAND Corporation was used to develop Permissive Action Links, which help mitigate a nuclear accident. Madansky served as deputy dean of the University of Chicago Booth School of Business from 1985 to 1993. He was also known for his efforts with other scholars to determine the best pastrami sandwich among the Kosher delis of New York City. He was the grandfather of linguist Harris Mowbray.

In 2005 Madansky was recipient of the American Statistical Association's Founders Award.

Harris Mowbray
Harris Mowbray (/ˈhæ.ɹɪs ˈmoʊ.breɪ/; born October 3, 1999) is an amateur linguist and programmer from the United States. He is notable for creating several proposals to encode minority languages around the world in Braille.
Copap
Copap (possibly from Quechua qupa the mineral turquoise and the turquoise color, -p a suffix,) is a mountain in the Cordillera Blanca in the Andes of Peru whose summit reaches about 5,570 metres (18,274 ft) or 5,579 metres (18,304 ft) above sea level depending on the source. It is located in Chacas District, Asunción Province, Ancash; in the same massif as Perlilla which belongs to the glacial system of Copap.

In 1998, it was reported to have the longest glacier in the Cordillera Blanca range (7 kilometres (4 mi)).

Cordillera Blanca
The Cordillera Blanca (Spanish for "white range") is a mountain range in Peru that is part of the larger Andes range and extends for 200 kilometres (124 mi) between 8°08' and 9°58'S and 77°00' and 77°52'W, in a northwesterly direction. It includes several peaks over 6,000 metres (19,690 ft) high and 722 individual glaciers. The highest mountain in Peru, Huascarán, at 6,768 metres (22,205 ft) high, is located there.

The Cordillera Blanca lies in the Ancash region and runs parallel to the Santa River valley (also called Callejón de Huaylas in its upper and midsections) on the west. Huascarán National Park, established in 1975, encompasses almost the entire range of the Cordillera Blanca.

Snowmelt from the Cordillera Blanca provides part of northern Peru with its year-round water supply, while 5% of Peru's power comes from a hydro-electrical plant located in the Santa River valley. The area of permanent ice cover shrank by about a third between the 1970s and 2006.