hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dynamic convex hull
The dynamic convex hull problem is a class of dynamic problems in computational geometry. The problem consists in the maintenance, i.e., keeping track, of the convex hull for input data undergoing a sequence of discrete changes, i.e., when input data elements may be inserted, deleted, or modified.  It should be distinguished from the kinetic convex hull, which studies similar problems for continuously moving points. Dynamic convex hull problems may be distinguished by the types of the input data and the allowed types of modification of the input data.

Kinetic convex hull
A kinetic convex hull data structure is a kinetic data structure that maintains the convex hull of a set of continuously moving points. It should be distinguished from dynamic convex hull data structures, which handle points undergoing discrete changes such as insertions or deletions of points rather than continuous motion.
G.D.R. Monsanto
G.D.R. Monsanto is a Portuguese football club based in the village of Monsanto in the municipality of Idanha-a-Nova in east Portugal. They currently play in one of eight regional leagues in the Terceira Divisão in the fourth tier of Portuguese football.

Santarém Football Association
The Santarém Football Association (Associação de Futebol de Santarém, abrv. AF Santarém) is the district governing body for the all football competitions in the Portuguese district of Santarém. It is also the regulator of the clubs registered in the district.
Racial issues faced by Black quarterbacks
In gridiron football and its variants, American football and Canadian football, the quarterback position is often considered the most important on the team. While there have been a growing number of players of African or minority descent throughout the history of collegiate and professional football, Black players have historically faced difficulty in landing and retaining quarterback roles due to a number of factors. In addition, some Black quarterbacks claim to have experienced bias towards or against them due to their race. Black players as a whole are disproportionately overrepresented in the NFL, being only ~13% of the U.S. population yet 67% of NFL players are Black, with 17% of quarterbacks being Black. (As of late 2025, 50% of starting Quarterbacks in the NFL are African American.)

Marlin Briscoe
Marlin Oliver Briscoe (September 10, 1945 – June 27, 2022), nicknamed "the Magician", was an American professional football player who was a quarterback and wide receiver in the American Football League (AFL) and National Football League (NFL). In October 1968, after being selected by the AFL's Denver Broncos, he became the first black starting quarterback in professional football, and threw 14 touchdown passes as a rookie, establishing a Broncos record which stood until 2024. He played professionally for nine years.
Karaš
The Karaš (in Serbian, also Cyrillic: Караш) or Caraș (in Romanian) is a 110-kilometre (68 mi) long river in the Banat region of Vojvodina, Serbia and Romania and a left tributary of the Danube. The Karaš drains an area of 1,400 square kilometres (540 sq mi) and although it has been channeled it is not navigable.

Vărădia
Vărădia (Hungarian: Varadia) is a commune in Caraș-Severin County, Banat, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Mercina (Mercsény) and Vărădia.

It is located near the border with Serbia, on the river Caraș, at a distance of 19 km (12 mi) from Oravița and 76 km (47 mi) from the county seat, Reșița.

In Vărădia village there is a Romanian Orthodox church, a Romanian Greek-Catholic church, a Baptist church, and an old Orthodox church which has become a monastery.
Chekhovskaya
Chekhovskaya (Russian: Чеховскаяpronunciationⓘ) is a station of the Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line of the Moscow Metro. It was opened on December 31, 1987, and served as the northern terminus of the line for the following year. Its depth is 62 metres (203 ft). The vestibule is located in Pushkinskaya Square, while the station is named for the writer Anton Chekhov. It was the deepest station in Moscow Metro from 1987 until 1991.

Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line
The Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line (Russian: Серпухо́вско-Тимиря́зевская ли́ния, IPA: [sʲɪrpʊˈxofskə tʲɪmʲɪˈrʲazʲɪfskəjə ˈlʲinʲɪjə]) (Line 9; Grey Line) sometimes colloquially referred to as Grey Line (Russian: серая линия), is a line of the Moscow Metro. Originally opened in 1983, it was extended throughout the 1980s and early 90s and again in the early 2000s. With its current length of 41.2 km (25.6 mi), it is among the longest lines of the Moscow Metro (all underground making it the world's 8th longest rapid transit tunnel). There are 25 stations on the line.
Borenore Caves
The Borenore Caves, contained within the Borenore Karst Conservation Reserve, are a series of limestone caves that are located in the Central West region of New South Wales, Australia. The caves are renowned for their karst qualities, namely the numerous fossils from a long-lived reef complex from the Silurian period. Fossils include corals, crinoids, brachiopods, gastropods, pentamerids, colonial tryplasmids and trilobites. Borenore's karst is surrounded by igneous rock that flowed from volcanic eruptions at nearby Mount Canobolas.

The 136-hectare (340-acre) reserve is situated 17 kilometres (11 mi) west of Orange, and is registered as a natural heritage site on the Register of the National Estate for its large diversity of karst morphological and sedimentological features. Camping in the reserve is not permitted.

Orange, New South Wales
Orange is a city in the Central Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia. It is 254 km (158 mi) west of the state capital, Sydney [206 km (128 mi) on a great circle], at an altitude of 862 metres (2,828 ft). Orange had an urban population of 41,920 at the 2021 Census, making the city a significant regional centre. A significant nearby landmark is Mount Canobolas with a peak elevation of 1,395 m (4,577 ft) AHD and commanding views of the district. Orange is situated within the traditional lands of the Wiradjuri tribe.

Orange was the birthplace of poets Banjo Paterson and Kenneth Slessor, although Paterson lived in Orange for only a short time as an infant. Walter W. Stone, book publisher (Wentworth Books) and passionate supporter of Australian literature, was also born in Orange. The first Australian Touring Car Championship, known today as the Supercars Championship, was held at the Gnoo Blas Motor Racing Circuit in 1960.
Ministry of Internal Affairs (Belarus)
The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Belarus (Belarusian: Міністэрства ўнутраных спраў Рэспублікі Беларусь, romanized: Ministerstva ŭnutranych spraŭ Respubliki Bielaruś; Russian: Министерство внутренних дел Республики Беларусь, romanized: Ministerstvo vnutrennikh del Respubliki Belarus'), abbreviated МUS (МУС) in Belarusian and MVD (МВД) in Russian, is a body of the Belarusian Government that is charged with the internal affairs of Belarus. Day to day law enforcement is carried out by the Militsiya. The Ministry is also tasked with providing security to state buildings and officials. Organizations such as the Presidential Guard are under the control of the Ministry. The clearing of landmines is among the tasks of the ministry.

Presidential Security Service (Belarus)
The Belarusian Presidential Guard or officially the Presidential Security Service (Belarusian: Служба бяспекі прэзідэнта Рэспублікі Беларусь, romanized: Sluzhba byaspyeki prezidenta, Russian: Служба безопасности Президента Республики Беларусь) is a law-enforcement body that was designed to protect the President of Belarus and other high-ranking officials and officers.
Takyeh Dowlat
The Takyeh Dowlat (Persian: تکیه دولت, lit. 'State Takyeh') was a royal theater in Tehran, Iran. It was the most famous of all the ta'zieh performance spaces, for the Mourning of Muharram. It had a capacity for more than 4,000 people. Built in 1868 by the order of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, south-east of the Golestan Palace on the site of the Síyáh-Chál, the royal theater's sumptuous magnificence surpassed that of Europe's greatest opera houses in the opinion of many Western visitors. Samuel Greene Wheeler Benjamin said on his first visit that it was comparable to Verona Arena.

According to Karim Pirnia, Hossein-Ali Mehrin was the architect of this building.

Takyeh
In Iran, the word takyeh (Iranian Persian: تکیه, romanized: takye) is mostly used as a synonym of husayniyya (or hoseyniyeh in Iranian Persian; building where Shia Muslims gather to mourn the death of Husayn ibn Ali in the month of Muharram), although some takyehs also include a zaynabiyya (or zeynabiyeh, in honor of Husayn's sister Zaynab bint Ali) or an abbasiyya (or abbasiyeh, in honor of Husayn's paternal half-brother Abbas ibn Ali), like the Takyeh Moaven-ol-Molk. Many takyehs are found in Iran, where there are takyehs in almost every city.
Bowen, Queensland
Bowen is a coastal town and locality in the Whitsunday Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, the locality of Bowen had a population of 11,205 people.

The locality contains two other towns:

Heronvale (20°06′25″S 148°17′36″E﻿ / ﻿20.107°S 148.2933°E﻿ / -20.107; 148.2933﻿ (Heronvale, Queensland))

Merinda (20°00′59″S 148°09′53″E﻿ / ﻿20.0164°S 148.1647°E﻿ / -20.0164; 148.1647﻿ (Merinda, Queensland)).

The Abbot Point coal shipping port is also within the locality (19°52′54″S 148°04′46″E﻿ / ﻿19.8816°S 148.0795°E﻿ / -19.8816; 148.0795﻿ (Abbot Point)).

Diocese of Townsville
The Diocese of Townsville is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or diocese of the Catholic Church in Australia. It is a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Brisbane. Erected in 1930, the Diocese of Townsville covers North Queensland. It was assembled from territory separated from the Diocese of Rockhampton.
Slater Brothers
Slater Brothers (also referred to as Slater Bros.) was a British, and later American, motorcycle dealer and importer. They are best known as the UK importers of Laverda motorcycles, and for developing high-performance versions of Laverda models, especially the Jota.

Laverda 1200
The Laverda 1200 is a 1,116 cc (68.1 cu in) air cooled DOHC triple motorcycle produced by the Italian manufacturer Laverda between 1977 and 1982. The model was developed from the Laverda 1000. Austrian importer Werner Sulzbacher had had some success in production and endurance racing with triples over-bored to 1,172 cc (71.5 cu in) and 1,116 cc (68.1 cu in). Sulzbacher had put pressure on the factory to produce a 1200 cc version. With increasing noise and pollution  legislation in the 1970s, especially in the US, requiring restrictive inlet and exhausts, softer cams and lower compression ratios, Laverda sought to regain performance by increasing the triple's performance by increasing displacement.
MegaLink
MegaLink (also spelled as Megalink) is a Philippine-based developer of mobile and banking software as well as a service provider for banks, specifically for Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) networks and point of sale systems for banks. It was established in 1989; it was later repurposed in 2015.

Equitable PCI Bank
Equitable PCI Bank, Inc. (PSE: EPCI) was one of the largest banks in the Philippines, being the third-largest bank in terms of assets at the time of its closure. It was the largest bank before it was overtaken by Metrobank in 1995. It is the result of the merger of Equitable Banking Corporation and Philippine Commercial International Bank or PCIBank. It was known for a wide range of services from savings to insurance and, through its wholly owned subsidiary Equitable Card Network, was the largest Philippine credit card issuer. The bank merged with Banco de Oro Universal Bank in early 2007, and is now branded as BDO as its new identity as part of the new Banco de Oro Unibank, Inc.
Portuguese settlement in Chittagong
Chittagong, the second largest city and main port of Bangladesh, was home to a thriving trading post of the Portuguese Empire in the East in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Portuguese first arrived in Chittagong around 1528, and left in 1666 after the Mughal conquest. It was the first European colonial enclave in the historic region of Bengal.

Port of Chittagong
The Port of Chittagong (Bengali: চট্টগ্রাম বন্দর) is the main seaport of Bangladesh. Located in Bangladesh's port city of Chittagong, and on the banks of the Karnaphuli River. The port handles over 70 percent of Bangladesh's export-import trade, and has been used by India, Nepal and Bhutan for transshipment. According to Lloyd's, it ranked as the 58th busiest container port in the world in 2019. The port has a recorded history dating back to ancient Roman accounts. It is the busiest container port on the Bay of Bengal.

Congestion is a major challenge in Chittagong port. The port had a congestion rate of 84.3 hours between January and July in 2017.
Best: Second Session
Best: Second Session (stylized as Best ~second session~) is the second greatest hits album released by Japanese pop-R&B singer Koda Kumi. It was released in March 2006 and contained all of her singles used in her 12 Singles Collection. It charted at number 1 on the Oricon charts, making it her second album to reach the spot, and stayed on the charts for 78 weeks.

The album was released on CD, CD+DVD and a limited edition CD+2DVD, which carried part of her Live Tour 2005: First Things.

Candy (Koda Kumi song)
Candy is the seventh single of the 12 Singles Collection by Japanese artist Kumi Koda. The single featured rapper Mr. Blistah from Clench & Blistah, and became her second to feature an artist – her first being "D.D.D.," which featured Soulhead. As with the majority of the singles in the collection, the single was limited to 50,000 copies. The single peaked at No. 3 on the Oricon charts and charted for seven weeks.
Drežnica Valley
Drežnica Valley or Drežanka Canyon is a valley surrounding a mountain stream Drežanka, which cuts through a deep 29 kilometers long karstic gorge between mountains Čvrsnica and Čabulja, part of the Dinaric Alps range. The stream is right tributary of the Neretva, and a valley follows the west-east axes. The main settlements are Gornja Drežnica and Donja Drežnica with their numerous hamlets, and are part of the territory of the city of Mostar, in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Drežanka (river)
Drežanka is a mountain stream and a right tributary of the Neretva. It flows through Drežnica Valley and the settlements of Gornja Drežnica and Donja Drežnica on the territory of the city of Mostar, in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Renewed Independent Presbyterian Church
The Renewed Independent Presbyterian Church (in portuguese Igreja Presbiteriana Independente Renovada - IPIR) was a presbyterian denomination that emerged in 1972 in Assis, São Paulo, dissident from the Independent Presbyterian Church of Brazil (IPIB). The reason for its separation was the adherence to Pentecostalism by members of the IPIB. As the denomination of origin did not accept the doctrinal change, the Pentecostal followers left and formed the IPIR in 1972.

In 1975 the denomination joined with the Presbyterian Christian Church, a dissident Presbyterian Church of Brazil to form the current Renewed Presbyterian Church of Brazil, which had, in 2015, approximately 152,619 members throughout Brazil.

Presbyterian Christian Church (1968-1975)
The Presbyterian Christian Church (in Portuguese Igreja Cristã Presbiteriana - ICP) was a presbyterian denomination that emerged in 1968 in Cianorte, Paraná, dissident from the Presbyterian Church of Brazil. The reason for its separation was the adherence to Pentecostalism by members of the Presbyterian Church of Brazil (IPB). As the denomination of origin did not accept the doctrinal change, several churches separated and formed the ICP in 1968. The denomination initially brought together four presbyteries: Cianorte, Brasil Central, São Paulo and Vitória.

In 1975 the denomination joined the Renewed Independent Presbyterian Church , a dissident from the Independent Presbyterian Church of Brazil, to form the current Renewed Presbyterian Church of Brazil, which, in 2016, was made up of 154,048 members, in 1,140 churches and congregations.
23rd Air Army
The 23rd Air Army was an Air army of the Soviet Air Forces and the Russian Air Forces, active from the 1960s to the 1990s. It traced its origins to the 12th Air Army, formed during World War II, and served in the Transbaikal region for the entirety of its existence.

14th Air and Air Defence Forces Army
The 14th Air and Air Defence Forces Army (Russian: 14-я армия ВВС и ПВО) is an air army of the Russian Aerospace Forces, part of the Central Military District and headquartered at Yekaterinburg.

It was formed in 1998 from the 14th Independent Air Defence Army when the Russian Air Force was reorganized to combine both Air Force and Air Defence Forces units.

It was redesignated as the 2nd Air and Air Defence Forces Command when the Russian Air Force reorganized its armies into commands in 2009, but returned to its original name in 2015 when the commands became armies again.
Oyster Run
The Oyster Run is a motorcycle rally held annually each September since 1981 in Anacortes, Washington. It is the largest rally in the Pacific Northwest with 2006 attendance estimated in the tens of thousands.

There was no rally in 2020 or 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Anacortes, Washington
Anacortes (/ˌænəˈkɔːrtəs/ AN-ə-KOR-təs) is a city in Skagit County, Washington, United States. The name "Anacortes" is an adaptation of the name of Anne Curtis Bowman, who was the wife of early Fidalgo Island settler Amos Bowman. Anacortes' population was 17,637 at the time of the 2020 census. It is one of two principal cities of and included in the Mount Vernon-Anacortes Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Anacortes is known for the Washington State Ferries dock and terminal serving Lopez Island, Shaw Island, Orcas Island, and San Juan Island. There is also a Skagit County-operated ferry that serves Guemes Island, a residential island located across Guemes Channel, north of Anacortes.
Kai Tak Tunnel
Kai Tak Tunnel, formerly known as the Airport Tunnel, is a tunnel in New Kowloon, Hong Kong, which connects the Kowloon Bay and Ma Tau Kok areas by going beneath the former Hong Kong International Airport (Kai Tak Airport). It is part of Route 5.

The tunnel provides a quick link between the two ends of the tunnel, as before the construction of the tunnel vehicles had to detour through Kowloon City to reach the other end. Kai Tak Tunnel is currently managed by Greater Lucky (H.K.) Company Limited.

Route 5 (Hong Kong)
Route 5 (Chinese: 五號幹綫) is a strategic route in Hong Kong from eastern to western Kowloon and New Kowloon, and ends in Tsuen Wan in the New Territories where it connects to Route 9. It is one of the most seriously congested routes in Kowloon, especially during peak hours, as it serves as an interchange to the Hung Hom Cross-Harbour Tunnel.

Route 5 begins in the east from Kowloon Bay westwards via central Kowloon to Yau Ma Tei. From Yau Ma Tei, the road heads north to Tsuen Wan and meets Route 9. In the Tai Kok Tsui section of Route 5, where the route runs in south-north direction, the northbound and southbound lanes are separated, with the northbound and southbound flyovers running over two parallel roads (Tai Kok Tsui Road and Tong Mi Road respectively). It passes through Ngau Tau Kok, Kowloon Bay, Ma Tau Chung, Hung Hom, Yau Ma Tei, Lai Chi Kok, Kwai Chung and Tsuen Wan.
JGR Class 7170
The Japanese Class 7170 steam locomotive was among the first trains to be used in Hokkaido, and was utilized alongside the JNR Class 7100 on the Horonai Railway.

The two tender locomotives that were to become the Class 7170 were purchased from the American Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1889, and were included into the numbering sequence of the six 7100 trains as numbers 7 and 8. Soon afterwards, the Horonai Railway came to be controlled by Hokuyūsha company president Murata Tsutsumi, who renamed them "First Murata" and "Second Murata" (dai-ichi and dai-ni Murata). The two were later sold off by the Meiji government, which privatized (sold) a great many government endeavors.

Horonai Railway
The Horonai Railway (官営幌内鉄道, kan'ei Horonai tetsudō) was a Japanese government-managed railway which was among the first to be built in Hokkaidō. Established in 1869, it was sold off to the private sector twenty years later. Some of the infrastructure of the Horonai Railway remains in use today, as the Temiya Line and Muroran Main Line, connecting Minami-Otaru Station and Iwamizawa Station; these began operations in the 1880s.
Ascidiidae
Ascidiidae ("same-sac family") is a family of tunicates in the class Ascidiacea.

Some species contain elevated amounts of vanadium.

There are 4 genera:

Ascidia

Ascidiella

Fimbrora

Phallusia

Psammascidia

Ascidiella
Ascidiella is a genus of tunicates belonging to the family Ascidiidae.

The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.

Species:

Ascidiella aspersa (Müller, 1776)

Ascidiella scabra (Müller, 1776)

Ascidiella senegalensis Michaelsen, 1914
Longhai Expressway
The Longhai Expressway (Chinese: 陇海快速路) is a 26.5-kilometre (16.5 mi) long elevated expressway in Zhengzhou, Henan, China.

The construction of the expressway began in 2013 and was finished in 2015. The maximum speed on the expressway is 80 km/h.

Zhengzhou BRT
Zhengzhou Bus Rapid Transit is a bus rapid transit system in Zhengzhou, the capital of Henan Province in the People's Republic of China. The system has 5 main trunk routes with dedicated bus lanes along with a number of feeder routes that run for a portion of the corridor and serves other areas.
Piiri, Tartu County
Piiri is a village in Tartu Parish, Tartu County in Estonia. 
Piiri is one of the three villages located on the island of Piirissaar, the others being Tooni and Saare. As of 2020, the village has a population of 50. Prior to the 2017 administrative reform of local governments, Piiri was located in Piirissaare Parish.

Tooni
Tooni is a village in Tartu Parish, Tartu County in Estonia.
Tooni is one of the three villages located on the island of Piirissaar, the others being Piiri and Saare. As of 2020, the village has a population of 12. Prior to the 2017 administrative reform of local governments, Tooni was located in Piirissaare Parish and served as its administrative centre.
Peter O'Donnell (businessman)
Peter J. O'Donnell Jr. (April 21, 1924 – October 10, 2021) was an American businessman, securities investor and philanthropist. From 1962 to 1969, he was the Texas Republican state chair. In 1963, he was also the national chair of the Draft Goldwater Committee.

Republican Party of Texas
The Republican Party of Texas (RPT) is the Texas affiliate of the Republican Party in the United States. It is currently chaired by Abraham George, who succeeded Matt Rinaldi in 2024. The party is headquartered in Austin, Texas, and is legally considered a political action committee under Texas law. As of 2025, it is the state's ruling party, controlling all statewide elected offices, both houses of the legislature, and the majority of congressional seats.
Naval Stores, Kangaroo Point
Naval Stores is a heritage-listed storehouse at 34 Amesbury Street, Kangaroo Point, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1886 to 1900s. It is also known as Naval Brigade Stores and Naval Depot. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

Brisbane-based adventure company, Riverlife Adventure Centre, operates from the Naval Stores premises.

Kangaroo Point, Queensland
Kangaroo Point is an inner southern suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Kangaroo Point had a population of 9,689 people.

The suburb features two prominent attractions, the Story Bridge and Kangaroo Point Cliffs. At the western margins, the Captain Cook Bridge marks the start of the Pacific Motorway.  The Kangaroo Point Green Bridge connects the suburb to the central business district.