hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Prometheus (tree)
Prometheus (recorded as WPN-114) was the world's oldest known non-clonal organism, a Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) tree growing near the tree line on Wheeler Peak in eastern Nevada, United States. The tree, which was at least 4,862 years old and possibly more than 5,000, was cut down in 1964 by a graduate student and United States Forest Service personnel for research purposes. Those involved did not know of its world-record age before the cutting, and the circumstances and decision-making process remain controversial.

The tree's name refers to the mythological figure Prometheus, who stole fire from the gods and gave it to man. The designation WPN-114 was given by the original researcher, Donald Rusk Currey, and means it was the 114th tree he sampled in his research in Nevada's White Pine County.

Wheeler Peak (Nevada)
Wheeler Peak is the tallest mountain in the Snake Range and in White Pine County, in Nevada, United States. The summit elevation of 13,065 feet (3,982 m) makes it the second-highest peak in Nevada, just behind Boundary Peak. With a topographic prominence of 7,563 feet (2,305 m), Wheeler Peak is the most topographically prominent peak in White Pine County and the second-most prominent peak in Nevada, just behind Mount Charleston. The mountain is located in Great Basin National Park and was named for George Wheeler, leader of the Wheeler Survey of the late 19th century.
Same-sex immigration policy of the United States
The United States policy regarding same-sex immigration denied couples in same-sex relationships the same rights and privileges afforded different-sex couples based on several court decisions and the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) until the U.S. Supreme Court ruled Section 3 of DOMA unconstitutional in United States v. Windsor on June 26, 2013.

Immigration Equality (organization)
Immigration Equality is a United States nonprofit organization founded in 1994. Based in New York, it both advocates for and directly represents LGBTQ and HIV-positive people in the immigration system.

The organization provides guidance and legal counsel for LGBTQ and HIV-positive immigrants, particularly those seeking asylum from countries where they face persecution. In 2017, it provided over $33 million in free legal services for low-income LGBTQ and HIV-positive immigrants. It wins 99% of its cases.
Harold Glasser
Harold Glasser (November 24, 1905 – November 16, 1992) was an economist in the United States Department of the Treasury and spokesman on the affairs of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) 'throughout its whole life' and he had a 'predominant voice' in determining which countries should receive aid.  Glasser was a member of the Perlo group of Soviet spies during World War II and worked closely with Harry Dexter White. His code name in Soviet intelligence and in the Venona files is "Ruble".

GRU (Soviet Union)
Main Intelligence Directorate (Russian: Главное разведывательное управление, romanized: Glavnoye razvedyvatel'noye upravleniye, IPA: [ˈglavnəjə rɐzˈvʲɛdɨvətʲɪlʲnəjə ʊprɐˈvlʲenʲɪjə]), abbreviated GRU (Russian: ГРУ, IPA: [ɡɨ̞‿rɨ̞‿ˈu], [gru]), was the foreign military intelligence agency of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces until 1991. For a few months it was also the foreign military intelligence agency of the newly established Russian Federation until 7 May 1992 when it was dissolved and the Russian GRU took over its activities.
Cromoglicic acid
Cromoglicic acid (INN)—also referred to as cromolyn (USAN), cromoglycate (former BAN), or cromoglicate—is traditionally described as a mast cell stabilizer, and is commonly marketed as the sodium salt sodium cromoglicate or cromolyn sodium.  This drug prevents the release of inflammatory chemicals such as histamine from mast cells.

It is considered a breakthrough drug in management of asthma, as the patients can be freed from steroids in many cases; however, it is mainly effective as a prophylaxis for allergic and exercise-induced asthma, not as a treatment for acute asthma attacks.

Cromoglicic acid has been the non-corticosteroid treatment of choice in the treatment of asthma, for which it has largely been replaced by leukotriene receptor antagonists because of their safety and convenience. Cromoglicic acid requires administration four times daily, and does not provide additive benefit in combination with inhaled corticosteroids.

Mast cell stabilizer
Mast cell stabilizers are medications used to prevent or treat certain allergic disorders. They block degranulation of mast cells, stabilizing it and thereby preventing the release of histamine and related mediators. One suspected pharmacodynamic mechanism is the blocking of IgE-regulated calcium channels. Without intracellular calcium, the histamine vesicles cannot fuse to the cell membrane and degranulate.

As inhalers they are used to treat asthma, as nasal sprays to treat hay fever (allergic rhinitis) and as eye drops for allergic conjunctivitis. Finally, in oral form, they are used to treat the rare condition of mastocytosis.
University of Puerto Rico at Utuado
The University of Puerto Rico at Utuado (UPRU or UPR-Utuado) is a public college in Utuado, Puerto Rico. Founded in 1979, it is the youngest of the campuses that compose the University of Puerto Rico system. UPR-Utuado is also known by its previous name Colegio Regional de la Montaña (Regional College of the Mountain) and its acronym "CORMO".

The University of Puerto Rico at Utuado is the only university campus in Puerto Rico in a rural setting. The campus specializes in agricultural technological studies; it is located in the center of the island, about an hour and a half from San Juan, in a region of archaeological value where the first inhabitants of Puerto Rico, the Taino Indians, lived.

Utuado, Puerto Rico
Utuado (Spanish pronunciation: [uˈtwaðo]) is a town and municipality of Puerto Rico located in the central mountainous region of the island known as the Cordillera Central. It is located north of Adjuntas and Ponce; south of Hatillo and Arecibo; east of Lares; and west of Ciales and Jayuya. It is the third-largest municipality in land area in Puerto Rico (after Arecibo and Ponce). According to the 2020 US Census, the municipality has a population of 28,287 spread over 24 barrios and Utuado pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city).

Utuado is the main municipality of the Utuado micropolitan statistical area and is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Fajardo Combined Statistical Area.
Union des jeunesses communistes marxistes-léninistes
The Union of Communist Youth Marxist-Leninist (French: Union des jeunesses communistes marxistes-léninistes,   abbreviated UJC(ml)) was a French maoist youth organization. UJC(ml) was founded on December 10, 1966, by youth activists excluded from the Union of Communist Students. On 12 June 1968, UJC(ml) was banned under a decree signed by then President of France Charles de Gaulle in response to the May Events of that year. Some members of UJC(ml) founded new political movement -  Gauche prolétarienne

Gauche prolétarienne
The Gauche prolétarienne (GP) was a French Maoist political party which existed from 1968 to 1974. As Christophe Bourseiller put it, "Of all the Maoist organizations after May 1968, the most important numerically as well as in cultural influence was without question the Gauche prolétarienne."
Building of State Institutions
Building of State Institutions (Russian: Здание Госучреждений) is a building in Tsentralny District of Novosibirsk, Russia. It is located on the corner of Krasny Prospekt and Ordzhonikidze Street. The building was built in 1924–1925 by architect Andrey Kryachkov. In the 1930s, it was reconstructed by S. I. Ignatovich.

The building is a part of the architectural ensemble of Lenin Square.

Ordzhonikidze Street, Novosibirsk
Ordzhonikidze Street (Russian: Улица Орджоникидзе) is a street in Tsentralny City District of Novosibirsk, Russia. The street runs from the intersection with Vokzalnaya Magistral and Sovetskaya Street, crosses Krasny Avenue, Kamenskaya, Shamshin Family streets and connects with Trudovaya Lane. In addition, Trudovaya, Michurin and Voyennaya streets adjacent to the street. The street forms the north side of Lenin Square, the main square of Novosibirsk.
Ceranova
Ceranova is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 25 km south of Milan and about 11 km northeast of Pavia.

Ceranova borders the following municipalities: Bornasco, Lardirago, Marzano, Vidigulfo.

Lardirago
Lardirago is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 25 km south of Milan and about 9 km northeast of Pavia.

Lardirago borders the following municipalities: Bornasco, Ceranova, Marzano, Roncaro, Sant'Alessio con Vialone.
Bille Woodruff
Bille Woodruff is a director of film, television and music videos, noted for directing many videos for a number of R&B and hip-hop artists since the mid-1990s. These artists include Joe, for whom Woodruff has directed 9 music videos since 1994, and Toni Braxton, with whom he has worked 10 times since 1996. Woodruff directed the videos for some of Braxton's biggest singles, including "Un-Break My Heart", "You're Makin' Me High", and "He Wasn't Man Enough".

I'll Never Break Your Heart
"I'll Never Break Your Heart" is a song by American boy band Backstreet Boys. The song was written by singer-songwriters Eugene Wilde and Albert Manno and produced by Veit Renn and Timmy Allen. It was released in the United Kingdom on December 4, 1995, by Jive Records as the second single from their self-titled debut album and was issued across the rest of Europe later the same month. It was later included on their US debut album and was released as their fourth US single in June 1998. Two different music videos were released for the song, in 1995 and 1998.
Joseph Franz Kaiser
Joseph Franz Kaiser (11 March 1786 in Graz – 19 September 1859 in Graz) was an army officer, bookbinder, lithographer and publisher from the Styrian region of Austria. His sons Eduard and Alexander were also lithographers.

Alexander Kaiser
Alexander Kaiser (26 February 1819, in Graz – 25 October 1872, in Graz) was an Austrian painter and lithographer. He was the son of the bookbinder and lithographer Joseph Franz Kaiser and brother to the lithographer and painter Eduard Kaiser.
1918 Corangamite by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Corangamite on 14 December 1918. This was triggered by the death of Nationalist MP Chester Manifold.

In October, the Labor Party had won a by-election for the safe conservative seat of Swan when the entry of the Farmers' and Settlers' Association had split the conservative vote. The Nationalists quickly introduced preferential voting, which was first practiced at the Corangamite by-election. Although the Labor candidate, future Prime Minister James Scullin, came first on the primary vote, Nationalist preferences elected William Gibson of the Victorian Farmers' Union, who thus became the first "Country" member of the Australian Parliament.

1918 Swan by-election
The 1918 Swan by-election was a by-election for the Division of Swan in the Australian House of Representatives, following the death of the sitting member Sir John Forrest. Held on 26 October 1918, the by-election led to the election of the youngest person to be elected until 2010 to the Parliament of Australia, Edwin Corboy. It saw the conservative vote split between the Country Party and the Nationalist Party, which directly prompted the introduction of preferential voting in Australia.
St John the Evangelist's Church, Winsford
St John the Evangelist's Church is in Over, Winsford, Cheshire, England.  The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. It is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Chester, the archdeaconry of Chester and the deanery of Middlewich.

Winsford
Winsford is a town and civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. It is on the River Weaver, south of Northwich and west of Middlewich. It grew around the salt mining industry after the river was canalised in the 18th century, allowing freight to be conveyed northwards to the Port of Runcorn on the River Mersey. At the 2021 census the built up area had a population of 32,530 and the parish had a population of 33,547.

Winsford is split into three areas: Over on the western side of the River Weaver, Wharton on the eastern side, and Swanlow and Dene.
Old Kentuck
Old Kentuck, also known as the Asher Holmes House, is located on Pleasant Valley Road in the Pleasant Valley section of Marlboro Township in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. The farmhouse was built in 1770 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 6, 1973, for its significance in architecture and military history. First recorded owner was Asher Holmes, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War. According to the nomination form, the two-story house features Federal architecture influence on original Dutch architecture. As of 2024, the house has been demolished.

Pleasant Valley, Monmouth County, New Jersey
Pleasant Valley is an unincorporated community located within Marlboro Township in Monmouth County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The area reportedly received its name from George Washington after he went through the area in 1777. The area is hilly and forested and is dotted by medium to large-sized residences. Pleasant Valley Road and Reids Hill Road are main roads that pass through the area connecting to Routes 34, 79, and 520. A large part of land which makes up Pleasant Valley was originally granted by the King of England in 1665 to the Rev. Obadiah Holmes. In 1690, the area was settled by people of Dutch heritage and the original dominant language in the area was Low Dutch.
Patton Township, Pennsylvania
Patton Township is a township in Centre County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of the Happy Valley and the larger Nittany Valley.

Patton Township is served by the Patton Township Police Department, Alpha Fire Company, and Centre LifeLink EMS.  Alpha Fire Company maintains one of its two substations in Patton Township.

U.S. Route 322 Business (State College, Pennsylvania)
U.S. Route 322 Business (US 322 Bus.), designated internally as State Route 3014 (SR 3014), is a 9-mile (14 km) business loop of US 322 in Centre County, Pennsylvania. Its western terminus is located at an interchange with Interstate 99 (I-99)/US 220/US 322 near State College; its eastern terminus is at US 322 near Boalsburg.
Subhas Anandan
Subhas Anandan (25 December 1947 – 7 January 2015) was a Singaporean criminal lawyer, who was known to have represented criminals in many high-profile cases that occurred in Singapore.

At the time of his death, Anandan was the senior partner in law firm RHTLaw Taylor Wessing LLP and headed its department in criminal law. He was a founding member and the first president of the Association of Criminal Lawyers of Singapore. He was also the president of Cuesports Singapore, the national sports association for billiards, snooker, and pool. Towards the end of his life, Anandan's health began to deteriorate and he died of heart failure in January 2015.

Murder of Anjeli Elisaputri
On the morning of 5 August 2002, a six-month-old Indonesian baby girl named Anjeli Elisaputri was found dead inside the rubbish chute of one of the HDB blocks at Hougang, Singapore. An autopsy report revealed that the baby was raped prior to her death, which was classified as murder. 40-year-old Singaporean Soosainathan s/o Dass Saminathan, a friend of the girl's parents, was arrested hours after the discovery of her body and he was charged with murdering the baby, as well as raping the baby before he killed her.

Although there was no direct evidence to link Soosainathan to the murder, the High Court judge Woo Bih Li found that Soosainathan had indeed raped and murdered the baby due to the strong circumstantial evidence against the defendant and inconsistencies in his evidence, and therefore, Justice Woo found Soosainathan guilty of murder, and sentenced him to death on 15 July 2003. Soosainathan, who had since lost his appeal, was hanged on 21 May 2004.
Causeway Bay
Causeway Bay is an area and a bay on Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong, straddling the border of the Eastern and the Wan Chai districts. It is a major shopping, leisure and cultural centre in Hong Kong, with a number of major shopping centres. The rents in the shopping areas of Causeway Bay were ranked as the world's most expensive for around a decade after overtaking New York City's Fifth Avenue in 2012. The area's Cantonese name "Tung Lo Wan" is never used to refer to the area in English, and "Causeway Bay" is always used instead.

Wan Chai District
Wan Chai District is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. Of the four on Hong Kong Island, it is north-central, and had 166,695 residents in 2021, an increase from 152,608 residents in 2011. The district has the second-highest educationally qualified residents with the highest-bracket incomes, the lowest population and the third-oldest quotient. It is a relatively affluent district, with one in five persons having liquid assets of more than HKD 1 million.
Okehampton railway station
Okehampton railway station is a terminus railway station on the Dartmoor line serving the town of Okehampton in Devon, England. The station closed to regular traffic in 1972, but heritage and occasional mainline services ran from 1997 to 2019. Regular railway services resumed in November 2021.

Okehampton
Okehampton (/ˌoʊkˈhæmptən/ or /ˈoʊkæmptən/) is a town and civil parish in West Devon in the English county of Devon. At the 2021 census, the parish had a population of 7,313, which was slightly more than the 7,104 recorded at the 2011 census. The Okehampton built-up area had a population of 9,112 at the 2021 census, up from 7,647 in 2011.

Okehampton is situated at the northern edge of Dartmoor 21 miles (34 km) west of Exeter, 26 miles (42 km) north of Plymouth and 24 miles (39 km) south of Barnstaple.
1st Commando Regiment (Australia)
The 1st Commando Regiment (1 Cdo Regt) is an Australian Army Reserve special forces unit and is part of Special Operations Command. The regiment has an integrated structure of regular (full-time) Australian Army soldiers and reserve (part-time) soldiers. 1st and 2nd Commando Companies were raised in 1955 and were combined with 126 Signal Squadron (SF) in 1981 to form the 1st Cdo Regt. The regiment's two commando companies are the oldest sub-units within Special Operations Command. In 2008, the regiment deployed to Afghanistan to become the first Australian Army Reserve force element on combat operations since World War II. The regiment is the Command's capability lead for special warfare.

Special Operations Command (Australia)
The Special Operations Command (SOCOMD) is an Australian Defence Force command that was established on 5 May 2003 to unite all of the Australian Army's special forces units and by 2008 was fully operational. Australia's Special Operations Command is of equivalent status to Australia's Fleet, Forces and Air Commands. It is modelled on the equivalent commands in the United States and British military forces, and is led by a major general as Special Operations Commander Australia (SOCAUST).

The origins of SOCOMD began in 1979 with the army creating a small Directorate Special Action Forces—Army. On 13 February 1990, Headquarters Special Forces was established, which was renamed in 1997 to Headquarters Special Operations and in 2003 to Special Operations Headquarters or SOCOMD.
Dolmabahçe Clock Tower
Dolmabahçe Clock Tower (Turkish: Dolmabahçe Saat Kulesi) is a clock tower situated outside Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul, Turkey. Its construction was ordered by Ottoman sultan Abdülhamid II (1842–1918) and designed by the court architect Sarkis Balyan between 1890 and 1895.

The clock tower was added to Dolmabahçe Palace, and stands in front of its Treasury Gate on a square along the European waterfront of Bosphorus next to Dolmabahçe Mosque. Designed in Ottoman neo-baroque style, the four-sided, four-story tower stands on a floor area of 8.5 × 8.5 m (28 × 28 ft) at a height of 27 m (89 ft). Its clock was manufactured by the renowned French clockmaker house of Jean-Paul Garnier, and installed by the court clock master Johann Mayer. Its face features highly stylised Eastern Arabic numerals. In 1979, the original mechanical clock was converted partly to an electrical one. Two opposing sides of the tower bear the tughra of Sultan Abdul Hamid II.

Balyan family
The Balyan family (Armenian: Պալեաններ; Turkish: Balyan ailesi) was a prominent Armenian family in the Ottoman Empire of court architects in the service of Ottoman sultans and other members of the Ottoman dynasty during the 18th and 19th centuries. For five generations, they designed and constructed numerous major buildings in the Ottoman Empire, including palaces, mansions, konaks, kiosks, yalis, mosques, churches, and various public buildings, mostly in Constantinople (present-day Istanbul).
Ostwald ripening
Ostwald ripening is a phenomenon observed in solid solutions and liquid sols that involves the change of an inhomogeneous structure over time, in that small crystals or sol particles first dissolve and then redeposit onto larger crystals or sol particles.

Dissolution of small crystals or sol particles and the redeposition of the dissolved species on the surfaces of larger crystals or sol particles was first described by Wilhelm Ostwald in 1896. For colloidal systems, Ostwald ripening is also found in water-in-oil emulsions, while flocculation is found in oil-in-water emulsions.

Precipitation (chemistry)
In an aqueous solution, precipitation is the "sedimentation of a solid material (a precipitate) from a liquid solution". The solid formed is called the precipitate. In case of an inorganic chemical reaction leading to precipitation, the chemical reagent causing the solid to form is called the precipitant.

The liquid remaining above the precipitated or the centrifuged solid phase is also called the supernate or supernatant.
Gibbs and Canning
Gibbs and Canning Limited was an English manufacturer of terracotta and, in particular, architectural terracotta, located in Glascote, Tamworth, and founded in 1847.

The company manufactured a wide range of terracotta and faience: statues of lions and pelicans to adorn the Natural History Museum in London; architectural terracotta for banks and schools; and garden urns and planters. By the 1950s, when the factory closed, it was renowned for practical items like drainage pipes, sinks, vases, and jars.

Today, little remains of the factory in Glascote, but its legacy endures in the decoration and plumbing of numerous buildings across Britain's major towns and cities.

Architectural terracotta
Architectural terracotta refers to a fired mixture of clay and water that can be used in a non-structural, semi-structural, or structural capacity on the exterior or interior of a building. Terracotta is an ancient building material that translates from Latin as "baked earth".  Some architectural terracotta is stronger than stoneware.  It can be unglazed, painted, slip glazed, or glazed.

Usually solid in earlier uses, in most cases from the 19th century onwards each piece of terracotta is composed of a hollow clay web enclosing a void space or cell. The cell can be installed in compression with mortar or hung with metal anchors; such cells are often partially backfilled with mortar.

Terracotta can be used together with brick, for ornamental areas; if the source of the clay is the same they can be made to harmonize, or if different to contrast. It is often a cladding over a different structural material.