hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
B. Altman and Company
B. Altman and Company was a luxury department store and chain, founded in 1865 in New York City, New York, by Benjamin Altman.  Its flagship store, the B. Altman and Company Building at Fifth Avenue and 34th Street in Midtown Manhattan, operated from 1906 until the company closed the store at the end of 1989. Branch stores were all shuttered by the end of January 1990.

One of the first American department stores to open out-of-town branches, Altman's eventually opened locations in Pennsylvania (St. Davids in 1965 and Willow Grove in 1983), New Jersey (Short Hills in 1958—replacing an earlier nearby East Orange store—and Ridgewood/Paramus in 1967); and New York state (Manhasset in 1947 and White Plains in 1930). A short-lived location in Cincinnati, Ohio,  opened during the L.J. Hooker ownership period (1987–1989), and two mall locations in Buffalo and Syracuse, New York, were physically completed but never occupied by Altman's during that same time.

Ladies' Mile Historic District
The Ladies' Mile Historic District was a prime shopping district in Manhattan, New York City, at the end of the 19th century, serving the well-to-do "carriage trade" of the city. It was designated in May 1989, by the New York City Landmark Preservation Commission to preserve an irregular district of 440 buildings on 28 blocks and parts of blocks, from roughly 15th Street to 24th Street and from Park Avenue South to west of the Avenue of the Americas (Sixth Avenue). Community groups such as the Drive to Protect the Ladies' Mile District and the Historic Districts Council campaigned heavily for the status.

The Ladies' Mile Historic District contains mostly multi-story store and loft buildings. These buildings became common after 1899 when laws prohibited combined home and production areas without a permit, causing people who had previously worked at home to seek commercial spaces; the rise of unions which advocated for better working conditions also contributed to the development.
Roman Abramovich
Roman Arkadyevich Abramovich (born 24 October 1966) is a Russian business oligarch and politician. He is the former owner of Chelsea, a Premier League football club in London, England, and is the primary owner of the private investment company Millhouse. He has Russian, Portuguese and Israeli citizenship.

He was formerly Governor of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug from 2000 to 2008. According to Forbes, Abramovich's net worth was US$14.5 billion in 2021, making him the second-richest person in Israel. Since then, his wealth decreased to $6.9 billion (in 2022) before rising again to $9.2 billion in 2023. Abramovich enriched himself in the years following the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, obtaining Russian state-owned assets at prices far below market value in Russia's controversial loans-for-shares privatization program. Abramovich is considered to have a good relationship with Russian president Vladimir Putin, an allegation Abramovich has denied.

Badri Patarkatsishvili
Arkady Shalvovich "Badri" Patarkatsishvili (Georgian: ბადრი პატარკაციშვილი; Hebrew: בדרי פטרקצישווילי; 31 October 1955 – 12 February 2008) was a Georgian businessman who also became extensively involved in politics. He contested the 2008 Georgian presidential election and came third with 7.1% of the votes. From the early 1980s until the time of his death, he was a flamboyant figure in business and was behind some of the most successful companies in today's Russia. From humble origins, he became the wealthiest citizen in Georgia with an estimated wealth of $12 billion. He was also one of the country's largest philanthropists.

Patarkatsishvili suddenly died intestate in February 2008, sparking one of the largest estate battles in legal history. In October 2018, the government of Georgia officially accused the former president of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili of ordering Patarkatsishvili's assassination.
Blönduós
Blönduós (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈplœntʏˌouːs] ⓘ) is a town and former municipality in the north of Iceland with a population of 895 in 2018. 
Like many towns and villages around Iceland, Blönduós did not emerge as a village until the late 19th century. The town is situated on Route 1 at the mouth of the glacial river Blanda. Hrútey [ˈr̥uːtˌeiː], a small island and natural reserve encircled by the river, is accessible via a pedestrian bridge just off the ring road. In 2022, the town merged with Húnavatnshreppur to form Húnabyggð.

Húnabyggð
Húnabyggð (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈhuːnaˌpɪɣθ]) is a municipality in the north of Iceland, which was formed with the merger of Blönduós and Húnavatnshreppur. A vote was held in February 2022 where 97.8% of Blönduós inhabitants and 62.3% of Húnavatnshreppur inhabitants voted in favour of the merge. The merger was finalized in the municipality elections in March 2022.

Húnabyggð is among the largest municipalities of Iceland in terms of area and reaches from Húnaflói (Húna Bay), on which Blönduós is situated, to the interior, in which Langjökull and Hofsjökull are situated. Blönduvirkjun hydropower plant is situated in the municipality.

In June 2024, 90% of Húnabyggð voters and 75% of Skagabyggð voters approved a merger wherein the two municipalities would combine into a larger municipality, also known as Húnabyggð. The merger took effect in August 2024. This effectively extended Húnabyggð's area farther northward along Húnaflói.
Crossed letter
A crossed letter is a manuscript letter which contains two separate sets of writing, one written over the other at right-angles. This was done during the early days of the postal system in the 19th century to save on expensive postage charges, as well as to save paper. This technique is also called cross-hatching or cross-writing.

A cross letter is distinct from a palimpsest, as cross-hatched manuscripts were written this way at one sitting or for the same purpose (such as a diary), rather than being re-used later.

Letter (message)
A letter is a written message conveyed from one person (or group of people) to another through a medium. Something epistolary means that it is a form of letter writing. The term usually excludes written material intended to be read in its original form by large numbers of people, such as newspapers and placards, although even these may include material in the form of an "open letter". The typical form of a letter for many centuries, and the archetypal concept even today, is a sheet (or several sheets) of paper that is sent to a correspondent through a postal system. A letter can be formal or informal, depending on its audience and purpose. Besides being a means of communication and a store of information, letter writing has played a role in the reproduction of writing as an art throughout history. Letters have been sent since antiquity and are mentioned in the Iliad. Historians Herodotus and Thucydides mention and use letters in their writings.
Acetylated distarch phosphate
Acetylated distarch phosphate, E1414 in the E number scheme of food additives, is a modified starch. These are not absorbed intact by the gut, but are significantly hydrolysed by intestinal enzymes and then fermented by intestinal microbiota.

Modified starch
Modified starch, also called starch derivatives, is prepared by physically, enzymatically, or chemically treating native starch to change its properties. Modified starches are used in practically all starch applications, such as in food products as a thickening agent, stabilizer or emulsifier; in pharmaceuticals as a disintegrant; or as binder in coated paper. They are also used in many other applications.

Starches are modified to enhance their performance in different applications and are one of the components of UPFs (Ultra Processed Foods). Starches may be modified to increase their stability against excessive heat, acid, shear, time, cooling, or freezing, to change their texture, to decrease or increase their viscosity, to lengthen or shorten gelatinization time or to increase their visco-stability.
Evlogi Peak
Evlogi Peak (Bulgarian: връх Евлоги, romanized: vrah Evlogi, IPA: [ˈvrɤx ɛˈvɫɔɡi]) is a peak rising to 2,024 m in Imeon Range on Smith Island, South Shetland Islands.  It is situated 1 km north-northeast of the summit Mount Foster, and 1.3 km southwest of Antim Peak, with intervening saddles of elevation 1,899 and 1,744 m (Vakarel Saddle), respectively. Its prominence of 126 m makes it a distinct peak rather than a twin peak to Mount Foster as previously believed. It overlooks Chuprene Glacier to the northwest, Pashuk Glacier to the east and Rupite Glacier to the southeast.  Bulgarian mapping in 2009. The peak was named after the Bulgarian financier, industrialist and philanthropist Evlogi Georgiev (1819–1897) whose endowment funded the construction of Sofia University’s main building.

62°59′18″S 62°32′24″W﻿ / ﻿62.98833°S 62.54000°W﻿ / -62.98833; -62.54000

Chuprene Glacier
Chuprene Glacier (Bulgarian: ледник Чупрене, romanized: lednik Chuprene, IPA: [ˈlɛdnik t͡ʃoˈprɛnɛ]) is a 2.1 nautical miles (3.9 km; 2.4 mi) long glacier draining the northwest slopes of Imeon Range on Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.  It is situated northeast of Bistra Glacier, southwest of Yablanitsa Glacier and northwest of Krivodol Glacier, Pashuk Glacier and Rupite Glacier, and flows southwest of Drinov Peak and Popovo Saddle, and west of Slatina Peak and Varshets Saddle southwestward along the northwest slopes of Antim Peak and Evlogi Peak into Drake Passage south of Villagra Point and north of Garmen Point.  Bulgarian early mapping in 2009.  The glacier is named after the settlement of Chuprene in northwestern Bulgaria.
Alfredo González Flores
Alfredo González Flores (15 June 1877 – 28 December 1962), served as President of Costa Rica from 1914 to 1917. He was unable to complete his presidential mandate following a coup d'état on 27 January 1917, led by Federico Tinoco, his secretary for War and the Navy.

Heredia, Costa Rica
Heredia (Spanish pronunciation: [eˈɾeðja]) is a district in the Heredia canton of Heredia province, Costa Rica. As the seat of the municipality of Heredia canton, it is awarded the status of city, and by virtue of being the city of the first canton, it is the Province Capital of Heredia province as well. It is 10 kilometers to the north of the country's capital, San José.

The city is home to one of the largest colleges in Costa Rica, the National University of Costa Rica, which accepts many international students.
Khangalassky District
Khangalassky District (Russian: Хангала́сский улу́с; Yakut: Хаҥалас улууһа, romanized: Xañalas uluuha, [xaŋalas uluːha]) is an administrative and municipal district (raion, or ulus), one of the thirty-four in the Sakha Republic, Russia. It is located in the center of the republic and borders Megino-Kangalassky District in the east, Amginsky and Aldansky Districts in the south, Olyokminsky District in the southwest, Gorny District in the northwest, and the territory of the city of republic significance of Yakutsk in the north. The area of the district is 24,700 square kilometers (9,500 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Pokrovsk. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district, excluding its administrative center, was 24,557.

Olyokminsky District
Olyokminsky District (Russian: Олёкминский улу́с; Yakut: Өлүөхүмэ улууһа, Ölüöxüme uluuha) is an administrative and municipal district (raion, or ulus), one of the thirty-four in the Sakha Republic, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the republic and borders with Verkhnevilyuysky  District in the north, Gorny and Khangalassky Districts in the northeast, Aldansky District in the east, Neryungrinsky District in the southeast, Zabaykalsky Krai in the southwest, Irkutsk Oblast and Lensky District in the west, and with Suntarsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is 160,800 square kilometers (62,100 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Olyokminsk. Population: 26,785 (2010 Census); 27,563 (2002 Census); 30,938 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Olyokminsk accounts for 35.4% of the district's total population.
HMS Juno (1757)
HMS Juno was a 32-gun Richmond-class fifth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy.  She was launched in 1757 and served throughout the American Revolutionary War until scuttled in 1778 to avoid capture. On 5 June, 1777 she,  HMS Juno, and  HMS Orpheus recaptured privateer brig "Lucy" 15 Leagues off Nantucket. On 9 July, 1777 she captured Betsy in Boston Bay. On 9 January, 1778 she captured French snow David 3-4 miles off the north east tip of Block Island.  She engaged USS Providence during Providence's escape from Providence, Rhode Island 30 April 1778.

Richmond-class frigate
The Richmond-class frigates were 32-gun sailing frigates of the fifth rate produced for the Royal Navy. They were designed in 1756 by the Navy's Surveyor, William Bately, and were his equivalent of the Southampton-class frigates designed by Bately's co-Surveyor, Thomas Slade. They were faster ships than the Southamptons, and were weatherly craft, remaining dry even in high seas. Three ships were ordered to this design between 1756 and 1757, while a second batch of three ships was ordered between 1761 and 1762 to a slightly modified design.
Miyanoshita Onsen
Miyanoshita (宮ノ下) is an onsen in the town of Hakone, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. The hot springs have been an attraction for tourists and pleasure-seekers for hundreds of years going back to the beginning of the Edo period. The town is situated on a plateau in the Haya River valley. Miyanoshita is one of the Seven Hot Springs of Hakone (Hakone Nanayu). During his tour of Japan in 1873 the Emperor Meiji stayed at a hotel here. The town is also home to the Sōtō temple Jōsen-ji.

Hakone
Hakone (箱根町, Hakone-machi) is a town in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 October 2023, the town had a population of 10,965, and total area of 92.82 km2 (35.84 sq mi).

Hakone is a notable spa town and a popular tourist destination due to its many hot springs being within view of nearby Mount Fuji, the most visited mountain in Japan.
Lay Armachiho
Lay Armachiho (Amharic: ላይ አርማጭሆ, romanized: lāy ārmāčihō, lit. 'Upper Armachiho') is a woreda in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. This woreda is named after "Armachiho", a province in northwestern Ethiopia along the border with Sudan and south of the Tekezé River. Part of the Semien Gondar Zone, Lay Armachiho is bordered on the south by Dembiya, on the west by Chilga, on the north by Tach Armachiho, on the east by Wegera, and on the southeast by Gondar Zuria. The administrative center of this woreda is Tekle Dingay.

Lay Armachiho was selected by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development as an area for voluntary resettlement for farmers from overpopulated areas in the fourth round of  resettlement program. Along with Qwara and Dangila in the Amhara Region, and Tsegede in the Tigray Region, this woreda became the new home for 8,671 families. This round of resettlement was reportedly accompanied with almost 68 million Birr in infrastructure development.

Qwara (woreda)
Qwara (Amharic: ቋራ) is one of the woredas in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Qwara is named after the former province of Qwara, which was in the same area. Located at the  westernmost point of the Semien Gondar Zone, Qwara is bordered on the south by the Benishangul-Gumuz Region, on the west by Sudan, on the north by Metemma, on the east by Takusa and Alefa, and on the southeast by Agew Awi Zone; part of its boundary with the Benishangul-Gumaz Region is defined by the Dinder River. The administrative center of this woreda is Gelegu; other settlements include Tewodros Ketema.
J/24
The J/24 is a one-design racing keelboat and the first J/Boats product. It achieved global success, with more than 5,200 built, though it is now out of production. It is recognised by World Sailing and supports active competitive fleets and championships worldwide, including the J/24 World Championship.

The first J/24 was built in 1976 by then amateur designer Rodney Johnstone. At a time when sailing was dominated by the International Offshore Rule, the boat was designed to compete under a variety of handicaps, including the MORC. It was immediately successful in racing. Rodney partnered with his brother Bob (then a marketing vice-president at AMF) to form J/Boats. Tillotson-Pearson put the boat into production. With a low price, astute marketing, and heavy promotion, 1,200 were sold in the first two years.

Since then it has been produced by a number of licensed builders, all tightly controlled by the class association and J-Boats.

J/24 World Championship
The J/24 World Championship is an annual international sailing regatta for J/24 keelboats, organized by the host club on behalf of the J/24 Class Association and recognized by World Sailing, the sports IOC recognized governing body.
Motyginsky District
Motyginsky District (Russian: Моты́гинский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the center of the krai and borders with Severo-Yeniseysky District in the north, Evenkiysky District in the northeast, Boguchansky District in the east, Taseyevsky District in the south, Kazachinsky District in the southwest, and with Yeniseysky District in the west. The area of the district is 18,983 square kilometers (7,329 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Motygino. Population: 16,200 (2010 Census); 19,140 (2002 Census); 26,595 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Motygino accounts for 36.4% of the district's total population.

Yeniseysky District
Yeniseysky District (Russian: Енисе́йский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the west of the krai and borders with Turukhansky and Evenkiysky Districts in the north, Severo-Yeniseysky and Motyginsky Districts in the east, Kazachinsky District in the southeast, Pirovsky, Birilyussky, and Tyukhtetsky Districts in the southwest, Tomsk Oblast in the west, and with Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug in the northwest. The area of the district is 106,300 square kilometers (41,000 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Yeniseysk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 27,223 (2010 Census); 31,315 (2002 Census); 30,477 (1989 Soviet census).
Barony of Vaud
The Barony of Vaud was an appanage of the County of Savoy, corresponding roughly to the modern Canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It was created by a process of acquisition on the part of a younger brother of the reigning count beginning in 1234 and culminated in the formalisation of its relationship to the county in 1286. It was semi-independent state, capable of entering into relations with its sovereign, the Holy Roman Emperor (as in 1284), and of fighting alongside the French in the Hundred Years' War. It ceased to exist when it was bought by the count in 1359. It was then integrated into the Savoyard state, where the title Baron of Vaud (Italian barone di Vaud) remained a subsidiary title of the heads of the family at least as late as the reign of Charles Albert of Sardinia, although the territory of the barony was annexed by the Canton of Bern during the Protestant Reformation (1536).

Louis I of Vaud
Louis I (1249/50 – 1302) was the Baron of Vaud. At the time of his birth he was a younger son of the House of Savoy, but through a series of deaths and his own effective military service, he succeeded in creating a semi-independent principality in the pays de Vaud by 1286. He travelled widely in the highest circles of European nobility (the royal courts of London, Paris and Naples), obtained the right to mint coins from the Holy Roman Emperor, and convoked the first public assembly in the Piedmont to include members of the non-noble classes. When he died, his barony was inherited by his son.
South Hanningfield
South Hanningfield is a village and civil parish in the Chelmsford district of Essex, England. The village is located on the south bank of the Hanningfield Reservoir, around 6 miles (10 km) south-southeast of the city of Chelmsford, and around 2+1⁄2 miles (4 km) north of Wickford. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 2,692.

The centre of South Hanningfield is situated around the village green, known as the Tye. A village hall is located on the east side of the Tye, while on the west side is a pub, the Old Windmill. There are approximately 69 households in the village. St Peter's Church overlooks the reservoir.

The civil parish includes the larger villages of Ramsden Heath and Downham.

Downham, Essex
Downham is a small village in the civil parish of South Hanningfield, in the Chelmsford district of Essex, England. It is located approximately 7 miles (11 km) south of the county town of Chelmsford. The nearest towns are Billericay, 3+1⁄2 miles (5.6 km) west-south-west, and Wickford, 2+1⁄4 miles (3.6 km) south-east.
Toward the Unknown
Toward the Unknown, originally called Flight Test Center and titled Brink of Hell in its UK release, is a 1956 American aviation film about the dawn of supersonic flight filmed on location at Edwards Air Force Base. Starring William Holden, Lloyd Nolan and Virginia Leith, the film features the screen debut of James Garner.

Toward the Unknown was directed by Mervyn LeRoy and written by Beirne Lay, Jr. who had also penned the novel and screenplay for Twelve O'Clock High (1949), and later screenplays for Above and Beyond (1952) and Strategic Air Command (1955). The film's title is derived from the motto of the Air Force Flight Test Center, Ad Inexplorata.

Twelve O'Clock High
Twelve O'Clock High is a 1949 American war film directed by Henry King and based on the novel of the same name by Sy Bartlett and Beirne Lay Jr. It stars Gregory Peck as Brig. General Frank Savage. Hugh Marlowe, Gary Merrill, Millard Mitchell, and Dean Jagger also appear in supporting roles.

The film was nominated for four Academy Awards and won two: Dean Jagger for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, and Thomas T. Moulton for Best Sound Recording. In 1998, Twelve O'Clock High was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Telmatherinidae
The Telmatherinidae, the sail-fin silversides are a family of atheriniform fish, inhabiting fresh and brackish water. All but the species Kalyptatherina helodes are restricted to the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, and most are found solely in the Malili Lake system, consisting of Matano and Towuti, and the small Lontoa (Wawantoa), Mahalona and Masapi. They were formerly treated as a subfamily of the Melanotaeniidae.

They are small fish, typically ranging from 3 to 8 cm (1.2 to 3.1 in) in length, though the largest Paratherina can reach almost twice that size. They are named for the sail-like shape of their first dorsal fin in the males, which are also brightly coloured, compared with the females.

Marine sailfin silverside
The marine sailfin silverside (Kalyptatherina helodes) is a species of sailfin silverside endemic to Indonesia, where it is only known from mangrove swamps around Misool and Batanta Islands.  This species grows to  4.5 cm (1.8 in) total length.  It is the only known member of its genus.