hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Witmarsum, Netherlands
Witmarsum  (West Frisian: Wytmarsum) is a village in the northern Netherlands. It is located in Súdwest-Fryslân, Friesland. Witmarsum had a population of around 1,735 in January 2017. Witmarsum was birthplace of Menno Simons (1496–1561), the leader of what would become the Mennonites.

Súdwest-Fryslân
Súdwest-Fryslân (West Frisian pronunciation: [ˈsytʋɛst ˈfrislɔ̃ːn]; lit. 'Southwest Friesland') is a municipality in the northern Netherlands, located in the province of Friesland. It had a population of 89,999 in January 2021. Sneek is the municipal seat. With a total area of 841.56 km2, Southwest-Friesland is the largest municipality by area in the Netherlands.
St Ambrose's Church, Grindleton
St Ambrose's Church is in the village of Grindleton, which is situated about 3 miles (5 km) northeast of Clitheroe, Lancashire, England. It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Whalley, the archdeaconry of Blackburn, and the Diocese of Blackburn. Its benefice is united with that of St Peter and St Paul, Bolton by Bowland and St Mary's Church, Gisburn. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.

Diocese of Blackburn
The diocese of Blackburn is diocese of the Church of England in North West England. Its boundaries correspond to northern Lancashire. The diocese contains 211 parishes and 280 churches. Blackburn Cathedral is the seat of the bishop of Blackburn, currently Philip North, and the diocesan offices are also located in Blackburn.

What is now the diocese of Blackburn was historically part of the diocese of York. It became part of the newly created diocese of Chester in 1541, and part of the diocese of Manchester when it was created in 1847. The diocese of Blackburn was in turn established on 12 November 1926 from the northern part of Manchester.
Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) (1991–2005)
The Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) was a Nepalese political party. It was formed on 1 November 1991 by a group of former leaders of the original Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) that had been expelled from the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist). Initially, it was known as the Communist Party of Nepal (15 September 1949) but took the name Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) after approximately one year of existence. Prabhunaryan Chaudhary was the chairman of the party.

Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) (1986–1991)
The Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) was a political party in Nepal. It was formed through the merger of the Communist Party of Nepal (Manmohan) led by Man Mohan Adhikari and the Communist Party of Nepal (Pushpa Lal) led by Sahana Pradhan in 1987. The Nepal Trade Union Centre was the trade union of CPN (Marxist) and Nepal Progressive Students Union was their students' union.
Congregation Emanuel (Statesville, North Carolina)
Congregation Emanuel is a Conservative synagogue at 206 North Kelly Street in Statesville, North Carolina, in the United States.  Built in 1891, it is the oldest house of worship in Statesville and the third oldest synagogue building in the state.

The synagogue is located near downtown Statesville and the campus of Mitchell Community College.

Statesville, North Carolina
Statesville is a city in Iredell County, North Carolina, United States, and its county seat.  The population was 28,419 at the time of the 2020 census. Statesville was established in 1789 by an act of the North Carolina Legislature. It is part of the Charlotte metropolitan area.
Tonomi Palisade
Tonomi Palisade (鳥海柵, Tonomi-no-saku) was an early Heian period jōsaku-style Japanese castle located in what is now the town of Kanegasaki in Isawa District, Iwate Prefecture in far northern Honshū, Japan. The site was proclaimed a National Historic Site of Japan in October 2013.

Kanegasaki, Iwate
Kanegasaki (金ケ崎町, Kanegasaki-chō) is a town located in Iwate Prefecture, Japan. As of 30 April 2020, the town had an estimated population of 15,580, and a population density of 87 persons per km² in 6,155 households. The total area of the town is 179.76 square kilometres (69.41 sq mi).  In June 2001, the 34.8 hectare old centre of town was protected as an Important Preservation District by the national government for its traditional samurai residences.
Ron Zook
Ronald Andrew Zook (/zʊk/; born April 28, 1954) is an American football coach who is a special teams quality control coach at the University of Maryland. He was the head football coach at the University of Florida from 2002 to 2004 and the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from 2005 to 2011.

Zook is a native of Ohio and an alumnus of Miami University, where he played college football. He has worked as an assistant coach in the National Football League (NFL) with the Pittsburgh Steelers (1996–1998), Kansas City Chiefs (1999), and New Orleans Saints (2000–2001). In August 2012, he was hired as a college football studio analyst by CBS Sports. He was also employed as the special teams coach for the Green Bay Packers. In 2019, he was the special teams coordinator and secondary coach for the Salt Lake Stallions of the Alliance of American Football (AAF).

Vic Koenning
Victor Emanuel Koenning Jr. (born February 26, 1960) is a former professional American football player and coach who currently serves as the defensive coordinator at Tuscaloosa County HS. He was the interim head coach at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign in 2011 and was the head football coach at the University of Wyoming from 2000 to 2002, where he compiled a record of 5–29.
Offenbach-Hundheim
Offenbach-Hundheim is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Kusel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde Lauterecken-Wolfstein.

Altenglan
Altenglan is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Kusel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Kusel-Altenglan. Altenglan is a recognized tourism community. Also, named after the municipality is the Altenglan Formation, a lithostratigraphic entity, and by extension, so is Altenglanerpeton, a microsaur whose fossil remains were found therein.
Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
The Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution Act 1992 (previously bill no. 12 of 1992) is an amendment to the Constitution of Ireland which permitted the state to ratify the Treaty on European Union, commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty. It was approved by referendum on 18 June 1992 and signed into law on 16 July of the same year.

Amendments to the Constitution of Ireland
Amendments to the Constitution of Ireland are only possible by way of referendum. A proposal to amend the Constitution of Ireland must be initiated as a bill in Dáil Éireann, be passed by both Houses of the Oireachtas (parliament), then submitted to a referendum, and finally signed into law by the president of Ireland. Since the constitution entered into force on 29 December 1937, there have been 32 amendments to the constitution.

Aside from amendments to the Constitution itself, the Constitution also provides for referendums on ordinary bills; this is known as an ordinary referendum. This provision has never been used.
Henry Somerset, 10th Duke of Beaufort
Henry Hugh Arthur FitzRoy Somerset, 10th Duke of Beaufort (4 April 1900 – 5 February 1984), styled Marquess of Worcester until 1924, was a peer, landowner, society figure and a great authority in the fields of horse racing and fox-hunting. He held the office of Master of the Horse for over forty years (1936–1978), the longest to hold the position. He founded the Badminton Horse Trials and was deemed "the greatest fox-hunter of the twentieth century"; his long tenure as Master of the Beaufort Hunt led to his being universally nicknamed Master and his car bore the private numberplate MFH1. In 1980 he published the authoritative book Fox-Hunting.

Baron Herbert
Baron Herbert is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created by writ in 1461 for William Herbert, who was later made Earl of Pembroke. The second Earl of Pembroke surrendered his earldom in return for the earldom of Huntingdon, which became extinct on his death without male issue. The barony, however, passed to his daughter Elizabeth, who later married the first Earl of Worcester. At Elizabeth's death, the title passed to her son, who later inherited his father's earldom of Worcester. Later, the fifth Earl was made Marquess of Worcester, and the third Marquess became Duke of Beaufort. Thereafter, the barony and dukedom remained united until 1984 when, upon the death of the tenth Duke without issue, the barony fell into abeyance. Then, in 2002, Queen Elizabeth II terminated the abeyance of the barony of Herbert in favour of the last holder's great-nephew, David John Seyfried.
City of St Albans
St Albans (/ˈɔːlbənz/), also known as the City and District of St Albans, is a non-metropolitan district with both borough and city status in Hertfordshire, England. Its council is based in St Albans, the largest settlement in the district. The district also includes the town of Harpenden and several villages. The district borders North Hertfordshire, Welwyn Hatfield, Hertsmere, Watford, Three Rivers, Dacorum, and Central Bedfordshire.

Three Rivers District
Three Rivers is a local government district in south-west Hertfordshire, England. Its council is based in Rickmansworth. The district borders Hertsmere, Watford, St Albans, Dacorum, Buckinghamshire, and the London boroughs of Hillingdon and Harrow.
Maschinenfest
Maschinenfest was an annual three-day underground music festival in Germany, featuring industrial, power electronics, noise and other alternative electronic performers. It included both independent and signed bands as well as many vendors for music and related merchandise. Featured record labels and noteworthy companies included Ant-Zen, Hands Productions, Pflichtkauf, Spectre Records and Ad Noiseam.

Sanctum (band)
Sanctum is a Swedish electronic band, formed by Jan Carleklev. Their music is often classified as industrial or electronic, and combines elements of orchestral and contemporary music. Lately experimental music has become a dominant influence. Sanctum originally consisted of four members, Jan Carleklev, Marika Kante, Håkan Paulsson and Lena Robért. The singer Lena Robért and the cellist Marika Kante left the band in 2001. Nowadays Jan Carleklev and Håkan Paulsson continue with the help of guest vocalists.

Sanctum has played shows in Europé and the US, for example at Maschinenfest, Cornerstone Festival and Wave-Gotik-Treffen. During Sanctum shows a video live-mix is provided by the video artist Ulrika Carlsson.

Paulsson and Carleklev also spend their time in Counterblast.
Vildagliptin
Vildagliptin, sold under the brand name Galvus among others, is an oral anti-hyperglycemic agent (anti-diabetic drug) of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor class of drugs. Vildagliptin inhibits the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP by DPP-4, allowing GLP-1 and GIP to potentiate the secretion of insulin in the beta cells and suppress glucagon release by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.

The most common side effects include dizziness.

It was approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 2007. The European Medicines Agency has also approved a combination of vildagliptin and metformin, vildagliptin/metformin (Eucreas by Novartis) as an oral treatment for type-2 diabetes.

Vildagliptin has been shown to reduce hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor
Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4 inhibitors or gliptins) are a class of oral hypoglycemics that block the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). They can be used to treat diabetes mellitus type 2.

The first agent of the class—sitagliptin—was approved for marketing by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2006.

Glucagon increases blood glucose levels, and DPP-4 inhibitors reduce glucagon and blood glucose levels. The mechanism of DPP-4 inhibitors is to increase incretin levels (GLP-1 and GIP), which inhibit glucagon release, which in turn increases insulin secretion, decreases gastric emptying, and decreases blood glucose levels.

A 2018 meta-analysis found no favorable effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction or stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Decumanus
In Roman urban planning, a decumanus was an east–west-oriented road in a Roman city or castrum (military camp). The main decumanus of a particular city was the decumanus maximus, or most often simply "the decumanus". In the rectangular street grid of the typical Roman city plan, the decumanus was crossed by the perpendicular cardo, a north–south street.

In a military camp, the decumanus connected the Porta Praetoria (closest to the enemy) to the Porta Decumana (away from the enemy).

In the center – called groma – of a city or castrum, the decumanus maximus crossed the perpendicular cardo maximus, the primary north–south road. The forum was normally located close to this intersection.

Forum (Roman)
A forum (Latin: forum, pl.: fora; English pl.: either fora or forums) was a public square in a municipium, or any civitas, of ancient Rome reserved primarily for the vending of goods; i.e., a marketplace, along with the buildings used for shops and the stoas used for open stalls. But such fora functioned secondarily for multiple purposes, including as social meeting places for discussion. Many fora were constructed at remote locations along a road by the magistrate responsible for the road, in which case the forum was the only settlement at the site and had its own name, such as Forum Popili or Forum Livi.
Bani Zeid al-Sharqiya
Bani Zeid al-Sharqiya (Arabic: بني زيد الشرقية) is a Palestinian town in the northern West Bank, located north of Ramallah in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate. It was formed as a result of a merger of the villages of 'Arura, Mazari al-Nubani, and Abwein, although the latter separated from the municipality. Bani Zeid al-Sharqiya is 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) north of Ajjul and other nearby localities include Deir as-Sudan to the southeast, Kafr Ein to the east, and Abwein to the southwest.

Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate
31°55′59″N 35°12′18″E﻿ / ﻿31.933°N 35.205°E﻿ / 31.933; 35.205

The Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate (Arabic: محافظة رام الله والبيرة, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat Rām Allāh wa l Bīra) is one of 16  governorates of Palestine. It covers a large part of the central West Bank, on the northern border of the Jerusalem Governorate. Its district capital or muhfaza (seat) is the city of al-Bireh.

According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the district had a population of 279,730 in 2007. Laila Ghannam serves as governor, the first woman in this role.
Jackson Township, Sharp County, Arkansas
Jackson Township is a township in Sharp County, Arkansas, United States. Its total population was 295 as of the 2010 United States census, a decrease of 9.51 percent from 326 at the 2000 census.

According to the 2010 Census, Jackson Township is located at 36°13′32″N 91°24′48″W﻿ / ﻿36.225564°N 91.413279°W﻿ / 36.225564; -91.413279 (36.225564, -91.413279). It has a total area of 26.923 square miles (69.73 square kilometers); of which 26.724 sq mi (69.21 km2) is land and 0.199 sq mi (0.52 km2) is water (0.74%). As per the USGS National Elevation Dataset, the elevation is 364 feet (111 m).

The town of Williford is located within the township.

Sharp County, Arkansas
Sharp County is a county located in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 17,271. The county seat is Ash Flat. The county was formed on July 18, 1868, and named for Ephraim Sharp, a state legislator from the area.
Puppe sequence
In mathematics, the Puppe sequence is a construction of homotopy theory, so named after Dieter Puppe. It comes in two forms: a long exact sequence, built from the mapping fibre (a fibration), and a long coexact sequence, built from the mapping cone (which is a cofibration). Intuitively, the Puppe sequence allows us to think of homology theory as a functor that takes spaces to long-exact sequences of groups. It is also useful as a tool to build long exact sequences of relative homotopy groups.

Homotopy theory
In mathematics, homotopy theory is a systematic study of situations in which maps can come with homotopies between them. It originated as a topic in algebraic topology, but nowadays is learned as an independent discipline.
Eastern Railway (Turkey)
The Eastern Railway (Turkish: Havali-yi Şarkiye Demiryolları İdaresi) was a 361 km (224 mi) long railway line operating in northern Turkey from 1925 to 1927. Along with the Anatolian—Baghdad Railways and the Railway Construction and Management Administration, the Eastern Railway was one of the three railways that merged in 1927, to form the State Railways and Seaports Administration, the direct predecessor to the Turkish State Railways.

The railway was founded in 1925 by the Turkish government and headquartered in Erzurum. The purpose of the railway was to take over ownership and operations of the Transcaucasus Railway within Turkey.

State Railways and Seaports Administration
The State Railways and Seaports Administration (Turkish: Devlet Demiryolları ve Limanları İdare-i Umumiyesi) or DDYL was a state-owned railway company formed in 1927 by the merger of three state-owned railways: the Anatolian Baghdad Railways, Eastern Railway and the Railway Construction and Management Administration. The DDL is the direct predecessor to the Turkish State Railways.

The DDYL inherited 1,730 km (1,070 mi) of railway lines from its three predecessors and at the same time, the railway was responsible for the construction of new lines, the most important one being the extension of the railway from Kayseri to Sivas. On 4 June 1929, the Turkish government formed the State Railways Administration (Turkish: Devlet Demiryolları Umum Müdürlüğü, DDY) which absorbed the State Railways and Seaports Administration.
George Mason-Villiers, 2nd Earl Grandison
George Mason-Villiers, 2nd Earl Grandison PC (13 July 1751 – 14 July 1800), styled Viscount Villiers between 1767 and 1782, was a British peer from the Villiers family and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1774 to 1780.

Villiers family
Villiers (/ˈvɪlərz/ VIL-ərz) is an aristocratic family in the United Kingdom. Over time, various members of the Villiers family were made knights, baronets, and peers. Peerages held by the Villiers family include the dukedoms of Buckingham (1623–1687) and Cleveland (1670–1709), as well as the earldoms of Anglesey (1623–1661), Jersey (since 1697), and Clarendon (since 1776). Perhaps the most prominent members of the family were those who received the two dukedoms: George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628) rose to fame and influence as favourite of King James I of England, while Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland (1640–1709) became a mistress of King Charles II of England, by whom she had five children.
Graham James Davies
Graham James Davies (1935 – 17 January 2023) was the Archdeacon of St Davids from 1996 until 2002.

Davies was educated at St David's College, Lampeter. After curacies in Johnston, Pembrokeshire, and Llangathen, he was a Minor Canon at St David's Cathedral. He held incumbencies at Hubberston, Cwmdauddwr and Kidwelly before his appointment as archdeacon.

He died in 2023, aged 87.

Archdeacon of St Davids
The archdeacon of St Davids is a senior cleric in the Church in Wales' Diocese of St Davids. The archdeacon is the senior priest with responsibility over the area of the archdeaconry of St Davids, one of three archdeaconries in the diocese (the others are Cardigan and Carmarthen). The archdeaconry of St Davids comprises the four rural deaneries of Daugleddau, Dewisland/Fishguard, Pembroke and Roose.

The first recorded archdeacons of St Davids occur soon after the Norman Conquest. However, no territorial titles are recorded until after c. 1125.
Convoy ON 127
Convoy ON 127 was a trade convoy of merchant ships during the second World War. It was the 127th of the numbered series of ON convoys Outbound from the British Isles to North America and the only North Atlantic trade convoy of 1942 or 1943 where all U-boats deployed against the convoy launched torpedoes. The ships departed Liverpool on 4 September 1942 and were met at noon on 5 September by the Royal Canadian Navy Mid-Ocean Escort Force Group C-4 consisting of the River-class destroyer Ottawa and the Town-class destroyer St. Croix with the Flower-class corvettes Amherst, Arvida, Sherbrooke, and Celandine. St. Croix's commanding officer, acting Lieutenant Commander A. H. "Dobby" Dobson RCNR, was the senior officer of the escort group. The Canadian ships carried type 286 meter-wavelength radar but none of their sets were operational. Celandine carried Type 271 centimeter-wavelength radar. None of the ships carried HF/DF high-frequency direction finding sets.

Mid-ocean escort force
Mid-Ocean Escort Force (MOEF) referred to the organisation of anti-submarine escorts for World War II trade convoys between Canada and Newfoundland, and the British Isles.  The allocation of United States, British and Canadian escorts to these convoys reflected preferences of the United States upon United States' declaration of war and the organisation persisted through the winter of 1942–43 despite withdrawal of United States ships from the escort groups.  By the summer of 1943, United States Atlantic escorts were focused on the faster CU convoys and the UG convoys between Chesapeake Bay and the Mediterranean Sea; and only British and Canadian escorts remained on the HX, SC and ON convoys.
Yakushima National Park
Yakushima National Park (屋久島国立公園, Yakushima Kokuritsu Kōen) is a protected area located in Kagoshima Prefecture, Kyushu. It includes parts of the Ōsumi Islands with Yakushima, the entire island Kuchinoerabu-jima and some surrounding marine areas. The total size is 325.53 square kilometres (125.69 sq mi).

The national park was established on March 16, 1964 and assigned to the Kirishima National Park, which became Kirishima-Yaku National Park. On March 16, 2012 Yakushima was split of as the separate Yakushima National Park. Kirishima-Yaku National Park was renamed to Kirishima-Kinkōwan National Park with an area of 365.86 km².

Kirishima-Kinkowan National Park
Kirishima-Kinkowan National Park (霧島錦江湾国立公園, Kirishima-Kinkōwan Kokuritsu Kōen) is a national park in Kyūshū, Japan. It is composed of Kirishima-Kagoshima Bay, an area of Kagoshima Prefecture and Miyazaki Prefecture known for its active volcanoes, volcanic lakes, and onsen. The total area is 365.86 square kilometres (141.26 sq mi).
Downingtown Industrial and Agricultural School
The Downingtown Industrial and Agricultural School (DIAS) was a private school for African American students active from 1905 until 1993, and located in Downingtown, Chester County, Pennsylvania, U.S. Its motto was "self help through self work". It was located in what is now East Brandywine Township.

John S. Trower
John Sheppard Trower (1849–1911) was an American businessman, restaurateur, and founder of a school. He co-founded Downingtown Industrial and Agricultural School, in operation from 1905 until 1993. Trower was among the wealthiest African Americans in Pennsylvania and possibly the United States at the time of his death.