hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Carnosine
Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is a dipeptide molecule, made up of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. It is highly concentrated in muscle and brain tissues. Carnosine was discovered by Russian chemist Vladimir Gulevich.

Carnosine is naturally produced by the body in the liver from beta-alanine and histidine. Like carnitine, carnosine is composed of the root word carn, meaning "flesh", alluding to its prevalence in meat. There are no plant-based sources of carnosine. Carnosine is readily available as a synthetic nutritional supplement.

Carnosine can chelate divalent metal ions. Carnosine is also considered a geroprotectant.

Products containing carnosine are also used in topical preparations to reduce wrinkles on the skin.

Carnosine may increase the Hayflick limit in human fibroblasts, it also appears to reduce the rate of telomere shortening. This could potentially promote the growth of certain cancers that thrive due to telomere preservation.

Dipeptide
A dipeptide is an organic compound derived from two amino acids. The constituent amino acids can be the same or different. When different, two isomers of the dipeptide are possible, depending on the sequence. Several dipeptides are physiologically important, and some are both physiologically and commercially significant. A well known dipeptide is aspartame, an artificial sweetener.

Dipeptides are white solids. Many are far more water-soluble than the parent amino acids. For example, the dipeptide Ala-Gln has the solubility of 586 g/L more than 10x the solubility of Gln (35 g/L). Dipeptides also can exhibit different stabilities, e.g. with respect to hydrolysis. Gln does not withstand sterilization procedures, whereas this dipeptide does. Because dipeptides are prone to hydrolysis, the high solubility is exploited in infusions, i.e. to provide nutrition.
Linguistic monogenesis and polygenesis
In historical or evolutionary linguistics, monogenesis and polygenesis are two different hypotheses about the phylogenetic origin of human languages. According to monogenesis, human language arose only once in a single community, and all current languages come from the first original tongue. On the other hand, according to polygenesis, human languages came into being in several communities independently, and current tongues derived from different sources.

William Shi-Yuan Wang
William Shi-Yuan Wang (Chinese: 王士元; pinyin: Wáng Shìyuán; born August 14, 1933) is a Chinese linguist, with expertise in phonology, the history of Chinese language and culture, historical linguistics, and the evolution of language in humans. He is Chair Professor at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and National Taiwan Normal University, Emeritus Professor of the University of California, Berkeley, and Academician of Academia Sinica.
Daniel Gran
Daniel Gran (22 May 1694 – 16 April 1757) was an Austrian painter. His pictures ornament several public buildings in his native city. He was of some consideration in his time and after a century of Italian dominance one of the first important painters of the German-speaking countries, but his works are relatively unknown outside of Austria and Germany today.

St. Anne's Church, Vienna
St. Anne's Church (German: Annakirche) is located in Vienna, Austria, and has been administered by the Oblates of St. Francis de Sales since 1906. A relic of Saint Anne—her right hand—is kept in a rich Baroque setting and exhibited every year on July 26.
Martijn Westerholt
David Martijn Westerholt (born 30 March 1979) is a Dutch musician and the founder, keyboardist and main songwriter of the symphonic metal band Delain. He was previously a member of symphonic metal band Within Temptation, until he was diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis shortly after the release of Within Temptation's second studio album, Mother Earth. His brother Robert is the guitarist and founder of Within Temptation. He has lived in Zwolle, since studying Communication at Windesheim College in 1998. In September 2021, Westerholt formed a new symphonic project called Eye of Melian.

Robert Westerholt
Robert Westerholt (born 2 January 1975) is a Dutch guitarist who is a founding member of the symphonic metal band Within Temptation. He writes music for the band, which is fronted by his partner and band vocalist Sharon den Adel. Westerholt used to work in human resource management before his career with Within Temptation.
Principality of Valona
The Principality of Valona and Kanina, also known as the Despotate of Valona and Kanina, Principality of Valona or Principality of Vlorë (1346–1417) was a medieval principality in Albania, roughly encompassing the territories of the modern counties of Vlorë (Valona), Fier, and Berat. Initially a vassal of the Serbian Empire, it became an independent lordship after 1355, although de facto under Venetian influence, and remained as such until it was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1417.

Albania under Serbia in the Middle Ages
Albania under Serbia in the Middle Ages was a period of time where Serbia gained extensive amounts of territory within the borders of modern-day Albania. Firstly, as part of Serbian Grand Principality and later as part of Serbian Empire, Serbian control in southern Albania is unclear. Some suggest they acquired towns, but others believe they only obtained submission, possibly nominal, from Albanian tribes. Central and southern Albanian towns were not conquered until 1343–45. Between 1272 and 1368, some areas of the modern-day state were also ruled by the Angevins as the Kingdom of Albania. In the late 14th century, Albanian Principalities were created throughout Albania.
Newport Pagnell Rural District
52°05′12″N 0°43′20″W﻿ / ﻿52.0866°N 0.7222°W﻿ / 52.0866; -0.7222

Newport Pagnell was a rural district in the administrative county of Buckinghamshire, England, from 1894 to 1974, covering an area in the north-east of the county.

Newport Pagnell
Newport Pagnell is a town and civil parish in the City of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. The Office for National Statistics records Newport Pagnell as part of the Milton Keynes urban area.

The town is separated from the rest of the urban area by the M1 motorway, on which Newport Pagnell Services, the second service station to be opened in the United Kingdom, is located.

The town is more widely known for having the only remaining vellum manufacturer in the United Kingdom, and being the original home of the exclusive sports car manufacturer Aston Martin.
My Beauty Diary
My Beauty Diary (Chinese: 我的美麗日記) is a Taiwanese skincare brand renowned for its sheet masks. Established in 2004 by President Pharmaceutical Corp., a subsidiary of Uni-President Enterprises Corporation, the brand has expanded its presence to over 15 countries worldwide, including Japan, South Korea, the United States, Canada, and various Southeast Asian countries.

Uni-President Enterprises Corporation
Uni-President Enterprises Corporation (Chinese: 統一企業公司; pinyin: Tǒngyī Qǐyè Gōngsī; Wade–Giles: T'ung-i Chi-yeh) is an international food conglomerate based in Tainan, Taiwan. It is the largest food production company in Taiwan and the 12th largest in the world, and has a significant market share in dairy products, foods and snacks, and beverages. Through its subsidiary company President Chain Store Corporation, it is also responsible for running Starbucks, 7-Eleven, Mister Donut, Carrefour and Muji in Taiwan, making it Taiwan's largest retail operator. In addition, Uni-President has subsidiaries in the United States, mainland China, Vietnam, South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines.
Heshun Town
Heshun Town (Chinese: 和顺镇; pinyin: Héshùn Zhèn) is an ancient town in Tengchong City, located four kilometers southwest of the city centre in Yunnan, China. The town's ancient name is Yangwendun (阳温墩; Yángwēndūn) which was changed to Heshun (河顺; Héshùn) and eventually the name it bears today. Heshun is well known for its quadrangle courtyards that have been built into the town's hills.

Tengchong
Tengchong (Chinese: 騰衝; pinyin: Téngchōng) is a county-level city of Baoshan City, western Yunnan province, People's Republic of China.  It is well known for its volcanic activity. The city is named after the town of Tengchong which serves as its political center, previously known as Tengyue (Chinese: 騰越; pinyin: Téngyuè) in Chinese. English language sources of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries use names such as Teng-Chung, Tingyueh, Teng Yueh, Momein and Momien.

It borders with Myanmar in the northwest for 151 km (94 mi). By road, it is 650 km (400 mi) west of the provincial capital, Kunming, and 170 km (110 mi) westward from Baoshan's urban area.

Tengchong marks the southwestern terminus of the Heihe–Tengchong Line, an imaginary line significant in geography that divides the area of China into two parts with contrasting population densities.
Gaetano Vastola (gangster)
Gaetano "Corky" Vastola (born May 20, 1928) is an American mobster who served as a captain in the DeCavalcante crime family based in New Jersey. Vastola rose to prominence as a very wealthy “earner” through his involvement in several lucrative construction, film and musical labor rackets in both New Jersey and New York.

DeCavalcante crime family
The DeCavalcante crime family, also known as the North Jersey crime family or the North Jersey Mafia, is an Italian American Mafia crime family that operates mainly in North Jersey, particularly in Elizabeth, Newark, West New York and the surrounding areas. The family is part of the nationwide criminal network known as the American Mafia.

The DeCavalcante family operates on the opposite side of the Hudson River from the Five Families of New York City, and maintains strong relations with each of the New York families, especially the Gambino family, as well as with the Philadelphia crime family and the Patriarca crime family of New England. The organization is considered by some to be the "Sixth Family". The family's illicit activities include bookmaking; bootlegging; corruption; drug trafficking; extortion; fencing; fraud; hijacking; illegal gambling; money laundering; murder; prostitution; racketeering; and cement, construction, and waste management violations.
Photoredox catalysis
Photoredox catalysis is a branch of photochemistry that uses single-electron transfer. Photoredox catalysts are generally drawn from three classes of materials: transition-metal complexes, organic dyes, and semiconductors. While organic photoredox catalysts were dominant throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, soluble transition-metal complexes are more commonly used today.

Tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride
Tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride is the chloride salt coordination complex with the formula [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2.  This polypyridine complex is a red crystalline salt obtained as the hexahydrate, although all of the properties of interest are in the cation [Ru(bpy)3]2+, which has received much attention because of its distinctive optical properties.  The chlorides can be replaced with other anions, such as PF6−.
Joseph Petrosino
Joseph Petrosino (born Giuseppe Petrosino, Italian: [dʒuˈzɛppe petroˈziːno; -ˈsiːno]; August 30, 1860 – March 12, 1909) was an Italian-born New York City Police Department (NYPD) officer who was a pioneer in the fight against organized crime. Crime fighting techniques that Petrosino pioneered are still practiced by law enforcement agencies.

Calvary Cemetery (Queens)
Calvary Cemetery is a Catholic cemetery in Sunnyside, Maspeth, and Woodside, Queens, in New York City, United States. With about three million burials, it has the largest number of interments of any cemetery in the United States. Established in 1848, Calvary Cemetery covers 365 acres (148 ha) and is owned by the Archdiocese of New York and managed by the Trustees of St. Patrick's Cathedral.

Calvary Cemetery is divided into four sections, spread across the neighborhoods of Sunnyside, Maspeth and Woodside. The oldest, First Calvary, is also called "Old Calvary". The Second, Third and Fourth sections to the east are all considered part of "New Calvary".
East Twin River (Wisconsin)
The East Twin River, formerly the Mishicot River, is a 41.1-mile-long (66.1 km) river in east-central Wisconsin that is a tributary to Lake Michigan.  It merges with the West Twin River in the city of Two Rivers at its mouth with the lake.  The source of the river is located in central Kewaunee County.  On its course it passes through the villages of Mishicot and Tisch Mills. Its tributaries include Jambo Creek and Tisch Mills Creek.

Although the East Twin River is considered an impaired stream for phosphorus levels, a report in 2018 concluded that the "overall fish community in the Upper East Twin River watershed is in good to excellent condition." Fish surveys have found up to 20 species at a time.

West Twin River (Wisconsin)
The West Twin River, formerly the Neshota River, is an 18.5-mile-long (29.8 km) river in east-central Wisconsin that is a tributary to Lake Michigan. It merges with the East Twin River in the city of Two Rivers, Wisconsin, less than a mile from the lakeshore. The source of the river is in southeast Brown County, near Richard J. Drumm Memorial Forest. It is formed by the confluence of the Devils River and the Neshota River. On its course it passes through the unincorporated communities of Kingsbridge and Shoto.

About 6 miles (10 km) upstream from its mouth, the West Twin River is blocked by Shoto Dam, which divides the river into upper and lower reaches. The river below Shoto Dam is broad, shallow, and slow and the water quality is poor, while above the dam it is narrow, deep, and fast-flowing with good to excellent water quality. Shoto Dam creates a 55-acre (22 ha) reservoir known as Shoto Lake.
Påskefjella
Påskefjella (The Easter Mountains) is a mountain ridge in Sørkapp Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It is located south of Hornsund, east of the bay Samarinvågen and glacier Samarinbreen, and west of Chomjakovbreen. The ridge comprises the mountains Tverraksla, Pinsetoppen, Påsketoppen, Julhøgda and Meranfjellet.

Pinsetoppen
Pinsetoppen ("The Whitsun Peak") is a mountain in Sørkapp Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It has a height of 628 m.a.s.l. and is located on the mountain ridge Påskefjella, east of Samarinbreen. Neighbour peak is Påsketoppen further north.
Alpha Librae
Alpha Librae (α Librae, abbreviated Alpha Lib, α Lib) is a quadruple star system and, despite its 'alpha' designation, it is the second-brightest star in the constellation of Libra. The two components are designated α1 Librae and α2 Librae. The system bore the traditional name of Zubenelgenubi /zuːˌbɛnɛldʒɪˈnuːbi/, though the International Astronomical Union now regards that name as only applying to α2 Librae.

Alpha2 Librae is 0.33 degrees north of the ecliptic so it can be occulted by the Moon and (very rarely) by planets. It was occulted by Venus on October 25, 1947; the next occultation by a planet will be by Mercury on 10 November 2052.  Both components are eclipsed (occulted) by the sun from about 7–9 November. Thus the star can be viewed the whole night, crossing the sky, in early May.

Libra (constellation)
Libra /ˈliːbrə/ is a constellation of the zodiac and is located in the Southern celestial hemisphere. Its name is Latin for weighing scales. Its old astronomical symbol is  (♎︎).  It is fairly faint, with no first magnitude stars, and lies between Virgo to the west and Scorpius to the east. Beta Librae, also known as Zubeneschamali, is the brightest star in the constellation. Three star systems are known to have planets.
Gold Dome (Centenary)
The Gold Dome is a 3,000-seat multi-purpose arena on the campus of Centenary College of Louisiana in Shreveport, Louisiana. It was built in 1970.  It is home to the Centenary Gentlemen basketball team, Centenary Ladies basketball team, volleyball team and gymnastics team.

Centenary Gentlemen basketball
The Centenary Gentlemen basketball team represents Centenary College in Shreveport, Louisiana. The school's team is a member of the NCAA Division III Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference. They are currently led by head coach J.A. Anglin and play their home games at the Gold Dome.

From 1960 until 2011, Centenary competed at the NCAA Division I level as a member of the Trans America Athletic Conference (now Atlantic Sun Conference) and most recently the Summit League before re-classifying to Division III. Centenary did not make an appearance in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament in its over 50 years at the D-I level.
Algonquin, Illinois
Algonquin is a village in McHenry and Kane counties, Illinois, in the United States. It is a suburb of Chicago, located approximately 40 miles (64 km) northwest of the Loop. As of the 2020 census, the village's population was 29,700.

The village is known as "The Gem of the Fox River Valley", referring to the location of its downtown.

Illinois Route 31
Illinois Route 31 (IL 31) is a 58.41-mile-long (94.00 km) north–south state highway in northeastern Illinois, United States. It travels from U.S. Route 34 (US 34) in Oswego north to US 12, near the Wisconsin state line, just south of Richmond.
Let's Get Married (TV series)
Let's Get Married (Давай поженимся, Davay Pozhenimsya: literally "Let's Marry") is a Russian dating program that premiered on Channel One Russia on July 28, 2008. It airs Monday to Thursday at 6:45 pm.

A man or a woman chooses between three potential partners, with the assistance from family and friends present in the studio.

Larisa Guzeyeva
Larisa Andreyevna Guzeyeva (Russian: Лари́са Андре́евна Гузе́ева; born 23 May 1959) is a Soviet and Russian theater and film actress and television host. She is a Meritorious Artist of Russia and honored artist of the Russian Federation in 1994. She is a member of the public organization "Union of Cinematographers of the Russian Federation". She was awarded the Order of Friendship of the Russian Federation in 2011.
Serenoichthys
Serenoichthys is an extinct genus of small bichir from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of southeastern Morocco. The genus is monotypic, the type and only species being Serenoichthys kemkemensis. Only known at first from postcranial skeletons, complete specimens were later discovered.

Bichir
Fish portal

Bichirs /ˈbɪʃɪərz/ and the reedfish comprise Polypteridae /pɒlɪpˈtɛrɪdiː/, a family of archaic ray-finned fishes and the only family in the order Polypteriformes /pəˈlɪptərɪfɔːrmiːz/.

All the species occur in freshwater habitats in tropical Africa and the Nile River system, mainly swampy, shallow floodplains and estuaries.

Cladistia, polypterids and their fossil relatives, are considered the sister group to all other extant ray-finned fishes (Actinopteri). They likely diverged from Actinopteri at least 330 million years ago. A closely related group, the Scanilepiformes, are known from the later Permian to the Triassic, and are likely ancestral to polypterids. The oldest polypterids are around 100 million years old, from the early Late Cretaceous of South America and Africa.
Nuno Lopes
Nuno Miguel Pereira Lopes (born 6 May 1978) is a Portuguese actor and DJ. He's internationally known for his role in Saint George, the Portuguese entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 90th Academy Awards, and most recently for his role at Netflix TV series, White Lines as Duarte "Boxer" Silva.

Saint George (film)
Saint George (Portuguese: São Jorge) is a 2016 Portuguese drama film directed by Marco Martins. It was selected as the Portuguese entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 90th Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.
Bernard Bresslaw
Bernard Bresslaw (25 February 1934 – 11 June 1993) was an English actor and comedian. He was best known as a member of the Carry On film franchise. Bresslaw also worked on television and stage, performed recordings and wrote a series of poetry.

Regent's Park Open Air Theatre
Regent's Park Open Air Theatre is an open-air theatre in Regent's Park in central London, established in 1932. Originally known for its Shakespearean productions, the theatre now features a wide variety of performances, including musicals, operas and plays simplified for children
Bückeburg
Bückeburg (German pronunciation: [ˈbʏkəbʊʁk] ⓘ; Northern Low Saxon: Bückeborg) is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, on the border with North Rhine Westphalia. It is located in the district of Schaumburg close to the northern slopes of the Weserbergland ridge. Bückeburg has a population of 21,030.

Johann Gottfried Herder
Johann Gottfried von Herder (/ˈhɜːrdər/ HUR-dər; German: [ˈjoːhan ˈɡɔtfʁiːt ˈhɛʁdɐ]; 25 August 1744 – 18 December 1803) was a Prussian philosopher, theologian, pastor, poet, and literary critic. Herder is associated with the Age of Enlightenment, Sturm und Drang, and Weimar Classicism. He was a Romantic philosopher and poet who argued that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people (das Volk). He also stated that it was through folk songs, folk poetry, and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation (der Volksgeist) was popularized. He is credited with establishing or advancing a number of important disciplines: hermeneutics, linguistics, anthropology, and "a secular philosophy of history."
Harvey Doolittle Colvin
Harvey Doolittle Colvin (December 18, 1815 – April 16, 1892) was an American politician. Colvin is best remembered for his stint as mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1873 to 1875 as a member of the People's Party, a pro-liquor factional offshoot of the Republican Party centered in that city.

1876 Chicago mayoral elections
The Chicago mayoral elections of 1876  is one of only two instances in which a Chicago mayoral election was declared invalid (the other being in 1844).

After an election was held in April under disputed circumstances, and was subsequently nullified by the courts, a special election was held in July.

Republican Monroe Heath won the special election in July, thus becoming mayor of Chicago.

These are the last Chicago mayoral elections (including special elections) to take place in an even-numbered year. They are also the only elections since 1862 to have been held in an even-numbered year.
Dwarf koel
The dwarf koel (Microdynamis parva) is a species of cuckoo in the family Cuculidae. It is monotypic within the genus Microdynamis. It is found in New Guinea, where its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. Its closest relatives are the Eudynamys (the true koels).

Koel
The true koels, Eudynamys, are a genus of cuckoos from Asia, Australia and the Pacific. They are large sexually dimorphic cuckoos that eat fruits and insects and have loud distinctive calls. They are brood parasites, laying their eggs in the nests of other species.
Fort Moore Pioneer Memorial
The Fort Moore Pioneer Memorial is a large stone memorial wall built in 1957 on part of the original location of Fort Moore (named for Benjamin D. Moore) facing North Hill Street, in Los Angeles, California.

Hill Street (Los Angeles)
Hill Street is a major north–south thoroughfare in Los Angeles, measuring 4.8 miles (7.7 km) in length. It starts on Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard near the campus of USC, and passes north through Downtown Los Angeles, past such landmarks as Pershing Square, the Subway Terminal Building, Angels Flight, Fort Moore and Chinatown. Hill Street merges with the Arroyo Seco Parkway near Dodger Stadium.