hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ideological bias on Wikipedia
On Wikipedia, ideological bias, especially in its English-language edition, has been the subject of academic analysis and public criticism of the project.

The English Wikipedia has an internal policy which states that articles must be written from a neutral point of view, which has the goal of representing fairly, proportionately, and without bias, the significant points of view that have been verifiably published by reliable sources on a topic. The site has been criticized for alleged left-wing bias and hostility toward the political right.

Collectively, findings show that Wikipedia articles edited by large numbers of editors with opposing ideological views are at least as neutral as other similar sources, but articles with smaller edit volumes by fewer—or more ideologically homogeneous—contributors are more likely to reflect the editorial bias of those contributing.

Perennial sources list
The perennial sources list (abbreviated as RSP for "reliable sources/perennial" or in shortcut form, WP:RSP) is a community-maintained list on the English Wikipedia that classifies sources by degrees of reliability. It was established in 2018. The ratings, which are determined through public discussion and consensus, have received significant news coverage.

Ratings on the list are not meant to function as "pre-approved sources that can always be used without regard for the ordinary rules of editing", nor is the list a "list of banned sources that can never be used or should be removed on sight".
Keith Relf
William Keith Relf (22 March 1943 – 12 May 1976) was an English musician, best known as the lead vocalist and harmonica player for rock band the Yardbirds. He then formed the band Renaissance with his sister Jane Relf, the Yardbirds ex-drummer Jim McCarty and ex–The Nashville Teens keyboardist John Hawken.

John Hawken
John Christopher Hawken (9 May 1940 – 15 May 2024) was an English keyboard player, best known as a member of The Nashville Teens, Renaissance, and the Strawbs. He also played in Spooky Tooth, Third World War, Vinegar Joe and Illusion, as well as being a session musician.
Disa lineata
Disa lineata is a perennial plant and geophyte that belongs to the genus Disa and is part of the fynbos. The plant is endemic to the Western Cape and occurs from the Cederberg to the Kleinrivier Mountains, where it grows on the slopes. The plant is considered rare. The species does not grow in direct runoff water.

Disa (plant)
Disa is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orchidaceae. It comprises about 182 species. Most of the species are indigenous to tropical and southern Africa, with a few more in the Arabian Peninsula, Madagascar, and Réunion. Disa bracteata is naturalised in Western Australia, where the local name is "African weed-orchid."

The genus Disa was named by P.J. Bergius in 1767. It was named after Disa, the heroine of a Swedish legend.
Aínsa
Aínsa (Aragonese: L'Aínsa) is the main town in the Aínsa-Sobrarbe municipal territory, Aragon, Spain.

It is located south of the Pyrenees, in a geologically interesting setting at the north of Huesca. Besides the surrounding mountain landscape, the 12th-century Iglesia parroquial de Santa María church and the 11th-century castle are the main sights of the town.

It is believed that there is a connection between the Ainsa and the Anza family surnames.

Aínsa-Sobrarbe
Aínsa-Sobrarbe (in Aragonese: L'Aínsa-Sobrarbe) is a municipality located in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. As of 2010 (INE), the municipality has a population of 2,180 inhabitants.

Aínsa is the economic development capital of the Sobrarbe comarca (administrative subdivision).
Paris–Le Havre railway
The Paris–Le Havre railway is an important 228-kilometre long railway line, that connects Paris to the northwestern port city Le Havre via Rouen. Among the first railway lines in France, the section from Paris to Rouen opened on 9 May 1843, followed by the section from Rouen to Le Havre that opened on 22 March 1847.

Rouen-Rive-Droite station
Rouen–Rive-Droite is a large railway station serving the city of Rouen, Normandy, France. The station is on Rue Verte in the north of the city. Services are mainly intercity but many services are local. There is also the TGV intercity service from Le Havre to Marseille-Saint-Charles.
Damocrateia
According to a fragment of the historian Pythaenetus, Damocrateia (Ancient Greek: Δαμοκράτεια) was the daughter of Aegina and Zeus, and the sister of Aeacus, the king of the island of Aegina. She became the mother of Menoetius by Actor.

Aeacus
Aeacus (/ˈiːəkəs/; also spelled Eacus; Ancient Greek: Αἰακός) was a king of the island of Aegina in Greek mythology. He was a son of Zeus and the nymph Aegina, and the father of the heroes Peleus and Telamon. According to legend, he was famous for his justice, and after he died he became one of the three judges in the underworld alongside Minos and Rhadamanthus. In another story, he assisted Poseidon and Apollo in building the walls of Troy.

He had sanctuaries in Athens and Aegina, and the Aeginetan festival of the Aeacea (Αἰάκεια) was celebrated in his honour.
Rear-Admiral, Reserve Aircraft
The Rear-Admiral, Reserve Aircraft also known as Rear-Admiral, (E) Reserve Aircraft  was a senior Royal Navy appointment responsible for administering all Naval Air Stations Reserve Aircraft, Aircraft Repair Yards and trials of Aircraft Carriers from 1949 to 1956.

Rear-Admiral, Reserve Aircraft, reported to Flag Officer, Air (Home).

Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Aviation, Amphibious Capability & Carriers)
The  Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Aviation, Amphibious Capability & Carriers) formerly the Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Aviation and Carrier Strike) is a senior Royal Navy appointment responsible for naval aviation. The post is also the successor to the Royal Navy's Flag Officer for naval aviation in the British Isles, established since 1939.
Secret Empire (organization)
The Secret Empire is a fictional organization appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They first appeared in Tales to Astonish #81 and were created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. They were originally a branch of Hydra but later became a separate independent group.

They made their debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe as a major antagonist in season 2 of Agent Carter. Under this incarnation, they are named the Council of Nine.

Mad Dog (Marvel Comics)
Mad Dog (Robert "Buzz" Baxter) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Originally introduced in 1944 as a supporting character of Patsy Walker, Baxter became the dog-like supervillain Mad Dog in the 1983 series The Defenders.
Katarzyna Eugenia Skumin Tyszkiewicz
Katarzyna Eugenia Skumin Tyszkiewicz (c. 1610–1648) was a Polish noblewoman.

Katarzyna was the daughter of Janusz Skumin Tyszkiewicz and Barbara Naruszewicz. She was married to Jan Rakowski, Janusz Wiśniowiecki (son of Konstanty Wiśniowiecki) since 1627 and Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł since 1639.

Her marriage to Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł, led to the conflict between Aleksander Ludwik Radziwłł and Jeremi Wiśniowiecki over the inheritance of Konstanty and Janusz. Eventually, in 1642, Katarzyna defected to Jeremi side and divorced Aleksander, who was forced to give up his claims .

Janusz Skumin Tyszkiewicz
Janusz Skumin Tyszkiewicz (Lithuanian: Jonušas Skuminas Tiškevičius) (Belarusian: Януш Скумін Тышкевіч)(1570–1642) was a noble of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a politician, a sponsor of Baroque music and a writer (1610+). He held numerous political offices, including voivode of Mścisław (1621–1626), voivode of Trakai (1626–1640) and voivode of Vilnius (1640–1642), as well as starost of Brasławski, Jurbarkas, and Nowy Dwór Gdański in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

The son of Teodor Tyszkiewicz and Katarzyna Lacka, he was of the Eastern Catholic faith, and studied abroad at Padua.

Around 1595 he married Barbara Naruszewicz (1580–1627), the daughter of Stanisław Naruszewicz. He had one daughter: Katarzyna Eugenia Tyszkiewicz.  After his first wife died, in 1630 he married Zofia Zamiechowska (d. 1635).

In 1619 he donated some of his possessions in Hrodno to the nuns of Order of Saint Benedict.
Mississippian culture
The Mississippian culture was a collection of Native American societies that flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from approximately 800 to 1600 CE, varying regionally. It was known for building large, earthen platform mounds, and often other shaped mounds as well. It was composed of a series of urban settlements and satellite villages linked together by loose trading networks. The largest city was Cahokia, believed to be a major religious center, located in what is present-day southern Illinois.

The Mississippian way of life began to develop in the Mississippi River Valley (for which it is named). Cultures in the tributary Tennessee River Valley may have also begun to develop Mississippian characteristics at this point. Almost all dated Mississippian sites predate 1539–1540 (when Hernando de Soto explored the area), with notable exceptions being Natchez communities. These maintained Mississippian cultural practices into the 18th century.

Casqui
Casqui was a Native American polity visited in 1541 by the Hernando de Soto expedition. This group inhabited fortified villages in eastern Arkansas.

The tribe takes its name from the chieftain Casqui, who ruled the tribe from its primary village, thought to be located in present day Cross County, Arkansas near the town of Parkin.  The suspected site is the focal point of the Parkin Archeological State Park and it has been determined that the site was continuously occupied for at least 500 years. Information about Chief Casqui and his people comes from journals made during the expedition of Hernando de Soto in 1541.
Uberi
The Uberi were a Celtic tribe dwelling near the source of the Rhône river, in the modern-day Canton of Valais (Switzerland), during the Iron Age and the Roman period.

Along with the Nantuates, Veragri and Seduni, the Uberi were part of the Vallenses, a group of tribes living between Lake Geneva and the Pennine Alps.

Alpes Graiae et Poeninae
The Alpes Graiae et Poeninae, also known by the 2nd century AD as Alpes Atrectianae et Poeninae, was a small Alpine province of the Roman Empire created after the merging of the Alpes Poeninae (or Vallis Poenina) and the Alpes Graiae (or Alpes Atrectianae). Comprising the modern Canton of Valais (Switzerland), the Tarantaise Valley, Beaufortain, Haut-Faucigny (France) and the Aosta Valley (Italy), it was one of the three provinces straddling the Alps between modern France and Italy, along with the Alpes Maritimae and Alpes Cottiae.

The Procurator of the province resided in the capital of this province: Axima, which became Forum Claudii Ceutronum (Aime-la-Plagne), former capital of the Alpes Graiae. He was seconded by a Praefectus in Octodorum, which became Forum Claudii Vallensium (Martigny) for the Alpes Poeninae.
Sebae clownfish
Amphiprion sebae, also known as the sebae clownfish, is an anemonefish found in the northern Indian Ocean, from Java to the Arabian Peninsula. Like all anemonefish it is usually found living in association with sea anemones. While the common name of Heteractis crispa, the sebae anemone, suggests an association, it is normally found with the Stichodactyla haddoni or saddle anemone. A. sebae, like all anemonefish, lives in a symbiotic relationship with the host anemone where the fish is unaffected by the stinging tentacles of the anemone.  In a group of clownfish, Only two clownfish, a male and a female, in a group reproduce through external fertilization. Clownfish are sequential hermaphrodites, changing from male to female, with a strict dominance hierarchy and only  the largest fish being female.

Saddleback clownfish
Amphiprion polymnus, also known as the saddleback clownfish or yellowfin anemonefish, is a black and white species of anemonefish with a distinctive saddle. Like all anemonefishes it forms a symbiotic mutualism with sea anemones and is unaffected by the stinging tentacles of the host anemone. It is a sequential hermaphrodite  with a strict sized-based dominance hierarchy: the female is largest, the breeding male is second largest, and the male non-breeders get progressively smaller as the hierarchy descends. They exhibit protandry, meaning the breeding male will change to female if the sole breeding female dies, with the largest non-breeder becomes the breeding male.
Urban Search and Rescue Colorado Task Force 1
Urban Search and Rescue Colorado Task Force 1 (CO-TF1) is a FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force based in Colorado. They were one of the 20 FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force teams deployed to the World Trade Center site after the September 11, 2001 attacks. The task force is sponsored by the West Metro Fire Protection District and is made up of 70 positions with over 200 trained members including firefighters, paramedics, engineers and canine handlers.

FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force
A FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force (US&R Task Force) is a team of individuals specializing in urban search and rescue, disaster recovery, and emergency triage and medicine.  The teams are deployed to emergency and disaster sites within six hours of notification. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) created the Task Force concept to provide support for large scale disasters in the United States. FEMA provides financial, technical and training support for the Task Forces as well as creating and verifying the standards of Task Force personnel and equipment.

There are 28 Task Forces in the United States, each sponsored by a local agency.  In the event of a disaster in the United States, the nearest three Task Forces will be activated and sent to the site of the disaster.  If the situation is large enough, additional teams will be activated.
W. T. Cosgrave
William Thomas Cosgrave (5 June 1880 – 16 November 1965) was an Irish politician who served as the President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State from 1922 to 1932, Leader of the Opposition from 1932 to 1944, Leader of Fine Gael from 1934 to 1944, founder and leader of Cumann na nGaedheal, from 1923 to 1933, Chairman of the Provisional Government from August 1922 to December 1922, the President of Dáil Éireann from September 1922 to December 1922, the Minister for Finance from 1922 to 1923 and Minister for Local Government from 1919 to 1922. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1921 to 1944. He was also a Member of parliament (MP) for North Kilkenny from 1918 to 1922.

His son, Liam, served as Taoiseach from 1973 to 1977.

Government of the 6th Dáil
There were two governments of the 6th Dáil. The 4th executive council of the Irish Free State (11 October 1927 – 2 April 1930) was formed after the September 1927 general election to the 6th Dáil held on 15 September 1927. The 4th executive council lasted for 2 years, 168 days from its appointment until it resigned from office, and continued to carry out its duties until the appointment of its successor for a further 5 days, for a total of 2 years, 173 days. The 5th executive council of the Irish Free State (2 April 1930 – 9 March 1932) was formed after the executive council resigned in a Dáil defeat. It lasted for 1 year, 342 days. Both minority governments of Cumann na nGaedheal led by W. T. Cosgrave as President of the Executive Council and had the same composition in personnel.
Silverado, California
Silverado is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Silverado Canyon, which is located in the Santa Ana Mountains in eastern Orange County, California. Portions of the town sit on a former Mexican land grant Rancho Lomas de Santiago.  Silverado is located at the boundaries of Cleveland National Forest. The site is a California Historical Landmark, and is located near the village site of Puhú.

Santa Ana Mountains
The Santa Ana Mountains are a short peninsular mountain range along the coast of Southern California in the United States. They extend for approximately 61 miles (98 km) southeast of the Los Angeles Basin largely along the border between Orange and Riverside counties.
Jacob Van Orden House
The Jacob van Orden House is a historic house at 531 4th Avenue in Baraboo, Wisconsin. Jacob Van Orden, the president of the Bank of Baraboo, had the house constructed for his family in 1903. Milwaukee architectural firm Ferry & Clas designed the Tudor Revival house, which was built by George and Carl Isenberg of Baraboo. The three-story house has a red brick first floor and a stucco exterior with half-timbering on the upper floors. Its design also includes a front porch with a second-story balcony, bay windows on the front facade, and a roof with eight gables, all with bargeboard trim and wide eaves. The Van Orden family lived in the house until 1938; the Sauk County Historical Museum moved into the house the following year.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 6, 1996.

Baraboo, Wisconsin
Baraboo (/ˈbɛərəbuː/ ⓘ BAIR-ə-boo) is the county seat of Sauk County, Wisconsin, United States, located along the Baraboo River. The population was 12,556 at the 2020 census. The most populous city in the county, Baraboo is the principal city of the Baraboo micropolitan statistical area which comprises a portion of the Madison combined statistical area.

Baraboo is home to the Circus World Museum and the former headquarters and winter home of the Ringling Brothers Circus. The Al. Ringling Theatre is an active landmark in the city. Baraboo is near Devil's Lake State Park and Aldo Leopold Shack and Farm. The Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin has an active cultural and community presence in the Baraboo area.
MS Mikhail Lermontov
MS Mikhail Lermontov was an ocean liner owned by the Soviet Union's Baltic Shipping Company, built in 1972 by V.E.B. Mathias-Thesen Werft, Wismar, East Germany. It was later converted into a cruise ship. On 16 February 1986 it collided with rocks near Port Gore in the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand, and sank, claiming the life of one of its crew members.

Port Gore
Port Gore (officially Te Anamāhanga / Port Gore) is a bay and natural harbour at the northern end of the Marlborough Sounds in New Zealand. It is close to the northern tip of the South Island, at the western end of Cook Strait. It is directly west of the entrance to Queen Charlotte Sound.

Port Gore is the resting place of the 170-metre (560 ft) Soviet luxury cruise liner, the Mikhail Lermontov, which sank on 16 February 1986 as a result of attempting to navigate the narrow passage between Cape Jackson and the Lighthouse Rock. As a consequence of the disaster, Russian president Boris Yeltsin joked that New Zealand was the only country to get away with sinking a Russian ship. It is now a popular attraction as the largest fully intact wreck dive in the world and easily accessible at a depth of only 37 metres (121 ft).

In August 2014, the name of the bay was officially altered to Te Anamāhanga / Port Gore.

41°00′S 174°15′E﻿ / ﻿41.000°S 174.250°E﻿ / -41.000; 174.250
Super Bit Mapping
Super Bit Mapping (SBM) is a noise shaping process, developed by Sony for CD mastering.

Sony claims that the Super Bit Mapping process converts a 20-bit signal from master recording into a 16-bit signal nearly without sound quality loss, using noise shaping to improve signal-to-noise ratio over the frequency bands most acutely perceived by human hearing.

Audible quantization error is reduced by noise shaping the error according to an equal-loudness contour.

This processing takes place in dedicated hardware inside the recording device. A similar process is used in Sony's DSD to PCM conversion and is called SBM Direct.

Direct Stream Digital
Direct Stream Digital (DSD) is a trademark used by Sony and Philips for their system for digitally encoding audio signals for the Super Audio CD (SACD).

DSD uses delta-sigma modulation, a form of pulse-density modulation encoding, a technique to represent audio signals in digital format, a sequence of single-bit values at a sampling rate of 2.8224 MHz. This is 64 times the CD audio sampling rate of 44.1 kHz, but with 1-bit samples instead of 16-bit samples. Noise shaping of the 64-times oversampled signal provides low quantization noise and low distortion in the audible bandwidth necessary for high resolution audio.

DSD is simply a format for storing a delta-sigma signal without applying a decimation process that converts the signal to a PCM signal.
Kozyatağı
Kozyatağı is a neighborhood in the municipality and district of Kadıköy, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its population is 37,743 (2022). It is bordered on the northeast by the D.100 Highway and the Ataşehir neighborhood of İçerenköy, on the southeast by the Kadıköy neighborhood of Bostancı, on the southwest by the Kadıköy neighborhood of Suadiye, and on the northwest by the Kadıköy neighborhood of 19 Mayıs.

Suadiye, Kadıköy
Suadiye is a neighborhood in the Kadıköy district of Istanbul, Turkey with a population of 26,428 (2023). It is known for its European-esque restaurants and cafes and location near the coast and luxurious lifestyle. The neighbourhood is bordered by Caddebostan and Erenköy in the west, Bostancı in the east, Kozyatağı and 19 Mayıs in the north, and the Sea of Marmara in the south. As of 2024, its muhtar is the Turkish folk musician Hilal Özdemir.

Suadiye has a station on the Marmaray (B1) railway line, the Suadiye railway station.
Géza Maróczy
Géza Maróczy  (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈmɒroːt͡si ˈɡeːzɒ]; 3 March 1870 – 29 May 1951) was a Hungarian chess player, one of the leading players in the world in his time. He was one of the inaugural recipients of the International Grandmaster title from FIDE in 1950.

Glossary of chess
This glossary of chess explains commonly used terms in chess, in alphabetical order. Some of these terms have their own pages, like fork and pin.

For a list of:

unorthodox chess pieces, see Fairy chess piece;

terms specific to chess problems, see Glossary of chess problems;

named opening lines, see List of chess openings;

chess-related games, see List of chess variants;

terms general to board games, see Glossary of board games.
H. V. Burlingham
H. V. Burlingham was a British coachbuilding business based in Blackpool, Lancashire from 1928 until 1960 when they were taken over by London-based rivals Duple Motor Bodies. Duple initially renamed Burlingham as Duple (Northern) but in 1969 they closed their Hendon factory and concentrated production in Blackpool. Duple coach bodies were built in the former Burlingham premises until Duple itself was liquidated in 1989.

Leyland Titan (front-engined double-decker)
The Leyland Titan was a forward-control chassis with a front-mounted engine designed to carry double-decker bus bodywork. It was built mainly for the United Kingdom market between 1927 and 1942, and between 1945 and 1969.

The type was widely used in the United Kingdom and it was also successful in export markets, with numerous examples shipped to Australia, Ireland, India, Spain, South Africa and many other countries. From 1946 specific export models were introduced, although all Titans were right-hand drive regardless of the rule of the road in customer countries.

After Leyland ended the production of the Leyland Titan in UK, Ashok Leyland of India took up production and marketed the bus in South Asia as the Ashok Leyland Titan, which, in much developed form, is still in production.