hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Brodie helmet
The Brodie helmet is a steel combat helmet designed and patented in London in 1915 by Latvian inventor John Leopold Brodie (Leopolds Janno Braude). A modified form of it became the Helmet, Steel, Mark I in Britain and the M1917 Helmet in the US. Colloquially, it was called the shrapnel helmet, battle bowler, Tommy helmet, tin hat, and in the United States the doughboy helmet. It was also known as the dishpan hat, tin pan hat, washbasin and Kelly helmet. The German Army called it the Salatschüssel (salad bowl).

Kettle hat
A kettle hat, also known as a war hat, was a type of combat helmet made of iron or steel in the shape of a brimmed hat. There were many design variations, with the common element being a wide brim that afforded extra protection to the wearer. It gained its common English language name from its resemblance to a metal cooking pot (the original meaning of kettle). The kettle hat was common all over Medieval Europe, and was called Eisenhut in German and chapel de fer in French (both names mean "iron hat" in English).
First Flight Airport
First Flight Airport (IATA: FFA, ICAO: KFFA, FAA LID: FFA) is a public use airport located one nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) west of the central business district of Kill Devil Hills, a town in Dare County, North Carolina, United States. The airport is owned by the U.S. National Park Service. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility.

The airport itself is famous for being the site of hundreds of pre-flight gliding experiments carried out by the Wright brothers. The Wright Brothers National Memorial, located atop nearby Kill Devil Hill, is a 60-foot granite pylon paying homage to the Wright Brothers and the first sustained heavier-than-air flight. The U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission also chose the airport as one of the stops for the National Air Tour 2003.

Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina
Kill Devil Hills is a town in Dare County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 7,633 at the 2020 census. It is the most populous settlement in both Dare County and on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. The Kill Devil Hills micropolitan statistical area, consisting of all of Dare County, is part of the larger Virginia Beach–Norfolk combined statistical area.

The town was founded and developed on the site of the Wright brothers' first controlled, powered airplane flights on December 17, 1903, chosen for its good winds. It was commemorated by the Wright Brothers National Memorial, which was dedicated in 1932. At the time of the Wright Flyer flights, the town of Kill Devil Hills did not exist, and it did not receive its municipal charter until 1953. Kitty Hawk, approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) north, was the nearest settlement at the time and is popularly noted as the site of the first flight.
Camellia railway station
Camellia railway station was a suburban railway station located on the Carlingford line, serving the Sydney suburb of Camellia. Open between 1901 and 2020, at the time of closure it was served by Sydney Trains T6 Carlingford Line services.

Camellia, New South Wales
Camellia is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Primarily industrial with no residential population, environmental remediation commenced in late 2015, with the suburb ear-marked as a major centre for future high density living.

Camellia is located 17 kilometres (11 mi) west of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of the City of Parramatta. The suburb is bounded by the Parramatta River to the north, Clay Cliff Creek to the west, Duck River to the east, and Grand Avenue. Major roads dissecting the suburb are Grand Avenue (east-west) and James Ruse Drive (north-south).

Camellia shares the postcode of 2142 with the separate suburbs of Granville, South Granville, Holroyd and Rosehill.
Abdesalam Bennuna
Abdesalam Bennuna (Arabic: عبد السلام بنونة) was a Moroccan man of letters. He is described as the "father of Moroccan nationalism."

He cofounded al-Hurriya (الحرية Freedom), an arabophone newspaper, with Abdelkhalek Torres.

He corresponded with Shakib Arslan.

Drawing inspiration from the Alliance Israélite Universelle and the school it established in Tetuan in 1862, he contacted scholars, faqīhs, and literary figures in Morocco and established the Moroccan Scientific Society (المجمع العلمي المغربي) on December 30, 1916.

Along with Mohammed Daoud, Bennouna formed the group al Muslihun (the Reformers) in 1926.

During Spanish rule of Morocco, Bennouna called for democratic reforms for Moroccans. Initially, Bennouna did not demand independence or autonomy, but reforms of colonial rule such as elected municipal councils, a general council, press freedoms, freedom of association, improved educational system, Moroccan access to administrative posts and anti-poverty measures.

Mohammed Daoud
Mohammed Daoud (also Muḥammad Dāwūd) (1901-1984) was a Moroccan writer and historian. He was a major nationalist in northern Morocco during its struggle for independence from occupation by Spanish forces.
Kinjō Higashiyama ware
Kinjō Higashiyama ware (金城東山焼) refers to a type of Japanese pottery that was originally produced in Nagoya, central Japan. It was originally called just Higashiyama ware (東山焼) but in order to avoid confusion with other pottery of the same name and kanji spelling the name Kinjō ("Golden Castle", another name for Nagoya Castle) is added before.

The climbing kiln was built for the 12th lord of the Owari Domain, Tokugawa Naritaka (1810–1845), who had a keen interest in pottery, at his lower residence Aoi Oshitayashiki (葵 御下屋敷) in Higashi-ku, Nagoya. It was a type of oniwa-yaki (御庭焼 literally "garden ware"). The opening of the kiln is thought to have been around 1843, the year of Naritaka's long stay in Nagoya. It is said that Katō Tosaburō (加藤唐三郎), an Akazu ware potter, was involved in the construction of the kiln, but there are very few artefacts that have been handed down to the present, and many things remain unknown.

Aoi Oshitayashiki
The Aoi Oshitayashiki (葵 御下屋敷) is a former residence of the Owari branch of the Tokugawa clan, located in Aoi 1-chome in Higashi ward in Nagoya, central Japan.

It was constructed under the second Lord of the Owari Domain Tokugawa Mitsutomo (1625–1700) and subsequently enlarged and changed by following generations. The area consisted of the residential palace in the middle, with a large garden with ponds to the south. A special garden for ginseng was later located in the northwestern part.

A climbing kiln was built for the 12th lord Tokugawa Naritaka (1810–1845), who had a keen interest in pottery. Here Kinjō Higashiyama ware was produced, a type of oniwa-yaki (御庭焼 literally "garden ware").
Vidzeme Upland
The Vidzeme Upland  or the Vidzeme Highland (Latvian: Vidzemes augstiene) is a hilly area of higher elevation in northeastern Latvia, named after the historical region of Vidzeme. Sometimes it is referred to as the Central Vidzeme Upland, to distinguish it from another hilly area of Vidzeme, Alūksne Upland, also known as the "East Vidzeme Upland".

Gaiziņkalns
The Gaising or Gaiziņkalns (German: Mesenberg), at 312 m (1,024 feet) above sea level, is the highest point in Latvia. It is situated in the Vidzeme Upland, a short distance to the west of the town of Madona, central Vidzeme.

Although only relatively high, Gaiziņkalns has been developed into a skiing area with three slopes and several guesthouses. In order to rival Suur Munamägi - the highest point of neighbouring Estonia at 318 metres - a tower was built which exceeds the latter in height. Although the construction work was not finished, the tower became a popular tourist attraction, which led to its closure due to the serious risk to safety. The tower was demolished in December 2012, and the rubble was removed. There is a nearby multilingual sign marking the high point, but nothing at the natural summit itself.
Type inference
Type inference, sometimes called type reconstruction,: 320  refers to the automatic detection of the type of an expression in a formal language. These include programming languages and mathematical type systems, but also natural languages in some branches of computer science and linguistics.

Typeability is sometimes used quasi-synonymously with type inference, however some authors make a distinction between typeability as a decision problem (that has yes/no answer) and type inference as the computation of an actual type for a term.

Simply typed lambda calculus
The simply typed lambda calculus (⁠⁠), a form
of type theory, is a typed interpretation of the lambda calculus with only one type constructor (⁠⁠) that builds function types. It is the canonical and simplest example of a typed lambda calculus.  The simply typed lambda calculus was originally introduced by Alonzo Church in 1940 as an attempt to avoid paradoxical use of the untyped lambda calculus.

The term simple type is also used to refer to extensions of the simply typed lambda calculus with constructs such as products, coproducts or natural numbers (System T) or even full recursion (like PCF). In contrast, systems that introduce polymorphic types (like System F) or dependent types (like the Logical Framework) are not considered simply typed.  The simple types, except for full recursion, are still considered  simple because the Church encodings of such structures can be done using only  and suitable type variables, while polymorphism and dependency cannot.
Cambrian Airways
Cambrian Airways was an airline based in the United Kingdom which ran operations from Cardiff and Liverpool airports between 1935 and 1974. It was incorporated into British Airways when BOAC, BEA, Cambrian and Northeast merged on 1 April 1974.

RAF Pengam Moors
Royal Air Force Pengam Moors, or more simply RAF Pengam Moors, (or also known as RAF Cardiff), is a former Royal Air Force station and maintenance unit (MU), located on the Pengam Moors area of Tremorfa, situated 2 miles (3.2 km) south east of Cardiff city centre in Wales, from June 1938 to January 1946.

Prior to RAF service the site served as a private aerodrome later called Cardiff Municipal Airport. After the Second World War the airfield reverted to private commercial flying until closure in 1954 when all services were transferred to the larger Rhoose Airport. The runway has since been removed and the site has been covered with industrial units, private housing and a school, with the names of many roads reflecting the previous history as an airfield.
2015 William & Mary Tribe football team
The 2015 William & Mary Tribe football team represented the College of William & Mary as a member of the Colonial Athletic Association (CAA) in the 2015 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The Tribe were led by 36th-year head coach Jimmye Laycock and played their home games at Zable Stadium. William & Mary returned to an 11-game regular season schedule after playing 12 games the previous two seasons. The Tribe shared the CAA title with James Madison and Richmond; all three teams finished with identical 6–2 conference records. William & Mary received an at-large bid to the FCS playoffs, where they defeated Duquesne in the first round before losing in the second round to Richmond.

Following the 2015 season, Zable Stadium underwent a significant renovation and expansion.

2015 James Madison Dukes football team
The 2015 James Madison Dukes football team represented James Madison University during the 2015 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by second-year head coach Everett Withers and played their home games at Bridgeforth Stadium and Zane Showker Field. They were a member of the Colonial Athletic Association (CAA). The Dukes finished the regular season 9–2 to share the CAA championship with William & Mary and Richmond, who all finished with identical 6–2 conference records. They received an at-large bid to the FCS Playoffs, where they lost in the second round to Colgate and finish the season 9–3.

On January 6, 2016, Withers resigned to become the head coach at Texas State. He finished at James Madison with a two-year record of 18–7.
Hans J. Røsjorde
Hans Johan Røsjorde (born 11 November 1941) is a Norwegian politician for the Progress Party. A former member of parliament specializing in defense matters, Røsjorde has resigned from active politics and served as County Governor of Oslo and Akershus from 2001 to 2011.

Stord Municipality
Stord is a municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Sunnhordland. Stord  Municipality is sometimes called "Norway in miniature" since it has such a variety of landscapes: coastline, fjords, forests, agricultural land, and mountain areas. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Leirvik, which is also the largest town in the municipality and the whole region of Sunnhordland. Leirvik was declared a town in 1997. Other population centres in the municipality include the large village of Sagvåg and the smaller villages of Litlabø and Grov.

The 143.72-square-kilometre (55.49 sq mi) municipality is the 317th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Stord Municipality is the 70th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 19,350. The municipality's population density is 134.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (349/sq mi) and its population has increased by 4.7% over the previous 10-year period.
Egem
Egem is a hamlet in the sub-municipality of Bambrugge in the municipality of Erpe-Mere in Flanders, Belgium. It is located on the Molenbeek, in the Denderstreek, within the southeast of East Flanders and belongs to the Arrondissement of Aalst. It is bordered by the sub-municipalities of Bambrugge proper, Vlekkem (municipality of Erpe-Mere), Ottergem (municipality of Erpe-Mere) and Zonnegem (municipality of Sint-Lievens-Houtem). Egem also borders the domain Steenberg. Egem consists of two streets, the Egemstraat and Everdal.

Molenbeek (Erpe-Mere Bovenschelde)
The Molenbeek (English: Millbrook) is a brook in the Denderstreek, Belgium. The stream has a length of approximately 22 kilometers. The source of the Molenbeek is located in Grotenberge and the delta is in nearby Wichelen. This brook is not to be confused with the 25-km-lomg Molenbeek-Ter Erpenbeek which is also in Erpe-Mere (and Herzele). The 25-km brook is part of the Molenbeek Erpe-Mere drainage basin.
Porus (TV series)
Porus is an Indian Hindi-language historical drama television series based on the Battle of the Hydaspes, visualizing the lives of Porus, ruler of the Paurava Kingdom in India, and Alexander the Great, the king of Macedonia. It aired from 27 November 2017 till 13 November 2018 on Sony Entertainment Television. Another historical drama, Chandragupta Maurya, is a seamless continuation of it. The show was created by Siddharth Kumar Tewary of Swastik Productions. It is the most expensive show on Indian television, having a budget of about INR 500 crores (roughly US$60 million).

Dhana Nanda
Dhana Nanda (died c. 321 BCE), according to the Buddhist text Mahabodhivamsa, was the last Nanda king of Magadha.

Chandragupta Maurya raised an army that eventually conquered the Nanda capital Pataliputra and defeated him. This defeat marked the fall of the Nanda Empire and the birth of the Maurya Empire.

The Jain tradition presents a similar legend about the last Nanda emperor, although it simply calls the emperor "Nanda", and states that the emperor was allowed to leave his capital alive after being defeated. The Puranas give a different account, describing the last Nanda emperor as one of eight sons of the dynasty's founder, whom they call Mahapadma. The Greco-Roman accounts name Alexander's contemporary ruler in India as Agrammes or Xandrames, whom modern historians identify as the last Nanda emperor. According to these accounts, Alexander's soldiers mutinied when faced with the prospect of a war with this emperor's powerful army.
Salussola
Salussola is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of Turin and about 14 kilometres (9 mi) southeast of Biella.

Salussola borders the following municipalities: Carisio, Cavaglià, Cerrione, Dorzano, Massazza, Roppolo, Verrone, Villanova Biellese.

In the last days of World War II, in Salussola was perpetrated a massacre where 20 partisans were murdered by Italian Fascist Soldiers.

Verrone
Verrone is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region of Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Turin and about 8 kilometres (5 mi) southeast of Biella.

Verrone borders the following municipalities: Benna, Candelo, Cerrione, Gaglianico, Massazza, Salussola, Sandigliano. Sights include the medieval castle (a complex of structures once owned by the Vialardi Ghibelline family), and the parish church of St. Lawrence, built from the 6th to the 10th century.
Museo d'arte, Avellino
The Museo d'Arte is a museum for modern and contemporary art in Avellino, Italy.

The museum opened on 2 January 1995. It was developed from the private gallery of O. Stefano into a museum open to the public. The design for the museum building was ready in September 1993 and was finished in December 1994.

The museum has a library and a documentary film library. It plays video documentaries and speeches by art critics.

Avellino
Avellino (Italian: [avelˈliːno] ⓘ; Irpino: Avillino [avilˈliːnə]) is a city and comune (municipality) of Campania, Italy, capital of the province of Avellino. It is situated in a plain surrounded by mountains 47 kilometres (29 mi) east of Naples and is an important hub on the road from Salerno to Benevento.
Royal Commission on the Criminal Law
The Royal Commission on the Criminal Law (also known as the Criminal Law Commission of 1833 or the Statute Law Commission of 1833) was a royal commission that ran from 1833 to 1845 to consolidate existing statutes and enactments of English criminal law, including an English Criminal Code.

The Commission issued eight reports and was replaced by the Royal Commission on Revising and Consolidating the Criminal Law in 1845.  There was also a later Royal Commission on the Law Relating to Indictable Offences (1871–1879).

Thomas Starkie
Thomas Starkie (2 January 1782 – 15 April 1849) was an English lawyer and jurist. A talented mathematician in his youth, he especially contributed to the unsuccessful attempts to codify the English criminal law in the nineteenth century.
Jack Clement
Jack Henderson Clement (April 5, 1931 – August 8, 2013) was an American musician, songwriter, record producer, film producer, and music executive.

He was producer and engineer for Sam Phillips at Sun Records in its early days, discovering Jerry Lee Lewis and recording the "Million Dollar Quartet" session with Lewis, Carl Perkins, Elvis Presley, and Johnny Cash.

Clement played a key role in launching the career of Charley Pride, writing several of Pride's biggest hit songs and producing 20 albums for the singer. Clement was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame, Rockabilly Hall of Fame, Memphis Music Hall of Fame, and Music City Walk of Fame.

Allen Reynolds
Allen Reynolds (born August 18, 1938) is an American record producer and songwriter who specializes in country music. He has been inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame and the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum.
Simpson Desert, South Australia
Simpson Desert is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located about 920 kilometres (570 miles) north of the capital city of Adelaide and which is located within the desert of the same name.

The locality was established on 26 April 2013 in respect to “the long established local name” which is derived from the desert of the same name.

The principal land use within the locality is conservation, with the full extent of the locality being occupied by the Munga-Thirri–Simpson Desert National Park, which was proclaimed on 26 November 2021 and includes the former protected areas  of the Munga-Thirri–Simpson Desert Conservation Park and the Munga-Thirri–Simpson Desert Regional Reserve.

Simpson Desert is located within the federal division of Grey, the state electoral district of Stuart, the Pastoral Unincorporated Area of South Australia and the state’s Far North region.

Munga-Thirri–Simpson Desert National Park
Munga-Thirri–Simpson Desert National Park, part of which was formerly Munga-Thirri–Simpson Desert Conservation Park, Simpson Desert Conservation Park, and Simpson Desert National Park, is a protected area located in the far north of the Australian state of South Australia, near its border with Queensland and the Northern Territory. As of November 2021 it is the largest national park in Australia, covering 3,600,000 ha (14,000 mi2).
Zigetangcuo Lake
Tsige Dartso (Tibetan: ཙི་གེ་དར་མཚོ, Wylie: tsi ge dar mtsho, ZYPY: Tsige Dartso) or Zigetangcuo Lake (Chinese: 兹格塘错; pinyin: Zīgétáng cuò) is a crenogenic meromictic lake in the North Tibetan Plateau. It is located in Nagqu Prefecture, north of Dongqiao. It has an area of 187 square kilometers at an altitude of 4560 meters. It is the meromictic lake with the highest known altitude.

Meromictic lake
A meromictic lake is a lake which has layers of water that do not intermix. In ordinary, holomictic lakes, at least once each year, there is a physical mixing of the surface and the deep waters.

The term meromictic was coined by the Austrian Ingo Findenegg in 1935, apparently based on the older word holomictic. The concepts and terminology used in describing meromictic lakes were essentially complete following some additions by G. Evelyn Hutchinson in 1937.
Madame Chrysanthème (opera)
Madame Chrysanthème (Madam Chrysanthemum) is an opera, described as a comédie lyrique, with music by André Messager to a libretto by Georges Hartmann and Alexandre André, after the semi-autobiographical novel Madame Chrysanthème (1887) by Pierre Loti. It consists of four acts with a prologue and an epilogue and is set in Nagasaki, Japan.

Madame Chrysanthème (novel)
Madame Chrysanthème is an 1887 novel by Pierre Loti, presented as the autobiographical journal of a naval officer who was temporarily married to a Japanese woman while he was stationed in Nagasaki, Japan. It closely follows the journal he kept of one-month paid relationship with Kiku (Chrysanthemum) in the Jūzenji (十善寺) neighbourhood (modern day Jūninmachi (十人町)) in 1885. Originally written in French, Madame Chrysanthème was very successful, running to 25 editions in the first five years of its publication with translations into several languages including English. It has been considered a key text in shaping western attitudes toward Japan at the turn of the 20th century. It is known in Japan under the title of お菊さん (O Kiku-san), a direct translation of the French name.

André Messager's 1893 opera Madame Chrysanthème is based on the novel, as are some aspects of Puccini's 1904 opera Madama Butterfly.
Louis Tiercelin
Louis Tiercelin (Rennes, 1846 – Paramé, 1915), was a French writer, poet and playwright associated with the Breton cultural renaissance of the early 20th century.

He debuted at the age of 18 with two plays performed at the theatre of Rennes. He founded and edited for a period the newspaper La Jeunesse (Youth). In 1889 he published with Guy Ropartz Le Parnasse breton contemporain (The Modern Breton Parnassus), an anthology of Breton poetry of the 2nd half of the nineteenth century. In October 1890, he founded the Revue L’Hermine (Ermine Revue), the ermine being the symbol of Brittany. He led this for 22 years and brought together many Breton poets and writers, including François-Marie Luzel, Anatole Le Braz and Charles Le Goffic.

Guy Ropartz
Joseph Guy Marie Ropartz (French: [ʁɔpaʁts]; 15 June 1864 – 22 November 1955) was a French composer and conductor. His compositions included five symphonies, three violin sonatas, cello sonatas, six string quartets, a piano trio and string trio (both in A minor), stage works, a number of choral works and other music, often alluding to his Breton heritage. Ropartz also published poetry.