hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Downtown Toronto
Downtown Toronto is the main city centre of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Located entirely within the district of Old Toronto, it is approximately 16.6 square kilometres (6.4 sq mi) in area, bordered by Bloor Street to the northeast, a Canadian Pacific Railway line to the northwest, Lake Ontario to the south, the Don Valley to the east, and Bathurst Street to the west. It is also the home of the municipal government of Toronto and the Government of Ontario.

The area showcases Canada's largest concentration of skyscrapers and businesses that form Toronto's skyline. Since 2022, downtown Toronto had the second most skyscrapers in North America exceeding 200 metres (656 ft) in height, behind only Midtown Manhattan, New York City.

Toronto Eaton Centre
The CF Toronto Eaton Centre, commonly referred to simply as the Eaton Centre, is a shopping mall and office complex in the downtown core of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is owned and managed by Cadillac Fairview (CF). It was named after the Eaton's department store chain that once anchored it before the chain went defunct in the late 1990s.

The Toronto Eaton Centre attracts more visitors than any of Toronto's tourist attractions because it sits on top of two subway stations in downtown Toronto and is close to Union Station. It is North America's busiest shopping mall when one counts the daily commuters along with tourist traffic. The mall has over 230 stores and restaurants in 2014.
Bird in Space
Bird in Space (L'Oiseau dans l'espace) is a series of sculptures by Romanian sculptor Constantin Brâncuși. The original work was created in 1923 and made of marble.  This sculpture is also known for containing seven marble figures and nine bronze casts. Brancusi created the piece over 14 times and in several mediums over a period of 20 years.  It was sold in 2005 for $25.8 million, at the time a record price for a sculpture sold in an auction. The original title in Romanian is Pasărea în văzduh.

Constantin Brâncuși
Constantin Brâncuși (Romanian: [konstanˈtin brɨŋˈkuʃʲ] ⓘ; February 19, 1876 – March 16, 1957) was a Romanian sculptor, painter, and photographer who made his career in France.  Considered one of the most influential sculptors of the 20th century and a pioneer of modernism, Brâncuși is called the patriarch of modern sculpture. As a child, he displayed an aptitude for carving wooden farm tools. Formal studies took him first to Bucharest, then to Munich, then to the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris from 1905 to 1907. His art emphasizes clean geometrical lines that balance forms inherent in his materials with the symbolic allusions of representational art. Brâncuși sought inspiration in non-European cultures as a source of primitive exoticism, as did Paul Gauguin, Pablo Picasso, André Derain, and others. However, other influences emerge from Romanian folk art traceable through Byzantine and Dionysian traditions.
History of the Jews in Königsberg
The history of the Jews in Königsberg reaches back to the 1530s. By the 20th century Königsberg had one of the larger Jewish communities within the German Reich. The city's Jewish community was eliminated by emigration and then The Holocaust during World War II.

Königsberg Synagogue
The Königsberg Synagogue, called at the time, the New Synagogue  (German: Neue Synagoge), was  a former Orthodox Jewish congregation and synagogue, located in Königsberg in Prussia, East Prussia, Germany (now Kaliningrad, Russia).

The New Synagogue was designed by Cremer & Wolffenstein in the Romanesque Revival style, Aesopian in its crafting, and completed in 1896 to replace the Old Synagogue. The New Synagogue was destroyed by Nazis in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, that occurred during November 1938. Also destroyed was the Adass Jisroel synagogue.

In 2018 a completely new synagogue was opened on the site of the former destroyed synagogue, at 1a Oktyabr'skaya Street, Kaliningrad.
James N. Wood
James Nowell Wood (March 20, 1941 – June 11, 2010) was an American museum director who spent 25 years as head of the Art Institute of Chicago and later served as head of the J. Paul Getty Trust, starting in 2006.

J. Paul Getty Trust
The J. Paul Getty Trust is the world's wealthiest art institution, with an estimated endowment of US$7.7 billion in 2020. Based in Los Angeles, California, it operates the J. Paul Getty Museum, which has two locations—the Getty Center in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles and the Getty Villa in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles. Its other programs are the Getty Foundation, the Getty Research Institute, and the Getty Conservation Institute.

With an estimated 1.6 million visitors per year, the trust operates one of the most visited museums in the United States. The trust also provides grants and training to other museums and cultural institutions. The trust has a library, publications program and visiting scholar program. The trust's conservation program is dedicated to advancing conservation practice through the creation and delivery of knowledge. However, since 2008, the trust has scaled back the scope of its activities in response to financial challenges.
Sonic black hole
A sonic black hole, sometimes called a dumb hole or acoustic black hole, is a phenomenon in which phonons (sound perturbations) are unable to escape from a region of a fluid that is flowing more quickly than the local speed of sound. They are called sonic, or acoustic, black holes because these trapped phonons are analogous to light in astrophysical (gravitational) black holes. Physicists are interested in them because they have many properties similar to astrophysical black holes and, in particular, emit a phononic version of Hawking radiation. This Hawking radiation can be spontaneously created by quantum vacuum fluctuations, in close analogy with Hawking radiation from a real black hole. On the other hand, the Hawking radiation can be stimulated in a classical process. The boundary of a sonic black hole, at which the flow speed changes from being greater than the speed of sound to less than the speed of sound, is called the event horizon.

Analog models of gravity
Analog models of gravity are attempts to model various phenomena of general relativity (e.g., black holes or cosmological geometries) using other physical systems such as waves in a moving fluid and electromagnetic waves in a dielectric medium. These analogs (or analogies) serve to provide new ways of looking at problems, permit ideas from other realms of science to be applied, and may create opportunities for practical experiments within the analog that can be applied back to the source phenomena.

Analog models of gravity have been used in hundreds of published articles in the last decade.
Dunboyne
Dunboyne (Irish: Dún Búinne, meaning 'Búinne's stronghold') is a town in County Meath, Ireland, 15 km (9 mi) north-west of Dublin city centre. It is a commuter town for Dublin. In the 20 years between the 1996 and 2016 censuses, the population of Dunboyne more than doubled from 3,080 to 7,272 inhabitants. As per the 2022 census, the population decreased slightly to 7,155. The town is in a townland and civil parish of the same name.

River Tolka
The River Tolka (/ˈtɔːlkə/; Irish: An Tulca, "the flood"), also once spelled Tolga, is one of Dublin's three main rivers, flowing from County Meath to Fingal within the old County Dublin, and through the north of Dublin city, Ireland (the other main rivers are the Liffey and the Dodder). By flow of water, the Tolka is the second largest river in Dublin, following the Liffey, but runs more slowly than the Dodder.
Epipsocidae
Epipsocidae is an insect family of Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera) belonging to the suborder Psocomorpha, that includes, among others, the genera Bertkauia, Epipsocus, Epipsocopsis, Goja, and the New Guinean endemic Dicropsocus. It includes 16 genera with more than 140 species. The only European species in the family is the (almost always) apterous Bertkauia lucifuga. Like the other members of the infraorder Epipsocetae, they have a labrum with two sclerotized ridges. Epipsocids are barklice found primarily in tropical regions, and one of their distinguishing characteristics is the hairy ventral surface of the forewing.

Dicropsocus
Dicropsocus is a genus in the Epipsocidae family, with three described species, all endemic to New Guinea and the neighbouring islands. The genus is characterised by a peculiar wing venation, with many supernumerary cells.
Women's World Chess Championship 2015
The Women's World Chess Championship was held from 16 March to 7 April 2015 in Sochi, Russia. It was a 64-player knockout tournament. It was originally scheduled from 11 to 31 October 2014 but problems in finding a sponsor and host city eventually forced international chess organisation FIDE to announce the postponement of the Championship on 24 September 2014, scheduling it for early 2015 in Sochi. The unclear state of the tournament was highly criticised by the Association of Chess Professionals (ACP).

In the final, Ukrainian Mariya Muzychuk, seeded 8th, defeated Russian Natalia Pogonina, seeded 31st. As a result of this victory, Muzychuk was awarded the title of Grandmaster (GM), qualified for the FIDE World Cup 2015, and earned the right to defend her title in a 2016 match against the winner of the Women's FIDE Grand Prix Series 2013-14, Hou Yifan.

Women's World Chess Championship 2016
The Women's World Chess Championship 2016 was a chess match played between Mariya Muzychuk, the defending champion, and the challenger Hou Yifan to determine the FIDE Women's World Champion. The scheduled 10-game match was held from 1 to 14 March 2016 in Lviv, Ukraine. It was originally scheduled from 11 to 31 October 2015, but was delayed because no host could be found.

On March 14, Hou won the championship by defeating Muzychuk in Game 9, ending the match. As in her two previous championship matches, Hou Yifan won convincingly, not losing a single game.
Picton railway station
Picton railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Main Southern line in the south-western Sydney suburb of Picton in the Wollondilly Shire local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1863 to 1919. It is also known as the Picton Railway Station group. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. The station opened on 1 July 1869. The station is unusually sited, with southbound journeys actually heading north out of the station before traversing a 225 degree horseshoe curve to again head south, and likewise northbound services heading south before rounding a number of curves to resume their true direction.

Picton, New South Wales
Picton  is a small town in the Macarthur region of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. The town is the administrative centre of the Wollondilly Shire local government area. Picton is located 81 kilometres (50 mi) southwest of the Sydney CBD.

The town is part of the far southwest fringe of Greater Sydney and is located relatively close to other major suburbs, such as Camden and Campbelltown.
Discontinuous linear map
In mathematics, linear maps form an important class of "simple" functions which preserve the algebraic structure of linear spaces and are often used as approximations to more general functions (see linear approximation).  If the spaces involved are also topological spaces (that is, topological vector spaces), then it makes sense to ask whether all linear maps are continuous. It turns out that for maps defined on infinite-dimensional topological vector spaces (e.g., infinite-dimensional normed spaces), the answer is generally no: there exist discontinuous linear maps.  If the domain of definition is complete, it is trickier; such maps can be proven to exist, but the proof relies on the axiom of choice and does not provide an explicit example.

Linear form
In mathematics, a linear form (also known as a linear functional, a one-form, or a covector) is a linear map from a vector space to its field of scalars (often, the real numbers or the complex numbers).

If V is a vector space over a field k, the set of all linear functionals from V to k is itself a vector space over k with addition and scalar multiplication defined pointwise. This space is called the dual space of V, or sometimes the algebraic dual space, when a topological dual space is also considered. It is often denoted Hom(V, k), or, when the field k is understood, ; other notations are also used, such as ,  or  When vectors are represented by column vectors (as is common when a basis is fixed), then linear functionals are represented as row vectors, and their values on specific vectors are given by matrix products (with the row vector on the left).
Holyhead Maritime Museum
The Holyhead Maritime Museum (Welsh: Amgueddfa Forwrol Caergybi) is a maritime museum located in Holyhead, North Wales.

Housed in what is claimed to be the oldest Lifeboat station in Wales (built c. 1858), it houses a number of collections.

Holyhead
Holyhead (/ˌhəʊliˈhɛd, ˌhɒliˈhɛd/; Welsh: Caergybi pronounced [kɑːɨrˈɡəbi] ⓘ, "Cybi's fort") is a historic port town, and is the largest town and a community in the county of the Isle of Anglesey, Wales. Holyhead is on Holy Island, bounded by the Irish Sea to the north, and is separated from Anglesey island by the narrow Cymyran Strait.

It was originally connected to Anglesey via the Four Mile Bridge.
In the mid-19th century, Lord Stanley, a local philanthropist, funded the building of a larger causeway, known locally as "the Cobb"; it now carries the A5 and the railway line. The A55 dual carriageway runs parallel to the Cobb on a modern causeway.

The town houses the Port of Holyhead, a major Irish Sea port for connections towards Ireland. The population of the town proper as of the 2021 census was 12,084, an increase on the 2011 census.
Cam Neely
Cameron Michael Neely (born June 6, 1965) is a Canadian professional ice hockey executive and former player. He played right wing for the Vancouver Canucks and Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1983 to 1996. Neely was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2005. He has been the president of the Bruins since 2010, and won the Stanley Cup in 2011.

Portland Winterhawks
The Portland Winterhawks are a junior ice hockey team based in Portland, Oregon. Founded in 1950 as the Edmonton Oil Kings, the team relocated to Portland in 1976 and was known as the Winter Hawks until 2009. The team plays in the U.S. Division of the Western Hockey League (WHL), one of three constituent leagues of the Canadian Hockey League (CHL). The Winterhawks have made a record 13 appearances in the WHL championship series—including a record-tying four straight from 2011 to 2014—winning the Ed Chynoweth Cup three times and the Memorial Cup twice. They were the first American-based team to participate in and win either championship. The team plays its home games at Veterans Memorial Coliseum.
Charles Henry Godden
Charles Henry Godden, CBE (19 November 1922 – 10 June 2020) was a British colonial administrator and diplomat who served as Her Majesty's Commissioner, then Governor of Anguilla, from 1978 to 1983.

Godden was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1981.

Governor of Anguilla
The governor of Anguilla is the representative of the monarch in the British Overseas Territory of Anguilla. The governor is appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Government of the United Kingdom. The governor is the highest authority on Anguilla, but daily business is handled by local Anguillan elected officials. The main role of the governor is to appoint the premier of Anguilla.

The governor's official residence is Government House at Old Ta. The governor has her own flag: the Union Flag defaced with the coat of arms of Anguilla.

The current governor is Julia Crouch, who was sworn in on 11 September 2023.
Ellinger Tor
The Ellinger Tor is the most famous city gate of Weißenburg in Bayern, Germany. It is from the 14th century and is part of the medieval city wall of Weißenburg.

It was on a Postage Stamp of the Deutsche Bundespost in 1964 and 1967.

Weißenburg in Bayern
Weißenburg in Bayern (German pronunciation: [ˈvaɪsn̩bʊʁk ʔɪn ˈbaɪɐn], lit. 'Weißenburg in Bavaria'), formerly known as Weißenburg im Nordgau and Weißenburg am Sand, is a town in Middle Franconia, Germany. It is the capital of the district Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen, with a population of 18,345 as of 2024. Weißenburg was a free imperial city for 500 years.
United States Employment Service
The US Employment Service (ES) is the national system of public employment offices, managed by state workforce agencies and their localities, and funded by the Department of Labor. It is supervised by the Employment and Training Administration and was established by the Wagner–Peyser Act of 1933.

Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act
The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) is a United States public law that replaced the previous Workforce Investment Act of 1998 (WIA) as the primary federal workforce development legislation to bring about increased coordination among federal workforce development and related programs.
Macropod hybrid
Macropod hybrids are hybrids of animals within the family Macropodidae, which includes kangaroos and wallabies. Several macropod hybrids have been experimentally bred, including:

Some hybrids between similar species have been achieved by housing males of one species and females of the other together to limit the choice of a mate. To create a "natural" macropod hybrid, young animals of one species have been transferred to the pouch of another so as to imprint into them the other species. In-vitro fertilization has also been used and the fertilized egg implanted into a female of either species.

Macropodidae
Macropodidae is a family of marsupials that includes kangaroos, wallabies, tree-kangaroos, wallaroos, pademelons, the quokka, and several other groups. These genera are allied to the suborder Macropodiformes, containing other macropods, and are native to the Australian continent (the mainland and Tasmania), New Guinea and nearby islands. As of 2025 there are 63 recognised living species in this family.
Tuweep, Arizona
Tuweep is a ghost town in Mohave County, Arizona, United States. It has an estimated elevation of 5,180 feet (1,580 m) above sea level.

Tuweep became part of Grand Canyon National Monument in 1932. Grand Canyon National Monument was added to Grand Canyon National Park in 1975.

Mohave County, Arizona
Mohave County occupies the northwestern corner of the U.S. state of Arizona, one of 15 counties in the state. As of the 2020 census, its population was 213,267. The county seat is Kingman, and the largest city is Lake Havasu City. It is the fifth largest county in the United States (by area).

Mohave County makes up the Lake Havasu City–Kingman, Arizona Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Mohave County contains parts of Grand Canyon National Park and Lake Mead National Recreation Area and all of the Grand Canyon–Parashant National Monument. The Kaibab, Fort Mojave and Hualapai Indian Reservations also lie within the county.
Exploit (computer security)
An exploit is a method or piece of code that takes advantage of vulnerabilities in software, applications, networks, operating systems, or hardware, typically for malicious purposes.
The term "exploit" derives from the English verb "to exploit," meaning "to use something to one’s own advantage."
Exploits are designed to identify flaws, bypass security measures, gain unauthorized access to systems, take control of systems, install malware, or steal sensitive data.
While an exploit by itself may not be a malware, it serves as a vehicle for delivering malicious software by breaching security controls.

Researchers estimate that malicious exploits cost the global economy over US$450 billion annually.
In response to this threat, organizations are increasingly utilizing cyber threat intelligence to identify vulnerabilities and prevent hacks before they occur.

Privilege escalation
Privilege escalation is the act of exploiting a bug, a design flaw, or a configuration oversight in an operating system or software application to gain elevated access to resources that are normally protected from an application or user. The result is that an application or user with more privileges than intended by the application developer or system administrator can perform unauthorized actions.
Gleason Archer Jr.
Gleason Leonard Archer Jr. (May 22, 1916 – April 27, 2004) was an American biblical scholar, theologian, educator and author. He is notable for his work on well-known Bible translations and for his defense of biblical inerrancy.

Suffolk University
Suffolk University is a private university, Carnegie designated as "Professions-focused Undergraduate/Graduate-Doctorate Medium", in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. With 7,560 students on all campuses, it is the tenth-largest university in metropolitan Boston. It was founded as a law school in 1906 and named after its location in Suffolk County, Massachusetts. The university is also host to its namesake public opinion poll, the Suffolk University Political Research Center.

The university, located at the downtown edge of the historic Beacon Hill neighborhood, comprises the Suffolk College of Arts and Sciences, Sawyer Business School, and Suffolk University Law School. The university's sports teams, the Suffolk Rams, compete in 19 varsity sports in NCAA Division III as members of the Commonwealth Coast Conference.
Betanin
Betanin, or beetroot red, is a red glycosidic food dye obtained from beets; its aglycone, obtained by hydrolyzing the glucose molecule, is betanidin. As a food additive, its E number is E162. As a food additive, betanin has no safety concerns.

The color of betanin depends on pH; between pH four and five, it is bright bluish-red, becoming blue-violet as the pH increases. Once the pH reaches alkaline levels, betanin degrades by hydrolysis, resulting in a yellow-brown color.

Betanin is a betalain pigment, together with isobetanin and other betacyanins.

Food coloring
Food coloring, color additive or colorant is any dye, pigment, or substance that imparts color when it is added to food or beverages. Colorants can be supplied as liquids, powders, gels, or pastes. Food coloring is commonly used in commercial products and in domestic cooking.

Food colorants are also used in various non-food applications, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, home craft projects, and medical devices. Some colorings may be natural, such as with carotenoids and anthocyanins extracted from plants or cochineal from insects, or may be synthesized, such as tartrazine yellow.

In the manufacturing of foods, beverages and cosmetics, the safety of colorants is under constant scientific review and certification by national regulatory agencies, such as the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and by international reviewers, such as the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.
Turmberg
The Turmberg (German: "Tower Hill") is a hill  (elevation: 256 m) located in Durlach, a suburb of Karlsruhe in Germany. It is home to a castle ruin.

The Turmberg is the local hill of Durlach, the former royal seat of Baden. It is 256 metres high and forms the nortwesternmost peak of the Black Forest at the transition between the low maintain range and the hilly landscape of the Kraichgau region. The Turmberg is a favourite destination for outings and can be reached by a number of routes. It can be reached by the Turmbergbahn, a funicular railway. This railway has been operating since 1888, and it is the oldest funicular railway still operating in Germany. The original railway used water to counterbalance the rail cars, but now it is run on electricity. The top of the hill can also be reached directly by climbing the 528 steps of the “Hexenstäffele”.

view from village center

funicular

view downhill

castle ruin

Durlach
Durlach is a district in Karlsruhe, Germany, with a population of roughly 30,000.

The district is further divided into Alt-Durlach, Dornwald-Untermühl, Hanggebiet, Bergwald, Aue, Lohn-Lissen and Killisfeld.