hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tory Cave (Albany, New York)
The Tory Cave is a limestone cave in the Helderberg Escarpment geologic formation. Its name is based on a story from the American Revolution, where a Tory — a loyalist to the English monarchy — hid in the cave. According to some accounts Jacob Salsbury was a loyalist who reported to the British on rebel troop movements.

The cave is near the top of the escarpment.

Visually interesting ice stalagmites can be found in the cave, in springtime.
There are other caves in the region that do not develop stalagmites. According to Jim Gould, the author of Rooted in Rock, a partial rock fall blocks drafts that would have prevented the growth of large stalagmites.

Helderberg Escarpment
The Helderberg Escarpment, also known as the Helderberg Mountains, is an escarpment in eastern New York, United States, roughly 11 miles (18 km) west of the city of Albany.  The escarpment is the northeastern extremity of the Allegheny Plateau. It rises steeply from the Hudson Valley below, with an elevation difference of approximately 700 feet (from 400 to 1,100 feet) over a horizontal distance of approximately 2,000 feet. Much of the escarpment is within John Boyd Thacher State Park, and has views of the Hudson Valley and the Capital District.
USS Florence Nightingale
USS Florence Nightingale (AP-70) was a Maritime Commission type C3-M cargo ship built as Mormacsun for Moore-McCormack Lines. Mormacsun operated for Moore-McCormack from May 1941 until December 1941 when she came under the War Shipping Administration (WSA) for the duration of World War II. The ship operated with Moore-McCormack as the WSA agent, playing an important role in early supply of the Southwest Pacific, until transfer to the United States Navy September 1942 and commissioning as Florence Nightingale whereupon she became an Elizabeth C. Stanton-class transport ship. She was named for Florence Nightingale (1820–1910), the nursing pioneer, and is one of the few United States Navy ships named after a woman. The ship was returned to WSA in 1946 and then to Moore-McCormack operating as Mormacsun until sold to operate as Japan Transport and lastly as Texas.

Elizabeth C. Stanton-class transport
The Elizabeth C. Stanton class transport ship was a transport class of the United States Navy that originated just prior to the second World War.  The class,  which contained only four ships, is named for Elizabeth Cady Stanton.  All of the vessels were named for important women in history, including: USS Elizabeth C. Stanton (AP-69); USS Florence Nightingale (AP-70); USS Mary Lyon (AP-71); and USS Anne Arundel (AP-76).

The Elizabeth C. Stanton transport ship USS Anne Arundel was used to transport troops in the D-Day actions.
1979 South Pembrokeshire District Council election
An election to South Pembrokeshire District Council was held in May 1979. An Independent majority was maintained. It was preceded by the 1976  election and followed by the 1983 election. On the same day there was a United Kingdom general election and were elections to the other district local authorities and community councils in Wales.

1976 South Pembrokeshire District Council election
An election to South Pembrokeshire District Council was held in May 1976. An Independent majority was maintained. It was preceded by the 1973  election and followed by the 1979 election. On the same day there were elections to the other district local authorities and community councils in Wales.
Robert Joseph Banks
Robert Joseph Banks (February 26, 1928 – January 25, 2026) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church, serving as bishop of the Diocese of Green Bay in Wisconsin from 1990 to 2003. He was previously an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Boston in Massachusetts from 1985 to 1990.

A protégé of Cardinal Bernard Law, Banks was questioned about his role in the sex abuse scandal in the Archdiocese of Boston in the early 2000s.

Archdiocese of Boston
The Archdiocese of Boston (Latin: Archidiœcesis Bostoniensis) is an archdiocese of the Catholic Church in eastern Massachusetts in the United States. Its mother church is the Cathedral of the Holy Cross in Boston.

The Diocese of Boston was erected in 1808, branching off from the Diocese of Baltimore. It grew rapidly during the 19th century; today it is the fourth largest archdiocese in the United States. Starting in 2002, the archdiocese faced a sexual abuse scandal which touched off investigations of Catholic Church sexual abuse cases throughout the United States. Richard G. Henning is the archbishop.
Grand Boulevard, Joondalup
Grand Boulevard is the main street of Joondalup, a regional centre 26 kilometres (16 mi) north of Perth, Western Australia. It was originally built in 1989 as the main axis road for the new Joondalup central business district.

Joondalup
Joondalup  (/ˈdʒuːndəlʌp/) is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, approximately 26 kilometres (16 mi) north of Perth's central business district. It contains the central business district of the regional City of Joondalup and acts as the primary urban centre of Perth's outer northern suburbs.
Dwight Baldwin (missionary)
Dwight Baldwin (September 29, 1798 – January 3, 1886) was an American Christian missionary and medical doctor on Maui, one of the Hawaiian Islands, during the Kingdom of Hawaii. He was patriarch of a family that founded some of the largest businesses in the islands.

Henry Perrine Baldwin
Henry Perrine Baldwin (August 29, 1842 – July 8, 1911) was an American businessman and politician on Maui in the Hawaiian Islands. He supervised the construction of the East Maui Irrigation System and co-founded Alexander & Baldwin, one of the "Big Five" corporations that dominated the economy of the Territory of Hawaii.
Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City
Miguel Hidalgo is a borough (alcaldía) in western Mexico City, it encompasses the historic areas of Tacuba, Chapultepec and Tacubaya along with a number of notable neighborhoods such as Polanco and Lomas de Chapultepec. With landmarks such as Chapultepec Park and the Museo Nacional de Antropología, it is the second most visited borough in Mexico City after Cuauhtémoc where the historic center of Mexico City is located. Tacubaya and Tacuba both have long histories as independent settlements and were designated as "Barrios Mágicos" by the city for tourism purposes.

Tacubaya metro station
Tacubaya is a station on Lines 1, 7 and 9 of the Mexico City Metro system. It is located in the Miguel Hidalgo borough, west of the city centre. In 2019, the station had a total average ridership of 85,800 passengers per day, making it the fifth busiest station in the network. From 2023 to 2025, the Line 1 station was closed for modernization work on the tunnel and the line's technical equipment.
Fear State
"Fear State" is a comic book crossover storyline published by the comic book publishing company DC Comics in late 2021, featuring Batman and his family. Primarily written by James Tynion IV, the arc is his second and final major arc on Batman in DC Rebirth. The main story was from Batman (vol. 3) #112–117, also including multiple tie-in issues.

The story involves Scarecrow wanting to control Gotham City using fear, and Mayor Christopher Nakano's mission to protect the city with his ground-breaking deal with the Magistrate (similar to an alternate future in "Future State"). This story introduces new characters Miracle Molly and Ghost-Maker and debuts Jace Fox as Batman. The crossover event received positive reviews from critics, with critics praising the action, art, and tie-ins, but the main story received criticism for its sluggish pacing.

Infinite Frontier
Infinite Frontier is a 2021 relaunch by the American comic book publisher DC Comics of its entire line of ongoing monthly superhero comic book titles. It is the follow-up to the 2018 New Justice relaunch. The relaunch and event was shepherded by writer Joshua Williamson. The continuity and repercussions established by Infinite Frontier continue into the 2023 Dawn of DC relaunch.
Ressentiment
In philosophy, ressentiment (/rəˌsɒ̃.tiˈmɒ̃/; French pronunciation: [ʁə.sɑ̃.ti.mɑ̃] ⓘ) is one of the forms of resentment or hostility. The concept was of particular interest to some 19th-century thinkers, most notably Friedrich Nietzsche. According to their use, ressentiment is a sense of hostility directed toward an object that one identifies as the cause of one's frustration, that is, an assignment of blame for one's frustration.  The sense of weakness or inferiority complex and perhaps even jealousy in the face of the "cause" generates a rejecting/justifying value system, or morality, which attacks or denies the perceived source of one's frustration. This value system is then used as a means of justifying one's own weaknesses by identifying the source of envy as objectively inferior, serving as a defense mechanism that prevents the resentful individual from addressing and overcoming their insecurities and flaws. The ego creates an enemy to insulate themselves from culpability.

On the Genealogy of Morality
On the Genealogy of Morality: A Polemic (German: Zur Genealogie der Moral: Eine Streitschrift; sometimes translated as On the Genealogy of Morals) is an 1887 book by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. It consists of a preface and three interrelated treatises ('Abhandlungen' in German) that expand and follow through on concepts that Nietzsche outlined in Beyond Good and Evil (1886). The three treatises trace episodes in the evolution of moral concepts confronting the "moral prejudices" of Christian morality.

Some Nietzschean scholars consider Genealogy to be a work of sustained brilliance and power as well as his masterpiece. Since its publication, it has influenced many authors and philosophers.
State reserves of Azerbaijan
State Reserves of Azerbaijan refers to the state reserves in Azerbaijan, which preserve the fauna, flora and their ecosystems.

State Reserves bear the status of governmental establishments aimed at environmental protection and scientific research. They are particularly designed for the protection of typical and rare natural complexes and studying of natural processes and phenomena. The utilization of the lands of State natural reserves, as well as animals and plants, found within their boundaries for industrial purposes is prohibited by the law.  Activities in this sector are regulated by the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Azerbaijan Republic.

In total more than 2.5% of Azerbaijan is under protection by the government as state reserve.

Ismailli State Reserve
Ismailli State Reserve or Ismayilly State Reserve was established in Azerbaijan on an area of 57.78 square kilometres (22.31 sq mi) in 1981 for the preservation and protection of natural complexes, occupying the north part of the southern slope of Major Caucasus.

The area of the reserve was expanded by 109.60 square kilometres (42.32 sq mi) to 167 square kilometres (64 sq mi) in June 2003.

A digital management system has been set up as of 2019.

The forests are mainly formed of beeches, hornbeams and oaks, with small numbers of birch trees, cud, lime-trees, etc. Among them are chestnut-leaved oak and horehound oak that are included in the Red Book of Azerbaijan. The reserve accounts for nearly 170 animal species. 104 bird species of 13 orders are found in the reserve. Such mammals as a Brown bear, wild cat, lynx, Caucasian dear, Roe deer, Chamois and Caucasian goat populate the reserve.
Inuvialuktun
Inuvialuktun (part of Western Canadian Inuit / Inuktitut / Inuktut / Inuktun) comprises several Inuit language varieties spoken in the northern Northwest Territories by Canadian Inuit who call themselves Inuvialuit. Some dialects and sub-dialects are also spoken in Nunavut.

Inuvialuit
The  Inuvialuit (sing. Inuvialuk; 'the real people') or Western Canadian Inuit are Inuit who live in the western Canadian Arctic region. They, like all other Inuit, are descendants of the Thule who migrated eastward from Alaska. Their homeland – the Inuvialuit Settlement Region – covers the Arctic Ocean coastline area from the Alaskan border, east through the Beaufort Sea and beyond the Amundsen Gulf which includes some of the western Canadian Arctic Islands, as well as the inland community of Aklavik and part of Yukon. The land was demarked in 1984 by the Inuvialuit Final Agreement.
Yvette Holt
Yvette Henry Holt is an Australian literary executive, multi-award-winning contemporary Australian Aboriginal poet, essayist, researcher and editor. She heralds from the Bidjara, Yiman and Wakaman nations of Queensland. The youngest child born to prominent Queensland Elder, Albert Holt and Marlene (née Henry) Holt,  Yvette came to poetic prominence with her first award-winning collection of poetry Anonymous Premonition in 2008. Between 2009-2021 Holt lived and worked in Central Australia among the Central and Western Arrernte peoples of Hermansburg and Alice Springs.

Wheeler Centre
The Wheeler Centre, originally Centre of Books, Writing and Ideas, is a literary and publishing centre founded as part of Melbourne's bid to be a Unesco Creative City of Literature, which designation it earned in 2008. It is named after its patrons, Tony and Maureen Wheeler, founders of the Lonely Planet travel guides.

Opened in 2010, the centre is housed in the southern wing of the State Library of Victoria. As well as programming literary events, debates and awards, the centre hosts literary organisations including Express Media, the Melbourne Writers Festival, the Melbourne City of Literature Office, Australian Poetry, the Emerging Writers' Festival, the Small Press Network and Writers Victoria.
Duke Ding of Qi
Duke Ding of Qi (Chinese: 齊丁公 or 齊玎公; pinyin: Qí Dīng Gōng), personal name Lü Ji, was the second recorded ruler of the Qi state.

According to classical Chinese texts such as the Records of the Grand Historian and Zuo Zhuan, Duke Ding succeeded his father, Duke Tai, who was said to have been a centenarian. Duke Ding supposedly served King Kang of Zhou along with other major vassal state rulers including Xiong Yi, Count Kang of Wey (衞康伯), Ji Xiefu and Bo Qin. However, most modern historians believe Duke Ding was in fact the fifth-generation descendant of Duke Tai, and he could not have served King Kang of Zhou.

After Duke Ding died, he was succeeded by his son, Duke Yi.

Jiang Ziya
Jiang Ziya (fl. 12th century BC – 11th century BC), also known by several other names, was the founding monarch of the Qi state.

He was a military general and strategist who assisted King Wen of Zhou and King Wu of Zhou overthrow the Shang dynasty and establish the Zhou dynasty. Following their victory in the Battle of Muye, he continued to serve as a Zhou minister. He remained loyal to the regent Ji Dan (Duke Wen of Zhou) during the Rebellion of the Three Guards; following the Ji Dan's punitive raids against the restive Dongyi, Jiang was enfeoffed with the land of Qi. He established his seat at Yingqiu (in modern-day Linzi, Zibo, Shandong).

He has been worshipped as a war god since the Han and, especially, Tang dynasties. He is also celebrated in Chinese literature, and is one of the main heroes in the Ming-era Investiture of the Gods.
Mary Butler Lewis
Mary Butler Lewis (1903–1970) was an American archaeologist, anthropologist, and public educator best known for her contributions to the fields of Mesoamerican archaeology and Northeastern and Central U.S. prehistory. She was the first female archaeologist to earn a doctorate degree from the department of anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania, as well as one of the first female archaeologists to earn a Ph.D. in the United States. She worked with the University of Pennsylvania Museum as the assistant of the American section and as a research assistant, where she conducted her own fieldwork in Piedras Negras in Guatemala. She pioneered research on Mesoamerican pottery and ceramics, which paved the way for many new projects. President of the Philadelphia Anthropological Society, Butler conducted historical research in Pennsylvania and New York.

Linton Satterthwaite
Linton Satterthwaite Jr. (1897–1978) was a Maya archaeologist and epigrapher and is primarily associated with the University Museum at the University of Pennsylvania. He is well known for his works at Caracol, Piedras Negras, Cahal Pech and Benque Viejo (Xunantunich).
Jan Philipp Albrecht
Jan Philipp Albrecht (born 20 December 1982) is a German politician of the Alliance '90/The Greens, part of The Greens-European Free Alliance. From 2018 to 2022, he served as Minister for Energy, Agriculture, the Environment, Nature and Digitalization of Schleswig-Holstein. From 2009 until 2018, he was a Member of the European Parliament. He is specialized in the field of civil rights, data protection and democracy.

European Parliament Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs
The Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE) is a committee of the European Parliament that is responsible for protecting civil liberties and human rights, as listed in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.
Southerndown
Southerndown is a village in the Vale of Glamorgan, in south Wales. It is southwest of Bridgend, and within the St Brides Major community, close to Llantwit Major and Ogmore-by-Sea. It is mostly known for its beach which backs Dunraven Bay (Welsh: Bae Dwnrhefn), which is a popular tourist destination during the summer months and since 1972 has been part of a Heritage Coast and is part of the Southerndown Coast SSSI.  When the tide is out there is an expanse of sand and pools. The cliffs are an obvious example of sedimentary rock.

Southerndown Coast
Southerndown Coast is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in St Brides Major community, in the Vale of Glamorgan, South Wales. It forms part of the Glamorgan Heritage Coast, bordered by the Monknash Coast to the southeast. The nearby villages are Southerndown and Ogmore-by-Sea. The SSSI extends over 5 kilometres (3 miles) of south-west facing coastline, with rocky limestone cliffs, broad beaches and deeply fissured wave-cut platforms.
Gatesville Independent School District
Gatesville Independent School District is a public school district based in Gatesville, Texas (USA).

In addition to Gatesville, the district serves the town of South Mountain, the census-designated places of Flat and Mound, as well as rural areas in central Coryell County. A very small portion of Bell County also lies within the district.

In 2009, the school district was rated "academically acceptable" by the Texas Education Agency.

Gatesville, Texas
Gatesville is a city in and the county seat of Coryell County, Texas, United States. Its population was 16,135 at the 2020 census. The city has five of the nine prisons and state jails for women operated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. The Patrick O'Daniel Unit (formerly Mountain View Unit), has the state's death row for women.

Gatesville is part of the Killeen–Temple–Fort Hood metropolitan statistical area.
West Himalayish languages
The West Himalayish languages, also known as Almora and Kanauric, are a family of Sino-Tibetan languages centered in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and across the border into Nepal. LaPolla (2003)  proposes that the West Himalayish languages may be part of a larger "Rung" group.

Zhang-Zhung language
Zhangzhung (Tibetan: ཞང་ཞུང་, Wylie: zhang zhung) is an extinct Sino-Tibetan language that was spoken in Zhangzhung in what is now western Tibet. It is attested in a bilingual text called A Cavern of Treasures (mDzod phug) and several shorter texts.

A small number of documents preserved in Dunhuang contain an undeciphered language that has been called Old Zhangzhung, but the identification is controversial.
Galston, East Ayrshire
Galston (Lowland Scots: Gauston, Scottish Gaelic: Baile nan Gall) is a town in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which has a population of 4,710
(2022) and is at the heart of the civil parish of the same name.

It is situated in wooded countryside four miles (six kilometres) upriver from Kilmarnock and is one a group of the small towns located in the Irvine Valley between the towns of Hurlford and Newmilns. To the north of the town is the ruin of Loudoun Castle, the site of Loudoun Castle theme park from 1995 to 2010. In 1874 the population was 4,727.

Loudoun Castle
Loudoun Castle is a ruined country house nicknamed the "Windsor of Scotland" located near Galston, in the Loudoun area of Ayrshire, Scotland. The majority of the building was constructed from 1804 to 1811 around existing structures dating to the 15th and 17th centuries. The building was destroyed by fire in 1942 and never rebuilt, while the rest of the property was converted into the Loudoun Castle theme park in 1995, which closed in 2010. The ruins are protected as a category A listed building.
Hyperbolic quaternion
In abstract algebra, the algebra of hyperbolic quaternions is a nonassociative algebra over the real numbers with elements of the form

where the squares of i, j, and k are +1 and distinct elements of {i, j, k} multiply with the anti-commutative property.

The four-dimensional algebra of hyperbolic quaternions incorporates some of the features of the older and larger algebra of biquaternions. They both contain subalgebras isomorphic to the split-complex number plane. Furthermore, just as the quaternion algebra H can be viewed as a union of complex planes, so the hyperbolic quaternion algebra is a pencil of planes of split-complex numbers sharing the same real line.

It was Alexander Macfarlane who promoted this concept in the 1890s as his Algebra of Physics, first through the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1891, then through his 1894 book of five Papers in Space Analysis, and in a series of lectures at Lehigh University in 1900.

Versor
In mathematics, a versor is a quaternion whose norm is one, also known as a unit quaternion. Each versor has the form

where the condition  means that  is an algebraic imaginary unit. There is a sphere of imaginary units in the quaternions. Note that the expression for a versor is just Euler's formula for the imaginary unit  If  (when  is a right angle), then  and it is called a right versor.

The mapping  corresponds to 3-dimensional rotation, and has the angle  about the axis  in axis–angle representation.

The collection of versors, with quaternion multiplication, forms a group, and appears as a 3-sphere in the 4-dimensional quaternion algebra.
Novosphingobium taihuense
Novosphingobium taihuense  is a bacterium from the genus Novosphingobium which has been isolated from lake sediments from the Taihu Lake in China. Novosphingobium taihuense has the ability to degrade phenol, aniline, nitrobenzene, 4-chloronitrobenzene and phenanthrene.

Novosphingobium
Novosphingobium is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria that includes N. taihuense, which can degrade aromatic compounds such as phenol, aniline, nitrobenzene and phenanthrene. The species N. aromativorans, which was first found in Ulsan Bay, similarly degrades aromatic molecules of two to five rings.