hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Polish Diaspora Day
The Polish Diaspora Day is a public holiday celebrated in Poland on 2 May, to commemorate the Polish diaspora around the world. It was established on 20 March 2002, by the Sejm of Poland (lower house of the parliament), from the initiative of the Senate of Poland (upper house of the parliament). It is celebrated on the same day as the Polish National Flag Day. It takes place a day after the International Workers' Day (1 May), and a day before the 3 May Constitution Day (3 May).

Public holidays in Poland
Holidays in Poland are regulated by the Non-working Days Act of 18 January 1951 (Ustawa z dnia 18 stycznia 1951 o dniach wolnych od pracy; Journal of Laws 1951 No. 4, Item 28). The Act, as amended in 2010, currently defines fourteen public holidays.
Schoberköpfe
The Schoberköpfe are several ridge-shaped peaks, arranged along the eastern edge of the Hochkönig plateau in the Berchtesgaden Alps, and which lie in a semi-circular arc that opens towards the east facing the Salzach valley:

Southwestern Schoberkopf (Südwestlicher Schoberkopf, 2,708 m (AA))

Eastern Schoberkopf (Östlicher Schoberkopf, 2,666 m)

Teufelskirche, also called the Teufelskirchl (2,520 m), a rock tower in front of the Eastern Schoberkopf.

The relatively steep, 200-300-metre-high south faces drop into the scree-covered Eiskar and climb up again opposite into the striking, isolated pillar of the Torsäule 2,588 m. Somewhat west of the arête, near the Schoberschartl gap (2,579 m), ends the plateau glacier of the Übergossene Alm, which covers part of the Hochkönig summit region.

Übergossene Alm
The Übergossene Alm is the summit region of the Hochkönig (2,941 m) in the Berchtesgaden Alps. It contains the remains of a glacier that used to cover almost the entire summit plateau; in 1888 around 5.5 km2 of the plateau was covered by an ice sheet. Since then the glacial surface has melted until it now covers just 1.5 km2 and the glacier has split into three, small crevasse-free areas. The name of the glacier goes back to a local legend.
Dana Hills High School
Dana Hills High School is a high school in Dana Point, California opened in 1973. The school's enrollment of roughly 2,000 students is drawn from the nearby communities of Laguna Niguel, Dana Point, Capistrano Beach, and San Juan Capistrano.

When Dana Hills was built in 1972–73, the area was an unincorporated area of Orange County.  The school was named for its hilltop location over the unincorporated village of Dana Point, as well as the tip of the hill projecting south into the Pacific Ocean as the Dana Point headland.  The school later became a part of the City of Dana Point, when the city was incorporated in 1989.

Dana Hills now has over 236,758 square feet (21,995.5 m2) in permanent buildings.

Dana Point, California
Dana Point (/ˌdeɪnə-/ DAY-nuh) is an affluent coastal city located in southern Orange County, California, United States. The population was 33,107 at the 2020 census. It has one of the few harbors along the Orange County coast; with ready access via State Route 1, it is a popular local destination for surfing.

The city was named after the headland of Dana Point, which was in turn named after Richard Henry Dana Jr., author of Two Years Before the Mast, which included a description of the area. Dana described the locale, including neighboring San Juan Capistrano, as "the only romantic spot on the coast". This area is designated California Historical Landmark #189.
Alligator mefferdi
Alligator mefferdi is an extinct species of alligator described by Charles Craig Mook. They lived in the Miocene period, and their range was principally in what is now Nebraska, United States. The type specimen was discovered in the Ash Hollow Formation at Ash Hollow State Historical Park.

Alligator
An alligator, or colloquially gator, is a large reptile in the genus Alligator of the family Alligatoridae in the order Crocodilia. The two extant species are the American alligator (A. mississippiensis) and the Chinese alligator (A. sinensis). Additionally, several extinct species of alligator are known from fossil remains. Alligators first appeared during the late Eocene epoch about 37 million years ago.

The term "alligator" is likely an anglicized form of el lagarto, Spanish for "the lizard", which early Spanish explorers and settlers in Florida called the alligator. Early English spellings of the name included allagarta and alagarto.

Alligators are notable for their ability to inhabit climates that are considerably more temperate than those of most other crocodilians. Although they generally prefer subtropical to tropical regions, they are also capable of surviving colder winters in the northern parts of their range.
Holy Comforter-St. Cyprian Catholic Church (Washington, D.C.)
Holy Comforter-St. Cyprian is a Black Catholic parish in Washington, D.C. established in 1966 by the merger of the predominately African-American St. Cyprian Catholic Church (est 1893) and the predominantly White Holy Comforter Catholic Church (est 1904).

The church is located at 1357 East Capitol Street in the Hill East neighborhood. It is near Lincoln Park and the Eastern Market and Stadium-Armory metro stations.

Hill East
Hill East is a residential neighborhood in Washington, D.C. located in the Southeast quadrant of the city. It is bounded by the Kingman Park neighborhood at C Street to the north, by the Anacostia River to the east and south, and by Capitol Hill at 15th Street to the west. Hill East includes landmarks such as the Congressional Cemetery, the former RFK Stadium, and the D.C. Armory. It will be home to the future $3.7 billion New Commanders Stadium mixed-use development project.
English-language vowel changes before historic /r/
In English, many vowel shifts affect only vowels followed by /r/ in rhotic dialects, or vowels that were historically followed by /r/ that has been elided in non-rhotic dialects. Most of them involve the merging of vowel distinctions, so fewer vowel phonemes occur before /r/ than in other positions of a word.

Indian English
Indian English (IndE, IE) or English (India) is a group of English dialects spoken in the Republic of India and among the Indian diaspora and is native to India. English is one of the two languages used by the Government of India for communication, and is enshrined in the Constitution of India. English is also an official language in eight states and seven union territories of India, and the additional official language in five other states and one union territory. India has one of the world’s largest English-speaking communities. Furthermore, English is the sole official language of the Judiciary of India, unless the state governor or legislature mandates the use of a regional language, or if the President of India has given approval for the use of regional languages in courts.

Before the dissolution of the British Empire on the Indian subcontinent, the term Indian English broadly referred to South Asian English, also known as British Indian English.
Jardines del Descubrimiento
Jardines del Descubrimiento (translated into English as Gardens of Discovery) is a park in the Spanish city of Madrid, located next to the Plaza de Colón. Dedicated to the discovery of America (the first contact between Europeans and native peoples of the Americas, in 1492), it has a monument in their eastern sector, as well as a mast with a Spanish flag.

Plaza de Colón
Plaza de Colón (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈplaθa ðe koˈlon]; lit. 'Columbus Square') is located in the encounter of Chamberí, Centro and Salamanca districts of Madrid, Spain. This plaza and its fountain commemorate the explorer Christopher Columbus, whose name in Spanish was Cristóbal Colón, whose voyages to the Americas would lead to the creation of the Spanish Empire.
Basel Accords
The Basel Accords refer to the banking supervision accords (recommendations on banking regulations) issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS).

Basel I was developed through deliberations among central bankers from major countries. In 1988, the Basel Committee published a set of minimum capital requirements for banks. This is also known as the 1988 Basel Accord, and was enforced by law in the Group of Ten (G-10) countries in 1992. A new set of rules known as Basel II was developed and published in 2004 to supersede the Basel I accords. Basel III was a set of enhancements to in response to the 2008 financial crisis. It does not supersede either Basel I or II but focuses on reforms to the Basel II framework to address specific issues, including related to the risk of a bank run.

The Basel Accords have been integrated into the consolidated Basel Framework, which comprises all of the current and forthcoming standards of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision.

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) is a committee of banking supervisory authorities that was established by the central bank governors of the Group of Ten (G10) countries in 1974. The committee expanded its membership in 2009 and then again in 2014. As of 2019, the BCBS has 45 members from 28 jurisdictions, consisting of central banks and authorities with responsibility of banking regulation.

The committee agrees on standards for bank capital, liquidity and funding. Those standards are non-binding high-level principles. Members are expected but not obliged to undertake effort to implement them e.g. through domestic regulation.
Ānāpānasati Sutta
The Ānāpānasati Sutta (Pāli) or Ānāpānasmṛti Sūtra (Sanskrit), "Breath-Mindfulness Discourse," Majjhima Nikaya 118, is a discourse that details the Buddha's instruction on using awareness of the breath (anapana) as an initial focus for meditation.

The sutta includes sixteen steps of practice, and groups them into four tetrads, associating them with the four satipatthanas (placings of mindfulness). According to American scholar monk, Thanissaro Bhikkhu, this sutta contains the most detailed meditation instructions in the Pali Canon.

Satipatthana Sutta
The Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 10: The Discourse on the Establishing of Mindfulness), and the subsequently created Mahāsatipaṭṭhāna Sutta (Dīgha Nikāya 22: The Great Discourse on the Establishing of Mindfulness), are two of the most celebrated and widely studied discourses in the Pāli Canon of Theravada Buddhism, acting as the foundation for contemporary vipassana meditation practice. The Pāli texts of the Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta and the Mahāsatipaṭṭhāna Sutta are largely similar in content; the main difference being a section about the Four Noble Truths (Catu Ariya Sacca) in the Observation of Phenomena (Dhammānupassana), which is greatly expanded in the Mahāsatipaṭṭhāna Sutta. These suttas (discourses) stress the practice of sati (mindfulness) "for the purification of beings, for the overcoming of sorrow and lamentation, for the extinguishing of suffering and grief, for walking on the path of truth, for the realization of nibbāna."
Nyssaceae
Nyssaceae is a family of flowering trees sometimes included in the dogwood family (Cornaceae). Nyssaceae is composed of 37 known species in the following five genera:

Camptotheca, the happy trees: two species in China

Davidia, the dove tree, handkerchief tree, or ghost tree: one species in central China

Diplopanax: two species in southern China and Vietnam

Mastixia: about nineteen species in Southeast Asia

Nyssa, the tupelos: about 7–10 species in eastern North America and East to Southeast Asia

Among the extinct genera of the family are Mastixicarpum, very similar to Diplopanax, and Tsukada, an extinct relative of Davidia.

In some treatments, Davidia is split into its own family, the Davidiaceae. Diplopanax and Mastixia are also sometimes separated into the family Mastixiaceae. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group APG III system included the genera of Nyssaceae within Cornaceae. The APG IV system recognizes Nyssaceae as a distinct family

Davidia involucrata
Davidia involucrata, the dove tree, ghost tree, handkerchief tree, pocket handkerchief tree, or is a medium-sized deciduous tree in the family Nyssaceae.  It is the only living species in the genus Davidia. It was previously included with tupelos in the dogwood family, Cornaceae. Fossil species are known extending into the Upper Cretaceous.
Ancient Magnesia
Anciently, Magnesia (Ancient Greek: Μαγνησία) was a region of Ancient Greece, eventually absorbed by ancient Thessaly. Originally inhabited by the Magnetes (Μάγνητες), Magnesia was the long and narrow slip of country between Mounts Ossa and Pelion on the west and the sea on the east, and extending from the mouth of the Peneius on the north to the Pagasaean Gulf on the south. The Magnetes were members of the Amphictyonic League, and were settled in this district in the Homeric times, and mentioned in the Iliad. The Thessalian Magnetes are said to have founded the Asiatic cities of Magnesia ad Sipylum and Magnesia on the Maeander. The towns of Magnesia were: Aesonis, Aphetae, Boebe, Casthanaea, Cercinium, Coracae, Demetrias, Eurymenae, Glaphyrae, Homole or Homolium, Iolcus, Magnesia, Meliboea, Methone, Mylae, Nelia, Olizon, Pagasae, Rhizus, Spalaethra, and Thaumacia.

Casthanaea
39°35′11″N 22°55′30″E﻿ / ﻿39.5864°N 22.9251°E﻿ / 39.5864; 22.9251

Casthanaea or Casthanea or Kasthanaia or Kasthaneia (Greek: Κασθαναία) or Castanea or Kastanaia (Κασταναία) was a town and polis (city-state) of Ancient Magnesia, at the foot of Mount Pelium, with a temple of Aphrodite Casthanitis. It is mentioned by Herodotus in his account of the terrible storm which the fleet of Xerxes I experienced off this part of the coast. and by Pliny. It was from this town that the chestnut tree, which still abounds on the eastern side of Mt. Pelium, derived its name in Greek and the modern languages of Europe. Its location is below the modern village of Keramidi.
History of the Jews in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast
The history of the Jews in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast (JAO), Russia, began with the early settlements of 1928.

Yiddish and Russian are the two official languages of the JAO. According to Peter Matthiessen in The Birds of Heaven, p20-21, “According to local memory, thousands of Jews from Ukraine and elsewhere were transported here during the vast purges and organized famines of the mid-1930s… most of the displaced were city dwellers… a large number of Jews died…”

Birobidzhan Synagogue
The Birobidzhan Synagogue, officially the Freyd Community and Beit Menachem Synagogue in Birobidzhan, is a Chabad Jewish congregation and synagogue, located at 19 Lenina Street, in the city of Birobidzhan, in the capital of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, in Russia.

According to the Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS, it is "the first synagogue in Russia to be built partly with state money". The Russian government allotted US$112,000 to help build the synagogue that was completed in 2004.
Dorothy Heathcote
Dorothy Heathcote MBE (29 August 1926 – 8 October 2011) was a British drama teacher and academic who used the method of "teacher in role" as an approach to teaching across the curriculum in schools and later in other settings.  She was a highly accomplished teacher of theatre and drama for learning and amongst her many achievements she defined and developed  "mantle of the expert" as an approach to teaching.  The book she wrote with Gavin Bolton, that explains her Mantle of the expert approach to education, is Drama for Learning (1994). The most significant previous book that explains her approach was written by Betty Jane Wagner and was entitled Dorothy Heathcote: Drama as a Learning Medium.

Mantle of the expert
Mantle of the Expert is an education approach that uses imaginary contexts to generate purposeful and engaging activities for learning. Within this fictional framework, students are cast as a team of experts working for a client on a commission. The commission is designed by the teacher to generate tasks and activities that meet the client's requirements and provide opportunities for students to explore various curriculum areas. For instance, a class might be cast as archaeologists excavating an Egyptian tomb for the Cairo Museum. To complete the commission, they would research ancient Egyptian history, covering topics such as tombs, artifacts, and rituals. This approach enables the study of history, geography, art, design, and other subjects, while also developing skills in reading, writing, problem-solving, and inquiry. Mantle of the Expert is intended to be used selectively alongside other teaching methods.
Howard Publications
Howard Publications was a family-owned company of newspapers in the United States. It was based in Oceanside, California and owned 16 daily newspapers when it sold to Lee Enterprises for $694 million in 2002.

Casper Star-Tribune
The Casper Star-Tribune is a newspaper published in Casper, Wyoming. It is owned by Lee Enterprises. It is Wyoming's largest print newspaper, with a daily circulation of 23,760. The paper offers print editions on Tuesday's, Thursday's, and Saturday's.  The Star-Tribune covers local and state news. Its website, Trib.com, includes articles from the print paper, online updates, video and other multimedia content.
Autopilot
An autopilot is a system used to control the path of an aircraft without requiring constant intervention by a human operator. The autopilot does not replace human operators, but it assists them allowing them to focus on broader aspects of operations (for example, monitoring the trajectory, weather and on-board systems).

When present, an autopilot is often used in conjunction with an autothrottle, a system for controlling the power delivered by the engines.

Yaw damper
A yaw damper (sometimes referred to as a stability augmentation system) is a system used to reduce (or damp) the undesirable tendencies of an aircraft to oscillate in a repetitive rolling and yawing motion, a phenomenon known as the Dutch roll. A large number of modern aircraft, both jet-powered and propeller-driven, have been furnished with such systems.

The use of a yaw damper provides superior ride quality by automatically preventing uncomfortable yawing and rolling oscillations and reduces pilot workload. On some aircraft, it is mandatory for the yaw damper to be operational at all times during flight above a specified altitude; several airliners were deemed to be unsafe to fly without an active yaw damper.
Laurance Safford
Captain, U.S.N. Laurance Frye Safford (October 22, 1893 – May 15, 1973) was a U.S. Navy cryptologist. He established the Naval cryptologic organization after World War I, and headed the effort more or less constantly until shortly after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. His identification with the Naval effort was so close that he was the Friedman of the Navy.

William F. Friedman
William Frederick Friedman (September 24, 1891 – November 2, 1969) was a US Army cryptographer who ran the research division of the Army's Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) in the 1930s, and parts of its follow-on services into the 1950s. In 1940, subordinates of his led by Frank Rowlett broke Japan's PURPLE cipher, thus disclosing Japanese diplomatic secrets before America's entrance into World War II.
Darya Gruzinskaya
Princess Darejan (Georgian: დარეჯანი), known in Russia as the tsarevna Darya Aleksandrovna Gruzinskaya (Russian: Дарья Александровна Грузинская) (died 1796) was a Georgian royal princess (batonishvili) of the Bagrationi dynasty. She was a daughter of Prince Alexander of Kartli.

She was married to Prince Pyotr Sergeyevich Troubetzkoy (1760–1817) and had four children:

Sergey Trubetzkoy (1790-1860)

Alexander Trubetzkoy (1792-1853)

Pyotr Trubetzkoy (1793-1840)

Elizaveta Trubezkaya (1796-1870)

Sergei Petrovich Trubetskoy
Prince Sergei Petrovich Trubetskoy (Russian: Серге́й Петро́вич Трубецко́й; 29 August 1790 – 22 November 1860) was one of the organizers of the Decembrist movement. Close to Nikita Mikhailovich Muravyov in his views, he was declared the group's leader on the eve of the December 26 uprising in 1825 but failed to appear, and instead sought refuge in the Austrian embassy.
WJLS-FM
WJLS-FM (99.5 MHz) is a commercial radio station licensed to Beckley, West Virginia, United States, serving Southeastern West Virginia and Southwestern Virginia with a country music format. The station, which utilized the call letters WBKW from 1957 to 1990, was the second FM radio station to go on the air in West Virginia, and is the oldest to still exist. Since February 2013, it and its sister AM station have been owned by WVRC Media, which purchased them from First Media Radio, LLC.

WJLS (AM)
WJLS (560 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Beckley, West Virginia, serving Southeastern West Virginia with talk radio programming during the daytime and country music in evenings and overnights. The sister station to WJLS-FM, it is owned and operated by WVRC Media, who bought both stations in the 2010s from First Media Radio, LLC. The station began broadcasting in 1939, the first radio station in Beckley, and was a CBS affiliate from 1943 to 1990.
Artix Entertainment
Artix Entertainment, LLC is an independent video game developer and publisher founded by Adam Bohn in October 2002. It is best known for creating browser-based role-playing video games—including AdventureQuest, DragonFable, MechQuest, and AdventureQuest Worlds—using Adobe Flash. Following the end of life of Adobe Flash Player in 2021, Artix developed a standalone launcher for personal computers that includes many of the company's popular Flash-based games, most of which continue to receive content updates.

Artix released its first title for iOS and Android devices in March 2011 and its first 3D game, AdventureQuest 3D, in October 2016 with the Unity game engine.

MechQuest
MechQuest is an online Flash based single-player role-playing video game developed by Artix Entertainment. MechQuest centers on mecha combat and was updated on a weekly basis. Players can play for free or pay a one time fee which grants access to more game content like: a Starship, missions/events, and special Mechas.
Plover Cove Reservoir
Plover Cove Reservoir, located within Plover Cove Country Park, in the northeastern New Territories, is the largest reservoir in Hong Kong in terms of area, and the second-largest in terms of volume. It is the world's first freshwater coastal lake constructed from an arm of the ocean. Its main dam, which disconnected Plover Cove from the sea, was one of the largest in the world at the time of its construction.

Plover Cove
Plover Cove, also known by its Chinese names Shuen Wan Hoi (Chinese: 船灣海; Jyutping: syun4 waan1 hoi2) or Shuen Wan (船灣), is a cove in the Tai Po District of Hong Kong, near Tolo Channel and Tolo Harbour.
Hydrogenoxalate
Hydrogenoxalate or hydrogen oxalate (IUPAC name: 2-Hydroxy-2-oxoacetate) is an anion with chemical formula HC2O−4 or HO−C(=O)−CO−2, derived from oxalic acid by the loss of a single proton; or, alternatively, from the oxalate anion C2O2−4 by addition of a proton. The name is also used for any salt containing this anion. Especially in older literature, hydrogenoxalates may also be referred to as bioxalates, acid oxalates, or monobasic oxalates. Hydrogenoxalate is amphoteric, in that it can react both as an acid or a base.

Well characterized salts include sodium hydrogenoxalate (NaHC2O4), potassium hydrogenoxalate (KHC2O4), ammonium hydrogenoxalate ([NH4]+HC2O−4), rubidium hydrogenoxalate (RbHC2O4) and dimethylammonium hydrogenoxalate ([(CH3)2NH]+HC2O−4).

Oxalate
Oxalate (systematic IUPAC name: ethanedioate) is an anion with the chemical formula C2O2−4. This dianion is colorless. It occurs naturally, including in some foods. It forms a variety of salts, for example sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4), and several esters such as dimethyl oxalate ((CH3)2C2O4). It is a conjugate base of oxalic acid. At neutral pH in aqueous solution, oxalic acid converts completely to oxalate.