hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Field-effect transistor
The field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor that uses an electric field to control the current through a semiconductor. It comes in two types: junction FET (JFET) and metal–oxide–semiconductor FET (MOSFET). FETs have three terminals: source, gate, and drain. FETs control the current by the application of a voltage to the gate, which in turn alters the conductivity between the drain and source.

FETs are also known as unipolar transistors since they involve single-carrier-type operation. That is, FETs use either electrons (n-channel) or holes (p-channel) as charge carriers in their operation, but not both. Many different types of field-effect transistors exist. Field effect transistors generally display very high input impedance at low frequencies. The most widely used field-effect transistor is the MOSFET.

Schottky barrier
A Schottky barrier, named after Walter H. Schottky, is a potential energy barrier for electrons formed at a metal–semiconductor junction. Schottky barriers have rectifying characteristics, suitable for use as a diode. One of the primary characteristics of a Schottky barrier is the Schottky barrier height, denoted by ΦB (see figure). The value of ΦB depends on the combination of metal and semiconductor.

Not all metal–semiconductor junctions form a rectifying Schottky barrier; a metal–semiconductor junction that conducts current in both directions without rectification, perhaps due to its Schottky barrier being too low, is called an ohmic contact.
Klaus Voussem
Klaus Martin Voussem (born 27 August 1970 in Euskirchen) is a German politician serving as a member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia since 2010. He has served as chairman of the Christian Democratic Union in Euskirchen since 2011.

Euskirchen
Euskirchen (German pronunciation: [ˈɔʏskɪʁçn̩] ⓘ; Ripuarian: Öskerche) is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, capital of the district Euskirchen. While Euskirchen resembles a modern shopping town, it also has a history dating back over 700 years, having been granted town status in 1302. As of December 2007, it had a population of 55,446.
Stilbaceae
Stilbaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales.

Genera include:

Anastrabe  E. Mey. ex Benth.

Bowkeria Harv.

Campylostachys Kunth

Charadrophila Marloth

Euthystachys A. DC.

Halleria L.

Ixianthes Benth.

Kogelbergia Rourke

Nuxia Comm. ex Lam.

Retzia Thunb.

Stilbe P. J. Bergius

Thesmophora Rourke

Kogelbergia
Kogelbergia  is a genus of flowering plants in the family Stilbaceae described as a genus in 2000.

The entire genus is endemic to the Cape Province region of South Africa.

Species

Kogelbergia phylicoides (A.DC.) Rourke

Kogelbergia verticillata (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Rourke
Westend (Frankfurt am Main)
Westend-Nord and Westend-Süd are two city districts of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. The division into a northern and a southern part is mostly for administrative purposes as the Westend (German: [ˈvɛstʔˈɛnt] ⓘ) is generally considered an entity. Both city districts are part of the Ortsbezirk Innenstadt II.

The Westend with its Wilhelminian style buildings is a beloved residential quarter and has the highest real estate prices in Frankfurt. Many old villas serve as offices for law firms and companies of the financial community. Along with the Bahnhofsviertel, the Nordend and the Ostend, it is part of Frankfurt's dense inner city districts.

City-Haus
City-Haus is a 42-storey 142.1 m (466 ft) skyscraper in the Westend-Süd district of Frankfurt, Germany. It was constructed from 1971 to 1974 and designed by architects Johannes Krahn and Richard Heil. It was the tallest building in Frankfurt from 1974–1976 until Westend Gate was constructed. Today, it is part of the headquarters of DZ Bank.
Boehringer Ingelheim
C.H. Boehringer Sohn AG & Co. KG is the parent company of the Boehringer Ingelheim group, which was founded in 1885 by Albert Boehringer (1861–1939) in Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany. As of 2018, Boehringer Ingelheim is one of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies, and the largest private one.

Headquartered in Ingelheim, it operates globally with more than 54,000 employees in 78 countries. Unlike most large pharmaceutical companies which are listed, the company is private and fully owned by the Boehringer, Liebrecht and von Baumbach families. The company's key areas of interest are: respiratory diseases, metabolism, immunology, oncology and diseases of the central nervous system. Boehringer Ingelheim is a full member of the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA). The corporate logo of Boehringer Ingelheim depicts a stylized rendition of the central section of the imperial palace of Charlemagne.

Hikma Pharmaceuticals
Hikma Pharmaceuticals plc is a British multinational pharmaceutical company with headquarters in London, UK that manufactures non-branded generic and in-licensed pharmaceutical products. It was founded by Samih Darwazah in Amman, Jordan in 1978. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.
Gettysburg Ponies
The Gettysburg Ponies were a minor league baseball team based in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. From 1915 to 1917, Gettysburg teams played exclusively as members of the Class D level Blue Ridge League, beginning play in 1915 as the Gettysburg "Patriots." Gettysburg hosted minor league home games at Nixon Field

Hagerstown Hubs
The Hagerstown Hubs were a Minor League Baseball team based in Hagerstown, Maryland, United States. The team played predominantly in the Blue Ridge League (1915–1930) and briefly in the Middle Atlantic League (1931).  Their home games were in Willow Lane Park from 1915 to 1929 and Municipal Stadium during the 1930 and 1931 seasons.
Stavropol constituency
The Stavropol constituency (No. 65) is a Russian legislative constituency in Stavropol Krai. The constituency covers eastern Stavropol and central Stavropol Krai.

The constituency has been represented since 2016 by United Russia deputy Mikhail Kuzmin, Member of Duma of Stavropol Krai and former Mayor of Stavropol.

Constituencies of Russia
Legislative constituencies are used in Russia to elect half of the seats (225) in the State Duma. Each Federal Subject gets a certain amount of constituencies, proportional to their population, with every Federal Subject getting at least one. Every constituency is a single-mandate one, meaning each constituency sends one representative (also known as a Deputy) to the State Duma.

Constituencies are created and their boundaries drawn by the Central Election Commission. According to Federal Law, the layout of constituencies are to be used for 10 years. Using these current constituencies, elections were held to the State Duma in 2016 and 2021.
Capture of Malacca (1511)
The Capture of Malacca in 1511 occurred when the governor of Portuguese India Afonso de Albuquerque conquered the city of Malacca in 1511.

The port city of Malacca controlled the narrow, strategic Strait of Malacca, through which all seagoing trade between China and India was concentrated. The capture of Malacca was the result of a plan by King Manuel I of Portugal, who since 1505 had intended to beat the Castilians to the Far-East, and Albuquerque's own project of establishing firm foundations for Portuguese India, alongside Hormuz, Goa and Aden, to ultimately control trade and thwart Muslim shipping in the Indian Ocean.

Having started sailing from Cochin in April 1511, the expedition would not have been able to turn around due to contrary monsoon winds. Had the enterprise failed, the Portuguese could not hope for reinforcements and would have been unable to return to their bases in India. At the time it was the farthest territorial conquest in history.

Cetbang
Cetbang (originally known as bedil, also known as warastra or meriam coak) were cannons produced and used by the Majapahit Empire (1293–1527) and other kingdoms in the Indonesian archipelago. There are 2 main types of cetbang: the eastern-style cetbang which looks like a Chinese cannon and is loaded from the front, and the western-style cetbang which is shaped like a Turkish and Portuguese cannon, loaded from the back.: 97–98
Parliamentary constituencies in Nottinghamshire
The ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire (which includes the unitary authority of Nottingham) is divided into 11 parliamentary constituencies: three borough constituencies and eight county constituencies.

Nottingham North and Kimberley
Nottingham North and Kimberley is a constituency of the House of Commons in the UK Parliament. It was first contested at the 2024 general election, since when it has been held by Alex Norris of the Labour and Co-operative Party.
Coldharbour Lane
Coldharbour Lane is a road in south London, England, that leads south-westwards from Camberwell to Brixton. The road is over 1 mile (1.6 km) long with a mixture of residential, business and retail buildings – the stretch of Coldharbour Lane near Brixton Market contains shops, bars and restaurants. Between the junctions of Coldharbour Lane and Denmark Hill in Camberwell SE5 and Coldharbour Lane and Denmark Road lies part of the boundary between Lambeth and Southwark boroughs. The other end of Coldharbour Lane meets Acre Lane in central Brixton to form the A2217.

The Loughborough Junction area, surrounding the railway station, marks the approximate centre point of Coldharbour Lane and the change in postcode from SE5 to SW9.

Brixton
Brixton is an area of South London, part of the London Borough of Lambeth, England. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London. Brixton experienced a rapid rise in population during the 19th century as communications with central London improved.

Brixton is mainly residential, though includes Brixton Market and a substantial retail sector. It is a multi-ethnic community, with a large percentage of its population of Afro-Caribbean descent. It lies within Inner London and is bordered by Stockwell, Clapham, Streatham, Camberwell, Tulse Hill, Balham and Herne Hill. The district houses the main offices of Lambeth London Borough Council.

Brixton is 2.7 mi (4.3 km) south-southeast from the geographical centre of London (measuring to a point near Brixton Underground station on the Victoria line).
Jersey Settlement Meeting House
Jersey Settlement Meeting House, also known as Jersey Baptist Church, is a historic church and meeting house located near Linwood, Davidson County, North Carolina. The Baptist congregation was founded around 1755 by settlers from New Jersey.  Among them was Benjamin Merrill, a local leader in the Regulator movement from 1765 to 1771, who was captured and executed following the Battle of Alamance.

The current Greek Revival church meeting house was built in 1842 near the Jersey Baptist Church Cemetery.  It is a rectangular gable-front brick building, four bays long and two bays wide.  A belfry was added in 1897-1899 and a portico in 1945.

The meeting house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

Jersey Baptist Church Cemetery
Jersey Baptist Church Cemetery is a historic church cemetery located on SR 1272 in Linwood, Davidson County, North Carolina, United States. The church was founded in 1755, and the current Jersey Settlement Meeting House was built nearby in 1842. The cemetery contains approximately 50 burials, with the earliest gravestone dated to 1772.  It features a unique collection of folk gravestones by local stonecutters erected in Davidson County in the late-18th and first half of the 19th centuries.

The cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
Isurolamna
Isurolamna is an extinct genus of mackerel shark from the Paleogene period. It contains at least three species and a fourth is sometimes placed in it. It is thought to be closely related to Macrorhizodus, Isurus, and Cosmopolitodus. Isurolamna arose in the Paleocene epoch during the Selandian age, and was extinct by the close of the Rupelian age of the Oligocene epoch. Some features which define this genus include a small, elliptical foramen (hole) in the middle of the lingual side of the root, triangular cusps except on lower interior teeth, and a relatively thick root with nearly vertical margins. The genus has a complicated taxonomic past.

Lamnidae
The Lamnidae are the family of mackerel sharks known as white sharks. They are large, fast-swimming predatory fish found in oceans worldwide, though they prefer environments with colder water. The name of the family is formed from the Greek word lamna, which means "fish of prey", and was derived from the Greek legendary creature, the Lamia.

These sharks have pointed snouts, spindle-shaped bodies, and large gill openings. The first dorsal fin is large, high, stiff and angular or somewhat rounded.  The second dorsal and anal fins are minute.  The caudal peduncle has a couple of less distinct keels.  The teeth are gigantic.  The fifth gill opening is in front of the pectoral fin and spiracles are sometimes absent. They are powerful, heavily built sharks, sometimes weighing nearly twice as much as other sharks of comparable length from other families. Many sharks in the family are among the fastest-swimming fish, although the massive great white shark is slower due to its large size.
Sala São Paulo
The Júlio Prestes Cultural Center, which is located in the Júlio Prestes Train Station in the old north central section of the city of São Paulo, Brazil, was inaugurated on July 9, 1999. The building has been restored and renovated by the São Paulo State Government, as part of the downtown revitalization in that city. It houses the Sala São Paulo, which has a capacity of 1498 seats and is the home of the São Paulo State Symphonic Orchestra (OSESP). It is a venue for symphonic and chamber presentations.

Renovation began in November 1997, but the first steps were taken in 1995. Governor Mário Covas visualized the Julio Prestes Space as ideal for symphonic presentations and because OSESP did not have a permanent home at that time.

Central Zone of São Paulo
The Central Zone (Portuguese: Zona Central de São Paulo) is an administrative zone of the city of São Paulo, Brazil.

One of the largest commercial and business districts in South America, the region is administered by the subprefecture of Sé. It is not concurrent, although often confused, with the regions known as Centro Expandido ("Expanded Center"), a broader area used by the city government for urban planning and road space rationing actions and Centro Histórico de São Paulo ("Historic Center of São Paulo"), which, as the name implies, includes only the oldest part of the central region.
William Stafford (died 1450)
William Stafford (died 1450) of Southwick (then in the parish of North Bradley), Wiltshire, was an English gentleman who was killed in June 1450 during Jack Cade's Rebellion, together with his second cousin Sir Humphrey Stafford (died 1450) of Grafton in the parish of Bromsgrove, Worcestershire. Both appear as characters in Shakespeare's play Henry VI, Part 2, in which they are described as brothers.

Stafford was the third son of Humphrey Stafford ("With the Silver Hand"), of Hooke, Dorset and of Southwick, by his wife (and step-sister) Elizabeth Maltravers (died 1420), the heiress of Hooke. He married Catherine Chidiock (died 10 April 1479), daughter of Sir John Chidiock.  They had an only son, Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon (c.1439–1469). Catherine survived her husband and re-married firstly to Sir John Arundell (died 1473) of Lanherne, Cornwall, and secondly to Sir Roger Lewkenor (died 1478).

Humphrey Stafford (died 1442)
Sir Humphrey Stafford (c. 1379 – 27 May 1442) "With the Silver Hand", of Hooke in Dorset and of Southwick in the parish of North Bradley in Wiltshire   was a member of the English gentry in the south west of England, where he was a Member of Parliament multiple times and an important royal official.
Blendija
Blendija is a village in the municipality of Sokobanja, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 352 people.

The village was a site of operations in the First Serbian Uprising (1804–13). Ivan from Mužinac and Milojko from Blendija, known for their heroism, were appointed starešine (leaders) of Sokobanja in 1806 by vojvoda of Crna Reka Milisav Đorđević.

Mužinac
Mužinac is a village in the municipality of Sokobanja, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of  459 people.

The village was a site of operations in the First Serbian Uprising (1804–13). Ivan from Mužinac and Milojko from Blendija, known for their heroism, were appointed starešine (leaders) of Sokobanja in 1806 by vojvoda of Crna Reka Milisav Đorđević.
Kiltegan GAA
Kiltegan GAA Club (official title "Naomh Teagáin GAA club") is a GAA club located in Kiltegan, County Wicklow. The club was founded in 1964, and its catchment area covers the villages of Kiltegan, Rathdangan, and surrounding areas.

The club is represented in youth competitions by the juvenile club Michael Dwyers which is a combination of the GAA clubs in Kiltegan, Ballymanus and Knockananna.

Michael Dwyers GAA (Wicklow)
Michael Dwyer Juvenile GAA Club is a juvenile GAA club based in southwest County Wicklow, named after the 1798 rebel Michael Dwyer who was active in the area. The club is an amalgamation of the adult clubs Kiltegan, Ballymanus, Stratford Grangecon GAA and Knockananna and competes in Wicklow GAA championships up to minor level.

Michael Dwyers have been successful both in Wicklow competitions and at national level, winning All-Ireland Féile na nGael hurling titles in 2001, 2016 and 2017.
Wood Mountain, Saskatchewan
Wood Mountain (2016 population: 20) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Old Post No. 43 and Census Division No. 3. Its name is derived from the Red River Métis words "montagne de bois" (meaning mountain of wood in French), due to the abundance of poplar trees in the otherwise barren region. Highway 18 and Highway 358 intersect south of the community.

Wood Mountain is known for its annual stampede that has been held every year for more than 124 years.

This village is northeast of the First Nations administrative office for the band government of the Wood Mountain Lakota First Nation.

Division No. 3, Saskatchewan
Division No. 3 is one of eighteen census divisions in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada, as defined by Statistics Canada. It is located in the south-southwestern part of the province, adjacent to the border with Montana, United States. The most populous community in this division is Assiniboia.
Iroquois County, Illinois
Iroquois County is a county located in the northeast part of the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2020 United States Census, it has a population of 27,077.
It is the only county in the United States named Iroquois. The county seat is Watseka. The county is located along the border with Indiana.

Ford County, Illinois
Ford County is a county located in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2020 United States census, it had a population of 13,534. Its county seat is Paxton. Ford County was part of the Champaign-Urbana Metropolitan Area until 2018, when the Office of Management and Budget removed the county from the area.
Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii
Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii is a species of woodlouse which is closely associated with ants' nests, particularly those of Lasius flavus, Lasius niger and species of Myrmica, where it feeds on ant droppings or mildew. It is white, 4 millimetres (0.16 in) long, and has a distinctive oval shape and short antennae. Its distribution appears to follow those of the ants with which it lives, and the British Isles are the north-westerly limit of its range. Elsewhere, P. hoffmannseggii extends south to the Mediterranean Sea. It is found outside Europe in North Africa and Turkey, and has been introduced to Australia and North America.

Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii should not be confused with Porcellio hoffmannseggii, whose binomial name is also abbreviated as P. hoffmannseggii and described by the same researcher. Preserved specimens are also sometimes confused with dwarf isopods of the genus Trichoniscidae, due to their small size and similar appearance.

Porcellio hoffmannseggii
Porcellio hoffmannseggii, commonly called the titan isopod, is a species of woodlouse of the genus Porcellio described in 1833. This very large species is native to the southern Iberian Peninsula, Morocco and the Balearic Islands.

Porcellio hoffmannseggii should not be confused with Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii, which is also a woodlouse, from the genus Platyarthrus. These two species share the same abbreviated binomial name of P. hoffmannseggii, which is a potential source of confusion. Porcellio hoffmannseggii may be listed with incorrect spelling as Porcellio hoffmannseggi, missing the final 'i'.
Tedald of Canossa
Tedald (died 1012), of the House of Canossa, was the count of Brescia from 980, Modena, Ferrara, and Reggio from 981, and Mantua from 1006.  He used the title of margrave because of his vast comital holdings and their frontier nature. His family's seat was Canossa and he was the son of Adalbert Azzo of Canossa who had supported Otto I against Berengar of Ivrea and Adalbert of Ivrea. His rise was largely due to his loyalty to the Ottonian Dynasty.

He opposed his fellow Margrave Arduin of Ivrea in his bid for the Italian crown in 1002.  He accompanied the Emperor Henry II on his campaign to Italy in 1004 and was present at Henry's royal coronation in Pavia on May 15.  He received Ferrara from the pope.  He ensured that his entire patrimony passed to his son Boniface. His second son, Tedald, became Bishop of Arezzo in 1023 and sponsored Guido of Arezzo.

Tedald married Willa daughter of Hubert of Spoleto, natural son of Hugh of Italy.

Adalbert Atto of Canossa
Adalbert Atto (or Adalberto Azzo) (died 13 February 988) was the first Count of Canossa and founder of that noble house which eventually was to play a determinant role in the political settling of Regnum Italicum and the Investiture Controversy in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia
The Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia (LTSP) was one of eight theological seminaries associated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the largest Lutheran denomination in North America. It is located on Germantown Avenue in the Mount Airy neighborhood of northwestern Philadelphia. Founded in 1864, it has its roots in the Pennsylvania Ministerium established in 1748 in Philadelphia by Henry Melchior Muhlenberg.

The seminary had an enrollment of 275 graduate students, with 17 full-time professors. Students come from a number of Christian traditions in addition to the ELCA, including Anglican/Episcopal, African Methodist Episcopal, Baptist, Methodist, Church of God in Christ, and Mennonite.

In July 2017, the seminary merged with Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg to become United Lutheran Seminary. As of November 2023, Rev. Dr. R. Guy Erwin serves as president, having begun his appointment to the position in August 2020.

United Lutheran Seminary
United Lutheran Seminary is a seminary of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) in Gettysburg and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is one of the seven seminaries of the church. It was created in 2017 when the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg and the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia consolidated.