hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Crown closure
In forestry, crown closure is a measure of forest canopy coverage. Crown closure and crown cover are two slightly different measures of the forest canopy and that determine the amount of light able to penetrate to the forest floor.

Crown closure, also known as canopy closure, is an integrated measure of the canopy "over a segment of the sky hemisphere above one point on the ground".

Crown cover is the proportion of a stand covered by the crowns of live trees.

A forest stand can have a crown cover of 100% and a crown closure less than 100%. Typical stands with 100% cover but low closure are coffee agroforestry stands, where overlapping parasol-shaped crowns ensure complete cover but still allow light to penetrate at an oblique angle to the forest floor.

Forest stand
A forest stand is a contiguous community of trees sufficiently uniform in composition, structure, age, size, class, distribution, spatial arrangement, condition, or location on a site of uniform quality to distinguish it from adjacent communities.

A forest is a "collection of stands" also utilizing the practices of forestry. Stand level modelling is a type of modelling in the forest sciences in which the main unit is a forested stand.
Blue Cross (chemical warfare)
Blue Cross (German: Blaukreuz) is a German World War I chemical warfare agent consisting of diphenylchloroarsine (DA, Clark I), diphenylcyanoarsine (CDA, Clark II), ethyldichloroarsine (Dick), and/or methyldichloroarsine (Methyldick). Clark I and Clark II were the main agents used.

Clark I was initially used with Green Cross munitions; however for the first time it was used as a standalone agent in the night from July 10 to July 11, 1917, at Nieuwpoort, Belgium, during Operation Strandfest. The artillery munition contained many glass spheres closed with a cork and sealed with the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT). N-ethylcarbazole was later added. Depending on the caliber, the munition contained 7–120 kg (15–265 lb) of the agent.

"Blue Cross" is also a generic World War I German marking for artillery shells with chemical payload affecting the upper respiratory tract.

Diphenylchlorarsine
Diphenylchloroarsine (DA) is the organoarsenic compound with the formula (C6H5)2AsCl. It is highly toxic and was once used in chemical warfare. It is also an intermediate in the preparation of other organoarsenic compounds. The molecule consists of a pyramidal As(III) center attached to two phenyl rings and one chloride. It was also known as sneezing oil during World War I by the Allies.
Tikathali
Tikathali is a village and former Village Development Committee that is now part of Mahalaxmi Municipality in Province No. 3 of central Nepal. After the restructuring of local political bodies it has been integrated to form a new municipality named 'Mahalaxmi Municipality'. At the time of the 2021 Nepal census it had a population of 4,094 living in 1,345 individual households.

Mahalaxmi, Lalitapur
Mahalaxmi is a municipality that lies in the north-eastern part of the Lalitpur district of Nepal. As per the declaration by the government of Nepal in 2015, it was created through the merger of the Village development committees Imadol, Lubhu, Tikathali, Siddhipur and Lamatar. The city derives its name from the Mahalaxmi-Mahabhairav Temple in Lubhu. The city's total area is 26.5 square kilometres. The municipality has a total number of 10 wards. The old VDC offices are used as joint ward office now .
Ross Thatcher
Wilbert Ross Thatcher, PC (May 24, 1917 – July 22, 1971) was a Canadian politician who served as the ninth premier of Saskatchewan from 1964 to 1971. Thatcher began his career as a member of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation in 1942, elected first to Moose Jaw City Council and then in 1945 as a Member of Parliament representing Moose Jaw. In 1959, Thatcher made the switch both to Saskatchewan provincial politics and to the provincial Liberal Party, which he led through four provincial elections, winning majority governments in 1964 and 1967. Following his defeat in the 1971 provincial election, Thatcher retired from politics and died shortly afterwards.

1971 Saskatchewan general election
The 1971 Saskatchewan general election was held on June 23, 1971, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan.

Under the leadership of Allan Blakeney, the New Democratic Party of Saskatchewan returned to power after seven years in opposition.  The NDP won a majority government, increasing its share of the popular vote by over 10 percentage points.

The Liberal government of Premier Ross Thatcher more or less held its share of the popular vote, but lost a significant number of seats in the legislature in part because of the continuing decline in the share of the vote won by the Progressive Conservative Party, now led by Ed Nasserden.

Ross Thatcher died on July 22, 1971, just shy of a month after losing the election.
Bouncing Off the Satellites
Bouncing off the Satellites is the fourth studio album by American new wave band the B-52's, released on September 8, 1986, by Warner Bros. (US) and Island Records (Europe, Japan). It was recorded in July 1985 and was produced by Tony Mansfield. Founding member and guitarist Ricky Wilson died of AIDS after most of the work on the album was completed, but a year prior to its release. The band had gone on hiatus by the time Bouncing Off the Satellites was released, and it took three years for the band to recover from Wilson's death and release their next studio album, Cosmic Thing.

Cindy Wilson
Cynthia Leigh Wilson (born February 28, 1957) is an American musician and one of the vocalists, songwriters and founding members of new wave rock band the B-52s. She is noted for her distinctive contralto voice and also plays percussion during live shows. She is the younger sister of the late guitarist Ricky Wilson (1953–1985), who was also a founding member of the band.

In addition to her work with the B-52's, Wilson has released three solo EPs, Sunrise (2016), Supernatural (2017), and Second Sight (2025) In late 2017, she released her debut solo album, Change, via the independent label Kill Rock Stars. Wilson released her second solo album, Realms, in August 2023.
Halifax Shipyard
Halifax Shipyard Limited is a Canadian shipbuilding company located in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Founded in 1889, it is today a wholly owned subsidiary of Irving Shipbuilding Inc. and is that company's largest ship construction and repair facility.

Erg (tug)
Erg was a vessel built and owned by Halifax Steamship Ltd. in 1915. She was used to ferry workers across the harbour to vessels under repair during the Second World War. Erg was sunk in the Halifax Harbour three times and is currently located in the Bedford Basin.
98th Brigade (United Kingdom)
98th Brigade was an infantry formation of the British Army created to command 'Kitchener's Army' units during World War I. It served on the Western Front from 1916, seeing action on the Somme, at Arras and Ypres, during the German spring offensive and the final Allied Hundred Days Offensive.

Worcestershire Militia
The Worcestershire Militia was an auxiliary military force in the English county of Worcestershire. From their formal organisation as trained bands in 1558 until their final service as the Special Reserve, the Militia regiments of the county carried out internal security and home defence duties in all of Britain's major wars, seeing action during the English Civil Wars and the Second Boer War and finally training thousands of reinforcements during World War I. After a shadowy postwar existence they were formally disbanded in 1953.
Grinkle railway station
Grinkle railway station was on the Whitby Redcar and Middlesbrough Union Railway. It was opened on 3 December 1883, and served the village of Easington in North Yorkshire, England. It was originally named Easington, but was renamed Grinkle on 1 April 1904 after the nearby baronial mansion of Grinkle Park, to avoid confusion with Easington station on the North Eastern Railway's Durham Coast Line.

The station originally had only one platform, a second being added around 1906 to increase the passenger capacity of the line. A small goods yard with one siding was situated west of the station, serving a coal depot. There was a brick-built station building along with a signal box.

The station closed on 11 September 1939, but was used as a passing loop afterwards. Though the line is closed to passengers, the track remains to service the nearby Boulby Potash Mine. However the track layout has been changed and the station has been completely dismantled.

Easington, North Yorkshire
Easington is a village in the civil parish of Loftus, in the Redcar and Cleveland district, in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England and is part of the North York Moors National Park. The village is situated on the A174 road, 1 mile (1.6 km) east of Loftus, 8 miles (13 km) east of Guisborough, and 10 miles (16 km) north-west of Whitby.
4th Ring Road
The 4th Ring Road (Chinese: 四环路; pinyin: Sìhuánlù) is a controlled-access expressway ring road in Beijing, China which runs around the city, with a radius of approximately 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from city centre. The total length of the road is 65.3 kilometres (40.6 mi). There are 147 bridges and viaducts that run the length of the Ring Road.

The first section, a short stretch of the northern corridor, was completed in preparation for the 1990 Asian Games. The Ring Road was 'enclosed' in a full circle in June 2001, with standard controlled-access expressway throughout.

Beijing–Tongzhou Expressway
The Jingtong Expressway (Chinese: 京通快速路; pinyin: Jīngtōng Kuàisù Lù) is an expressway with express road characteristics in Beijing which links the central Chaoyang District to Tongzhou District. At present, it is approximately 18.6 km (11.6 mi) in length.

For most of the expressway, the Batong line of Beijing Subway, an extension of Line 1, sits near the centre of the expressway, linking central Beijing to Tuqiao on the Eastern 6th Ring Road, beyond central Tongzhou.

Some universities sit right next to the expressway, including the Communication University of China.
Terrifying Girls' High School: Lynch Law Classroom
Terrifying Girls' High School: Lynch Law Classroom (恐怖女子高校　暴行リンチ教室, Kyōfu joshikōkō: bōkō rinchi kyōshitsu) is a 1973 Japanese film in the sukeban (delinquent girl) subgenre of Toei's "Pinky violence" style of Pink film. The second in the Terrifying Girls' High School series, this was the last entry in the series directed by Norifumi Suzuki and to pair Reiko Ike and Miki Sugimoto. It is notable as the first film to depict an omorashi fetish scene to a theatrical audience, in which a girl is forced to drink a lot of water and then is denied permission to go to the toilet, forcing her to wet her skirt in class.

Terrifying Girls' High School
Terrifying Girls' High School (恐怖女子高校, Kyōfu Joshi Kōkō) is a 4-film series of Pinky violence pink films made by Toei during 1972 and 1973. Reiko Ike was the star of all four films, and Miki Sugimoto co-starred in the first two.
Ocarina
The ocarina (otherwise known as a potato flute) is a wind musical instrument; it is a type of vessel flute. Variations exist, but a typical ocarina is an enclosed space with four to twelve finger holes and a mouthpiece that projects from the body. It is traditionally made from clay or ceramic, but other materials are also used, such as plastic, wood, glass, metal, or bone. The Italian Ocarina was invented in 1853 by 17-year-old Giuseppe Donati, who also gave it the name ocarina. Donati handmade each ocarina from clay, with anything from 7 to 10 finger-holes and a spout for a mouthpiece.

Fipple
The term fipple specifies a variety of end-blown flute that includes the flageolet, recorder, and tin whistle. The Hornbostel–Sachs system for classifying musical instruments places this group under the heading "Flutes with duct or duct flutes." The label "fipple flute" is frequently applied to members of the subgroup but there is no general agreement about the structural detail of the sound-producing mechanism that constitutes the fipple itself.
Canadian Soccer League (1987–1992)
The Canadian Soccer League was a Division 1 professional soccer league that operated for six seasons between 1987 and 1992. It was a nationwide league that had teams in six provinces over the course of its history. It was the last top-division league in Canada until the Canadian Premier League began play in 2019.

American Professional Soccer League
The American Professional Soccer League (APSL) was a professional men's soccer league with teams from the United States and later Canada. It was formed in 1990 by the merger of the third American Soccer League with the Western Soccer League. It was the first outdoor soccer league to feature teams from throughout the United States since the demise of the North American Soccer League in 1984.

The league was sanctioned as Division II in the United States soccer league system but was the country's de facto top professional soccer league until 1995. In 1993, the APSL applied for the vacant Division I role but lost out to Major League Soccer who would begin play in 1996.

For its final two seasons in 1995 and 1996, the APSL changed its name to the A-League. It was subsequently absorbed by the emerging USISL organization with six of seven clubs joining the new USISL A-League in 1997. The USISL (later USL) retained the A-League name until 2004 when it became the USL First Division.
Arkansas Commissioner of State Lands
The Arkansas Commissioner of State Lands is an executive position and constitutional officer within the Arkansas government which has been an elective post since 1874. Land Commissioners are elected to four year terms. The current state Land Commissioner is Republican Tommy Land.

Tommy Land
Tommy Land (born August 18, 1955) is an American businessman and politician from Arkansas. A Republican, he was elected on November 6, 2018, as the next Arkansas Commissioner of State Lands, and assumed office in January 2019. He won re-election in 2022.
The Golden Gate (Seth novel)
The Golden Gate (1986) is the first novel by poet and novelist Vikram Seth. The work is a novel in verse composed of 590 Onegin stanzas (sonnets written in iambic tetrameter, with the rhyme scheme following the aBaBccDDeFFeGG pattern of Eugene Onegin). It was inspired by Charles Johnston's translation of Pushkin's Eugene Onegin.

Verse novel
A verse novel is a type of narrative poetry in which a novel-length narrative is told through the medium of poetry rather than prose. Either simple or complex stanzaic verse-forms may be used, but there are usually a large cast, multiple voices, dialogue, narration, description, and action in a novelistic manner.
Nikaia Municipal Gymnasium
The Nikaia Municipal Stadium (Greek: Δημοτικό Γήπεδο Νίκαιας) or simple Nikaia stadium (Greek: γήπεδο Νίκαιας) is a football stadium in the Piraeus suburb of Nikaia.

It is the main playing field for the local Proodeftiki F.C. playing team, and is colloquially known by the name "Proodeftiki Stadium".

It is located 2 km east of the Neapoli Stadium, home of the Proodeftiki's local rival Ionikos F.C.

Proodeftiki F.C.
Proodeftiki Football Club, also known as Proodeftiki Piraeus, simply as Proodeftiki, or with its full name as A.O. Proodeftiki Neolea (Greek: Αθλητικός Όμιλος Προοδευτική Νεολαία, transliterated "Athlitikós Όmilos Proodeftiki Neolea", Athletic Club Progressive Youth), is a Greek football club, part of the major multi-sport club A.O. Proodeftiki Neolea, based in Korydallos, Piraeus – Attica.

The club has a longstanding presence in Super League, having participated so far 15 times.
Eurorack
Eurorack is a modular synthesizer format originally specified in 1995 by Doepfer Musikelektronik. It has since grown in popularity, and as of 2022 has become a dominant hardware modular synthesizer format, with over 15,000 modules available from more than 600 different manufacturers ranging from DIY kits and boutique, cottage-industry designers to well-known, established synth mass-manufacturers like Moog and Roland.

Compact size, 3.5mm mono jacks and cables for patching all signals, and lack of a visual or sonic aesthetic defined by one manufacturer sets Eurorack apart from other modular synthesizer formats, and these factors have contributed to the popularity of Eurorack among both manufacturers and musicians.

Modular synthesizer
Modular synthesizers are electronic musical instruments composed of separate synthesizer modules that represent different functions. The modules can be connected together by the user to create a patch. The outputs from the modules may include audio signals, analog control voltages, or digital signals for logic or timing conditions. Typical modules are voltage-controlled oscillators, voltage-controlled filters, voltage-controlled amplifiers and envelope generators.  A modular synth is made up of individual modules which are combined into an instrument. A semi-modular synth allows patching within a fixed set of circuits and fixed user interface.
West Riding County Amateur Football League
The West Riding County Amateur Football League was a football competition based in Yorkshire, England. Formed in 1922, it had one division when it closed in 2019 due to a lack of participating clubs.

The Premier Division sat at level 11 of the English football league system. Silsden, Brighouse Town, Hemsworth Miners Welfare, Campion and Steeton were the most recent teams to move up from the league. Silsden were promoted in 2004 after winning the Premier Division in successive seasons but chose to play their football in the North West Counties League, as did neighbouring Steeton in 2018, whereas Brighouse Town, Hemsworth Miners Welfare and Campion went up to the Northern Counties East League.

The league operated with only one division until the 1953–54 season, then gradually expanded to reach five divisions for a while.

Campion A.F.C.
Campion Association Football Club is a football club based in Manningham area of Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. They are currently members of the Northern Counties East League Premier Division and play at Scotchman Road.
Deputy Chief of Army
The Deputy Chief of Army (DCA) is the second most senior appointment in the Australian Army, responsible to the Chief of Army (CA). The rank associated with the position is major general (2-star).

The current appointee is Major General Chris Smith, who took up the posting on 31 January 2024.

Chris Smith (general)
Major General Christopher Robert Smith, DSC, AM, CSC is a senior officer in the Australian Army. He graduated from the Royal Military College, Duntroon in 1995 and was commissioned into the Royal Australian Infantry Corps. He served with the in United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda in 1995 and the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization. Most recently he served as the Deputy Commanding General – Operations for the United States Army Pacific from 2022–2024 before taking over the role of Deputy Chief of Army on 31 January 2024.
Ministry of Construction (Japan)
Ministry of Construction (建設省, Kensetsu-shō; MOC) was a government ministry of Japan headquartered in Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda, Tokyo.

In 2001 it merged into the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (国土交通省, Kokudo-kōtsū-shō; lit. 'Ministry of Land and Transport'; MLIT) is a ministry of the Japanese government. It is responsible for one-third of all the laws and orders in Japan and is the largest Japanese ministry in terms of employees, as well as the second-largest executive agency of the Japanese government after the Ministry of Defense. The ministry oversees four external agencies including the Japan Coast Guard, the Japan Meteorological Agency and the Japan Tourism Agency.
Battle of Mellrichstadt
Battle of Mellrichstadt was fought between Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and the German anti-king Rudolf of Swabia on 7 August 1078 near Mellrichstadt.

Henry's army met the army of Rudolf's Saxon allies before they could meet up with the Swabians. In the confusion, one Saxon force including the bishops Werner of Magdeburg and Werner of Merseburg and Rudolf fled as soon as the armies met. They were harassed by the local people of the district while they fled home. Elsewhere, the Saxons under Otto of Nordheim and Frederick of Sommerschenburg bested their opponents and chased them in the direction of Würzburg. On his return, he found another army occupying the field. When his scouts did not return, he assumed it was the enemy and returned home, not knowing that it was a Saxon contingent.

Rudolf of Rheinfelden
Rudolf of Rheinfelden (c. 1025 – 15 October 1080) was Duke of Swabia from 1057 to 1079. Initially a follower of his brother-in-law, the Salian emperor Henry IV, his election as German anti-king in 1077 marked the outbreak of the Great Saxon Revolt and the first phase of open conflict in the Investiture Controversy between Emperor and Papacy. After a series of armed conflicts, Rudolf succumbed to his injuries after his forces defeated Henry's in the Battle on the Elster.
Fartullagh
Fartullagh (Irish: Fir Thulach), previously Tyrrells country, is a barony in south–east County Westmeath, in Ireland. It was formed by 1542. It is bordered by County Offaly to the south and three other baronies: Moycashel (to the west), Moyashel and Magheradernon (to the north) and Farbill (to the north–east).

Farbill
Farbill (Irish: Fir Bhile) is a barony in east County Westmeath, in Ireland. It was formed by 1672. It is bordered by County Meath to the south and east and three other baronies: Fartullagh (to the south–west), Moyashel and Magheradernon (to the north–east) and Delvin (to the north). The largest centre of population in the barony is the town of Kinnegad.
Jammu
Jammu (/ˈdʒʌmuː/) is a city in Indian-administered  Jammu and Kashmir in the Jammu region. It is the winter capital of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.  It is the headquarters and the largest city in Jammu district. Lying on the banks of the river Tawi, the city of Jammu, with an area of 240 km2 (93 sq mi), is surrounded by the Himalayas in the north and the northern plains in the south. Jammu is the second-most populous city of the union territory. Jammu is known as "City of Temples" for its ancient temples and Hindu shrines.

Jammu–Sialkot line
The Jammu–Sialkot line was a 43 km (27 mi) broad gauge branch of the North Western State Railway from Wazirabad Junction, Punjab, to Jammu, passing through the Sialkot Junction. The section from Sialkot to Jammu (Bikram Chowk) was 27 miles (43 km) long, partly in the British Indian province of Punjab and partly in the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir Built in 1890 during the reign of Maharaja Pratap Singh, it was the first railway line in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

The railway line ran till 18 September 1947, when the newly independent Pakistan, which inherited the North Western State Railway from British India, suspended the train service. The railway line fell into disrepair. A new line between Pathankot and Jammu was built by Indian Railways in 1972.
Ninurta-apal-Ekur
Ninurta-apal-Ekur, inscribed mdMAŠ-A-é-kur, meaning "Ninurta is the heir of the Ekur," was a king of Assyria in the early 12th century BC who usurped the throne and styled himself king of the universe and priest of the gods Enlil and Ninurta. His reign overlaps the reigns of his Babylonian contemporaries Adad-šuma-uṣur and Meli-Šipak.

Meli-Shipak II
Meli-Šipak II, or alternatively Melišiḫu in contemporary inscriptions, was the 33rd king of the Kassite or 3rd Dynasty of Babylon c. 1186–1172 BC and ruled for 15 years. Tablets with two of his year names, 4 and 10, were found at Ur. His reign marks the critical synchronization point in the chronology of the Ancient Near East.