hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Severance tax legislative history in California
A severance tax is an article of legislation that imposes a tax on the extraction of natural resources. In the United States, California is the only state that does not impose a significant severance tax. Instead, California imposes a statewide assessment fee, as set by the California Department of Conservation, and individual counties may choose to impose an ad valorem tax on a per county basis. Over the years, several measures have been introduced as ballot initiatives and legislation in an attempt to pass a statewide severance tax, though none has become law.

Severance tax
Severance taxes are taxes imposed on the removal of  natural resources within a taxing jurisdiction. Severance taxes are most commonly imposed in oil producing states within the United States. Resources that typically incur severance taxes when extracted include  oil, natural gas, coal, uranium, and timber.  Some jurisdictions use other terms like gross production tax.

Note that severance taxes are used in jurisdictions where most resource extraction occurs on privately owned land and/or where sub-surface minerals are privately owned (for example, the United States). Where the resources are publicly owned to begin with (for example, in most Commonwealth and European Union countries), it is not a tax but rather a resource royalty that is paid. In the case of the forestry industry, this royalty is called "stumpage".
Mykolaiv Raion, Lviv Oblast
Mykolaiv Raion (Ukrainian: Миколаївський район) was a raion (district) in Lviv Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center was Mykolaiv. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Mykolaiv Raion was merged into Stryi Raion. The last estimate of the raion population was 62,537 (2020 est.).

It was established in 1939.

At the time of disestablishment, the raion consisted of three hromadas:

Mykolaiv urban hromada with the administration in Mykolaiv;

Rozvadiv rural hromada with the administration in the selo of Rozvadiv;

Trostianets rural hromada with the administration in the selo of Trostianets.

Stryi Raion
Stryi Raion (Ukrainian: Стрийський район) is a raion (district) in Lviv Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is the city of Stryi. Population: 319,464 (2022 estimate).

On 18 July 2020, as part of Ukraine's administrative reform, the number of raions in Lviv Oblast was reduced to seven, and the area of Stryi Raion was significantly expanded. Three abolished raions, Mykolaiv, Skole, and Zhydachiv Raions, as well as the cities of Morshyn, Novyi Rozdil, and Stryi, which were previously incorporated as cities of oblast significance, were merged into Stryi Raion. The January 2020 estimate of the raion population was 60,912 (2020 est.).

It was established in 1939 as part of Drohobych Oblast.
Cephalocarida
The Cephalocarida (from Ancient Greek κεφαλή (kephalḗ), meaning "head", and καρίς (karís), meaning "shrimp") are a class in the subphylum Crustacea comprising only 12 species. Both the nauplii and the adults are benthic. They were discovered in 1955 by Howard L. Sanders, and are commonly referred to as horseshoe shrimp. They have been grouped together with the Remipedia in the Xenocarida. Although a second family, Lightiellidae, is sometimes used, all cephalocaridans are generally considered to belong in just one family: Hutchinsoniellidae. Fossil records of cephalocaridans have been found in the Ordovician Castle Bank site.

Xenocarida
Xenocarida (from the Greek for strange shrimp) is a proposed clade inside the subphylum Crustacea that comprises two classes that were discovered in the 20th century: Remipedia and Cephalocarida. Both groups are marine hermaphrodites. The clade was recovered as the sister groups to Hexapoda (including insects).

However, other studies do not recover Xenocarida as a monophyletic group and variously find Branchiopoda or Remipedia as the hexapod sister group
Pornic
Pornic (French pronunciation: [pɔʁnik] ⓘ; Pornizh in Breton, Port-Nitz in Gallo) is a commune in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France.

In 1973 the commune of Pornic absorbed the neighbouring municipalities of Sainte-Marie-sur-Mer and Clion-sur-Mer.

Pornic station
Pornic is a railway station in Pornic, Pays de la Loire, France. The station is located on the Sainte-Pazanne–Pornic railway. The station is served by TER (local) services operated by the SNCF:

local services (TER Pays de la Loire) Nantes - Sainte-Pazanne - Pornic
MediaFLO
MediaFLO was a technology developed by Qualcomm for transmitting audio, video and data to portable devices such as mobile phones and personal televisions, used for mobile television. Qualcomm operated a mobile pay television service, FLO TV, from 2007 to 2011 using this technology.

Broadcast data transmitted via MediaFLO includes live, real time audio and video streams, as well as scheduled video and audio clips and shows. The technology could also carry Internet Protocol datacast application data, such as stock market quotes, sports scores, and weather reports.

In October 2010, Qualcomm announced it was suspending new sales of the service to consumers. In December 2010, AT&T announced that it will purchase Qualcomm's FCC licenses in the 700 MHz band. FLO TV discontinued service on March 27, 2011.

ISDB
Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting (ISDB; Japanese: 統合デジタル放送サービス, Tōgō dejitaru hōsō sābisu) is a Japanese broadcasting standard for digital television (DTV) and digital radio.

ISDB supersedes both the NTSC-J analog television system and the previously used MUSE Hi-vision analog HDTV system in Japan. An improved version of ISDB-T (ISDB-T International) replaced the NTSC, PAL-M, and PAL-N broadcast standards in South America and the Philippines. Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting (DTTB) services using ISDB-T started in Japan in December 2003, and since then, many countries have adopted ISDB over other digital broadcasting standards.

A newer and "advanced" version of the ISDB standard (that will eventually allow up to 8K terrestrial broadcasts and 1080p mobile broadcasts via the VVC codec, including HDR and HFR) is currently under development.
Didyma
Didyma (/ˈdɪdɪmə/; Ancient Greek: Δίδυμα) was an ancient Greek sanctuary on the coast of Ionia in the domain of the famous city of Miletus. Apollo was the main deity of the sanctuary of Didyma, also called Didymaion. But it was home to both of the temples dedicated to the twins Apollo and Artemis. Other deities were also honoured within the sanctuary. The Didymaion was well renowned in antiquity because of its famed oracle. This oracle of Apollo was situated within what was, and is, one of the world's greatest temples to Apollo. The remains of this Hellenistic temple belong to the best preserved temples of classical antiquity. Besides this temple other buildings existed within the sanctuary which have been rediscovered recently; a Greek theatre and the foundations of the above-mentioned Hellenistic temple of Artemis, to name but two.

Oracle
An oracle is a person or thing considered to provide insight, wise counsel or prophetic predictions, most notably including precognition of the future, inspired by deities. If done through occultic means, it is a form of divination.
Tresse cheese
Tresse cheese, also known as jibneh mshallaleh (Arabic: جبنة مشللة), is a form of string cheese originating in Syria. It can be eaten plain, or mixed with pastries.

The cheese is properly mixed with mahleb, which is often mixed with Nigella sativa (black cumin), anise or caraway seeds. It is soaked in brine for several weeks before being braided.

Described as a "fine white semi-soft smooth and springy cheese...similar to mozzarella" with a "nutty" aroma, it is traditionally made from cow's milk, but variations are found with sheep or goat milk. It can be used as a substitute for Mexican Oaxaqueno cheese.

String cheese
String cheese is any of several different types of cheese where the manufacturing process aligns the proteins in the cheese, making it stringy.

When mozzarella is heated to 60 °C (140 °F) and then stretched, the milk proteins line up. It is then possible to peel strings or strips from the larger cheese.
Copper Queen Hotel
The Copper Queen Hotel is a historic hotel located in Bisbee, Arizona.

Holding the distinction of being Arizona's longest continuously operated hotel, the Copper Queen was constructed from 1898 to 1902 by the Phelps Dodge Corporation to serve as lodging for investors and dignitaries visiting its nearby copper mine.

Bisbee, Arizona
Bisbee is a city in and the county seat of Cochise County in southeastern Arizona, United States. According to the 2020 census, the population of the town was 4,923, down from 5,575 in the 2010 census.
Cytosine
Cytosine (symbol C or Cyt) is one of the four nucleotide bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine.  In Watson–Crick base pairing, it forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine.

Deamination
Deamination is the removal of an amino group from a molecule. Enzymes that catalyse this reaction are called deaminases.

In the human body, deamination takes place primarily in the liver; however, it can also occur in the kidney. In situations of excess protein intake, deamination is used to break down amino acids for energy. The amino group is removed from the amino acid and converted to ammonia. The rest of the amino acid is made up of mostly carbon and hydrogen, and is recycled or oxidized for energy. Ammonia is toxic to the human system, and enzymes convert it to urea or uric acid by addition of carbon dioxide molecules (which is not considered a deamination process) in the urea cycle, which also takes place in the liver. Urea and uric acid can safely diffuse into the blood and then be excreted in urine.
Agliano Terme
Agliano Terme (Piedmontese: Ajan) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) southeast of Turin and about 12 kilometres (7 mi) southeast of Asti.

Agliano Terme borders the following municipalities: Calosso, Castelnuovo Calcea, Costigliole d'Asti, Moasca, and Montegrosso d'Asti. Traditionally called simply Agliano (or Ajan in Piemontese), the "Terme" was added in recent times to draw attention to the presence of thermal baths, a tourist attraction.

Moasca
Moasca is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southeast of Turin and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southeast of Asti. As of January 2024 it had a population of 509

Moasca borders the following municipalities: Agliano Terme, Calosso, Canelli, Castelnuovo Calcea, and San Marzano Oliveto.
Áine
Áine (Irish pronunciation: [ˈaːnʲə]) is an Irish goddess of summer, wealth, beauty and sovereignty. She is associated with midsummer and the sun, and is sometimes represented by a red mare. She is the daughter of Egobail, the sister of Aillen and/or Fennen, and is claimed as an ancestor by multiple Irish families. As the goddess associated with fertility, she has command over crops and animals and is also associated with agriculture.

Áine is associated with County Limerick, where the hill of Knockainey (Irish: Cnoc Áine) is named after her. This hill was the site of rites in her honour, involving fire and the blessing of the land, recorded as recently as 1879. She is also associated with sites such as Toberanna (Irish: Tobar Áine), County Tyrone; Dunany (Irish: Dun Áine), County Louth; Lissan (Irish: Lios Áine), County Londonderry;  and Cnoc Áine near Teelin, County Donegal.

Solar deity
A solar deity or sun deity is a deity who represents the Sun or an aspect thereof. Such deities are usually associated with power and strength. Solar deities and Sun worship can be found throughout most of recorded history in various forms. The English word sun derives from Proto-Germanic *sunnǭ. The Sun is sometimes referred to by its Latin name Sol or by its Greek name Helios.
Mosaics (Mark Heard album)
Mosaics is an album by Mark Heard, released in 1985 on Home Sweet Home Records. According to the liner notes in Ashes and Light, this album was recorded first but delayed by the record company who wanted the less rock-oriented Ashes released first. Consequently, this was the first album recorded in Heard's own Fingerprint Recording Studio.

Ashes and Light
Ashes and Light is an album by Mark Heard, released in 1984 on Home Sweet Home Records. According to the liner notes, Heard recorded Mosaics first, but the record company wanted this album released first.

The cover reads, "This album is dedicated to the memory of Francis A. Schaeffer, whose love for truth and whose understanding of the arts has helped me more than I can say, in my desire to interweave the two."
Scott Polar Research Institute
The Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI) is a centre for research into the polar regions and glaciology worldwide. It is a sub-department of the Department of Geography in the University of Cambridge, located on Lensfield Road in the south of Cambridge.

SPRI was founded by Frank Debenham in 1920 as the national memorial to Captain Robert Falcon Scott and his companions, who died on their return journey from the South Pole in 1912. It investigates issues relevant to the Arctic and Antarctic in the environmental sciences, social sciences and humanities. The institute is home to the Polar Museum and has some 60 personnel, consisting of academic, library and support staff plus postgraduate students, associates and fellows attached to research programmes. The institute also hosts the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research.

Department of Geography, University of Cambridge
The Department of Geography is one of the constituent departments of the University of Cambridge and is located on the Downing Site.

The department is consistently rated amongst the best Geography departments in the world, in rankings tables.
Grontardo
Grontardo (Cremunés: Gruntàard) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southeast of Milan and about 12 kilometres (7 mi) northeast of Cremona.

The town has a parish church dedicated to San Basilio.

Grontardo borders the following municipalities: Corte de' Frati, Gabbioneta-Binanuova, Gadesco-Pieve Delmona, Persico Dosimo, Pescarolo ed Uniti, Scandolara Ripa d'Oglio, Vescovato.

Persico Dosimo
Persico Dosimo (Cremunés: Pérsec Dóseem) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southeast of Milan and about 8 kilometres (5 mi) northeast of Cremona.

Persico Dosimo borders the following municipalities: Castelverde, Corte de' Frati, Cremona, Gadesco-Pieve Delmona, Grontardo, Pozzaglio ed Uniti.

Among the local churches are:

San Lorenzo, Quistro

Santi Cosma e Damiano, Persico

San Giovanni Battista Decollato, Dosimo
Fresnel lantern
A Fresnel lantern (pronounced frəˈnɛl or fruh-nel) is a common lantern used in theatre that employs a Fresnel lens to wash light over an area of the stage. The lens produces a wider, soft-edged beam than a spotlight or key light, and is commonly used for back light and top light.

Stage lighting instrument
Stage lighting instruments (lanterns, or luminaires in Europe)  are used in stage lighting to illuminate theatrical productions, concerts, and other performances taking place in live performance venues. They are also used to light television studios and sound stages.

Many stagecraft terms vary between the United States and the United Kingdom. In the United States, lighting fixtures are often called "instruments" or "units". In the UK, they are called "lanterns" or "luminaires". This article mainly uses terms common to the United States.
Cheshire Yeomanry
The Cheshire Yeomanry is a yeomanry regiment that can trace its history back to 1797 when Sir John Leicester of Tabley raised a county regiment of light cavalry in response to the growing fears of invasion from Napoleonic France. Its lineage is maintained by C (Cheshire Yeomanry) Squadron, the Queen's Own Yeomanry.

6th Cyclist Brigade
The 17th Mounted Brigade previously known as the 2/1st Welsh Border Mounted Brigade was a 2nd Line yeomanry brigade of the British Army during the First World War.  In July 1916 it was converted to a cyclist formation as 10th Cyclist Brigade and in November 1916 was redesignated as 6th Cyclist Brigade.  It was still in existence, in Ireland, at the end of the war.
Ceduna Airport
Ceduna Airport (IATA: CED, ICAO: YCDU) is a public airport in Ceduna, South Australia. The airport, which is owned by the District Council of Ceduna is located adjacent to the Eyre Highway, approximately 2 km (1.2 mi) east of the town. It is the westernmost airport that receives regular passenger service in South Australia and is critical infrastructure for the surrounding remote and sparsely populated region. In addition to scheduled flights to Adelaide, the airport caters to charters in support of the mining industry, general aviation, the Royal Flying Doctor Service, aerial firefighting and occasional military use.

Ceduna, South Australia
Ceduna (/səˈdjuːnə/ sə-DEW-nə) is a town in South Australia located on the shores of Murat Bay on the coast, west of the Eyre Peninsula. It lies west of the junction of the Flinders and Eyre Highways around 786 km northwest of Adelaide. The nearby port of Thevenard lies 3 km to the west on Cape Thevenard.  It is in the District Council of Ceduna, the federal electoral Division of Grey, and the state electoral district of Flinders.

The name Ceduna is a local Aboriginal Wirangu word, alternatively phoneticized as Chedoona, thought to mean a place to sit down and rest.

The town is a fishing port and a railway hub.
HMS Ace
HMS Ace (P414) was an Amphion-class submarine of the Royal Navy laid down on 3 December 1943 and launched at Devonport Dockyard on 14 March 1945 during the Second World War. She was not completed because of the end of the war. However, her hull was used for explosives testing before she was sent in June 1950 to Smith & Houston of Port Glasgow, Scotland to be broken up.

Amphion-class submarine
The Amphion class (also known as the "A" class and Acheron class) of British diesel-electric submarines were designed for use in the Pacific War. Only two were completed before the end of hostilities, but following modernisation in the 1950s, they continued to serve in the Royal Navy into the 1970s.
Meine Liebe
Gin'yū Mokushiroku Meine Liebe (吟遊黙示録 マイネリーベ; abbreviated to Meine Liebe, which is German for My Love) is a series of dating sims by Konami for the Game Boy Advance and PlayStation 2.

Meine Liebe has been adapted into an anime series produced in 2004 by the studio Bee Train, which was broadcast across Japan by the anime television network, Animax. In 2006 a sequel was produced by the name of Gin'yū Mokushiroku Meine Liebe wieder (吟遊黙示録マイネリーベ ヴィーダー, My Love Again), which was also broadcast across Japan by Animax.

The story follows the lives of students at an elite academy of the fictional European country of Kuchen in 1937.

Other adaptations consist of a four volume Meine Liebe manga and a novel; as well, several drama CDs have been released.

Kaori Yuki
Kaori Yuki (由貴 香織里, Yuki Kaori; born December 18 in Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese manga artist best known for her gothic manga such as Earl Cain, its sequel Godchild, and Angel Sanctuary. Yuki debuted professionally in 1987 with "Ellie in Summer Clothes" (夏服のエリー, Natsufuku no Erii), which ran in the manga anthology Bessatsu Hana to Yume published by Hakusensha, after placing in one of the many contests held by Hana to Yume. Her work is typically serialized in one of Hakusensha's two shōjo manga anthologies, Bessatsu Hana to Yume and Hana to Yume. In 2010, Kaori Yuki was one of many manga artists whose work would appear in the new shōjo manga anthology Aria by the publisher Kodansha on July 28, 2010.
Cowdrey Cricket Club
Cowdrey Cricket Club (CCC) (formerly Tonbridge Printers) is a cricket club based in Tonbridge, Kent, England. Cowdrey is an ECB Clubmark and Focus club.

Cowdrey CC's Saturday 1st and 2nd XIs currently compete in Division 3 of their respective Kent Leagues.

Thanks largely to Director of Coaching Gary Marshall, Cowdrey CC provides coaching and cricket for a large colts section. Up to one hundred youngsters train every week night during the summer, and the club's selection policy emphasises promoting youngsters wherever possible. A large number of first- and second-team cricketers today started out as junior members of the club.

Tonbridge
Tonbridge (/ˈtʌnbrɪdʒ/ TUN-brij) (historic spelling Tunbridge) is a market town in Kent, England, on the River Medway, 4 miles (6 km) north of Royal Tunbridge Wells, 12 miles (19 km) south west of Maidstone and 29 miles (47 km) south east of London. In the administrative borough of Tonbridge and Malling, it had an estimated population of 41,293 in 2019.
Jorge Rodríguez (Venezuelan politician)
Jorge Jesús Rodríguez Gómez (born 9 November 1965) is a Venezuelan politician  serving as President of the National Assembly of Venezuela since 2021. He is the brother of Delcy Rodríguez, the vice president and acting president of Venezuela.

He was vice president of Venezuela under the government of Hugo Chávez from 8 January 2007, to 3 January 2008, rector and president of the National Electoral Council from January 2005 to April 2006, and mayor of Caracas from November 2008 to December 2017. He served as Venezuela’s Minister of Communication and Information under President Nicolás Maduro from November 2017 until 4 September 2020, when he left the position to successfully run in that year’s parliamentary elections in the Capital District.

José Vicente Rangel
José Vicente Rangel Vale (10 July 1929 – 18 December 2020) was a Venezuelan politician. He ran for president three times in the 1970s and 1980s and later supported Hugo Chávez. He served under Chávez as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1999 to 2001, as Minister of Defense from 2001 to 2002, and as the vice president from 2002 to 2007.
Borgore
Yosef Asaf Borger (Hebrew: יוסף אסף בורגר; born 20 October 1987), known professionally as Borgore, is an Israeli EDM producer, DJ, singer-songwriter and rapper. He is the founder of the label Buygore Records.

Sumerian Records
Sumerian Records is an American record label based in Nashville, Tennessee. The company was founded in 2006 by Ash Avildsen. Sumerian has signed artists such as Crosses, Poppy, Bad Omens, Animals As Leaders, and I See Stars. In early 2022, the company acquired Behemoth Entertainment, a comic book and video game publisher, in order to increase their merchandise options and further expand the brand.
Kpoba
Kpoba is an arrondissement in the Kouffo department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Djakotomey. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 6,539.

Arrondissements of Benin
Arrondissements are administrative units of Benin, after departments and communes. In turn they contain villages and may often have several quartiers or city districts/urban neighborhoods. There are currently 545 arrondissements.

The arrondissements, ordered by department and commune, are as follows: