hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Charantin
Charantin is a chemical substance obtained from the Asian bitter melon (Momordica charantia), reputed to be responsible for the hypoglycaemic properties of those plants.  It was identified by Lolitkar and Rao in 1960.  It was also found in the similar African species M. foetida, by A. Olaniyi in 1975, under the name foetidin.

Charantin is actually a 1:1 mixture of two steroidal saponins, β-sitosteryl glucoside (C35H60O6) and 5,22-stigmasteryl glucoside (C35H58O6).  It is a whitish crystalline substance, neutral and tasteless, melting at 266–268 °C.  It is 
sparingly soluble in water or other highly polar solvents, as well as in apolar solvents like hexane, but is soluble in ether, ethanol and methanol, and can be efficiently extracted from the plant by pressurized ethanol or acetone at 100 °C.

The name charantin has also been used by A. Parkash and other for a different compound, a peptide with molecular mass 9.7 kDa, also isolated from bitter melon seeds.

Stigmasterol
Stigmasterol – a plant sterol (phytosterol) – is among the most abundant of plant sterols, having a major function to maintain the structure and physiology of cell membranes. In the European Union, it is a food additive listed with E number E499, and may be used in food manufacturing to increase the phytosterol content, potentially lowering the levels of LDL cholesterol.
Lake Werbellin
Lake Werbellin (German Werbellinsee) is a lake in the Barnim district of Brandenburg, Germany. It is located south of Joachimsthal in the Schorfheide-Chorin Biosphere Reserve. The southern shore belongs to the Schorfheide municipality. With a surface area of 7.82 square kilometers (3.02 sq mi) it is the fourth largest lake in Brandenburg and with 51 meters (167 ft) the second deepest (after Lake Stechlin).

Barnim
Barnim (German pronunciation: [ˈbaʁnɪm] ⓘ) is a district in Brandenburg, Germany. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) Poland, the district of Märkisch-Oderland, the city state of Berlin and the districts of Oberhavel and Uckermark.
Malek Mansur Mirza Shoa as-Saltaneh
Prince Malek Mansur Mirza (Persian: شاهزاده ملک منصور میرزا; 30 March 1880 – 6 November 1922) was an Iranian prince of the Qajar dynasty. He was Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar's second son and a brother of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar, Abul-fat'h Mirza Salar-ed-Dowleh and Abul-Fazl Mirza.

He was born on 30 March 1880 in Tabriz and educated by private tutors. He was governor in 1897, Governor-General of Fars 1901–1902 and 1904. He received the Decoration of the Imperial Portrait, the Neshan-e Aqdas 2nd class and Order of the Lion and the Sun 1st class from his father. He died on 6 November 1922 in Tehran.

He is the progenitor of Malek-Mansur Family.

Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar
Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar (Persian: مظفرالدین شاه قاجار, romanized: Mozaffareddin Šāh-e Qājār; 23 March 1853 – 3 January 1907) was the fifth Qajar shah of Iran, reigning from 1896 until his death in 1907. He is often credited with the creation of the Persian Constitution of 1906, which he approved of in one of his final acts as shah.
Cessole
Cessole is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southeast of Turin and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of Asti.

Cessole borders the following municipalities: Bubbio, Cossano Belbo, Loazzolo, Roccaverano, and Vesime.

Vesime
Vesime is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southeast of Turin and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 683 and an area of 13.5 square kilometres (5.2 mi2).

Vesime borders the following municipalities: Castino, Cessole, Cossano Belbo, Perletto, Roccaverano, Rocchetta Belbo, and San Giorgio Scarampi.
Abu Dharr al-Ghifari
Abu Dharr Al-Ghifari Al-Kinani (أَبُو ذَرّ ٱلْغِفَارِيّ ٱلْكِنَانِيّ, ʾAbū Ḏarr al-Ghifārīy al-Kinānīy), also spelled Abu Tharr or Abu Zar, born Jundab ibn Junādah (جُنْدَب ٱبْن جُنَادَة), was the fourth or fifth person converting to Islam, and a member of the Muhajirun. He belonged to the Banu Ghifar, the Kinanah tribe. His date of birth is unknown. He died in 652 CE, at Al-Rabadha, in the desert east of Medina.

Abu Dharr is remembered for his strict piety and also his opposition to Muawiyah during the caliphate of Uthman ibn Affan. He is venerated by Shia Muslims as one of The Four Companions, early Muslims who were followers (Shia) of Ali ibn Abi Talib.

He was regarded by many, including Ali Shariati, Muhammad Sharqawi and Sami Ayad Hanna, as a principal antecedent of Islamic socialism, or the first Islamic socialist. He protested against the accumulation of wealth by the ruling class during 'Uthmān's caliphate and urged the equitable redistribution of wealth.

Muhajirun
The Muhajirun (Arabic: المهاجرون, romanized: al-muhājirūn, singular مهاجر, muhājir) were the converts to Islam and the Islamic prophet Muhammad's advisors and relatives, who emigrated from Mecca to Medina; the event is known in Islam as the Hijra. The early Muslims from Medina are called the Ansar ("helpers").
Stafford, Texas
Stafford is a city in the U.S. state of Texas, in the Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area. The city is mostly in Fort Bend County, with a small part in Harris County. As of the 2020 census, Stafford's population was 17,666, down from 17,693 at the 2010 census.

Islamic Education Institute of Texas
The Islamic Education Institute of Texas (IEIT) is a network of Islamic schools in Greater Houston, Texas, United States. The organization is a subsidiary of the Islamic Society of Greater Houston (ISGH). IEIT is headquartered in Southwest Management District (formerly Greater Sharpstown) in Houston.

IEIT, as Darul Arqam, began as a full-time PreK-3 school located in two mobile homes in 1992, with 33 students and 8 faculty members. In 2004 it had over 300 students total. It is a PreK-12 school system.
Capri (color)
Capri or deep sky blue is a deep shade of sky blue which is between cyan and azure on the color wheel. The color Capri in general is named for the color of the Mediterranean Sea around the island of Capri off Italy, the site of several villas belonging to the Roman Emperor Tiberius, including his Imperial residence in his later years, the Villa Jovis. Specifically, the color Capri is named after the color of the Blue Grotto on the island of Capri, as it appears on a bright sunny day.

The first use of Capri as a color name in English was in 1920. The normalized color coordinates for Capri are identical to deep sky blue, which was formalized as a color in the X11 color names over 1985–1989.

Blue Grotto (Capri)
The Blue Grotto (Italian: Grotta Azzurra) is a sea cave on the coast of the island of Capri, southern Italy. Sunlight shining through an underwater cavity is reflected back upward through the seawater below the cavern, giving the water a blue glow that illuminates the cavern. The cave extends some 50 metres (160 ft) into the cliff at the surface, and is approximately 150 metres (490 ft) deep, with a sandy bottom.
Acyl halide
An acyl halide (also known as an acid halide) is a chemical compound derived from an oxoacid by replacing a hydroxyl group (−OH) with a halide group (−X, where X is a halogen).

In organic chemistry, the term typically refers to acyl halides of carboxylic acids (−C(=O)OH), which contain a −C(=O)X functional group consisting of a carbonyl group (C=O) singly bonded to a halogen atom. The general formula for such an acyl halide can be written RCOX, where R may be, for example, an alkyl group, CO is the carbonyl group, and X represents the halide, such as chloride. Acyl chlorides are the most commonly encountered acyl halides, but acetyl iodide is the one produced (transiently) on the largest scale.  Billions of kilograms are generated annually in the production of acetic acid.

Acetyl iodide
Acetyl iodide is an organoiodine compound with the formula CH3COI.  It is a colourless liquid. It is formally derived from acetic acid.  Although far rarer in the laboratory than the related acetyl bromide and acetyl chloride, acetyl iodide is produced, transiently at least, on a far larger scale than any other acid halide. Specifically, it is generated by the carbonylation of methyl iodide in the Cativa and Monsanto processes, which are the main industrial processes that generate acetic acid.  It is also an intermediate in the production of acetic anhydride from methyl acetate.

Upon treatment with carboxylic acids, acetyl iodide does not exhibit reactions typical of acyl halides, such as acetyl chloride.  Instead, acetyl iodide undergoes iodide/hydroxide exchange with most carboxylic acids:

CH3COI  +  RCO2H   →   CH3CO2H  +  RCOI
2025 Women's Pan American Cup
The 2025 Women's Pan American Cup was the seventh edition of the Women's Pan American Cup, the quadrennial international women's field hockey championship of the Americas organised by the Pan American Hockey Federation. The tournament was held alongside the men's tournament in Montevideo, Uruguay from 24 July to 3 August 2025.

Argentina were the defending champions and retained their title with a 3–0 win over the United States in the final. In the bronze medal match, Uruguay made history, defeating Chile 2–0 to win their first ever Pan American Cup medal.

The tournament served as the Pan American qualifier for the 2026 FIH World Cup, with the winner of the tournament earning direct qualification. As Argentina had already qualified via the 2024–25 FIH Pro League, their qualification quota passed to the United States.

2024 Women's Pan American Challenge
The 2024 Women's Pan American Challenge was the fourth edition of the Women's Pan American Challenge, the quadrennial qualification tournament for the Women's Pan American Cup organized by the Pan American Hockey Federation.

The tournament is held in Hamilton, Bermuda from 21 to 28 September. The winner qualify for the 2025 Women's Pan American Cup.
1134 Kepler
1134 Kepler, provisional designation 1929 SA, is a stony asteroid and eccentric Mars-crosser from the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 25 September 1929, by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. It is named after Johannes Kepler.

Max Wolf
Maximilian Franz Joseph Cornelius Wolf (21 June 1863 – 3 October 1932) was a German astronomer and a pioneer in the field of astrophotography. He was the chairman of astronomy at the University of Heidelberg and director of the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory from 1902 until his death in 1932.
50th (Queen's Own) Regiment of Foot
The 50th (Queen's Own) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, raised in 1755. Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 97th (The Earl of Ulster's) Regiment of Foot to form the Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment in 1881.

Battle of Mudki
The Battle of Mudki was fought on 18 December 1845, between the forces of the British East India Company and a part of the Sikh Khalsa Army, the army of the Sikh Empire. The British army were able to win the battle, despite suffering heavy casualties in the process.
Miguel António de Sousa Horta Almeida e Vasconcelos, 2nd Baron of Santa Comba Dão
Miguel António de Sousa Horta Almeida e Vasconcelos, 2nd Baron of Santa Comba Dão (São Paulo de Luanda, Angola, 22 August 1831 – 24 February 1891) was a Portuguese nobleman.

He was the eldest child and son and successor of José Maria de Sousa Macedo Almeida e Vasconcelos, 1st Baron of Santa Comba Dão and Maria Benta de Miranda e Horta.

José Maria de Sousa Macedo Almeida e Vasconcelos, 1st Baron of Santa Comba Dão
José Maria de Sousa Macedo Almeida e Vasconcelos, 1st Baron of Santa Comba Dão, ComC (25 June 1787 in Santa Comba Dão – 4 September 1872 in Santa Comba Dão) was a Portuguese nobleman, military and politician.

He was the eldest child and son and successor of António de Sousa de Macedo Almeida e Vasconcelos and Maria Hipólita Cassiana da Flor da Rosa da Cunha Gusmão e Figueiredo.
Yaynu
Yaynu (Hispanicized spellings Yaino, Yayno) is an archaeological site in Peru. It lies in the Ancash Region, Pomabamba Province, Huayllan District. It is a hilltop settlement that is considered the most important evidence of the so-called Recuay culture in the Ancash Region. The site was declared a National Cultural Heritage by  Resolución Directoral Nacional No. 682-INC-2004 on June 17, 2004.

The stone constructions of Yaynu are situated about 17 km south of Pomabamba at a height of more than 4,000 metres (13,123 ft), on the northern slope of Pañahirka (Pañajirca).

Yaynu is the largest known Recuay site and is best described as a fortified hilltop town. The area of the town is about 25 ha at its core. When counting associated defenses, corrals and terracing, the area is over 105 ha.

The central sector is bounded by perimeter walls and long trenches. The buildings are of stone and densely built up.

Recuay culture
The Recuay culture was a pre-Columbian culture of highland Peru that flourished from 200 BCE to 600 CE and was related to the Moche culture of the north coast. It is named after the Recuay District, in the Recuay Province, in the Ancash Region of Peru.
Union Turnpike (New York)
Union Turnpike is a thoroughfare stretching across part of Long Island in southern New York state, mostly within central and eastern Queens in New York City. It runs from the Jackie Robinson Parkway in Glendale, Queens to Marcus Avenue in North New Hyde Park, Nassau County, about 1 mile (1.6 km) outside the New York City border.

Union Turnpike from Myrtle Avenue to the Nassau County border is 9.2 miles (15 km) long. The turnpike crosses into Nassau County at the city's easternmost point on Langdale Street, two blocks past the city's highest-numbered street (271st Street). North of the turnpike at this point is Glen Oaks and south of it is Floral Park. It then enters the hamlet of North New Hyde Park.

New York State Route 25C
New York State Route 25C (NY 25C) was an east–west state highway on Long Island in New York in the United States. The route began in Queens at an intersection with NY 25 and paralleled NY 25B for just over 4 miles (6 km) before ending at a junction with NY 25B in western Nassau County. NY 25C was assigned in the 1930s and removed in 1970. Part of the route's former routing is still state-maintained as New York State Route 900F, an unsigned reference route.
Hudson, Argentina
Guillermo Enrique Hudson is a semi-rural town in Berazategui Partido (department) of Buenos Aires province, Argentina.

The town is named after writer William Henry Hudson using the Spanish translation of his name.

It has road and rail links to both Buenos Aires and La Plata. The Hudson segment of the toll road linking both cities gained notoriety in 2000 when a car accident next to a toll booth killed singer Rodrigo.

Berazategui Partido
Berazategui is a partido in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. With an area of 188 km2 (73 sq mi) and a population of 320,224 (2010 census [INDEC]), it is at the southeast of the Greater Buenos Aires urban conglomerate, and its capital is Berazategui city.

It was part of the Quilmes Partido until 1960.

The majority of the population are concentrated in the city of Berazategui, which has an important commercial district with a pedestrian centre.

Berazategui is also home to Asociación Deportiva Berazategui, a football club that play in the regionalised 4th division of Argentine football.
Shipton-on-Cherwell
Shipton-on-Cherwell is a village in the civil parish of Shipton-on-Cherwell and Thrupp, in the Cherwell district, in the county of Oxfordshire, England. It is on the River Cherwell about 2 miles (3 km) north of Kidlington in Oxfordshire, England.

River Cherwell
The River Cherwell (/ˈtʃɑːrwɛl/ ⓘ CHAR-wel or /ˈtʃɜːrwɛl/ CHUR-wel) is a tributary of the River Thames in central England. It rises near Hellidon, Northamptonshire and flows southwards for 40 miles (64 km) to meet the Thames at Oxford in Oxfordshire.

The river gives its name to the Cherwell local government district and Cherwell, an Oxford student newspaper.
Château de Menthon-Saint-Bernard
The Château de Menthon is a medieval castle located in the commune of Menthon-Saint-Bernard, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) south of Annecy  in the Haute-Savoie department of France. Standing on a 200 metres (660 ft) tall rock, its stone towers loom over Lake Annecy, the Roc de Chère National Nature Reserve, and Menthon-Saint-Bernard. Since 1989, it has been listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.

Menthon-Saint-Bernard
Menthon-Saint-Bernard (French pronunciation: [mɑ̃tɔ̃ sɛ̃ bɛʁnaʁ]; Arpitan: Menton), commonly referred to simply as Menthon, is a commune on the eastern shore of Lake Annecy in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in Southeastern France. As of 2023, the population of the commune was 1,891.
Kirjurinluoto Arena
Kirjurinluoto Arena (also known as Pori Delta Arena) is an open-air concert park in the city of Pori, Finland. It is the only venue in Finland that is designed especially for open-air events. Size of the amphitheater-type arena is five hectares (12 acres). Concert park area includes also 22 hectares for camping and parking.

Kirjurinluoto Arena was built in 2001 and it is part of the Pori National Urban Park. The arena is located in Kirjurinluoto island, which lies in the delta of Kokemäenjoki-river. The island has been a park and a recreational area for the residents of Pori since the 19th century.

Main user of the Kirjurinluoto Arena is annual Pori Jazz festival. Arena has also hosted RMJ and Sonisphere music festivals as well as several fairs and religious events.

Pori National Urban Park
The Pori National Urban Park, located in the town of Pori, Finland, was established in May 2002 and is part of the NUP network. NUPs (National Urban Parks) are integrated urban spaces that span across several areas. Pori NUP is recognised as being of national importance with a valuable local natural and cultural environment.  The most prominent monuments are the industrial buildings on the north bank of the Kokemäenjoki, the Neo-gothic Central church of Pori, and the Junnelius palace, a neo-Renaissance building which is currently used as the City Hall. The National Urban Park also contains the Pori bridge; the Old Courthouse; "stone Pori", a collection of stone buildings; the Juselius Mausoleum, and Kirjurinluoto island, where the Pori Jazz Festival takes place.
University of Botswana
The University of Botswana (UB) was established in 1982, as the first institution of higher education in Botswana. The university currently has three campuses: one in the capital city Gaborone, one in Francistown, and another in Maun. The University of Botswana is divided into six faculties: Business, Education, Engineering, Humanities, Health Sciences, Science and Social Sciences and the Sir Ketumile Masire Teaching Hospital. UB is ranked 1201–1500 in the world and 21st in sub-Saharan Africa in the 2024 Times Higher Education World University Ranking.

Sir Ketumile Masire Teaching Hospital
The Sir Ketumile Masire Teaching Hospital  (SKMTH),  also known as the University of Botswana Medical School, is the school of medicine of the University of Botswana, Botswana's oldest and largest public university. The medical school was established in 2009. The school provides medical education at undergraduate, and postgraduate levels.
Parochthiphila
Parochthiphila is a genus of flies belonging to the family Chamaemyiidae.

The species of this genus are found in Europe and Africa.

Species:

Parochthiphila aethiopica Hennig, 1938

Parochthiphila argentiseta Ebejer & Raspi, 2008

Chamaemyiidae
The Chamaemyiidae are a small family of acalyptrate flies with less than 200 species described worldwide. The larvae of these small flies are active and predatory and are often used for biological control of aphids, scale insects, and similar pests. Chamaemyiid fossils are poorly represented in amber deposits, but a few examples are known from the Eocene epoch onwards.
Monotoca
Monotoca is a genus of about 17 species of shrubs in the family Ericaceae. The genus is endemic to Australia.

Species include:

Monotoca billawinica Albr.

Monotoca elliptica (Sm.) R.Br. – tree broom heath

Monotoca empetrifolia R.Br.

Monotoca glauca (Labill.) Druce – goldy wood

Monotoca ledifolia A.Cunn. ex DC.

Monotoca leucantha E.Pritz.

Monotoca linifolia (Rodway) W.M.Curtis

Monotoca oligarrhenoides F.Muell.

Monotoca oreophila Albr. – mountain broom heath

Monotoca rotundifolia J.H.Willis – trailing monotoca

Monotoca scoparia (Sm.) R.Br. – prickly broom heath

Monotoca submutica (Benth.) Jarman

Monotoca glauca
Monotoca glauca, known as goldy wood, is a heath family shrub endemic to Tasmania, Australia and is one of 17 described Monotoca species. It is a widespread and abundant understory species found on the margins of wet eucalypt forests and logged areas.
Adatom
An adatom is an atom that lies on a crystal surface, and can be thought of as the opposite of a surface vacancy. This term is used in surface chemistry and epitaxy, when describing single atoms lying on surfaces and surface roughness.  The word is a portmanteau of "adsorbed atom".  A single atom, a cluster of atoms, or a molecule or cluster of molecules may all be referred to by the general term "adparticle".  This is often a thermodynamically unfavorable state. However, cases such as graphene may provide counter-examples.

Adparticle
An adparticle is an atom, molecule, or cluster of atoms or molecules that lies on a crystal surface.  The term is used in surface chemistry.  The word is a contraction of "adsorbed particle".  An adparticle that is a single atom may be referred to as an "adatom".
Truncatophaedusa
Truncatophaedusa is a monotypic land snail genus belonging to the family Clausiliidae, the door snails, all of which have a clausilium. 
The sole species belonging to the genus is Truncatophaedusa evae.

Clausiliidae
Clausiliidae, also known by the common name door snails, is a taxonomic family of small, very elongate, mostly left-handed, air-breathing land snails, sinistral terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.

With over 1700 recognized recent and fossil species, this is among the most diverse families of terrestrial gastropods (cf. Orthalicidae), although the marine gastropod family Pyramidellidae is larger.

Most species of Clausiliidae have an anatomical structure known as a clausilium, which enables the snail to close off the aperture of the shell with a sliding "door".
Francis Xavier Pierz
Francis Xavier Pierz (Slovene: Franc Pirc or Franc Pirec; German: Franz Pierz) (November 20, 1785 – January 22, 1880) was a Slovenian-American Roman Catholic priest and missionary to the Ottawa and Ojibwe Indians in present-day Michigan, Wisconsin, Ontario, and Minnesota. Because his letters convinced numerous Catholic German Americans to settle in Central Minnesota after the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux in 1851, Fr. Pierz is referred to as the "Father of the Diocese of Saint Cloud."

Morrison County, Minnesota
Morrison County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 34,010. Its county seat is Little Falls. Camp Ripley Military Reservation occupies a significant area in north-central Morrison County.