hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Adelpha bredowii
Adelpha bredowii, the Bredow's sister, is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is endemic to western, central, and southern Mexico. It belongs to the serpa species group in the genus Adelpha (sisters). The species previously included two subspecies, the California sister (Adelpha bredowii californica) and the Arizona sister (Adelpha bredowii eulalia). Recent phylogenetic studies, however, conclude that morphological, geographical, and genetic evidence support their classification as  separate species. They have been reclassified as the species Adelpha californica and Adelpha eulalia, respectively.

Adelpha eulalia
Adelpha eulalia, the Arizona sister, is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It occurs from at least Guatemala and Mexico to the southwestern United States, including southeastern California, Arizona, New Mexico, and southern Texas. They can also sometimes be found in Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada.

Adelpha eulalia belongs to the serpa species group in the genus Adelpha (sisters). It was previously treated as a subspecies of Bredow's sister (Adelpha bredowii). Recent phylogenetic studies, however, conclude that morphological, geographical, and genetic evidence make it clear that it is a separate species.
Middlebury (CDP), Vermont
Middlebury is the main settlement in the town of Middlebury in Addison County, Vermont, United States, and a census-designated place (CDP). The population was 7,304 at the 2020 census, out of a total population of 9,152 in the town of Middlebury. Most of the village is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Middlebury Village Historic District.

Middlebury, Vermont
Middlebury is the shire town (county seat) of Addison County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 9,152. Middlebury is home to Middlebury College and the Henry Sheldon Museum of Vermont History and the adjacent hardware store.
Rómulo Betancourt
Rómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello (22 February 1908 – 28 September 1981; Spanish pronunciation: [ˈromulo βetaŋˈkuɾ]), known as "The Father of Venezuelan Democracy", was a Venezuelan politician who served as the president of Venezuela, from 1945 to 1948 and again from 1959 to 1964, as well as leader of the Democratic Action, Venezuela's dominant political party in the 20th century.

Betancourt, one of Venezuela's most important political figures, led a tumultuous career in Latin American politics. Periods of exile brought Betancourt in contact with various Latin American countries as well as the United States, securing his legacy as one of the most prominent international leaders to emerge from 20th-century Latin America. Scholars credit Betancourt as the Founding Father of modern democratic Venezuela.

Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo
Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo (13 December 1903 – 3 September 1979) was a prominent Venezuelan diplomat, politician and lawyer primarily responsible for the inception and creation of the OPEC, along with Saudi Arabian minister Abdullah Tariki.
Tullamore, New South Wales
Tullamore is a small town in the North-Western corner of the Parkes Shire in the Central West of New South Wales, Australia. At the 2021 census, Tullamore had a population of 369.

It lies in an expanding broadacre cropping country. Tullamore has a railway station on the Bogan Gate–Tottenham Branch line. It is served by a newly constructed medical centre and a K-12 central school.

Tullamore is the first town mentioned in the original (Australian) version of the song "I've Been Everywhere".

Jimmy Barnes performed at Pola Park in Tullamore, New South Wales on Saturday, 2 November 2019. The concert was part of his "Shutting Down Your Town" tour to promote his album My Criminal Record.

Parkes Shire
Parkes Shire is a local government area in the Central West region of New South Wales, Australia.  The Shire is located adjacent to the Broken Hill railway line and the Newell Highway.

The area under administration includes the town of Parkes and the surrounding region of 5,919 square kilometres (2,285 sq mi), with a population of approximately 14,592 as of 2011. The Shire includes the towns of Peak Hill, Alectown, Bogan Gate, Trundle and Tullamore.

The mayor of Parkes Shire Council is Cr. Neil Westcott, who is unaligned with any political party.
Ball and chain
A ball and chain (also known as leg irons) is a physical restraint device historically used to bind prisoners of both adolescent and adult ages. Their use was prevalent in the Americas. From the 17th century until as late as the mid-20th century this form of punishment was often used in conjunction with other methods of confinement.

A type of shackle, the ball and chain is designed so that the weight of the iron ball at the end of the short chain restricts and limits the pace at which its wearer is able to move, making any attempt at escape much more difficult. The weight of the ball would typically be determined by the court, typically ranging from five to twenty-five pounds (2.27-11.34 kg).

In modern times, it is mostly associated with cartoon depiction of criminals, much like the striped prison uniform.

Legcuffs
Legcuffs are physical restraints used on the ankles of a person to allow walking only with a restricted stride and to prevent running and effective physical resistance. Frequently used alternative terms are leg cuffs, (leg/ankle) shackles, footcuffs, fetters or leg irons. The term "fetter" shares a root with the word "foot".

Shackles are typically used on prisoners and slaves. Leg shackles also are used for chain gangs to keep them together.

Metaphorically, a fetter may be anything that restricts or restrains in any way, hence the word "unfettered".
Aningeria superba
Aningeria superba is a species of plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is a tree native to the Congolian forests of west-central Africa, including the Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Cabinda.

Aningeria superba is a source of the hardwood anigre, which is used commercially for wood veneer and light carpentry.

Anigre
Anigre is an African hardwood commonly used for plywood, interior furniture, cabinetry, and high-end millwork applications. It is frequently sliced and sold as veneer, although it is available in board form as well. In board form it is used for boat building, general carpentry, and other light construction uses.
Bloody May Day (1977)
The Bloody May Day (Turkish: Kanlı 1 Mayıs, lit. 'Bloody 1 May' or 1 Mayıs Katliamı, '1 May Massacre') was an attack on leftist demonstrators on 1 May 1977 (International Workers' Day) in Taksim Square, Istanbul, Turkey. Casualty figures vary between 31 and 36 people killed with 126 to 220 injured. Over 500 demonstrators were later detained by the security forces, and 98 were indicted. None of the perpetrators were caught, although suspicion soon fell on the Counter-Guerrilla and associated right-wing groups. The massacre was part of the wave of political violence in Turkey in the late 1970s.

Confederation of Revolutionary Trade Unions of Turkey
The Confederation of Revolutionary Trade Unions of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Devrimci İşçi Sendikaları Konfederasyonu, DİSK) is one of the four major national trade union centres in Turkey. It was founded in 1967 as a breakaway union from the Confederation of Turkish Trade Unions, and has a membership of 327,000.

DİSK is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation, World Federation of Trade Unions, Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD and the European Trade Union Confederation.
Sia Koroma
Sia Nyama Koroma (born on 19 March 1958 in Kono District, British Sierra Leone) is a Sierra Leonean biochemist and psychiatric nurse.  She served as First Lady of Sierra Leone from 17 September 2007, and up until 4 April 2018. She is the wife of Ernest Bai Koroma, the 4th President of Sierra Leone.

Koroma was a pioneer in her role as First Lady, established the Office of the First Lady to undertake development initiatives. She focused on projects for Sierra Leonean women and children.

She is the founder of the Women's Initiative for Safer Health (WISH) project which focuses on improving reproductive health for women.

First Lady of Sierra Leone
The title First Lady of Sierra Leone is held by the female spouse of the president of Sierra Leone. The first lady is a representative of the people of Sierra Leone at home and abroad. The Office of the First Lady is an extension of State House and is responsible for social events and ceremonies at State Lodge. The First Lady’s Office is not established by an act of parliament and cannot receive government funding.

Since 1971, Sierra Leone has had six first ladies. The first was Rebecca Stevens, wife of former president Siaka Stevens, who remained at her family's private residence at 1 King Harmon Road while her husband lived at State House and Kabasa Lodge.
Masrour Barzani
Masrour Barzani (Arabic: مسرور بارزاني; Kurdish: مەسروور بارزانی, romanized: Mesrûr Barzanî; born 2 March 1969) is an Iraqi Kurdish politician and serving as prime minister of the Kurdistan Region, since June 2019. He is also the chancellor of the Kurdistan Region Security Council and a member of the Kurdistan Democratic Party. He was sworn in as prime minister of the KRG’s ninth cabinet on 10 June 2019, after receiving 87 votes out of 97 legislators in the Kurdistan parliament.

Iraqi Kurdistan
Iraqi Kurdistan or Southern Kurdistan (Kurdish: باشووری کوردستان, romanized: Başûrê Kurdistanê) refers to the Kurdish-populated part of northern Iraq. It is considered one of the four parts of Greater Kurdistan in West Asia, which also includes parts of southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan), northern Syria (Western Kurdistan), and northwestern Iran (Eastern Kurdistan). Much of the geographical and cultural region of Iraqi Kurdistan is part of the Kurdistan Region (KRI), a semi-autonomous region recognized by the Constitution of Iraq. As with the rest of Kurdistan, and unlike most of the rest of Iraq, the region is inland and mountainous.
Draperia
Draperia is a monotypic genus of plants in the family Hydrophyllaceae, which includes the single species Draperia systyla, known by the common name violet draperia. This small perennial wildflower is endemic to California, where it grows in woodlands and rocky slopes in high mountains. Its leaves, flowers, and fruits are hairy. The flowers are funnel-shaped and generally light pink to lavender in color.

Hydrophyllaceae
Hydrophyllaceae is a family in the flowering plant order Boraginales. Its taxonomic position has varied; it has also been treated as the subfamily Hydrophylloideae of the family Boraginaceae sensu lato.
Geleen
Geleen (Dutch pronunciation: [ɣəˈleːn]; Limburgish: Gelaen [ɣəˈlɛːn]) is a city in the southern part of the province of Limburg in the Netherlands. With 31,670 inhabitants in 2020, it is part of the municipality of Sittard-Geleen. Geleen is situated along the river Geleenbeek, a right tributary to the river Meuse. The Latin name for Geleenbeek is Glana, meaning "clear river". The town centre is situated at about 60 m above sea level.

Geleenbeek
The Geleenbeek (Dutch pronunciation: [ɣəˈleːmbeːk]; Limburgish: Gelaenbaek [ɣəˈlɛːmbɛːk]) is a river in Limburg, the Netherlands. Its source is near the village Benzenrade, part of the city of Heerlen. It flows generally northwest, along Nuth, Schinnen, Spaubeek, turns north at Geleen, flows through the centre of Sittard, and further north through Nieuwstadt until it flows into a branch of the Meuse at Stevensweert.

Its Latin name is "Glana", which means "bright brook".
Pier 41
Pier 41 is a ferry terminal on Fisherman's Wharf in San Francisco.  The former headquarters of Blue & Gold Fleet, their box offices are now located at Pier 39.

The Pier is located east of the Fisherman's Wharf district and to the west of Pier 39.  The ferry terminal is close to North Beach, Chinatown, and the Embarcadero.  The area is easily accessible via the historic F Market streetcars.

From Pier 41 one can see Angel Island, Alcatraz, Golden Gate Bridge and Pier 39.

There is service to the Oakland Ferry Terminal, Vallejo Station, the Sausalito Ferry Terminal, and the Ayala Cove Ferry Terminal on Angel Island.

Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco
Fisherman's Wharf is a neighborhood and tourist attraction in San Francisco, located in the northern part of the city's waterfront. The Aquatic Park Historic District is often considered to be part of Fisherman's Wharf, though some neighborhood descriptions treat it as a separate area. Historically a working fishing port which also had seafood restaurants that were a draw to outsiders, the fishing docks declined during the 1960s and 1970s while tourist development became dominant.
Uzui Station
Uzui Station (宇都井駅, Uzui-eki) is an unstaffed railway station on the Sankō Line in Ōnan, Shimane, Japan, operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West). Opened in 1975, this station closed on 31 March 2018 with the closure of the entire Sanko Line.

Ōnan, Shimane
Ōnan (邑南町, Ōnan-chō) is a town located in Ōchi District, Shimane Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 July 2023, the town had an estimated population of  9,838 in 4712 households and a population density of 23 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 419.29 square kilometres (161.89 sq mi).
Helcogramma atauroensis
Helcogramma atauroensis, the red-anal triplefin, is a species of triplefin blenny in the genus Helcogramma. it was described by Ronald Frick and Mark V Erdmann in 2017. It occurs in the western Pacific on the coasts of Timor-Leste where it is associated with reefs down to 3 metres (9.8 ft).

Helcogramma
Helcogramma is a genus in the triplefin family Tripterygiidae. The blennies in the genus Helcogramma are found throughout the Indo-Pacific and in the South Atlantic Ocean off the islands of St Helena and Ascension.
Diego López de Medrano y Vergara
Diego López de Medrano y Vergara (Soria, c. XV century – Málaga, June 1487) was a ricohombre and nobleman from the House of Medrano, Lord of San Gregorio and Cañaveruelas, knight, a member of the 12 lineages of Soria, and a member of His Majesty's Council in the Kingdom of Castile. He died at the siege of Malaga in June 1487.

Luisa de Medrano
Luisa de Medrano y Bravo de Lagunas y Cienfuegos (Atienza 9 August 1484 – 1527) was a Basque-Castilian poet, philosopher, professor, and scholar from the Kingdom of Castile. By 1508, she is widely believed to have become the first female professor in Europe, teaching Latin at the University of Salamanca. Luisa de Medrano was among the Renaissance women celebrated by their contemporaries as puellae doctae ('learned girls'). The Hall of Cloisters at the Higher Schools of the University of Salamanca is named 'Lucía de Medrano' in her honor, and in 2015, the Castilla-La Mancha Regional Government established the 'Luisa de Medrano' International Award for Gender Equality. On 9 August 2022 Google celebrated Luisa's 538th birthday.
Hybrid-pi model
Hybrid-pi is a popular circuit model used for analyzing the small signal behavior of bipolar junction and field effect transistors. Sometimes it is also called Giacoletto model because it was introduced by L.J. Giacoletto in 1969. The model can be quite accurate for low-frequency circuits and can easily be adapted for higher frequency circuits with the addition of appropriate inter-electrode capacitances and other parasitic elements.

Early effect
The Early effect, named after its discoverer James M. Early, is the variation in the effective width of the base in a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) due to a variation in the applied base-to-collector voltage. A greater reverse bias across the collector–base junction, for example,  increases the collector–base depletion width, thereby decreasing the width of the charge carrier portion of the base.
Gasparo Pratoneri
Gasparo Pratoneri, nicknamed "Spirito da Reggio" (fl. 1556–59) was an Italian priest, and composer of the Renaissance based at San Prospero in Reggio Emilia. He was musical tutor to the nobleman composer Alfonso Fontanelli.

Pratoneri is often confused with his contemporary, the more famous "Hoste da Reggio," Bartolomeo Torresano, whose works sometimes appeared after his death named as "Spirito L'Hoste", even though this name was not used during his lifetime.

Hoste da Reggio
Hoste da Reggio (also L'Hoste, L'Osto, Oste, and Bartolomeo Torresano) (c. 1520–1569) was an Italian composer of the Renaissance, active in Milan and elsewhere in northern Italy.  He was well known for his madrigals, which were published in several collections in Venice.
Q
Q, or q, is the seventeenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is pronounced /ˈkjuː/ ⓘ, most commonly spelled cue, but also kew, kue, and que.

Koppa
Koppa or Qoppa (uppercase: Ϙ, lowercase: ϙ, numeral: ϟ) is a letter that was used in early forms of the Greek alphabet, derived from Phoenician qoph (𐤒). It was originally used to denote the /k/ sound, but dropped out of use as an alphabetic character and replaced by kappa (Κ). It has remained in use as a numeral symbol (90) in the system of Greek numerals, although with a modified shape. Koppa is the source of Latin Q, as well as the Cyrillic numeral sign of the same name (koppa).
Darvoz District
Darvoz District (Russian: Дарвазский район, Tajik: Ноҳияи Дарвоз Nohiyai Darvoz) is a district in Tajikistan, located at the extreme north-west of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region. It borders on Afghanistan to the south, along the Panj, and within Tajikistan on Khatlon Region to the west and on the Districts of Republican Subordination to the north. Its administrative capital is Qal'ai Khumb. The population of Darvoz district is 24,000 (1 January 2020 estimate). The district was historically part of the Darvaz principality, a semi-independent statelet ruled by a mir.

Gorno-Badakhshan
38°0′N 73°0′E﻿ / ﻿38.000°N 73.000°E﻿ / 38.000; 73.000

Gorno-Badakhshan, officially the Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region in eastern Tajikistan, in the Pamir Mountains. It makes up nearly forty-five percent of the country's land area but only two percent of its population.
Junior Library Guild
Junior Library Guild, formerly the Junior Literary Guild, is a commercial book club devoted to juvenile literature. It was created in 1929 as one of the enterprises of the Literary Guild, an adult book club created in 1927 by Samuel W. Craig and Harold K. Guinzburg. Book clubs often marketed books to libraries as well, and by the 1950s the majority of the Junior Literary Guild's sales were to libraries. In 1988, the name was changed to the Junior Library Guild to reflect this change in the company's business.

The Junior Library Guild is operated by Media Source Inc., which is based in Plain City, Ohio. The editorial department is in New York City.

Book sales club
A book sales club is a subscription-based method of selling and purchasing books. It is more often called simply a book club, a term that is also used to describe a book discussion club, which can cause confusion.
Derry GAA
The Derry County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae Dhoire) or Derry GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland. It is responsible for Gaelic games in County Londonderry in Northern Ireland (the GAA refers to the county as Derry). The county board is also responsible for the Derry county teams.

Football is the most popular of the county board's Gaelic games. The county football team won an All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (SFC) in 1993; it was the fourth from the province of Ulster to do so, following Cavan, Donegal and Down. The county team has also won seven National League titles and nine Ulster Championship titles.

However, Derry is also regarded as a small dual county.

According to a 2015 TUD study by Shane Mangan, Derry had slightly more than over 9,100 players.

Ulster Senior Club Football Championship
The Ulster Senior Club Football Championship is an annual Gaelic football tournament organised by Ulster GAA. It is played between the Senior championship winners from each of the nine counties of Ulster. The competition was first held in 1968 and has a straight knock-out format. The winners are awarded the Seamus McFerran Cup (Irish: Corn Shéamuis Mhic Fearáin). The winners go on to represent Ulster in the All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship.

Derry clubs have won the competition seventeen times, more than any other county. Crossmaglen Rangers are the most successful club, having won the competition eleven times. The current champions are Scotstown from Monaghan, having beaten Kilcoo in the 2025 final.
Ouiatenon
Ouiatenon (Miami-Illinois: waayaahtanonki) was a dwelling place of members of the Wea tribe of Native Americans.  The name Ouiatenon, also variously given as Ouiatanon, Oujatanon, Ouiatano or other similar forms, is a French rendering of a term from the Wea dialect of the Miami-Illinois language which means "place of the people of the whirlpool", an ethnonym for the Wea.  Ouiatenon can be said to refer generally to any settlement of Wea or to their tribal lands as a whole, though the name is most frequently used to refer to a group of extinct settlements situated together along the Wabash River in what is now western Tippecanoe County, Indiana.

Wea
The Wea (Miami–Illinois: Waayaahtanwa) were a Miami–Illinois-speaking Native American tribe originally located in western Indiana. Historically, they were described as being either closely related to the Miami tribe or a sub-tribe of Miami.

Today, the descendants of the Wea, along with the Kaskaskia, Piankeshaw, and Peoria, are enrolled in the Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, a federally recognized tribe in Oklahoma.
Roger Griffin (astronomer)
Roger Francis Griffin (23 August 1935 – 12 February 2021) was an astronomer and emeritus professor of Observational Astronomy at the University of Cambridge.

Griffin was raised in Surrey, and educated at Caterham School and St John's College, Cambridge, where he studied for a BA in Natural Sciences and a PhD in Astronomy. After receiving his doctorate he was a Research Fellow at St John's, and a Fellow there from 1972 until his death. His most notable works are in the area of spectrography of stars.

Griffin featured, along with Donald Lynden-Bell, Neville Woolf, and Wallace Sargent, in the 2015 documentary Star Men, which detailed their camaraderie and contributions to astronomy, and retraced their trip through the Southwestern United States.

Caterham School
Caterham School is a co-educational day and boarding public school in Caterham, Surrey and is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference.

Founded as 'The Congregational School' during the Regency era, a charitable institution to educate the sons of Congregationalist clergy, Caterham developed into providing a public school education which was made co-educational in 1995. In September 2025, Caterham was shortlisted for the 2026 'Tatler Schools Guide', along with Eton, Canford, Brighton and Gresham's, for the title of the best public school in the country.

Caterham is recognised internationally for its approach to digital learning. It was among the first schools in the United Kingdom to introduce an iPad rollout in 2015 as an Apple Distinguished School and among the first in the world to develop its own subsidiary artificial intelligence company. It has been recognised by the Westminster Education Foundation think tank as a member of the EdTech 50 since 2019.