hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Off-axis optical system
An off-axis optical system is an optical system in which the optical axis of the aperture is not coincident with the mechanical center of the aperture. The principal applications of off-axis optical systems are to avoid obstruction of the primary aperture by secondary optical elements, instrument packages, or sensors, and to provide ready access to instrument packages or sensors at the focus. The engineering tradeoff of an off-axis optical system is an increase in image aberrations.

There are various theoretical models for aberration in off-axis optical systems. This involves various techniques including different types of equations for ray-tracing, and a goal can be optimizing the design.

An example of an off-axis optical system is a three mirror design as optics for a hyperspectral imager.

Optical axis
An optical axis is an imaginary line that passes through the geometrical center of an optical system such as a camera lens, microscope or telescopic sight. Lens elements often have  rotational symmetry about the axis.

The optical axis defines the path along which light propagates through the system, up to first approximation. For a system composed of simple lenses and mirrors, the axis passes through the center of curvature of each surface, and coincides with the axis of rotational symmetry. The optical axis is often coincident with the system's mechanical axis, but not always, as in the case of off-axis optical systems.

For an optical fiber, the optical axis is along the center of the fiber core, and is also known as the fiber axis.
Border search exception
In United States criminal law, the border search exception is a doctrine that allows searches and seizures at international borders and their functional equivalent without a warrant or probable cause. Generally speaking, searches within 100 miles (160 km) of the border are more permissible without a warrant than those conducted elsewhere in the United States. The doctrine also allows federal agents to search people at border crossings without a warrant or probable cause. The government is allowed to use scanning devices and to search personal electronics. Invasive bodily searches, however, require reasonable suspicion.

United States Customs and Border Protection
United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is the largest federal law enforcement agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security. It is the country's primary border control organization, charged with regulating and facilitating international trade, collecting import duties, as well as enforcing U.S. regulations, including trade, customs, and immigration. The CBP is one of the largest law enforcement agencies in the United States. It has a workforce of more than 45,600 federal agents and officers. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C.
Llanberis Lake Railway
The Llanberis Lake Railway (Welsh: Rheilffordd Llyn Padarn) is a 1 ft 11+1⁄2 in (597 mm) narrow gauge heritage railway that runs for 2.5 miles (4 km) along the northern shore of Llyn Padarn in north Wales in the Snowdonia National Park. The starting point is the village of Llanberis at the eastern end of the lake (53°07′03″N 4°07′09″W﻿ / ﻿53.1175°N 4.1193°W﻿ / 53.1175; -4.1193﻿ (Llanberis station)), with the western terminus at Pen Llyn in the Padarn Country Park (53°08′13″N 4°08′58″W﻿ / ﻿53.1370°N 4.1495°W﻿ / 53.1370; -4.1495﻿ (Penllyn station)). The return journey takes around 60 minutes.
The railway is one of the Great Little Trains of Wales.

Dinorwic quarry
Dinorwic quarry (/dɪˈnɔːrwɪɡ/ din-OR-wig; Welsh: [dɪˈnɔrwɪɡ]; also known as Dinorwig quarry) is a large former slate quarry, now home to the Welsh National Slate Museum, located between the villages of Llanberis and Dinorwig (formerly Dinorwic) in Wales. At its height at the start of the 20th century, it was the second largest slate quarry in Wales (and thus, the world), after the neighbouring Penrhyn quarry near Bethesda.  Dinorwic covered 700 acres (283 ha) consisting of two main quarry sections with 20 galleries in each. Extensive internal tramway systems connected the quarries using inclines to transport slate between galleries. Since its closure in 1969, the quarry has become the site of the National Slate Museum, a regular film location, hiking location, and an extreme rock climbing destination.
Heaven & Earth (Yes album)
Heaven & Earth is the twenty-first studio album by the English progressive rock band Yes. It was released on 16 July 2014 on Frontiers Records and is the first album with lead vocalist Jon Davison and the final album to feature founding bassist Chris Squire before his death in 2015. The group started preparing new material for an album during the 2013 leg of their Album Series Tour. Davison took an active approach with the songwriting, travelling to the homes of the other band members to collaborate on songs. Yes enlisted producer Roy Thomas Baker (who had previously worked with the band during recording sessions in 1979) and future Yes bassist Billy Sherwood to complete the mixing. This is the last production credit that Baker received before his death in 2025.

Heaven & Earth received mixed reviews. It reached No. 20 on the UK Albums Chart and became their highest charting album on the chart since their 1994 album Talk. It reached No. 26 on the US Billboard 200.

Yes bubble logo
The Yes bubble logo, also known simply as the Yes logo, is a logo designed by the English artist Roger Dean for the progressive rock band Yes in 1971. The logo was first used on the Yes album Close to the Edge, when it was first released on 8 September 1972.

The original artwork for the logo is held in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, and the MAK – Austrian Museum of Applied Arts in Vienna. The logo is listed in the NME's 64 of the Most Beautiful Band Logos.

The earlier Yes logo called the speech bubble logo was first used on Yes' self-titled debut album and last used in 1997 on their Something's Coming: The BBC Recordings 1969–1970 album.
Wilkinson County, Mississippi
Wilkinson County is a county located in the southwest corner of the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of 2020, its population was 8,587. Its county seat is Woodville. Bordered by the Mississippi River on the west, the county is named for James Wilkinson, a Revolutionary War military leader and first governor of the Louisiana Territory after its acquisition by the United States in 1803.

Amite County, Mississippi
Amite County /ˈeɪ.mɛt/ is a county located in the state of Mississippi on its southern border with Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 12,720. Its county seat is Liberty. The county is named after the Amite River, which runs through the county. Amite County is part of the McComb, MS micropolitan statistical area.
Hook-billed bulbul
The hook-billed bulbul (Setornis criniger) is a species of songbird in the bulbul family, Pycnonotidae. It is found in eastern Sumatra and Borneo, where its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical swamps. It is threatened by habitat loss. Alternate names for the hook-billed bulbul include the long hook-billed bulbul and long-billed bulbul.

While currently monotypic within the genus Setornis, originally the genus contained the hairy-backed bulbul (now Tricholestes criniger viridis).

Bulbul
The bulbuls are members of a family, Pycnonotidae, of medium-sized passerine songbirds, which also includes greenbuls, brownbuls, leafloves, and bristlebills. The family is distributed across most of Africa and into the Middle East, tropical Asia to Indonesia, and north as far as Japan. A few insular species occur on the tropical islands of the Indian Ocean. There are 166 species in 32 genera. While different species are found in a wide range of habitats, the African species are predominantly found in rainforest, whereas Asian bulbuls are predominantly found in more open areas.
Firearm malfunction
A firearm malfunction is the failure of a firearm to operate as intended for causes other than user error. Malfunctions range from temporary and relatively safe situations, such as a casing that did not eject, to potentially dangerous occurrences that may permanently damage the gun and cause injury or death. Improper handling of certain types of malfunctions can be very dangerous. Following gun safety rules can prevent firearm malfunctions, and limit the damage inflicted by them if they do occur. Proper cleaning and maintenance of a firearm play a big role in preventing malfunctions.

Firearm maintenance
Firearm maintenance (or gun care for short) is a series of routine preventive maintenance procedures aiming to ensure the proper  function of a firearm, often with the use of a variety of specialized tools and chemical solutions.  Typically such maintenance is performed by the firearm owner using either simple methods such as cleaning the firearm with oil or other cleaning solutions or more sophisticated practices such as lubricating moving parts with oil/grease and recoating exposed surfaces with protective finishes such as varnishing or bluing.

When a firearm is presented with physical damage related to the ordinary use of the firearm, or when a firearm malfunctions in a life-threatening manner, a professional gunsmith should perform advanced maintenance to determine if the firearm is repairable and or safe to shoot anymore.
Vinpocetine
Vinpocetine (ethyl apovincaminate), sold under the brand name Cavinton among others, is a synthetic derivative of the vinca alkaloid vincamine, differing by the removal of a hydroxyl group and by being the ethyl rather than the methyl ester of the underlying carboxylic acid.  Vincamine is extracted from either the seeds of Voacanga africana or the leaves of Vinca minor (lesser periwinkle).

Vincamine
Vincamine is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid found in the leaves of Vinca minor (lesser periwinkle), comprising about 25–65% of its indole alkaloids by weight.  It can also be synthesized from related alkaloids.
Timothy Goebel
Timothy Richard Goebel (born September 10, 1980) is an American former competitive figure skater. He is the 2002 Olympic bronze medalist. He was the first person to land a quadruple Salchow jump in competition and the first person to land three quadruple jumps in one program. He landed 76 career quadruple jumps before his retirement in 2006.

Carol Heiss
Carol Elizabeth Heiss Jenkins (born January 20, 1940) is an American former figure skater and actress. Competing in ladies' singles, she became the 1960 Olympic champion, the 1956 Olympic silver medalist, and a five-time World champion (1956–1960).
Nippon TV Tokyo Verdy Beleza
Nippon TV Tokyo Verdy Beleza (日テレ・東京ヴェルディベレーザ, Nittere Tōkyō Verudi Berēza) is a women's professional football team that plays in Japan's WE League. It is based in the Kita, Itabashi, Inagi, Hino, Tama, and Tachikawa wards of Tokyo.

They have won 52 major Asian and national titles, the most of any team in the WE League. They have produced many players for the women's national team, youth national team and other teams in Japan and abroad.

Yūki Nagasato
Yūki Nagasato (永里 優季, Nagasato Yūki; born 15 July 1987), known from 2012 to 2016 as Yūki Ōgimi (大儀見 優季, Ōgimi Yūki), is a Japanese former footballer who played as a striker. Nagasato is the first female footballer to play for the first-team of a Japanese men's club.

Nagasato represented Japan internationally between 2004 and 2016, scoring 58 goals in 132 appearances. She has won the FIFA Women's World Cup in 2011, and was part of the runners-up team in 2015.
Tuostakh
The Tuostakh (Russian: Туостах; Yakut: Туостаах, Tuostaax) is a river in the Verkhoyansk District, Sakha (Yakutia), Russia. It is a left hand tributary of the Adycha, of the Yana basin. The river is 271 kilometres (168 mi) long, having a drainage basin of 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi).

Grayling, lenok and taimen are found in the waters of the river. The name of the river originated in the Yakut word "tuos", meaning "birch" The nearest city is Batagay, and the nearest airfield Batagay Airport.

Adycha
The Adycha (Russian: Адыча; Yakut: Адыаччы, romanized: Adıaççı) is a river in the Republic of Sakha in Russia. It is a right hand tributary of the Yana, and is 715 kilometres (444 mi) long, with a drainage basin of 89,800 square kilometres (34,700 sq mi).

At the end of the Soviet period, a big dam with a hydroelectric station was planned to be built on the river, but following perestroika and economic difficulties in the country the project was given up.
Dizak
Dizak (Armenian: Դիզակ), also known as Ktish after its main stronghold, was a medieval Armenian principality in the historical province of Artsakh and later one of the five melikdoms of Karabakh, which included the southern third of Khachen (present-day Nagorno-Karabakh) and from the 13th century also the canton of Baghk of Syunik. The founder of this principality was Esayi Abu-Muse, in the 9th century. In the 16th-18th centuries, Dizak was ruled by the Armenian Melik-Avanian dynasty, a branch of the House of Syunik-Khachen. The seat of the princes of Dizak was the town of Togh (or Dogh) with the adjacent ancient fortress of Ktish. One of the last princes of Dizak, Esayi Melik-Avanian, was killed by Ibrahim Khalil Khan in 1781, after a long-lasting resistance in the fortress of Ktish.

Today the name "Dizak" is often used to refer to the Hadrut Province of the Republic of Artsakh.

Melikdoms of Karabakh
The Five Melikdoms of Karabakh, also known as Khamsa Melikdoms (Armenian: Խամսայի մելիքություններ, romanized: Khamsayi melikutyunner), were Armenian feudal entities on the territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakh and neighboring lands, from the dissolution of the Principality of Khachen in the 15th century to the abolition of ethnic feudal entities by the Russian Empire in 1822.
Dalton, Cumbria
Dalton is a hamlet and former civil parish, now in the parish of Burton-in-Kendal, in the Westmorland and Furness district, Cumbria, England. Until 1894 it was in Lancashire, but was transferred to Westmorland "in accordance with the unanimous desire of the inhabitants". In 1961 the parish had a population of 99. Dalton was formerly a township in Burton-in-Kendal parish, from 1866 Dalton was a civil parish in its own right until it was abolished on 1 April 1986 and merged with Burton to form "Burton-in-Kendal".

Dalton is located about a mile east of Burton-in-Kendal and gives its name to Dalton Crags and Dalton Hall.

Remains of medieval settlements in the area have been recorded by archaeologists, and "Dalton medieval village and parts of its associated medieval open field system centred 620m ENE of Dalton Hall" is listed as a scheduled monument.

Dalton Old Hall farmhouse is a grade II listed building.

Burton-in-Kendal
Burton-in-Kendal is a village and civil parish on the extreme southern edge of Cumbria, England. The parish contains around 660 houses and in the 2001 census  had a population of 1,411, increasing at the 2011 census to 1,497. Historically within the county of Westmorland (with parts of the surrounding area within Lancashire), the village straddles the A6070 road between Crooklands and Carnforth, at a point around midway between Lancaster and Kendal, and is in the shadow of the nearby limestone outcrop known as Farleton Knott.
Tails (album)
Tails is the only album by Lisa Loeb & Nine Stories, released in 1995 by Geffen Records. Earlier versions of the songs "It's Over", "Snow Day", "Do You Sleep?", and "Hurricane" originally appeared on Loeb's previous studio album Purple Tape. Tails peaked at number thirty on the US Billboard 200, in the top ten in New Zealand, and number fifteen on the Canada Top Albums chart published by RPM. Overall the album charted in seven countries, making it a moderate success. Tails received a Gold certification in the United States after four months of its release with more than 500,000 pure copies sold in 1995. As of 2013 the album has sold 727,000 copies in the US It was also certified Platinum in Canada with 100,000 copies sold.

Purple Tape
Purple Tape is the first album by Lisa Loeb, self-released in 1992 on audio cassette only, used to showcase her talents to record companies. The record features mostly Loeb's voice accompanied by a guitar. Loeb would later include and re-record the majority of these songs on her later albums Tails and Firecracker.

While some songs of the album were later released as b-sides on some of Loeb's singles, the album did not see its CD release until January 22, 2008, when it was released as a two-CD including an extensive interview with Loeb about the album.
Idempotent matrix
In linear algebra, an idempotent matrix is a matrix which, when multiplied by itself, yields itself. That is, the matrix  is idempotent if and only if . For this product  to be defined,  must necessarily be a square matrix. Viewed this way, idempotent matrices are idempotent elements of matrix rings.

Identity matrix
In linear algebra, the identity matrix of size  is the  square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere. It has unique properties, for example when the identity matrix represents a geometric transformation, the object remains unchanged by the transformation. In other contexts, it is analogous to multiplying by the number 1.
Indra Jatra
Indra Jātrā, also known as Yenyā Punhi is the biggest religious street festival in Kathmandu, Nepal. The celebrations consist of two events, Indra Jātrā and Kumāri Jātrā. Indra Jātrā is marked by masked dances of deities and demons, displays of sacred images, and tableaus in honor of the deity Indra, the king of heaven. Kumāri Jātrā is the chariot procession of the living goddess Kumari.

Family members deceased in the past year are also remembered during the festival. The main venue of the festival is Kathmandu Durbar Square. The celebrations last for eight days from the 12th day of the bright fortnight to the 4th day of the dark fortnight of Yanlā (ञला), the eleventh month in the lunar Nepal Era calendar.

Indra Chowk
Indra Chowk (Nepali: इन्द्रचोक; pronounced [indra t͡sok]) or Wongha: (Newari) is one of the ceremonial and market squares on the artery passing through the historic section of Kathmandu, Nepal. The intersection of Indra Chowk, along with Maru, Kathmandu Durbar Square, Makhan, Jana Baha, Asan and Naxal, mark the old India-Tibet trade route that is now a vibrant market street.

Six streets meet at Indra Chowk and link the square to Kathmandu's major localities. Its temples and bazaar draw streams of pilgrims and shoppers. The square is named after Indra, lord of heaven in Hindu mythology.

Indra Chowk is a ceremonial venue and major festival pageants and chariot processions pass through the square. During Indra Jatra, the chariots of Kumari, Ganesh and Bhairav are pulled through here. The chariot procession of Jana Baha Dyah Jatra also passes through the square.
Jean Bikomagu
Jean Bikomagu (died August 15, 2015) was a Burundian colonel, military officer and former army chief. Bikomagu held the position of Army Chief of Staff during the Burundian Civil War (1993–2005). Burundi's army was dominated by ethnic Tutsis during the civil war.

In 1992 Bikomagu served as the commander of the Cibitoke Army Camp. President Melchior Ndadaye appointed him as Army Chief of Staff in 1993. President Pierre Buyoya dismissed him on 21 August 1996. Bikomagu was shot and killed by assailants on August 15, 2015, as he was arriving at his home in the Kinindo district of southern Bujumbura. His daughter was seriously wounded in the attack. His assassination, and other killings in Burundi, raised concerns that the at the time ongoing 2015 Burundian unrest could have been escalating.

Melchior Ndadaye
Melchior Ndadaye (28 March 1953 – 21 October 1993) was a Burundian banker and politician who became the first democratically elected and first Hutu president of Burundi after winning the landmark 1993 election. Though he attempted to smooth the country's bitter ethnic divide, his reforms antagonised soldiers in the Tutsi-dominated army, and he was assassinated amidst a failed military coup in October 1993, after only three months in office. His assassination sparked an array of brutal tit-for-tat massacres between the Tutsi and Hutu ethnic groups, and ultimately led to the decade-long Burundi Civil War.
Olinia
Olinia is a genus of small trees and shrubs with 10 species in the family Penaeaceae. The species of Olinia are native to Africa, ranging from west Africa to South Africa. It was previously regarded as the sole genus in the family Oliniaceae, but is now included in the expanded Penaeaceae along with Rhynchocalyx (formerly of the Rhynchocalycaceae) under the APG III system of classification.

Olinia emarginata

Olinia cymosa

Rhynchocalyx
Rhynchocalyx lawsonioides, the false-waterberry, is a small flowering tree, the sole species of the genus Rhynchocalyx. It had also previously been regarded as the only species in the monogeneric family Rhynchocalycaceae but is now included in the expanded Penaeaceae along with Olinia (formerly of the Oliniaceae) under the APG III system of classification. Rhynchocalyx is endemic to the KwaZulu-Cape coastal forest mosaic ecoregion of the Natal and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa.
Electoral district of Boorowa
Boorowa was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian State of New South Wales from 1880 to 1904, including the town of Boorowa. Its name was spelt "Booroowa" from 1899 to 1901. It was abolished in the 1904 re-distribution of electorates following the 1903 New South Wales referendum, which required the number of members of the Legislative Assembly to be reduced from 125 to 90, and was largely absorbed by Yass, with the balance going to the new district of Burrangong.

Electoral district of Burrangong
Burrangong was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales created in the 1904 re-distribution of electorates following the 1903 New South Wales referendum, which required the number of members of the Legislative Assembly to be reduced from 125 to 90. It was named after Burrangong station, the first squatting run in the Young area and consisted of parts of the abolished districts of Boorowa, Grenfell and Young. In 1920, with the introduction of proportional representation, it was absorbed along with Yass into Cootamundra.
Rancho Orestimba y Las Garzas
Rancho Orestimba y Las Garzas (Meetingplace and the Herons) was a 26,668-acre (107.92 km2) Mexican land grant in present-day Stanislaus County and Merced County, California  given in 1844 by Governor Manuel Micheltorena  to Sebastián Núñez.  The grant was originally in a part of Tuolumne County  that became part of Stanislaus County in 1854, and was located west of the San Joaquin River and south of Rancho Del Puerto, and encompassed present-day Newman. Arroyo Orestimba lay across the northern section of the Rancho Orestimba with Arroyo de las Garzas across the southern end of the Rancho.

Garzas Creek
Garzas Creek, originally Arroyo de las Garzas (Creek of the Herons), is a tributary of the San Joaquin River draining the eastern slopes of part of the Diablo Range within the San Joaquin Valley of California.

The Creek has its source 0.8 km (0.5 mi) south of Hog Canyon and 1.6 km (1 mi) northwest of Bullhead Reservoir, and its mouth at the confluence with Los Banos Creek 4.8 km (3 mi) northeast of Ingomar in Merced County.  The closest populated place was the former settlement and railroad station of Linora that is 0.38 miles south of Garzas Creek.  The town of Gustine, is 4.35 miles from Garzas Creek.