hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1938 Western Kentucky State Teachers Hilltoppers football team
The 1938 Western Kentucky State Teachers Hilltoppers football team represented Western Kentucky State Teachers College—now known as Western Kentucky University—as a member of the Kentucky Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (KIAC) and the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) during the 1938 college football season. Led by first-year head coach Gander Terry, the Hilltoppers compiled an overall record of 7–2 with marks of 2–0 in KIAC play and of 4–1 against SIAA opponents. Western Kentucky State Teachers shared the KIAC title with Centre.

Tom Triplett was the team's captain and Joe Gili was the alternate captain.

1938 Centre Colonels football team
The 1938 Centre Colonels football team represented Centre College as a member of the Kentucky Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (KIAC) and the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) during the 1938 college football season. Led by first-year head coach J. Quinn Decker, the Colonels compiled an overall record of 7–2 with marks of 2–0 in KIAC play and 4–0 against SIAA opponents. Centre shared the KIAC title with Western Kentucky State Teachers.
Gregory coefficients
Gregory coefficients Gn, also known as reciprocal logarithmic numbers, Bernoulli numbers of the second kind, or Cauchy numbers of the first kind, are the rational numbers 
that occur in the Maclaurin series expansion of the reciprocal logarithm

Gregory coefficients are alternating Gn = (−1)n−1|Gn| for n > 0
 and decreasing in absolute value. These numbers are named after James Gregory who introduced them in 1670 in the numerical integration context. They were subsequently rediscovered by many mathematicians and often appear in works of modern authors, who do not always recognize them.

Bernoulli polynomials of the second kind
The Bernoulli polynomials of the second kind ψn(x), also known as the Fontana–Bessel polynomials, are the polynomials defined by the following generating function:

The first five polynomials are:

Some authors define these polynomials slightly differently

so that

and may also use a different notation for them (the most used alternative notation is bn(x)). Under this convention, the polynomials form a Sheffer sequence.

The Bernoulli polynomials of the second kind were largely studied by the Hungarian mathematician Charles Jordan, but their history may also be traced back to the much earlier works.
Willem Schermerhorn
Willem "Wim" Schermerhorn (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈʋɪ(lə)m ˈsxɛrmərˌɦɔr(ə)n]; 17 December 1894 – 10 March 1977) was a Dutch politician who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 25 June 1945 until 3 July 1946. He was a member of the Free-thinking Democratic League (VDB) and later co-founder of the Labour Party (PvdA). According to Harry W. Laidler, the government under Schermerhorn's premiership "achieved important results in the fields of labor, finance, housing, old age pensions, and the social services".

ITC Enschede
The International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC) was an institute of higher (tertiary) education located in Enschede, Netherlands. As of 1 January 2010 it has been incorporated into the University of Twente as the sixth faculty, while preserving its unique international character as a faculty sui generis, and is now formally known as University of Twente, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC).
Lake Erie League
The Lake Erie League (LEL) was an Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) sports conference that mainly includes schools in the greater Cleveland, Ohio area.

In 2025, after Lorain opted to join the Greater Cleveland Conference for the 2025-2026 school year, the remaining five members (Bedford, Garfield Heights, Maple Heights, Shaw, and Warrensville Heights) made the tough decision to disband due to a decline in membership

Lorain City School District
The Lorain City School District is a public school district serving the city of Lorain, Ohio, which is located 25 miles west of Cleveland.  The district is the tenth largest urban school district in the State of Ohio.
Kusilvak Census Area, Alaska
Kusilvak Census Area, formerly known as Wade Hampton Census Area, is a census area located in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,368, up from 7,459 in 2010. It is part of the Unorganized Borough and therefore has no borough seat. Its largest community is the city of Hooper Bay, on the Bering Sea coast.

The census area's per capita income makes it the fourth-poorest county-equivalent in the United States. In 2014, it had the highest percentage of unemployed people of any county or census area in the United States, at 23.7 percent.

Additionally the area has the largest percentage of indigenous people with 96.9% of the population belonging to an indigenous group.

Alakanuk, Alaska
Alakanuk (ah-LUG-uh-nuck) (Central Yupik: Alarneq) is a second class city in the Kusilvak Census Area of the Unorganized Borough in the western part of the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2020 census, Alakanuk had a population of 756.
Agafokleya Poltoratskaya
Agafokleya Aleksandrovna Poltoratskaya (née Shishkova; 1737-1822), was a Russian entrepreneur and major landowner. She and her spouse Mark Poltoratsky were the founders of the noble family of Poltoratsky. She was a major business person and landowner of her time, and created a substantial fortune which helped her spouse attain nobility. She was a great contributor to the church, and also infamous because of her alleged great mistreatment of her serfs, which reportedly led Emperor Alexander of Russia to have her prosecuted.

Mark Poltoratsky
Mark Fyodorovich Poltoratsky (Russian: Марк Фёдорович Полтора́цкий, Ukrainian: Марко Федорович Полторацький, Marko Fedorovych Poltoratskyi; 28 April 1729, Sosnitsa, Kiev Governorate – 24 April 1795, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian Imperial singer (baritone). He was of Ukrainian Cossack descent and an Active State Councillor of Russia. He is the founder of the Russian noble Poltoratsky family.
Baldeo Singh
Baldeo Singh (Hindi: महाराजा बलदेव सिंह) was  ruling Maharaja of the princely state of Bharatpur (1823–1825) and the successor of Randhir Singh after his death in 1823. Randhir Singh had no son and, as per rule, his brother Baldeo Singh ascended the throne after his death in 1823. He was succeeded by his five-year-old son Balwant Singh.

Balwant Singh of Bharatpur
Balwant Singh (1820–1853) was the ruler of the princely state of Bharatpur in India from 1825 till his death, and successor to Maharaja Baldeo Singh. He was in turn succeeded by  Maharaja Jashwant Singh.
Thomas J. Clark
Thomas Jefferson Clark (1869–1907), originally from New Hampshire, United States, was a lifelong friend and partner of John K. Stewart as they built the companies that would one day be the foundation of the Stewart-Warner Corporation of Chicago, Illinois.

Clark is probably only known today for his Clark Foot Warmers. These small automobile heaters contained coal. The coal embers would emit heat providing some relief in a time when automobiles did not have such options. The production of the coal needed for these heaters violated city smoke regulations and forced Stewart and Clark to build a new plant in Aberdeen, Illinois, about 25 miles west of Chicago.

Clark was an active partner and advisor to John Stewart up until Clark's death during the 1907 Glidden Tour. Clark was demonstrating the Stewart Speedometer during this rally style event when the Packard he was driving slid off the muddy road and into a ditch.

John K. Stewart
John Kerwin Stewart (November 30, 1870 – June 1, 1916) was an entrepreneur and inventor. He founded the Stewart-Warner Corporation. In his lifetime he founded or purchased several companies and held 82 patents.
2020 FAI Women's Cup final
The 2020 FAI Women's Cup final was the final match of the 2020 FAI Women's Cup, the national association football Cup of the Republic of Ireland. The match took place on 12 December 2020 at Tallaght Stadium in Dublin. Cork City and Peamount United contested the match.

The match was shown live on RTÉ2 and RTÉ2 HD in Ireland, and via the RTÉ Player worldwide with commentary from Ger Canning and Lisa Fallon. It was refereed by Claire Purcell, assisted by Ann Sweeney and Olivia Syned with Vickey McEnery as Fourth Official. The Reserve Official was Kate O'Brien.

League champions Peamount United won the Cup to claim a "double", avenge their defeats in the previous two finals and reclaim the trophy they won for the first time in 2010. Underdogs Cork City were unable to emulate their only previous win in 2017.

Cork City W.F.C.
Cork City FC Women is an Irish women's association football team, based in Cork city. Originally playing at Bishopstown Stadium, since the 2021 Women's National League season, the team has played its home games at Turners Cross Stadium. The club kit is the same as that of Cork City FC, as is the emblem, which is itself a variant of the Cork coat of arms. The club was founded in 2011 as Cork Women's F.C., to take its place as one of seven teams in Ireland's inaugural Women's National League. In 2014 they affiliated with FORAS, the supporters' trust behind Cork City FC, and relaunched as Cork City Women's F.C.. The club claimed their first national silverware by winning the FAI Women's Cup in 2017, and merged "fully" with Cork City FC ahead of the 2018 season. Previously known as Cork City Women's FC, as of 2024 the team is known as Cork City FC Women.
Lars Løkke Rasmussen II Cabinet
The Second Cabinet of Lars Løkke Rasmussen was the Government of Denmark, in office between 28 June 2015 and 28 November 2016, when Lars Løkke Rasmussen third cabinet took over.

It was a single-party minority government consisting of Venstre, the first of this kind since Anker Jørgensen V Cabinet in 1981–82. It was supported by the Danish People's Party, the Liberal Alliance and the Conservative People's Party.

Lars Løkke Rasmussen III Cabinet
The Third Cabinet of Lars Løkke Rasmussen (colloquially, VLAK-regeringen or trekløverregeringen) took office on 28 November 2016, succeeding the Second Cabinet of Lars Løkke Rasmussen. It was a minority coalition government consisting of Venstre, the Liberal Alliance and the Conservative People's Party. It relied on parliamentary support from the Danish People's Party. Following the 2019 general election, Rasmussen tabled his resignation and the government continued as a caretaker government until 27 June when the Frederiksen Cabinet was appointed.
Earley parser
In computer science, the Earley parser is an algorithm for parsing strings that belong to a given context-free language, though (depending on the variant) it may suffer problems with certain nullable grammars. The algorithm, named after its inventor Jay Earley, is a chart parser that uses dynamic programming; it is mainly used for parsing in computational linguistics. It was first introduced in his dissertation in 1968 (and later appeared in abbreviated, more legible form in a journal).

Earley parsers are appealing because they can parse all context-free languages, unlike LR parsers and LL parsers, which are more typically used in compilers but which can only handle restricted classes of languages.  The Earley parser executes in cubic time in the general case , where n is the length of the parsed string, quadratic time for unambiguous grammars , and linear time for all deterministic context-free grammars. It performs particularly well when the rules are written left-recursively.

Chart parser
In computer science, a chart parser is a type of parser suitable for ambiguous grammars (including grammars of natural languages). It uses the dynamic programming approach—partial hypothesized results are stored in a structure called a chart and can be re-used. This eliminates backtracking and prevents a combinatorial explosion.

Chart parsing is generally credited to Martin Kay.
Oxford Text Archive
Oxford Text Archive (OTA) is an archive of electronic texts and other literary and language resources at the University of Oxford, England which have been created, collected and distributed for the purpose of research into literary and linguistic topics.

The OTA collection consists of deposits of primary-source academic electronic editions and linguistic corpora created by the academic community. The OTA was one of founding centres in the European research infrastructure (CLARIN, the Common Language Resources and Technology Infrastructure). The OTA collection contains many scholarly documents marked up according to the guidelines of the Text Encoding Initiative, including copies of all of the Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO) and  Early English Books Online (EEBO) texts which are now in the public domain, linked data. The OTA also manages the distribution of the British National Corpus (BNC).

Eighteenth Century Collections Online
Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO) is a digital collection of books published in Great Britain during the 18th century.

Gale, an education publishing company in the United States, assembled the collection by digitally scanning microfilm reproductions of 136,291 titles. Documents scanned after 2002 are added to a second collection, ECCO II. As of January 2014, ECCO II comprises 46,607 titles.
Lev Russov
Lev Alexandrovich Russov (Russian: Ле́в Алекса́ндрович Ру́сов; 31 January 1926 – 20 February 1987) was a Soviet Russian painter, graphic artist, and sculptor, living and working in Leningrad, a member of the Leningrad Union of Artists and representative of the Leningrad school of painting, most known for his portrait painting.

Spring exhibition (Leningrad, 1954)
Spring Fine Art Exhibition of Leningrad artists (Leningrad, 1954) (Russian: Весенняя выставка произведений ленинградских художников 1954 года) became one of the largest Soviet art exhibitions of 1954 and one of the first art exhibitions after Joseph Stalin's death. The exhibition took place in Leningrad Union of Soviet Artists Exhibition Halls on Bolshaya Morskaya st. 38.
GPT Store
The GPT Store is a platform developed by OpenAI that enables users and developers to create, publish, and monetize GPTs without requiring advanced programming skills. GPTs are custom applications built using the artificial intelligence chatbot known as ChatGPT.

GPTs
GPTs are customized generative pre-trained transformers accessible through OpenAI's chatbot ChatGPT. They are derived from OpenAI's main GPT models, such as GPT-4o. GPTs can be used and created from the GPT Store. Any user can easily create them without any programming knowledge. GPTs can be tailored for specific writing styles, topics, or tasks. The ability to create GPTs was introduced in November 2023, and by January 2024, more than 3 million GPTs had been published.
Bill Kazmaier
William Kazmaier (born December 30, 1953) is an American former powerlifter, strongman and professional wrestler. During his career, he set 40 world records across both powerlifting and strongman, and won two International Powerlifting Federation (IPF) World Championships and three World's Strongest Man titles.

In the 1980s, Kazmaier became famous for his claim to be "the strongest man who ever lived" by equaling and surpassing feats of strength of famous strongmen of the 20th century. He won the World Muscle Power Classic, Le Defi Mark Ten International and World Strongbow championships which were all revered for testing static strength and also became notorious for not being invited to the World's Strongest Man competition for four consecutive years.

Widely considered to be one of the greatest strength athletes of all-time, he was inducted into the International Sports Hall of Fame in 2017.

1981 World's Strongest Man
The 1981 World's Strongest Man was the fifth edition of World's Strongest Man and was won by Bill Kazmaier from the United States. It was his second consecutive title. Geoff Capes from the United Kingdom finished second after finishing third the previous year, and Dave Waddington from the United States finished third. The contest was held at Magic Mountain, California.

This was the first World's Strongest Man competition where the Tug Of War did not end the competition. Previously, the four highest scorers after the penultimate event competed in a head to head tug of war battle with the last man standing winning the event.
Hamilton Avenue station
Hamilton Avenue station is a station on the River Line light rail system, located on Hamilton Avenue in Trenton, New Jersey.
The station opened on March 15, 2004. Southbound service from the station is available to Camden, New Jersey. Northbound service is available to the Trenton Rail Station with connections to New Jersey Transit trains to New York City, SEPTA trains to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Amtrak trains. Transfer to the PATCO Speedline is available at the Walter Rand Transportation Center.

This station was not in the River Line's original plans, but was added when the public demanded a stop to serve the CURE Insurance Arena which opened in 1999 on the opposite side of Route 129.

New Jersey Route 129
Route 129 is a north-south expressway in the capital city of Trenton, New Jersey. The highway runs along Canal Boulevard through portions of Trenton, serving as an alternative highway to its parent, Route 29. The route begins at an intersection with South Lamberton Road in Hamilton Township, and heads northward along NJ Transit's River Line until terminating at an interchange with U.S. Route 1 (US 1; the Trenton Freeway).

The original use of Route 129 opened in 1961 on what is now Interstate 295 (I-295) from the Scudder Falls Bridge to Scotch Road in Trenton. The route was replaced in 1974 by I-95 (re-designated as I-295 in 2018), while the route's current incarnation opened in September 1993 along a former portion of the Delaware and Raritan Canal. The route has remained virtually untouched since its opening.
Antioxidant
Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation, a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals. Autoxidation leads to degradation of organic compounds, including living matter. Antioxidants are frequently added to industrial products, such as polymers, fuels, and lubricants, to extend their usable lifetimes. Foods are also treated with antioxidants to prevent spoilage, in particular the rancidification of oils and fats. In cells, antioxidants such as glutathione, mycothiol, or bacillithiol, and enzyme systems like superoxide dismutase, inhibit damage from oxidative stress.

Dietary antioxidants are vitamins A, C, and E, but the term has also been applied to various compounds that exhibit antioxidant properties in vitro, having little evidence for antioxidant properties in vivo. Dietary supplements marketed as antioxidants have not been shown to maintain health or prevent disease in humans.

Butylated hydroxyanisole
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is a synthetic, waxy, solid petrochemical. Its antioxidant properties have caused it to be widely used as a preservative in food, food packaging, animal feed, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, rubber, and petroleum products. BHA has been used in food since around 1947.
Pretz
Pretz (プリッツ, Purittsu) is a Japanese snack made by Ezaki Glico. Like Ezaki Glico's other popular snack, Pocky, Pretz is stick-shaped and comes with a texture similar to pretzels. Unlike Pocky, Pretz is dusted with seasonings instead of being enrobed in a flavoured fudge.

Pretz comes in multiple varieties and three sizes: Regular, Kid's, and Giant. Most Pretz come in the Regular size, with some flavours also being offered in Giant size. The Kid's size is a smaller pack of Pretz and is sweeter to appeal to children. Kid's packages also come with a cartoon child on the package. The Double Pretz variety offers two separate flavours on a single Pretz stick (one flavor on each half) and the Meets Wine variety is a cheese-flavored Pretz named to suggest it be paired with wine.

Glico
Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd. (江崎グリコ株式会社, Ezaki Guriko Kabushiki-gaisha), commonly known as Glico, is a Japanese multinational food processing company headquartered in Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka. It does business across 30 countries, in North America, Asia-Pacific and Europe.
Canadian National 96
Canadian National 96 is a E-10-a class 2-6-0 "Mogul" type steam locomotive, built in 1910 by the Canadian Locomotive Company (CLC) for the Grand Trunk Railway (GT). It is preserved at the Age of Steam Roundhouse in Sugarcreek, Ohio.

2-6-0
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-6-0 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, usually in a leading truck, six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles and no trailing wheels. This arrangement is commonly called a Mogul.
Eleanor Calvert
Eleanor Calvert Custis Stuart (born Eleanor Calvert; 1758 – September 28, 1811) was a member of the wealthy American Calvert family of Maryland. She was the wife of politician John Parke Custis who was the son of Daniel Parke Custis and Martha Custis (later Washington), and the stepson of President George Washington. She and John had seven children. She was widowed when John Parke Custis died of disease at the end of the American Revolution at Yorktown where he served with his stepfather, George Washington. Eleanor married David Stuart, an Alexandria physician and business associate of George Washington on November 20, 1783.

As of 2024, her portrait still hangs at Mount Airy Mansion in Rosaryville State Park, Maryland.

Baron Baltimore
Baron Baltimore, of Baltimore, County Longford, was a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1625 and ended in 1771, upon the death of its sixth-generation male heir, aged 40. Holders of the title were usually known as Lord Baltimore.
Mikhled Al-Azmi
Mikhled Rashid Saad Gharib Al-Azmi (Arabic: مخلد راشد سعد غريب العازمي) is a former member of the Kuwaiti National Assembly representing the first district. While political parties are technically illegal in Kuwait, Al-Azmi affiliates with Islamist deputies.

Waleed Al-Tabtabaie
Waleed Al-Tabtabaie (Arabic: وليد الطبطبائي) is a former member of the Kuwaiti National Assembly representing the third district. Born on April 4, 1964, Al-Tabtabaie obtained a PhD in Islamic studies from Al-Azhar University and was an assistant professor at Kuwait University before being elected to the National Assembly in 1996. Al-Tabtabaie affiliated with the Islamist deputies.
Erik Braagaard
Karl Erik Braagaard (24 Aug 1912 – 25 May 2004) was a Danish-born American milliner, who had Erik stores in Paris, New York and London from the 1930s to 1950s.

Braagaard was born in Copenhagen on 24 August 1912, the son of Georg and Mary Braagaard.

By 1949, he had a showroom at 10 West 56th Street in New York City.

Adolfo Sardiña (1933–2021) worked as a designer for Braagaard in the early 1950s, before joining Emme as head designer in 1953. The fashion designer Mary Quant began her career as an apprentice milliner for Erik in London's Brook Street in 1955.

His work is in the permanent collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, including a c. 1941 hat made in New York City for Marie Cecile Wooster, the daughter of Baron Gustav Von Springer, who was married to Baron Eugene Fould. The Metropolitan Museum of Art holds at least three hats, dating from 1938, 1940 and 1950.

Braagaard died in New York City on 25 May 2004.

Adolfo (designer)
Adolfo Faustino Sardiña (February 15, 1923 – November 27, 2021), professionally known as Adolfo, was a Cuban-born American fashion designer who started out as a milliner in the 1950s. While chief designer for the wholesale milliners Emme, he won the Coty Award and the Neiman Marcus Fashion Award. In 1963 he set up his own salon in New York, firstly as a milliner, and then focusing on clothing. He retired from fashion design in 1993.