hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chandni Chowk
The Chandni Chowk (meaning Moonlight Square) is a street market square it is one of the oldest and busiest markets in Old Delhi, India. Located close to the Old Delhi railway station, the Mughal-era Red Fort is located at the eastern fringes of Chandni Chowk. It was built in 1650 by the Mughal Emperor, Shah Jahan, and designed by his daughter, Jahanara. The street spanning the market was historically divided by canals, engineered to reflect moonlight. These canals have since been closed, leaving behind a transformed urban landscape. It remains one of India's largest wholesale markets.

Begum Samru
Joanna Nobilis Sombre (c. 1753 – 27 January 1836), popularly known as Begum Samru (née Farzana Zeb un-Nissa), a convert Catholic Christian, started her career as a nautch (dancing) girl in 18th-century India, and eventually became the ruler of Sardhana, a small principality (jagir) near Meerut. She was the head of a professionally trained mercenary army, inherited from her European mercenary husband, Walter Reinhardt Sombre. This mercenary army consisted of Europeans and Indians. She is also regarded as the only Catholic ruler in Northern India, as she ruled the principality of Sardhana in 18th- and 19th-century India.

Begum Sumru died immensely rich but without an heir. Her inheritance was assessed at approximately 55.5 million gold marks in 1923 and 18 billion deutsch marks in 1953. Her inheritance continues to be disputed to this day. An organisation named "Reinhards Erbengemeinschaft" still strives to resolve the inheritance issue.
South Burlingame, Portland, Oregon
South Burlingame is a neighborhood in the Southwest section of Portland, Oregon. It is bordered by Multnomah to the west, Hillsdale and South Portland to the north, the River View Cemetery to the east, and Markham, Marshall Park, and Collins View to the south.

Interstate 5 cuts through the northern part of the neighborhood, separating the Fulton Park area from the rest of South Burlingame.

Markham, Portland, Oregon
Markham is a neighborhood in the Southwest section of Portland, Oregon.  Markham is bordered by Multnomah and South Burlingame on the north, Marshall Park on the east, Arnold Creek on the south, and West Portland Park on the west.

Part of Maricara Natural Area (1988) is located in Markham (as well as in Arnold Creek).
Makar
A makar ( /ˈmækər/ ⓘ) is a term from Scottish literature for a poet or bard, often thought of as a royal court poet.

Since the 19th century, the term The Makars has been specifically used to refer to a number of poets of fifteenth and sixteenth century Scotland, in particular Robert Henryson, William Dunbar and Gavin Douglas, who wrote a diverse genre of works in Middle Scots in the period of the Northern Renaissance.

The Makars have often been referred to by literary critics as Scots Chaucerians. In modern usage, poets of the Scots revival in the 18th century, such as Allan Ramsay and Robert Fergusson are also makars.

Since 2002, the term "makar" has been revived as the name for a publicly funded poet, first in Edinburgh, followed by the cities of Glasgow, Stirling and Dundee. In 2004 the position of Makar, was authorized by the Scottish Parliament.

Liz Lochhead
Liz Lochhead Hon FRSE (born 26 December 1947) is a Scottish poet, playwright, translator and broadcaster. Between 2011 and 2016 she was the Makar, or National Poet of Scotland, and served as Poet Laureate for Glasgow between 2005 and 2011.
Pseudo Jacobi polynomials
In mathematics,  the term Pseudo Jacobi polynomials was introduced by Lesky for one of three finite sequences of orthogonal polynomials y.  Since they form an orthogonal subset of Routh polynomials   it seems consistent to refer to them as Romanovski-Routh polynomials,  by analogy with the terms Romanovski-Bessel and Romanovski-Jacobi used by Lesky. As shown by Askey   for two other sequencesth is finite sequence orthogonal polynomials of can be expressed in terms of Jacobi polynomials of imaginary argument. In following Raposo et al. they are often referred to simply as Romanovski polynomials.

Jacobi polynomials
In mathematics, Jacobi polynomials (occasionally called hypergeometric polynomials) 
are a class of classical orthogonal polynomials. They are orthogonal with respect to the weight
 on the interval . The Gegenbauer polynomials, and thus also the Legendre, Zernike and Chebyshev polynomials, are special cases of the Jacobi polynomials.

The Jacobi polynomials were introduced by Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi.
Vladislav Surkov
Vladislav Yuryevich Surkov (Russian: Владислав Юрьевич Сурков; born 21 September 1964) is a Russian politician and businessman.

He served as First Deputy Chief of Staff of the Presidential Administration of Russia from 1999 to 2011, where he played a central role in shaping domestic political strategy. During this period, he was widely credited with formulating and promoting the concept of sovereign democracy.

From December 2011 to May 2013, Surkov was Deputy Prime Minister of Russia, later returning to the Presidential Executive Office as a close aide to Vladimir Putin. Between 2013 and 2020, he was responsible for overseeing Russian policy toward Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Ukraine. He was dismissed from this role in February 2020.

Surkov has been described as an influential political strategist and is sometimes referred to as a "grey cardinal" of Russian politics. He has also been linked to literary works published under the pseudonym Nathan Dubovitsky.

Bank Menatep
Bank "MENATEP", Bank "MENATEP SPb" (Russian: Банк "МЕНАТЕП Санкт-Петербург" / Банк «МЕНАТЕП СПб») and "Group Menatep Limited" were financial companies, created by Russian oligarch Mikhail Khodorkovsky. "Group Menatep Limited", the US$29 billion holding company that had indirect controlling interest in Yukos Oil Company, was later renamed, and now still exists as holding company GML with Leonid Nevzlin as principal shareholder holding a stake of around 70 percent. The other four ultimate beneficial owners owning an equal stake each are Platon Lebedev, Mikhail Brudno, Vladimir Dubov and Vasily Shakhnovsky.

A 1990s scandal related to the institution has been sometimes called Kremlingate.
Veltheim (Winterthur)
Veltheim (German pronunciation: [ˈfɛlthaɪm]) is a district in the Swiss city of Winterthur. It is district number 5.

The district comprises the quarters Rosenberg and Blumenau.

Veltheim was formerly a municipality of its own, but was incorporated into Winterthur in 1922.

Rosenberg (Winterthur)
Rosenberg (Swiss Standard German pronunciation: [ˈroːzn̩bɛrɡ]) is a quarter in the district 5 (Veltheim) of Winterthur, Switzerland.

It was formerly a part of Veltheim municipality, which was incorporated into Winterthur in 1922.
Golden Beach, Cyprus
The Golden Beach (Turkish: Altın Kumsal; Greek: Ναγγομὶ, romanized: Nangomi, also known as Greek: Χρυσή Ακτή, romanized: Chrysí Actí  (ellenization of the Turkish name), and Pashi Amos ("Fat Sand Beach")) is a wide sand beach, located near Rizokarpaso in the Karpass Peninsula

It stretches about four kilometers from Galunopetra (Iyitaş) cape on the east to Jyles cape on the south-west. On the eastern part, the dunes extend up to 500m towards the inland. The beach area is separated into two sections by a small hill, Adatepe, and by a large light colored sand dune without vegetation.

The Golden Beach is, along with other sand beaches in Karpaz, an important nesting area for sea turtles. Camping on the beach and the surrounding protection areas is strictly forbidden. 
The Golden Beach is also known as an unofficial nudist beach (areas on the west of the beach)

Karpas Peninsula
The Karpas Peninsula (Greek: Καρπασία, romanized: Karpasía; Turkish: Karpaz), also known as the Karpass, Karpaz or Karpasia, is a long, finger-like peninsula that is one of the most prominent geographical features of the island of Cyprus.  Its farthest extent is Cape Apostolos Andreas, and its major population centre is the town of Rizokarpaso (Greek: Ριζοκάρπασο; Turkish: Dipkarpaz). It is currently under the de facto control of the internationally-unrecognised state of Northern Cyprus.
Gandangara
The Gandangara people, also spelled Gundungara, Gandangarra, Gundungurra and other variations, are an Aboriginal Australian people in south-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Their traditional lands include present day Goulburn, Wollondilly Shire, The Blue Mountains and the Southern Highlands.

Dharug
The Dharug or Darug people, are a nation of Aboriginal Australian clans, who share ties of kinship, country and culture. In pre-colonial times, they lived as hunters in the region of current day Sydney. The Darug speak one of two dialects of the Dharug language related to their coastal or inland groups. There was armed conflict between the Dharug and the English settlers in the first half of the 19th century. Controversy over land rights, deference to culture and official return of Dharug artifacts, such as the skull of the warrior Pemulwuy, were a main cause of such conflict.
Clonal anergy
In immunology, anergy characterizes the absence of a response from the body's defense mechanisms when confronted with foreign substances. This phenomenon involves the direct induction of peripheral lymphocyte tolerance. When an individual is in a state of anergy, it signifies that their immune system is incapable of mounting a typical response against a specific antigen, typically a self-antigen. The term anergy specifically refers to lymphocytes that exhibit an inability to react to their designated antigen. Notably, anergy constitutes one of the essential processes fostering tolerance within the immune system, alongside clonal deletion and immunoregulation. These processes collectively act to modify the immune response, preventing the inadvertent self-destruction that could result from an overactive immune system.

NFAT
Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) is a family of transcription factors shown to be important in immune response. One or more members of the NFAT family is expressed in most cells of the immune system. NFAT is also involved in the development of immune, cardiac, skeletal muscle, and nervous systems. NFAT was first discovered as an activator for the transcription of IL-2 in T cells (as a regulator of T cell immune response) but has since been found to play an important role in regulating many more body systems. NFAT transcription factors are involved in many normal body processes as well as in development of several diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases and several types of cancer. NFAT is also being investigated as a drug target for several different disorders.
John Lovel, 2nd Baron Lovel
John Lovel, 2nd Baron Lovel (died 24 June 1314), Lord of Titchmarsh, was an English noble. He was killed during the Battle of Bannockburn against the Scots on 23 or 24 June 1314.

He was the eldest son of John Lovel and Joan de Ros. John was summoned to Parliament in 1311. He was killed during the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314.

John Lovel, 1st Baron Lovel
John Lovel (died 1310), Lord of Minster Lovel, Docking and Titchmarsh, was an English noble. He fought in the wars in Wales, Gascony and Scotland. He was a signatory of the Baron's Letter to Pope Boniface VIII in 1301.
William McMaster
William McMaster (24 December 1811 – 22 September 1887) was a Canadian banker and politician who was a senator for Midland, Ontario from 1867 to 1887. A director of the Bank of Montreal from 1864 to 1867, he was a driving force behind the creation of the Canadian Bank of Commerce of which he was the founding president from 1867 to his death in 1887.

He was a Liberal. He helped found McMaster University in Toronto (later moved to Hamilton).

Canadian Bank of Commerce
The Canadian Bank of Commerce was a Canadian bank that operated from 1867 to 1961. It merged in 1961 with the Imperial Bank of Canada to form the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, which today is one of Canada's Big Five banks.
NME in Association with War Child Presents 1 Love
NME in Association with War Child Presents 1 Love is a charity album by various artists. New Musical Express (better known as NME) is a popular music magazine in the United Kingdom which has been published weekly since March 1952.

The compilation features past number one hits covered by acts from the early 2000s and was released to mark the NME's 50th anniversary, 10 years on from their Ruby Trax compilation that had also followed this format.

War Child is a charitable organization that works with children affected by war in Iraq, Afghanistan, Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda. War Child works with children who have been hit hardest by the joint forces of poverty, conflict, and social exclusion.

Other War Child albums include The Help Album (1995), Help!: A Day in the Life (2005), and War Child Presents Heroes (2009).

War Child Presents Heroes
War Child Presents Heroes is a 2009 charity album devoted to the War Child charity's aid efforts in war-stricken areas, such as Iraq, Uganda, Afghanistan and the Democratic Republic of Congo. With a theme of "placing faith in the next generation," the concept of the album is to have music legends select a track from their own canon and nominate an artist from the next generation to create a modern reworking of that song.

The album was recorded over six months in London, Manchester, Paris, Berlin, New York, and Los Angeles, and mastered at Abbey Road Studios in North London. Previous War Child charity albums include The Help Album (1995), 1 Love (2002), Hope (2003) and Help: A Day in the Life (2005).
Mayo–Lewis equation
The Mayo–Lewis equation or copolymer equation in polymer chemistry describes the distribution of monomers in a copolymer. It was proposed by Frank R. Mayo and Frederick M. Lewis.

The equation considers a monomer mix of two components  and  and the four different reactions that can take place at the reactive chain end terminating in either monomer ( and ) with their reaction rate constants :

The reactivity ratio for each propagating chain end is defined as the ratio of the rate constant for addition of a monomer of the species already at the chain end to the rate constant for addition of the other monomer.

The copolymer equation is then:

with the concentrations of the components in square brackets. The equation gives the relative instantaneous rates of incorporation of the two monomers.

Composition drift
Composition drift occurs during the process of free radical copolymerization causing variation in the instantaneous mole fraction of a monomer added to a copolymer, therefore altering the chemical composition of the copolymer over the period of conversion.

The degree of composition drift is directly affected by the reactivity ratios of each monomer in the copolymer system.  Both the Mayo-Lewis equation and plot of the equation make evident that as monomer conversion increases, the copolymer composition will drift as the preferences for monomers change due to the interaction between reactivity ratios and the instantaneous concentration of each monomer.

Composition drift in some degree will occur unless the reactivity ratios for both monomers are equal to 1. In this case, each monomer prefers reaction with itself and the other monomer equally. This causes equal rates of consumption for copolymer formation and leads to random copolymerization.
Ohio highway sniper attacks
The Ohio highway sniper attacks were a series of 24 sniper attacks along Interstate 270 and other nearby highways in the central part of the U.S. state of Ohio (mostly around Columbus) against traffic, homes, and a school building in the Hamilton Local School district in Columbus, Ohio. The shootings began in May 2003 and continued for several months. One person was killed (62-year-old Gail Knisley, killed on November 25, 2003), and the shootings caused widespread fear.

Interstate 270 (Ohio)
Interstate 270 (I-270) is an auxiliary interstate highway that forms a beltway loop freeway in the Columbus metropolitan area in the US state of Ohio, commonly known locally as The Outerbelt or the Jack Nicklaus Freeway. The zero-milepost is at the junction with Interstate 71 east of Grove City, intersecting with I-71 again near Worthington as well as connecting with Interstate 70 twice with the western junction near Lincoln Village and the eastern junction near Reynoldsburg. The route furthermore links to the eastern terminus of Interstate 670 near Gahanna and provides indirect access to John Glenn Columbus International Airport. The entire length of I-270 is 54.97 miles (88.47 km). It is one of four Interstate loops not to run concurrently with another Interstate freeway, the others being I-295 in Florida, I-485 in North Carolina, and I-610 in Texas.
Aquifoliales
The Aquifoliales are an order of flowering plants, including the Aquifoliaceae (holly) family, and also the Helwingiaceae (2-5 species of temperate Asian shrubs) and the Phyllonomaceae (4 species of Central American trees and shrubs). In 2001, the families Stemonuraceae and Cardiopteridaceae were added to this order. This circumscription of Aquifoliales was recognized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group when they published the APG II system in 2003. In the Cronquist system, there is no Aquifoliales order: the Aquifoliaceae are placed within the order Celastrales and the others are in other families.

Phyllonoma
Phyllonoma is a genus consisting of four species of trees and shrubs native to South and Central America, from Peru to Mexico. It is the sole genus in the family Phyllonomaceae, syn. Dulongiaceae.

The flowers are produced in epiphyllous inflorescences, as in the Helwingiaceae; usually a pair of flowers at the tip of each leaf.

The APG II classification (2003) places them in the order Aquifoliales, along with the hollies and Helwingiaceae.

In the Cronquist classification (1981) the family Phyllonomaceae was treated as a synonym of the family Grossulariaceae, with the genus Phyllonoma included in it.
Eddie Cochems
Edward Bulwer Cochems (/ˈkoʊkəmz/; February 4, 1877 – April 9, 1953) was an American football player and coach.  He played football for the University of Wisconsin from 1898 to 1901 and was the head football coach at North Dakota Agricultural College—now known as North Dakota State University (1902–1903), Clemson University (1905), Saint Louis University (1906–1908), and the University of Maine (1914).  During his three years at Saint Louis, he was the first  football coach to build an offense around the forward pass, which became a legal play in the 1906 college football season.  Using the forward pass, Cochems' 1906 team compiled an undefeated 11–0 record, led the nation in scoring, and outscored opponents by a combined score of 407 to 11.   He is considered by some to be the "father of the forward pass" in American football.

Knute Rockne
Knute Kenneth Rockne (/(kə)ˈnuːt ˈrɒkni/; March 4, 1888 – March 31, 1931) was an American football player and coach at the University of Notre Dame. Leading Notre Dame for 13 seasons, Rockne accumulated over 100 wins and three national championships.

Rockne is regarded as one of the greatest coaches in college football history. His biography at the College Football Hall of Fame, where he was inducted in 1951, identifies him as "without question, American football's most-renowned coach". Rockne helped to popularize the forward pass and made the Notre Dame Fighting Irish a major factor in college football.

In 1931, at the age of 43, Rockne died in a plane crash.
CityRail
CityRail was a passenger railway brand operated by the State Rail Authority from 1989 to 2003 and by RailCorp from 2004 to 2013 with services in and around Sydney, Newcastle and Wollongong, the three largest cities in New South Wales, Australia. It was established in January 1989 and abolished in June 2013 when it was superseded by Sydney Trains and NSW TrainLink.

In June 2013, it operated 307 stations and over 2,060 kilometres of track, extending north to the upper Hunter Valley, south to the Shoalhaven and Southern Highlands regions and west to Bathurst. In the year ended 30 June 2012, 306 million journeys were made on the network.

New South Wales H set
The New South Wales H sets, commonly referred to as the OSCAR (Outer Suburban Car) trains, are a class of electric multiple units (EMU) currently operated by Sydney Trains on its intercity routes and some Sydney suburban routes. Built by UGL Rail in Broadmeadow, the H sets first entered service under the CityRail brand in December 2006, with the last in December 2012. Their introduction allowed for the retirement of some second-class V set carriages (second class DCM and DCT carriages). As long-distance trains, the H sets share a similar overall layout and design to the previous Intercity Tangara G sets. Currently operating as 55 four-carriage sets, the H sets now operate between Sydney and the South Coast and between Sydney and the Central Coast.
Montedinove
Montedinove is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Ascoli Piceno in the Italian region Marche, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) south of Ancona and about 13 kilometres (8 mi) north of Ascoli Piceno. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 566 and an area of 11.9 square kilometres (4.6 sq mi).

The municipality of Montedinove contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Croce Rossa, Contrada lago, San Tommaso, and Trippanera.

Montedinove borders the following municipalities: Castignano, Montalto delle Marche, Montelparo, Rotella.

Montelparo
Montelparo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Fermo in the Italian region Marche, located about 75 kilometres (47 mi) south of Ancona, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Ascoli Piceno and 35 kilometres (22 mi) of Fermo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 929 and an area of 21.6 square kilometres (8.3 sq mi).

Montelparo borders the following municipalities: Force, Monsampietro Morico, Montalto delle Marche, Monte Rinaldo, Montedinove, Monteleone di Fermo, Rotella, Santa Vittoria in Matenano.
Schweizer SGS 2-12
The Schweizer SGS 2-12 is a United States two-seat, low-wing, training glider built by Schweizer Aircraft of Elmira, New York.

The 2-12 was a development of the Schweizer 2-8 two place training glider, with an all-wooden wing. It was designed especially for a US Army Air Force requirement to train glider pilots for air assault missions in World War II.

Schweizer SGS 2-8
The Schweizer SGS 2-8 is an American two-seat, mid-wing, strut-braced, training glider built by Schweizer Aircraft of Elmira, New York.

The 2-8 was originally known simply as "The Schweizer Two-Place" when it first flew in June 1938. When World War II started, the 2-8 became a military trainer for the US Army, Navy and Marines and all existing aircraft were drafted into military service. After the war they were sold as surplus and quickly became sought after in civil soaring for their structural strength, lightness and their rugged all-metal design. The 2-8 became one of the most popular post war trainers in the United States.
Ladakh Buddhist Association
Ladakh Buddhist Association (LBA) is an organization in Ladakh, India concerned with interests of Buddhists in Ladakh. It was founded in 1933 by King Jigmet Dadul Namgyal, Kalon Tsewang Rigzin, Lachumir Munshi Sonam Tsewang and Kalon Bankapa Morup Gyaltsan and Pandit Sridhar Koul, also known as Pandit Dulu, after the Glancy Commission failed to provide representation to Ladakhi Buddhists in the newly proposed Praja Sabha. The initiative led to the establishment of the Young Men's Buddhist Association (YMBA) in 1934, which was later renamed as the Ladakh Buddhist Association.

Ladakh Nuns Association
Ladakh Nuns Association (LNA)  is an association of Buddhist nuns in Ladakh, India. It was founded in the year 1996 by Dr. Tsering Palmo with the aim of reviving and rejuvenating the tradition of nuns in Ladakh. It aims to raise the education level of the nuns and to give them a way to study and practice the Dharma.
It was registered officially in the year 1997 under the Jammu and Kashmir Government (Under the Societies Regd. Act VI of 1998 [1941] Regn. No. 2888-S of 1997).