hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Methodological individualism
In the social sciences, methodological individualism is a method for explaining social phenomena strictly in terms of the decisions of individuals, each being moved by their own personal motivations. In contrast, explanations of social phenomena which assume that cause and effect acts upon whole classes or groups are deemed illusory, and thus rejected according to this approach. Or to put it another way, only group dynamics which can be explained in terms of individual subjective motivations are considered valid. With its bottom-up micro-level approach, methodological individualism is often contrasted with methodological holism, a top-down macro-level approach, and methodological pluralism.

Neoclassical economics
Neoclassical economics is an approach to economics in which the production, consumption, and valuation (pricing) of goods and services are observed as driven by the supply and demand model. According to this line of thought, the value of a good or service is determined through a hypothetical maximization of utility by income-constrained individuals and of profits by firms facing production costs and employing available information and factors of production. This approach has often been justified by appealing to rational choice theory.

Neoclassical economics is the dominant approach to microeconomics and, together with Keynesian economics, formed the neoclassical synthesis which dominated mainstream economics as "neo-Keynesian economics" from the 1950s onward.
Reena Kumari (archer)
Reena Kumari (born 15 January 1984) is an athlete from India who competes in archery.

Kumari represented India at the 2004 Summer Olympics. She placed 43rd in the women's individual ranking round with a 72-arrow score of 620.  In the first round of elimination, she faced 22nd-ranked Kristine Esebua of Georgia.  Kumari pulled off a surprising upset, defeating Esebua 153-149 in the 18-arrow match to advance to the round of 32.  In that round, she faced Bhutanese archer Tshering Chhoden. Kumari won the match in a 7-4 tie-breaker after a 134-134 tie in the regulation 18 arrows, advancing to the round of 16.  She then lost to 6th-ranked Yuan Shu Chi of Chinese Taipei 166-148, finishing 15th in women's individual archery.

Kumari was also a member of the 8th-place Indian women's archery team.

Kristine Esebua
Kristine Esebua (Georgian: ქრისტინე ესებუა; born 19 March 1985, Khobi) is a Georgian-born Canadian archer. She has competed at four Olympic Games in archery.

In 2019, Esebua was forced to leave Georgia and moved to Toronto, Canada.
Damè
Damè is a town and arrondissement in the Atlantique Department of southern Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Toffo. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 11,034.

Arrondissements of Benin
Arrondissements are administrative units of Benin, after departments and communes. In turn they contain villages and may often have several quartiers or city districts/urban neighborhoods. There are currently 545 arrondissements.

The arrondissements, ordered by department and commune, are as follows:
Multishow Brazilian Music Award for DJ of the Year
The Multishow Brazilian Music Award for DJ of the Year is an award presented at the Multishow Brazilian Music Awards, to disc jockeys (DJs). The category was first presented in 2023. The inaugural winner Alok won the award twice, the most for any artist. Alok, Mu540 and Pedro Sampaio holds the record for most nominations, with two each.

Multishow Brazilian Music Awards
The Multishow Brazilian Music Awards (Brazilian Portuguese: Prêmio Multishow de Música Brasileira), or simply known as the Multishow Awards (Brazilian Portuguese: Prêmio Multishow), is an award show presented by the Brazilian channel Multishow to recognize Brazilian music excellence. Originally called the TVZ Awards (Brazilian Portuguese: Prêmio TVZ), the first ceremony was held in 1994. It is considered one of the biggest music awards in Brazil.
Appos Creek
Appos Creek is a small waterway in the hills behind the Golden Bay / Mohua township of Parapara in New Zealand. The creek is notable as the site of the first gold discovery—in 1856—in the South Island, and this started the Golden Bay gold rush. This gold rush, which lasted for three years, triggered a name change of the area, from Massacre Bay to Golden Bay.

Parapara, Tasman
Parapara is a coastal location in the Tasman District of New Zealand. It is located near Golden Bay, close to the edge of the Parapara Inlet, between Tākaka and Collingwood. The location is rich in minerals and has a history of mining, mainly for gold and limonite ore.
Storm Boy (2019 film)
Storm Boy is a 2019 Australian drama family film based on the 1964 novella by Colin Thiele of the same name. The adaptation was directed by Shawn Seet and stars Geoffrey Rush and Jai Courtney. Thiele's novel was previously adapted in 1976.

Storm Boy (novel)
Storm Boy is a 1964 Australian children's novel written by Colin Thiele, about a boy and his pelican. The story, set in the Coorong region of South Australia, on Ngarrindjeri country, focuses on the relationships the boy has with his father, Hide-Away Tom, one of three pelicans he raised from chicks, and an Australian Aboriginal man called Fingerbone Bill.

The story has been dramatised several times. The 1976 film adaptation Storm Boy won the Jury and Best Film prizes at the 1977 AFI Awards.
Bogan Gate
Bogan Gate (/ˈboʊɡən ˈɡeɪt/) is a small village in Parkes Shire of the Central West of New South Wales, Australia.  At the 2011 census, Bogan Gate and the surrounding area had a population of 307. Bogan Gate is derived from the local Aboriginal word meaning "the birthplace of a notable headman of the local tribe".

The village lies in wheat and sheep growing country and is on the Sydney - Broken Hill rail line, and it is the junction for the Bogan Gate–Tottenham Branch line.

Attractions include the annual Bogan Gate Arts Festival and golf tournaments at the local nine-hole Bogan Gate Golf Club.

Parkes Shire
Parkes Shire is a local government area in the Central West region of New South Wales, Australia.  The Shire is located adjacent to the Broken Hill railway line and the Newell Highway.

The area under administration includes the town of Parkes and the surrounding region of 5,919 square kilometres (2,285 sq mi), with a population of approximately 14,592 as of 2011. The Shire includes the towns of Peak Hill, Alectown, Bogan Gate, Trundle and Tullamore.

The mayor of Parkes Shire Council is Cr. Neil Westcott, who is unaligned with any political party.
Roscoe Divine
Roscoe Divine (born November 3, 1947) is a retired American track and field athlete.  He was known primarily as a miler but excelled in shorter distances like the 880 yard (800 meters) and in the steeplechase.

He ran track for the University of Oregon under Bill Bowerman. He was part of a collection of sub-4 minute milers that collected around Bowerman around that time, when the number of people accomplishing the feat was relatively small.  He lettered in track in 1967, 1968, 1969, and 1970.  He lettered in cross country in 1969.  He was runner-up in the 1500 meters at the 1968 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships.

He was ranked in the United States top 10 five times, the best being #3 in 1967.

Bill Bowerman
William Jay Bowerman (February 19, 1911 – December 24, 1999) was an American track and field coach and co-founder of Nike. Over his career, he trained 31 Olympic athletes, 51 All-Americans, 12 American record-holders, 22 NCAA champions and 16 sub-4 minute milers.

Bowerman disliked being called a coach, and during his 24 years at the University of Oregon, the Ducks track and field team had a winning season every year but one, attained 4 NCAA titles, and finished in the top 10 in the nation sixteen times. As co-founder of Nike, he invented some of their top brands, including the Cortez and Waffle Racer, and assisted in the company moving from being a distributor of other shoe brands to one creating their own shoes in house.
Volume 3: Set Coordinates for the White Dwarf!!!
Volume 3: Set Co-ordinates for the White Dwarf!!! is the third extended play (EP) by American desert rock collective The Desert Sessions. Recorded in February 1995 and August and September 1997 at Rancho De La Luna, it was released by Man's Ruin Records on May 12, 1998. The album features eight credited musicians, including Josh Homme, Peter Stahl and Ben Shepherd. It was later re-released with Volume 4: Hard Walls and Little Trips as Volumes 3 & 4.

Volumes 3 & 4
Volumes 3 & 4 is the second compilation of Josh Homme's project The Desert Sessions. Volume 3: Set Coordinates for the White Dwarf!!! and Volume 4: Hard Walls and Little Trips were released separately on 10-inch vinyl, and then compiled on CD with the extra track "You Keep on Talkin'".
Teredon
Teredon (Ancient Greek: Τερηδών, romanized: Terēdṓn) was an ancient port city in southern Mesopotamia. The place could not be localized so far archaeologically, but is believed to be in Kuwait near Basra. The place is mentioned several times by ancient writers. It is said to have been founded by Nebuchadnezzar II, who built a palace with hanging gardens here. Teredon is said to have been located at the mouth of the Euphrates in the Persian Gulf and was an important port city in the Empire of the Characene.

Characene
Characene (Ancient Greek: Χαρακηνή), also known as Mesene (Μεσσήνη) or Meshan, was a kingdom founded by the Iranian Hyspaosines located at the head of the Persian Gulf mostly within modern day Iraq. Its capital, Charax Spasinou (Χάραξ Σπασινού), was an important port for trade between Mesopotamia and India, and also provided port facilities for the city of Susa further up the Karun River. The kingdom was frequently a vassal of the Parthian Empire. Characene was mainly populated by Arabs, who spoke Aramaic as their cultural language. All rulers of the principality had Iranian names. Members of the Arsacid dynasty also ruled the state.
All Saints, Botley
All Saints is an Anglican church in the centre of the village of Botley, in Hampshire, England. Built in the 1830s to replace a church, St Bartholomew's, south of the village, it was expanded in 1859 and the 1890s. Further expansion followed in 1967 and in the early 2000s. Described as "an uninteresting specimen of its time", it is a Grade II listed building.

Botley, Hampshire
Botley is a historic village in Hampshire, England, approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) east of Southampton. It was developed as a natural crossing point for the River Hamble, and received its first market charter from Henry III in 1267. The village grew on the success of its mills, its coaching inns, and more recently strawberries, and was described as "the most delightful village in the world" by 18th century journalist and radical politician William Cobbett.
W. G. Snuffy Walden
William Garrett Walden, known as W. G. Snuffy Walden (born February 13, 1950), is an American musician and composer of film and television soundtracks. Walden is an Emmy Award winner for the theme music to The West Wing (NBC), has been nominated for numerous other Emmys throughout his career, and has received 26 BMI Awards.

The Stand (1994 miniseries)
The Stand (also known as Stephen King's The Stand) is a 1994 American post-apocalyptic television miniseries based on the 1978 novel of the same name by Stephen King. King also wrote the teleplay and has a minor role in the series. It was directed by Mick Garris, who previously directed the original King screenplay/film Sleepwalkers (1992).

The Stand includes a cast of more than 125 speaking roles and features Gary Sinise, Miguel Ferrer, Rob Lowe, Ossie Davis, Ruby Dee, Jamey Sheridan, Laura San Giacomo, Molly Ringwald, Corin Nemec, Adam Storke, Ray Walston, Ed Harris, and Matt Frewer. The miniseries was shot in several locations and on 225 sets. Each episode was given a $6 million budget so to reduce cost, the miniseries was shot on 16 mm film. The Stand originally aired on ABC from May 8 to May 12, 1994. Reviews were positive and the miniseries was nominated for six Primetime Emmy Awards, winning two for its makeup and sound mixing.
Louis Sullivan Bungalow
The Louis Sullivan Bungalow was a vacation home for noted architect Louis Sullivan on the Gulf Coast in Ocean Springs, Mississippi.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its association with Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright, who both claimed credit for its design. It was built in the early 1890s and restored in the 1980s, but was destroyed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

Louis Sullivan
Louis Henry Sullivan (September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924) was an American architect, and has been called a "father of skyscrapers" and "father of modernism". He was an influential architect of the Chicago School, a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright, and an inspiration to the Chicago group of architects who have come to be known as the Prairie School. Along with Wright and Henry Hobson Richardson, Sullivan is one of "the recognized trinity of American architecture." The phrase "form follows function" is attributed to him; it encapsulated earlier theories of architecture and he applied them to the modern age of the skyscraper. In 1944, Sullivan was the second architect to posthumously receive the AIA Gold Medal.
HLA-A25
HLA-A25 (A25) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within HLA-A serotype group. The serotype is determined by the antibody recognition of α25 subset of HLA-A α-chains. For A25, the alpha "A" chain are encoded by the HLA-A*25 allele group and the β-chain are encoded by B2M locus. This group currently is dominated by A*2501. A25 and A*25 are almost synonymous in meaning.
A25 is a split antigen of the broad antigen serotype A10. A25 is a sister serotype of A26, A34, A43, and A66.

A25 is more common in SW Asia to NW Europe. A25 is believed to have been formed by a single gene conversion between another HLA-A and the A*2601 allele..

HLA-A34
HLA-A34 (A34) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within HLA-A serotype group. The serotype is determined by the antibody recognition of α34 subset of HLA-A α-chains. For A34, the alpha "A" chain are encoded by the HLA-A*34 allele group and the β-chain are encoded by B2M locus.  A34 and A*34 are almost synonymous in meaning.
A34 is a split antigen of the broad antigen serotype A10. A34 is a sister serotype of A25, A26, A43, and A66.

A34 is most similar to A66.
Kozara (film)
Kozara is a 1962 Yugoslav film directed by Veljko Bulajić. It is a well known film of the partisan film subgenre popular in Yugoslavia in the 1960s and 1970s and depicts events surrounding the Battle of Kozara.

It won the Big Golden Arena for Best Film at the 1962 Pula Film Festival, the Yugoslav national film awards, was entered into the 3rd Moscow International Film Festival where it won a Golden Prize, and was selected as the Yugoslav entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 32nd Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.

Partisan film
Partisan film (Serbo-Croatian: partizanski film / партизански филм) is the name for a subgenre of war films made in Yugoslavia during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. In the broadest sense, main characteristics of Partisan films are that they are set in Yugoslavia during World War II and have Yugoslav Partisans as protagonists, while the antagonists are Axis forces and their collaborators. According to Croatian film historian Ivo Škrabalo, Partisan film is "one of the most authentic genres that emerged from the Yugoslav cinema".
Length contraction
Length contraction is the phenomenon that a moving object's length is measured to be shorter than its proper length, which is the length as measured in the object's own rest frame. It is also known as Lorentz contraction or Lorentz–FitzGerald contraction (after Hendrik Lorentz and George Francis FitzGerald) and is usually only noticeable at a substantial fraction of the speed of light. Length contraction is only in the direction in which the body is travelling. For standard objects, this effect is negligible at everyday speeds, and can be ignored for all regular purposes, only becoming significant as the object approaches the speed of light relative to the observer.

Time dilation
Time dilation is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity, a consequence of special relativity, or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations due to gravitational time dilation. When unspecified, "time dilation" usually refers to the effect due to velocity. The dilation compares "wristwatch" clock readings between events measured in different inertial frames and is not observed by visual comparison of clocks across moving frames.

These predictions of the theory of relativity have been repeatedly confirmed by experiment, and they are of practical concern, for instance in the operation of satellite navigation systems such as GPS and Galileo.
Katakura Shigenaga
Katakura Shigenaga (片倉 重長, 1585 – May 16, 1659) was a Japanese samurai of the Azuchi-Momoyama period through early Edo period. The son of Katakura Kagetsuna, Shigenaga was the second man to bear the common name Kojūrō. His name was originally Shigetsuna; however, to avoid conflict with the fourth shōgun Ietsuna's name, he changed it to Shigenaga.

In 1614, he took part in the Osaka Campaign, fighting Gotō Matabei at Dōmyōji Temple.

Following the Osaka Campaign, Shigenaga married a daughter of Sanada Yukimura and his wife, Chikurin-in (Ōtani Yoshitsugu's daughter and adopted daughter of Toyotomi Hideyoshi), and adopted their second son, Sanada Daihachi, later known as "Katakura Heinosuke Morinobu". He also assisted many of the masterless former Sanada retainers.

He was succeeded by his maternal grandson also adopted son, Kagenaga.

Sanada Yukimura
Sanada Nobushige (真田 信繁; 1567 – June 3, 1615), also known as Sanada Yukimura (真田 幸村), was a Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku period. He was especially known as the leading general on the defending side of the Siege of Osaka. 
Yukimura was called "A Hero who may appear once in a hundred years", "Crimson Demon of War" and "The Last Sengoku Hero". The famed veteran of the invasion of Korea Shimazu Tadatsune called him the "Number one warrior in Japan" (日本一の兵).
Hysterothylacium
Hysterothylacium is a genus of parasitic roundworms in the family Raphidascarididae. As of 2020 it consists of over 70 species and is considered one of the largest of the ascaridoid genera parasitising fish.

Raphidascarididae
Raphidascarididae is a family of roundworms (also known as nematodes) in the order Ascaridida. It encompasses nine genera (including Hysterothylacium, which parasitize marine fish, and Raphidascaris) and over 190 species.
Dragon's Back
The Dragon's Back (Chinese: 龍脊) is a mountain ridge in southeastern Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong that passes through Shek O Peak. It lies within the Shek O Country Park. In 2019, the Dragon's Back Trail was selected by CNN as one of the world's 23 best trails. Dragon's Back is part of Stage 8 of the Hong Kong Trail.

Shek O
Shek O is an area of the south-eastern part of Hong Kong Island, in Hong Kong. It can refer to Shek O village, Shek O Peninsula or Shek O Headland. Administratively, they are part of Southern District.
Jean-Marie Calès
Jean-Marie Calès (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃maʁi kalɛs]; 13 October 1757 – 13 April 1834) was a French physician and left-wing politician amid the French Revolution. He was born in Cessales, Haute-Garonne and died in Liège, Belgium.

Jean-Chrysostôme Calès
Jean-Chrysostôme Calès (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ kʁi.zo.stom ka.lɛs]) was a French military officer who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was born on 27 January 1769 in Caraman (Haute-Garonne) and died on 21 April 1853 in Cessales (Haute-Garonne).
KISS-FM
KISS-FM (99.5 MHz) is a commercial radio station in San Antonio, Texas. It airs a mainstream rock format and is owned by Cox Media Group. The studios and offices are located on Datapoint Drive in Northwest San Antonio near the South Texas Medical Center complex. The transmitter site is in Elmendorf, amid the towers for several San Antonio TV and FM stations.

KSMG
KSMG (105.3 FM, "Hits 105.3") is a radio station licensed to Seguin, Texas. Owned by Cox Media Group, it broadcasts an hot adult contemporary format serving Greater San Antonio.

Its transmitter is in near Elmendorf in far northwestern Wilson County. Its studios are located in northwest San Antonio near the South Texas Medical Center complex. KSMG has an ERP of 97.5 kW. The station broadcasts in the HD radio format.
The Germans
"The Germans" is the sixth and final episode of the first series of the British television sitcom Fawlty Towers. Written by John Cleese and Connie Booth and directed by John Howard Davies, it was first broadcast on BBC2 on 24 October 1975.

The episode revolves around Basil's attempts to successfully run the hotel alone whilst Sybil is in hospital. Whilst attempting to run a fire drill, a real fire begins in the hotel kitchen, resulting in Basil becoming concussed. Discharging himself from hospital, Basil arrives in time to greet a party of German guests, but he is unable to hide his anti-German sentiment towards them.

The episode has been featured on several "best of" episode lists and is regarded as being one of the most popular episodes in the series. Conversely, it has attracted controversy for its themes of anti-German sentiment and use of racial slurs, and was removed from the UKTV streaming platform in 2020, though later reinstated.

Basil Fawlty
Basil Fawlty is the main character of the 1970s British sitcom Fawlty Towers, played by John Cleese. The proprietor of the hotel Fawlty Towers, he is a cynical and misanthropic snob, desperate to attract hotel guests from the British upper class. His inept attempts to run an efficient hotel, however, usually end in farce. Possessing a dry, sarcastic wit, Basil has become an iconic British comedy character who remains widely known in the United Kingdom.

Cleese would receive the 1980 British Academy Television Award for Best Entertainment Performance. In a 2001 poll conducted by Channel 4, Basil was ranked second (to Homer Simpson) on their list of the 100 Greatest TV Characters. Known for his quotable rants, the character was inspired by Donald Sinclair, an eccentric, inhospitable, and boorishly impolite hotel owner whom Cleese had encountered when he stayed at his hotel (Gleneagles Hotel in Torquay, Devon) along with the rest of Monty Python in May 1970.
Krull ring
In commutative algebra, a Krull ring, or Krull domain, is a commutative ring with a well behaved theory of prime factorization. They were introduced by Wolfgang Krull in 1931. They are a higher-dimensional generalization of Dedekind domains, which are exactly the Krull domains of dimension at most 1.

In this article, a ring is commutative and has unity.

Unique factorization domain
In mathematics, a unique factorization domain (UFD) (also sometimes called a factorial ring following the terminology of Bourbaki) is a ring in which a statement analogous to the fundamental theorem of arithmetic holds. Specifically, a UFD is an integral domain (a nontrivial commutative ring in which the product of any two non-zero elements is non-zero) in which every non-zero non-unit element can be written as a product of irreducible elements, uniquely up to order and units.

Important examples of UFDs are the integers and polynomial rings in one or more variables with coefficients coming from the integers or from a field.

Unique factorization domains appear in the following chain of class inclusions:

rngs ⊃ rings ⊃ commutative rings ⊃  integral domains ⊃ integrally closed domains ⊃ GCD domains ⊃ unique factorization domains ⊃ principal ideal domains ⊃ Euclidean domains ⊃ fields ⊃ algebraically closed fields