hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Self-aligned gate
In semiconductor electronics fabrication technology, a self-aligned gate is a transistor manufacturing approach whereby the gate electrode of a MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) is used as a mask for the doping of the source and drain regions. This technique ensures that the gate is naturally and precisely aligned to the edges of the source and drain.

The use of self-aligned gates in MOS transistors is one of the key innovations that led to the large increase in computing power in the 1970s. Self-aligned gates are still used in most modern integrated circuit processes.

Fairchild Semiconductor
Fairchild Semiconductor International, Inc. was an American semiconductor company based in San Jose, California. It was founded in 1957 as a division of Fairchild Camera and Instrument by the "traitorous eight" who defected from Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory. It became a pioneer in the manufacturing of transistors and of integrated circuits. Schlumberger bought the firm in 1979 and sold it to National Semiconductor in 1987; Fairchild was spun off as an independent company again in 1997. In September 2016, Fairchild was acquired by ON Semiconductor.

The company had locations in the United States in San Jose, California; San Rafael, California; South Portland, Maine; West Jordan, Utah; Puyallup, Washington; and Mountaintop, Pennsylvania. Outside the US, it operated locations in Australia; Singapore; Bucheon, South Korea; Penang, Malaysia; Suzhou, China; and Cebu, Philippines, among others.
1965 Searcy missile silo fire
The 1965 Searcy missile silo fire was an uncontrolled fire inside a Titan II missile silo near Searcy, Arkansas on August 9, 1965. The fire broke out while the missile silo was being renovated and improved; the missile was installed and fueled at the time, although the nuclear warhead had been removed.

1980 Damascus Titan missile explosion
The Damascus Titan missile explosion (also called the Damascus accident) was a 1980 U.S. nuclear weapons incident involving an U.S. Air Force LGM-25C Titan II intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) at Missile Complex 374-7 in rural Arkansas. The incident began with a fuel leak at 6:30 p.m. CDT on September 18, and culminated with an explosion inside the missile silo at around 3:00 a.m. on September 19. The 9-megatonne-of-TNT (38 PJ) W-53 nuclear warhead was ejected and landed a short distance away and no radioactive material was lost.
Mayor of Kaikōura
The Mayor of Kaikōura (formerly Kaikoura) officiates over the Kaikōura District of New Zealand's South Island. The district is administered by a district council.

The current mayor is Craig Mackle, who was elected in 2019.

The former mayor was Winston Gray, who had been the mayor of Kaikōura since 2010  and was in office during the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake and the subsequent recovery process.

Kaikōura District
The Kaikōura District (/kaɪˈkɔːrə/; Māori pronunciation: [kaiˈkoːuɾa]) is a territorial authority district in Canterbury Region on the South Island of New Zealand. The district encompasses the eponymous town of Kaikōura, a number of small towns and settlements and the surrounding rural area in northern Canterbury. The district had an estimated population of 4,340 as of June 2025.
New Mexico State Road 92
State Road 92 (NM 92) is a state highway in the US state of New Mexico. Its total length is approximately 11.2 miles (18.0 km). NM 92's western terminus is a continuation as Virden Highway at the Arizona–New Mexico state line, and the eastern terminus is at U.S. Route 70 (US 70) south of Virden.

U.S. Route 70 in New Mexico
U.S. Route 70 (US 70) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that travels from Globe, Arizona, east to Atlantic, North Carolina. In the U.S. state of New Mexico, US 70 extends from the Arizona state line south of Virden and ends at the Texas state line in Texico.
Norðurá (Skagafjörður)
Norðurá is a river that runs the length of Norðurárdalur valley in Skagafjörður, Iceland, where it creates extensive sandbars on the valley floor. The river joins the Héraðsvötn below Flatatunga. Many tributaries flow into the Norðurá, some located in massive ravines, including Kotá, Valagilsá, Horná, Heiðará, Grjótá, Króká, Egilsá, Stóralækur rivers.

Flatatunga
Flatatunga is a farm in the Kjálki district of Skagafjörður, Iceland. The spit of land that the farm is named after was formed between the Héraðsvötn and Norðurá rivers. Flatatunga is the homestead of Tungu-Kári and an old, large farm.
Orteig Prize
The Orteig Prize was a reward of $25,000 offered in 1919 by New York City hotel owner Raymond Orteig to the first Allied aviator, or aviators, to fly non-stop from New York City to Paris or vice versa. Several famous aviators made unsuccessful attempts at the New York–Paris flight before a relatively unknown American, Charles Lindbergh, won the prize in 1927 with his aircraft the Spirit of St. Louis.

A number of people died while competing to win the prize. Six people perished in three separate crashes, and another three were injured in a fourth crash. The Orteig Prize spurred considerable investment in aviation—sometimes far exceeding the value of the prize itself—and also advanced public interest in, and the development of, aviation technology.

Roosevelt Field (airport)
Roosevelt Field is a former airport, located in the East Garden City section of Uniondale, on Long Island, New York, United States.  Originally called the Hempstead Plains Aerodrome, or sometimes Hempstead Plains field or the Garden City Aerodrome, it was  a training field (Hazelhurst Field) for the Air Service, United States Army during World War I.

In 1919, it was renamed in honor of President Theodore Roosevelt's son, Quentin, who was killed in air combat during World War I.

Roosevelt Field was the takeoff point for many historic flights in the early history of aviation, including Charles Lindbergh's 1927 solo transatlantic flight. It was also used by other pioneering aviators, including Amelia Earhart and Wiley Post.
Willows and Wetlands Visitor Centre
The Willows and Wetlands Visitor Centre is situated at Stoke St Gregory, on the Somerset Levels, north east of Taunton, England. Based on a working farm, growing and processing willow, the centre offers tours of over 80 acres (0.13 sq mi) of withies, willow yards and basket workshops and explains the place of willow in the history of the Levels.

Stoke St Gregory
Stoke St Gregory is a village and civil parish in Somerset, England, about 7 miles (11 km) east of Taunton. The village is on a low ridge of land between the River Tone to the north and West Sedgemoor to the south. The 2021 census recorded the parish's population as 1,012.
Rangitaiki River
The Rangitaiki River, also known as the Rangitāiki River, is the longest river in the Bay of Plenty region in New Zealand's North Island. It is 155 kilometres (96 mi) long, and rises inland to the east of the Kaingaroa Forest in the Taupō District. The Rangitaiki catchment covers an area of 3,005 km2 (1,160 sq mi). It flows in a generally northeastward direction, passing through the town of Murupara and skirting close to the western edge of Te Urewera National Park before turning northwards, flowing past Edgecumbe and into the Bay of Plenty close to Thornton.

There are two man-made lakes on the Rangitaiki formed by hydro-electric dams, Lake Āniwaniwa (formerly Lake Aniwhenua). and Lake Matahina.

Thornton, Bay of Plenty
Thornton is a settlement in the Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand. Thornton is located 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) west of Whakatāne, and is on the true right of the Rangitaiki River.

In 1911 the Rangitaiki River was put into a straight channel at the current site of Thornton, which enabled draining the Rangitaiki Plains and converting this swamp land into dairy country.
2025 Real Tennis World Championship
The 2025 Real Tennis World Championship (known in the US as the 2025 Court Tennis World Championship) was the 70th edition of the real tennis World Championship. It was held at the International Tennis Hall of Fame in Newport, Rhode Island. The 2025 Ladies Real Tennis World Championship were held at the same venue in May.

Defending champion Camden Riviere contested the Championship for the sixth time, having previously won on three occasions. His challenger John Lumley was chosen through a series of eliminators. It was the third time that Newport hosted the Challenge, being the venue that Riviere won his first World Championship in 2016.

Riviere won the match, and the championship, in two days, by 7 sets to 1: 6/2 6/3 6/4 6/4 5/6 6/4 6/4 6/4.

2024 Champions Trophy (real tennis)
The 2024 Champions Trophy was the 6th edition of the Champions Trophy. It was held at the Royal Tennis Court from 30 July to 4 August. It was a qualifying event for the 2025 Real Tennis World Championship.

The format of the event was modified from previous versions. The match format was reduced from a best-of-5 set to a best-of-3 set format, with the qualifying expanded from one group of four to two groups of four. Defending champion John Lumley did not return to defend his title. World Champion Camden Riviere was also not in attendance. The event was won by Nick Howell, his first Champions Trophy title. Howell beat Ben Taylor-Matthews in the final, his fourth Champions Trophy final. Both finalists lost in the first round and had to play through the repechage matches against qualifiers.
11-Hydroxycannabinol
11-Hydroxycannabinol (11-OH-CBN) is the main active metabolite of cannabinol (CBN), one of the active components of cannabis, and has also been isolated from cannabis itself. It is more potent than CBN itself, acting as an agonist of CB1 with around the same potency as THC, but is a weak antagonist at CB2.

Cannabinol
Cannabinol (CBN) is a mildly psychoactive phytocannabinoid that acts as a low affinity partial agonist at the CB1 and CB2 receptors of the endocannabinoid system (ECS).

Although CBN shares the same mechanism of action as other phytocannabinoids (e.g., Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ9-THC), it has a lower affinity for CB1 receptors, meaning that much higher doses of CBN are required in order to experience intoxicating effects.

It was the first cannabinoid to be isolated from plants of genus Cannabis and was discovered in 1896.
Reinforced lipids
Reinforced lipids are lipid molecules in which some of the fatty acids contain deuterium. They can be used for the protection of living cells by slowing the chain reaction due to isotope effect on lipid peroxidation. The lipid bilayer of the cell and organelle membranes contain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are key components of cell and organelle membranes. Any process that either increases oxidation of PUFAs or hinders their ability to be replaced can lead to serious disease. Correspondingly, use of reinforced lipids that stop the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation has preventive and therapeutic potential.

Polyunsaturated fat
In biochemistry and nutrition, a polyunsaturated fat is a fat that contains a polyunsaturated fatty acid (abbreviated PUFA), which is a subclass of fatty acid characterized by a backbone with two or more carbon–carbon double bonds.
Some polyunsaturated fatty acids are essentials. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are precursors to and are derived from polyunsaturated fats, which include drying oils.
Phylonomus
In Greek mythology, Phylonomus (Ancient Greek: Φυλόνομον) was a Mycenaean prince as son of King Electryon and Anaxo, daughter of Alcaeus. He was the brother of Stratobates, Gorgophonus, Celaeneus, Amphimachus, Lysinomus, Chirimachus, Anactor, Archelaus and Alcmena, mother of the hero Heracles.

Celaeneus
In Greek mythology, Celaeneus (Ancient Greek: Κελαινεύς) was a Mycenaean prince as son of King Electryon and Anaxo, daughter of Alcaeus. He was the brother of Stratobates, Gorgophonus, Phylonomus, Amphimachus, Lysinomus, Chirimachus, Anactor, Archelaus and Alcmena, mother of the hero Heracles.
Nadia Oh
Nadia Georgina Oates (born 26 May 1990) is a former English singer, rapper, producer and model. She was featured on Space Cowboy's 2007 single "My Egyptian Lover". She has since released two studio albums—Hot Like Wow (2008) and Colours (2011)—both entirely produced by Space Cowboy.

Space Cowboy (musician)
Nicolas Jean-Pierre Patrick Dresti (born 5 March 1975), better known by his stage name Space Cowboy, is a French-British singer-songwriter, DJ, and producer. He is best known for his collaborations with Lady Gaga. Born in France and raised in England, Dresti first recorded in 1992 under the names of Vibes and DJ Apex, releasing breakbeat hardcore tracks. He then changed his stage name to Nicky Fabulous and produced a four track extended play, Pussy Galore in 1995. He has recorded under various pseudonyms including: DJ Supreme, Kings of Rhythm, Loop Da Loop, and DJ Chrome. In 2002, Dresti changed his stage name to Space Cowboy and did a cover of Prince's song, "I Would Die 4 U." In 2003, Space Cowboy debuted his first studio album Across the Sky. On 22 June 2005, he released his second full-length album Big City Nights and his third album, Digital Rock, the next year. Digital Rock Star, a re-release of Digital Rock, debuted as his fourth studio album on 20 October 2009.
Campus of the University of Tokyo
The campus of the University of Tokyo is the location of the first modern Japanese university. The campus is of historical note for two reasons. First, it was not damaged by air raids during World War II. Second, many university buildings have been declared National Treasures of Japan as they are examples of historic architectural design. This article focuses on registered cultural heritage.

Campus of Kyushu University
Kyushu University (九州大学 Kyūshū Daigaku) in Fukuoka, Japan, was established as Fukuoka Medical College in 1903, which was affiliated with Kyoto Imperial University. Kyushu Imperial University was founded in 1911. In 1947, after World War II ended, the university changed its name to Kyushu University. The university is composed of six campuses: Chikushi, Hospital, Ito, Ohashi, Hakozaki, and Beppu. There are numerous historic buildings dating back to the many phases of history the university has seen. The Third Residential Complex on-campus has a western-style design and is reserved for foreign students. The complex dates back to 1924 and has been designated as a Municipal Cultural Property.
Costa Rican jade tradition
Jadeite is presumed one of the most precious materials of Pre-Columbian Costa Rica.  It, along with other similar-looking greenstones (e.g. chalcedony, serpentine, and green jasper) were cherished and worked for years.  Jadeite was used to decorate the body and was presumably a symbol of power.

Jadeite
Jadeite is a pyroxene mineral with composition NaAlSi2O6. It is hard (Mohs hardness of about 6.5 to 7.0), very tough, and dense, with a specific gravity of about 3.4. It is found in a wide range of colors, but is most often found in shades of green or white. Jadeite is formed only in the subduction zones of continental margins, where rock undergoes metamorphism at high pressure but relatively low temperature.

Jadeite is the principal mineral making up the most valuable form of jade, a precious stone particularly prized in China. Most gem-quality jadeite jade comes from northern Myanmar. Jade tools and implements have been found at Stone Age sites, showing that the mineral has been prized by humans since before the beginning of written history.
1st Missouri Colored Infantry Regiment
The 1st Missouri Colored Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the Union Army's United States Colored Troops which served during the American Civil War. It was redesignated as the 62nd Regiment of United States Colored Troops on March 11, 1864.

Lincoln University (Missouri)
Lincoln University (Lincoln U) is a public, historically black, land-grant university in Jefferson City, Missouri. Founded in 1866 by African-American veterans of the American Civil War, it is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund. This was the first black university in the state. In the fall 2023, the university enrolled 1,799 students.
Pull-off bottle cap
The pull-off bottle cap (also known as RingCrown, RipCap or Ring-pull closure or pull off caps) is a bottle closure that can be opened without any tools. It has a ring that can be pulled in order to detach the cap from the bottle. The cap splits along scores in the cap, therefore loosens and can be removed from the bottle. Drink companies use ring pull caps to differentiate themselves from competitors.

Bottle cap
A bottle cap or bottle top is a common closure for the top opening of a bottle. A cap is sometimes colorfully decorated with the logo of the brand of contents. Metal caps with plastic backing are used for glass bottles, sometimes wrapped in decorative foil. Metal caps are usually either steel or aluminum, and of the crown cork type. Flip-top caps (like flapper closures) preceded such caps.

Plastic caps are used for plastic bottles, functioning as screw caps, or plastic caps may have a pour spout rather than being detachable. Plastic caps are commonly made from polyethylene or polypropylene, and caps for plastic bottles are often made of a different type of plastic from the bottle.

A cork stopper is another type of closure for the top of a bottle.
Fenestrelle Fort
The Fenestrelle Fortress, better known as the Fenestrelle Fort is a fortress overlooking Fenestrelle. It is the symbol of the Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, northern Italy. It is the biggest alpine fortification in Europe, having a surface area of 130 hectares (320 acres). 
The fortress, built by Savoy between 1728 and 1850 under the design of the architect Ignazio Bertola, guards the access to Turin via the Chisone valley and stands at altitudes between 1,100  and 1,800 m. The territory was acquired in 1709 by the Duchy of Savoy (later known as the Kingdom of Sardinia) after the defeat of the French at Fort Mutin (Fenestrelle).

Metropolitan City of Turin
The Metropolitan City of Turin (Italian: città metropolitana di Torino; Piedmontese: sità metropolitan-a 'd Turin) is a metropolitan city in the Piedmont region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Turin. It replaced the province of Turin and comprises 312 comuni (sg.: comune). It was created by the reform of local authorities (Law 142/1990) and established by the Law 56/2014. It has been officially operating since 1 January 2015. With a population of 2,204,276, it is the 4th most populous metropolitan city in Italy.

The Metropolitan City of Turin is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor (sindaco metropolitano) and by the Metropolitan Council (consiglio metropolitano). Since 27 October 2021, Stefano Lo Russo has served as the mayor of the capital city, succeeding Chiara Appendino. The largest metropolitan city of Italy, it is the only one to border a foreign state, France.
Sulfonyl halide
In chemistry, a sulfonyl halide consists of a sulfonyl (>S(=O)2) group singly bonded to a halogen atom. They have the general formula RSO2X, where X is a halogen. The stability of sulfonyl halides decreases in the order fluorides > chlorides > bromides > iodides, all four types being well known.  The sulfonyl chlorides and fluorides are of dominant importance in this series.

Sulfonyl halides have tetrahedral sulfur centres attached to two oxygen atoms, an organic radical, and a halide. In a representative example, methanesulfonyl chloride, the S=O, S−C, and S−Cl bond distances are respectively 142.4, 176.3, and 204.6 pm.

Sulfonyl group
In organosulfur chemistry, a sulfonyl group is either a functional group found primarily in sulfones, or a substituent obtained from a sulfonic acid by the removal of the hydroxyl group, similarly to acyl groups.: 1470–1476
Chan's algorithm
In computational geometry, Chan's algorithm, named after Timothy M. Chan, is an optimal output-sensitive algorithm to compute the convex hull of a set  of  points, in 2- or 3-dimensional space. 
The algorithm takes  time, where  is the number of vertices of the output (the convex hull). In the planar case, the algorithm combines an  algorithm (Graham scan, for example) with Jarvis march (), in order to obtain an optimal  time. Chan's algorithm is notable because it is much simpler than the Kirkpatrick–Seidel algorithm, and it naturally extends to 3-dimensional space. This paradigm has been independently developed by Frank Nielsen in his Ph.D. thesis.

Kirkpatrick–Seidel algorithm
The Kirkpatrick–Seidel algorithm is an algorithm designed for computing the convex hull of a set of points in the plane, offering a time complexity of , where  is the number of input points and  is the number of points on the convex hull. This output-sensitive time complexity implies that the algorithm’s running time depends on both the input size and the size of the output.

Earlier output-sensitive algorithms, such as the gift wrapping algorithm, exhibited asymptotic running times of , while non-output-sensitive algorithms typically ran in  time. The Kirkpatrick–Seidel algorithm offers a significant improvement by achieving a more efficient asymptotic bound, making it faster for certain types of input.

Despite its theoretical optimality, the algorithm is not widely used in practice for moderate-sized data sets due to the implementation complexity and constants hidden in the asymptotic notation.
Cotton Tree (Sierra Leone)
The Cotton Tree is a kapok tree (Ceiba pentandra) that is a historic symbol of Freetown, the capital city of Sierra Leone. The Cotton Tree gained importance in 1792 when a group of formerly enslaved African Americans, who had gained their freedom by fighting for the British during the American Revolutionary War, settled the site of modern Freetown. These former Black Loyalist soldiers, also known as Black Nova Scotians (because they were evacuated to Nova Scotia before leaving North America), resettled in Sierra Leone and founded Freetown on 11 March 1792. The descendants of the Nova Scotian settlers form part of the Sierra Leone Creole ethnicity today.

On the night of May 24, 2023, much of Freetown's Cotton Tree toppled over as heavy rain hit the city.

Ceiba pentandra
Ceiba pentandra is a tropical tree of the order Malvales and the family Malvaceae (previously placed in the family Bombacaceae), native to Central America, the Caribbean, and the northern half of South America; some authors also consider it native in western and central Africa. It is widely introduced in other tropical regions including South and Southeast Asia, where it is cultivated.

The tree and the cotton-like fluff obtained from its seed pods are commonly known in English as kapok, a Malay-derived name which originally applied to the related species Bombax ceiba, a native of tropical Asia. In Spanish-speaking countries the tree is commonly known as "ceiba" and in French-speaking countries as fromager. The tree is cultivated for its cottonlike seed fibre, particularly in south-east Asia, and is also known as the Java cotton, Java kapok, silk-cotton or samauma.