hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Venturi flume
In hydrology, a Venturi flume is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a liquid in situations with large flow rates, such as a river.  It is based on the Venturi effect, for which it is named. It was first developed by V.M. Cone in Fort Collins, Colorado.

The Venturi flume consists of a flume with a constricted section in the center. By the Venturi effect, this causes a drop in the fluid pressure at the center of the constriction.  By comparing the fluid pressure at the center of the flume with that earlier in the device, the rate of flow can be measured.

Venturi effect
The Venturi effect is the reduction in fluid pressure that results when a moving fluid speeds up as it is funneled from one section of a pipe to another, smaller section. As the fluid flows into a smaller area, the fluid's velocity increases, while the static pressure decreases.

The Venturi effect is named after its discoverer, the Italian Physicist Giovanni Battista Venturi, and was first published in 1797.

The effect has various applications in Engineering, Architecture, and everyday objects such as Atomizers that disperse perfume or spray paint and Wine aerators. The reduction in pressure inside the constriction can be used both for measuring the fluid flow and for moving other fluids (e.g. in a vacuum ejector).
Sonuk Mikko
Sonuk Mikko (unknown—ca. 1864), commonly known as Billy Bowlegs and also known as So-Nuk-Mek-Ko, was a Seminole who gained recognition as a captain in the American Civil War.  Mikko adopted the name of Chief Billy Bowlegs from (Holato Micco), who had fought in the Second and Third Seminole Wars, following Holato Micco's death in 1859.

Billy Bowlegs
Holata Micco (a Muscogee name translated as Alligator Chief, also spelled Halpatter-Micco, Halbutta Micco, Halpuda Mikko; known in English as Chief Billy Bowlegs or Billy Bolek; c. 1810 – 1859) was a leader of the Seminoles in Florida during the Second Seminole War and was the remaining Seminole's most prominent chief during the Third Seminole War, when he led the Seminoles' last major resistance against the United States government. With the possibilities of military victory dwindling, he finally agreed to relocate with his people to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) in 1858. As part of the settlement, he was paid $6,500 plus $1,000 each for the subchiefs and $100 each for the women and children who went with him. Several sources claim that he is buried at the Fort Gibson National Cemetery, but it is disputed whether the grave marked "Captain Billy Bowlegs" is actually his or that of a different Billy Bowlegs.
Nizhny Novgorod constituency
The Nizhny Novgorod constituency (No. 129) is a Russian legislative constituency in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. The constituency covers eastern Nizhny Novgorod, including the historic city centre, as well as rural eastern Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. In 2016–2026 this seat also serves as the constituency for all Russian expatriates living in countries which are not already assigned to other constituencies, 98 foreign countries in total.

The constituency has been represented since 2021 by United Russia deputy Anatoly Lesun, former Chief of the Gorky Railway, who won the open seat, succeeding one-term United Russia incumbent Dmitry Svatkovsky.

Constituencies of Russia
Legislative constituencies are used in Russia to elect half of the seats (225) in the State Duma. Each Federal Subject gets a certain amount of constituencies, proportional to their population, with every Federal Subject getting at least one. Every constituency is a single-mandate one, meaning each constituency sends one representative (also known as a Deputy) to the State Duma.

Constituencies are created and their boundaries drawn by the Central Election Commission. According to Federal Law, the layout of constituencies are to be used for 10 years. Using these current constituencies, elections were held to the State Duma in 2016 and 2021.
Infinite Jest
Infinite Jest is a 1996 novel by American writer David Foster Wallace. Categorized as an encyclopedic novel, Infinite Jest is featured in Time magazine's list of the 100 best English-language novels published between 1923 and 2005.

The novel has an unconventional narrative structure and includes hundreds of extensive endnotes, some with footnotes of their own.

A literary fiction bestseller after having sold 44,000 hardcover copies in its first year of publication, the novel has since sold more than a million copies worldwide.

Hysterical realism
Hysterical realism is a literary genre typified by a strong contrast between elaborately absurd prose, plotting, or characterization, on the one hand, and careful, detailed investigations of real, specific social phenomena on the other. The term was coined in 2000 by English critic James Wood. It is also known as recherché postmodernism.
Canadian Car and Foundry
The Canadian Car & Foundry Company, Limited, and from 1957 onwards the Canadian Car Company Limited, was a manufacturer of buses, railway rolling stock, forestry equipment, and later aircraft for the Canadian market. CC&F history goes back to 1897, but the main company was established in 1909 from an amalgamation of several companies and later became part of Hawker Siddeley Canada through the purchase by A.V. Roe Canada in 1957. Today the remaining factories are part of Alstom after its acquisition of Bombardier Transportation completed in 2021.

Canadian Car was one of three corporate combinations formed by the Lord Beaverbrook in 1909, the others being Canada Cement and Stelco.

Trolleybus
A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tram (in the 1910s and 1920s), road tram or simply trolley) is an electric bus that draws power from dual overhead lines (generally suspended from roadside posts) using spring-loaded or pneumatically raised trolley poles. Two wires, and two trolley poles, are required to complete the electrical circuit. This differs from a tram or streetcar, which normally uses the track as the return path, needing only one wire and one pole (or pantograph). They are also distinct from other kinds of electric buses, which usually rely on batteries. Power is most commonly supplied as 600-volt direct current in older systems and 750-volts in newer systems, but there are exceptions.

Currently, around 300 trolleybus systems are in operation, in cities and towns in 43 countries. Altogether, more than 800 trolleybus systems have existed, but not more than about 400 concurrently.
Jon Lyng
Jon Lyng (19 April 1945 – 16 February 2003) was a Norwegian lawyer and politician for the Conservative Party.

He was born in London as a son of John Lyng. A lawyer by profession, he is best known as the defender of Arne Treholt in 1984–1985, together with Andreas Arntzen and Ulf Underland. In politics, he was a State Secretary in the Ministry of Justice and the Police from 1985 to 1986. He was a member of Oslo city council from 1983 to 1991, and chaired his local party branch from 1992 to 1996. He was also chair of Oslo Kinematografer from 1988 to 1991 and 1996 to 2003.

Ulf Underland
Ulf Underland (1928 – 1 November 2012) was a Norwegian barrister.

He took the cand.jur. degree in 1953, and was hired in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was stationed in Paris, Bangkok and Vienna before being promoted to assistant secretary in 1967. In 1971 he became a barrister with access to work with Supreme Court cases, and became a partner in the law firm Arntzen, Underland & Co, today named Arntzen de Besche. He is best known as the defender of Arne Treholt in 1984–1985, together with Jon Lyng and Andreas Arntzen.

He resided in Ski. He died in November 2012.
XX (Mushroomhead album)
XX (pronounced Double X) is a compilation album by American metal band Mushroomhead, released in 2001. It was originally released through Eclipse Records, where Mushroomhead took classic tracks and remixed them. XX was re-released on Universal Records in December of the same year. XX contains tracks from the band's three independently released albums: Mushroomhead, Superbuick, and M3.

Being the first Mushroomhead album released on a major label, XX's re-release on Universal Records introduced Mushroomhead on a national and international level, while they were previously just a regionally known band. The album has sold over 300,000 copies. Musically, the album is primarily within the genres of industrial metal, nu metal and alternative metal with a diverse influence from genres such as gothic rock, punk rock, techno, and hip hop.

Mushroomhead (album)
Mushroomhead is the debut album from heavy metal band Mushroomhead. It was released independently in Cleveland, Ohio, United States in 1995. Some songs have been remastered on XX. Many of the songs contain samples from movies. This is the only album to feature the original line-up, as member Mr. Murdernickel would leave the band after the album's release, although he has songwriting credits on a few tracks on the next album. The album was re-pressed in 2002 through Filthy Hands along with Superbuick and M3 with alternate artwork, though some major retailers do not carry them.

By 2001, the album had sold over 47,000 copies, a considerable number for an album not available in most chain stores and retail markets.
Guarenas
Guarenas is a city in Miranda, Venezuela. It was established in 1621 as Nuestra Señora de Copacabana de los Guarenas. It is part of the Guarenas-Guatire conurbation.

On February 27, 1989, a morning protest in this city over the recent nationwide hike in bus fares spread to Caracas, the capital of Venezuela, which resulted in several days of rioting known today as the Caracazo.

Today, Guarenas has virtually merged with its neighbor, Guatire. As of 2006, its population has been estimated at 185,010.

The Curupao Power Plant, which was inaugurated in 1933, still provides electricity to Guarenas and Guatire. The state also owned movie production facilities, as the Villa del Cine is situated in the city.

Guarenas-Guatire conurbation
Guarenas-Guatire conurbation  or Guarenas-Guatire metropolitan area   (Spanish: Conurbación Guarenas-Guatire  or Area Metropolitana de Guarenas-Guatire), also known as El Nuevo Este de Caracas (New East of Caracas), is a conurbation area in Miranda, Venezuela, that includes 2 municipalities, it is part of the Greater Caracas Area. It has a population of approximately 488,000 inhabitants.
Sven Hedin
Sven Anders Hedin, KNO1kl RVO, (19 February 1865 – 26 November 1952) was a Swedish geographer, topographer, explorer, photographer, travel writer and illustrator of his own works. During four expeditions to Central Asia, he made the Transhimalaya known in the West and located sources of the Brahmaputra, Indus and Sutlej Rivers. He also mapped lake Lop Nur, and the remains of cities, grave sites and the Great Wall of China in the deserts of the Tarim Basin. In his book Från pol till pol (From Pole to Pole), Hedin describes a journey through Asia and Europe between the late 1880s and the early 1900s. While traveling, Hedin visited Turkey, the Caucasus, Tehran, Iraq, lands of the Kyrgyz people and the Russian Far East, India, China and Japan. The posthumous publication of his Central Asia Atlas marked the conclusion of his life's work.

Taklamakan Desert
The Taklamakan Desert (/ˌtækləməˈkæn/ TAK-lə-mə-KAN) is a desert in northwest China. Located inside the Tarim Basin in Southern Xinjiang, it is bounded by the Kunlun Mountains to the south, the Pamir Mountains to the west, the Tian Shan range to the north, and the Gobi Desert to the east.
Too Much and Never Enough
Too Much and Never Enough: How My Family Created the World's Most Dangerous Man is a tell-all book written by American psychologist Mary L. Trump about her uncle, President Donald Trump, and his family. It was published by Simon & Schuster on July 14, 2020. The book provides an insider view of Trump family dynamics and reveals details about financial dealings, including the author's work as the anonymous source who revealed her uncle's suspected tax fraud. The Trump family launched a lawsuit in an attempt to stop its publication but was unsuccessful in delaying the release of the book.

Maryanne Trump Barry
Maryanne Trump Barry (April 5, 1937 – November 13, 2023) was an American attorney and United States federal judge. She became an assistant United States attorney in 1974 and was first appointed to the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey by President Ronald Reagan in 1983. In 1999, she was appointed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit by Bill Clinton.

In January 2006, Barry testified before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee in support of the nomination of her colleague Samuel Alito to the U.S. Supreme Court. She took senior status in June 2011, and announced her retirement from the bench in February 2019 after an investigation was launched into allegations that she had committed judicial misconduct by participating in fraudulent tax and financial transactions.

Barry was the eldest sister of 45th and 47th President of the United States Donald Trump.
Sanuki Province
Sanuki Province (讃岐国, Sanuki no Kuni; Japanese pronunciation: [saꜜ.nɯ.kʲi (no kɯ.ɲi), sa.nɯ.kʲiꜜ (no kɯ.ɲi)]) was a province of Japan in the area of northeastern Shikoku. Sanuki bordered on Awa to the south, and Iyo to the west. Its abbreviated form name was Sanshū (讃州). In terms of the Gokishichidō system, Sanuki was one of the provinces of the Nankaidō circuit. Under the Engishiki classification system, Sanuki was ranked as one of the "upper countries" (上国) in terms of importance, and one of the "middle countries" (中国) in terms of distance from the capital. The provincial capital was located in what is now the city of Sakaide, but its exact location was only identified in 2012. The ichinomiya of the province is the Tamura jinja located in the city of Takamatsu.

Tamura Shrine
Tamura Jinja (田村神社) is a Shinto shrine in the Ichinomiya neighborhood of the city of Takamatsu in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan. It is the ichinomiya of former Sanuki Province. The main festivals of the shrine are held annually on May 8 and October 8. It is located approximately 7 km south of downtown Takamatsu. The area has abundant spring water, and the shrine is based on the worship of the god of water and the shrine's inner shrine is built over a spring. The name 'Tamura' is based on locale, and has no relationship with Sakanoue no Tamuramaro like other shrines of the same name in other parts of Japan.
Ralph Edwards (homesteader)
Ralph Edwards, OC (c. 1892 – July 3, 1977) was a pioneering British Columbian homesteader, amateur pilot and leading conservationist of the trumpeter swan. He received the Order of Canada in 1972 for his conservation efforts, and is the namesake of the Edwards Range mountains. Edwards and his family were celebrated in a number of books and films, including Leland Stowe's best-selling Crusoe of Lonesome Lake (1957), which led to Edwards being the surprise honoree on the 1957 Christmas Day edition of This Is Your Life.

Tweedsmuir South Provincial Park
Tweedsmuir South Provincial Park is a provincial park covering parts of the eastern Kitimat Ranges, northern Pacific Ranges, and the Rainbow Range in British Columbia, Canada. It was established on May 21, 1938 in the western interior of the province, to protect its important natural features. The park hosts a variety of recreation activities for visitors. This park encompasses a range of diverse species in this park including bears, moose, and various fish. There are also a few at risk species in this park.
Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People
The Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People (Latin: Pontificium Consilium de Spirituali Migrantium atque Itinerantium Cura) was a pontifical council of the Roman Curia. The council, established by Pope John Paul II on 28 June 1988, was dedicated to the spiritual welfare of migrant and itinerant people.

The last President of the council was Cardinal Antonio Maria Vegliò, who was appointed by Pope Benedict XVI on 28 February 2009. The last Secretary was Bishop Joseph Kalathiparambil, who was appointed by Pope Benedict XVI on February 22, 2011, and who had until then been serving as the Bishop of the Calicut, India.

Effective 1 January 2017, the work of the council was assumed by the Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development.

Pontifical council
A pontifical council was a mid-sized department or dicastery of the Roman Curia, the central organization responsible for assisting the Pope in the governance and oversight of the Catholic Church. Such a council had a cardinal or archbishop as its president and was restricted in its activities in comparison with the larger parts of the Curia.
Étale cohomology
In mathematics, the étale cohomology groups of an algebraic variety or scheme are algebraic analogues of the usual cohomology groups with finite coefficients of a topological space, introduced by Grothendieck in order to prove the Weil conjectures. Étale cohomology theory can be used to construct ℓ-adic cohomology, which is an example of a Weil cohomology theory in algebraic geometry. This has many applications, such as the proof of the Weil conjectures and the construction of representations of finite groups of Lie type.

Pierre Deligne
Pierre René, Viscount Deligne (French: [dəliɲ]; born 3 October 1944) is a Belgian mathematician. He is best known for work on the Weil conjectures, leading to a complete proof in 1973. He is the winner of the 1978 Fields Medal, 1988 Crafoord Prize, 2008 Wolf Prize and 2013 Abel Prize.
Khost District
Khost District (Pashto: خوست ولسوالۍ), historically known as Matun, is a municipality situated in the central and southeastern part of Khost Province in Afghanistan. It has an estimated population of 170,615 people. The cit of Khost is within the district. Shaikh Zayed University is located to the northwest of the city, and Khost International Airport is situated about 15 km (9.3 mi) to the southwest in the neighboring Mandozayi District. The main road in the district is the Khost-Gardez Highway.

Mandozayi District
Ismail khel and Mandozi District (Pashto: اسماعیل خېلو او مندوزیو ولسوالۍ, Persian: ولسوالی اسماعیل خیل و مندوزی) or ( ولسوالی اسمعیل خیل و مندوزی), also known as Ismail Khel (Pashto: اسماعيل خېل), is situated in the central part of Khost Province, Afghanistan. It borders Nadir Shah Kot District to the north and west, Khost (Matun) District to the east, Gurbuz District to the southwest and Tani District to the south. The population is 50,000 (2006). The district center is the village of Dadwal.

On 23 November 2009, according to the Afghan Ministry of Interior, four people, including two women were killed when gunmen opened fire on their vehicle returning home to Khost city.
Lufwanyama District
Lufwanyama District with headquarters at Lufwanyama is a large rural undeveloped district in the west of Copperbelt Province. It neighbours Mpongwe District and Masaiti District. At one time these three districts were known as 'Ndola Rural'. As of the 2022 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 133,060 people.

Masaiti District
Masaiti District is a district of Zambia, located in Copperbelt Province. The capital lies at Masaiti. As of the 2000 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 177,829 people. It is divided into two constituencies, namely Masaiti constituency and Kafulafuta constituency.

It neighbours Lufwanyama District and Mpongwe District. At one time, before 1997, these three districts were known as 'Ndola Rural'.
Catawbiense hybrid
A catawbiense hybrid is a  hybrid of the plant genus Rhododendron,  derived from crosses of American species Rhododendron catawbiense and Rhododendron maximum with European and Asian species R. arboreum, R. caucasicum and  R. ponticum.

Rhododendron catawbiense
Rhododendron catawbiense, with common names Catawba rosebay, Catawba rhododendron, mountain rosebay, purple ivy, purple laurel, purple rhododendron, red laurel, rosebay, rosebay laurel, is a species of Rhododendron native to the eastern United States, growing mainly in the southern Appalachian Mountains from West Virginia south to northern Alabama.

It is a dense, suckering shrub growing to 3 m (9.8 ft) tall, rarely 5 m (16 ft). The leaves are evergreen, 6–12 cm (2.4–4.7 in) long and 2–4 cm (0.79–1.57 in) broad. The flowers are 3–4.5 cm (1.2–1.8 in) in diameter, violet-purple, often with small spots or streaks, blooming from April through June. The fruit is a dry capsule 15–20 mm (19⁄32–25⁄32 in) long, containing numerous small seeds.

The species is named after the Catawba River.
Fearsome Five
The Fearsome Five is a group of supervillains from DC Comics who serve as enemies of the Teen Titans and Justice League. The group made its debut in 1981. The group's roster has changed multiple times, and characters from the group have appeared in other media, including the 2003–2006 Teen Titans animated television series.

Calculator (character)
Calculator (Noah Kuttler) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Originally introduced as an enemy of the Atom, the character was later redeveloped in the 2000s as a master information broker, hacker, and tactical supervisor to other supervillains, and foil to Batman's partner Oracle. He is also the father of Wendy Harris and Marvin White.

Calculator has been adapted into various media outside comics. Armin Shimerman, Ely Henry, and Jason Spisak have voiced the character in animated series and films. Furthermore, the Calculator appears as a recurring character in Arrow, portrayed by Tom Amandes.
Peugeot 307 WRC
The Peugeot 307 WRC is a World Rally Car based on the Peugeot 307 road car. It was used by Peugeot Sport, Peugeot's factory team, and replaced the championship-winning 206 WRC from 2004 to 2005 in the World Rally Championship.

Peugeot 307
The Peugeot 307 is a small family car produced by the French automaker PSA Peugeot Citroën under their Peugeot marque, from 2001 to 2008 in Europe, and was the successor to the Peugeot 306, which was discontinued in 2002 after being in production for nine years. Using the PSA PF2 platform, it was awarded the European Car of the Year title for 2002, and continued to be offered in China and certain South American markets through 2014, despite the September 2007 French launch of the 308 (its intended successor), which is built on the same platform.
Zenyatta Stakes
The Zenyatta Stakes  is a Grade II American Thoroughbred horse race for fillies and mares, age three and older the distance of one and one-sixteenth miles on the dirt scheduled annually in September at Santa Anita Park in Arcadia, California.  The event currently carries a purse of $200,000.

Santa Anita Park
Santa Anita Park is a Thoroughbred racetrack in Arcadia, California, United States. It offers some of the prominent horse racing events in the United States during early fall, winter and in spring. The track is home to numerous prestigious races, including both the Santa Anita Derby and the Santa Anita Handicap. It has also hosted the year-end Breeders' Cup races eleven times, more than any other racetrack. In 1984, Santa Anita was the site of equestrian events at the 1984 Olympics and will host once again in 2028. Since 2011, the Stronach Group are the current owners.