hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dust bathing
Dust bathing (also called sand bathing) is an animal behavior characterized by rolling or moving around in dust, dry earth or sand, with the likely purpose of removing parasites from fur, feathers or skin. Dust bathing is a maintenance behavior performed by a wide range of mammalian and avian species. For some animals, dust baths are necessary to maintain healthy feathers, skin, or fur, similar to bathing in water or wallowing in mud. In some mammals, dust bathing may be a way of transmitting chemical signals (or pheromones) to the ground which marks an individual's territory.

Common degu
The common degu (Octodon degus; /ˈdeɪɡuː/), or, historically, the degu, is a small hystricomorpha rodent endemic to the Chilean matorral ecoregion of central Chile. The name degu on its own indicates either the entire genus Octodon or, more commonly, just the common degu. Common degus belong to the parvorder Caviomorpha of the infraorder Hystricognathi, along with the chinchilla and guinea pig. The word degu comes from the Mapuche word dewü, meaning 'mouse' or 'rat'.

Although found in a relatively small natural habitat when compared to other species of rodents, degus are prolific and thus classified as a least-concern species by IUCN. The animal may be kept as a domestic pet, though there are prohibitions on their ownership in some territories. As a pet, the degu is larger than a golden hamster but smaller than a fancy rat.
Théo van Rysselberghe
Théophile "Théo" van Rysselberghe (23 November 1862 – 13 December 1926) was a Belgian neo-impressionist painter, who played a pivotal role in the European art scene at the turn of the twentieth century.

Henry van de Velde
Henry Clemens van de Velde (DutchDutch: [ˈɦɛnri vɑn də ˈvɛldə]; 3 April 1863 – 15 October 1957) was a Belgian painter, architect, interior designer, and art theorist. Together with Victor Horta and Paul Hankar, he is considered one of the founders of Art Nouveau in Belgium. He worked in Paris with Siegfried Bing, the founder of the first gallery of Art Nouveau in Paris. Van de Velde spent the most important part of his career in Germany and became a major figure in the German Jugendstil. He had a decisive influence on German architecture and design at the beginning of the 20th century.
Rural Municipality of Milton No. 292
The Rural Municipality of Milton No. 292 (2016 population: 241) is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 13 and SARM Division No. 6. Located in the west-central portion of the province, it is adjacent to the Alberta boundary.

The name probably came from Milton, Ontario which in turn was named after the English Poet, John Milton, where the surname Milton means "mill town".

Division No. 13, Saskatchewan
Division No. 13 is one of eighteen census divisions in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada, as defined by Statistics Canada. It is located in the western part of the province, bordering Alberta. The most populous community in this division is Kindersley.
Wang Hai of Shang
Wang Hai (Chinese: 王亥; pinyin: Wáng Hài), family name Zi (子), was a ruler of Predynastic Shang and the father of Shang Jia. He is attested on oracle bone inscriptions, and venerated by the Shang as a 'High Ancestor' (高祖; gāozǔ), or, in modern scholarship, a 'Former Lord' (先公; xiāngōng). Little is known about his reign outside of posthumous accounts.

Predynastic Shang
Predynastic Shang or Proto-Shang (/ʃæŋ/; Chinese: 先商) was the tribal Shang dynasty chiefdom situated within the Xia dynasty prior the overthrow of their ruler, Jie of Xia, in traditional Chinese historiography. The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project identifies the end of Predynastic Shang as c. 1600 B.C., with the founding of the Erligang culture, which is traditionally considered to be the rough date of the Battle of Mingtiao.
Textile industry in the Russian Empire
The textile industry in the Russian Empire developed significantly in the nineteenth century. It played a significant role in the Industrialization in the Russian Empire.

In 1840 the Manchester-based company De Jersey & Co. appointed Franz Holzhauer as their agent in Moscow with Ludwig Knoop as his assistant. At the time Manchester was known as Cottonopolis, and De Jersey and Co. played a major role in developing the cotton industry in the Russian Empire.

The first large scale cotton printing and dye works was established in 1753 by two English business men, William Chamberlain and Richard Cozzens with the aid of state subsidies.

In 1895 the Russian Technical Society criticized Knoop for holding back the Russian textile industry by exclusively importing English textile machinery.

Industrialization in the Russian Empire
Industrialization in the Russian Empire saw the development of an industrial economy, whereby labor productivity increased and the demand for industrial goods was partially provided from within the empire. Industrialization in the Russian Empire was a reaction to the industrialization in Western European countries.

The first steps related to accelerating the development of industry were taken during the reign of Peter the Great. However, the beginning of the introduction of machine production in leading industries and vehicles was in the second quarter of the 19th century. This period is considered to be the beginning of the industrial revolution in Russian Empire. The industrialization process continued until 1917, later in the years of Soviet industrialization. Russia was in the process of trying to catch up with the advanced countries of the West in terms of industrial development.
Filippo Strozzi the Younger
Filippo Strozzi the Younger (4 January 1489 – 18 December 1538) was a Florentine banker, and the most famous member of the Strozzi family in the Renaissance. He is best remembered as a tragic hero and defender of the lost Florentine republic against the Medici dukes – yet this is almost entirely a nineteenth-century fiction of nationalist historians and dramatists. He had been one of the staunchest supporters of the House of Medici in Florence and Rome.

Strozzi family
The House of Strozzi is the name of an ancient patrician (later noble with princely and ducal titles) Florentine family, who like their great rivals the House of Medici, began in banking before moving into politics. Until its exile from Florence in 1434, the Strozzi family was by far the richest in the city, and was rivaled only by the Medici family, who ultimately took control of the government and ruined the Strozzi both financially and politically. This political and financial competition was the origin of the Strozzi-Medici rivalry. Later, while the Medici ruled Florence, the Strozzi family ruled Siena, which Florence attacked, causing great animosity between the two families. Soon afterward, the Strozzi married into the Medici family, essentially giving the Medici superiority.
2017–18 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team
The 2017–18 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team represented Purdue University in the 2017–18 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Their head coach was Matt Painter, in his 13th season with the Boilers. The team played their home games in Mackey Arena in West Lafayette, Indiana as members of the Big Ten Conference. The Boilermakers finished the season 30–7, 15–3 in Big Ten play to finish in a tie for second place. As the No. 3 seed in the Big Ten tournament, they defeated Rutgers and Penn State before losing to Michigan in the championship game. They received an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament as the No. 2 seed in the East region. They defeated Cal State Fullerton in the First Round, but lost starting center Isaac Haas to a fractured elbow. Without Haas, they defeated Butler in the Second Round to advance to the Sweet Sixteen where they lost to No. 3 seed Texas Tech.

2017–18 Butler Bulldogs men's basketball team
The 2017–18 Butler Bulldogs men's basketball team represented Butler University in the 2017–18 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. They were coached by LaVall Jordan, in his first year as head coach of his alma mater. The Bulldogs played their home games at Hinkle Fieldhouse in Indianapolis, Indiana as members of the Big East Conference. They finished the season 21–14, 9–9 in Big East play to finish a tie for sixth place. As the No. 6 seed in the Big East tournament, they defeated Seton Hall before losing to Villanova in the semifinals. They received an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament as the No. 10 seed in the Midwest region. There they defeated Arkansas in the first round before losing to Purdue in the second round.
Hisonotus megaloplax
Hisonotus megaloplax is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the drainage basin of the Passo Fundo River, which is a tributary of the Uruguay River. It reaches 4.7 cm (1.9 inches) SL.

Hisonotus megaloplax was described in 2009 by Tiago P. Carvalho (of the Pontifical Xavierian University) and Roberto E. Reis (of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul) alongside three other Hisonotus species from the Uruguay River basin: H. iota, H. montanus, and H. leucophrys. The type locality of H. megaloplax is stated to be a stream known as the Arroio Caraguatá near a secondary road of BR-153 between Passo Fundo and Ipiranga do Sul in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul.

Hisonotus
Hisonotus is a genus of armored catfishes native to South America. Species of Hisonotus and Curculionichthys are the only representatives of the subfamily Otothyrinae having serrae on the posterior edge of the pectoral fin spine. These species are small fishes, generally found in small fast flowing streams, where they grasp to the branches and leaves of aquatic or subaquatic plants. The species of this genus mostly occur in Atlantic coastal streams of southern Brazil and the Paraguay-Paraná system of
southern South America. They are also distributed in the Río de La Plata basin and coastal rivers of southeastern Brazil.
New Hall School
New Hall School is a Catholic co-educational private boarding and day school in the village of Boreham near Chelmsford, Essex, England. It was founded in 1642 in the Low Countries, now Belgium, by sisters of the Catholic order Canonesses of the Holy Sepulchre and moved to its current location, the former Tudor Palace of Beaulieu in Essex, in 1799. It is the only Catholic Independent school in the Brentwood diocese, and one of the oldest and largest British schools in the country.

The school operates the "diamond" model format. Up until the end of Year 6 and in the Sixth Form, the children are taught in co-educational classes. In years 7 to 11, students are taught in single sex classes. The school is a member of the Catholic Independent Schools Conference and the ISA, and the principal is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference.

Boreham
Boreham is a village and civil parish in the Chelmsford district of  Essex, England. The village is approximately 3.7 miles (6.0 km) north-east of the centre of Chelmsford. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 3,973.
Meisterfeldia
Meisterfeldia is a genus of arcellinid testate amoebae erected in 2016 that unites several new species as well as old species previously found in the genus Cryptodifflugia. Five of the newly described species were first found and isolated from subarctic tundra soil surrounding a river near Chokurdakh, Russia, while the last one, described in 2021, was recovered from tree hollows in Moscow.

Arcellinida
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida, Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially enclosed in a simple test (shell).

Arcellinid testate amoebae are commonly found in soils, leaf litter, peat bogs and near/in fresh water. They use their pseudopodia, a temporary cell extension, for moving and taking in food. Like most amoebae, they are generally believed to reproduce asexually via binary fission. However a recent review suggests that sexual recombination may be the rule rather than the exception in amoeboid protists in general, including the Arcellinid testate amoebae.
Morristown Beard School
Morristown Beard School is a coeducational, independent, college-preparatory day school located in Morristown, New Jersey, United States. Serving students in sixth through twelfth grades, the school has two academic units: an Upper School (9–12) and a Middle School (6–8).

The present-day Morristown Beard School was formed from the 1971 merger of two single-sex schools: the Beard School for Girls and the Morristown School for Boys. The Commission on Secondary Schools at the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools has accredited the school since 1973.

Peter J. Caldwell served as Morristown Beard School's Head of School from 2011 to 2021. The interim head of school is Philicia Levinson, who took office in June 2025 to succeed Liz Morrison, who had assumed the role of head of school on July 1, 2021.

Felix Knauth
Felix Whitman Knauth (1895–1993) was a writer and business executive. Knauth served as the executive director of the Latin American Economic Institute in Boston, Massachusetts, and as an accounting manager in the dry goods industry. He also served on the editorial staff of The New York Evening Post.
Farallon virus
Farallon virus (Orthonairovirus bushkeyense) is species of virus in the genus Orthonairovirus belonging to the Hughes serogroup. A known host of the virus is Ornithodoros. The virus is named after the Farallon Islands.

Orthonairovirus
Orthonairovirus is a genus  of viruses in the family Nairoviridae of the order Hareavirales which includes viruses with circular, negative-sense single stranded RNA.  The name is derived from the Nairobi sheep disease which affects the gastrointestinal tracts of sheep and goats. All viruses in this genus are tick-borne viruses with human or other vertebrate hosts.
Battle of Trevilian Station order of battle: Confederate
The following units and commanders fought in the Battle of Trevilian Station of the American Civil War on the Confederate side. The Union order of battle is shown separately. Order of battle compiled from the corps organization during the battle, from the casualty returns and the reports.

Battle of Trevilian Station order of battle: Union
The following units and commanders fought in the Battle of Trevilian Station of the American Civil War on the Union side. The Confederate order of battle is shown separately. Order of battle compiled from the corps organization during the battle and from the casualty returns.
William Garrison (geographer)
William Louis Garrison (1924–2015) was an American geographer, transportation analyst and professor at the University of California, Berkeley. While at the Department of Geography, University of Washington in the 1950s, Garrison led the "quantitative revolution" in geography, which applied computers and statistics to the study of spatial problems. As such, he was one of the founders of regional science. Many of his students (dubbed the "space cadets") went on to become noted professors themselves, including: Brian Berry, Ronald Boyce, Duane Marble, Richard Morrill, John Nystuen, William Bunge, Michael Dacey, Arthur Getis, and Waldo Tobler.  His transportation work focused on innovation, the deployment of modes and logistic curves,  alternative vehicles and the future of the car.

Arthur Getis
Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022) was an American geographer known for his significant contributions to spatial statistics and geographic information science (GIScience). With a career spanning over four decades, Getis authored more than one hundred peer-reviewed papers and book chapters, greatly influencing GIScience and geography as a whole. The Getis-Ord family of statistics, one of the most commonly used in spatial analysis, is based on his and J. Keith Ord's work and is still widely used in the creation of hot spot maps.
Ningbo–Taizhou–Wenzhou railway
The Ningbo–Taizhou–Wenzhou railway or Yong-Tai-Wen railway (simplified Chinese: 甬台温铁路; traditional Chinese: 甬台溫鐵路; pinyin: Yǒng Tāi Wēn Tiělù) is a dual-track, electrified, high-speed rail line in Zhejiang Province, China. It is named after the three prefecture-level cities along route: Ningbo, whose abbreviated Chinese name is Yong, Taizhou and Wenzhou. The line has a total length of 282.4 kilometres (175.5 mi) and forms part of Hangzhou–Fuzhou–Shenzhen railway.  Construction began in October 2005, and the line opened to commercial service on September 28, 2009.  Trains running on the line reach top speeds of 250 kilometres per hour, and the shortest trip between Ningbo and Wenzhou takes 1 hour 12 minutes.

Taizhou, Zhejiang
Taizhou is a city located at the middle of the East China Sea coast of Zhejiang province. It is located 300 km (190 mi) south of Shanghai and 230 km (140 mi) southeast of Hangzhou, the provincial capital. It is bordered by Ningbo to the north, Wenzhou to the south, and Shaoxing, Jinhua, and Lishui to west. In addition to the municipality itself, the prefecture-level city of Taizhou includes 3 districts, 3 county-level cities, and 3 counties.
As of the 2020 census, its total population was 6,662,888 inhabitants whom 3,578,660 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of the three urban Districts and Wenling City now being largely conurbated.
Neighbourhood action group
A Neighbourhood Action Group, or NAG, is a UK initiative, set up to deal with key issues identified by a community's first public consultation. The group is coordinated by the police. This may happen in the form of a public meeting, through surveys done face-to-face or by mail, or a combination of methods.

NAGs are volunteer working groups made up of representatives from the community. They will include residents, the police, local authority and other organisations, such as local businesses and schools. Ideally NAGs represent a cross section of the society they represent, including representatives from groups such as neighbourhood watch schemes and local councils.

They are key to the success of neighbourhood policing as it is this group which will plan on behalf of the community and organise for tasks to be completed. In effect, they are the 'doers', accountable locally for responding to problems a community wants to tackle.

Neighborhood watch
A neighborhood watch or neighbourhood watch (see spelling differences), also called a crime watch or neighbourhood crime watch, is an organized group of civilians devoted to crime and vandalism prevention within a neighborhood.

The aim of neighborhood watch includes educating residents of a community on security and safety and achieving safe and secure neighborhoods. However, when a criminal activity is suspected, members are encouraged to report to authorities, and not to intervene.
Crassothonna capensis
Crassothonna capensis (previously Othonna capensis), also known as little pickles (USA), ruby necklace (Australia), Cape aster, Cape Othonna, and Bobbejaankool (Afrikaans), is a species of the genus Crassothonna previously (Othonna) in the family Asteraceae, and is a native of  the Eastern Cape of South Africa. It is a native highveld species that originates from the southern Drakensberg region.

Crassothonna
Crassothonna is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Asteraceae.

Its native range is Southern Africa.

Species:

Crassothonna agaatbergensis Swanepoel

Crassothonna alba (Compton) B.Nord.

Crassothonna cacalioides (L.f.) B.Nord.

Crassothonna capensis (L.H.Bailey) B.Nord.

Crassothonna clavifolia (Marloth) B.Nord.

Crassothonna cylindrica (Lam.) B.Nord.

Crassothonna discoidea (Oliv.) B.Nord.

Crassothonna floribunda (Schltr.) B.Nord.

Crassothonna opima (Merxm.) B.Nord.

Crassothonna patula (Schltr.) B.Nord.

Crassothonna protecta (Dinter) B.Nord.

Crassothonna rechingeri (B.Nord.) B.Nord.

Crassothonna sedifolia (DC.) B.Nord.

Crassothonna sparsiflora (S.Moore) B.Nord.
St. Augustine's Catholic Church (Napoleon, Ohio)
St. Augustine's Catholic Church is a historic church in Napoleon, Ohio, United States. Located on the edge of the city's downtown, two blocks away from the Henry County Courthouse, the church is a prominent landmark in Napoleon.

Napoleon, Ohio
Napoleon is a city in and the county seat of Henry County, Ohio, United States, along the Maumee River 44 miles (71 km) southwest of Toledo. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 8,862.
RUR-4 Weapon Alpha
The RUR-4 "Weapon Alpha" (originally Weapon Able) was an American naval ahead-throwing anti-submarine rocket launcher. It was designed between 1946 and 1949, and was installed on warships from 1951 to 1969. Unlike depth charges, it was designed to attack enemy submarines without requiring the attacking ship to be located directly above the submarine being attacked.

Anti-submarine rocket
An anti-submarine rocket is an anti-submarine weapon type deployed on surface warships for the purpose of sinking or damaging submarines by small explosive charges. They are similar to anti-submarine mortar but a comparably more modern system. This type of weapon used rockets instead of spigot mortars to deliver the explosive.
Denizli railway station
Denizli station is the main railway station in Denizli, Turkey. The Turkish State Railways operates three train services to Denizli; the daily Pamukkale Express to Eskişehir, the Basmane-Denizli Regional to İzmir with six daily trains and the daily Söke-Denizli Regional to Söke. It is located on the same street with Denizli Bus Terminal.

Denizli station  is on the southern end of the short 9.3 km (5.8 mi) Goncalı-Denizli railway, which connects the city to the İzmir–Eğirdir railway.

Denizli Bus Terminal
Denizli Bus Terminal (Turkish: Denizli Şehirlerarası Otobüs Terminali) is the intercity bus terminal of Denizli, Turkey. It was demolished in 2011, rebuilt in 2014 and reopened on March 9, 2014. During the period from 2011 to 2014, EGS Park, located approximately 6 kilometers away from the city center, was temporarily used as the terminal service. The terminal has 33 platforms for buses. It is located on the same boulevard as Denizli railway station.
Toccata
Toccata (from Italian toccare, literally, "to touch", with "toccata" being the action of touching) is a virtuoso piece of music typically for a keyboard or plucked string instrument featuring fast-moving, lightly fingered or otherwise virtuosic passages or sections, with or without imitative or fugal interludes, generally emphasizing the dexterity of the performer's fingers. Less frequently, the name is applied to works for multiple instruments (the opening of Claudio Monteverdi's opera L'Orfeo being a notable example).

Toccatas for Keyboard (Bach)
The Toccatas for Keyboard, BWV 910–916, are seven pieces for clavier written by Johann Sebastian Bach. Although the pieces were not originally organized into a collection by Bach himself (as were most of his other keyboard works, such as The Well-Tempered Clavier and the English Suites), the pieces share many similarities, and are frequently grouped and performed together under a collective title.