hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Warwick Thornton
Warwick Thornton is an Aboriginal Australian film director, screenwriter, and cinematographer. His debut feature film Samson and Delilah won the Caméra d'Or at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival and the award for Best Film at the Asia Pacific Screen Awards. He also won the Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Film in 2017 for Sweet Country. His latest film, Wolfram premiered at the Adelaide Film Festival on 26 October 2025.

Central Australian Aboriginal Media Association
The Central Australian Aboriginal Media Association (CAAMA) is an organisation founded in 1980 to expose Aboriginal music and culture to the rest of Australia. It started with 8KIN-FM, the first Aboriginal radio station in the country. Based in Alice Springs, the organisation is particularly focused on the involvement of the local Indigenous community in its production. CAAMA is involved in radio, television and recorded music.
Kamensk-Uralsky constituency
The Kamensk-Uralsky constituency (No.169) is a Russian legislative constituency in Sverdlovsk Oblast. The constituency covers southern Sverdlovsk Oblast, including part of Yekaterinburg, industrial city Kamensk-Uralsky and towns Sysert and Bogdanovich.

The constituency has been represented since 2016 by United Russia deputy Lev Kovpak, Member of Legislative Assembly of Sverdlovsk Oblast, supermarket chain owner and retail businessman.

Constituencies of Russia
Legislative constituencies are used in Russia to elect half of the seats (225) in the State Duma. Each Federal Subject gets a certain amount of constituencies, proportional to their population, with every Federal Subject getting at least one. Every constituency is a single-mandate one, meaning each constituency sends one representative (also known as a Deputy) to the State Duma.

Constituencies are created and their boundaries drawn by the Central Election Commission. According to Federal Law, the layout of constituencies are to be used for 10 years. Using these current constituencies, elections were held to the State Duma in 2016 and 2021.
Petra Blaisse
Petra Blaisse (born 1955) is a British-born Dutch designer. Her work is an intersection of the professions of architecture, interior architecture, landscape architecture, textile design, and exhibition design.

Rem Koolhaas
Remment Lucas Koolhaas (Dutch: [rɛm ˈkoːlɦaːs]; born 17 November 1944) is a Dutch architect, architectural theorist, urbanist and Professor in Practice of Architecture and Urban Design at the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University. He is often cited as a representative of deconstructivism and is the author of Delirious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan.

He is seen by some as one of the significant architectural thinkers and urbanists of his generation, by others as a self-important iconoclast. In 2000, Rem Koolhaas won the Pritzker Prize. In 2008, Time put him in their top 100 of The World's Most Influential People. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2014.
Edgar Watkins
Edgar Lewis Watkins (12 May 1887 – 1960) was a British gymnast. He competed in the men's team event at the 1908 Summer Olympics.

Watkins was a member of the Powell's Tillery Gymnastics Club of Abertillery, formed in 1903; most were local miners. Edgar Watkins was recorded as a member of the team in 1904. He was a member of the Powell's Tillery team that won the Welsh Amateur Gymnastics Shield in 1906 and again in 1908, and in March 1908, aged 19, he won the Individual Gymnastic Championship of Wales at his first attempt, while studying for a colliery manager's certificate. On the strength of this performance, he was selected to captain the Welsh national gymnastics team, the youngest man ever to do so. He was one of three team members to be entered in the Olympic Games in 1908. He continued his career with the club in 1909.

Watkins' elder brother was Evan Watkins, a professional rugby player and cricketer.

Evan Watkins
Evan William Watkins (third ¼ 1882 – 9 January 1956) was a Welsh rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s, and cricketer who played in the 1900s and 1910s. He played representative level  rugby union (RU) for Monmouthshire, and at club level for Abertillery, and club level rugby league (RL) for Warrington, as a wing. He also played cricket for Monmouthshire.
Baseball Rubbing Mud
Lena Blackburne Baseball Rubbing Mud is a brand of specially prepared mud used to prepare balls in the sport of baseball before they are put into play. Newly manufactured baseballs have a somewhat slick and glossy surface, so when new they are rubbed down with the mud to reduce the slickness and give pitchers a firmer grip and better control without damaging or discoloring the ball. Major League Baseball rules require every "pearl", or brand-new baseball, to be rubbed with rubbing mud for at least 30 seconds on game day until it achieves the desired texture and off-white color. The effects of adding a substance to the ball have called the attention of physicists over the years.

Mud
Mud (from Middle Low German  mudde, mod(de) 'thick mud', or Middle Dutch) is loam, silt or clay mixed with water. Mud is usually formed after rainfall or near water sources. Ancient mud deposits hardened over geological time to form sedimentary rock such as shale or mudstone (generally called lutites). When geological deposits of mud are formed in estuaries, the resultant layers are termed bay muds. Mud has also been used for centuries as a construction resource for mostly houses and also used as a binder. An Old English word for it was fen, now in most dialects referring to a type of wetland.
Touchardia
Touchardia is a genus of flowering plants in the nettle family, Urticaceae. It includes two species native to the Hawaiian Islands.

Touchardia latifolia Gaudich.

Touchardia sandwicensis (Wedd.) ined.

The name Touchardia is in honour of Philippe Victor Touchard (1810–1879), a French vice-admiral.

Urticaceae
The Urticaceae /ɜːrtɪˈkeɪsiː/ are a family, the nettle family,  of flowering plants. The family name comes from the genus Urtica. The Urticaceae family includes a number of well-known and useful plants, including nettles in the genus Urtica, Ramie (Boehmeria nivea), māmaki (Pipturus albidus), and ajlai (Debregeasia saeneb).

The family includes about 2,625 species, grouped into 53 genera. The largest genera are Pilea (500 to 715 species), Elatostema (300 species), Urtica (80 species), and Cecropia (75 species). Cecropia contains many myrmecophytes.

Urticaceae species can be found worldwide, but most species are found in tropical ecosystems, especially tropical Asia.
Boznańska (crater)
Boznańska is a crater on Mercury.  Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) on September 25, 2015. Boznańska is named for the Polish painter Olga Boznańska.

Boznańska contains hollows, located on or close to the central peak complex, as well as on the upper walls of small craters at the center and on the eastern floor.

To the west of Boznańska is Duccio crater, and to the east is Namatjira crater.

Duccio (crater)
Duccio is a crater on Mercury.  Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) on 
June 14, 2013. Duccio is named for the Italian painter Duccio di Buoninsegna.

Carnegie Rupes cuts across Duccio crater.  The crater Boznańska is to the east of Duccio, and Rubens is to the west.
Wang Anyi
Wang Anyi (born 6 March 1954) is a Chinese writer, vice-chair of the China Writers Association since 2006, and professor in Chinese Literature at Fudan University since 2004.

Wang widely writes novels, novellas, short stories and essays with diverse themes and topics. The majority of her works are set in Shanghai, where she lived and worked for the majority of her life. Wang also regularly writes about the countryside in Anhui, where she was "sent down" during the Cultural Revolution. Her works have been translated into English, German and French, and studied as zhiqing (educated youth), xungen (roots-searching), Haipai (Shanghai style), and dushi (urban, cosmopolitan) literature.

Mao Dun Literature Prize
The Mao Dun Literature Prize (Chinese: 茅盾文学奖; pinyin: Máo Dùn Wénxué Jiǎng) is an award for novels, established in the will of prominent Chinese writer Mao Dun (for which he personally donated 250,000 RMB) and sponsored by the China Writers Association.  Awarded every four years, it is one of the most prestigious literature prizes in China. It was first awarded in 1982.
Madagascar at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Madagascar sent a delegation that competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. The games were originally scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020, but were postponed to 23 July to 8 August 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was the nation's thirteenth appearance at the Olympics, since its debut in 1964.

Six athletes from Madagascar were selected for the Games, competing in four different sports. Damiella Nomenjanahary and Éric Andriantsitohaina were chosen to be Madagascar's flag bearers during the Parade of Nations of the opening ceremony. There were no Malagasy athletes at the closing ceremony.

Universality slot
Universality slots or universality places are used by the International Olympic Committee to increase diversity of participating nations across the sports programme of the Olympic Games to help countries with traditionally small delegations.
Wat Khuha Sawan (Bangkok)
Wat Khuha Sawan or full name Wat Kuha Sawan Worawihan (Thai: วัดคูหาสวรรค์, pronounced [wát kʰūː.hǎː sā.wǎn], วัดคูหาสวรรค์วรวิหาร, pronounced [wát kʰūː.hǎː sā.wǎn wɔ̄ːráʔwíʔhǎːn]) is a historic Buddhist temple in Phasi Charoen District, Bangkok.

Phasi Charoen district
Phasi Charoen (Thai: ภาษีเจริญ, pronounced [pʰāː.sǐː t͡ɕā.rɤ̄ːn]) is one of the 50 districts (Khet) of Bangkok, Thailand. The district is bounded by other Bangkok districts (from north clockwise): Taling Chan, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok Yai, Thon Buri, Chom Thong, Bang Bon, and Bang Khae.
Tohunga Suppression Act 1907
The Tohunga Suppression Act 1907 was an Act of the New Zealand Parliament aimed at replacing tohunga as traditional Māori healers with western medicine.

It was introduced by James Carroll who expressed impatience with what he considered regressive Māori attitudes, as he was worried those attitudes would isolate Māori. Officials had been concerned for years about the sometimes dangerous practices of tohunga. The Act was introduced in part to target Māori self-proclaimed prophet, faith healer and land rights activist Rua Kenana, but it was never used against him.

It was praised by many influential Māori at the time, including Māui Pōmare and all four Māori MPs (Āpirana Ngata, Hōne Heke Ngāpua, Tame Parata and Henare Kaihau). According to Willie Jackson, the prevailing concern raised by Ngata was the harm arising from improper medical practices, rather than the destruction of mātauranga Māori.

Tohunga
In the culture of the Māori of New Zealand, a tohunga (tōhuka in Southern Māori dialect) is an expert practitioner of any skill or art, either religious or otherwise. Tohunga include expert priests, healers, navigators, carvers, builders, teachers and advisors. A tohunga may have also been the head of a whānau (family) but quite often was also a rangatira (chief) and an ariki (noble). The equivalent and cognate in Hawaiian culture is kahuna, tahu'a in Tahitian.
Punta Križa
Punta Križa (Italian: Punta Croce) is a village on the southern end of the Croatian island of Cres, in Primorje-Gorski Kotar. Administratively, it is part of the town of Mali Lošinj. As of 2021, it had a population of 46. There are at least two marinas in the region.

Cres
Cres is an Adriatic island in west Croatia. It is one of the northern islands in the Kvarner Gulf and can be reached via ferry from Rijeka, Krk island or from the Istrian peninsula (line Brestova-Porozina).

With an area of 405.78 square kilometres (156.67 mi2), Cres has the same size as the neighbouring Krk island. In 2011, Cres had a population of 3,079 people.

In the past, Cres and the neighbouring island of Lošinj used to be one island, but now they are divided by a channel and connected by a bridge that starts from the town of Osor. Cres's only freshwater source is Lake Vrana.
Margaret de Clare
Margaret de Clare, Countess of Gloucester, Countess of Cornwall (12 October 1293 – 9 April 1342) was an English noblewoman, heiress, and the second eldest of the three daughters of Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford and his wife Joan of Acre, making her a granddaughter of King Edward I of England. Her two husbands were Piers Gaveston and Hugh de Audley, 1st Earl of Gloucester.

Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester
Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, 7th Earl of Gloucester (2 September 1243 – 7 December 1295) was a powerful English magnate. He was also known as "Red" Gilbert de Clare or "The Red Earl", probably because of his hair colour or fiery temper in battle. He held the Lordship of Glamorgan which was one of the most powerful and wealthy of the Welsh Marcher Lordships as well as over 200 English manors (172 in the Honor of Clare).
Television in Tunisia
Television in Tunisia reaches 94% of households. The dominant platform in the market is free satellite, though terrestrial platform reaches around 15% of the households. The country has seventeen free-to-air channels, two of which are owned and operated by the state-owned Télévision Tunisienne (formerly ERTT), El Watania 1 and El Watania 2. The two state-owned channels have undergone management changes since the 2011 revolution, and consequently changes in programming and content.

Télévision Tunisienne
The Établissement de la Télévision Tunisienne (TT, French for Establishment of the Tunisian Television or simply Tunisian Television; in Arabic: مؤسسة التلفزة التونسية) is Tunisia's national state-owned public service television broadcaster. The company was established by the country's president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in August 2007, by dividing the country's former state broadcaster ERTT into separate companies for radio (Radio Tunisienne) and television. Tunisian television operates two nationwide television channels and is an active member of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and the Arab States Broadcasting Union (ABSU).
Erdington
Erdington is a suburb and ward of Birmingham, in the county of the West Midlands, England.  It is located 5 miles (8 km) northeast of central Birmingham, bordering Sutton Coldfield. Erdington saw significant development in the Victorian era after the railway arrived from Birmingham in 1862. It was incorporated into Birmingham in 1912. The 2021 census shows the population of the ward to be 21,550.

A452 road
The A452 is a road in England, which runs from Royal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire to Brownhills in the West Midlands. It is the major link to the M6 motorway for both Leamington and Warwick in addition to serving as Leamington's link to the M40 motorway and to Coventry. This road runs all the way to Chester, if you stay on it long enough.

Between Brownhills and Kenilworth it follows the line of the ancient drover's road called the Welsh Road, which probably has pre-Roman origins.
Stephen M. Ross (politician)
Stephen Miles Ross (born 1951) is an American politician. He was elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives in 2012, and he served from 2013 until 2021. He was reelected in 2022 after a rematch with Ricky Hurtado, who previously had defeated Ross in 2020.  A Republican, he serves the 63rd district. He has also served as mayor of Burlington, North Carolina.

Ricky Hurtado
Ricky Hurtado (born December 7, 1988) is an American politician and educator who previously served as a member of the North Carolina House of Representatives from the 63rd district. Elected in November 2020, he assumed office on January 1, 2021.
Row and column vectors
In linear algebra, a column vector with ⁠⁠ elements is an  matrix consisting of a single column of ⁠⁠ entries. Similarly, a row vector is a  matrix, consisting of a single row of ⁠⁠ entries. For example, ⁠⁠ is a column vector and ⁠⁠ is a row matrix:

(Throughout this article, boldface is used for both row and column vectors.)

The transpose (indicated by T) of any row vector is a column vector, and the transpose of any column vector is a row vector:

Taking the transpose twice returns the original (row or column) vector: ⁠⁠.

The set of all row vectors with n entries in a given field (such as the real numbers) forms an n-dimensional vector space; similarly, the set of all column vectors with m entries forms an m-dimensional vector space.

The space of row vectors with n entries can be regarded as the dual space of the space of column vectors with n entries, since any linear functional on the space of column vectors can be represented as the left-multiplication of a unique row vector.

Linear algebra
Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations such as

linear maps such as

and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices.

Linear algebra is central to almost all areas of mathematics. For instance, linear algebra is fundamental in modern presentations of geometry, including for defining basic objects such as lines, planes and rotations. Also, functional analysis, a branch of mathematical analysis, may be viewed as the application of linear algebra to function spaces.

Linear algebra is also used in most sciences and fields of engineering because it allows modeling many natural phenomena, and computing efficiently with such models. For nonlinear systems, which cannot be modeled with linear algebra, it is often used for dealing with first-order approximations, using the fact that the differential of a multivariate function at a point is the linear map that best approximates the function near that point.
Kryvyi Rih Raion
Kryvyi Rih Raion (Ukrainian: Криворізький район) is a raion (district) of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast situated in central and southern Ukraine. Its administrative centre is the city of Kryvyi Rih. Population: 743,934 (2022 estimate).

On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, the number of raions of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast was reduced to seven, and the area of Kryvyi Rih Raion was significantly expanded. Three abolished raions, Apostolove,  Shyroke,  and Sofiivka Raions, as well as Kryvyi Rih Municipality, were merged into Kryvyi Rih Raion. The January 2020 estimate of the raion population was 43,807 (2020 est.).

Shyroke Raion
Shyroke Raion (Ukrainian: Широківський район) was a raion (district) of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, southeastern-central Ukraine. Its administrative centre was located at the urban-type settlement of Shyroke. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast to seven. The area of Shyroke Raion was merged into Kryvyi Rih Raion. The last estimate of the raion population was 25,696 (2020 est.).

At the time of disestablishment, the raion consisted of four hromadas:

Hrechani Pody rural hromada with the administration in the selo of Hrechani Pody;

Karpivka rural hromada with the administration in the selo of Karpivka;

Novolativka rural hromada with the administration in the selo of Novolativka;

Shyroke settlement hromada with the administration in Shyroke.
RAR (file format)
RAR is a proprietary archive file format that supports data compression, error correction and file spanning. It was developed in 1993 by Russian software engineer Eugene Roshal and the software is licensed by win.rar GmbH. The name RAR stands for Roshal Archive.

Prediction by partial matching
Prediction by partial matching (PPM) is an adaptive statistical data compression technique based on context modeling and prediction. PPM models use a set of previous symbols in the uncompressed symbol stream to predict the next symbol in the stream.  PPM algorithms can also be used to cluster data into predicted groupings in cluster analysis.
Kostromskoy Uyezd
Kostromskoy Uyezd (Костромской уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Kostroma Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the western part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Kostroma.

Kostroma Governorate
Kostroma Governorate (Russian: Костромская губерния, romanized: Kostromskaya guberniya) was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR, which existed from 1796 to 1929. Its administrative center was in the city of Kostroma.
Chandrakant Sheth
Chandrakant Sheth (3 February 1938 – 2 August 2024) was an Indian Gujarati poet, essayist, critic, translator and editor from Gujarat. His pen names include Aryaputra, Nand Samavedi, Balchadra and Daksh Prajapati. He won the Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati in 1986 for his book Dhoolmani Paglio.

In January 2025, Sheth was honored with the Padma Shri, India's fourth-highest civilian award, by the Government of India.

Children's literature in Gujarati language
The Children's literature in Gujarati language of India has its roots in traditional folk literature, Puranic literature, epics and fables from Sanskrit literature. Following 1830s, the large number of stories and fables adapted and translated from various traditional and western sources started to appear in Gujarati. Led by Gijubhai Badheka and Nanabhai Bhatt, the children's literature expanded rapidly in form of stories, poems, rhymes and riddles. Several authors and poets wrote for children intermittently and exclusively. Large number of magazines catering to children were published by middle of twentieth century. Later adventure novels, science fiction, young-adult fiction were also published. Ramanlal Soni and Jivram Joshi contributed for five decades creating stories, fictional characters and novels. Few children's plays were published while the biographies of historical characters appeared frequently.
Republic of Sudan v. Harrison
Republic of Sudan v. Harrison, 587 U.S. ___ (2019), was a United States Supreme Court case from the October 2018 term. The Court held that civil service of a lawsuit against the government of Sudan was invalid because the civil complaints and summons had been sent to the Embassy of Sudan in Washington, D.C. rather than to the Sudanese Foreign Minister in Khartoum.

This case is notable because it arose out of the bombing of the USS Cole, a terrorist attack perpetrated by Al-Qaeda in 2000. The United States federal government's decision to file a friend of the court brief supporting Sudan against a lawsuit filed by injured United States service members also sparked controversy. The administration's amicus curiae brief condemned the terrorist attack but argued that allowing service of process at embassies would undermine the principle of mission inviolability.

USS Cole bombing
The USS Cole bombing was a suicide attack by al-Qaeda against USS Cole, a guided missile destroyer of the United States Navy, on 12 October 2000, while it was being refueled in Yemen's Aden harbor.

Seventeen U.S. Navy sailors were killed and thirty-seven injured in the deadliest attack against a United States naval vessel since the USS Stark incident in 1987.

Al-Qaeda claimed responsibility for the attack. A U.S. judge has held Sudan liable for the attack, while another has released over $13 million in Sudanese frozen assets to the relatives of those killed. The U.S. Navy reconsidered its rules of engagement in response to this attack. On 30 October 2020, Sudan and the United States signed a bilateral claims agreement to compensate families of the sailors who died in the bombing. The agreement entered into force in February 2021.
Princeton, South Carolina
Princeton is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Laurens County, South Carolina, United States of America. The population was 62 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Greenville–Mauldin–Easley Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Laurens County, South Carolina
Laurens County is a county located in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 census, its population was 67,539. Its county seat is Laurens. Laurens County is included in the Greenville-Anderson-Greer, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area.