hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2014 FIFA World Cup seeding
The final draw for the 2014 FIFA World Cup took place on 6 December 2013 at the Costa do Sauípe Resort, Mata de São João in Bahia, at 13:00 local time (UTC−3). The ceremony determined the group in which the 32 participating teams would begin the final tournament. The teams were divided in advance by FIFA into four pots based on seedings and geographic regions.

Sauipe
Sauipe is a district in the municipality of Mata de São João, on the northern coast of the state of Bahia, in Brazil. There are few permanent residents there, due to the very high cost of residences and the fact that almost the entire area is filled with hotels and resorts, which form the largest tourist complex in Brazil.
Farringdon, London
Farringdon is an area in the London Borough of Islington, situated immediately north of its border with the City of London. The term is used to describe the area around Farringdon station.

Historically the district corresponded to southern Clerkenwell and the small parish of St Sepulchre Middlesex. The area's name is a back-formation: It takes its name from the station, which was in turn named after Farringdon Street.

To the south lie the City of London wards of Farringdon Within and Farringdon Without. The City Wards, which were once a single unit, are unconnected to the distinct area of Farringdon to their north, though there is an etymological connection.

Wards of the City of London
The City of London (also known simply as "the City") is divided into 25 wards. The city is the historic core of the much wider metropolis of Greater London, with an ancient and sui generis form of local government, which avoided the many local government reforms elsewhere in the country in the 19th and 20th centuries. Unlike other modern English local authorities, the City of London Corporation has two council bodies: the now largely ceremonial Court of Aldermen, and the Court of Common Council.

The wards are a survival of the medieval governmental system that allowed very small areas to exist as self-governing units within the wider city. They are both electoral/political sub-divisions and permanent ceremonial, geographic and administrative entities within the city. They had their boundaries changed in 2003, and to a lesser extent in 2013, though the number of wards and their names did not change.
Monopsony
In economics, a monopsony is a market structure in which a single buyer substantially controls the market as the major purchaser of goods and services offered by many would-be sellers. The microeconomic theory of monopsony assumes a single entity to have market power over all sellers as the only purchaser of a good or service. This is a similar power to that of a monopolist, which can influence the price for its buyers in a monopoly, where multiple buyers have only one seller of a good or service available to purchase from.

Joan Robinson
Joan Violet Robinson FBA (née Maurice; 31 October 1903 – 5 August 1983) was a British economist known for her wide-ranging contributions to economic theory. One of the most prominent economists of the century, Robinson incarnated the "Cambridge School" in most of its guises in the 20th century. She started out as a Marshallian, became one of the earliest and most ardent Keynesians after 1936, and ended up as a leader of the neo-Ricardian and post-Keynesian schools.
Holsten Brewery
Holsten Brewery (Holsten-Brauerei AG) is a brewing company founded in 1879 in what is now Hamburg's Altona-Nord quarter. The group now has seven breweries in Germany. Its nationally distributed premium brand is the pale lager Holsten Pilsener. The company was acquired by the Carlsberg Group in 2004.

Altona-Nord
Altona-Nord (German pronunciation: [ˈaltoːnə ˈnɔʁt] ⓘ, lit. 'Altona-North') located in the Altona borough in the city Hamburg, Germany, is one of 104 quarters of Hamburg. In 2023, the population was 26,807.
Piobbico
Piobbico (Romagnol: Piòbich) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pesaro e Urbino in the Italian region Marche, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) west of Ancona and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) southwest of Pesaro.

Monte Nerone and the location of the Battle of the Metaurus are nearby. The Candigliano is joined by the Biscubio in the vicinity of the town.

Candigliano
The Candigliano is a river in the Marche and Umbria regions of Italy. Its source is in the Appennino Umbro-Marchigiano mountains in the province of Pesaro e Urbino near the border with the province of Perugia. The river flows east and forms the border between Pesaro e Urbino and Perugia for a short distance south of Mercatello sul Metauro before entering Pesaro e Urbino. It then continues flowing east past an exclave called Monte Ruperto belonging to Città di Castello and then past Piobbico, where it is joined by the Biscubio. The river is joined by the Burano at Acqualagna and flows northeast near the Furlo Pass until it joins the Metauro west of Fossombrone.
Well's Bay
Well's Bay (also Wells Bay, The Well's Bay; previously The Well Bay) is a coastal bay on the island of Saba in the Dutch Caribbean. It is located on the northwestern coast of the island. The bay is one of a few places for swimming on Saba. Sometimes Well's Bay has a small beach, known locally as the “wandering beach” due to the black sand that appears and disappears seasonally and sporadically.

The bay is part of Saba National Marine Park and is popular snorkeling location due to the proximity to coral reefs. At the northernmost end of Well's Bay, Torrens Point is a popular dive site for scuba divers and snorkelers.

Saba (island)
Saba is a Caribbean island and the smallest special municipality (officially "public body") of the Netherlands. It consists largely of the dormant volcano Mount Scenery, which at 870 metres (2,854.3 ft) is the highest point of the entire Kingdom of the Netherlands. The island lies in the northern Leeward Islands portion of the West Indies, southeast of the Virgin Islands. Together with Bonaire and Sint Eustatius it forms the Caribbean Netherlands, also known as the BES islands.

Saba has a land area of 13 square kilometres (5.0 sq mi). The population was 2,158 in January 2025, with a population density of 147 inhabitants per square kilometre (380/sq mi). It is the smallest territory by permanent population in the Americas. Its towns and major settlements are The Bottom (the capital), Windwardside, Zion's Hill, and St. Johns.
Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics
Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics (5 February [O.S. 24 January] 1887, Durbe – 22 August 1925, near Tukums) was a Latvian politician and diplomat who served as the first Foreign Minister of Latvia from its independence until 1924 and again from December of the same year until his death. He also served two terms as the Prime Minister of Latvia from June, 1921 to January, 1923 and from June 1923 to January, 1924. He was one of the founders of the Latvian Farmers' Union, one of Latvia's oldest political parties.

Durbe
Durbe (pronunciationⓘ; German: Durben, Lithuanian: Durbė, Polish: Dorbiany, Russian: Дурбе Durbe/Дурбен Durben) is a town in South Kurzeme Municipality, in the Courland region of Latvia. Durbe was first noted in 1260, when the Battle of Durbe occurred near Lake Durbe. As of 2020, the population was 492. The town is also the extra-territorial center of Durbe Parish.

Town rights were granted to Durbe in 1893 and confirmed in 1917. Durbe manor served as the headquarters of a German brigade in 1917.

The town's coat of arms was granted in 1925: a silver apple tree with seven apples, one for each day of the week. The tree represents the Durbe Apple Orchards, created in the early 20th century by the mayor and city gardener Sīmanis Klēvers. In Latvian folklore, an apple tree is also considered a magical source of youth and sympathy. The city flag was adopted in 2016.
Primelephas
Primelephas is a genus of Elephantinae that existed during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs.  The name of the genus suggests 'first elephant'.   These primitive elephantids are thought to be the common ancestor of Mammuthus, the mammoths, and the closely allied genera Elephas and Loxodonta, the Asian and African elephants, diverging some 4-6 million years ago. It had four tusks, which is a trait not shared with its descendants, but common in earlier proboscideans.  The type species, Primelephas gomphotheroides, was described by Vincent Maglio in 1970, with the specific epithet indicating the fossil specimens were gomphothere-like. Primelephas korotorensis is the only other species to be assigned to the genus. All fossils found of the Primelephas have been found in Africa, primarily in modern day Chad, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, and Uganda.

Elephas
Elephas is a genus of elephants and one of two surviving genera in the family Elephantidae, with only a single living species, the Asian elephant (E. maximus). Several extinct species have been identified as belonging to the genus, extending back to the Pliocene or possibly the late Miocene.
Scientist Rebellion
Scientist Rebellion is an international scientists' environmentalist group that campaigns for degrowth, climate justice, and more effective climate change mitigation.

More specifically, Scientist Rebellion is a network of academics that tries to raise awareness by engaging in non-violent civil disobedience. It is a sister organization to Extinction Rebellion. The group was co-founded by Mike Lynch-White and Dr. Tim Hewlett, who splattered paint on the headquarters of the Royal Society in September 2020, the group's first action.

Front‑line participation is limited to scientists, scholars, and academics.  The white lab coats worn provide a simple way of being identified as scientists.

Gianluca Grimalda
Gianluca Grimalda is an Italian social scientist. Concerned about the effects of climate change and social cohesion, he came to public attention when he refused to travel by plane on business because of the climate impact of air travel. This refusal was followed by dismissal by his employer, the Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
2008 ARIA Music Awards
The 22nd annual Australian Recording Industry Association Music Awards (generally known as ARIA Music Awards or simply The ARIAs) took place on 19 October 2008. The nominees for all categories were announced on 10 September, while the winners of the Artisan Awards were announced on the same day.

If You Keep Losing Sleep
"If You Keep Losing Sleep" is a song by Australian band Silverchair from their fifth album Young Modern, released on 9 October 2007. It was the third single in Australia to be released from the album. It was released worldwide as the second single from the album, since "Reflections of a Sound" was only available as a single in Australia. On 30 September, the band performed the song live on the talk show Rove, hosted by Rove McManus, taking elements from the song's video and bringing them into the performance. "If You Keep Losing Sleep" peaked at 16 on the official ARIA single charts in Australia.
Hocomo, Missouri
Hocomo is a small unincorporated community in Howell County, Missouri, United States. It is located approximately thirteen miles southwest of West Plains on U.S. Route 160.

A post office called Hocomo was established in 1931, and remained in operation until 1981. The community's name is a contraction of "HOwell COunty, MO".

Howell County, Missouri
Howell County is in southern Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 39,750. The largest city and county seat is West Plains. The county was officially organized on March 2, 1857, and is named after Josiah Howell, a pioneer settler in the Howell Valley.

Howell County comprises the West Plains, MO, Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Structural type system
A structural type system (or property-based type system) is a major class of type systems in which type compatibility and equivalence are determined by the type's actual structure or definition and not by other characteristics such as its name or place of declaration. Structural systems are used to determine if types are equivalent and whether a type is a subtype of another. It contrasts with nominative systems, where comparisons are based on the names of the types or explicit declarations, and duck typing, in which only the part of the structure accessed at runtime is checked for compatibility.

Duck typing
In computer programming, duck typing is an application of the duck test—"If it walks like a duck and it quacks like a duck, then it must be a duck"—to determine whether an object can be used for a particular purpose. With nominative typing, an object is of a given type if it is declared as such (or if a type's association with the object is inferred through mechanisms such as object inheritance). With duck typing, an object is of a given type if it has all methods and properties required by that type. Duck typing may be viewed as a usage-based structural equivalence between a given object and the requirements of a type.
Music of Cornwall
Cornwall is a Celtic nation with a long musical history. Strengthened by a series of 20th century revivals, traditional folk music has a popular following. It is accompanied by traditions of pipers, brass and silver bands, male voice choirs, classical, electronic and popular music.

Dalla
Dalla was a band specialising in traditional Cornish music who were active from the late 1990s until about 2017. They were known mainly for their festival and concert performances, but until about 2013 also played music for Cornish Nos Lowen dance nights. After this, they used the name 'Skillywidden' when playing as a dance band. Skillywidden continues to be one of the main Nos Lowen dance bands.

Members play the clarinet, bouzouki, fiddle, viola, accordion and percussion. They sing in both Cornish and English.

Various members of Dalla formerly played in Bucca (a Cornish band named for the supernatural sea deities called Bucca), Sowena, Anao Atao and other bands. The music displays influences from these previous sounds. Dalla often appear with many additional instruments, which vary from event to event.
Transmission disequilibrium test
In genetics, the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) was proposed by Spielman, McGinnis and Ewens (1993) as a family-based association test for the presence of genetic linkage between a genetic marker and a trait. It is an application of McNemar's test.

A specificity of the TDT is that it will detect genetic linkage only in the presence of genetic association.
While genetic association can be caused by population structure, genetic linkage will not be affected, which makes the TDT robust to the presence of population structure.

Genetic association
Genetic association is when one or more genotypes within a population co-occur with a phenotypic trait more often than would be expected by chance occurrence.

Studies of genetic association aim to test whether single-locus alleles or genotype frequencies or more generally, multilocus haplotype frequencies differ between two groups of individuals (usually diseased subjects and healthy controls). Genetic association studies are based on the principle that genotypes can be compared "directly", i.e. with the sequences of the actual genomes or exomes via whole genome sequencing or whole exome sequencing. Before 2010, DNA sequencing methods were used.
Osowiec, Zambrów County
Osowiec [ɔˈsɔvjɛt͡s] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zambrów, within Zambrów County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.

Five Polish citizens were murdered by Nazi Germany in the village during World War II.

Gmina Zambrów
Gmina Zambrów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Zambrów County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Zambrów, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina. Its largest village is Wola Zambrowska.

The gmina covers an area of 298.98 square kilometres (115.4 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 8,725 (8,982 in 2013).
Mountain tailorbird
The mountain tailorbird (Phyllergates cucullatus) is a songbird species formerly placed in the "Old World warbler" assemblage, but is now placed in the genus Phyllergates of the family Cettiidae.

It is native to the Purvanchal Range, southern China and mountainous areas of Southeast Asia.

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.

Old World warbler
The Old World warblers are a large group of birds formerly grouped together in the bird family Sylviidae. They are not closely related to the New World warblers. The family held over 400 species in over 70 genera, and were the source of much taxonomic confusion. Two families were split out initially, the cisticolas into Cisticolidae and the kinglets into Regulidae. In the past 20–30 years they have been the subject of much research and many species are now placed into other families, including the Acrocephalidae, Cettiidae, Phylloscopidae, and Megaluridae. In addition some species have been moved into existing families or have not yet had their placement fully resolved. Only a small number of warblers, in just two genera, are now retained in the family Sylviidae.
Eaglehawk Football Club
The Eaglehawk Football Netball Club is an Australian rules football and netball club based in the town of Eaglehawk, Victoria and Eaglehawk teams currently compete in the Bendigo Football Netball League (BFNL).

Eaglehawk, Victoria
Eaglehawk is a suburb within the City of Greater Bendigo and a former gold-mining town in Victoria, Australia.

Eaglehawk is situated to the north-west of Bendigo on the Loddon Valley Highway. The highway is known locally as High Street until the intersection with Sailors Gully Road (Bendigo - Pyramid Road) and as Peg Leg Road to the west. Located on this intersection is Brassey Square which is the location of the town hall. Next to the town hall is the former post office and the Mechanics' Institute. To the north of the intersection on Napier Street is Canterbury Park and Lake Neangar while the Swan Hill railway line and the local railway station are located to the south.
Richmond Pacific Railroad
The Richmond Pacific Railroad (reporting mark RPRC) is a terminal railroad owned by the Levin-Richmond Terminal Corporation.  The RPRC operates on 2.5 miles (4.0 km) of track in the shipping terminal and wharves at Richmond, California.

The RPRC also interchanges with the Union Pacific (UP) and BNSF Railway (BNSF). The shipping tariff is a flat rate of $210 per car or $310 per hazardous material car.  The railroad operates two shifts, between 6 a.m. - 10 p.m.  The railroad switches about 3,250 cars per year.

The RPRC was formerly known as the Parr Terminal Railroad (reporting mark PRT).

Richmond, California
Richmond is a city in western Contra Costa County, California, United States. The city was incorporated on August 3, 1905, and has a city council. Located in the San Francisco Bay Area's East Bay region, Richmond borders San Pablo, Albany, El Cerrito and Pinole in addition to the unincorporated communities of North Richmond, Hasford Heights, Kensington, El Sobrante, Bayview-Montalvin Manor, Tara Hills, and East Richmond Heights, and for a short distance San Francisco on Red Rock Island in the San Francisco Bay.

Richmond is one of two cities, the other being San Rafael, that sits on the shores of both San Francisco Bay and San Pablo Bay. Its population was 116,448 as of the 2020 United States census making it the second largest city in the United States named Richmond after Richmond, Virginia.
Rārangi
Rārangi is a very small town in the South Island of New Zealand which is approximately 15 minutes drive to the north-east of Blenheim, on the coast of Cloudy Bay.

A macron was officially added to the name in May 2021.

Cloudy Bay
Te Koko-o-Kupe / Cloudy Bay is located at the northeast of New Zealand's South Island, to the south of the Marlborough Sounds and north of Clifford Bay. In August 2014, the name Cloudy Bay, given by Captain Cook in 1770, was officially altered to Te Koko-o-Kupe / Cloudy Bay, with the Māori name recalling the early explorer Kupe scooping up oysters from the bay.
The area lends its name to one of the best known New World white wines (Cloudy Bay Vineyards Sauvignon Blanc) although the grapes used in production of that wine are grown in the Marlborough wine region further inland.
De Bow's Review
De Bow's Review was a widely-circulated magazine of "agricultural, commercial, and industrial progress and resource" in the American South during the mid-19th century, from 1846 to 1884. Before the Civil War, the magazine "recommended the best practices for wringing profits from slaves." It bore the name of its first editor, James Dunwoody Brownson De Bow (J. D. B. De Bow, 1820–1867), who wrote much of the early issues, but there were various writers over the years (see below: Contributors). R. G. Barnwell and Edwin Q. Bell, of Charleston, appeared as editors in March 1867, after DeBow's death,
and W. M. Burwell was editor from March 1868 to December 1879.

J. D. B. De Bow
James Dunwoody Brownson De Bow (July 20, 1820 – February 27, 1867) was an American publisher and statistician, best known for his influential magazine De Bow's Review, who also served as superintendent of the U.S. Census from 1853 to 1855. He always spelled "De Bow" as two words.
Wytok, West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Wytok [ˈvɨtɔk] (German: Fier) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płoty, within Gryfice County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 10 km (6 mi) west of Płoty, 10 km (6 mi) south-west of Gryfice, and 59 km (37 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Gmina Płoty
Gmina Płoty is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Gryfice County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Płoty, which lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south of Gryfice and 63 km (39 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

The gmina covers an area of 238.79 square kilometres (92.2 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 9,212 (out of which the population of Płoty amounts to 4,142, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 5,070).
Designing Social Inquiry
Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research (or KKV) is an influential 1994 book written by Gary King, Robert Keohane, and Sidney Verba that lays out guidelines for conducting qualitative research. The central thesis of the book is that qualitative and quantitative research share the same "logic of inference." The book primarily applies lessons from regression-oriented analysis to qualitative research, arguing that the same logics of causal inference can be used in both types of research.

The text is often referred to as KKV within social science disciplines (based on the first letter initial of the last names of each of the authors of the text). The book has been the subject of intense debate among social scientists. The 2004 book Rethinking Social Inquiry, edited by Henry E. Brady and David Collier, is an influential summary of responses to KKV.

Sidney Verba
Sidney Verba (May 26, 1932 – March 4, 2019) was an American political scientist, librarian and library administrator. His academic interests were mainly American and comparative politics. He was the Carl H. Pforzheimer University Professor at Harvard University and also served Harvard as the director of the Harvard University Library from 1984 to 2007.

Verba was educated at Harvard College and Princeton University, and served on the faculty of Princeton, Stanford University, and the University of Chicago, before returning to Harvard, where he would spend the rest of his career. As he gave notice of his intention to retire in 2006, Verba observed: "Academics are the only people I can think of for whom this sentence makes sense: 'I'm hoping to get some time off so that I can get some work done.'"