hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Makin, South Australia
Makin is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located on the state’s south-east, about 208 kilometres (129 mi) south-east of the state capital of Adelaide and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) north-west of the municipal seat of Bordertown.

Its name and boundaries for the locality were assigned in March 2000 for the portion within the Tatiara District Council, while the portion within the Coorong District Council was added in August 2000.  Makin’s name is derived from the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Makin, which was named after James Bain Makin 1855-1933), a pastoralist who lived in the vicinity of what is now the hundred.

The principal land use in the locality is primary production.

The 2016 Australian census, which was conducted in August 2016, reports that Makin had a population of 30 people.

Makin is located within the federal division of Barker, the state electoral district of Mackillop, and the local government area of the Tatiara District Council.

Tatiara District Council
Tatiara District Council is a local government area located in south-eastern South Australia. The name Tatiara is said to mean "the good country", a phrase which dates back to the area's first inhabitants, the Bodaruwitj people. It is one of the largest local government areas in South Australia at 6,476 km2 (2,500 sq mi). The district's economy is based primarily on agriculture, with cereal crops such as wheat, barley and oats and with livestock such as sheep, cattle and pigs prominent.
Wincanton Skirmish
The Wincanton Skirmish took place on 20 November 1688 in Wincanton, Somerset during the Glorious Revolution. A small cavalry patrol of the English Army under Patrick Sarsfield clashed with a detachment of the Dutch States Army's Scots Brigade in one of only two substantial battles fought in England during the Glorious Revolution.

Wincanton
Wincanton (/ˈwɪŋkæntən/ or /wɪŋˈkæntən/) is a town and electoral ward in Somerset, southwest England. The town lies off the A303 road, a main route between London and South West England, and has some light industry. In the 2021 census the civil parish had a population of 6,568.
National Register of Historic Places listings in Rains County, Texas
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Rains County, Texas.

This is intended to be a complete list of properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Rains County, Texas. There are four properties listed on the National Register in the county including one site that is both a State Antiquities Landmark and a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted March 21, 2025.

Rains County, Texas
Rains County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 12,164. Its seat is Emory. The county (and county seat) are named for Emory Rains, a Texas state legislator.

In 1970, Recorded Texas Historic Landmark Number 10860 was placed in the county courthouse lawn.
Junior ice hockey
Junior ice hockey is an amateur ice hockey level for 16 to 21-year-old players. National Junior teams compete annually for the IIHF World Junior Championship. The United States men's national junior ice hockey team are the defending champions from the 2025 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.

Junior Hockey League (Russia)
The Junior Hockey League (JHL) (Russian: Молодежная Хоккейная Лига (МХЛ), romanized: Molodezhnaya Hokkeinaya Liga (MHL)), sometimes translated as the Minor or Youth Hockey League, is a major junior ice hockey league in Eurasia, founded in 2009. It currently consists of 33 teams from 3 countries. Currently, all teams but one are subsidiaries (feeder teams) of their respective KHL or VHL professional counterparts. A player's age cannot be older than 20.  The Kharlamov Cup, named after star ice hockey player Valeri Kharlamov, is awarded annually as the Ice Hockey Federation of Russia's official Junior Championship, following a 16-team playoff at the end of the regular season.
Torch River (Michigan)
The Torch River is a short river in the Northern Lower Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. At 2.1 miles (3.4 km) in length, the river connects Torch Lake to Lake Skegemog, and is a crucial link in the Elk River Chain of Lakes Watershed. The river is divided along its entire length between Antrim and Kalkaska counties. The northern source of the river is home to a Michigan Department of Natural Resources (DNR) Access Site.

The Rapid River is a major tributary of the Torch River.

Elk River Chain of Lakes Watershed
The Elk River Chain of Lakes Watershed, commonly known as the Chain of Lakes, is a 75-mile-long (121 km) waterway consisting of numerous lakes and connecting rivers in the northwestern Lower Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. The watershed empties via the Elk River in Elk Rapids into the East Arm of Grand Traverse Bay, a bay of Lake Michigan.

The watershed includes 500 square miles (1,300 km2) in Antrim, Charlevoix, Grand Traverse, and Kalkaska counties. The watershed includes a series of 14 lakes and interconnecting rivers. From the uppermost lake in the chain, Beals Lake in Echo Township, Antrim County, the water flows 55 miles (89 km) and drops 40 feet (12 m) in elevation. It has over 200 miles (320 km) of shoreline and almost 60 square miles (160 km2) of water surface area.
Gulf of Khambhat
The Gulf of Khambhat (Gujarati: [kʰəmbʱat̪]), also known as the Gulf of Cambay, is a bay on the Arabian Sea coast of India, bordering the state of Gujarat, just north of Mumbai and the Diu Island. The Gulf of Khambhat is about 200 km (120 mi) long, about 20 km (12 mi) wide in the north and up to 70 km (43 mi) wide in the south. Major rivers draining Gujarat are the Narmada, Tapti, Mahi and the Sabarmati, that form estuaries in the gulf.

It divides the Kathiawar Peninsula from the south-eastern part of Gujarat.

There are plans to construct a 30-kilometre (19 mi) dam, kaamam Project, across the gulf.

Tapti River
The Tapti River (or Tapi) is a river in central India located to the south of the Narmada River that flows westwards before draining into the Arabian Sea. The river has a length of around 724 km (450 miles) and flows through the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. It flows through the city of Surat, in Gujarat, and is crossed by the Magdalla, ONGC Bridge.

On 7 August 1968, before the construction of the Ukai Dam to bring its waters under control and provide hydroelectric power, the Tapti River overflowed its banks during heavy rains in the monsoon season. More than 1,000 people drowned in the flood, and the city of Surat was submerged beneath 10 feet of water for several days. After the floodwaters receded, at least 1,000 more people died in Gujarat during a cholera epidemic from the contamination of the drinking water. The Tapti basin covers parts of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra.
Chippewa County, Michigan
Chippewa County (/ˈtʃɪpəwɑː/ CHIH-pə-wah) is a county in the eastern Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the population was 36,785. The county seat is Sault Ste. Marie. The county is named for the Ojibwe (Chippewa) people, and was set off and organized in 1826. Chippewa County comprises the Sault Ste. Marie, MI micropolitan statistical area. With shorelines on Lake Huron and Lake Superior, Chippewa County is one of two U.S. counties to contain shorelines on two Great Lakes, the other being neighboring Mackinac County. The county's irregular shape follows the Canadian border, itself following the St. Marys River. Drummond Island is part of Chippewa County.

Sugar Island Township, Michigan
Sugar Island Township is a civil township of Chippewa County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 653 at the 2020 census.  The township consists of Sugar Island, several smaller islands, and the surrounding waters in the St. Marys River.

Some of its land is within the reservation of the Bay Mills Indian Community, a federally recognized tribe and band of Chippewa who have long been in the region of Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. Native Americans make up one-third of the population on the island.
Al-Karak
Al-Karak (Arabic: الكرك), in English sources often simply Karak, is a city in Jordan known for its medieval castle, the Kerak Castle. The castle is one of the three largest castles in the region, the other two being in Syria. Al-Karak is the capital city of the Karak Governorate.

Al-Karak lies 140 kilometres (87 mi) to the south of Amman on the ancient King's Highway. It is situated on a hilltop about 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above sea level and is surrounded on three sides by a valley. Al-Karak has a view of the Dead Sea. A city of about 32,216 people (2005) was formed around castle. The town is built on a triangular plateau with the castle at its narrow southern tip.

Syria vilayet
The Vilayet of Syria (Arabic: ولاية سوريا; Ottoman Turkish: ولايت سوريه, romanized: Vilâyet-i Sûriye), also known as Vilayet of Damascus, was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire.

At the beginning of the 20th century, it reportedly had an area of 62,180 square kilometres (24,009 sq mi), while the preliminary results of the first Ottoman census of 1885 (published in 1908) gave the population as 1,000,000. The accuracy of the population figures ranges from "approximate" to "merely conjectural" depending on the region from which they were gathered.
Millington, Illinois
Millington is a village in Kendall and LaSalle counties in the U.S. state of Illinois. The population was 617 at the 2020 census, down from 665 at the 2010 census.

The Kendall County portion of Millington is part of the Chicago metropolitan area, while the LaSalle County portion is part of the Ottawa, IL Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Kendall County, Illinois
Kendall County is a county in the U.S. state of Illinois, within the Chicago metropolitan area. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 131,869. Its county seat is Yorkville, and its most populous municipality is Oswego.

Kendall County is part of the Chicago metropolitan area and was the fastest-growing county in the United States between 2000 and 2010.
Lenny Montana
Lenny Montana (born Leonardo Passafaro; March 13, 1926 – May 12, 1992) was an American actor who played the role of the feared hitman Luca Brasi in The Godfather. Before becoming an actor, he had a successful career as a professional wrestler and worked as an enforcer for the Colombo crime family.

Tarzan Tyler
Camille Laurent "Tarzan" Tourville (December 4, 1927 – December 24, 1985), better known by his ring name Tarzan "The Boot" Tyler, was a Canadian professional wrestler and manager. He was one-half of the first WWWF World Tag Team Champions, along with Luke Graham.
Malutinisuchus
Malutinisuchus is an extinct genus of Archosauromorph. The genus was named in 1986 with the description of the type species M. gratus. Malutinisuchus is known from Ladinian-age Middle Triassic deposits in the Bukobay and Rassypnaya localities in Orenburg Oblast, Russia. In Russia, deposits of this age are referred to the Bukobay Gorizont.

Bukobay Svita
The Bukobay Svita (also anglicized as Bukobay or Bukobai Formation) is a Middle Triassic geological unit in Russia. It is composed primarily of red or grey lacustrine sediments, reconstructing a humid and marshy depositional environment. Bukobay is the youngest section of a Triassic terrestrial succession exposed south of the Ural Mountains. It is equivalent to a biostratigraphic unit, the Bukobay Gorizont, which is also called the "Bukobay Horizon" or "Mastodonsaurus" fauna).
Da Zhidu Lun
The Da Zhidu Lun (abbreviated DZDL) or Treatise on the Great Wisdom (with reference to Prajñāpāramitā) is a massive Mahāyāna Buddhist treatise and commentary on the Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra (The Sūtra of Transcendental Wisdom in Twenty-five Thousand Lines). The original Sanskrit title has been reconstructed as both Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa and Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra. It is an encyclopedic compendium or summa of Mahayana Buddhist doctrine.

The Da Zhidu Lun was translated into Chinese by the Kuchean monk Kumārajīva and his Chinese team from 402 to 406 CE. The colophon to this work claims it is written by the Buddhist philosopher Nāgārjuna (c. 2nd century), but various scholars such as Étienne Lamotte have questioned this attribution. According to Hans-Rudolf Kantor, this work was "fundamental for the development of the Chinese Sanlun, Tiantai, Huayan, and Chan schools."

Pāramitā
Pāramitā (Sanskrit, Pali: पारमिता) or pāramī (Pāli: पारमी) is a Buddhist term often translated as "perfection". It is described in Buddhist commentaries as a noble character quality generally associated with enlightened beings. Pāramī and pāramitā are both terms in Pali but Pali literature makes greater reference to pāramī, while Mahayana texts generally use the Sanskrit pāramitā.
Edwin Bechstein
Edwin Bechstein (German pronunciation: [ˈɛtvɪn ˈbɛçʃtaɪn]; 11 February 1859 – 15 September 1934) was a German piano maker and businessman and early supporter of Adolf Hitler. He was the son of Carl Bechstein and was the owner of the C. Bechstein piano company from 1900 to 1923 when it became a limited company. A later restructuring in 1934 put his wife Helene Bechstein as majority shareholder. He died on 15 September 1934 and received a state funeral attended by Hitler and other Nazi Party officials.

C. Bechstein
C. Bechstein Pianoforte AG (also known as Bechstein, German pronunciation: [ˈbɛçʃtaɪn]) is a German piano manufacturer of grand and upright pianos, established in Berlin in 1853 by piano designer Carl Bechstein.
The New Penny
53°47′40″N 1°32′30″W﻿ / ﻿53.794582°N 1.541720°W﻿ / 53.794582; -1.541720

The New Penny is a gay pub in The Calls area of Leeds, West Yorkshire. It is reported to be the oldest continually running gay pub in the UK.

The Calls
The Calls is an area and street by the River Aire in Leeds city centre, West Yorkshire, England. This district falls within the City and Hunslet ward of the City of Leeds Council.  Formerly an area of industry in Leeds, it has now been regenerated with a mixture of uses: primarily offices, residential and leisure.
Ciociaria in cinematography
In Italian literature, some folkloric words like Ciociaria and ciociari are used to denote people, film settings, and characters in Italian neorealist works.

Many writers say they found poetical inspiration in lands south of Rome thanks to diverse local traditions, ancient rural landscapes and provincialism. Those characters belong to a geographical region between Tevere and Garigliano, where artists such as Alberto Moravia, Elsa Morante, Cesare Zavattini, Cesare Pascarella, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Giuseppe De Santis, and Vittorio De Sica lived, producing novels and movies.

Ciociaria
Ciociaria (Italian pronunciation: [tʃotʃaˈriːa]) is the name commonly used, in modern times, for some impoverished territories southeast of Rome, without defined geographical limits. Starting from the Fascist period and the creation of the province of Frosinone, the same name was arbitrarily imposed by the local fascist organizations and then misused by the local press, by promotional associations and folkloristic events as a synonym for Frosinone and all the popular traditions of its territory.
The local dialect is referred to as campanino in old literature. It is merely a local variants of Central-Italian Latian but is improperly indicated as "ciociaro dialect", although the linguistic and scientific definition is Central-Northern Latian. In more recent times, the term Campagna Romana, or Roman Campagna, a favorite subject of countless painters from all over Europe, has referred to the adjoining region to the north of Ciociaria, but part of the Province of Rome.
Koli (village), Finland
Koli is a village in Lieksa, Finland, located by the hill of the same name and the Koli National Park. It lies southwest of central Lieksa near the border with Juuka and Kontiolahti, being separated from the rest of the municipality by the lake Pielinen. Until 1973, Koli was part of the municipality of Pielisjärvi.

Koli was settled in the early 18th century. Traditionally an agricultural village, tourism began gaining importance in the 20th century.

Lieksa
Lieksa (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈlie̯ksɑ]) is a town and municipality of Finland. It is located in the North Karelia region. The municipality has a population of 10,002 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 4,067.60 square kilometres (1,570.51 sq mi) of which 649.14 km2 (250.63 sq mi) is water. The population density is 2.93 inhabitants per square kilometre (7.6/sq mi).

The municipality is unilingually Finnish.

The town of Lieksa was established in 1973 when the Market town of Lieksa and the Municipality of Pielisjärvi were consolidated.
1933 Hornchurch Urban District Council election
The eighth election to Hornchurch Urban District Council took place on 3 April 1933. The election was for 5 of 13 seats on the council. They were the last set of elections before the expansion of Hornchurch Urban District in 1934.

Hornchurch Urban District
Hornchurch was a local government district in southwest Essex from 1926 to 1965, formed as an urban district for the civil parish of Hornchurch. It was greatly expanded in 1934 with the addition of Cranham, Great Warley, Rainham, Upminster and Wennington; and in 1936 by gaining North Ockendon. Hornchurch Urban District Council was based at Langtons House in Hornchurch from 1929. The district formed a suburb of London and with a population peaking at 131,014 in 1961, it was one of the largest districts of its type in England. It now forms the greater part of the London Borough of Havering in Greater London.
Gladiolus palustris
Gladiolus palustris, common name marsh gladiolus or sword lily, is a herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the genus Gladiolus of the family Iridaceae. The genus name Gladiolus is the Latin diminutive of gladius, a sword, while the specific Latin name palustris, meaning growing in marshes, refers to the alleged environment of this species.

Gladiolus
Gladiolus (from Latin, the diminutive of gladius, a sword) is a genus of perennial cormous flowering plants in the iris family (Iridaceae).

It is sometimes called the 'sword lily', but is usually called by its generic name (plural gladioli).

The genus occurs in Asia, Mediterranean Europe, South Africa, and tropical Africa. The center of diversity is in the Cape Floristic Region. The genera Acidanthera, Anomalesia, Homoglossum, and Oenostachys, formerly considered distinct, are now included in Gladiolus.
Queensland Agricultural Journal
The Queensland Agricultural Journal was a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Queensland Department of Primary Industries (formerly the Department of Agriculture and Stock). It was established in 1897, with William Alexander Jenyns Boyd as the founding editor-in-chief until 1921.

Department of Primary Industries (Queensland)
The Department of Primary Industries is the Queensland Government department responsible for developing Queensland's primary industries. The section known as Biosecurity Queensland is responsible for biosecurity matters within the state.

The department was called the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries prior to November 2024.
Heat
In thermodynamics, heat is defined as the form of energy crossing the boundary of a thermodynamic system by virtue of a temperature difference across the boundary. A thermodynamic system does not contain heat. Nevertheless, the term is also often used to refer to the thermal energy contained in a system as a component of its internal energy and that is reflected in the temperature of the system.

Calorimetry is measurement of heat by its effect on the states of interacting bodies, for example, by the amount of ice melted or by change in temperature of a body.

In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of measurement for heat is the joule (J).

Benjamin Thompson
Colonel Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, FRS (26 March 1753 – 21 August 1814), was an American-born British military officer, scientist and inventor. Born in Woburn, Massachusetts, he supported the Loyalist cause during the American War of Independence, commanding the King's American Dragoons during the conflict. After the war ended in 1783, Thompson moved to London, where he was recognised for his administrative talents and received a knighthood from George III in 1784.

A prolific scientist and inventor, Thompson also created several new warship designs. He subsequently moved to the Electorate of Bavaria and entered into the employ of the Bavarian government, heavily reorganising the Bavarian Army. Thompson was rewarded for his efforts by being made an Imperial Count in 1792 before dying in Paris in 1814.
Bellhouse Provincial Park
Bellhouse Provincial Park is a provincial park in the southern Gulf Islands of British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the Sturdies Bay area of southeastern Galiano Island. It is on land donated by Thorney Bellhouse in 1964, and is noted for its spring wildflowers, notably fawn lilies and chocolate lilies, as well as views of snow-capped mountains and abundant marine life.

Galiano Island
Galiano Island (Hul'qumi'num: Swiikw) is one of the Southern Gulf Islands located between Vancouver Island and the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada. Located on the west side of the Strait of Georgia, the island is bordered by Mayne Island to the southeast, Salt Spring Island to the west, and Valdes Island to the northwest. Galiano is part of the Capital Regional District Electoral Area G, and has a permanent population of 1,396 inhabitants as of 2021.

Galiano takes its name from Spanish explorer Dionisio Alcalá Galiano, who explored the area in 1792.
Pirahã language
Pirahã (also spelled Pirahá, Pirahán), or Múra-Pirahã, is the indigenous language of the Pirahã people of Amazonas, Brazil. The Pirahã live along the Maici River, a tributary of the Amazon River.

Pirahã is the only surviving dialect of the Mura language; all others having died out in the last few centuries as most groups of the Mura people have shifted to Portuguese. Due to this, Pirahã can be considered its own language now, as no other Mura dialects have survived. Suspected relatives, such as Matanawi, are also extinct. Pirahã is estimated to have between 250 and 380 speakers. It is not in immediate danger of extinction, as its use is vigorous and the Pirahã community is mostly monolingual.

The Pirahã language is the subject of various controversial claims; for example, that it provides evidence against linguistic relativity. The controversy is compounded by the difficulty of learning the language; the number of linguists with field experience in Pirahã is very small.

Keren Everett
Keren Madora Everett (née Graham) is an American linguist and Christian missionary.
Everett has spent years in the Amazon studying the Pirahã tribe and their language.

The Pirahã language is of interest to linguists, but only a few people apart from the Pirahã are fluent in it. Everett's ex-husband Daniel is the best-known authority on the language. Everett herself made breakthroughs with the prosody of Pirahã. Their son is Caleb Everett.

They discovered that Pirahã does not have a traditional concept of numbers or mathematics.

They lived among the Pirahã from 1978 to 1983 and from 1999 to 2002. Following their separation in 2005, Keren returned to Brazil where she continued her missionary work among the Pirahã.