hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Choroid
The choroid, also known as the choroidea or choroid coat, is a part of the uvea, the vascular layer of the eye. It contains connective tissues, and lies between the retina and the sclera.  The human choroid is thickest at the far extreme rear of the eye (at 0.2 mm), while in the outlying areas it narrows to 0.1 mm. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina.  Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract.

The structure of the choroid is generally divided into four layers (classified in order of furthest away from the retina to closest):

Haller's layer – outermost layer of the choroid consisting of larger diameter blood vessels;

Sattler's layer – layer of medium diameter blood vessels;

Choriocapillaris – layer of capillaries; and

Bruch's membrane (synonyms: Lamina basalis, Complexus basalis, Lamina vitra) – innermost layer of the choroid.

Optic disc
The optic disc or optic nerve head is the point of exit for ganglion cell axons leaving the eye. Because there are no rods or cones overlying the optic disc, it corresponds to a small blind spot in each eye.

The ganglion cell axons form the optic nerve after they leave the eye. The optic disc represents the beginning of the optic nerve and is the point where the axons of retinal ganglion cells come together. The optic disc in a normal human eye carries 1–1.2 million afferent nerve fibers from the eye toward the brain. The optic disc is also the entry point for the major arteries that supply the retina with blood, and the exit point for the veins from the retina.
Mackellar Girls Campus
The Mackellar Girls Campus of Northern Beaches Secondary College, formerly Manly Vale High School and Mackellar Girls' High School, is a government-funded single-sex secondary day school for girls located in Manly Vale, a suburb on the Northern Beaches of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Northern Beaches Secondary College
The Northern Beaches Secondary College (abbreviated as NBSC) is a multi-campus government-funded co-educational dual-modality partially selective and comprehensive secondary day school, located on the Northern Beaches of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

The College was established 2003 through the merger and restructure of six existing campuses located in the northern beaches region. The College caters for approximately 4,800 students from Year 7 to Year 12. The school is operated by the New South Wales Department of Education; the principal is  Dane Ropa, who leads the College.
Oruro
Oruro (Hispanicized spelling) or Uru Uru is a city in Bolivia with a population of 264,683 (2012 calculation), about halfway between La Paz and Sucre in the Altiplano, approximately 3,709 meters (12,169 ft) above sea level.

It is Bolivia's fifth-largest city by population, after Santa Cruz de la Sierra, El Alto, La Paz, and Cochabamba. It is the capital of the Department of Oruro and the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Oruro. Oruro has been subject to cycles of boom and bust owing to its dependence on the mining industry, notably tin, tungsten, silver and copper.

Carnaval de Oruro
The Carnival of Oruro is a religious and cultural festival in Oruro, Bolivia.
Originally an indigenous festival, the celebration later was transformed to incorporate a Christian ritual around the Virgin of Socavón.
The carnival is one of UNESCO's Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

Throughout the festival, more than 48 groups of folk dancers specializing in 18 different folk dances perform a pilgrimage to the Shrine of the Tunnel every Saturday of the carnival in a traditional parade.
The traditional Llama llama or Diablada became the leading traditional dance of the festival.
Korbinian Brodmann
Korbinian Brodmann (17 November 1868 – 22 August 1918) was a German neuropsychiatrist who is known for mapping the cerebral cortex and defining 52 distinct regions, known as Brodmann areas, based on their cytoarchitectonic (histological) characteristics.

Oskar Vogt
Oskar Vogt  (6 April 1870 in Husum – 30 July 1959 in Freiburg im Breisgau) was a German physician and neurologist. He and his wife Cécile Vogt-Mugnier are known for their extensive cytoarchetectonic studies on the brain.
Kursk
Kursk (Russian: Курск, IPA: [ˈkursk]) is a city and the administrative center of Kursk Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Kur, Tuskar, and Seym rivers. It has a population of 440,052 (2021 census).

Kursk is the oldest city in the oblast, recorded in 1032 as part of the Kievan Rus'. It became the seat of a small eponymous principality in the 13th century, before passing to Lithuanian rule in the late medieval period, and then to Moscow in the early modern period. Kursk has served as the seat of regional administration since 1779. The area around Kursk was the site of a turning point in the Soviet–German struggle during World War II and the site of the single largest battle in history.

Kursk Vostochny Airport
Kursk Vostochny Airport (Russian: Аэропорт Курск-Восточный) (IATA: URS, ICAO: UUOK), also known as Khalino airbase, Kursk-Khalino, is an interceptor aircraft base in Kursk Oblast, Russia, with a single 2,500 m (8,200 ft) runway located 7 km east of Kursk. It has been used for many decades as a military airbase and has had periods of time when it was also utilized as a commercial airport. It is located 4 miles northeast of Kursk and is considered a medium-sized base, with several alert pads. A civilian tarmac is located on the southern side of the airfield, which utilizes the common runway facilities.
Amateurliga Württemberg
The Amateurliga Württemberg was the highest football league in the region of the Württemberg Football Association and the third tier of the German football league system from its inception in 1945 until the formation of the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg and the Verbandsliga Württemberg below it in 1978.

SSV Ulm 1846
SSV Ulm 1846 FUSSBALL e.V., commonly known as SSV Ulm 1846 or SSV Ulm, is a German football club based in Ulm, Baden-Württemberg. SSV Ulm 1846 FUSSBALL was formed on 7 March 2009 as new independent club  through the separation of the football department from the present-day multi-sports club SSV Ulm 1846 e.V. After finishing in first place and earning promotion from 3. Liga in 2023–24, the club played in 2. Bundesliga in the 2024–25 season; a 17th-place finish in 2. Bundesliga meant relegation back to 3. Liga for the 2025–26 season.

The club's greatest success has been promotion to the Bundesliga in 1998–99, where it played for just one season. Ulm has also spent eight seasons in the 2. Bundesliga between 1979–80 and 2000–01.
Turbinella
Turbinella is a genus of very large sea snails with an operculum, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Turbinellinae of the family Turbinellidae.

These species are sometimes known as "chanks" or "chank shells". One species in this genus is the sacred chank, Turbinella pyrum; see "Shankha" for the cultural and religious use of the shell of that species.

Turbinellinae
Turbinellinae were a subfamily of large deepwater sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinellidae.

This subfamily belonged to the family Turbinellidae within the clade Neogastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). But in 2025 has been upgraded to the rank of family.

This was a small subfamily with only three genera and some 10 extant species described.
Guyra Shire
Guyra Shire was a local government area located in the New England region of New South Wales, Australia. The shire was abolished on  12 May 2016, where the council merged with the Armidale Dumaresq Shire, was subsumed into the Armidale Regional Council with immediate effect.

The shire was located on the New England Highway.

The Mayor of the Guyra Shire Council was Cr. Hans Hietbrink, from 2008 until the council was abolished on 12 May 2016. Hietbrink was unaligned with any political party.

Armidale Regional Council
The Armidale Region is a local government area in the New England and Northern Tablelands regions of New South Wales, Australia. This area was formed in 2016 from the merger of the Armidale Dumaresq Shire with the surrounding Guyra Shire.

The combined area covered the urban area of Armidale and the surrounding region, extending primarily eastward from the city through farming districts to the gorges and escarpments that mark the edge of the Northern Tablelands.

The  Armidale Region is administered by the Armidale Regional Council.

The mayor of the Armidale Region is Cr. Sam Coupland, an independent politician.
Iryanthera
Iryanthera is a flowering plant genus in the family Myristicaceae.

Species include:

Iryanthera campinae W.A.Rodrigues

Iryanthera coriacea Ducke

Iryanthera crassifolia A.C. Sm.

Iryanthera dialyandra Ducke

Iryanthera elliptica Ducke – sangretoro

Iryanthera grandis Ducke

Iryanthera hostmannii (Benth.) Warb.

Iryanthera inpae W.A. Rodrigues

Iryanthera juruensis Warb.

Iryanthera laevis Markgr.

Iryanthera lancifolia Ducke – arbol camarón, cabo de hacha

Iryanthera macrophylla Warb.

Iryanthera megistocarpa A.H. Gentry

Iryanthera obovata Ducke

Iryanthera paradoxa (Schwacke) Warb.

Iryanthera paraensis Huber

Iryanthera polyneura Ducke

Iryanthera sagotiana (Benth.) Warb.

Iryanthera tessmannii Markgr.

Iryanthera tricornis Ducke

Myristicaceae
The Myristicaceae are a family of flowering plants native to Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas and has been recognized by most taxonomists. It is sometimes called the "nutmeg family", after its most famous member, Myristica fragrans, the source of the spices nutmeg and mace. The best known genera are Myristica in Asia and Virola in the Neotropics.

The family consists of about 21 genera with about 520 species of trees, shrubs and rarely lianas (Pycnanthus) found in tropical forests around the world. Most of the species are large trees that are valued in the timber industry.
It's All in Your Head (book)
It's All in Your Head is a nonfiction book by neurologist Suzanne O'Sullivan, in which she shares her past experiences in diagnosing patients with psychosomatic disorders. The book focuses on the culture of medicine and societal views on psychosomatic illness—physical symptoms that stem from the mind. It's All in Your Head was first published by Chatto & Windus in 2015 and won the Wellcome Book Prize in 2016.

Suzanne O'Sullivan
Suzanne O'Sullivan is an Irish physician practising in Britain, specialising in neurology and clinical neurophysiology. In addition to academic publications in her field, O'Sullivan is an author of award-winning non-fiction books, each focusing on medical casework related to her neurology specialty (cases that have been disguised/anonymised).
Zariski–Riemann space
In algebraic geometry, a Zariski–Riemann space or Zariski space of a subring k of a field K is a locally ringed space whose points are valuation rings  containing k and contained in K. They generalize the Riemann surface of a complex curve.

Zariski–Riemann spaces were introduced by Zariski (1940, 1944) who (rather confusingly) called them Riemann manifolds or Riemann surfaces. They were named Zariski–Riemann spaces after Oscar Zariski and Bernhard Riemann by Nagata (1962) who used them to show that algebraic varieties can be embedded in complete ones.

Local uniformization (proved in characteristic 0 by Zariski) can be interpreted as saying that the Zariski–Riemann space of a variety is nonsingular in some sense, so is a sort of rather weak resolution of singularities. This does not solve the problem of resolution of singularities because in dimensions greater than 1 the Zariski–Riemann space is not locally affine and in particular is not a scheme.

Resolution of singularities
In algebraic geometry, the problem of resolution of singularities asks whether every algebraic variety V has a resolution, which is a non-singular variety W with a proper birational map W→V. For varieties over fields of characteristic 0, this was proved by Heisuke Hironaka in 1964; while for varieties of dimension at least 4 over fields of characteristic p, it is an open problem.
Marcos Pontes
Marcos Cesar Pontes (born 11 March 1963) is a Brazilian Air Force pilot, engineer, AEB astronaut, politician and author. He became the first South American and the first Lusophone to go into space when he docked onto the International Space Station aboard Soyuz TMA-8 on 30 March 2006.  He is the only Brazilian to have completed the NASA astronaut training program, although he switched to training in Russia after NASA's Space Shuttle program encountered problems. After Jair Bolsonaro's election as President of Brazil in 2018, Pontes was officially nominated to be Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation, a post which he accepted days later and assumed when Bolsonaro's government began. He left the post on 31 March 2022 and in the same year was elected federal senator for his state, São Paulo.

National Institute for Space Research
The National Institute for Space Research (Portuguese: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, INPE) is a research unit of the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovations, the main goals of which are fostering scientific research and technological applications and qualifying personnel in the fields of space and atmospheric sciences, space engineering, and space technology. While INPE is the civilian research center for aerospace activities, the Brazilian Air Force's General Command for Aerospace Technology is the military arm. INPE is located in the city of São José dos Campos, São Paulo.
Cervignano d'Adda
Cervignano d'Adda (Lodigiano: Cervignan) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Lodi in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) southeast of Milan and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Lodi.

Cervignano d'Adda borders the following municipalities: Zelo Buon Persico, Mulazzano, Galgagnano.

Galgagnano
Galgagnano (Lodigiano: Galgagnàn) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Lodi in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) southeast of Milan and about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) northwest of Lodi.

Galgagnano borders the following municipalities: Zelo Buon Persico, Mulazzano, Cervignano d'Adda, Boffalora d'Adda, Montanaso Lombardo.
Centerra Gold
Centerra Gold Inc. is a Canadian mining company that owns and operates the Mount Milligan copper-gold mine in British Columbia, Canada, and the Öksüt gold mine in Turkey. Through its Thompson Creek Metals subsidiary company, it also owns the Endako and Thompson Creek molybdenum mines in British Columbia and Idaho, respectively, though they have been inactive since Centerra's acquisition. The company formerly owned and operated the Kumtor Gold Mine in the Kyrgyz Republic and the Boroo Gold Mine in Mongolia. Headquartered in Toronto, Centerra Gold is a public company with shares traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange.

Endako mine
The Endako mine (/ɪnˈdækoʊ/) is one of the largest molybdenum mines in North America. The mine is located near Fraser Lake, British Columbia, Canada. The Endako mine has reserves amounting to 448.4 million tonnes of molybdenum ore grading 0.033% molybdenum thus resulting 148,000 tonnes of molybdenum.

The mine suspended production in 2015 "due to recent and expected ongoing weakness in the molybdenum price". Centerra Gold indicated at that time it expected "to re-evaluate the status of Endako Mine as market conditions warrant."
Nicholas Eberstadt
Nicholas Nash Eberstadt (born 1955) is an American political economist. He holds the Henry Wendt Chair in Political Economy at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), a political think tank. He is also a Senior Adviser to the National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR), a member of the visiting committee at the Harvard School of Public Health, and a member of the Global Leadership Council at the World Economic Forum.

National Bureau of Asian Research
The National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR) is an American non-profit research institution based in Seattle, Washington, with a branch office in Washington, D.C.

NBR brings together specialists, policymakers, and business leaders to examine economic, strategic, political, globalization, health, and energy issues affecting U.S. relations with East, Central, Southeast and South Asia and Russia. Its mission is to inform and strengthen Asian-Pacific policy.

Funding for NBR's research comes from NBR itself, foundations, corporations, government departments and agencies, and individuals.
Furman Institution Faculty Residence
Furman Institution Faculty Residence is a historic residential building located near Winnsboro, Fairfield County, South Carolina.  It was built about 1837, and is a two-story, brick building with a hipped roof and end chimneys.  It has a single story, hip roofed front porch (c. 1936) and a kitchen extension (c 1925). The building serves as a visible reminder of the early history of Furman University and its brief establishment in Fairfield County.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

Furman University
Furman University is a private university in Greenville, South Carolina, United States. Founded in 1826 and named after Baptist pastor Richard Furman, the liberal arts university is the oldest private institution of higher learning in South Carolina. It became a secular university in 1992, while keeping Christo et Doctrinae (For Christ and Learning) as its motto. As of Fall 2021, it enrolls approximately 2,300 undergraduate students and 150 graduate students on its 750-acre (304 ha) campus.
Mineral County Museum (Nevada)
The Mineral County Museum is located at 400 Tenth Street, Hawthorne, Nevada.  It has over 15,000 square feet of display space.  The collection includes antique clothing, mining equipment, minerals, photographs, horse-drawn carriages, and fire equipment.

Hawthorne, Nevada
Hawthorne is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Mineral County, Nevada, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 3,118. It is the county seat of Mineral County. The nearby Hawthorne Army Depot is the primary economic base of the town.
North Roe
North Roe is a village, and protected area at the northern tip in the large Northmavine peninsula of the Mainland of Shetland, Scotland.  It is a small village, with a school with fewer than a dozen pupils in 2011. The village is served by the A970 road which runs the length of the Shetland mainland from south to north and is a single-carriageway for the final nine miles.

Northmavine
Northmavine or Northmaven (from Old Norse norðan mœv-eið, "north of the narrow isthmus") is a sparsely populated peninsula in Shetland, forming the northernmost part of Mainland. The peninsula has historically formed a civil parish of the same name. The modern Northmavine community council area has the same extent. The area of the parish is given as 204.1 km2.
Trolak
Trolak (Jawi: ترولق; Chinese: 地罗叻, Tamil: துரோலாக்) is a small estate town in Mukim Slim, Muallim District, Perak, Malaysia. It houses many FELDA explorers since circa 1960s with a rubber plantation, later changed into an oil palm plantation.

The name is said to have originated from a word called 'tarak lah' (lit:There's nothing) which was made from the progress of spelling and comprehension of the geographic officials in Perak.

Trolak is home to one of the MARA Junior Science College which first open it doors in 2008. Although the name of the school is MRSM FELDA, it is commonly known by the local as MRSM Trolak.

Muallim District
The Muallim District is the eleventh district of the state of Perak, Malaysia, situated at the southeastern tip of the state, bordering the state of Selangor. It was proclaimed by the current Sultan of Perak, Sultan Nazrin Muizzuddin Shah on 11 January 2016 at the Tanjung Malim District Council Building. The district was previously part of the neighbouring Batang Padang district.

It covers an area of 93,435-hectares of land.

The district includes the towns of Slim River, Behrang, Tanjung Malim and Proton City. It was given the name Muallim, the Arabic word for "teacher", because of the Sultan Idris Education University in the district. The university has produced many teachers since the colonial era.
Thimoteus Tjamuaha
Thimoteus Tjamuaha was the Chairman of the Executive Committee of Hereroland from 1980–1984, a bantustan under the control of Apartheid South Africa. In this position he was the highest representative of his homeland to the South African administration in South-West Africa.

Hereroland
Hereroland was a Bantustan and later a non-geographic ethnic-based second-tier authority, the Representative Authority of the Hereros, in South West Africa (present day Namibia), intended by the apartheid-era government to be a self-governing homeland for the Herero people.
Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)
The Camino de Santiago, also known as the Way of St. James, extends from different countries of Europe, and even North Africa, on its way to Santiago de Compostela and Finisterre. The local authorities try to restore many of the ancient routes, even those used in a limited period, in the interest of tourism.

Here follows an overview of the main routes of the modern-day pilgrimage.

Somport
Somport or Col du Somport, known also as the Aspe Pass or Canfranc Pass, (el. 1632 m.) is a mountain pass in the central Pyrenees on the border of France and Spain. Its name is derived from the Latin Summus portus. It was one of the most popular routes for soldiers, merchants, and pilgrims to the tomb of St. James following the route from Arles to cross the Pyrenees. They travelled from Oloron-Sainte-Marie, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France, via Somport to Aragon, Spain.
Night Watch (2004 film)
Night Watch is a 2004 Russian urban fantasy supernatural thriller film directed by Timur Bekmambetov who wrote the screenplay along with Laeta Kalogridis. It is loosely based on the 1998 novel The Night Watch by Sergei Lukyanenko.

It was Russia's submission to the 77th Academy Awards for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but was not accepted as a nominee. The film received a limited theatrical release in the United States, where it grossed $1.5 million. It overperformed in the American home video market, generating more than $9.5 million in home video sales and $12 million in home video rentals. It received mixed reviews from critics.

A sequel, Day Watch, was released in 2006.

Channel One (Russia)
Channel One (Russian: Первый канал, romanized: Pervý kanal, IPA: [ˈpʲervɨj kɐˈnal], lit. 'First Channel') is a Russian federal television channel. Its headquarters are located at Ostankino Technical Center near the Ostankino Tower in Moscow. The majority of its shares are owned or indirectly controlled by the state.

It was created by decree of Russian president Boris Yeltsin to replace Ostankino Television Channel One, which in turn replaced Programme One in 1991. From April 1995 to September 2002, the channel was known as Public Russian Television (Russian: Общественное Российское Телевидение, romanized: Obshchestvennoye Rossiyskoye Televideniye, ORT [oˈɛrˈtɛ]). The main news programmes are Vremya and Novosti.

Channel One's main competitors are the Russia-1, NTV, 5TV and TV Centre channels. The channel has 2,443 employees as of 2019.
Francisco Filho (martial artist)
Francisco "Chiquinho" Alves Filho (born January 10, 1971) is a Brazilian Kyokushin Karateka and kickboxer. He is one of the few karate-ka to have successfully completed the 100 man kumite more than once.

He holds notable K-1 wins over Sam Greco, Andy Hug, Remy Bonjasky, Ernesto Hoost, Peter Aerts and Stefan Leko.

Remy Bonjasky
Remy Kenneth Bonjasky (born January 10, 1976) is a Surinamese-Dutch former kickboxer. He is a three-time K-1 World Grand Prix heavyweight champion, winning the title in 2003, 2004, and 2008. He is widely considered one of the greatest  kickboxers of all time. Bonjasky has been known for his flying kicks, knee attacks and strong defense, hence the nickname "The Flying Gentleman".