hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lincoln at Gettysburg
Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America was written by Garry Wills, who was an adjunct professor of history at Northwestern University at the time that his book was published. The book, which became a best-seller during the 1990s, argued that Lincoln's 272-word address, which was delivered during the dedication of the new national cemetery at Gettysburg on November 19, 1863, was so powerful that it reshaped the United States by altering Americans' view of both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.

Released by Simon & Schuster in 1992, Wills' book won the 1993 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction and the 1992 National Book Critics Circle Award for Criticism.

Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction
The Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are awarded annually for the "Letters, Drama, and Music" category. The award is given to a nonfiction book written by an American author and published during the preceding calendar year that is ineligible for any other Pulitzer Prize. The Prize has been awarded since 1962; beginning in 1980, one to three finalists have been announced alongside the winner.
National Register of Historic Places listings in Kaufman County, Texas
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Kaufman County, Texas.

This is intended to be a complete list of properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Kaufman County, Texas. There are eight properties listed on the National Register in the county. Four properties are Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks including one that is also a State Antiquities Landmark.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted March 21, 2025.

Kaufman County, Texas
Kaufman County is a county in the northeastern area of the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 145,310. Its county seat is Kaufman. Both the county, established in 1848, and the city were named for David S. Kaufman, a U.S. Representative and diplomat from Texas. Kaufman County is part of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. Western artist Frank Reaugh moved from Illinois to Kaufman County in 1876, where he was directly inspired for such paintings as The Approaching Herd (1902).
Parkway Christian School
Parkway Christian School is a private K-12 Christian school located in  Sterling Heights, Michigan in the Metro Detroit area.

The school formed in 2006, with the merger of Bethesda Christian School and Zoe Christian Academy.

Sterling Heights, Michigan
Sterling Heights is a city in Macomb County in the U.S. state of Michigan. A northern suburb of Detroit, Sterling Heights is located roughly 18 miles (29.0 km) north of downtown Detroit. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 134,346, placing Sterling Heights as the second-largest suburb of Detroit and the fourth-most populous city in Michigan.
Laura, Marshall Islands
Laura (Marshallese: Ļora, [lˠɔːrˠɑ]) is an island town situated in Marshall Islands. It is located in the west of Majuro Atoll. At approximately 10 feet (3.0 m) above sea level, Laura has the highest elevation of any islands in the Majuro Atoll. Marshall Islands International Airport is located on the island of Laura. A road connects the island of Laura to Djarrit. Much of the Majuro Atoll population relies on the freshwater lens in Laura to supply water.

On January 30, 1944, United States troops invaded and built a large base, Naval Base Majuro.

The town is falsely rumored to have been named after Lauren Bacall.

Laura has been identified as an ideal site for coral conservation, according to a study by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Stanford University, due to its coral's tolerance to high temperatures.

Naval Base Majuro
Naval Base Majuro was a major United States Navy base built on Majuro Atoll, in the Marshall Islands to support the World War II efforts in the Pacific War. The base was built after the Battle of Majuro-Kwajalein ended 3 February 1944. Majuro was found to be unoccupied and abandoned when the United States Army arrived. The US Navy built airfields, a seaport, and other facilities on the captured islands. The base was part of the vast Naval Base Marshall Islands.
Queen of Air and Darkness (Clare novel)
Queen of Air and Darkness is the third and final book in The Dark Artifices trilogy by Cassandra Clare, which is the fourth chronological series in The Shadowhunter Chronicles. This series follows the characters of the LA Institute in 2012 and features characters from all of the previous series. The chapter titles all come from the poem The City in the Sea by Edgar Allan Poe.

The Shadowhunter Chronicles
The Shadowhunter Chronicles is a media franchise based on the writings of American young adult fiction writer Cassandra Clare, which currently encompasses six series of novels, three short-story collections, five graphic novels, one film, a television series, and other media.

These works are set in a universe where fairy tales and mythologies, both pagan and Judeo-Christian, exist with its figures existing alongside the mundanes (normal humans). A race of humans who possess angel blood, the Nephilim or Shadowhunters, is organized to patrol the Shadow World and prevent demons as well as Downworlders, including warlocks, faeries, werewolves, and vampires, from attacking the mundanes. There is an uneasy peace, a treaty known as The Accords, between the governing body of the Nephilim, known as the Clave, and the Downworlders, not all of whom want peace or respect the Clave's authority.
British Sign Language
British Sign Language (BSL) is a sign language used in the United Kingdom and is the first or preferred language among the deaf community in the UK. Based on the percentage of people who reported 'using British Sign Language at home' on the 2011 Scottish Census, the British Deaf Association estimates there are 151,000 BSL users in the UK, of whom 87,000 are Deaf. People who are not deaf may also use BSL, as hearing relatives of deaf people, sign language interpreters or as a result of other contact with the British Deaf community. The language makes use of space and involves movement of the hands, body, face and head.

Manually coded English
Manually Coded English (MCE) is an umbrella term referring to a number of invented manual codes intended to visually represent the exact grammar and morphology of spoken English. Different codes of MCE vary in the levels of adherence to spoken English grammar, morphology, and syntax. MCE is typically used in conjunction with direct spoken English.
Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety
The Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety was an Australian royal commission investigating the aged care sector following systemic failures and abuse in the sector being exposed by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. The commission was announced on 8 October 2018 by the Morrison government, with Letters Patent issued by the Governor-General on 6 December 2018 appointing commissioners and establishing the terms of reference. The commission completed public hearings into the aged care sector over two years, with the final report being tabled in parliament on 1 March 2021.

The Commission made 148 recommendations to government, including the creation of the Aged Care Act 2024, new minimum staffing requirements, and reform to the aged care regulatory framework.

Aged Care Act 2024
The Aged Care Act 2024 is the Australian federal legislation regulating aged care services in Australia, focusing on the rights of the older adult. The Act supersedes the previous Aged Care Act 1997 following multiple years of reform speared by the 2018–21 Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety. The Act is part of the Health and Aged Care legislation portfolio and is administered by the Department of Health, Disability and Ageing.

The Aged Care Bill 2024 was introduced by the Labor Albanese government on 12 September 2024, having gained prior bipartisan support from the opposition Coalition. The Act came into effect on 1 November 2025 at the same time as the new Support at Home program, delayed from its original commencement date of 1 July.
Methylocystaceae
The Methylocystaceae are a family of bacteria that are capable of obtaining carbon and energy from methane. Such bacteria are called methanotrophs, and in particular the Methylocystaceae comprise the type II methanotrophs, which are structurally and biochemically distinct from the Methylococcaceae or type I methanotrophs.

In this family methane is oxidized to form formaldehyde, which is assimilated by the serine pathway. This involves combining formaldehyde and glycine to form serine, which may be converted into glyceraldehyde and thus into other organic molecules. They can also fix nitrogen, like many other members of the order Hyphomicrobiales. The cells contained paired internal membranes which are arranged towards their periphery.

Methylococcaceae
The Methylococcaceae are a family of bacteria that obtain their carbon and energy from methane, called methanotrophs.

They comprise the type I methanotrophs, in contrast to the Methylocystaceae or type II methanotrophs. They belong to Gammaproteobacteria, and are typically given their own order.

The Methylococcaceae have internal membranes in the form of flattened discs, perpendicular to the cell wall. Methane is oxidized to give formaldehyde, which is fixed by a process called the ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) cycle. Here formaldehyde is combined with sugar ribulose, producing hexulose.  This, in turn, is broken down to produce glyceraldehyde, which is used to produce new ribulose and other organic compounds. Catabolism does not involve a complete citric acid cycle.

Some species of the Methylococcaceae have formed with certain marine mussels endosymbiotic relationships.
Anton Krasovsky
Anton Vyacheslavovich Krasovsky (Kuznetsov-Krasovsky) (Russian: Антон Вячеславович Красовский (Кузнецов-Красовский); born 18 July 1975) is a Russian television presenter, journalist and activist. He was a presenter and director of Russian-language broadcasting on the Russian state-controlled broadcaster RT from 2020 until his suspension in October 2022, after comments he made caused a backlash. Previously, he came to prominence for his defense of gay rights in Russia, including his criticism of the Russian gay propaganda law.

Krasovsky case
The Krasovsky case is a political scandal which was caused by a statements made by Russian propagandist Anton Krasovsky on October 20, 2022 who said that Ukrainian children who hate Russia should be drowned and burned. The scandal caused a wide public outcry both in Russia and Ukraine. The comments were made in the context of the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Gamelan notation
Notation plays a relatively minor role in the oral traditions of Indonesian gamelan but, in Java and Bali, several systems of gamelan notation were devised beginning at the end of the 19th century, initially for archival purposes.

Numbered musical notation
The numbered musical notation (simplified Chinese: 简谱; traditional Chinese: 簡譜; pinyin: jiǎnpǔ; lit. 'simplified notation', not to be confused with the integer notation) is a cipher notation system used in mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and to some extent in Japan, Indonesia (in a slightly different format called "not angka"), Malaysia, Australia, Ireland, the United Kingdom, the United States and English-speaking Canada. It dates back to the system designed by Pierre Galin, known as Galin-Paris-Chevé system. It is also known as Ziffernsystem, meaning "number system" or "cipher system" in German.
Bajram Balota
Bajram Balota was an Albanian guerrilla leader from Balotići, Rožaje. He was called to settle many conflicts and function as a Muslihun since he was a well-known member of the local Muslim community (judicial mediator). During World War I, he headed a force of irregulars in the territory held by Austria-Hungary in Montenegro around Berane and Rožaje. He and his allies persecuted and killed Orthodox Montenegrins. His movement was dissolved following a defeat by Austro-Hungarian soldiers on 18 June.

Rožaje
Rožaje (Serbian: Rožaje, pronounced [rɔ̂ʒajɛ]; Albanian: Rozhajë, Albanian pronunciation: [roʒajə]) is a town located in the Northern Region of Montenegro, situated along the Ibar river. The town is the cultural center of the Bosniaks in Montenegro.

As of 2023, the town has a population of 13,608 inhabitants.

Surrounded by hills to its west and mountains to its east (notably Mount Hajla), the town is divided in half by, and contains the source of the river Ibar, which gives its name to the local sports clubs FK Ahmad, KK Ibar and OK Ibar. Rožaje is the centre of the Rožaje Municipality within the 25 municipalities of Montenegro.

Rožaje celebrates its foundation day on 30 September each year.
Gauliga Schlesien
The Gauliga Schlesien was the highest football league in the region of Silesia (German:Schlesien), which consisted of the Prussian provinces of Lower Silesia and Upper Silesia from 1933 to 1945. Shortly after the formation of the league, the Nazis reorganised the administrative regions in Germany, and the Gau Silesia, later subdivided into Gau Upper Silesia and Gau Lower Silesia, replaced the Prussian provinces.

After the Polish defeat in 1939, the parts of Upper Silesia awarded to Poland after the First World War were reoccupied by Nazi Germany and added to the Gau Oberschlesien.

From 1941, the Gauliga Schlesien was split into two separate leagues, the Gauliga Niederschlesien and the Gauliga Oberschlesien.

Gau Lower Silesia
The Gau Lower Silesia (German: Gau Niederschlesien) was an administrative division of Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1945 in the Lower Silesia part of the Prussian Province of Silesia. The Gau was created when the Gau Silesia was split into Lower Silesia and Upper Silesia in 1941. The majority of the former Gau became part of Poland after the Second World War, with small parts in the far west becoming part of the future East Germany.
Devils Playground
The Devils Playground is a large sandy region in the Mojave Desert in the state of California in the United States. Dunes and salt flats stretch for approximately 40 miles (64 km) in a generally northwest-southeasterly direction in the Mojave National Preserve. The Cronese Mountains are located at its northwestern edge. The "playground" lies between the town of Baker and the Providence Mountains.

The Devils Playground consists mostly of relatively flat plains except for some hills and small mountains at the northern end, where it merges with several dry lake beds, and the Kelso Dunes near the southern end of the area.

The Rasor Off-Highway Vehicle Area lies at the northwestern edge of the Devils Playground in the Mojave River Wash, near the Mollhausen Mountains.

Mollhausen Mountains
The Mollhausen Mountains are in the Mojave Desert of California in the United States. The small range is found south of Interstate 15 southwest of the town of Baker. The mountains are at the northwestern edge of the Devils Playground and south of the Soda Mountains.
Betty Schade
Betty Schade (born Frida Feddersen; March 27, 1895 – March 27, 1982) was a German-born American actress of the silent era. She appeared in about 135 films between 1913 and 1921.

Schade was born in Geestemünde (Bremerhaven), Germany and married first to actor Fritz Schade. The couple traveled to California in 1912-1913 and joined the original Mack Sennett stock company. Later the two were signed to contracts with Carl Laemmle's Universal Pictures. In 1917, she wed actor Ernest Shields and was contracted to Universal Pictures.

She died in Los Angeles, California in on March 27, 1982.

Fritz Schade
Fritz Schade (January 19, 1880 – June 17, 1926) was a German-born American film actor of the silent era. He appeared in 41 films between 1913 and 1918, including six films with Charlie Chaplin. His wife was the silent film actress Betty Schade.
Strategic Oceanic Force
The Strategic Ocean Force (French: Force océanique stratégique, FOST) is one of two terms that describe the submarine component of the French Navy. Prior to 1999, FOST grouped ballistic missile submarines with a role in France's nuclear deterrent. Since 1999, they have been integrated with the Submarine Forces, which prior to that date was responsible solely for France's attack submarines. The two terms are now used separately, or in combination, for the combined force, which includes both ballistic missile and attack submarines, all of which are nuclear-powered.

The French Strategic Ocean Force Command ALFOST was set up in 1972 under a Squadron Vice-Admiral.

Triomphant-class submarine
The Triomphant class of ballistic missile submarines of the French Navy is the active lead boat class of four boats that entered service in 1997, 1999, 2004, and 2010. These four superseded the older Redoutable class, and they provide the ocean-based component (the Force océanique stratégique) of France's multi-discipline nuclear deterrent strike force, the Force de dissuasion ('deterrence force'). Their home port is Île Longue, Roadstead of Brest, Western Brittany.
Victor Anomah Ngu
Victor Anomah Ngu (1 February 1926 – 14 June 2011) was a Cameroonian professor, researcher and one-time Minister of Public Health. He became famous after inventing VANHIVAX (see Lachenal 2017), a vaccine he affirmed is an immunological solution in the treatment of HIV/AIDS.

In 1960, he married Nigerian artist and teacher Etso Ugbodaga-Ngu.

Ngu died at Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital, CHU, after a protracted illness on 14 June 2011.

Etso Ugbodaga-Ngu
Etso Clara Ugbodaga-Ngu, known as Ugbodaga-Ngu (1921–1996), was a Nigerian artist and teacher. Her art featured vibrant colours and portrayed strength and purpose. Her geometric style evolved from earlier works such as "Market Women" (1961) and left a lasting mark on Nigerian culture and politics. She was the first Nigerian and the first woman to become a professor at the Nigerian College of Arts, Science and Technology (later Ahmadu Bello University) and the first female Nigerian artist to have a solo exhibition in London, England.
My Secret Life (memoir)
My Secret Life, by "Walter", is the memoir of a gentleman describing the author's sexual development and experiences in Victorian England. It was first published in a private edition of eleven volumes, at the expense of the author, including an imperfect index, which appeared over seven years beginning around 1888.

The work itself is enormous, amounting to over one million words, the eleven original volumes amounting to over 4,000 pages. The text is repetitive and highly disorganised, and the literary quality is negligible, but its frank discussion of sexual matters and other hidden aspects of Victorian life make it a rare and valuable social document. According to Steven Marcus, it is virtually the only source for information on London's houses of prostitution, in which Walter spent many hours. It has been described as "one of the strangest and most obsessive books ever written".

Steven Marcus
Steven Paul Marcus (December 13, 1928 – April 25, 2018) was an American academic and literary critic who published influential psychoanalytic analyses of the novels of Charles Dickens and Victorian pornography. He was George Delacorte Professor Emeritus in the Humanities at Columbia University.
Lee Groberg
Lee B. Groberg (born 1951) is a documentary filmmaker and Latter-day Saint. Many of his films focus on Latter-day Saint history, while others focus on Utah history or the Olympics.

Groberg was born and raised in Farr West, Utah.

His first films were industrial films made for such organizations as Nu Skin.  His first documentary was Winter: the St. Paul/Sapporo connection.  In 1991 he made American Gunmaker: The John M. Browning Story.  Many of Groberg's films have had T. C. Christensen as the cinematographer.  Later, Mark Goodman became the main cinematographer working with Groberg. Groberg also made a documentary about the Roots of Knowledge stained glass installation at Utah Valley University.

Groberg and his wife Jeanene live in Bountiful, Utah.  They are the parents of seven children.

T. C. Christensen
Thomas C. Christensen (born 1953) is an American cinematographer, film director, and writer best known for his work on films related to the history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), including Joseph Smith: The Prophet of the Restoration, Gordon B. Hinckley: A Giant Among Men, 17 Miracles, and Ephraim's Rescue. He has made films about the Martin and Willie handcart companies who traversed the plains toward the Salt Lake Valley in late 1856. Christensen is also a member of the American Society of Cinematographers.
Kalldrun
Kalldrun (also known as Kaldrun) is a settlement in the former Qendër municipality, Shkodër County, northern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Malësi e Madhe. It has a population of 554.

Qendër, Malësi e Madhe
Qendër is a former municipality in the Shkodër County, northwestern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Malësi e Madhe. The population at the 2011 census was 4,740.
WNNJ
WNNJ (103.7 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Newton, New Jersey, United States, and serving Sussex County. Owned by iHeartMedia, it airs a classic rock format branded as "104.7 NNJ". The studios and offices are on Mitchell Avenue in Franklin, New Jersey.

WNNJ's transmitter is sited on Gigi Lane in Branchville, New Jersey. The signal covers Northwestern New Jersey and reaches parts of northeastern Pennsylvania and Orange County, New York.

Newton, New Jersey
Newton, officially the Town of Newton, is an incorporated municipality in and the county seat of Sussex County in the U.S. state of New Jersey, situated approximately 60 miles (97 km) northwest of New York City. As of the 2020 United States census, the town's population was 8,374, its highest decennial population ever, an increase of 377 (+4.7%) from the 2010 census count of 7,997, which in turn reflected a decrease of 247 (−3.0%) from the 8,244 counted in the 2000 census.

One of 15 municipalities in the state organized as a town, the municipal government operates under a council-manager structure provided by the Faulkner Act, or Optional Municipal Charter Law. Newton was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 11, 1864, from portions of Newton Township, which was also partitioned to create Andover Township and Hampton Township, and was then dissolved. Additional land was acquired from Andover Township in 1869 and 1927, and from Fredon Township in 1920.
Somethin' Else (Cannonball Adderley album)
Somethin' Else is an album by American jazz saxophonist Julian "Cannonball" Adderley, recorded on March 9, 1958 and released on Blue Note in August later that year—his only album for the label. Also on the session is trumpeter Miles Davis in one of his handful of recording dates for Blue Note. Adderley was a member of Davis' group at the time, and the album was recorded shortly after Davis' own landmark album Milestones.

Hank Jones
Henry Jones Jr. (July 31, 1918 – May 16, 2010) was an American jazz pianist, bandleader, arranger, and composer. Critics and musicians have described Jones as eloquent, lyrical, and impeccable. In 1989, The National Endowment for the Arts honored him with the NEA Jazz Masters Award. He was also honored in 2003 with the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) Jazz Living Legend Award. In 2008, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts. On April 13, 2009, the University of Hartford presented Jones with an honorary Doctorate of Music for his musical accomplishments.

Jones recorded more than 60 albums under his own name and is estimated to have "appeared on over a thousand recordings" as a sideman, including Cannonball Adderley's celebrated album Somethin' Else with Miles Davis. On May 19, 1962, he played piano as actress Marilyn Monroe sang her famous "Happy Birthday, Mr. President" song to then U.S. president John F. Kennedy.