hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis
The "Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis" was the popular name for a French army mobilized in 1823 by the Bourbon King of France, Louis XVIII, to help the Spanish Bourbon royalists restore King Ferdinand VII of Spain to the absolute power of which he had been deprived during the Liberal Triennium. Despite the name, the actual number of troops was between 60,000 and 90,000.

A minor campaign, the force comprised some five army corps (the bulk of the French regular army) and was led by the Duke of Angoulême, nephew of Louis XVIII and son of future King Charles X. The French name of the conflict is l'Expédition d'Espagne ("the Expedition of Spain").

Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême
Louis Antoine of France, Duke of Angoulême (6 August 1775 – 3 June 1844) was the elder son of Charles X of France and the last Dauphin of France from 1824 to 1830.

He was a petit-fils de France at birth, and was initially known as Louis Antoine d'Artois. After his father's accession to the throne, he became Dauphin de France, and his surname changed to de France, following the royal custom for princes with such rank.
Joseph Oesterlé
Joseph Oesterlé (born 1954) is a French mathematician who, along with David Masser, formulated the abc conjecture which has been called "the most important unsolved problem in diophantine analysis".

He is a member of Bourbaki.

David Masser
David William Masser (born 8 November 1948) FRS is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science at the University of Basel. He is known for his work in transcendental number theory, Diophantine approximation, and Diophantine geometry. With Joseph Oesterlé in 1985, Masser formulated the abc conjecture, which has been called "the most important unsolved problem in Diophantine analysis".
Føynland
Føynland is an island in Færder Municipality in Vestfold county, Norway. The 2.1-square-kilometre (0.81 sq mi) island lies in between the large island of Nøtterøy and the smaller island of Husøy (in Tønsberg Municipality). The island is connected to the two neighboring islands by bridges. The densely populated northern part of the island is considered part of the metropolitan area of the city of Tønsberg.

Husøy, Tønsberg
Husøy is a populated island in Tønsberg Municipality in Vestfold county, Norway. The 0.9-square-kilometre (220-acre) island is part of the city of Tønsberg, located just off-shore, but it is not connected to Tønsberg by road. The island is a densely populated residential neighborhood that is also known as Husøy.

The only bridge connection is to the village of Føynland in neighboring Færder Municipality. In the summer, there is a ferry connection from Husøy to Tønsberg.
Lyman High School (Florida)
Lyman High School is a public high school located in Longwood, Florida. The school, founded in 1924, has been consistently ranked among the best in the state by the Florida Department of Education. For the 2012-2013 school term Lyman High School garnered a straight 'A' average, the best in the district, as a result of extremely high student scores on the Florida Comprehension Assessment Test. In 2014, it was ranked by U.S. News & World Report as the 27th best high school in the state of Florida and the overall best high school in Central Florida. It was ranked by Newsweek as the 204th best high school in the United States in 2010. The school was also named a Blue Ribbon School of Excellence in 1982. The school is operated by Seminole County Public Schools.

Seminole County Public Schools
Seminole County Public Schools (SCPS) is a public school district that covers Seminole County, Florida. The district is the 12th biggest school district in Florida. As of the 2025-2026 school year, the district has 62,211 students and 3,872 teachers; the district is graded "A", according to the Florida Department of Education. The district was ranked #1 in Florida for STEM education in Florida, as well as being the top district in Florida for Calculus & Physics enrollment.
Pedro Piquet
Pedro Estácio Leão Piquet Souto Maior (born 3 July 1998) is a Brazilian former racing driver. He is the son of three-time Formula One world champion Nelson Piquet and younger half brother of Formula E champion Nelson Piquet Jr. He is known for his successes in single-seater junior categories, including winning the 2014 and 2015 Brazilian Formula 3 Championships.

Trident Motorsport
Trident Motorsport (formerly known as Trident Racing) is a motor racing team that competes in single-seater formula racing. It was founded in 2006 in order to compete in the GP2 championship, which was Europe's second highest-ranking single-seater formula below Formula One. Trident is headquartered at San Pietro Mosezzo in the Piedmont region of Italy.
Charlbury Hill
Charlbury Hill is a hill near the villages of Hinton Parva and Bishopstone in the Borough of Swindon, England.

Historically within Wiltshire, the hill lies just north of The Ridgeway. The summit is 253m (830ft) above sea level with a prominence of 64 metres (210 feet). The hill is classified as a TuMP (hill of 30m or greater prominence) on the Database of British and Irish Hills. There is an Ordnance Survey (OS) triangulation pillar (TP1392 Charlbury Hill) located 6m away from the highest point. The top of the hill is open access land with a permissive path from The Ridgeway.

Bishopstone, Swindon
Bishopstone is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Swindon, England, about 6 miles (10 km) east of Swindon, and on the county border with Oxfordshire. Since 1934 the parish has included the village of Hinton Parva. Both Bishopstone and Hinton Parva have Grade I listed churches.

Bishopstone lies on the north slope of the Lambourn Downs, overlooking the Vale of White Horse. It is between Wanborough and Ashbury on the historic Icknield Way.
Dajare
Dajare (駄洒落, "poor humor") is a kind of comic Japanese word play, similar in spirit to a pun that relies on similarities in the pronunciation of words to create a simple joke.

Dajare are popular in advertising. Dajare are also associated with oyaji gags (親父ギャグ, oyaji gyagu), oyaji meaning "old man", as an "old man" would be considered by the younger generation most likely to attempt dajare, making them a near equivalent of what would be called "dad jokes" in English.

Pun
A pun, also known as a paronomasia in the context of linguistics, is a form of word play that exploits multiple meanings of a term, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect. These ambiguities can arise from the intentional use of homophonic, homographic, metonymic, or figurative language.

A pun differs from a malapropism in that a malapropism is an incorrect variation on a correct expression, while a pun involves expressions with multiple (correct or fairly reasonable) interpretations. Puns may be regarded as in-jokes or idiomatic constructions, especially as their usage and meaning are usually specific to a particular language or its culture.

Puns have a long history in writing. For example, the Roman playwright Plautus was famous for his puns and word games.
Pirmin Schwander
Pirmin Schwander (born 28 December 1961 in Galgenen) is a Swiss businessman, economist and politician. He has served as a member on the National Council for the Swiss People's Party since 2003. In the 2023 Swiss federal election Schwander was nominated to serve on the Council of States, which he won.

Schwander served as president of the Campaign for an Independent and Neutral Switzerland from 2004 to 2014.

Campaign for an Independent and Neutral Switzerland
The Campaign for an Independent and Neutral Switzerland (German: Aktion für eine unabhängige und neutrale Schweiz or AUNS, French: Action pour une Suisse indépendante et neutre or ASIN, Italian: Azione per una Svizzera neutrale e indipendente or ASNI), abbreviated to AUNS, is a political organisation in Switzerland that supports Swiss independence and neutrality.
Fluorenylidene
9-Fluorenylidene is an aryl carbene derived from the bridging methylene group of fluorene. Fluorenylidene has the unusual property that the triplet ground state is only 1.1  kcal/mol (4.6 kJ/mol) lower in energy than the singlet state. For this reason, fluorenylidene has been studied extensively in organic chemistry.

Fluorenylidene is a reactive intermediate. Reactions involving fluorenylidene proceed through either the triplet or singlet state carbene, and the products formed depend on the relative concentration of spin states in solution, as influenced by experimental conditions. The rate of intersystem crossing is determined by the temperature and concentration of specific spin-trapping agents.

Fluorene
Fluorene /ˈflʊəriːn/, or 9H-fluorene is an organic compound with the formula (C6H4)2CH2. It forms white crystals that exhibit a characteristic, aromatic odor similar to that of naphthalene. Despite its name, it does not contain the element fluorine, but rather it comes from the violet fluorescence it exhibits. For commercial purposes it is obtained from coal tar, where it was discovered and named by Marcellin Berthelot in 1867.

It is insoluble in water and soluble in many organic solvents. Although sometimes classified as a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, the five-membered ring has no aromatic properties. Fluorene is mildly acidic.
Elmwood (Loretto, Virginia)
Elmwood is a historic plantation house located near Loretto, Essex County, Virginia. It was built in 1774, and is a two-story, five-bay, brick dwelling with a hipped roof and shallow central projecting pavilion in the Georgian style.  It features a Palladian window and a one-story porch extending the length of the facade. The house was remodeled in 1852, much of which was later removed. It was the birthplace and home of Muscoe Russell Hunter Garnett, and was the home and burial place of his grandfather James M. Garnett.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.

James M. Garnett
James Mercer Garnett (June 8, 1770 – April 23, 1843) was a nineteenth-century politician and slave owner from Virginia, who served two terms in the United States House of Representatives from 1805 to 1809, and separate terms in the Virginia House of Delegates representing Essex County, Virginia.
305th Air Refueling Squadron
The 305th Air Refueling Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 305th Air Refueling Wing at Grissom Air Force Base, Indiana, where it was inactivated on 20 August 1993.

The first predecessor of the squadron was the 605th Bombardment Squadron which served as a training unit for heavy bomber aircrews during World War II until it was disbanded in a major reorganization of Army Air Forces training units in 1944.

The 305th Squadron was activated in 1953 in 1953 with Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighter aircraft.  It converted to the Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers and continued in the refueling role until inactivated.  The two squadrons were consolidated into a single unit in 1985.

499th Air Refueling Wing
The 499th Air Refueling Wing is an inactive United States Air Force unit that was last active at Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts in June 1966.

The wing was first activated as the 499th Bombardment Group of the United States Army Air Forces, which flew combat in the Pacific Theater of Operations as part of Twentieth Air Force during World War II. The 499th BG engaged in very heavy Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombardment operations against Japan for which it earned two Distinguished Unit Citations. Its aircraft were identified by a "V" and a square painted on the tail.

The 499th Air Refueling Wing was an air refueling and airborne command and control unit active from 1963 to 1966.  In 1984 USAF consolidated the group and wing into a single unit sharing a common history.
Loyalty business model
The loyalty business model is a business model used in strategic management in which a company's resources are employed so as to increase the loyalty of customers and other stakeholders in the expectation that corporate objectives will be met or surpassed. A typical example of this type of model is where quality of product or service leads to customer satisfaction, which leads to customer loyalty, which leads to profitability.

Fred Reichheld
Frederick F. Reichheld (born 1952) is an American New York Times best-selling author, speaker and business strategist. He is best known for his research and writing on the loyalty business model and loyalty marketing. He is the creator of the Net Promoter System of management (NPS).
Wabi (software)
Wabi is a discontinued commercial software application from Sun Microsystems that implements the Windows Win16 API specification. Wabi runs applications developed for Windows 3.1, Windows 3.11, and Windows for Workgroups, interpreting and translating x86 instructions where appropriate, but without emulating IBM PC compatible hardware.

Wabi was originally released for Solaris, with versions following for AIX, HP-UX and SCO OpenServer. A version for Linux was also released by Caldera.

SunPCi
SunPCi is a series of single-board computers with a connector that effectively allows a PC motherboard to be fitted in Sun Microsystems SPARC-based workstations based on the PCI architecture adding the capability for the workstation to act as a 'IBM PC compatible' computer. The Sun PCi cards included an x86 processor, RAM, expansion ports, and an onboard graphics controller, allowing a complete Wintel operating environment on a Solaris system. The SunPCi software running on Solaris emulates the disk drives that contain the PC filesystem. The PC software running on the embedded hardware is displayed in an X window on the host desktop; there is also a connector on the edge of the board that can optionally be used to connect a PC monitor.
244th Battalion (Kitchener's Own), CEF
The 244th (Kitchener's Own) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.  Based in Montreal, Quebec, the unit began recruiting in the spring of 1916 in Montreal and the surrounding district.  After sailing to England in April 1917, the battalion was absorbed into the 23rd Reserve Battalion, CEF later that month.

The 244th (Kitchener's Own) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. F. M. McRobie.

The unit was called "Kitchener's Own" because the battalion was officially authorized the day after Lord Kitchener was killed when the warship he was travelling on struck a mine.

The 244th Battalion is perpetuated by the Victoria Rifles of Canada which is currently on the Supplementary Order of Battle.

Victoria Rifles of Canada
The Victoria Rifles of Canada was an infantry regiment of the Non-Permanent Active Militia of the Canadian Militia and later the Canadian Army. First formed in Montreal, Canada East, in 1862, the regiment saw a service history stretching from the Fenian Raids of the 1860s–1870s into the middle of the 20th century. In 1965, the regiment was reduced to nil strength and transferred to the Supplementary Order of Battle.

The Victoria Rifles of Canada were based at the Cathcart Armoury, which houses the Régiment de Maisonneuve today.
Bachelor griller
A bachelor griller, mini oven or mini kitchen is a countertop kitchen appliance about the size of a microwave oven but which can instead grill, bake, broil or roast food. It generally incorporates one or two heating elements at the top and bottom of the appliance, has one or two hobs (American English: burners) on the cooktop, or a ceramic hotplate, and may incorporate a rotisserie.

It can be used to fry, bake and grill (American English: broil) foods. It is an alternative to reheating prepackaged meals in a microwave oven.

Modern bachelor grillers have controller knobs to control cooking temperatures. These are steadystates, a combination of a potentiometer and a thermostat, which ensure that the temperature stays stable.

Hot plate
A hot plate or hotplate is a heated flat surface on a stove or electric cooker on which food may be cooked, either built into an electric cooker or kitchen stove, or portable, plugged into an electric outlet.

Hot plates can also be used as a heat source in laboratories.
Eircom Park
Eircom Park was a proposed association football stadium in Saggart, Dublin,  intended to be the home of the Republic of Ireland national football team. The planned 45,000-seater stadium was to be named after the national team's sponsor, Eircom. Plans for Eircom Park were first announced in January 1999, when the Republic of Ireland were playing home games at Lansdowne Road, owned by the IRFU at the time. The plans were criticised for being unrealistic, not least the FAI's intention to host 57 non-sporting events at the stadium each year.

By January 2001, the projected costs of the project had doubled, and all plans for Eircom Park were subsequently abandoned. The FAI instead gave its support to the government-backed Stadium Ireland project. However, as plans for Stadium Ireland fell through by September 2002, it was instead decided to redevelop Lansdowne Road into the Aviva Stadium, which opened in 2010.

Stadium Ireland
Stadium Ireland (commonly referred as the "Bertie Bowl") was a proposed sports stadium in Abbotstown, Dublin, Ireland. Its nickname was due to its close association with the then Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern. If it had been built as proposed, the stadium would have served as Ireland's national stadium and hosted home games for both the national football team and national rugby union team.

The government-built stadium was planned to hold 75,000, and was central to Ireland's joint (and ultimately unsuccessful) bid with the Scottish Football Association to host UEFA Euro 2008. The Stadium Ireland project was abandoned by September 2002 because of spiraling costs and waning support. Government backing was instead given to the redevelopment of Lansdowne Road into the Aviva Stadium, which officially opened in May 2010.

Ahern remarked in April 2020 that the "Bertie Bowl" could still be built if someone had the "political guts".
Geometrical crystallography before X-rays
Geometrical crystallography before X-rays describes how geometrical crystallography developed as a science up to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895. In the period before X-rays, crystallography can be divided into three broad areas: geometric crystallography culminating in the discovery of the 230 space groups in 1891–1894, physical crystallography and chemical crystallography.

Geometrical crystallography before X-rays covers the study of crystal form and the mathematical representation of crystal structure. It includes the atomism and dynamism theories of crystal structure, the invention of the Miller indices, and the discovery of the 7 crystal systems, the 32 crystal classes, the 14 Bravais lattices, and the 230 space groups.

Axel Gadolin
Axel Vilhelmovich Gadolin (Russian: Аксель Вильгельмович Гадолин; 12 June 1828 – 15 December 1892) was a Finnish/Russian lieutenant general, and also a scientist in the field of artillery, metallurgy, mineralogy and crystallography. Gadolin was a professor at the Mikhailov Artillery Academy and the Saint Petersburg Institute of Technology, doctor of mineralogy from Saint Petersburg University, and academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the Lomonosov Prize in 1868 for his work on crystallographic point groups.
Jahan Shah
Muzaffar al-Din Jahan Shah ibn Yusuf (Persian: جهان شاه; Azerbaijani: Cahanşah جهان شاه;) or Abu al-Muzaffar Jahan Shah or, as he used the name "Haqiqi" when writing poetry. 1397 in Khoy or 1405 in Mardin – 30 October or 11 November 1467 near Bingöl) was the leader of the Qara Qoyunlu Oghuz Turkic tribal confederacy in Azerbaijan and Arran who reigned c. 1438 – 1467. During his reign he managed to expand the Qara Qoyunlu's territory to its largest extent, including Eastern Anatolia, most of present-day Iraq, central Iran, and even eventually Kerman. He also conquered neighbouring states. He was one of the greatest rulers of the Qara Qoyunlu. He was also allegedly fond of drinking and entertainment. During his reign Jahan Shah had the Gökmedrese and Muzafferiye theological schools constructed in his capital city Tabriz.

Mirza Yusuf
Mirza Yusuf (Persian: میرزا یوسف; Azerbaijani: Mirzə Yusif) died 22 October 1469, r. 1468–1469) was the last sultan of the Qara Qoyunlu, also known as the Black Sheep Turkomans, to have significant authority.
Baijah Automotive
Baijah Automotive GmbH is a former car manufacturer from Germany. The company was founded in 2003 by Marcus Nöske and was located in Bad Nauheim. It specialized in the assembly of off-road vehicles. The parts for its licensed models were produced from UAZ. Baijah was a technical supplier for the UN.

The company had financial difficulties. It was sold in 2007 to an investor that refused the total legal consequence. The founder's family fell into private bankruptcy and the investor got the name of the Baijah brand.

Offered models:

2003–2007: Baijah Taigah Active / Cabrio / UN vehicles

2007–2012: Baijah Tulos Pickup / Station / UN vehicles

2007–2012: Baijah Stalker (APAL Stalker)

UAZ-469
The UAZ-469, later sold as the UAZ-3151 and UAZ Hunter, is an off-road military light utility vehicle manufactured by UAZ since 1971. It was used by Soviet and other Warsaw Pact armed forces, as well as paramilitary units in Eastern Bloc countries. In the Soviet Union, it also saw widespread service in state organizations that needed a robust and durable off-road vehicle. Standard military versions included seating for seven personnel.
Rubber Dinosaurs and Wooden Elephants
Rubber Dinosaurs and Wooden Elephants: Essays on Literature, Film, and History is a 1996 essay collection by L. Sprague de Camp, published in hardcover by Borgo Press as no. 26 in the series I.O. Evans Studies in the Philosophy & Criticism of Literature. The title essay "Rubber Dinosaurs and Wooden Elephants" (retitled in this collection) was originally published in the magazine Analog Science Fiction and Fact, in the issue for mid-December 1987.

Blond Barbarians and Noble Savages
Blond Barbarians and Noble Savages is a 1975 collection of essays on the fantasy writers Robert E. Howard and H. P. Lovecraft by science-fiction writer L. Sprague de Camp, first published by T-K Graphics. It was reissued in 1986 by Borgo Press as number 2 in its Essays on Fantastic Literature series.
Culture of Kosovo
The culture of Kosovo refers to the culture of Kosovo. It encompasses the ancient heritage, architecture, literature, visual arts, music, cinema, sports and cuisine of Kosovo. Because of its history and geography, it represents a blend of different cultural spheres especially of the western and eastern culture.

The society of Kosovo has undergone considerable changes over the last centuries, one of the most notable being the increasing level of secularity. The national identity revolves more around the language and culture, than the religion.

Due to Albanians making up the majority of Kosovo's population, the culture tends to be Albanian with slight variations.

Kosovar cuisine
The cuisine of Kosovo is a representative of the cuisine of the Balkans and consists of traditional dishes by ethnic groups native to Kosovo. Due to Albanians being the main ethnic group in Kosovo, it is mainly an expression of Albanian cuisine, also adopting some elements of other Balkan countries.

Bread, dairy, meat, fruits and vegetables are important staples in Kosovan cuisine. With diversity of recipes, the Kosovan daily cuisine adjusts well to the country's occasional hot summers and the frequent long winters. As a result of its continental climate, fresh vegetables are consumed in summer while pickles throughout autumn and winter.

Breakfast in Kosovo is usually light, consisting primarily of a croissant with coffee, sandwiches, scrambled eggs, omelettes, petulla or toast with salami, processed cheese, lettuce and tea. Cereals with milk, waffles, pretzels and homemade pancakes with honey or marmalade are also frequently consumed especially by children.