hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Strong orientation
In graph theory, a strong orientation of an undirected graph is an assignment of a direction to each edge (an orientation) that makes it into a strongly connected graph.

Strong orientations have been applied to the design of one-way road networks. According to Robbins' theorem, the graphs with strong orientations are exactly the bridgeless graphs, or equivalently, graphs in which each connected component is 2-edge-connected. Eulerian orientations and well-balanced orientations provide important special cases of strong orientations; in turn, strong orientations may be generalized to totally cyclic orientations of disconnected graphs. The set of strong orientations of a graph forms a partial cube, with adjacent orientations in this structure differing in the orientation of a single edge. It is possible to find a single orientation in linear time, but it is #P-complete to count the number of strong orientations of a given graph.

Edge connectivity
In graph theory, a connected graph is k-edge-connected if it remains connected whenever fewer than k edges are removed.

The edge-connectivity of a graph is the largest k for which the graph is k-edge-connected.

Edge connectivity and the enumeration of k-edge-connected graphs was studied by Camille Jordan in 1869.
Flags of the United States Armed Forces
The several branches of the United States Armed Forces are represented by flags. Within the U.S. military, various flags fly on various occasions, and on various ships, bases, camps, and military academies.

In general, the order of precedence (from viewer's left to right) when displaying flags together in a military context is to display the U.S. national flag (also known as the "colors" or "national colors"), followed by the flags of the U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Space Force, and U.S. Coast Guard. If the U.S. Coast Guard is transferred to the Department of the Navy, the U.S. Coast Guard flag would precede the U.S. Air Force flag.

Flag of the United States Air Force
The flag of the United States Air Force was introduced in 1951 and consists of the U.S. Air Force's crest and shield, which itself comprises 13 white stars and the Department of the Air Force's coat of arms on a field of blue. The 13 stars represent the 13 original British American colonies, the three star grouping at the top portray the three Departments of the Department of Defense (Army, Navy, and Air Force). The crest includes the North American bald eagle (the national bird of the US), the cloud formation depicts the creation of a new firmament, and the wreath, composed of six alternate folds of silver and blue, incorporates the colors of the basic shield design.
Australian National Audit Office
The Australian National Audit Office (ANAO) is the supreme audit institution of Australia, functioning as the national auditor for the Parliament of Australia and Government of Australia. It reports directly to the Australian Parliament via the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the Senate. Administratively, the ANAO is located in the Prime Minister and Cabinet portfolio.

The current Auditor-General for Australia is Dr Caralee McLiesh PSM, who was appointed in August 2024 to commence in November 2024. McLiesh's appointment follows the resignation of the fifteenth Auditor-General Grant Hehir in February 2024.

International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions
The International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI) is an intergovernmental organization whose members are supreme audit institutions. Nearly every supreme audit institution in the world is a member of INTOSAI. Depending on the type of system used in their home country, the members of INTOSAI may be variously titled the Chief Financial Controller, the Office of the Comptroller General, the Office of the Auditor General, the Court of Accounts, or the Board of Audit.

INTOSAI holds a triennial conference entitled the International Congress of Supreme Audit Institutions (INCOSAI).
It publishes the quarterly International Journal of Government Auditing and publishes guidelines and international standards on auditing.
Pilia
Pilia is a genus of jumping spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1902. As of August 2019 it contains only four species, found only in India and Papua New Guinea: P. albicoma, P. escheri, P. saltabunda and P. malenadu.

Pilia malenadu
Pilia malenadu is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae. It was described in 2025 and represents a significant rediscovery of the genus Pilia after 123 years, marking the first time female specimens of this genus have been documented.
Summit (Catonsville, Maryland)
Summit is a historic home located in Catonsville, Baltimore County, Maryland.  It a large brick house, once part of a country estate owned by James Albert Gary. It features a three-story Italianate tower and large wing extending to the rear. The main façade is three stories and five bays wide, with the tower located on the east side. A one-story porch with square columns and railings runs across the full façade. The mansion was built originally as a summer home and later converted to apartments after its sale to the Summit Park Company in 1919.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

Catonsville, Maryland
Catonsville (/ˈkeɪtənzˌvɪl/) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. The population was 44,701 at the 2020 US Census. The community is a streetcar suburb of Baltimore along the city's western border. The town is known for its proximity to the Patapsco River and Patapsco Valley State Park, making it a regional mountain biking hub. The town is also notable as a local hotbed of music, earning it the official nickname of "Music City, Maryland." Catonsville contains the majority of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), a major public research university with close to 14,000 students.
1867 United States Senate election in New York
The 1867 United States Senate election in New York was held on January 15, 1867, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate. Incumbent Senator Ira Harris was not renominated for a second term in office. U.S. Representative Roscoe Conkling was elected to succeed him.

With large Republican majorities in both houses of the Legislature, the real contest was for Republican Party support, which was determined in a joint caucus of Senate and Assembly Republicans. A three-way race between Harris, Conkling, and Judge Noah Davis eventually gave way to a two-way contest between Conkling and Davis, with Conkling prevailing on the fifth ballot.

Henry C. Murphy
Henry Cruse Murphy (July 5, 1810 – December 1, 1882) was an American lawyer, politician and historian. During his political career, he served as Mayor of Brooklyn, a member of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Minister to the Netherlands, and member of the New York State Senate.

Murphy was an author and newspaper editor; he founded and was the first editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle newspaper, authored monographs on subjects including Henry Hudson's explorations, and translated several Dutch historical works into English.

In addition to his political and literary careers, Murphy was involved in several business ventures in Brooklyn, including railroads and construction of the Brooklyn Bridge.

Murphy died in Brooklyn in 1882 and was buried at Green-Wood Cemetery.
Tokpa-Domè
Tokpa-Domè is a village and arrondissement in the Atlantique Department of southern Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Kpomassè. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 8,930.

Arrondissements of Benin
Arrondissements are administrative units of Benin, after departments and communes. In turn they contain villages and may often have several quartiers or city districts/urban neighborhoods. There are currently 545 arrondissements.

The arrondissements, ordered by department and commune, are as follows:
Diocese of Springfield in Illinois
The Diocese of Springfield in Illinois (Latin: Diœcesis Campifontis in Illinois) is a diocese of the Catholic Church in the capital city of Illinois in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Chicago. The mother church is the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Springfield.

Joseph Alphonse McNicholas
Joseph Alphonse McNicholas (January 13, 1923 – April 17, 1983) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.  He served as the sixth bishop of the Diocese of Springfield in Illinois from 1975 to until his death in 1983.  He previously served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of St. Louis in Missouri from 1969 to 1975.
Grand Lodge of the Philippines
The Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the Philippines is the organizational body based on the Philippines that governs Freemasonry.  It currently has its offices at the Plaridel Masonic Temple, a historic building in Ermita, Manila.

Plaridel Masonic Temple
The Plaridel Masonic Temple, is a reconstruction of a historic building located at 1440 San Marcelino Street in Ermita, Manila.  It is the headquarters of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the Philippines. It was declared as a Historical Landmark in 1987 by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (formerly National Historical Institute).
Cîteaux Abbey
Cîteaux Abbey (French: Abbaye de Cîteaux [abe.i d(ə) sito]) is a Catholic abbey located in Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux, south of Dijon, France. It is notable for being the original house of the Order of Cistercians. Today, it belongs to the Trappists (also called the Cistercians of the Strict Observance).

The abbey has about 35 monks. The community produces a cheese branded under the abbey's name, as well as caramels and honey-based candies.

Stephen Harding
Stephen Harding (French: Étienne Harding) (c. 1060 – 28 March 1134) was an English-born monk and abbot, who was one of the founders of the Cistercian Order. He is honoured as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church.
Candia Lomellina
Candia Lomellina is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) southwest of Milan and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) west of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,639 and an area of 27.8 square kilometres (10.7 sq mi).

The municipality of Candia Lomellina contains the frazione (subdivision) Terrasa.

Candia Lomellina borders the following municipalities: Breme, Casale Monferrato, Cozzo, Frassineto Po, Langosco, Motta de' Conti, Valle Lomellina.

Langosco
Langosco is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) southwest of Milan and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) west of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 467 and an area of 15.7 square kilometres (6.1 sq mi).

Langosco borders the following municipalities: Candia Lomellina, Caresana, Cozzo, Motta de' Conti, Rosasco.
David Gemmell Awards for Fantasy
The David Gemmell Awards for Fantasy, established in memory of David Gemmell, were awarded from 2009 to 2018. In 2009, only the Legend Award for best fantasy novel was awarded. Beginning in 2010 the Morningstar Award for best fantasy newcomer and the Ravenheart Award for best fantasy cover art were added.  The award was closed in 2019.

The awards were for fantasy novels in the traditional, heroic, epic or high genres, or in the spirit of Gemmell's own work.

The Broken Empire Trilogy
The Broken Empire Trilogy is a trilogy of fantasy novels written by American-British author Mark Lawrence. The first volume, Prince of Thorns, was published on August 2, 2011. The second, King of Thorns, was published on August 7, 2012. The third and final volume, Emperor of Thorns, was published on August 6, 2013.

The trilogy follows the life of Jorg Ancrath as he goes from scorned prince to Emperor; using whatever means necessary.
Holmfirth Studios
The Holmfirth Studios were an early British film studios that operated during the silent era. The studio was set up in the Yorkshire town of Holmfirth by the Bamforth Family firm, better known for producing postcards. The company released many shorts and a handful of feature films such as Paula, enjoying success before the First World War. In 1915 it was decided to shift production to the capital and a move to Clapham Studios followed, although the company's film venture was  wound up soon afterwards.

Clapham Studios
The Clapham Studios were a British film studios of the silent and early sound eras, located in Clapham in London. The studios were built at Cranmer Court under some railway arches, opening in 1913. Several companies used the studios during their first decade, including Holmfirth Films. In 1927, it was used for one of the first British sound films when a short film was made using the DeForest Phonofilm sound system. By the late 1920s, usage of the studio had been abandoned, as producers moved to larger and more modern studios.

A second studios also existed in Clapham founded in 1919 by Bertram Phillips, but when his major star Queenie Thomas married and temporarily retired from the acting he suddenly found he had no use for it and consequently no feature films were made there, although it continued to exist for other cinematic uses until the 1950s.
Rollo (cyclecar)
The Rollo Car Co. was an English maker of cyclecars based in 140 Conybere Street, Birmingham and active between 1911 and 1913.

For 1913 three models were offered by the company. The 4+1⁄2 hp named the Pony had a single-cylinder 549 cc air-cooled engine made by Precision and had a single seat. The weight was 336 lb (152 kg), and in 1913 it cost 70 guineas. There were two variations of the larger car with V twin 964 cc 8 hp JAP engine air-cooled engine. One was the Rollo Tandem, with fore-and-aft seating with the driver in the rear seat, priced at 95 and 100 guineas in 1913 according to options, and 'for those who prefer to sit side by side' there was the Rollo Sociable, priced in 1913 at 100 guineas. All three cars had belt drive.

No cars were made after 1913 and the company was formally wound up in 1915.

Cyclecar
A cyclecar was a type of small, lightweight and inexpensive motorized car manufactured in Europe and the United States between 1910 and the early 1920s. The purpose of cyclecars was to fill a gap in the market between the motorcycle and the car. It could accommodate only two passengers, often sitting in tandem.

The demise of cyclecars was due to larger cars – such as the Citroën Type C, Austin 7 and Morris Cowley – becoming more affordable. Small, inexpensive vehicles reappeared after World War II, and were known as microcars.
Zveno project
Zveno (Russian: Звено, lit. 'Flight') was a composite aircraft developed in the Soviet Union during the 1930s. It was the brainchild of the aviation engineer Vladimir Vakhmistrov. It consisted of a Tupolev TB-1 or a Tupolev TB-3 heavy bomber mothership and two to five parasite fighters. Depending on the variant, the fighters either launched with the mothership or docked in flight, and they could refuel from the bomber. The definitive Zveno-SPB using a TB-3 and two Polikarpov I-16s, each armed with two 250 kg (550 lb) bombs, was used operationally as a strategic weapon system with good results against targets in the Kingdom of Romania during the opening stages of the Eastern Front campaign in World War II. The same squadron later carried out an attack against a bridge on the Dnieper River that had been captured by German forces.

Parasite aircraft
A parasite aircraft is a component of a composite aircraft which is carried aloft and air launched by a larger carrier aircraft or mother ship to support the primary mission of the carrier. The carrier craft may or may not be able to later recover the parasite during flight.

The first parasite aircraft flew in 1916, when the British launched a Bristol Scout from a Felixstowe Porte Baby flying boat. The idea eventually developed into jet bombers carrying fully capable parasite fighters. With the advent of long-range fighters equipped with air-to-air missiles, and aerial refueling, parasite fighters fell out of use.
World Rugby Hall of Fame
The World Rugby Hall of Fame (formerly the IRB Hall of Fame) recognises special achievement and contribution to the sport of rugby union. The World Rugby Hall of Fame covers players, coaches, administrators, match officials, institutions and other individuals. The Hall of Fame recognises the history and important contributions to the game, through one or more induction ceremonies that have been held annually except in 2010. The permanent physical home of the Hall of Fame was based at the Rugby Art Gallery, Museum & Library in Rugby, Warwickshire from 2016 until 2021.

Rugby School
Rugby School is a private boarding school for pupils aged 13–18, located in the town of Rugby, Warwickshire in England.

Founded in 1567 as a free grammar school for local boys, it is one of the oldest independent schools in Britain. Up to 1667, the school remained in comparative obscurity. Its re-establishment by Thomas Arnold during his time as Headmaster, from 1828 to 1841, was seen as the forerunner of the Victorian public school. It was one of nine schools investigated by the Clarendon Commission of 1864 and later regulated as one of the seven schools included in the Public Schools Act 1868. Originally a boys' school, it became fully co-educational in 1992.

The school's alumni – or "Old Rugbeians" – include a UK prime minister, a French prime minister, several bishops, poets, scientists, writers and soldiers.

Rugby School is the birthplace of rugby football.
Kapasiteettiyksikkö
Kapasiteettiyksikkö (Finnish for "capacity unit") was a Finnish hip hop group from Helsinki. The group was formed in 1997 by Anders "Andu" Westerholm, Markku "Tasis" Wettenranta and Dan "Uniikki" Tolppanen. Along with Fintelligens, Kapasiteettiyksikkö was one of the first Finnish-language hip hop groups that gained popularity in the country.

In 2003, together with Fintelligens members Elastinen and Iso H, Kapasiteettiyksikkö founded the record label Rähinä Records.

Fintelligens
Fintelligens is a hip hop group from Helsinki, Finland. The band is formed of two MCs: Elastinen and Iso H. The band has released three albums and one compilation, all selling more than 150,000 copies.
Godroniopsis
Godroniopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Helotiaceae. The genus contains two species.

The genus name of Godroniopsis is in honour of Dominique Alexandre Godron (1807–1880), who was a French physician, botanist, geologist and speleologist.

The genus was circumscribed by William Webster Diehl and Edith Katherine Cash in Mycologia Vol.21 on page 243 in 1929.

Helotiaceae
The Helotiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Helotiales. The distribution of species in the family are widespread, and typically found in tropical areas. There are 117 genera and 826 species in the family.

A question mark after the genus name means that according to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, the placement of that genus in this family is uncertain.
Gandalfus
Gandalfus is a genus of crabs belonging to the family Bythograeidae. Gandalfus species occur around hydrothermal vents.

The species of this genus are found in the western Pacific Ocean.

Species:

Gandalfus puia  McLay, 2007

Gandalfus yunohana  (Takeda, Hashimoto & Ohta, 2000)

Gandalfus yunohana
Gandalfus yunohana is a species of blind crab in the family Bythograeidae found on hydrothermal vents on the eastern edge of the Philippine Sea Plate south of Japan.  Because no light penetrates to such depths, the eyes of G. yunohana are immobile and unpigmented.
Big Muley
Lunar Sample 61016, better known as "Big Muley", is a lunar sample discovered and collected on the Apollo 16 mission in 1972 in the Descartes Highlands, on the rim of Plum crater, near Flag crater (Station 1). It is the largest sample returned from the Moon as part of the Apollo program. The rock, an 11.7 kg (26 lb) breccia consisting mainly of shocked anorthosite attached to a fragment of troctolitic "melt rock", is named after Bill Muehlberger, the Apollo 16 field geology team leader.

Big Muley is currently stored at the Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center.

Descartes Highlands
The Descartes Highlands is an area of lunar highlands located on the near side that served as the landing site of the American Apollo 16 mission in early 1972. The Descartes Highlands is located in the area surrounding Descartes crater, after which the feature received its name.
Iwanari Tomomichi
Iwanari Tomomichi (岩成 友通; 1531 – August 2, 1573) was a Japanese samurai of the 16th century. Also known as Ishinari Tomomichi (石成友通), he was a senior retainer of the Miyoshi clan. He was one of the three great samurai of the Miyoshi clan called Miyoshi Sanninshu along with Miyoshi Nagayuki and Miyoshi Masayasu. Leading an uprising against the forces of Oda Nobunaga toward the end of his life, Iwanari was killed by Hosokawa Fujitaka in battle at Shoryuji Castle. Iwanari Tomomichi is remembered as a determined and loyal samurai who fought for the survival and restoration of the Miyoshi clan during one of the most turbulent periods in Japanese history.

Miyoshi clan
Miyoshi clan (三好氏, Miyoshi-shi) is a Japanese family descended from Emperor Seiwa (850–880) and the Minamoto clan (Seiwa-Genji). They are a cadet branch of the Ogasawara clan and the Takeda clan.

At the beginning of the 14th century AD, Ogasawara Nagafusa settled in Shikoku. His eighth generation descendant Yoshinaga settled in the district of Miyoshi (Awa province) and took the name of the place. They were vassals of the Hosokawa clan, then powerful in Shikoku.

During the Sengoku period, they controlled several provinces, including Settsu and Awa. Though they would fade from prominence, the Ogasawara, a clan closely related to them, would continue as a major political force throughout the Edo period.

Among the retainers to the clan were Matsunaga Danjo Hisahide and his son Hisamichi from the Matsunaga clan during the Sengoku period.
Ashapurna Devi
Ashapurna Devi (Bengali pronunciation: [aʃapurna debi]; 8 January 1909 – 12 July 1995), also Ashapoorna Devi or Ashapurna Debi, was a prominent Indian novelist and poet in Bengali. In 1976, she was awarded the Jnanpith Award and Padma Shri by the Government of India, D.Litt. by the Universities of Jabalpur, Rabindra Bharati, Burdwan and Jadavpur. Vishwa Bharati University honoured her with Deshikottam in 1989. For her contribution as a novelist and short story writer, the Sahitya Akademi conferred its highest honour, the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship, in 1994.

Sahitya Akademi Fellowship
The Sahitya Akademi Fellowship is a literary honour in India bestowed by the Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters. It is the highest honour conferred by the Akademi on a living writer, the number of fellows at no time exceeding 21.
Elected from among writers thought by the Akademi to be of acknowledged merit, the fellows are sometimes described as the "immortals of Indian literature."

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was the first writer elected to the Fellowship (in 1968); Mulk Raj Anand was the first Indian English writer to be inducted in 1989 and R. K. Narayan in 1994, the second.