hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Homotopy category
In mathematics, the homotopy category is a category built from the category of topological spaces which in a sense identifies two spaces that have the same shape. The phrase is in fact used for two different (but related) categories, as discussed below.

More generally, instead of starting with the category of topological spaces, one may start with any model category and define its associated homotopy category, with a construction introduced by Quillen in 1967.  In this way, homotopy theory can be applied to many other categories in geometry and algebra.

Homotopy theory
In mathematics, homotopy theory is a systematic study of situations in which maps can come with homotopies between them. It originated as a topic in algebraic topology, but nowadays is learned as an independent discipline.
Yogesh Kumar Joshi
Lieutenant General Yogesh Kumar Joshi, PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, VrC, SM, ADC (born 5 January 1962) is a retired General Officer of the Indian Army. He was the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Northern Command, assuming office from Lt Gen Ranbir Singh on 1 February 2020.
He last served as the Chief of staff of the Northern Command, assuming the office from Lt Gen SK Sharma. Previously, he was the commander of Leh based Fire & Fury Corps. As Army Commander he is credited with spearheading the Indian response to PLA's attempt to alter the status quo on Line of Actual Control (LAC) by use of force. He is the only war decorated Army Commander who has to his credit successes against both Indian adversaries China and Pakistan.

Jammu and Kashmir Rifles
The Jammu and Kashmir Rifles is an infantry regiment of the Indian Army. Its origins lay in the  Jammu and Kashmir State Forces of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. After the accession of the state to the Indian Union in October 1947, the State Forces came under the command of the Indian Army. They remained in the original form until 1956, when Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly effectively ratified the state's accession to India. Then the State Forces became the Jammu and Kashmir Regiment of the Indian Army. In 1963, the designation was changed to Jammu and Kashmir Rifles. After the conversion, the Ladakh Scouts came under the aegis of the Regiment, where it remained until raised as a separate Regiment in 2002.
HMS Hogue (1900)
HMS Hogue was a Cressy-class armoured cruiser built for the Royal Navy around 1900. Upon completion she was assigned to the Channel Fleet and the China Station. In 1906 she became a training ship for the North America and West Indies Station before being placed in reserve in 1908. Recommissioned at the start of World War I, she played a minor role in the Battle of Heligoland Bight a few weeks after the beginning of the war. Hogue was sunk by the German submarine U-9, together with two of her sister ships, on 22 September 1914.

Cressy-class cruiser
The Cressy-class cruiser was a class of six armoured cruisers built for the Royal Navy around 1900. Their design's incorporation of a pair of 9.2-inch guns and armoured sides served to address criticism directed against the previous Diadem class — advances made possible by their 1,000 ton increase in displacement over their predecessors. The ships were notably stable, except for a susceptibility to pitching.
Santadi
Santadi is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Sulcis Iglesiente in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southwest of Cagliari and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Carbonia.

Santadi borders the following municipalities: Assemini, Domus de Maria, Nuxis, Piscinas, Pula, Teulada, Villa San Pietro, Villaperuccio.

Starting from a hill next to the small town of Santadi, it is possible to see how the urban development system develops in concentric circles. This fact gave rise to the hypothesis that Santadi is what remains of the capital of the island mentioned by Plato in the third chapter of the Timaeus and in Critias.

Villaperuccio
Villaperuccio (Sardinian: Sa Baronia) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Sulcis Iglesiente in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Cagliari and about 13 kilometres (8 mi) southeast of Carbonia, in the lower Sulcis.

Villaperuccio borders the municipalities of Narcao, Nuxis, Perdaxius, Piscinas, Santadi, and Tratalias. Its territory includes the pre-Nuragic necropolis of Montessu, some 40 nuraghe and the menhir site of is perdas croccadas.
Listed buildings in Elland
Elland is a town and an unparished area in the metropolitan borough of Calderdale, West Yorkshire, England.  Elland ward contains 47 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, two are listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, two are at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The ward contains the town of Elland, the hamlet of Blackley, and the surrounding area. The Calder and Hebble Navigation passes through the area, and the listed buildings associated with this are locks, a bridge, a milepost, a lock keeper's house, a warehouse, and an office. The other listed buildings include houses and cottages, churches and associated structures, public houses, a barn, a set of stocks, a mill warehouse, four milestones, a former town hall, a former bank, a war memorial, and two telephone kiosks.

Blackley, West Yorkshire
Blackley is a hamlet in the Calderdale district, in the county of West Yorkshire, England. It is near the town of Elland, the A629 road and the M62 motorway and can be accessed from junction 24. There is also the village of Ainley Top nearby.

Between 1894 and 1985, Blackley was the site of Wilkinsons Brickworks who exported thousands of bricks per year all over the world. There have been attempts to regenerate the land that the brickworks occupied.
The Crown of India
The Crown of India, was a masque, an elaborate theatrical presentation, staged in 1912 to celebrate the visit the preceding December of King George V and Queen Mary to Delhi for their coronation as Emperor and Empress of India. For this masque, the English composer Sir Edward Elgar wrote the music as his Op. 66, with a libretto by Henry Hamilton. The masque consisted of two tableaux: "The Cities of Ind" and "Ave Imperator!".

Masque
The masque was a form of festive courtly entertainment that flourished in 16th- and early 17th-century Europe, though it was developed earlier in Italy, in forms including the intermedio (a public version of the masque was the pageant). A masque involved music, dancing, singing and acting, within an elaborate stage design, in which the architectural framing and costumes might be designed by a renowned architect, to present a deferential allegory flattering to the patron. Professional actors and musicians were hired for the speaking and singing parts. Masquers who did not speak or sing were often courtiers: the English queen Anne of Denmark frequently danced with her ladies in masques between 1603 and 1611, and Henry VIII and Charles I of England performed in the masques at their courts. In the tradition of masque, Louis XIV of France danced in ballets at Versailles with music by Jean-Baptiste Lully.
Reinforced concrete
Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete or ferro-concrete, is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are compensated for by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ductility. The reinforcement is usually, though not necessarily, steel reinforcing bars (known as rebar) and is usually embedded passively in the concrete before the concrete sets. However, post-tensioning is also employed as a technique to reinforce the concrete. In terms of volume used annually, it is one of the most common engineering materials. In corrosion engineering terms, when designed correctly, the alkalinity of the concrete protects the steel rebar from corrosion.

Concrete cover
Concrete cover, in reinforced concrete, is the least distance between the surface of embedded reinforcement and the outer surface of the concrete (ACI 130). The concrete cover depth can be measured with a cover meter. The purpose of concrete cover is to protect the reinforcement from corrosion, fire, and other potential damage.

The required concrete cover depends on several factors, including the environmental conditions to which the structure will be exposed, the size of the reinforcing steel, the concrete strength, and the type of structure being constructed. Generally, larger diameter reinforcement bars require more concrete cover than smaller ones.

In most cases, local building codes and engineering standards specify the minimum required concrete cover for various types of structures. It is important to adhere to these requirements to ensure the safety and longevity of the structure.
Carrbridge Packhorse Bridge
Carrbridge Packhorse Bridge, also known as Coffin Bridge, is a historic packhorse bridge in the village of Carrbridge, in the Scottish Highlands. The bridge was built in 1717 to allow funeral processions to reach Duthil Church by crossing the River Dulnain. The parapets were washed away in the 19th century. In 1971 the bridge became a Category B listed building. It has become a popular tourist attraction.

Carrbridge
Carrbridge (Scots: Carrbrig, Scottish Gaelic: Drochaid Chàrr) is a village in Badenoch and Strathspey in the Scottish Highlands. It lies off the A9 on the A938, west of Skye of Curr and southeast of Tomatin, near Bogroy. It has the oldest stone bridge in the Highlands and the nearby ancient pine forest contains the Landmark Forest Adventure Park.
Gràcia
Gràcia (Catalan: [ˈɡɾasi.ə] ⓘ, lit. 'Grace'), is a district of the Mediterranean city of Barcelona, in the northeastern autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain. It comprises the barris (neighborhoods) of Vila de Gràcia, Vallcarca i els Penitents, El Coll, La Salut and Camp d'en Grassot i Gràcia Nova. Gràcia is bordered by the districts of Eixample to the south, Sarrià-Sant Gervasi to the west, and Horta-Guinardó to the east. A vibrant and diverse enclave of Catalan life, Gràcia was an independent municipality for centuries before being formally annexed by Barcelona in 1897, as a part of the city's expansions.

Vallcarca i els Penitents
Vallcarca i els Penitents is a neighbourhood in the northernmost part of Gràcia, a district of Barcelona. Locked between two hills, Putget and El Coll, it grew out of a few scattered settlements, namely L'Hostal de la Farigola, Can Falcó, Can Mas and Can Gomis.

The Parish Church, Virgen de Gracia y San José, popularly known as the “Josepets,” is the location of a Traditional Latin Mass, authorised by bishop Reig Casanova in 2021.
Fraser Valley East
Fraser Valley East was a federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1968 to 1997. This riding was created in 1966 from parts of Fraser Valley, Kamloops and Okanagan Boundary ridings.

It was abolished in 1996 when it was merged into the Fraser Valley riding.

It initially consisted of:

the Fraser-Cheam Regional District; and

the part of the Central Fraser Valley Regional District lying east of Bradner Road in Matsqui District Municipality.

In 1987, it was redefined to consist of:

the Fraser-Cheam Regional District;

the part of Central Fraser Regional District lying east of a line drawn from the north boundary of the regional district south to Glenmore Road, along that road and the British Columbia Hydro & Power Railway right-of-way to the south boundary of Matsqui District Municipality, and west and south along that boundary to the southeast corner of Matsqui.

Kamloops (federal electoral district)
Kamloops was a federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 to 1968, and from 1988 to 2004. From 1998 to 2004, it was known as Kamloops, Thompson and Highland Valleys.
Jaakko Paavolainen
Jaakko Paavolainen (23 July 1926 in Kanneljärvi – 30 October 2007 in Helsinki), was a Finnish historian, PhD 1966. He became professor in history at the University of Turku 1986–1989.

Jaakko Paavolainen published his much noticed results about the red terror and white terror during the Finnish Civil War in three volumes and has also published a biography of Väinö Tanner (4 parts, 1977–1989). His boyhood memories från Carelia he pictures in Lapsuus Kanneljärvellä (1982) and the life of his cousin Olavi Paavolainen in a 1992 published volume.

Jaakko Paavolainen is the son of Erkki Paavolainen and the father of Pentti Paavolainen (b. 1953), professor in arts research at Helsinki Theatre Academy.

Erkki Paavolainen
Erkki Paavolainen (17 May 1890 in Kivennapa – 18 March 1960 in Helsinki) was a Finnish journalist, educationist and politician. He was Minister of Social Affairs from 3 March to 20 October 1932. Paavolainen served as a Member of the Parliament of Finland from 1924 to 1927, from 1929 to 1933, from 1936 to 1947 and again from 1948 to 1951, representing the National Coalition Party. He was the younger brother of Pekka Paavolainen and the father of Jaakko Paavolainen.
Battle of Nicopolis
The Battle of Nicopolis took place on 25 September 1396 and resulted in the rout of an allied Crusader army, assisted by the Venetian navy, at the hands of an Ottoman force, raising the siege of the Danubian fortress of Nicopolis and leading to the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire. It is often referred to as the Crusade of Nicopolis, as it was one of the last big Crusades of the Middle Ages, together with the Crusade of Varna in 1443–1444. By their victory at Nicopolis, the Turks discouraged the formation of European coalitions against them. They maintained their pressure on Constantinople, tightened their control over the Balkans, and became a greater threat to Central Europe.

Philip of Artois, Count of Eu
Philip of Artois (1358 – 16 June 1397), sometimes Philip I, son of John of Artois, Count of Eu, and Isabeau of Melun, was Count of Eu from 1387 until his death, succeeding his brother Robert.

Philip was an ignoble and hotheaded soldier. In 1383, he captured the town of Bourbourg from the English. He went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land and was imprisoned there by Barquq, the Sultan of Egypt, being released through the mediation of Jean Boucicaut and the Venetians. In 1390, he joined the unsuccessful expedition of Louis II, Duke of Bourbon, against Mahdia. In 1393, Philip was created Constable of France.

As a prominent crusader, Philip was one of the French contingent sent to take part in the Battle of Nicopolis. After forcing the French into battle, he was captured after the battle and subsequently died in captivity.
Superman (TV series)
Superman  is a 1988 American animated Saturday morning television series produced by Ruby-Spears Enterprises for Warner Bros. Television that aired on CBS from September 17 to December 10, 1988, featuring the DC Comics superhero of the same name (coinciding with the character's 50th anniversary, along with the live-action Superboy TV series that year). Veteran comic book writer Marv Wolfman was the head story editor, and comic book artist Gil Kane provided character designs.

Prankster (comics)
The Prankster (Oswald Hubert Loomis) is a supervillain appearing in media published by DC Comics, primarily as an enemy of Superman. The Prankster's particular gimmick is the use of various practical jokes and gags in committing his crimes.
Tada Shrine
Tada Shrine (多田神社) is a Shinto shrine in the Tadadokoro neighborhood of the city of Kawanishi in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. The shrine is also called ‘Tada-Daigongen-Sha’ or ‘Kansai Nikko’, literally, ‘Nikko of Western Japan’. This shrine is the shrine of the Seiwa Genji clan from which Minamoto no Yoritomo and many subsequent Shogun and daimyō clans claimed descent. This shrine is one of Three Genji Shrines, with Rokusonnō Shrine in Kyoto and Tsuboi Hachimangū in Osaka. The shrine was designated a National Historic Site in 1951.

Minamoto no Mitsunaka
Minamoto no Mitsunaka (源 満仲; April 29, 912 – October 6, 997) was a Japanese samurai and court official of the Heian period. He served as Chinjufu-shōgun and acting governor of Settsu Province. His association with the Fujiwara clan made him one of the wealthiest and most powerful courtiers of his day.
Siamaggiore
Siamaggiore (Sardinian: Siamaiore or Siamajori) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) northwest of Cagliari and about 7 kilometres (4 mi) northeast of Oristano.

Siamaggiore borders the following municipalities: Oristano, Solarussa, Tramatza, Zeddiani.

Tramatza
Tramatza is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) northwest of Cagliari and about 12 kilometres (7 mi) northeast of Oristano. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,007 and an area of 16.8 square kilometres (6.5 sq mi).

Tramatza borders the following municipalities: Bauladu, Milis, San Vero Milis, Siamaggiore, Solarussa, Zeddiani.
Cain Sartain
J. Cain Sartain (1843–1902) was a planter, justice of the peace, sheriff, and state legislator in Louisiana. He was a Republican. He and P. Jones Yorke represented Carroll Parish. He served from 1873 to 1878. His final years representing newly created East Carroll Parish.

He contested the election outcome and was declared the rightful winner over Nicholas Burton. Burton contested the 1877 election and eventually won the seat.

In 1879 he wrote to the governor of Kansas (John Pierce St. John) inquiring about emigration opportunities, civil rights, and public accommodations laws in Kansas.

Nicholas Burton
Nicholas Burton was an American A.M.E. Church minister, sheriff, and politician in Louisiana. He served in the Louisiana House of Representatives in 1877 and 1878.

Burton was involved in a disputed election with Cain Sartain.
Nicholas Sperlyng
Nicholas Sperlyng (fl. 1388–1402), of Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, was an English politician.

He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Wycombe in 1402. He was Mayor of Wycombe in 1388–1390 and 1397–98.

Mayor of Wycombe
The following were mayors of Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, England:

John Sandwell: 1346-9

Nicholas Sperlyng: 1388-90 and 1397-8

William atte Dene  1365-6 and 1370–1.

William Clerk: 1419-20

Alderman W. Birch: 1902
Nelidovsky District
Nelidovsky District  (Russian: Нели́довский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Tver Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast and borders with Andreapolsky District in the north, Selizharovsky District in the northeast, Oleninsky District in the east, Belsky District in the south, Zharkovsky District in the southwest, and with Zapadnodvinsky District in the west. The area of the district is 2,632 square kilometers (1,016 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Nelidovo. Population: 30,731 (2010 Census);  9,144 (2002 Census); 11,829 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Nelidovo accounts for 74.5% of the district's total population.

Zharkovsky District
Zharkovsky District  (Russian: Жарко́вский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Tver Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast and borders with Nelidovsky District in the north, Belsky District in the east, Dukhovshchinsky District of Smolensk Oblast in the southeast, Demidovsky District of Smolensk Oblast in the south, Velizhsky District of Smolensk Oblast in the southwest, and with Zapadnodvinsky District in the west. The area of the district is 1,625 square kilometers (627 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Zharkovsky. Population: 6,132 (2010 Census);  7,631 (2002 Census); 10,763 (1989 Soviet census). The population of the administrative center accounts for 65.5% of the district's total population.
Lewis Edson
Lewis Edson (22 January 1748 – 1820 in Woodstock, New York) was one of the first American composers. He began working as blacksmith, but soon after became a singing master and was a notable singer in his day.  His most popular compositions were Bridgewater, Lenox and Green Field and were published in 1782 in the "Choristers Companion".

Yankee tunesmiths
Yankee tunesmiths (also called the First New England School) were self-taught composers active in New England from 1770 until about 1810. Their music was largely forgotten when the Better Music Movement turned musical tastes towards Europe, as in Thomas Hastings's 1822 Dissertation on Musical Taste and other works. The principal tunesmiths were  William Billings, Supply Belcher, Daniel Read, Oliver Holden, Justin Morgan, Lewis Edson, Andrew Law, Timothy Swan, Jacob Kimball Jr., and Jeremiah Ingalls. They composed primarily psalm tunes and fuging tunes (which differ enough from European fugues to warrant the spelling "fuge"), many of which have entered into the Sacred Harp singing tradition.
Burbanks Gold Mine
The Burbanks Gold Mine is a gold mine located 9 km south east of Coolgardie, Western Australia.

The process plant of the mine is owned by Mineral Ventures while the mine is owned by Greenstone Resources.

Coolgardie, Western Australia
Coolgardie is a small town in Western Australia located around 558 kilometres (347 mi) east of the state capital, Perth; and 38 kilometres (24 mi) southwest of Kalgoorlie. It has a population of approximately 850 people.

Although Coolgardie is now known to most Western Australians as a tourist town and a mining ghost town, it was once the third largest town in Western Australia (after Perth and Fremantle). At this time, mining of alluvial gold was a major industry and supplied the flagging economy with new hope. Many miners suffered under the harsh conditions, but for a few, their find made the hard work worthwhile. Most men, however, left poorer than they had started off, with their hopes dashed.
Λ-ring
In algebra, a λ-ring or lambda ring is a commutative ring together with some operations λn on it that behave like the exterior powers of vector spaces. Many rings considered in K-theory carry a natural λ-ring structure. λ-rings also provide a powerful formalism for studying an action of the symmetric functions on the ring of polynomials, recovering and extending many classical results (Lascoux (2003)).

λ-rings were introduced by Grothendieck (1957, 1958, p.148). For more about λ-rings see Atiyah & Tall (1969), Knutson (1973), Hazewinkel (2009) and Yau (2010).

Adams operation
In mathematics, an Adams operation, denoted ψk for natural numbers k,  is a cohomology operation in topological K-theory, or any allied operation in algebraic K-theory or other types of algebraic construction, defined on a pattern introduced by Frank Adams. The basic idea is to implement some fundamental identities in symmetric function theory, at the level of vector bundles or other representing object in more abstract theories.

Adams operations can be defined more generally in any λ-ring.
Bellamack
Bellamack is a suburb of Palmerston. It is 26.5 km southeast of the Darwin CBD. Its local government area is the City of Palmerston. It is on the traditional Country and waterways of the Larrakia people.

Palmerston, Northern Territory
Palmerston is a planned satellite city of Darwin, the capital and largest city of Australia's Northern Territory. The city is situated approximately 20 kilometres from the Darwin central business district and 10 kilometres from Howard Springs and the surrounding rural areas. Palmerston had a population of 33,695 at the 2016 census, making it the second largest city in the Northern Territory. According to the 2021 census, the population grew to 37,247 people.

There are eighteen suburbs in Palmerston, ten of which are close to the Palmerston city centre. Palmerston is mostly residential with two light industrial areas in the north of the city.