hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chawai
Chawai (Hausa: Fadan Chawai) is a town east of the headquarters of the Tsam Chiefdom of the Atsam people in Kauru Local Government Area in southern Kaduna state in the Middle Belt region of Nigeria. The postal code of the area is 811.

It is also the centre of the Chawai district of the Tsam Chiefdom. The Chiefdom itself and its people are often called Chawai.

Southern Kaduna
Southern Kaduna (Tyap: A̱tak Ka̱duna [ǝtag kǝduna] ⓘ; Jju: Ka̱tak Ka̱duna [kǝtag kǝduna] ⓘ; Hausa: Kudancin Kaduna [kudǝnt͡ʃin kəduna] ⓘ; formerly Southern Zaria) is an area of the Nok Culture region inhabited by various related ethnic groups who do not identify as Hausa, living south of Zaria, Kaduna State. It is located in the Middle Belt region of Nigeria. According to the Southern Kaduna People's Union (SOKAPU), Southern Kaduna consists of 12 (or 13) Local Government Areas out of 23 in Kaduna State.

In September 2020, the SOKAPU national publicity secretary, Luka Binniyat, in a statement he signed said the region makes up 51.2% of the entire state's population as shown in the 2006 census figures, occupying 26,000 sq. km. of the state's 46,000 sq. km. total land mass, with 57 registered ethnic nationalities of the state's 67 identified ones. Angerbrandt (2015) views it as being less of a geographical identity and more of an ethnic identity concept.
Arnd Scheel
Arnd Scheel is a professor with the School of Mathematics at the University of Minnesota. Scheel earned his Ph.D. in 
1994 from the Freie Universität Berlin under the supervision of Bernold Fiedler. In 2009 he was
awarded the J.D. Crawford Prize of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics for outstanding research in nonlinear science. In 2016 he received the Humboldt Research Award and was named a SIAM Fellow for contributions to applied dynamical systems and the study of pattern formation.

J. D. Crawford Prize
The J. D. Crawford Prize is a biennial award presented by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) for achievements in the field of dynamical systems. Established in 2001, the award honors John David Crawford (1954–1998), a professor at the University of Pittsburgh who made fundamental research contributions in the field.
Nitrosonium
The nitrosonium ion is NO+, in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to an oxygen atom with a bond order of 3, and the overall diatomic species is cationic, bearing a positive charge. It can be viewed as nitric oxide with one electron removed. This ion is usually obtained as the following salts: NOClO4, NOSO4H (nitrosylsulfuric acid, more descriptively written NOSO3OH) and NOBF4. The ClO−4 and BF−4 salts are slightly soluble in acetonitrile CH3CN. NOBF4 can be purified by sublimation at 200–250 °C and 0.01 mmHg (1.3 Pa).

Nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate
Nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate, also called nitrosyl tetrafluoroborate, is a chemical compound with the chemical formula NOBF4. This colourless solid is used in organic synthesis as a nitrosating agent, diazotizing agent and a mild oxidant.

NOBF4 is the nitrosonium salt of fluoroboric acid, and is composed of a nitrosonium cation, [NO]+, and a tetrafluoroborate anion, [BF4]−.
Max Wertheimer
Max Wertheimer (German: [ˈvɛʁthaɪ̯mɐ]; April 15, 1880 – October 12, 1943) was a psychologist who was one of the three founders of Gestalt psychology, along with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler. He is known for his book Productive Thinking and for conceiving the phi phenomenon as part of his work in Gestalt psychology.

Wertheimer became interested in psychology and studied under Carl Stumpf at the University of Berlin. Wertheimer then went on to obtain his PhD in 1904 under Oswald Külpe, at the University of Würzburg and then began his intellectual career teaching at the Institute for Social Research at Frankfurt University. For a short time, he left Frankfurt to work at the Berlin Psychological Institute, but returned in 1929 as a full professor.

Wertheimer eventually joined the faculty of The New School in New York, a position he held until his death. One of Wertheimer's postdoc researchers was the American psychologist Abraham Maslow who greatly admired Wertheimer.

Oswald Külpe
Theodor Oswald Rudolph Külpe (German: [ˈkʏlpə]; 3 August 1862 – 30 December 1915) was a German structural psychologist of the late 19th and early 20th century. Külpe, who is less well-known than his German mentor, Wilhelm Wundt, revolutionized experimental psychology at his time. In his obituary, Aloys Fischer wrote that, “undoubtedly Külpe was the second founder of experimental psychology on German soil; for with every change of base he made it a requirement that an experimental laboratory should be provided.”

Külpe studied as a doctoral student and assistant to Wundt at the University of Leipzig, though his ideas differed from Wundt's as he developed his own research (Boring, 1961). Külpe made significant contributions to the field of psychology, some of which are still relevant, including the systematic experimental introspection, imageless thoughts, mental sets, and abstraction.
Communist Party (Burma)
The Communist Party (Burma) (Burmese: ကွန်မြူနစ်ပါတီ (ဗမာပြည်)), sometimes referred to as the Red Flag Communist Party (Burmese: အလံနီကွန်မြူနစ်ပါတီ; RFCP), was a communist party in Burma. The party was formed after a more radical faction broke away from the Communist Party of Burma in 1946. In the same year, it began a protracted armed insurgency; first against British rule, then against the Burmese government. The party was led by Thakin Soe, a firebrand communist leader. In the 1970s, the party lost influence and was militarily defeated by 1978.

Thakin Soe
Thakin Soe (Burmese: သခင်စိုး, pronounced [θəkʰiɰ̃ só]; 1906 – 6 May 1989) was a founding member of the Communist Party of Burma and a leader of the Anti-Fascist Organisation. He is regarded as one of Burma's most prominent communist leaders.
Macra
Macra is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southwest of Turin and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northwest of Cuneo.

Macra borders the following municipalities: Celle di Macra, Marmora, Sampeyre, San Damiano Macra, and Stroppo.

San Damiano Macra
San Damiano Macra (Occitan: Sant Damian; Piedmontese: San Damian) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region of Piedmont, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southwest of Turin and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of Cuneo.

San Damiano Macra borders the following municipalities: Cartignano, Castelmagno, Celle di Macra, Dronero, Frassino, Macra, Melle, Roccabruna, and Sampeyre.
Rollkur
Rollkur or hyperflexion of the horse's neck is defined as "flexion of the horse's neck achieved through aggressive force" and is banned in International and Olympic sanctioned equestrian sports by the governing body, the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI). The FEI recognises a distinction between rollkur and the riding of the horse in a deep outline not achieved by force.

Rollkur has been used by dressage and show jumping riders.  The technique has been controversial for some time; petitions and boycotts (including a threatened boycott of the London 2012 Olympics) have been created to ban the practice. The FEI moved to ban the practice following the release of video of Swedish dressage rider Patrik Kittel using rollkur during a competition warm-up, where the horse's tongue appeared to turn blue as a result of the manoeuvre.

Patrik Kittel
Patrik Kittel (born 10 June 1976) is a Swedish dressage rider. He was born in Stockholm. He competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where he placed fourth in team dressage.  At the 2012 Summer Olympics he competed in the team dressage events and qualified for the  Grand Prix Special and Grand Prix Freestyle, finishing 14th.

In 2024, Kittel was chosen to represent Sweden at the 2024 Olympic Games, where he placed 14th in the individual competition.
Dinegro (Genoa Metro)
Dinegro is a Genoa Metro station. It is located under Via Milano, adjoining the Piazza Dinegro from which it derives its name, in the Fassolo area of Genoa, Italy. The station is placed just east of the business district of San Benigno and close to the ferry terminal. There are bus stops on the street outside the station, with numerous bus and trolleybus services.

The station, which opened on 13 June 1990, was designed by Renzo Piano and at a depth of approximately 5 metres below ground level can be reached by a single flight of stairs.

The station is located in the proximity of Villa Di Negro Rosazza dello Scoglietto, a 16th-century villa built for the Di Negro family, a distinguished aristocratic family of the Republic of Genoa, after which the area is named.

Genoa Metro
The Genoa Metro (Italian: Metropolitana di Genova, Ligurian: Metropolitànn-a de Zêna) is a light rapid transit system consisting of a single line that connects the centre of Genoa, Italy with the suburb of Rivarolo Ligure, to the north-west of the city centre.  The service is currently managed by Azienda Mobilità e Trasporti (AMT), which provides public transport for the city of Genoa.

It is a 7.1 kilometres (4.4 mi) long 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) (standard gauge) double-track line and is electrified with overhead lines at 750 volts DC. It has a direct connection with the underground suburban station under Trenitalia's mainline railway stations, Principe and Brignole.
Grodzisko, Pomeranian Voivodeship
Grodzisko [ɡrɔˈd͡ʑiskɔ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzeczenica, within Człuchów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Gmina Rzeczenica
Gmina Rzeczenica is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Człuchów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the village of Rzeczenica, which lies approximately 21 kilometres (13 mi) north-west of Człuchów and 121 km (75 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

The gmina covers an area of 274.92 square kilometres (106.1 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 3,721.
Andrew Lewis (soccer)
Andrew Lewis (born September 10, 1974) is an American retired soccer defender who played professionally in Major League Soccer.

In 1993, Lewis graduated from the Pingry School.  He then played college soccer at Princeton University from 1993 to 1995.  He was a 1994 Third Team All American.

In February 1997, the MetroStars selected Lewis in third round (twenty-fifth overall) of the 1997 MLS College Draft.  He played nineteen games for the MetroStars.  On November 6, 1997, the Chicago Fire selected Lewis with the seventeenth pick of the 1997 MLS Expansion Draft.  He spent four injury marred seasons in Chicago, where he was known as "The Bull", before being released on January 15, 2002.  On March 22, 2002, he signed with the Charleston Battery of the USL A-League.  In 2004, he played for the Atlanta Silverbacks.

Pingry School
The Pingry School is a coeducational, independent, college preparatory country day school in New Jersey, with a Lower School (K–5) campus in the Short Hills neighborhood of Millburn, a Middle (6–8) and Upper School (9–12) campus in the Basking Ridge section of Bernards Township, and a campus for experiential learning in Pottersville. The school was founded in 1861 by John F. Pingry. The school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools.
Farrokh Shahr
Farrokh Shahr (Persian: فرخ شهر) is a city in the Central District of Farrokhshahr County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. The city is 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from the provincial capital, Shahrekord.

Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province
Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province (Persian: استان چهارمحال و بختیاری) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Shahr-e Kord. The province lies in the southwest of the country, with an area of 16,332 square kilometers.

The province was classified as part of Region 2 upon the division of the provinces into 5 regions solely for coordination and development purposes on June 22, 2014.

Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province lies in the heart of the Zagros Mountains, a mountain range that stretches across north-western Iran and forms a natural barrier between Iran and Iraq.
174th Air Refueling Squadron
The 174th Air Refueling Squadron (174th ARS) is a unit of the Iowa Air National Guard 185th Air Refueling Wing. It is assigned to Sioux City Air National Guard Base, Iowa and is equipped with the KC-135R Stratotanker aircraft.

Sioux City Air National Guard Base
Sioux City Air National Guard Base is an Iowa Air National Guard base, located at Sioux Gateway Airport It is located 7.2 miles (11.6 km) south-southeast of Sioux City, Iowa.  On 25 May 2002, the airport was named "Colonel Bud Day Field" in honor of United States Air Force Colonel George Everette "Bud" Day, a Sioux City, Iowa native and is the only person ever awarded both the Medal of Honor and the Air Force Cross.
Deathhammer
Deathhammer is the eighth studio album by Dutch death-doom band Asphyx. The album was released on February 27, 2012 in Europe and February 28, 2012 in USA through Century Media. It is also the last studio album to feature founding member Bob Bagchus, who left from the band in order to spend more time with his family and replaced by Stefan Hüskens.

Asphyx
Asphyx is a Dutch death metal band formed in Oldenzaal, Overijssel in 1987 by Bob Bagchus and Tony Brookhuis. Since 2014, no original members are still in the band. Vocalist Martin van Drunen is the only current and long-term member that appeared on their debut album.
Michael James Shaw
Michael James Shaw (born September 16, 1986) is an American actor and writer. He is best known for his roles as Mercer in the TV series The Walking Dead and as FBI Agent Daryl/"Mike" in Limitless. Shaw also had a recurring role in Constantine as Papa Midnite, and a small role in Roots as Marcellus. Shaw portrayed Corvus Glaive in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame.

Constantine (TV series)
Constantine (stylized as Cons♰antįne) is an American occult detective drama television series developed by Daniel Cerone and David S. Goyer that aired for one season on NBC, it premiered on October 24, 2014 and concluded on February 13, 2015. Based on the DC Comics character of the same name, it stars Matt Ryan as the eponymous John Constantine, an English exorcist and occult detective who hunts supernatural entities.

Although the series was canceled after its first season, Ryan would reprise his role in the Arrowverse franchise, which retroactively established Constantine as part of the same continuity. Ryan also returned as Constantine in the DC Animated Movie Universe and its animated spin-off series Constantine: City of Demons.
Alex Michelsen
Alex T. Michelsen (born August 25, 2004) is an American professional tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 30 achieved on July 14, 2025 and a best doubles ranking of No. 67 reached on June 30, 2025.

Jordan Thompson (tennis)
Jordan Thompson (born 20 April 1994) is an Australian professional tennis player. He reached a career-high ranking of world No. 26 in singles and of No. 3 in doubles. Thompson won the Grand Slam title at the 2024 US Open with Max Purcell. He has won one singles and eight doubles ATP titles. He is currently the No. 4 Australian doubles player.
Landlocked parcel
A landlocked parcel is a real estate plot that has no legal access to a public right of way. Generally, a landlocked parcel has less value than a parcel that is not landlocked. Often, the owner of a landlocked parcel can obtain access to a public roadway by easement.

Easement
An easement is a nonpossessory right to use or enter onto the real property of another without possessing it. It is "best typified in the right of way which one landowner, A, may enjoy over the land of another, B". An easement is a property right and type of incorporeal property in itself at common law in most jurisdictions.

An easement is similar to real covenants and equitable servitudes. In the United States, the Restatement (Third) of Property takes steps to merge these concepts as servitudes.

Easements are helpful for providing a 'limited right to use another person's land for a stated purpose. For example, an easement may allow someone to use a road on their neighbor’s land to get to their own.'  Another example is someone's right to fish in a privately owned pond, or to have access to a public beach.

The rights of an easement holder vary substantially among jurisdictions.
Ultima II Massage
Ultima II Massage is the third studio album by Black Moth Super Rainbow frontman Tobacco. It was released through Ghostly International on May 13, 2014. The record is mainly rock/electronic, with songs being mainly instrumentals.

Black Moth Super Rainbow
Black Moth Super Rainbow (occasionally abbreviated as BMSR) is an American psychedelic electronic indie rock project from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US. BMSR is a solo music project created by Thomas Fec, who is also known as Tobacco. Fec writes, records, and produces the work of BMSR independently. In live performances, it features members Tobacco, whose vocals are altered via a vocoder, synth players The Seven Fields of Aphelion and Pony Diver, drummer Iffernaut, and bassist STV SLV.
Alexander George Craig
Alexander George Craig (1897–1973) was a British writer and poet, who wrote extensively about banned books.  Craig was interested more generally in sexual behaviour and reform, and was also engaged with the socialist movement.  He was involved with the Progressive League, reviewing books for their journal.

His papers are in the archives of Senate House Library.

Progressive League
The Progressive League was a British organisation for social reform and the promotion of scientific humanism, founded in 1932 by H. G. Wells and C. E. M. Joad under the name "Federation of Progressive Societies and Individuals" (FPSI).

One of the first of a generation of non-governmental organisations, as influenced by Wells' idea of the "open conspiracy", the organisation had its heyday in the 1930s and 1940s, advancing liberal and humanistic approaches to many of the issues that animated the concerns of contemporary intellectuals and freethinkers. The organisation became quieter in the later part of the 20th century as numerous other organisations sprang up as specialised advocates for many of the same causes – many of which had originally spun-off from the League, such as the Marriage Law Reform Society. At the same time, within the humanist movement, other organisations such as the British Humanist Association became prominent as broad platform campaigners for social reform.
Soviet-era statues
Soviet-era statues are statuary art that figured prominently in the art of the Soviet Union. Typically made in the style of Socialist Realism, they frequently depicted significant state and party leaders, such as Joseph Stalin and Vladimir Lenin.

The construction of large monumental statues was a key part of Lenin's strategy of "Monumental propaganda" which proposed the use visual art to propagate revolutionary ideas. Such symbolism included other statues that were portrayals of realist allegorical figures in motion, figuratively striding forward into the new Soviet age, as well as Soviet role models, such as Nurkhon Yuldasheva.

Statues of prominent socialist figures - particularly of Lenin - were mass-produced and installed in villages, towns and cities across the Soviet Union. After World War Two, the socialist states of the Eastern Bloc similarly produced a large number of statues.

Soviet art
Soviet art is the visual art style produced after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and during the existence of the Soviet Union, until its collapse in 1991. The Russian Revolution led to an artistic and cultural shift within Russia and the Soviet Union as a whole, including a new focus on socialist realism in officially approved art.
Never Stop (Echo & the Bunnymen song)
"Never Stop" is a single which was released by the British post-punk band Echo & the Bunnymen on 8 July 1983. It reached number fifteen on the UK Singles Chart the same month. The title track on the 12-inch single is a remixed version called "Never Stop (Discotheque)" and is another minute and fifteen seconds longer.

The B-side of the 7-inch single is "Heads Will Roll" and the B-sides of the 12-inch single are an expanded version called "Heads Will Roll (Summer Version)" and "The Original Cutter". While Hugh Jones produced the A-side, the B-sides were produced by Ian Broudie under the pseudonym Kingbird.

Primarily released as a single, the 12" extended version of "Never Stop" also appeared on the 12-inch mini-album The Sound of Echo. It was subsequently included on the 2003 remastered version of the Porcupine album as well as a number of compilation albums. "Never Stop (Discotheque)" was also used in the 2006 film The History Boys and was included on the subsequent soundtrack album.

The Sound of Echo
The Sound of Echo is an EP that was released by the band Echo & the Bunnymen in February 1984. The EP is also known as the Never Stop EP and the Echo and the Bunnymen EP. The EP takes tracks from their 1980 Crocodiles album, their 1983 Porcupine album and adds a non-album single and a live track. The EP was released on 12-inch vinyl. The live track, "Do It Clean", was recorded at the Royal Albert Hall on 18 July 1983.
Casey Olson
Casey Olson is a retired American mixed martial arts fighter. A professional from 2005 until 2012, he fought in the WEC, Strikeforce, and Tachi Palace Fights promotions. Olson also coached at Clovis North High School.

Tachi Palace Fights
Tachi Palace Fights (TPF) was an American mixed martial arts (MMA) promotion which hosted events at the Tachi Palace Hotel & Casino in Lemoore, California. Matchmaker for TPF was former fighter Richard Goodman.

Regarded as a regional promotion, TPF events often included upcoming MMA prospects and veteran fighters who had competed in organizations such as the UFC, WEC, and Strikeforce, as well as other regional MMA promotions. The promotion was discontinued first in December 2012. However, the tribal council reversed their decision in March 2013 and the TPF returned in August of that year. Tachi Palace Fights would cease operations again in late 2018.
Eduardo De Filippo
Eduardo De Filippo OMRI (Italian: [eduˈardo de fiˈlippo]; 26 May 1900 – 31 October 1984), also known mononymously as Eduardo, was an Italian actor, director, screenwriter, and playwright, best known for his Neapolitan works Filumena Marturano and Napoli milionaria. Considered one of the most important Italian artists of the 20th century, De Filippo was the author of many theatrical dramas staged and directed by himself first and later awarded and played outside Italy. For his artistic merits and contributions to Italian culture, he was named senator for life by the President of the Italian Republic Sandro Pertini.

Neapolitan language
Neapolitan (autonym: ('o n)napulitano [(o n)napuliˈtɑːnə]; Italian: napoletano) is a Romance language of the Southern Italo-Romance group spoken in most of continental Southern Italy. It is named after the Kingdom of Naples, which once covered most of the area, and the city of Naples was its capital. On 14 October 2008, a law by the Region of Campania stated that Neapolitan was to be protected.

While the language group is native to much of continental Southern Italy or the former Kingdom of Naples, the terms Neapolitan, napulitano or napoletano may also instead refer more narrowly to the specific variety spoken natively in the city of Naples and the immediately surrounding Naples metropolitan area and Campania region. The present article mostly deals with this variety, which enjoys a certain degree of prestige and has historically wide written attestations.