hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Winter: Five Windows on the Season
Winter: Five Windows on the Season is a nonfiction book written by Adam Gopnik for the 2011 Massey Lectures. Each of the book's five chapters had been delivered as a one-hour lecture discussing artistic portrayals of winter: its impact on culture and societies, polar exploration, and winter recreation. Each lecture was held in a different Canadian city: Montreal on October 12, Halifax on October 14, Edmonton on October 21, Vancouver on October 23, and ending in Toronto on October 26. The book was published by House of Anansi Press while the lectures were broadcast on CBC Radio One's Ideas between November 7 and 11.

While Gopnik was raised in Montreal, by 2011 he worked as a staff writer for The New Yorker magazine in New York City. Gopnik selected 'winter' as his general topic and spent nearly a year preparing for the lectures.

Adam Gopnik
Adam Gopnik (born August 24, 1956) is an American writer and essayist, who was raised in Montreal, Canada. He is best known as a staff writer for The New Yorker, to which he has contributed nonfiction, fiction, memoir, and criticism since 1986.

He is the author of nine books, including Paris to the Moon, Through the Children's Gate, The King in the Window, and A Thousand Small Sanities: The Moral Adventure of Liberalism. In 2020, his essay "The Driver's Seat" was cited as the most-assigned piece of contemporary nonfiction in the English-language syllabus.
Jõelähtme (river)
The Jõelähtme River (Estonian: Raasiku jõgi or Jõelehtme jõgi) is an Estonian river in Harju County. The river starts in Rasivere (Anija Parish) and discharges into the Jägala River in Jõelähtme Parish, only 100 m (330 ft) after Jägala Falls. The length of the river is 49.2 km.

The Jõelähtme River is one of the most significant subterranean rivers in Estonia; it flows underground through the Kostivere karst area for 2.5 km.

Jägala Waterfall
Jägala Waterfall (Estonian: Jägala juga; English: /jɛɡælæ/) is a waterfall in northern Estonia on the Jägala River. It is the largest natural waterfall in Estonia, with a width of about 50 meters (160 ft) and a height of about 8 meters (26 ft). Jägala Waterfall is located in Koogi in Harju County. Jägala Waterfall is also the most powerful waterfall in Estonia, cascading 12.8 cubic meters per second (450 cu ft/s) of water. It can even reach 200 cubic meters per second (7,100 cu ft/s) during spring in high water periods. Though, the cascade stops in the winter, freezing over.
Reed receiver
A reed receiver or tuned reed receiver (US) was a form of multi-channel signal decoder used for early radio control systems. It uses a simple electromechanical device or  'resonant reed'  to demodulate the signal, in effect a receive-only modem. The encoding used is a simple form of frequency-shift keying.

These decoders appeared in the 1950s and were used into the early 1970s. Early transistor systems were in use in parallel to them, but they were finally displaced by the appearance of affordable digital proportional systems, based on early integrated circuits. These had the advantage of proportional control.

Radio control
Radio control (often abbreviated to RC) is the use of control signals transmitted by radio to remotely operate a device. Examples of simple radio control systems are garage door openers and keyless entry systems for vehicles, in which a small handheld radio transmitter unlocks or opens doors.  Radio control is also used for control of model vehicles from a hand-held radio transmitter. Industrial, military, and scientific research organizations make use of radio-controlled vehicles as well.  A rapidly growing application is control of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones) for both civilian and military uses, although these have more sophisticated control systems than traditional applications.
Green Island (Massachusetts)
Green Island, also known as North Brewster Island, is a rocky outer island in the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area, to the north of Calf Island and Hypocrite Channel. The island has a permanent size of 2.5 acres (10,000 m2), plus an intertidal zone of a further 15 acres (61,000 m2), and is exposed from the east and northeast with little soil or plant life. The island is named after Joseph Green, a well-known merchant, who owned the island during Colonial times.

Green Island is a nesting area for herring gulls, black-backed gulls, cormorants, barn swallows, red-winged blackbirds, and rats. The island is a popular location for striped bass fishermen during the summer months. However, access by humans is difficult, and especially discouraged during the birds' nesting season.

Boston Harbor Islands National and State Park
Boston Harbor Islands National and State Park is a combination national recreation area and state park situated among the islands of Boston Harbor. The park is made up of 34 islands and peninsulas and is managed by the Boston Harbor Islands Partnership.  Twenty-one of the islands are also included in the Boston Harbor Islands Archeological District.

The park is significant for a wide range of natural and cultural resources, including three national historic landmarks, unique geological features, archaeological resources resulting from thousands of years of occupation of the islands by indigenous people of Massachusetts, and complex natural communities.

Attractions include hiking trails, beaches, the Civil War-era Fort Warren, and Boston Light, the oldest lighthouse station in the United States. Georges Island and Spectacle Island are served seasonally by ferries to and from Boston, and Peddocks Island is served by a ferry from Hingham.
EWS Arena
EWS Arena (formerly Hohenstaufenhalle) is an indoor sporting arena located in Göppingen, Germany.  The capacity of the arena is 5,600 people.  It hosts the home matches of women's and men's Handball Bundesliga handball teams of Frisch Auf Göppingen. In its previous building, it hosted six team handball matches for the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. It was opened in 1967 and rebuilt and enlarged between 2007 and 2009.

Frisch Auf Göppingen
Turn- und Polizeisportgemeinschaft Frisch Auf Göppingen e.V. is a sports club from Germany, located in Göppingen, Baden-Württemberg. The club's men's handball team plays under the name FRISCH AUF! Göppingen in Handball-Bundesliga. Nine-time champions of Germany, Göppingen were at their most successful during the early 1960s. The club's women's handball team Frisch Auf Frauen also plays in Handball-Bundesliga.
Trito Programma Vrahea
Trito Programma Vrahea, which translates to 'Third Programme (of the Macedonian Radio Station) - Shortwave' was a radio station operated by the Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT).
Founded in 1993, the station served as ERT 3's international short-wave service. The station was broadcast from ERT transmitters in Thessaloniki.

Some of the topics on the program included cultural broadcasts and news. It did not have the same programmes as the similarly named Third Programme.

On June 11, 2013 after the closure of ERT, Third Programme ceased broadcasts.

Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation
The Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (Greek: Ελληνική Ραδιοφωνία Τηλεόραση A.E., romanized: Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi A.E., lit. 'Greek Radio [and] Television S.A.'), commonly shortened to ERT (Greek: ΕΡΤ), is the state-owned public radio and television broadcaster of Greece.
Royal Malay Regiment
The Royal Malay Regiment (Malay: Rejimen Askar Melayu DiRaja; Jawi: ريجيمن عسکر ملايو دراج‎) is the premier unit of the Malaysian Army's three infantry regiments. At its largest, the Malay Regiment comprised 27 battalions. At present, three battalions are parachute trained and form part of the Malaysian Army Rapid Deployment Force. Another three battalions have been converted into mechanised infantry battalions while the remaining battalions are standard light infantry. The 1st Battalion Royal Malay Regiment acts as the ceremonial foot guards battalion for the King of Malaysia, and is usually accompanied by the Central Band of the Royal Malay Regiment. As its name suggests, the regiment only recruits ethnic Malays.

Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment
The Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment is the parent administrative regiment and corps of regular and reserve infantry battalions  in the New Zealand Army. It was originally formed in 1947 with a singular Regular regiment and multiple reserve regiments. Over time, the regiments were turned into battalions, the reserve units amalgamated and more regular units raised and disbanded. Currently, the Regiment currently consists of two regular and three reserve battalions. Throughout its existence, units raised in this regiment have served and deployed on operations in Malaya, Vietnam, Borneo and various United Nations peacekeeping operations.
Frignano
Frignano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Caserta in the Italian region Campania, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of Naples and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southwest of Caserta.

Frignano borders the following municipalities: Aversa, Casaluce, San Marcellino, San Tammaro, Villa di Briano.

Villa di Briano
Villa di Briano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Caserta in the Italian region Campania, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of Naples and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southwest of Caserta.

Villa di Briano borders the following municipalities: Casal di Principe, Casapesenna, Frignano, San Cipriano d'Aversa, San Marcellino, San Tammaro.
Kubb
Kubb (pronounced [kɵbː] in Swedish and Gutnish) is a lawn game where the objective is to knock over wooden blocks (kubbar) by throwing wooden batons (kastpinnar) at them. Kubb can be described as a combination of bowling and horseshoes. Play takes place on a small rectangular playing field, known as a "pitch". "Kubbs" are placed at both ends of the pitch, and the "king", a larger wooden block, is placed in the middle of the pitch. Some rules vary from country to country and from region to region, but the ultimate objective of the game is to knock over the "kubbs" on the opposing side of the pitch, and then to knock over the "king", before the opponent does. Games can last from five minutes to well over an hour. The game can be played on a variety of surfaces such as grass, sand, concrete, snow, or even ice.

Bunnock
Bunnock (also known as the game of bones or simply bones) is a throwing game that is thought to have Russian origin. The aim of Bunnock is to throw bones at an oppositions rows of bones, trying to do so in the fewest throws possible. The team that knocks down all of the oppositions bones first, wins. Bunnock is played in teams of four, which must contain at least one person of the opposite sex. Persons of any age are allowed to participate. Historically bunnock was played with the ankle bones of horses; however, most modern sets use a resin replica version.
Little Hadham
Little Hadham is a village and civil parish in the East Hertfordshire district of Hertfordshire, England. The village lies 7 miles (11 km) north-east of Ware, its post town, and 5 miles (8 km) west of Bishop's Stortford. As well as the village itself, the parish covers surrounding rural areas, including the hamlets of Bury Green, Church End, Cradle End, Green Street, and Hadham Ford. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 1,194.

The village lies in the valley of the River Ash. It is centred on a crossroads on the Roman road known as Stane Street. This part of Stane Street served as the A120 road until a bypass to the north of the village was completed in 2021. The village has a number of timber-framed houses. The medieval parish church, dedicated to Saint Cecilia, was rebuilt in the late 14th century or 15th century, and stands on a hillside to the east of the village.

Earl of Essex
Earl of Essex is a title in the Peerage of England which was first created in the 12th century by King Stephen of England. The title has been recreated eight times from its original inception, beginning with a new first Earl upon each new creation. The most well-known Earls of Essex were Thomas Cromwell (c. 1485 – 1540) (sixth creation), chief minister to King Henry VIII, Sir William Parr (1513-1571) who was brother to Queen Catherine Parr who was the sixth wife of King Henry VIII, and Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex (1565–1601) (eighth creation), a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I who led Essex's Rebellion in 1601.

The current holder of the earldom is Paul Capell, 11th Earl of Essex (born 1944), a retired school teacher from Caton, Lancashire.

The family seat was Cassiobury House, near Watford, Hertfordshire.
1999 Nigerien general election
General elections were held in Niger in 1999; the first-round of the presidential elections was held on 17 October, with a run-off held alongside National Assembly elections on 24 November. The elections followed a coup d'état on 9 April, in which Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, who had led an earlier coup in January 1996 and won disputed presidential elections, was assassinated. Coup leader Daouda Mallam Wanké initiated a transitional period that concluded with the victory of Mamadou Tandja, the candidate of the National Movement for the Society of Development (MNSD), over Mahamadou Issoufou, the candidate of the Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism (PNDS), in the run-off. The vote for the first National Assembly of the Fifth Republic, which had originally been scheduled for October, but delayed in August, also saw a victory for the MNSD, which won 38 of the 83 seats. It formed a coalition with the Democratic and Social Convention in order to gain a majority in the Assembly.

1999 Nigerien coup d'état
The 1999 Nigerien coup d'état occurred on 9 April 1999 and resulted in the death of President Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara and the installation of Daouda Malam Wanké as President on 11 April. Maïnassara was shot under unclear circumstances in an ambush at either Diori Hamani International Airport, potentially while attempting to flee the country, or at a military base, likely by members of the Presidential Guard.
Wentworth, Missouri
Wentworth is a village in northeastern Newton County, Missouri, United States. As of the 2020 census, Wentworth had a population of 98. It is part of the Joplin, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Joplin metropolitan area
The Joplin, Missouri-Kansas, Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of Jasper, Newton, and  Cherokee counties in southwest Missouri and southeast Kansas anchored by the city of Joplin. The estimated 2024 population of the Joplin, MO-KS (MSA) is 207,131. As of March 2023, The U.S. Census Bureau MSA delineation report added Cherokee County, Kansas to the Joplin, MO MSA making it the Joplin, MO-KS MSA.

The Joplin–Miami, MO–KS-OK, Combined Statistical Area (CSA) includes the Miami, Oklahoma micropolitan statistical area,  As of 2024, the Joplin-Miami (CSA) estimated population is 237,535.
Jonathan Edwards (Welsh politician)
David Jonathan Edwards (born 26 April 1976) is a Welsh politician who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Carmarthen East and Dinefwr from 2010 to 2024. Initially elected as a Plaid Cymru MP. He sat as an Independent MP after the party's disciplinary panel suspended him in 2020. His membership of Plaid was restored in July 2022, and the whip was returned the following month although following further revelations he stated that he would not rejoin the Plaid group of MPs at Westminster.

Alun Ffred Jones
Alun Ffred Jones (born 29 October 1949) is a Welsh politician and member of Plaid Cymru and former television producer, writer and director. Jones was the National Assembly for Wales Member for Caernarfon 2003–07 and for the newly created Arfon constituency from 2007 until he stood down in 2016. He served as Minister for Heritage between 2008 and 2011 as part of the One Wales Government. In 2008 he made history by being the first UK representative to speak in the Welsh language at a meeting of the European Union. He was Chairman of Plaid Cymru from October 2019 until he resigned in July 2022.
Luís Gonçalves das Chagas, Baron of Candiota
Luís Gonçalves das Chagas, Baron of Candiota (c. 1815–1894) was a Brazilian landowner, military leader and nobleman.

Born in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil's southernmost state, Chagas was the owner of several estancias in the municipalities of Santa Maria, São Gabriel and Bagé. He fought the Ragamuffin War (1835–1845) on the Republican side.

In 1865, he raised a regiment to fight for Brazil in the Paraguayan War (1864–1870). On March 20, 1875, Chagas was created Baron of Candiota (the name of a creek in one of his properties) by Emperor Pedro II of Brazil.

Brazilian nobility
The Brazilian nobility (Portuguese: nobreza do Brasil) refers to the titled aristocrats and fidalgo people and families recognized by the Kingdom of Brazil and later, by the Empire of Brazil, dating back to the early 19th century, when Brazil ceased to be a colony of the Kingdom of Portugal. It held official status until 1889, when a military coup d'état overthrew the monarchy and established the First Brazilian Republic.
Ernest Jones
Alfred Ernest Jones FRCP MRCS (1 January 1879 – 11 February 1958) was a Welsh neurologist and psychoanalyst. A lifelong friend and colleague of Sigmund Freud from their first meeting in 1908, he became his official biographer. Jones was the first English-speaking practitioner of psychoanalysis and became its leading exponent in the English-speaking world. As President of both the International Psychoanalytical Association and the British Psycho-Analytical Society in the 1920s and 1930s, Jones exercised a formative influence in the establishment of their organisations, institutions and publications.

Wilfred Trotter
Wilfred Batten Lewis Trotter, FRS (3 November 1872 – 25 November 1939) was an English surgeon, a pioneer of neurosurgery. He was also known for his studies concerning social psychology, most notably for his concept of the herd instinct, which he outlined first in two published papers in 1908, and later in his famous popular work Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War (1916), an early classic of crowd psychology. Trotter argued that gregariousness was an instinct, and studied beehives, flocks of sheep and wolf packs.
Official minority languages of Sweden
In 1999, the Minority Language Committee of Sweden formally declared five official minority languages: Finnish, Sámi languages, Romani, Yiddish, and Meänkieli (Tornedal Finnish).

The Swedish language dominates commercial and cultural life in Sweden but did not officially become the country's main language until 2009, when a new language law entered into effect. The need for this legal status had been the subject of protracted debate and proposed legislation was narrowly defeated in 2005.

The minority languages have been legally recognized to protect the cultural and historical heritage of their respective speech communities. These communities are given certain rights on that basis, such as school education in their language, and its use in dealing with governmental agencies.

Kiruna Municipality
Kiruna Municipality (Swedish: Kiruna kommun; Northern Sami: Giron gielda; Meänkieli: Kierunan kunta; Finnish: Kiirunan kunta) is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northernmost Sweden. Its seat is located in Kiruna. It is the northernmost municipality in Sweden, and at 20,715 square kilometres (7,998 sq mi) is Sweden's geographically largest covering roughly 4.604% of its total area. Finnish, Meänkieli and Sami have the official status of being minority languages in the municipality.
Aiguilles Island
Aiguilles Island is an uninhabited island just northeast of Great Barrier Island in the Auckland Region of New Zealand. The island reaches a height of 120 metres (394 ft) and is 47 kilometres (29 mi) from the New Zealand mainland.

Great Barrier Island
Great Barrier Island (Māori: Aotea) lies in the outer Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand, 100 kilometres (62 mi) north-east of central Auckland. With an area of 285 square kilometres (110 sq mi) it is the sixth-largest island of New Zealand. Its highest point, Mount Hobson, is 627 metres (2,057 ft) above sea level. The local authority is the Auckland Council.

The island was initially exploited for its minerals and kauri trees and saw only limited agriculture. In 2013, it was inhabited by 939 people, mostly living from farming and tourism and all living off-the-grid. The majority of the island (around 60% of the total area) is administered as a nature reserve by the Department of Conservation. The island atmosphere is sometimes described as being "life in New Zealand many decades back".
Kōdo Station (Kyoto)
Kōdo Station (興戸駅, Kōdo-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Kyōtanabe, Kyoto, Japan, operated by the private transportation company, Kintetsu Railway.  It is one of the nearby stations of Kyotanabe Campus of Doshisha University. Its station number is B17.

Kyōtanabe
Kyōtanabe (京田辺市, Kyōtanabe-shi) is a city located in the southern part of Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 September 2023, the city has an estimated population of 71,757 in 31,555 households and a population density of 1700 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 42.92 square kilometres (16.57 sq mi).
Mike Smith (Dave Clark Five)
Michael George Smith (6 December 1943 – 28 February 2008) was an English singer, songwriter and music producer.

In the 1960s, Smith was the lead vocalist and keyboard player for the Dave Clark Five. The band was a leading unit in the British Invasion of the United States, and were the Beatles' main British rivals before the emergence of the Rolling Stones.

Mike d'Abo
Michael David d'Abo (born 1 March 1944) is an English singer and songwriter, best known as the lead vocalist of Manfred Mann from 1966 to the group's dissolution in 1969, and as the composer of the songs "Handbags and Gladrags" and "Build Me Up Buttercup", the latter of which was a hit for the Foundations. With Manfred Mann, d'Abo achieved six top twenty hits on the UK Singles Chart, including "Semi-Detached, Suburban Mr. James", "Ha! Ha! Said the Clown" and the chart topper "Mighty Quinn". He is the father of actress Olivia d'Abo.
Cassidulidae
Cassidulidae is a family of echinoderms belonging to the order Cassiduloida.

Genera:

Anisopetalus

Cassidulus Lamarck, 1801

Echinobrinus Ébray, 1862

Eurhodia Haime, 1853

Galerolampas (Cotteau, 1889)

Glossaster Lambert, 1918

Paralampas Duncan & Sladen, 1882

Rhyncholampas Agassiz, 1869

Eurhodia
Eurhodia is a genus of echinoderms belonging to the family Cassidulidae.

The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America.

Species:

Eurhodia baumi Kier, 1980

Eurhodia corralesi Sánchez Roig, 1951

Eurhodia elbana Cooke, 1942

Eurhodia falconensis Jeannet, 1928

Eurhodia freneixae Roman & Gorodiski, 1959

Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell, 1915)

Eurhodia morrisi Haime, 1853

Eurhodia relicta Mooi, 1990

Eurhodia rugosa

Eurhodia trojana (Cooke, 1942)
Crasna, Sălaj
Crasna or Kraszna (Romanian: Crasna; Hungarian: Kraszna) is a commune in Sălaj County, Crișana, Romania. It lies 14 km northwest of Zalău and 11 km southeast of Șimleu Silvaniei, on the river Crasna.  It is composed of four villages: Crasna, Huseni (Krasznahosszúaszó), Marin (Máron) and Ratin (Ráton).

Zalău
Zalău (Romanian pronunciation: [zaˈləw], unofficial and former official name: Romanian: Zălau (Romanian pronunciation: [zalˈəw]; German: Zillenmarkt or Waltenberg, Hungarian: Zilah, Turkish: Zile) is the seat of Sălaj County, Romania. In 2021, its estimated population was 52,359.