hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Todea barbara
Todea barbara, known as the king fern or crape fern, is a fern in the family Osmundaceae occurring in moist areas of south eastern Australia, and also indigenous to New Zealand, Australia and South Africa.

Osmundaceae
Osmundaceae (royal fern family) is a family of ferns containing four to six extant genera and 18–25 known species. It is the only living family of the order Osmundales in the class Polypodiopsida (ferns) or in some classifications the only order in the class Osmundopsida. This is an ancient (known from the Upper Permian) and fairly isolated group that is often known as the "flowering ferns" because of the striking aspect of the ripe sporangia in Claytosmunda, Osmunda, Osmundastrum, and Plensium (subtribe Osmundinae). In these genera the sporangia are borne naked on non-laminar pinnules, while Todea and Leptopteris (subtribe Todinae) bear sporangia naked on laminar pinnules. Ferns in this family are larger than most other ferns.
Battle of Latakia
35°31′16″N 35°43′34″E﻿ / ﻿35.52105°N 35.726114°E﻿ / 35.52105; 35.726114

The Battle of Latakia (Arabic: معركة اللاذقية; Hebrew: קרב לטקיה) was a small but revolutionary naval action of the Yom Kippur War, fought on 7 October 1973 between Israel and Syria. It was the first naval battle in history to see combat between surface-to-surface missile-equipped missile boats and the use of electronic deception.

Osa-class missile boat
The Project 205 Moskit (mosquito) more commonly known by their NATO reporting name Osa, are a class of missile boats developed for the Soviet Navy in the late 1950s. Until 1962 this was classified as a large torpedo boat.

The Osa class is probably the most numerous class of missile boats ever built, with over 400 vessels constructed between 1960 and 1973 for both the Soviet Navy and for export to allied countries. Osa means wasp in Russian, but it is not an official name. The boats were designated as "large missile cutters" in the Soviet Navy.
Lusatian Lake District
The Lusatian Lake District (German: Lausitzer Seenland, Lower Sorbian: Łužyska jazorina, Upper Sorbian: Łužiska jězorina) is a chain of artificial lakes under construction in Germany across the north-eastern part of Saxony and the southern part of Brandenburg. Through flooding as a part of an extensive regeneration programme, several decommissioned  lignite opencast mines are in the process of being transformed into Europe's largest artificial lake district. However, the requirements of the project, especially the necessary water resources, are controversial.

Cottbuser Ostsee
The Cottbuser Ostsee (Cottbus Eastern Lake; Lower Sorbian: Chóśebuski pódzajtšny jazor) is an artificial lake under development on the grounds of the former open-pit lignite mine de:Tagebau Cottbus Nord near Cottbus, Brandenburg, Germany.
Richland County, North Dakota
Richland County is a county in the far southeast corner of the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 16,529, and was estimated to be 16,658 in 2024. The county seat and the largest city is Wahpeton.

Richland County is part of the Wahpeton, ND–MN Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Fargo-Wahpeton, ND-MN Combined Statistical Area.

Wahpeton micropolitan area
The Wahpeton Micropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of two counties – one in southeast North Dakota and one in west central Minnesota, anchored by the city of Wahpeton, North Dakota. As of the 2010 census, the μSA had a population of 22,897.

The Wahpeton Micropolitan Statistical Area is a component of the Fargo–Wahpeton, ND-MN Combined Statistical Area.
Ford Sollers
Ford Sollers was a joint venture between the American car manufacturer Ford and the Russian Sollers established in 2011, and dissolved in 2022. Ford Sollers was responsible for the production, import, and distribution of all Ford brand products, including vehicles, parts and accessories, in Russia.

Sollers JSC
Sollers PJSC (Russian: ПАО «Соллерс»), formerly known as OJSC Severstal-Auto, is a Russian holding company controlling blocks of shares of Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant (UAZ), Zavolzhye Engine Factory (ZMZ) and Sollers - Naberezhnye Chelny. The enterprises of Severstal-Auto are well-known automobile brands and occupy stable positions in their market segments.
Middle cerebral artery
The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is one of the three major paired cerebral arteries that supply blood to the cerebrum. The MCA arises from the internal carotid artery and continues into the lateral sulcus where it then branches and projects to many parts of the lateral cerebral cortex. It also supplies blood to the anterior temporal lobes and the insular cortices.

The left and right MCAs rise from trifurcations of the internal carotid arteries and thus are connected to the anterior cerebral arteries and the posterior communicating arteries, which connect to the posterior cerebral arteries.  The MCAs are not considered a part of the Circle of Willis.

Circle of Willis
The circle of Willis (also called Willis' circle, loop of Willis, cerebral arterial circle, and Willis polygon) is a circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures in reptiles, birds and mammals, including humans. It is named after Thomas Willis (1621–1675), an English physician.
Serpentinite
Serpentinite is a metamorphic rock composed predominantly of serpentine group minerals formed by serpentinization of mafic or ultramafic rocks. The ancient origin of the name is uncertain; it may be from the similarity of its texture or color to snake skin. Greek pharmacologist Dioscorides (AD 50) recommended this rock to prevent snakebite.

Serpentinite has been called serpentine or serpentine rock, particularly in older geological texts and in wider cultural settings.

Most of the chemical reactions necessary to synthesize acetyl-CoA, essential to basic biochemical pathways of life, take place during serpentinization. Serpentinite thermal vents are therefore considered a candidate for the origin of life on Earth.

Chrysotile
Chrysotile (/ˈkrɪsəˌtʌɪl/, /ˈkrɪsəˌtaɪl/, or /ˈkrɪsətɪl/) or white asbestos is the most commonly encountered form of asbestos, accounting for approximately 95% of the asbestos in the United States and a similar proportion in other countries. It is a soft, fibrous silicate mineral in the serpentine subgroup of phyllosilicates; as such, it is distinct from other asbestiform minerals in the amphibole group. Its idealized chemical formula is Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4. The material has physical properties which make it desirable for inclusion in building materials, but poses serious health risks when dispersed into air and inhaled.
Kyushu Ryukoku Junior College
Kyushu Ryukoku Junior College (九州龍谷短期大学, Kyūshū ryūkoku tanki daigaku) is a private junior college in Tosu, Japan, established in 1952. The college moved to its present site in 1985. The predecessor of the school was founded in 1878.

On 29 January 2024, a board of directors meeting decided that the school would suspend new admissions from 2025.

Tosu, Saga
Tosu (鳥栖市, Tosu-shi) is a city located in the eastern part of Saga Prefecture on the island of Kyushu, Japan. As of 30 April 2024, the city had an estimated population of 74,334 in 33597 households, and a  population density of 1000 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 71.72 km2 (27.69 sq mi).
Elisabeth von Matsch
Elisabeth von Matsch (also von Mätsch, Mazzo, von Toggenburg, date of birth unknown; died after 20 June 1442, presumably on 24 November 1446) was the last countess of the Swiss noble House of Toggenburg from 1436. She was the spouse of Friedrich VII, count of Toggenburg.

Grynau Castle
The Grynau Castle (Swiss German: Grynau, Grinau and Schloss Grynau) is the name of a castle tower in the municipality of Tuggen in the canton of Schwyz, built by the House of Rapperswil in the early 13th century AD.
Formvar
Formvar refers to any of several thermoplastic resins that are polyvinyl formals, which are polymers formed from polyvinyl alcohol and formaldehyde as copolymers with polyvinyl acetate. They are typically used as coatings, adhesives, and molding materials.

"Formvar" used to be the registered trade name of the polyvinyl formal resin produced by Monsanto Chemical Company in St. Louis, Missouri. That manufacturing unit was sold and formvar is now distributed under the name "Vinylec".

Polyvinyl alcohol
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH, PVA, or PVAl) is a water-soluble synthetic polymer. It has the idealized formula [CH2CH(OH)]n. It is used in papermaking, textile warp sizing, as a thickener and emulsion stabilizer in polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesive formulations, in a variety of coatings, and 3D printing. It is colourless (white) and odorless. It is commonly supplied as beads or as solutions in water. Without an externally added crosslinking agent, PVA solution can be gelled through repeated freezing-thawing, yielding highly strong, ultrapure, biocompatible hydrogels which have been used for a variety of applications such as vascular stents, cartilages, contact lenses, etc.

Although polyvinyl alcohol is often referred to by the acronym PVA, more generally PVA refers to polyvinyl acetate, which is commonly used as a wood adhesive and sealer.
St Eunan's Cathedral, Raphoe
St Eunan's Cathedral (/ˈjuːnən/ YOO-nən, also known as Raphoe Cathedral, is one of two cathedral churches of the United Dioceses of Derry and Raphoe (united in 1834) in the Church of Ireland. It is located in Raphoe, County Donegal and is dedicated to Saint Eunan (Adomnán of Iona) (627/8 – 704) who was abbot of Iona (679–704). The other diocesan cathedral is St Columb's Cathedral in Derry.

Raphoe
Raphoe (/rəˈfoʊ/ rə-FOH; Irish: Ráth Bhoth) is a small town in County Donegal in the north-west of Ulster, the northern province in Ireland. It is the main town in the fertile district of East Donegal known as the Laggan. It gave its name to the Barony of Raphoe, which was later divided into the baronies of Raphoe North and Raphoe South, as well as to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Raphoe and the Church of Ireland (Anglican) Diocese of Derry and Raphoe. There is also a civil parish of Raphoe.

The Burn Dale (also known in English as the Burn Deele) is a burn (a small river) that flows a short distance to the south of Raphoe. The Burn Dale eventually flows, via the village of Ballindrait, into the River Foyle just north of Lifford.
Camille Blaisot
Camille Blaisot (19 January 1881 – 24 January 1945) was a French politician and lawyer.

Blaisot was born in Valognes and was elected in 1914 to represent Caen in the Chamber of Deputies. He served as Minister of Health in 1931 and 1932 under Pierre Laval and André Tardieu, and again in 1935 and 1936 under Laval. He broke with the government over arms sales to the Soviet Union, and in the late 1930s Blaisot was associated with the Liberty Front created by Jacques Doriot.

Blaisot did not vote in the parliamentary sessions at Vichy which granted extraordinary powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain and created the Vichy Regime. His attitude and activities led to his arrest by German security forces on 2 March 1944. He was initially held in a camp near Compiègne and later sent to Dachau concentration camp where he died in 1945.

A number of schools and streets are named in his honour.

Minister of Health (France)
Minister of Health, Families, Autonomy, and Disabled people is a cabinet position in the Government of France. The health portfolio oversees the health care public services and the health insurance part of the French Social Security. As French ministerial departments are not fixed and depend on the Prime Minister's choice, the Minister sometimes also has one or some of other portfolios among Work, Pensions, Family, the Elderly, Handicapped people and Women's Rights. In that case, they are helped by one or some junior Minister focusing on one part of the portfolio. The current Minister is Stéphanie Rist.
McIntosh County, Georgia
McIntosh County is a county located in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 10,975, a drop of 23.4 percent since the 2010 census. The county seat is Darien.

McIntosh County is included in the Brunswick, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Georgia State Route 99
State Route 99 (SR 99) is a 38.9-mile-long (62.6 km) state highway that travels south-to-north through portions of Glynn and McIntosh counties in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. The highway begins at its southern terminus at US 82/SR 520 southwest of Sterling to its northern terminus at I-95 and SR 57 in Eulonia. The Ridge in Ridgeville on SR 99 is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Sarpay Beikman Manuscript Awards
The Sarpay Beikman Manuscript Awards (Burmese: စာပေဗိမာန် စာပဒေသာ ဆုများ) are annual literary awards given in Burma by the Sarpay Beikman (Palace of Literature), a department of the Ministry of Information. They are awarded for unpublished manuscripts in various fiction and non-fiction categories. Sarpay Beikman publishes the winning entries, as well as giving a financial prize. The awards complement the Burma National Literature Award and the privately sponsored Sayawun Tin Shwe Award, Pakokku U Ohn Pe literary award, Thuta Swesone literary award and Tun Foundation award.

Pakokku U Ohn Pe literary award
The Pakokku U Ohn Pe literary award (Burmese: ပခုက္ကူ ဦးအုန်းဖေ စာပေဆု) is a literary award for Burmese writers that was established in 1992 by the businessman Pakokku U Ohn Pe, who initially provided K7.6 million to be used for prizes. 
The awards complement the government's National Literary Awards and Sarpay Beikman Manuscript Awards and the Sayawun Tin Shwe Award, Thuta Swesone literary award and Tun Foundation award.
Van Dorn Street station
Van Dorn Street station is a Washington Metro station straddling the boundary between Fairfax County and the independent city of Alexandria in Virginia, United States. The station's island platform lies in unincorporated Rose Hill in Fairfax County, while the station's entrance and parking facilities are in Alexandria. The station was opened on June 15, 1991, and is operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA). Providing service for only the Blue Line, the station is located at South Van Dorn Street and Eisenhower Avenue, next to the Capital Beltway. From 1991 to 1997 it was the southwestern terminus of the Blue Line.

It is the only Washington Metro station to be named after a Confederate general.

Virginia State Route 401
State Route 401 (SR 401) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. Known as Van Dorn Street (Lincolnia Road until 1953), the state highway runs 2.61 miles (4.20 km) from SR 613 at the south city limit of the independent city of Alexandria north to SR 420 within Alexandria.
Tarana railway station
Tarana railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Main Western line in Tarana, in the Central West region of New South Wales, Australia. It is also known as the Tarana Railway Station and yard group. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

It opened on 22 August 1872. The track was lifted from the northern platform in 1996 when the section of the Main Western line between Wallerawang and Tarana was singled.

It was the junction for the Oberon line that closed in 1979. The Oberon Tarana Heritage Railway group has a vision to restore the line from Oberon to Tarana.

Main Western railway line
The Main Western railway line (or Great Western Railway) is a major railway in New South Wales, Australia. It runs through the Blue Mountains, and Central West regions. It is 825 kilometres (513 mi) long, of which 484 kilometres (301 mi) is currently operational.
Second Nicaraguan Campaign Medal
The Second Nicaraguan Campaign Medal is a campaign medal of the United States Navy which was authorized by an act of the United States Congress on 8 November 1929.  The Second Nicaraguan Campaign Medal was awarded for service during operations in Nicaragua from 1926 to 1933, during the Nicaraguan Civil War and the subsequent occupation. An earlier campaign medal, the Nicaraguan Campaign Medal, was awarded for service in Nicaragua in 1912.

United States occupation of Nicaragua
The United States occupation of Nicaragua from August 4, 1912, to January 2, 1933, was part of the Banana Wars, when the U.S. military invaded various Latin American countries from 1898 to 1934. The formal occupation began on August 4, 1912, even though there were various other assaults by the United States in Nicaragua throughout this period. American military interventions in Nicaragua were designed to stop any nation other than the United States of America from building a Nicaraguan Canal.

Nicaragua assumed a quasi-protectorate status under the 1916 Bryan–Chamorro Treaty. President Herbert Hoover (1929–1933) opposed the relationship. On January 2, 1933, Hoover ended the American intervention.
Okamachi Station
Okamachi Station (岡町駅, Okamachi-eki; station number: HK-45) is a passenger railway station  located in the city of  Toyonaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the private transportation company Hankyu Railway.

Toyonaka
Toyonaka (豊中市, Toyonaka-shi) is a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 May 2023, the city had an estimated population of 399,263 in 179651 households and a population density of 5700 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 36.39 square kilometres (14.05 sq mi). It is a suburban city of Osaka City and a part of the Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe metropolitan area.
Modern Hebrew verbs
In Hebrew, verbs, which take the form of derived stems, are conjugated to reflect their tense and mood, as well as to agree with their subjects in gender, number, and person. Each verb has an inherent voice, though a verb in one voice typically has counterparts in other voices. This article deals mostly with Modern Hebrew, but to some extent, the information shown here applies to Biblical Hebrew as well.

Prefixes in Hebrew
There are several prefixes in the Hebrew language which are appended to regular words to introduce a new meaning. In Hebrew, the letters that form those prefixes are called "formative letters" (Hebrew: אוֹתִיּוֹת הַשִּׁמּוּשׁ, Otiyot HaShimush). Eleven of the twenty-two letters of the Hebrew alphabet are considered Otiyot HaShimush. These letters are Aleph (א), Bet (ב), He (ה), Vav (ו), Yud (י), Kaf (כ), Lamed (ל), Mem (מ), Nun (נ), Shin (ש), and Tav (ת). A mnemonic to remember these letters is איתן משה וכלב (Eitan, Moshe, v'Kalev), which translates to "Ethan, Moses, and Caleb."
Logical matrix
A logical matrix, binary matrix, relation matrix, Boolean matrix, or (0, 1)-matrix is a matrix with entries from the Boolean domain B = {0, 1}. Such a matrix can be used to represent a binary relation between a pair of finite sets. It is an important tool in combinatorial mathematics and theoretical computer science.

Composition of relations
In the mathematics of binary relations, the composition of relations is the forming of a new binary relation  from two given binary relations  and . In the calculus of relations, the composition of relations is called relative multiplication, and its result is called a relative product.: 40  Function composition is the special case of composition of relations where all relations involved are functions.

The word uncle indicates a compound relation: for a person to be an uncle, he must be the brother of a parent. In algebraic logic it is said that the relation "is uncle of" () is the composition of relations "is a brother of" () and "is a parent of" ().

Beginning with Augustus De Morgan, the traditional form of reasoning by syllogism has been subsumed by relational logical expressions and their composition.
Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg
Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg (German pronunciation: [baːt ˈmʏnstɐ ʔam ˈʃtaɪn ˈʔeːbɐnbʊʁk]) is a spa town of about 4,000 inhabitants (as of 2004) in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Since 1 July 2014, it is part of the town Bad Kreuznach. It was the seat of the former like-named Verbandsgemeinde, but not part of it. Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg was granted town rights on 29 April 1978 and is recognized as a mineral spring spa (Mineralheilbad) and a climatic spa (heilklimatischer Kurort). Today the "Spa" is famous for its clinics specializing in cardiological and orthopaedic rehabilitation. The many graduation towers form the largest open air inhalatorium in Europe.

Rheingrafenstein Castle
Rheingrafenstein Castle is a castle on a 136-metre-high (446 ft) porphyry rock formation, the Rheingrafenstein, known as Huhinstein a thousand years, on the river Nahe, opposite Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg in the district Bad Kreuznach.
Climax locomotive
A Climax locomotive is a type of geared steam locomotive built by the Climax Manufacturing Company (later renamed to the Climax Locomotive Works), of Corry, Pennsylvania.  These had two steam cylinders attached to a transmission located under the center of the boiler, which sent power to driveshafts running to the front and rear trucks. Some 1,000-1,100 were built in three classes (A, B, and C) between 1888 and 1928.

Geared steam locomotive
A geared steam locomotive is a type of steam locomotive which uses gearing, usually reduction gearing, in the drivetrain, as opposed to the common directly driven design.

This gearing is part of the machinery within the locomotive and should not be confused with the pinion that propels a rack locomotive along the rack between the rails. The geared steam locomotives that have been built have been for conventional track, relying on the adhesion between wheels and rail.

Unlike conventional steam locomotives, they are not classified by their wheel arrangement. Instead, they are classified by their model and the number of trucks they have.
Tanks of France
French development into tanks began during World War 1 as an effort to overcome the stalemate of trench warfare, and largely at the initiative of the manufacturers. The Schneider CA1 was the first tank produced by France, and 400 units were built. The French also experimented with various tank designs, such as the Frot-Laffly landship, Boirault machine and Souain experiment. Another 400 Saint-Chamond tanks were manufactured from April 1917 to July 1918 but they were underpowered and were of limited utility because the caterpillar tracks were too short for the tank's length and weight. The most significant French tank development during the war was the Renault FT light tank, which set the general layout for future tank designs and was used or redesigned by various military forces, including those of the United States.

Char 2C
The Char 2C, also known as the FCM 2C, was a French post WWI heavy tank landship, later considered a super-heavy tank. It was developed during World War I but not deployed until after the war. It was, in total volume or physical dimensions, the largest operational tank ever made.

Ten tanks were built in 1921. Although remaining operational, their value at the start of World War II was largely propagandistic. After Germany broke through French defences in June 1940, they were sent away from the front to preserve them. They were unable to reach safety and deliberately destroyed to prevent capture.
John Astbury
John Astbury (1688–1743) was an English potter credited with innovations and improvements in earthenware associated with Staffordshire figures.

Although an important figure, as with Thomas Whieldon there is considerable uncertainty over which actual pieces were made in his pottery, and so are Astbury ware.  This has led to some museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art now calling all its pieces "Style of John Astbury".  Astbury-Whieldon ware is another term used.

Staffordshire Potteries
The Staffordshire Potteries is the industrial area encompassing the six towns Burslem, Fenton, Hanley, Longton, Tunstall and Stoke (which is now the city of Stoke-on-Trent) in Staffordshire, England. North Staffordshire became a centre of ceramic production in the early 18th century, due to the local availability of clay, salt, lead and coal.