hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Is-a
In knowledge representation, ontology components and ontology engineering, including for object-oriented programming and design, is-a (also written as is_a or is a) is a subsumptive relationship between abstractions (e.g., types, classes), wherein one class A is a subclass of another class B (and so B is a superclass of A).
In other words, type A is a subtype of type B when A's specification implies B's specification. That is, any object (or class) that satisfies A's specification also satisfies B's specification, because B's specification is weaker.

For example, a cat 'is a[n]' animal, but not vice versa. All cats are animals, but not all animals are cats.
Behaviour that is relevant to all animals is defined on an animal class, whereas behaviour that is relevant only for cats is defined in a cat class. By defining the cat class as 'extending' the animal class, all cats 'inherit' the behaviour defined for animals, without the need to explicitly code that behaviour for cats.

Ontology components
Contemporary ontologies share many structural similarities, regardless of the ontology language in which they are expressed. Most ontologies describe individuals (instances), classes (concepts), attributes, and relations.
Richard Lowenstein
Richard Lowenstein (born 1 March 1959) is an Australian filmmaker. He has written, produced and directed feature films such as Strikebound (1984), Dogs in Space (1986) and He Died with a Felafel in His Hand (2001); music videos for bands such as INXS and U2; concert performance films, Australian Made: The Movie (1987) and U2: LoveTown (1989); TV adverts, and the documentaries We're Livin' on Dog Food (2009), Autoluminescent (2011), Ecco Homo (2015) and Mystify: Michael Hutchence (2019).

Australian pop music awards
Australian pop music awards are a series of inter-related national awards that gave recognition to popular musical artists and have included the Go-Set pop poll (1966–1972); TV Week King of Pop Awards (1967–1978); TV Week and Countdown Music Awards (1979–1980); the Countdown Awards (1981–1982) and Countdown Music and Video Awards (1983–1987). Early awards were based on popular voting from readers of teenage pop music newspaper Go-Set and television program guide TV Week. They were followed by responses from viewers of Countdown, a TV pop music series (1974–1987) on national broadcaster Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). Some of the later award ceremonies incorporated listed nominees and peer-voted awards. From 1987 the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) instituted its own peer-voted ARIA Music Awards.
History of the Berkeley Software Distribution
The history of the Berkeley Software Distribution began in the 1970s when University of California, Berkeley received a copy of Unix. Professors and students at the university began adding software to the operating system and released it as BSD to select universities. Since it contained proprietary Unix code, it originally had to be distributed subject to AT&T licenses. The bundled software from AT&T was then rewritten and released as free software under the BSD license. However, this resulted in a lawsuit with Unix System Laboratories, the AT&T subsidiary responsible for Unix. Eventually, in the 1990s, the final versions of BSD were publicly released without any proprietary licenses, which led to many descendants of the operating system that are still maintained today.

Version 7 Unix
Version 7 Unix, also called Seventh Edition Unix, Version 7 or just V7, was an important early release of the Unix operating system.  V7, released in 1979, was the last Bell Laboratories release to see widespread distribution before the commercialization of Unix by AT&T Corporation in the early 1980s.  V7 was originally developed for Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP-11 minicomputers and was later ported to other platforms.
Orsara Bormida
Orsara Bormida is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southeast of Turin and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of Alessandria, on the right bank of river Bormida.

Orsara Bormida borders the following municipalities: Montaldo Bormida, Morsasco, Rivalta Bormida, Strevi, and Trisobbio. It lies in a territory which was occupied by a forest; only from the 13th century agriculture took possession of the area. It was a fief of the Malaspina family until 1530. It is home to a castle, built in the 11th century.

Trisobbio
Trisobbio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southeast of Turin and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of Alessandria.

Trisobbio borders the following municipalities: Carpeneto, Cremolino, Montaldo Bormida, Morsasco, Orsara Bormida, Ovada, and Rocca Grimalda.
Emilia-Romagna
Emilia-Romagna (UK: /ɪˌmiːliə roʊˈmɑːnjə/, US: /eɪˌ-/, both also /ɛˌ-/, Italian: [eˈmiːlja roˈmaɲɲa]) is an administrative region of northern Italy, comprising the historical regions of Emilia and Romagna. Its capital is Bologna. It has a population of over 4.4 million in an area of 22,509.67 km2 (8,691 sq mi).

Emilia-Romagna is one of the wealthiest and most developed regions in Europe, with the third highest gross domestic product per capita in Italy. It is also a cultural center, being the home of the University of Bologna, the oldest university in the world. Some of its cities, such as Modena, Parma, Ferrara, and Ravenna, are UNESCO heritage sites. It is a center for food and automobile production (such as Ferrari, Lamborghini, and Maserati). It has coastal resorts such as Cervia, Cesenatico, and Rimini. In 2018, the Lonely Planet guide named Emilia-Romagna as the best place to see in Europe.

Regions of Italy
The regions of Italy (Italian: regioni d'Italia) are the first-level administrative divisions of the Italian Republic, constituting its second NUTS administrative level. There are twenty regions, five of which are autonomous regions with special status. Under the Constitution of Italy, each region is an autonomous entity with defined powers. With the exception of the Aosta Valley (since 1945) and Friuli-Venezia Giulia (since 2015), each region is divided into a number of provinces.
Pleasant Plains, Dutchess County, New York
Pleasant Plains is a hamlet of the town of Clinton in Dutchess County, New York, United States.

It is located along Dutchess County Road 14 east of DeWitt Mills, and west of Clinton Corners; also, to its immediate west is the town of Hyde Park. New York State Route 9G runs north-south along the west side of the community,

Dutchess County, New York
Dutchess County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 295,911. The county seat is the city of Poughkeepsie. The county was created in 1683, one of New York's first twelve counties, and later organized in 1713. Dutchess County is part of the Kiryas Joel–Poughkeepsie–Newburgh metropolitan area, which belongs to the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area. The county is part of the Hudson Valley region of the state.
Sirpur Lake
Sirpur Lake is located on Indore-Dhar Road in Indore. The total area of the lake and its surrounding protected region is 800 acres (around 3.6 square kilometers) and falls under the jurisdiction of the Indore Municipal Corporation.
The wetland has been designated as a Ramsar site under the Ramsar Convention on 
07-01-2022.

Bhalchandra Dattatray Mondhe
Bhalchandra Dattatray Mondhe (born 15 March 1944) is an Indian artist, photographer, sculptor and painter from Madhya Pradesh. In 2016, the President of India bestowed upon him the Padma Shri award for his lifetime work in photography. He has authored two books, including Birds of Sirpur, which he co-authored. Mondhe co-founded an NGO to save the Sirpur Lake, The Nature Volunteers, which is credited with reviving the Sirpur Lake.
Wat Phraya Suren
Wat Phraya Suren (Thai: วัดพระยาสุเรนทร์, RTGS: Wat Phraya Suren, pronounced [wát pʰrá.jāː sùː.rēn]) is a Thai Buddhist temple located on Soi Phraya Suren 50, Phraya Suren Rd, Sam Wa Tawan Tok Subdistrict, Khlong Sam Wa District, eastern Bangkok.

Khlong Sam Wa district
Khlong Sam Wa (Thai: คลองสามวา, pronounced [kʰlɔ̄ːŋ sǎːm wāː]) is one of the 50 districts (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand. It is bounded by other districts (from north clockwise): Lam Luk Ka district of Pathum Thani province, Nong Chok, Min Buri, Khan Na Yao, Bang Khen, and Sai Mai of Bangkok. As of 2022, it had the highest population of all districts in Bangkok.
Listed buildings in Patrick Brompton
Patrick Brompton is a civil parish in the county of North Yorkshire, England. It contains 15 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, one is listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, one is at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The parish contains the village of Patrick Brompton and the surrounding area. The most important building in the parish is St Patrick's Church, which is listed together with a number of tombs in the churchyard. The other listed buildings consist of houses and associated structures, and a public house.

Church of St Patrick, Patrick Brompton
The Church of St Patrick, is the parish church for the village and parish of Patrick Brompton in North Yorkshire, England. The church is one of six in the Benefice of Lower Wensleydale and the oldest parts of the building date back to the 11th century. It is 6 miles (9.7 km) south east of Richmond and 4 miles (6 km) north of Bedale situated on the A684 road.

It is only one of two churches in Yorkshire to be dedicated to St Patrick.
Transitional housing programs in Boston
There were six transitional housing programs created under the Wu administration in Boston in January 2022. Mayor Michelle Wu's administration cleared a tent encampment of several hundred people living in the area known locally as the Mass and Cass (also known as "Methadone Mile"), and created six low-threshold, transitional housing sites to divert people displaced from the encampment. The transitional housing sites created were the Roundhouse Hotel, Willow, Dorm One, EnVision Hotel, The Cottages at Shattuck, and The Pine Street Inn.

Mass. and Cass
Mass. and Cass, also known as Methadone Mile or Recovery Road, is an area in Boston, Massachusetts, located at and around the intersection of Melnea Cass Boulevard and Massachusetts Avenue. Due to its concentration of neighborhood services providing help, the area around Mass. and Cass has long attracted a large number of people struggling with homelessness and drug addiction, especially after the closure of facilities on Long Island in Boston Harbor. It has been characterized as "the epicenter of the region's opioid addiction crisis".

It was, for many years, a tent city and open air drug market. The tents were removed in the fall of 2023. As of September 2024, the tents were mostly gone but it was still a gathering place for the homeless and drug users. It is located in the area of Newmarket, an industrial part of Boston that includes some of Dorchester, South Boston, Roxbury and the South End.
Klawock, Alaska
Klawock (Tlingit: Lawáak) is a city in Prince of Wales–Hyder Census Area, in the U.S. state of Alaska, on the west coast of Prince of Wales Island, on Klawock Inlet, across from Klawock Island. As of the 2020 census, Klawock had a population of 720. It is located 56 miles (90 km) from Ketchikan, 7 miles (11 km) from Craig, and 24 miles (39 km) from Hollis.

Klawock is the headquarters of the Klawock Cooperative Association, a federally recognized tribe of Tlingit Native Americans.

Klawock Cooperative Association
The Klawock Cooperative Association is a federally recognized Alaska Native tribe of Tlingit people. This Alaska Native tribe is headquartered in Klawock, Alaska Tlingit: Lawáak.

They are known as the Klawock Tlingit and Tlingit: Heinÿaa Ḵwáan.
Pithemera
Pithemera is a genus of annelids belonging to the family Megascolecidae.

The species of this genus are found in Southeastern Asia.

Species:

Pithemera altaresi Hong, 2018

Pithemera bicincta (Perrier, 1875)

Pithemera donvictorianoi Aspe & James, 2015

Pithemera duhuani Hong & James, 2008

Megascolecidae
Megascolecidae is a family of earthworms native to Madagascar, Australia, New Zealand, Asia, and North America. At up to 2 meters in length, their large size distinguishes the Megascolecidae from other earthworm families. They are an essential part of maintaining soil structure, minor carbon sequestration, and maintaining terrestrial ecosystems.
James McCrary
James McCrary was an American college football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Arkansas Agricultural, Mechanical & Normal College (Arkansas AM&N)—now known as University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff—in 1935 and at Wilberforce University—in 1937.

A native of Flint, Michigan, McCrary played football at Michigan State College—now known as Michigan State University—as a fullback in 1933 and 1934. He was hired as an assistant football coach at Wilberforce in 1935 and promoted to head coach the following year. McCrary resigned from his post at Wilberforce in 1938, and was succeeding by Gaston F. Lewis.

Gaston F. Lewis
Gaston Frederick "Country" 'Lewis (August 4, 1903 – November 28, 1989) was an American Negro league baseball player and a college football, college basketball, track, and cross country coach. He served as the head football coach at Alabama State University (1929–1933), Wilberforce University (1934, 1938–1946), and Central State University in Wilberforce, Ohio (1947–1956).
VPB-211
VPB-211 was a Patrol Bombing Squadron of the U.S. Navy. The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron Two Hundred Eleven (VP-211) on 15 February 1943, redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron Two Hundred Eleven (VPB-211) on 1 October 1944 and disestablished on 14 June 1945.

Martin PBM Mariner
The Martin PBM Mariner is a twin-engine American patrol bomber flying boat of World War II and the early Cold War era. It was designed to complement the Consolidated PBY Catalina and PB2Y Coronado in service. A total of 1,366 PBMs were built, with the first example flying on 18 February 1939, and the type entering service in September 1940, with the last of the type being retired in 1964.

A Mariner, otherwise noted for its WW2 and post-War service, was the type that vanished searching for Flight 19. Flight 19 vanished in the Bermuda Triangle; it and the Mariner that searched for it were never found with its 14 crew, though it was thought to have suffered a mid-air explosion. Another noted crash was the 1946 Antarctica PBM Mariner crash in December 1946.
Russia–Switzerland relations
Russia–Switzerland relations are foreign relations between Russia and Switzerland. Switzerland opened a consulate in Saint Petersburg in 1816, upgrading it to a legation 90 years later. The two countries broke off diplomatic relations in 1923, when Russia was going through a period of revolutionary turmoil – and they were not resumed until 1946. Due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, relations became tense after Switzerland imposed sanctions against Russia. Russia placed Switzerland on a list of "unfriendly countries".

International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Following the full declaration of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which started on 24 February 2022, institutions such as the United States, the European Union, and other Western countries introduced or significantly expanded sanctions covering Russian president Vladimir Putin, other government members and Russian citizens in general. Some Russian banks were banned from using the SWIFT international payments system. The sanctions and the boycotts of Russia and Belarus have impacted the Russian economy in various ways. Nevertheless, Russian authorities have mitigated the impact of sanctions by procuring essential goods from consumer products that are rarely subject to export restrictions, by exploiting globalized supply chains, and by turning toward trading partners who have ignored Western sanctions, such as China, India, Turkey and the UAE.
Rangiora New Life School
Rangiora New Life School is a state-integrated Christian area School situated in Southbrook, Rangiora, New Zealand. It was established in 1979 as a private school and integrated into the state education system in March 1994. The school has a roll of 468 students from years 1 to 13 (approx. ages 5 to 18) as of October 2025, many of whom are not of religious conviction (the school having a policy of acceptance towards personal religion). The current principal is Stephen Walters.

It is notable for its high success rate of students passing their respective NCEA qualifications. In 2010, all Year 11 students at the school passed their NCEA Level 1 standards, the highest pass rate in New Zealand.

Southbrook, New Zealand
Southbrook is a suburb of Rangiora, in North Canterbury, New Zealand. It is located at the south end of the town. The population in the 2013 Census was 801. As the term "town" has no official meaning in New Zealand, Southbrook is sometimes considered as a separate town.
Basilica of Sainte-Thérèse, Lisieux
The Basilica of Sainte-Thérèse of Lisieux (French: Basilique Sainte-Thérèse de Lisieux) is a Catholic church and minor basilica dedicated to Saint Thérèse of Lisieux. Located in Lisieux, France, the large basilica can accommodate 4,000 people and, with more than two million visitors a year, is the second largest pilgrimage site in France, after Lourdes. Pope John Paul II visited the Basilica on 2 June 1980.

Lisieux
Lisieux (French: [lizjø] ⓘ) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. It is the capital of the Pays d'Auge area, which is characterised by valleys and hedged farmland.
Llandwrog
Llandwrog (Welsh pronunciationⓘ; 'the church of saint Twrog') is a village and community in Gwynedd, north-west Wales, most notable for the presence of the headquarters of Welsh record label Sain and the site of Caernarfon Airport.  It has a population of 2,466, increasing to 2,539 at the 2011 Census. The community includes the villages of Groeslon, Carmel, Y Fron, Dinas Dinlle, and Cilgwyn. As suggested by the village name, the parish church is dedicated St Twrog. It was the base of the first ever Sea and Mountain Rescue team, and includes the estate of Glynllifon.

RAF Llandwrog was a training airfield during World War II, and was later used as a weapons storage facility. It had a key role in Operation Sandcastle, where a large quantity of Nazi Tabun weapons were stored prior to eventual disposal at sea.

Glynllifon
Glynllifon is an old estate which belonged to the Barons Newborough, near the village of Llandwrog on the main A499 road between Pwllheli and Caernarfon in Gwynedd, Wales. The original mansion was until recently a privately owned hotel.
Category development index (marketing)
The category development index (CDI) measures the sales performance of a category of goods or services in a specific group, compared with its average performance among all consumers. By definition, CDI measures the sales strength of a particular product category within a specific market (e.g., soft drinks in 10–50 year olds).

Brand development index
The brand development index or BDI quantifies how well a brand performs in a market, compared with its average performance among all markets. That is, it measures the relative sales strength of a brand within a specific market (e.g., the Pepsi brand among 10–50-year-olds).
Richardton, North Dakota
Richardton is a city in Stark County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 692 at the 2020 census. Richardton was founded in 1883. It is part of the Dickinson Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Richardton is home to Assumption Abbey, a Benedictine abbey.

A meteorite that landed near Richardton was named for it.

Dickinson micropolitan area, North Dakota
The Dickinson Micropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the Census Bureau as comprising all of Billings, Dunn, and Stark Counties in North Dakota, anchored by the city of Dickinson. As of the 2020 census, the population was 38,686 and was estimated to be 38,861 in 2024.
Peter Alfred Sutton
Peter Alfred Sutton (October 18, 1934 – September 5, 2015) was a Roman Catholic bishop.

Ordained to the priesthood in 1960, Sutton was named bishop of the Diocese of Labrador-Schefferville, Canada, in 1974. In 1986, Sutton was appointed coadjutor archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Keewatin-Le Pas and retired in 2006.

Roman Catholic Diocese of Labrador City–Schefferville
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Labrador City–Schefferville (Latin: Dioecesis Labradorpolitana–Scheffervillensis) was a Latin suffragan diocese that included part of the Canadian federal provinces of Newfoundland and Québec.

In 2007, the former cathedral of the diocese in Labrador City, dedicated to Our Lady of Perpetual Help, was decreed as a minor basilica. It is now known as the Basilica of our Lady of Perpetual Help.
Air Mobility Command
The Air Mobility Command (AMC) is a Major Command (MAJCOM) of the U.S. Air Force. It is headquartered at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, east of St. Louis, Missouri, near Mascoutah, Illinois.

Air Mobility Command was established on 1 June 1992 and was formed from elements of the inactivated Military Airlift Command (MAC) and Strategic Air Command (SAC).  AMC melded MAC's worldwide airlift system of primarily C-5 Galaxy, C-141 Starlifter (later replaced by C-17 Globemaster III beginning in 1995), and C-130 Hercules airlift aircraft with SAC's tanker force of KC-135 Stratotanker and KC-10 Extender aerial refueling aircraft, the latter air refueling aircraft having been freed from their strategic nuclear strike commitment to SAC's B-52 Stratofortress and B-1 Lancer bomber fleet by the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union.  In 2016, the Air Force Historical Research Agency consolidated the histories of AMC and MAC, extending AMC's lineage back to 1941.

Boeing KC-46 Pegasus
The Boeing KC-46 Pegasus is an American military aerial refueling and strategic military transport aircraft developed by Boeing from its 767 jet airliner. In February 2011, the tanker was selected by the United States Air Force (USAF) as the winner in the KC-X tanker competition to replace older Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers. The first aircraft was delivered to the USAF in January 2019.

The USAF intends to procure 179 tankers by 2027. The Air Force indicated that the number of KC-46A aircraft to be procured had increased to 188 which is the absolute maximum number available under the original deal. The Air Force has also elected to pursue a "Tanker Production Extension Program" which will lead to a new contract with Boeing for up to 75 new KC-46A. The total airfare program would grow to 288 KC-46A if all options are exercised.
Siege of Villa di Chiesa
The siege of Villa di Chiesa (today Iglesias) was carried out by the army of the Crown of Aragon (under the command of Alfonso IV of Aragon) and of the giudicato of Arborea, between the summer of 1323 and the winter of 1324. It represented the first act of the Aragonese conquest of Pisan Sardinia, for the creation of the Kingdom of Sardinia.

Iglesias, Sardinia
Iglesias (Italian pronunciation: [iˈɡlɛːzjas], locally [iˈɡlezjas] ⓘ; from Spanish: [iˈɣlesjas]; Sardinian: Igrèsias) is a town and municipality, as well as the co-capital (along with Carbonia) of the Province of Sulcis Iglesiente in the autonomous island region of Sardinia in Italy. As of 2025, with a population of 24,634, it is also the 2nd-largest town in the province and the 11th-largest in Sardinia.

Under Aragonese and Spanish control Iglesias was one of the most important royal cities on Sardinia (which depended directly on the king), and it is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Iglesias. At an elevation of 190 metres (620 ft) in the hills of southwestern Sardinia, it was the centre of a mining district from which lead, zinc, and silver were extracted. Iglesias was also a centre for the distillation of sulfuric acid.