hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1990 AFL season
The 1990 AFL season was the 94th season of the Australian Football League (AFL) and the first under this name, having been known as the Victorian Football League until 1989. It was the highest level senior Australian rules football competition and administrative body in Victoria; and, as it featured clubs from New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia, it was the de facto highest level senior competition in Australia. The season featured fourteen clubs, ran from 31 March until 6 October, and comprised a 22-game home-and-away season followed by a finals series featuring the top five clubs.

The premiership was won by the Collingwood Football Club for the 14th time, after it defeated Essendon by 48 points in the 1990 AFL Grand Final.

1990 AFL finals series
The 1990 finals series was the first finals series to be played under the newly renamed Australian Football League. The series was scheduled to occur over four weekends in September 1990, culminating with the 94th AFL/VFL Grand Final at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on 29 September 1990. However, after Collingwood and West Coast drew in the qualifying final, the series was extended to five weeks, ending on 6 October. Collingwood would eventually go on to win the 1990 Premiership, breaking a famous 32-year drought marked by numerous Grand Final losses.
Charles Pye
Charles Pye VC (chr: 24 September 1820 – 12 July 1876) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot
The  53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot' was a British Army regiment, raised in 1755. Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 85th (King's Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot to form the King's Shropshire Light Infantry in 1881.
Gardner, Massachusetts
Gardner is a city in Worcester County in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, United States. The population was 21,287 in the 2020 census. Gardner is home of such sites as the Blue Moon Diner, Dunn State Park, Gardner Heritage State Park, and Mount Wachusett Community College.

Dunn State Park
Dunn State Park is a public recreation area surrounding a 20-acre (8.1 ha) pond in Gardner, Massachusetts. The state park covers 132 acres (53 ha) and is managed by the Department of Conservation and Recreation.
Manny Lehman (computer scientist)
Meir "Manny" Lehman, FREng (24 January 1925 – 29 December 2010) was a British software engineer. He was a professor in the School of Computing Science at Middlesex University. From 1972 to 2002 he was a Professor and Head of the Computing Department at Imperial College London. His research contributions include the early realisation of the software evolution phenomenon and the eponymous Lehman's laws of software evolution.

László Bélády
László "Les" Bélády (April 29, 1928, in Budapest – November 6, 2021) was a Hungarian computer scientist notable for devising the Bélády's Min theoretical memory caching algorithm in 1966 while working at IBM Research. He also demonstrated the existence of a Bélády's anomaly. During the 1980s, he was the editor-in-chief of the IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering.
Gambling in Thailand
Gambling, other than betting on horse races or the government-sponsored Thai lottery, is prohibited in Thailand. The prohibition dates back to the Gambling Act 1935. The Playing Cards Act prohibits private ownership of more than 120 playing cards without approval of the government. Nevertheless, illegal gambling in casinos (Thai: บ่อนการพนัน) and other forms of gambling still exist in Bangkok and some provincial towns.

Horse racing in Thailand
Horse racing was introduced to Thailand in the late nineteenth century and continues to take place at several locations throughout the country. Betting on horse races is one of the few legal forms of gambling in Thailand, and the sport became highly popular during the mid-twentieth century but has largely declined since. Today, people from lower income groups form the majority of spectators, while the races serve as a networking venue for elite members of society, who own most of the stables.
Erica Stanford
Erica Louise Stanford (née Poppelbaum; born 1978) is a New Zealand politician and Member of Parliament in the House of Representatives for the National Party. She currently serves as the 49th Minister of Education and the 60th Minister of Immigration in the Sixth National Government of New Zealand.

National Certificate of Educational Achievement
The National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA) is the official secondary-school qualification in New Zealand. Phased in between 2002 and 2004, it replaced three older secondary-school qualifications. The New Zealand Qualifications Authority administers NCEA.

In early August 2025, the Sixth National Government confirmed plans to scrap NCEA and replace it with new  school certificates.
Gotthard Fritzsche
Gotthard Daniel Fritzsche (20 July 1797 – 26 October 1863) was a Prussian-Australian pastor who became instrumental in furthering that religion in South Australia. He was born in Liebenwerda, in the Electorate of Saxony, Germany, and migrated to Australia in 1841. From 1842 to 1863, he was pastor of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. He died and was buried at Lobethal, South Australia.

Bethany, South Australia
Bethany (postcode 5352) is a small village in South Australia about 2 km south-east of Tanunda in the Barossa Valley. It was originally named Bethanien or sometimes  Neu Schlesien – New Silesia, but was changed during the First World War in an attempt to remove all German place names from Australia. Similarly, the German-language school was forced to close by the state government in 1917, with 60 students at the time.

Bethany was the first German settlement in the Barossa Valley area. It was settled in 1842, by Prussian immigrants who had leased land from George Fife Angas. The large portion of these initial settlers arrived in 1841, with Pastor Gotthard Fritzsche on the Skjold.
Paint Rock River
The Paint Rock River is a 58.7-mile-long (94.5 km) tributary of the Tennessee River in northern Alabama in the United States. Its tributaries also drain a portion of south-central Tennessee.

The river is formed in northeastern Jackson County by the confluence of Estill Fork and Hurricane Creek, and flows generally southwardly, past the town of Paint Rock. In its upper course, the river flows through a deep valley cut into the Cumberland Plateau. In its lower course, the river is used to define part of the boundary between Madison and Marshall Counties.

Madison County, Alabama
Madison County is a county located in the north central portion of the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 388,153, and according to a 2023 population estimate the county has become the second-most populous county in Alabama after only Jefferson County, home to Birmingham. Its county seat is Huntsville. Since the mid-20th century it has become an area of defense and space research and industry. The county is named in honor of James Madison, fourth President of the United States and the first President to visit the state of Alabama. Madison County covers parts of the former Decatur County. Madison County is included in the Huntsville, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Cuntz algebra
In mathematics, the Cuntz algebra , named after Joachim Cuntz, is the universal C*-algebra generated by  isometries of an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space  satisfying certain relations. These algebras were introduced as the first concrete examples of a separable infinite simple C*-algebra, meaning that as a Hilbert space,  is isometric to the sequence space ,
and it has no non-trivial closed ideals.

These algebras are fundamental to the study of simple infinite C*-algebras since any such algebra contains, for any given , a subalgebra that has  as quotient.

Universal C*-algebra
In mathematics, a universal C*-algebra is a C*-algebra described in terms of generators and relations. In contrast to rings or algebras, where one can consider quotients by free rings to construct universal objects, C*-algebras must be realizable as algebras of bounded operators on a Hilbert space by the Gelfand-Naimark-Segal construction and the relations must prescribe a uniform bound on the norm of each generator. This means that depending on the generators and relations, a universal C*-algebra may not exist. In particular, free C*-algebras do not exist.
Mystic Point
Mystic Point (Chinese: 迷離莊園) is a section of Hong Kong Disneyland that officially opened to the public on 17 May 2013. Prior to that it had a soft opening for a selected audience. It is set in a dense, uncharted rain forest surrounded by mysterious forces and supernatural events. The site features Mystic Manor, a Haunted Mansion style attraction with the same trackless ride system developed at Pooh's Hunny Hunt in Tokyo Disneyland. Mystic Point, along with Grizzly Gulch has been exclusive to Hong Kong Disneyland among all Disney theme parks since opening. Composer Danny Elfman scored the music for the Mystic Manor dark ride attraction. It is the final land to open in Hong Kong Disneyland's three land expansion plan approved in July 2009.

The Haunted Mansion
The Haunted Mansion is a horror/thriller themed dark-ride attraction located at Disneyland, Magic Kingdom, and Tokyo Disneyland. The haunted house attraction features a ride-through tour in Omnimover vehicles called "Doom Buggies" and a walk-through show is displayed to the queue line. Each location differs slightly in design, utilizing a range of technology from centuries-old theatrical effects to modern special effects, including Audio-Animatronics.

The ride was in development for over a decade after the park opened and was one of the last projects made under Walt Disney's direction. The Haunted Mansion inspired two loosely similar but distinct attractions, Phantom Manor and Mystic Manor, at Disneyland Park Paris and Hong Kong Disneyland, respectively. Franchise media includes television specials, merchandise, comic strips, and two feature films; The Haunted Mansion released in 2003, and Haunted Mansion released in 2023.
Fueled by Ramen discography
This is the release catalog of Fueled by Ramen.
The list is ordered by the release number. Original release dates are within the parentheses. All releases are CDs unless otherwise stated. Some albums are not listed.

Fueled by Ramen
Fueled by Ramen, LLC (Fueled by Ramen, Inc. until 2005) is an American record label owned by Warner Music Group and distributed by Atlantic Music Group. The label, founded in Gainesville, Florida, in 1996, is now based in New York City.
Jamie Barton (singer)
Jamie Barton (born October 17, 1981) is an American mezzo-soprano. She won the BBC Cardiff Singer of the World competition (both Main and Song Prizes) in June 2013. She is also the winner of the 2015 Richard Tucker Award.

Houston Grand Opera
Houston Grand Opera (HGO) is an American opera company located in Houston, Texas. Founded in 1955 by German-born impresario Walter Herbert and three local Houstonians, the company is resident at the Wortham Theater Center.  This theatre is also home to the Houston Ballet. In its history, the company has received a Tony Award, three Grammy Awards, and three Emmy Awards, the only opera company in the world to win these three honours.  Houston Grand Opera is supported by an active auxiliary organization, the Houston Grand Opera Guild, established in October 1955.
Leonard Wantchekon
Leonard Wantchekon (born 1956) is a Beninese economist and professor of Politics and International Affairs at the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, and an affiliate of the Economics Department at Princeton University. He taught at Yale University (1995–2001) and New York University (2001–2011). He is the founding director of the  African School of Economics, which is based in Benin. His study with Nathan Nunn on the impact of slave trading on modern-day trust is among the most-cited studies in economics.

Nathan Nunn
Nathan Nunn (born July 9, 1974) is a Canadian economist and professor of the Vancouver School of Economics at the University of British Columbia. He is best known for his research on the long-term effects of slave trade on Africa. His research interests include economic development, cultural economics, political economy and international trade.
Blue Oak Ranch Reserve
The Blue Oak Ranch Reserve, a unit of the University of California Natural Reserve System, is an ecological reserve and biological field station in Santa Clara County, California. It is located on 3,260 acres (13.2 km2) in the Diablo Range, northwest of Mount Hamilton, at 1,500 ft (460 m) elevation.

The land, part of the 19th century Mexican land grant of Rancho Cañada de Pala, was donated to the University of California on December 1, 2007, by the Blue Oak Ranch Trust, an anonymous benefactor.

Overnight accommodations for academic researchers and educational groups may be made by permission only.

Diablo Range
The Diablo Range is a mountain range in the California Coast Ranges subdivision of the Pacific Coast Ranges in northern California, United States. It stretches from the eastern San Francisco Bay Area at its northern end to the Salinas Valley area at its southern end.
Ortner's syndrome
Ortner's syndrome is a rare cardiovocal syndrome and involves recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy from cardiovascular disease. It was first described by Norbert Ortner (1865–1935), an Austrian physician, in 1897.

Dysphagia caused by a similar mechanism is referred to as dysphagia aortica (also called dysphagia megalatriensis), or, in the case of subclavian artery aberrancy, as dysphagia lusoria. Due to compression of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, it can cause the hoarseness of the voice, which can also be a sign of mitral stenosis.
A second Ortner's syndrome, Ortner's syndrome II, refers to abdominal angina.

Dysphagia lusoria
Dysphagia lusoria (or Bayford-Autenrieth dysphagia) is an abnormal condition characterized by difficulty in swallowing caused by an aberrant right subclavian artery. It was discovered by David Bayford in 1761 and first reported in a paper by the same in 1787.
Settimo San Pietro
Settimo San Pietro, Sètimu in Sardinian language, is a comune (municipality) of the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in the Italian region of Sardinia, located about 9 kilometres (6 mi) northeast of Cagliari. It has 6,965 inhabitants.

Settimo San Pietro borders the following municipalities: Quartucciu, Selargius, Serdiana, Sestu, Sinnai, Soleminis.

Sinnai
Sinnai (Sardinian: Sìnnia) is a comune (municipality) of the Metropolitan City of Cagliari  in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 12 kilometres (7 mi) northeast of Cagliari. It has 17,364 inhabitants.

Sinnai borders the following municipalities: Burcei, Castiadas, Dolianova, Maracalagonis, Quartucciu, San Vito, Settimo San Pietro, Soleminis, Villasalto, Villasimius.
Sindia, Sardinia
Sindia (Sardinian: Sindìa) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 130 kilometres (81 mi) northwest of Cagliari and about 60 kilometres (37 mi) west of Nuoro. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,900 and an area of 58.3 square kilometres (22.5 sq mi).

Sindia borders the following municipalities: Macomer, Pozzomaggiore, Sagama, Scano di Montiferro, Semestene, Suni.

Suni, Sardinia
Suni is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 130 kilometres (81 mi) northwest of Cagliari and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) north of Oristano. As of 31 December 2010, it had a population of 1,131 and an area of 47.4 square kilometres (18.3 sq mi).

Suni borders the following municipalities: Bosa, Flussio, Modolo, Pozzomaggiore, Sagama, Sindia, Tinnura.
Kenoh
Daisuke Nakae (Japanese: 中栄 大輔, Hepburn: Nakae Daisuke) (born January 1, 1985) is a Japanese professional wrestler and martial artist, better known by the ring name Kenoh (拳王, Ken'ō). He currently wrestles in Pro Wrestling Noah, where he is a former 4-time GHC Heavyweight Champion. He is also a former GHC National Champion.

Kenoh began his career in Michinoku Pro Wrestling after being scouted by Jinsei Shinzaki. There, he would eventually go on to win the Tohoku Junior Heavyweight Championship three times, before leaving Michinoku Pro and signing with Pro Wrestling Noah in 2015. Initially competing as a junior heavyweight, he formed a popular tag team with Hajime Ohara, and the two went on to hold the GHC Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship two times. He graduated to the heavyweight division in 2017, and would go on to win the Global League and the GHC Heavyweight Championship in the same year.

GHC Tag Team Championship
The Global Honored Crown (GHC) Tag Team Championship (Japanese: GHCタッグ王座, Hepburn: GHC Taggu Ōza) is a professional wrestling tag team title in Japanese promotion Pro Wrestling Noah. It was created on October 19, 2001, when Vader and Scorpio defeated Jun Akiyama and Akitoshi Saito in a tournament final. Though it is typically contested among heavyweights (>100 kg (220 lb; 16 st)), some junior heavyweights such as Naomichi Marufuji and Yoshinari Ogawa have held it in the past. It is currently one of two tag team titles in Noah, along with the GHC Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship (reserved for junior heavyweights).
Mohamad Sabu
Mohamad bin Sabu (Jawi: محمد بن سابو; born 14 October 1954), commonly known as Mat Sabu, is a Malaysian politician who has served as the Minister of Agriculture and Food Security in the Unity Government administration under Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim since November 2022 and Minister of Defence in the PH administration under former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad from May 2018 to the collapse of the PH administration in February 2020. He has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Kota Raja since May 2018, Kuala Kedah from November 1999 to March 2004, Kubang Kerian from April 1995 to November 1999 and Nilam Puri from October 1990 to April 1995. He is a member of the National Trust Party (AMANAH), a component party of the PH coalition. He has also served as the 1st and founding President of AMANAH since September 2015.

Mat Sabu is known for his public speaking abilities. He was detained twice under Malaysia's now repealed Internal Security Act (ISA).

Minister of Agriculture and Food Security (Malaysia)
The Minister of Agriculture and Food Security of Malaysia is Mohamad Sabu, since 3 December 2022. Mohamad is assisted by Deputy Minister which is Chan Foong Hin, since 17 December 2025. The Minister administers the portfolio through the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security.
Wiedersberger Horn
The Wiedersberger Horn  is a mountain in the Alpbachtal valley in Austria. Its summit is  2,127 m (AA).  The Wiedersberger Horn is accessible from the Alpbachtal via cableways and the mountainsides are used as a skiing area. In winter it may be climbed without difficulty in safe snow conditions. From the top station of the highest lift in the ski area (2,025 m) there is a path to the summit facilitated by step-like wooden beams.

On the wooden summit cross is a plaque with the inscription:

Dem Herrgott und der Heimat in treuer Einigkeit im Ottober des Heiligen Jahres 1933 errichtet. Katholischer Burschenverein Reith.
("Erected to the Lord God and our country in faithful unity in October of the year of our Lord 1933. Catholic Fellowship of Reith.")

Alpbachtal
The Alpbachtal is a valley in Tyrol, Austria. It is a side valley of the Inn valley.

The Alpbachtal takes its name from the Alpbach stream, which flows through the entire valley. The entrance to the valley is the municipality of Brixlegg. A road from Brixlegg runs through the valley to the parish of Inneralpbach. The neighbouring valleys are the Ziller valley and Wildschönau.
Long Hill, Trumbull, Connecticut
Long Hill is a neighborhood and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Trumbull in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. It is located west of the Pequonnock River. The main thoroughfare is Connecticut Route 111, present-day Main Street. It was listed as a census-designated place prior to the 2020 census.

Trumbull, Connecticut
Trumbull is a town located in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. The town is part of the Greater Bridgeport Planning Region, and borders on the cities of Bridgeport and Shelton, as well as the towns of Stratford, Fairfield, Easton and Monroe. The population was 36,827 during the 2020 census. The Trumbull area was the home of the Golden Hill Paugussett Indian Nation for thousands of years before the English settlement was made in 1639.

After independence, the successful American Yankees named the town after one of their own, Jonathan Trumbull (1710–1785), a merchant, Patriot (American soldier) and statesman. Aviation pioneer Igor Sikorsky lived in Trumbull during his active years, when he designed, built, and flew fixed-wing aircraft and put the helicopter into mass production for the first time.
Pinhead mirror
A pinhead mirror can be used to create a camera similar to a pinhole camera. Instead of passing through a tiny aperature, the light to form the image is reflected by a small disc-shaped mirror (with a diameter the same as that of a pinhole; about 0.15 mm - 0.4 mm). One advantage is that a pinhead mirror can be swiveled to scan a scene or project a scene to different locations.

Pinhead mirror technology was protected under US patent 4,948,211 - "Method and Apparatus for Optical Imaging Using a Small, Flat Reflecting Surface" until the patent expired in 2009.

Disco balls can be used as pinhead mirrors to project solar images. The math behind them is the same as for a square pinhole.

Pinhole camera
A pinhole camera is a simple camera without a lens but with a tiny aperture (the so-called pinhole)—effectively a light-proof box with a small hole in one side. Light from a scene passes through the aperture and projects an inverted image on the opposite side of the box, which is known as the camera obscura  effect. The size of the images depends on the distance between the object and the pinhole and the distance between pinhole and screen.

A Worldwide Pinhole Photography Day is observed on the last Sunday of April, every year.
Beer Island
Beer Island (66°0′S 65°41′W﻿ / ﻿66.000°S 65.683°W﻿ / -66.000; -65.683) is an island in the South Pacific, 1 nautical mile (2 km) long, lying close to The Niblets and immediately south of Jagged Island and 8 nautical miles (15 km) west of Prospect Point, off the west coast of Graham Land. It was charted and named by the British Graham Land Expedition under John Rymill, 1934–37.

The Niblets
The Niblets is a group of rocks in the South Pacific. Situated between Harp Island and Beer Island, lying 15 kilometres (8 nmi) west of Prospect Point, off the west coast of Graham Land. Charted and named by the British Graham Land Expedition (BGLE), 1934–37, under Rymill. The name suggests the small size of features in the group.
Braid group
In mathematics, the braid group on n strands (denoted ), also known as the Artin braid group, is the group whose elements are equivalence classes of n-braids (e.g. under ambient isotopy), and whose group operation is composition of braids (see § Introduction). Example applications of braid groups include knot theory, where any knot may be represented as the closure of certain braids (a result known as Alexander's theorem); in mathematical physics where Artin's canonical presentation of the braid group corresponds to the Yang–Baxter equation (see § Basic properties); and in monodromy invariants of algebraic geometry.

Configuration space (mathematics)
In mathematics, a configuration space is a construction closely related to state spaces or phase spaces in physics. In physics, these are used to describe the state of a whole system as a single point in a high-dimensional space. In mathematics, they are used to describe assignments of a collection of points to positions in a topological space. More specifically, configuration spaces in mathematics are particular examples of configuration spaces in physics in the particular case of several non-colliding particles.