hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Identity type
In type theory, a branch of mathematics, the identity type represents the concept of equality.  It is also known as propositional equality to differentiate it from "judgemental equality".  Equality in type theory is a complex topic and has been the subject of research, such as the field of homotopy type theory.

Type theory
In mathematics and theoretical computer science, a type theory is the formal presentation of a specific type system. Type theory is the academic study of type systems.

Some type theories serve as alternatives to set theory as a foundation of mathematics. Two influential type theories that have been proposed as foundations are:

Typed λ-calculus of Alonzo Church

Intuitionistic type theory of Per Martin-Löf

Most computerized proof-writing systems use a type theory for their foundation. A common one is Thierry Coquand's calculus of inductive constructions.
Phonolite
Phonolite is an uncommon shallow intrusive or extrusive rock, of intermediate chemical composition between felsic and mafic, with texture ranging from aphanitic (fine-grained) to porphyritic (mixed fine- and coarse-grained). Phonolite is a variation of the igneous rock trachyte that contains nepheline or leucite rather than quartz. It has an unusually high (12% or more) Na2O + K2O content, defining its position in the TAS classification of igneous rocks. Its coarse grained (phaneritic) intrusive equivalent is nepheline syenite. Phonolite is typically fine grained and compact.
The name phonolite comes from the Ancient Greek meaning "sounding stone" due to the metallic sound it produces if an unfractured plate is hit; hence, the English name clinkstone is given as a synonym.

TAS classification
TAS stands for Total Alkali Silica. The TAS classification can be used to assign names to many common types of volcanic rocks based upon the relationships between the combined alkali and silica contents. These chemical parameters are useful because the relative proportions of alkalis and silica are important in determining both normative mineralogy and actual mineralogy. The classification can be simple to use for rocks that have been chemically analyzed. Except for the following quotation from Johannsen (1937), this discussion is based upon Le Maitre et al (2002).
Akari Chargers
The Akari Power Chargers, more commonly known as the Akari Chargers, are a Philippine women's professional volleyball team by Akari Lighting & Technology Corporation. The team competes in the Premier Volleyball League (PVL), where they have been since its establishment in 2022, and is the sister team to the Nxled Chameleons.

Akari's first venture into the PVL predates the Chargers itself, as they were the sponsor of the Adamson Lady Falcons during the 2018 Open Conference.

In 2024, Akari acquired Celine Domingo and Gretchel Soltones, which helped the team earn a series of podiums over the next few conferences. In the 2024 Reinforced Conference, they made the finals for the first time, where they lost to the Creamline Cool Smashers in the culminating series.

2022 Premier Volleyball League Reinforced Conference
The 2022 Premier Volleyball League Reinforced Conference was the thirteenth conference of the Premier Volleyball League, its fourth conference as a professional league, and the third and final conference of the 2022 season.

The tournament began on October 8 and finished on December 6, 2022. This is the first reinforced conference in three years, since the last reinforced was commenced way back in 2019. And also the first conference to use a video challenge system. It features nine local teams with one foreign guest player each. Among these nine teams are the returning F2 Logistics Cargo Movers and the debuting team — Akari Chargers.
2014–15 Egypt Cup
The 2015 Egypt Cup (also known as Pepsi Egypt Cup for sponsorship reasons) was the 83rd season of the Egypt Cup since its establishment in 1921. The winners assures a place in the 2016 CAF Confederation Cup; however as the two finalist qualified to the Champions League the berth was given to the fourth placed team in 2014–15 Egyptian Premier League.

Zamalek, the defending champions, successfully defended the title after defeating their rivals Al Ahly 2–0 in the Final to win their third consecutive title.

2014–15 Egyptian Premier League
The 2014–15 Egyptian Premier League was the 56th season of the Egyptian Premier League, the top Egyptian professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1948. The season started on 15 September 2014 and concluded on 3 August 2015.
Temporal light artefacts
Temporal light artefacts (TLAs) are undesired effects in the visual perception of a human observer induced by temporal light modulations. Two well-known examples of such unwanted effects are flicker and stroboscopic effect. Flicker is a directly visible light modulation at relatively low frequencies (< 80 Hz) and small intensity modulation levels. Stroboscopic effect may become visible for a person when a moving object is illuminated by modulated light at somewhat higher frequencies (>80 Hz) and larger intensity variations.

Temporal light interference
Temporal light interference (TLI) is an unacceptable degradation of the performance of an equipment or system that has an optical input for its intended functioning and is caused by a temporal light modulation disturbance. A temporal light modulation (TLM) disturbance may be either an intentional or unintentional temporal light modulation (TLM) of lighting equipment such as luminaires or lamps. Examples of equipment that can be interfered are barcode scanners, cameras and test equipment.

NOTE – Temporal light modulations may also annoy human beings. In general, undesired effects in the visual perception of a human observer induced by light intensity fluctuations are called Temporal Light Artefacts (TLAs).
South African cricket team in England in 1947
The South African cricket team toured England in the 1947 season to play a five-match Test series against England. The team was captained by Alan Melville with Dudley Nourse as his vice-captain (v/c). England won the series with three wins and two matches drawn. This was the second Test series hosted by England since the end of World War II in 1945. South Africa's previous visit to England was their successful 1935 tour.

Alan Melville
Alan Melville (19 May 1910 – 18 April 1983) was a South African cricketer who played in 11 Test matches from 1938 to 1949. He was born in Carnarvon, Northern Cape, South Africa and died at Sabie, Transvaal.
Banded kōkopu
The banded kōkopu (Galaxias fasciatus) is a galaxiid of the genus Galaxias, found only in New Zealand, including the Chatham and Stewart / Rakiura islands. It commonly grows to 20–25 cm, but has been recorded growing to around 30 cm. Juvenile banded kōkopu are good climbers and can climb up waterfalls and other vertical surfaces by moving into the splash zone and wriggling up the surface, using the water surface tension and their large downturned fins for grip.

Galaxias
Galaxias is a genus of small freshwater fish in the family Galaxiidae, and are frequently referred to as the galaxiids. These highly adaptable fish are typically found at temperate latitudes across the Southern Hemisphere.

Galaxiids are scaleless and somewhat tubular in body form, ranging from very slender to quite bulky. They are somewhat torpedo-shaped, with the dorsal and anal fins positioned close to the tail. They are generally small, with typical adults ranging between 4–15 cm (1.6–5.9 in) in total length, with some stocky species attaining around 25 cm (10 in). The largest, Galaxias argenteus, has been recorded at 58 cm (22.8 in; 1.9 ft), although 30–40 cm (12–16 in) is a more typical adult length.
Embraer/FMA CBA 123 Vector
The Embraer/FMA CBA 123 Vector (originally EMB 123 for Embraer and IA 70 for FMA) is a 1990 turboprop aircraft designed for regional flights, to carry up to 19 passengers. The program arose from a partnership between the Brazilian company Embraer and the Argentine FMA. The project was an advanced turboprop aircraft for its time, including advanced technology in avionics, aerodynamics, and propulsion.

Pusher configuration
In aeronautical and naval engineering, pusher configuration is the term used to describe a drivetrain of air- or watercraft with propulsion device(s) after the engine(s).  This is in contrast to the more conventional tractor configuration, which places them in front.

Though the term is most commonly applied to aircraft, its most ubiquitous propeller example is a common outboard motor for a small boat.

“Pusher configuration” describes the specific (propeller or ducted fan) thrust device attached to a craft, either aerostats (airship) or aerodynes (aircraft, WIG, paramotor, rotorcraft) or others types such as hovercraft, airboats, and propeller-driven snowmobiles.
2019 AFC Cup
The 2019 AFC Cup was the 16th edition of the AFC Cup, Asia's secondary club football tournament organized by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC).

Al-Ahed from Lebanon won the title for the first time, defeating April 25 from North Korea in the final. Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya were the title holders, having won the previous three editions of the tournament. However, they were unable to defend the title as Iraqi teams played in the AFC Champions League instead of the AFC Cup in the 2019 edition.

2019 AFC Cup final
The 2019 AFC Cup final was the final match of the 2019 AFC Cup, the 16th edition of the AFC Cup, Asia's secondary club football tournament organized by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC).

The final was contested as a single match between April 25 from North Korea and Al-Ahed from Lebanon. The match was played at the Kuala Lumpur Stadium in Kuala Lumpur on 4 November 2019.

Al-Ahed won 1–0 by a goal from Ghanaian player Issah Yakubu. This was Al-Ahed's first continental title, as well as the first for a Lebanese team. April 25 became the first North Korean men's football club to qualify for an Asian final, while Al-Ahed were the third Lebanese side to do so (after Nejmeh in 2005 and Safa in 2008).
Camagna Monferrato
Camagna Monferrato is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) east of Turin and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of Alessandria.

Camagna Monferrato borders the following municipalities: Casale Monferrato, Conzano, Frassinello Monferrato, Lu e Cuccaro Monferrato, Rosignano Monferrato, and Vignale Monferrato.

Conzano
The Commune of Conzano (Italian: Comune di Conzano; Piemontese: Consan) is a municipality located in the south of Casale Monferrato, in the north-west of the italian province of Alessandria.
The town became famous for having been declared, in 1992, as the symbol of the massive emigration of the people to the northern Queensland, Australia, about 1890-1935 period: the ancient town square, named Piazza d'Armi (= Weapons Square), was renamed in Piazza Australia and Conzano has been twinned with Ingham, Queensland.
El Hawawish
El Hawawish (Arabic: الحواويش) is the ancient necropolis (cemetery) for the city of Akhmim in the 9th Nome of Upper Egypt (UE09), in modern the Sohag Governorate, Egypt.

26°36′N 31°49′E﻿ / ﻿26.600°N 31.817°E﻿ / 26.600; 31.817

Akhmim
Akhmim (Arabic: أخميم, pronounced [ʔæxˈmiːm]; Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲙⲓⲙ, Coptic pronunciation: [xmiːm]; Sahidic/Bohairic Coptic: ϣⲙⲓⲛ Coptic pronunciation: [ʃmiːn]) is a city in the Sohag Governorate of Upper Egypt. Referred to by the ancient Greeks as Khemmis or Chemmis (Ancient Greek: Χέμμις) and Panopolis (Ancient Greek: Πανὸς πόλις and Πανόπολις), it is located on the east bank of the Nile, 6 kilometres (4 mi) to the northeast of Sohag.
Casperia
Casperia is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Rieti in the Italian region of Latium, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of Rome and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of Rieti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,164 and an area of 25.4 square kilometres (9.8 sq mi).

The municipality of Casperia contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Santa Maria in Legarano, San Vito di Casperia, and Paranzano.

Casperia borders the following municipalities: Cantalupo in Sabina, Contigliano, Montasola, Rieti, Roccantica, Torri in Sabina.

Among the church buildings are the Santissima Annunziata, San Giovanni Battista, Santa Maria in Legarano, Madonna della Neve, San Vito Martire, and the church and convent of San Salvatore.

Contigliano
Contigliano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Rieti in the Italian region of Lazio, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Rome and about 8 kilometres (5 mi) west of Rieti.

Contigliano borders the following municipalities: Casperia, Colli sul Velino, Cottanello, Greccio, Montasola, Rieti.

The most important church in town is the church of San Michele Arcangelo. Among the other churches, is the church of Sant'Antonio, San Lorenzo, and the Abbey of San Pastore.
Cydippida
Cydippida is an order of comb jellies. They are distinguished from other comb jellies by their spherical or oval bodies, and the fact their tentacles are branched, and can be retracted into pouches on either side of the pharynx. The order is not monophyletic, that is, it does not form a single clade.

Haeckelia
Haeckelia is a genus of ctenophores belonging to the family Cydippida.

The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America.

Members of the genus Haeckelia, which feed mainly on jellyfish, perform kleptocnidy and incorporate their victims' stinging cnidocytes into their own tentacles.

The following species are recognized in this genus:

Haeckelia beehleri (Mayer, 1912)

Haeckelia bimaculata Carré & Carré, 1989

Haeckelia filigera (Chun, 1880)

Haeckelia rubra (Kölliker, 1853)
African harp
African harps, particularly arched or "bow" harps, are found in several Sub-Saharan African music traditions, particularly in the north-east. Used from early times in Africa, they resemble the form of harps in ancient Egypt with a vaulted body of wood, parchment faced, and a neck, perpendicular to the resonant face, on which the strings are wound.

Musical bow
The musical bow (bowstring or string bow, a subset of bar zithers) is a simple string instrument used by a number of African peoples as well as Indigenous peoples of the Americas. It consists of a flexible, usually wooden, stick 1.5 to 10 feet (0.5 to 3 m) long, and strung end to end with a taut cord, usually metal. It can be played with the hands or a wooden stick or branch. It is uncertain if the musical bow developed from the hunting bow, though the San or Bushmen people of the Kalahari Desert do convert their hunting bows to musical use.

Types of bow include mouth-resonated string bow, earth-resonated string bow, and gourd-resonated string bow.
Sisovatnet
Sisovatnet (Norwegian) or Sijdasjávrre (Lule Sami) is a lake that lies in Sørfold Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is located in the southeastern part of  the municipality of Sørfold, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) east of the village of Straumen. The lake Rundvatnet lies immediately east of Sisovatnet.

The lake is fed by the melting snow from the large Blåmannsisen glacier to the southeast. Water naturally flows out of Sisovatnet to the lake Andkjelvatnet, although much of the water is diverted to the lake Straumvatnet to be used for hydroelectric power.

Sørfold Municipality
Sørfold (Norwegian) or Fuolldá (Lule Sami) is a municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is part of the  traditional district of Salten. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Straumen. Other villages in the municipality include Leirfjordgården, Mørsvikbotn, Røsvika, Rørstad, Styrkesvik, and Øvre Kvarv. The municipality surrounds the Sørfolda fjord and stretches east to the border with Sweden.

The 1,637-square-kilometre (632 sq mi) municipality is the 48th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Sørfold is the 290th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,858. The municipality's population density is 1.1 inhabitants per square kilometre (2.8/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 6.5% over the previous 10-year period.
Marchmont
Marchmont (Scottish Gaelic: Marc-Mhonadh) is a mainly residential area of Edinburgh, Scotland. It lies roughly one mile (1.5 kilometres) south of the Old Town, separated from it by The Meadows and Bruntsfield Links. To the west it is bounded by Bruntsfield; to the south-southwest by Greenhill and then Morningside; to the south-southeast by The Grange; and to the east by Sciennes.

The area is characterised by four- and five-storey tenements blocks built in the Scots Baronial style. Most of the area was developed in the 1870s and 1880s and there has been little change to its structure since then. Marchmont remains popular with older residents, young professionals and students. In 1987, it was designated as a conservation area, the boundaries of which were extended in 1996 to include the Meadows, Bruntsfield Links and
immediately surrounding streets.

The Grange, Edinburgh
The Grange (originally St Giles' Grange) is an affluent suburb of Edinburgh, just south of the city centre, with Morningside and Greenhill to the west, Newington to the east,  The Meadows park and Marchmont to the north, and Blackford Hill to the south. It is a conservation area characterised by large early Victorian stone-built villas and mansions, often with very large gardens. The Grange was built mainly between 1830 and 1890, and the area represented the idealisation of country living within an urban setting.

The suburb includes streets which are renowned for their pricey properties, and it is home to some of Scotland's richest people, top lawyers and businessmen. Whitehouse Terrace, in the Grange area of the Capital, was named as the priciest postcode in Zoopla's 'Rich List for 2021'.
Pangwaun Township
Pangwaun Township, also known as Panwai and Panwine, is a township of the Wa Self-Administered Division of Shan State, formerly and conterminously part of Hopang District. Prior to 2011, it belonged to Lashio District. Its main town is Pangwaun.

The total population before 1995 was 33,418 and Wa people were 25,526 out of total.

Pangwaun Constituency for People Assembly and Shan State Assembly was excluded in General Election of 2010.

Wa Self-Administered Division
The Wa Self-Administered Division (Burmese: ဝ ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ တိုင်း [wa̰ kòbàɪɰ̃ ʔoʊʔtɕʰoʊʔ kʰwɪ̰ɰ̃ja̰ táɪɰ̃]; Chinese: 佤自治州; Wade–Giles: Wa Tzŭ-chih-chou) is an autonomous, self-administered division of Myanmar. Its official name was announced by decree on 20 August 2010.

Myanmar's government declared the area to be administered by the Wa people, under the official name Wa Special Region 2. Its territory is partly under the control of the de facto independent Wa State. Hopang and Pan Lon were directly controlled by the Tatmadaw until their transfer to Wa State in January 2024.
Nils Kock
Nils G. Kock (January 29, 1924 – August 24, 2011) was a professor of surgery who taught and practiced at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.  Kock was noted for his research, experimentation, and colorectal surgical techniques.  These led to his breakthrough development of the Kock pouch, used for people who require excretory stomas.

Ileostomy
Ileostomy is a stoma (surgical opening) constructed by bringing the end or loop of small intestine (the ileum) out onto the surface of the skin, or the surgical procedure which creates this opening.  Intestinal waste passes out of the ileostomy and is collected in an external ostomy system which is placed next to the opening.  Ileostomies are usually sited above the groin on the right hand side of the abdomen.
Victoria (Nova Scotia federal electoral district)
Victoria was a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1904. It was created by the British North America Act, 1867. It consisted of the County of Victoria. It was abolished in 1903 when it was merged into North Cape Breton and Victoria electoral district.

Cape Breton North and Victoria
Cape Breton North and Victoria (also known as North Cape Breton and Victoria  and Cape Breton North—Victoria) was a federal electoral district in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1904 to 1968.
Lockheed XP-58 Chain Lightning
The Lockheed XP-58 Chain Lightning was an American long-range fighter developed during World War II. Although derived from the successful P-38 Lightning, the XP-58 was plagued by technical problems with its engines that eventually led to the project's cancellation.

M4 autocannon
The 37 mm Automatic Gun, M4, known as the T9 during development, was a 37 mm (1.46 in) recoil-operated autocannon designed by Browning Arms Company and entered service in 1942. The M4 and its variants would primarily be manufactured by Colt's Manufacturing Company and Oldsmobile (under-contract by Colt) and is therefore sometimes referred to as the "Colt M4" or "Oldsmobile M4." It was primarily mounted in the Bell P-39 Airacobra and P-63 Kingcobra, with the US Navy also using it on many PT boats.
TLV mirror
"TLV mirror" is the name given by archeologists to a type of bronze mirror that was popular during the Han dynasty in China. They are called TLV mirrors because symbols resembling the Latin letters "T," "L" and "V" are cast in the design. They were produced from around the 2nd century BCE until the 2nd century CE.

Yang Lien-sheng
Yang Lien-sheng (Chinese: 楊聯陞; July 26, 1914 – November 16, 1990) who often wrote under the name L.S. Yang, was a Chinese-American sinologist and professor at Harvard University. He was the first full-time historian of China at Harvard and a prolific scholar specializing in China's economic history.
Akropolis: Journal of Hellenic Studies
Akropolis: Journal of Hellenic Studies is an annual open access peer-reviewed academic journal devoted to the study of Hellenic culture and civilization from antiquity to the present. It was established in 2017 and is published by the Center for Hellenic Studies, based in Podgorica.

The journal publishes original research articles and book reviews in all areas of Hellenic studies: philosophy, religion, archaeology, history, law, politics, literature, philology, art.

The editor in chief is Filip Ivanović, and associate editor is Mikonja Knežević.

Akropolis is abstracted and/or indexed in a number of databases, including Scopus, ERIH Plus, The Philosopher's Index, DOAJ, and others.

According to Scimago Journal Rank, Akropolis is ranked as Q4 in Classics for 2020 and 2021.

Hellenic studies
Hellenic studies (also Greek studies) is an interdisciplinary scholarly field that focuses on the language, literature, history and politics of post-classical Greece. In university, a wide range of courses expose students to viewpoints that help them understand the historical and political experiences of Byzantine, Ottoman and modern Greece; the ways in which Greece has borne its several pasts and translated them into the modern era; and the era's distinguished literary and artistic traditions.