hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Markov chain Monte Carlo
In statistics, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is a class of algorithms used to draw samples from a probability distribution. Given a probability distribution, one can construct a Markov chain whose elements' distribution approximates it – that is, the Markov chain's equilibrium distribution matches the target distribution. The more steps that are included, the more closely the distribution of the sample matches the actual desired distribution.

Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are used to study probability distributions that are too complex or too high dimensional to study with analytic techniques alone. Various algorithms exist for constructing such Markov chains, including the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm.

Autocorrelation
Autocorrelation, sometimes known as serial correlation in the discrete time case, measures the correlation of a signal with a delayed copy of itself. Essentially, it quantifies the similarity between observations of a random variable at different points in its domain (which for this article is time). The analysis of autocorrelation is a mathematical tool for identifying repeating patterns or hidden periodicities within a signal obscured by noise. Autocorrelation is widely used in signal processing, time domain and time series analysis to understand the behavior of data over time.

Different fields of study define autocorrelation differently, and not all of these definitions are equivalent. In some fields, the term is used interchangeably with autocovariance.

Various time series models incorporate autocorrelation, such as unit root processes, trend-stationary processes, autoregressive processes, and moving average processes.
Articulated vehicle
An articulated vehicle is a vehicle which has a permanent or semi-permanent coupling in its construction. This coupling works as a large pivot joint, allowing it to bend and turn more sharply. There are many kinds, from heavy equipment to buses, trams and trains. Steam locomotives were sometimes articulated so the driving wheels could pivot around corners.

In a broader sense, any vehicle towing a trailer (including a semi-trailer) could be described as articulated (which comes from the Latin word articulus, "small joint"). In the UK, an articulated lorry is the combination of a tractor and a trailer, abbreviated to "artic". In the US, it is called a semi-trailer truck, tractor-trailer or semi-truck and is not necessarily considered articulated.

Bogie
A bogie (/ˈboʊɡi/ BOH-ghee) (or truck in North American English) comprises two or more wheelsets (two wheels on an axle), in a frame, attached under a vehicle by a pivot. Bogies take various forms in various modes of transport. A bogie may remain normally attached (as on many railroad cars and semi-trailers) or be quickly detachable (as for a dolly in a road train or in railway bogie exchange). It may include suspension components within it (as most rail and trucking bogies do), or be solid and in turn be suspended (as are most bogies of tracked vehicles). It may be mounted on a swivel, as traditionally on a railway carriage or locomotive, additionally jointed and sprung (as in the landing gear of an airliner), or held in place by other means (centreless bogies).

Although bogie is the preferred spelling and first-listed variant in various dictionaries, bogey and bogy are also used.
Benedetto Santapaola
Benedetto Santapaola (Italian pronunciation: [beneˈdetto santaˈpaːola]; born 4 June 1938), better known as Nitto, is a prominent Italian mafioso from Catania, the main city and industrial centre on Sicily's east coast. Santapaola was considered one of the most powerful and bloodthirsty mafia bosses in Cosa Nostra until his arrest in 1993.

His nickname is il Cacciatore ("The Hunter") because of his passion for shooting game.

Giuseppe Fava
Giuseppe "Pippo" Fava (Italian pronunciation: [dʒuˈzɛppe ˈpippo ˈfaːva]; 15 September 1925 in Palazzolo Acreide – 5 January 1984 in Catania) was an Italian writer, investigative journalist, playwright, and Antimafia activist who was killed by the Mafia. He was the founder of the I Siciliani, a monthly magazine. His motto in life was "Is there any use in living if you don't have the courage to fight?"
Side platform
A side platform (also known as a marginal platform or a single-face platform) is a platform positioned to the side of one or more railway tracks or guideways at a railway station, tram stop, transitway, or rapid transit. A station having dual side platforms, one for each direction of travel, is the basic design used for double-track railway lines (as opposed to, for instance, the island platform where a single platform lies between the tracks). Side platforms may result in a wider overall footprint for the station compared with an island platform, where a single width of platform can be shared by riders using either track.

In some stations, the two side platforms are connected by a footbridge or tunnel to allow safe access to the alternate platform. While a pair of side platforms is often provided on a dual-track line, a single side platform is usually sufficient (trains are usually only boarded from one side) for a single-track line.

Railway platform
A railway platform is an area in a train station alongside a railway track providing convenient access to trains. Almost all stations have some form of platform, with larger stations having multiple platforms.

Grand Central Terminal in Midtown Manhattan hosts 44 platforms, more than any other rail station in the world. The world's longest station platform is at Hubballi Junction in India at 1,507 metres (4,944 ft). The Appalachian Trail station or Benson station in the United States, at the other extreme, has a platform which is only long enough for a single bench.

Among some American train conductors, the word "platform" has entered usage as a verb meaning "to berth at a station", as in the announcement: "The last two cars of this train will not platform at East Rockaway".
Mheibes
Mheibes (Arabic: محيبس) is a traditional game involving two teams. It is mostly played in the Arab Mashriq, and specifically in Iraq. It has similarities to other games involving an object hidden in the hand, including the Native American Handgame, the Welsh Tippit and the English game Up Jenkins.

The word Mheibes is a cognate of the word mihbes or mehbis (Arabic: محبس), which means ring. Its historical origins are unclear, but it is thought to go back to at least the 1600s. The rules most common in current use coalesced during the 1990s. Public and organised play was suppressed in some regions of Iraq under ISIL, but has seen a resurgence in the years since.

Traditionally it is played during Ramadan, with games starting in the evening and continuing into the night. Only men play in competitive leagues, but informal games sometimes include women, and in 2024 the Baghdadi Museum hosted a women's match.

Up Jenkins
Up Jenkins, also known by the shortened name Jenkins, is a party game in which players conceal a coin (or ring, button, etc.) in their palm as they slap it on a table with their bare hands.  The goal of the game is for the players on the team without the coin to correctly identify which hand the coin is under. The game typically consists of two- to four-player teams, one on each side of a table.  There are no official rules, so rules may vary widely. The game is often played with alcoholic beverages with which to drink as a forfeit.
Sichuan Provincial Women's Prison
Sichuan Provincial Women's Prison (四川省女子监狱 Sìchuān Shěng nǚzǐ jiānyù) is a women's prison in Yangma Town (养马镇), Jianyang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 50 kilometres (31 mi) away from the center of Chengdu (Jianyang was previously administered by Ziyang and not Chengdu). It is over 20,000 square metres (0.020 km2) large. It became a women's prison in 1998. The Sichuan Provincial Administration of Prisons operates this facility.

It has a prison clinic/hospital with 44 employees.

Jianyang, Sichuan
Jianyang (simplified Chinese: 简阳; traditional Chinese: 簡陽; pinyin: Jiǎnyáng) is a county-level city under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Chengdu, in Sichuan Province, Southwest China. Situated only 48 kilometers (30 mi) from Chengdu, Jianyang is administratively under the jurisdiction of Chengdu, changed from being a prefecture-level city of Ziyang since May 2016. The preparation work for changing it to "Jianyang District" is already started as of August 2019. The urban center is located on the banks of the Tuo River.
Jokioinen railway station
Jokioinen station (Jok, Jockis station in Swedish) is the southernmost station on Jokioinen Museum Railway. The station is located 14.2 kilometres (8.8 mi) from the Humppila station, in the municipality of Jokioinen in Finland.

Jokioinen Museum Railway
The Jokioinen Museum Railway (Finnish: Jokioisten Museorautatie) is a heritage railway running between Jokioinen and Humppila in Finland. It is located on part of the route of the last commercially operating narrow gauge railway in Finland, the 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) gauge Jokioinen Railway.
137th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The 137th Infantry Division was a major fighting formation of the German Army (Wehrmacht). It was created in October 1940, and first saw combat in Operation Barbarossa as part of Army Group Centre. The division remained on the central sector of the Eastern Front, where it participated in heavy fighting.

By November 1943, the division's losses on the Eastern Front were so high that it only consisted of two infantry regiments. This was followed by the withdrawal from the front, where the division was disbanded. The remaining troops were converted into Division Group 137.

The staff of the former division was reassigned to the 271st Infantry Division. Division Group 137 became subordinated to Korps-Abteilung E, which was also set up in November 1943, under Army Group Center.

271st Infantry Division
The 271st Infantry Division (German: 271. Infanterie-Division) was an infantry division of the German Heer during World War II.

In total, three infantry formations used the ordinal number 271 within the Wehrmacht. The first 271st Infantry Division's deployment was aborted in May 1940, whereas the second iteration of the division saw its deployment completed in November 1943 and was destroyed in August 1944. Subsequently, a division designated 271st Volksgrenadier Division (German: 271. Volks-Grenadier-Division) was deployed in August 1944 and remained in combat until 1945.
Sciuta Tower
Sciuta Tower (Maltese: Torri ta' Xuta), also known as Sciutu Tower (Maltese: Torri ta' Xutu, the name preferred by Żurrieq residents) or Wied iż-Żurrieq Tower (Maltese: Torri ta' Wied iż-Żurrieq), is a small watchtower in Qrendi, Malta. It was completed in 1638 as the fifth of the Lascaris towers. The tower was restored by Din l-Art Ħelwa.

Lascaris towers
The Lascaris Towers (Maltese: Torrijiet ta' Lascaris) are a series of mostly small coastal watchtowers built in Malta by the Order of Saint John between 1637 and 1652. The first seven towers were built around the coast of mainland Malta in 1637 and 1638. Between 1647 and 1652, a large tower was also built on mainland Malta, and two smaller ones were built on Gozo.
Flowering Judas and Other Stories
Flowering Judas and Other Stories is a collection of ten works of short fiction by Katherine Anne Porter, published by Harcourt, Brace and Company in 1935. The volume is an amalgamation of four previously uncollected works and the six stories comprising Porter's first collection, Flowering Judas (1930), also published by Harcourt and Brace. All of these stories appear in The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter (1965).

The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter
The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter is a volume of her previously published collections of fiction and four uncollected works of short fiction.

Published in 1965 by Harcourt, Brace & World, the volume includes 26 works of fiction—all the stories that Porter "ever finished and published" in her lifetime.
The Collected Works of Katherine Anne Porter won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and the National Book Award for Fiction.
2025 VTV International Women's Volleyball Cup
The 2025 VTV Cup, known as the 2025 VTV Ferroli Cup for sponsorship reasons, was the 19th edition of the VTV International Women's Volleyball Cup organized by the Volleyball Federation of Vietnam (VFV), and sponsored by Vietnam Television (VTV).

The tournament was held in Phú Thọ and played from 28 June to 5 July.

This tournament celebrated the 55th anniversary of Vietnam Television (7 September 1970 - 7 September 2025). This was also the third time this tournament applied Video Challenge Eyes after the 2023 and 2024 editions.

Vietnam women's national volleyball team
Vietnam women's national volleyball team (Vietnamese: Đội tuyển bóng chuyền nữ quốc gia Việt Nam) represents Vietnam in international volleyball competitions and friendly matches. It is managed by the Volleyball Federation of Vietnam.
Bʼaga languages
The Bʼaga languages, also known as Gumuz, form a small language family spoken along the border of Ethiopia and Sudan. They have been tentatively classified as closest to the Koman languages within the Nilo-Saharan language family.

Gumuz language
Gumuz (also spelled Gumaz) is a dialect cluster spoken along the border of Ethiopia and Sudan. It has been tentatively classified within the Nilo-Saharan family. Most Ethiopian speakers live in Kamashi Zone and Metekel Zone of the Benishangul-Gumuz Region, although a group of 1,000 reportedly live outside the town of Welkite (Unseth 1989). The Sudanese speakers live in the area east of Er Roseires, around Famaka and Fazoglo on the Blue Nile, extending north along the border. Dimmendaal et al. (2019) suspect that the poorly attested varieties spoken along the river constitute a distinct language, Kadallu.

An early record of this language is a wordlist from the Mount Guba area compiled in February 1883 by Juan Maria Schuver.
Dan Biggar
Daniel Biggar (born 16 October 1989) is a former Welsh professional rugby union player and current director at United Rugby Championship club Scarlets. A Wales international, Biggar played fly half and was twice selected to tour with the British and Irish Lions.

2012 Pro12 Grand Final
The 2012 Pro12 Grand Final was the final match of the 2011–12 Pro12 season. The 2011–12 season was the first with RaboDirect as title sponsor and the third ever Celtic League Grand Final. Ospreys won the game 31–30 against Leinster.

Shane Williams scored a 78th minute try in the corner for the Ospreys which Dan Biggar converted to seal victory by one point.
Los Osos Oaks State Natural Reserve
Los Osos Oaks State Natural Reserve is a California State Park in western San Luis Obispo County, in the Central Coast of California region. It preserves centuries-old coast live oaks (Quercus agrifolia) growing atop relict sand dunes.  It is located in the Los Osos Valley between San Luis Obispo and Baywood Park-Los Osos, just outside the town of Los Osos. It is also the only place the critically endangered Splitting Yarn or Iron Maiden's Hair lichen Sulcaria isidiifera can be found. The 85-acre (34 ha) park was established in 1972.

Los Osos, California
Los Osos (Spanish for "the bears") is an unincorporated town in San Luis Obispo County, California, United States. Located on the Central Coast of California, Los Osos had a reported population of 14,465 in 2020. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Los Osos as a census-designated place (CDP).
Political party strength in Hawaii
The following table indicates the party of elected officials in the U.S. state of Hawaii:

Governor

Lieutenant Governor

The table also indicates the historical party composition in the:

State Senate

State House of Representatives

State delegation to the U.S. Senate

State delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives

For years in which a presidential election was held, the table indicates which party's nominees received the state's electoral votes.

The parties are as follows:

Home Rule (HR)

Democratic (D)

Independent (Kuoka) (IK)

Lunalilo (Lu)

National Liberal (NL)

National/King's (N)

National Reform (NR)

Queen Emma Party (Q)

Reform/Republican (R)

Whig (W)

No Party (NP)

Democratic Party of Hawaiʻi
The Democratic Party of Hawaiʻi (DPH; Hawaiian: ʻAoʻao Kemokalaka o Hawaiʻi) is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the state of Hawaii.

It is currently the dominant party in the state, and is one of the strongest affiliates of the national Democratic Party. The party currently controls both of Hawaii's U.S. House seats, both U.S. Senate seats, the governorship, and has supermajorities in both houses of the state legislature, controlling nearly 90% of all legislative seats.
Tallebudgera Creek Dam
The Tallebudgera Creek Dam, or colloquially Tally Dam, is a decommissioned embankment dam across the upper reaches of the Tallebudgera Creek, located in the South East region of Queensland, Australia. The initial purpose of the dam from its establishment until its decommissioning during the 1970s was for the supply of potable water to the Gold Coast region. There is no public access to the dam.

Tallebudgera Creek
Tallebudgera Creek is a creek in South East Queensland, Australia. Its catchment lies within the Gold Coast local government area and covers an area of 98 square kilometres (38 sq mi). The river is approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) in length and is known for good fishing.
Toronto Professional Hockey Club
The Toronto Professional Hockey Club was a professional ice hockey team in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was Toronto's first professional ice hockey team, founded in 1906. The team played the 1906–07 season in exhibition games against other professional teams.  In 1908, the team was one of the founders of the Ontario Professional Hockey League (OPHL). The club operated for two seasons in the OPHL, 1908 and 1909, before disbanding. The club was challenged unsuccessfully for the Stanley Cup in 1908. They were usually referred to as the Toronto Argonauts.

The team featured several prominent players of the time, including Newsy Lalonde who would be inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame and Bruce Ridpath, who would manage the Toronto entry in the National Hockey Association (NHA), fore-runner of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Rowley Young
Roland Wilbur "Rowley, Rolly" Young (January 12, 1883 – March 21, 1961) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player active in the early 1900s. Amongst the teams he played for were the Cobalt Silver Kings, Pittsburgh Professionals, Toronto Professionals, Montreal Hockey Club and Berlin Dutchmen. Young played at the cover point position, equivalent to the modern day defenseman. He was born in Waterloo, Ontario.

In March 1908 Rowley Young played with the Toronto Professionals, champions of the OPHL, in a challenge game for the Stanley Cup against the Montreal Wanderers from the ECAHA. Despite two goals from star forward Newsy Lalonde Toronto lost the game 4-6 due to two late goals from Wanderers Moose Johnson and Bruce Stuart.
Antizyme RNA frameshifting stimulation element
Antizyme RNA frameshifting stimulation element is a structural element which is found in antizyme mRNA and is known to promote frameshifting. Antizyme genes have two partially overlapping open reading frames, the second, which encodes the functional (antizyme) protein requires +1 translational frameshifting. This frameshift is stimulated by a pseudoknot present 3' of the frameshift site in the antizyme mRNA. The frameshifting efficiency is dependent on the concentration of polyamines in the cell, when the polyamine concentration is high frameshifting is more likely to occur which leads to an increase in the quantity of functional antizyme produced. The functional antizyme acts to reduce ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity which leads to a drop in polyamines present in the cell. Therefore, this family can be thought of as a biosensor for intracellular free polyamines that functions via a negative feedback loop.

Ribosomal frameshift
Ribosomal frameshifting, also known as translational frameshifting or translational recoding, is a biological phenomenon that occurs during translation that results in the production of multiple, unique proteins from a single mRNA. The process can be programmed by the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA and is sometimes affected by the secondary, 3-dimensional mRNA structure. It has been described mainly in viruses (especially retroviruses), retrotransposons and bacterial insertion elements, and also in some cellular genes.

Small molecules, proteins, and nucleic acids have also been found to stimulate levels of frameshifting. In December 2023, it was reported that in vitro-transcribed (IVT) mRNAs in response to BNT162b2 (Pfizer–BioNTech) anti-COVID-19 vaccine caused ribosomal frameshifting.
Autodrome Saint-Eustache
The Autodrome Saint-Eustache was a motor sport complex in Saint-Eustache, Quebec, Canada. Established in 1965, it contained a 0.400 mi (0.644 km) paved oval and a 1.100 mi (1.770 km) paved road course with hot pits, grandstands and services.

The oval circuit hosted NASCAR Whelen All-American Series weekly racing, with drivers racing for both the province (Quebec) and the rest of North America. Its premier event was the NASCAR Pinty's Series which raced at the track since the creation of the series. The track also formerly held CASCAR Super Series events.

In an agreement with the City of Saint-Eustache, the property was sold to Hydro-Québec at the end of the 2019 racing season.  The expanding infrastructure of the city of Saint-Eustache was cited as the main reason for the track's demise.

Saint-Eustache, Quebec
Saint-Eustache (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃t‿østaʃ] ⓘ) is an off-island suburb of Montreal, in western Quebec, Canada, west of Montreal on the north shore of the Rivière des Mille Îles. It is located 35 km (22 mi) northwest of Montreal.
Scotstown
Scotstown (Irish: Baile an Scotaigh) is a village in the townland of Bough (Irish: An Bhoth, meaning 'place of huts') in north County Monaghan, Ireland. Scotstown is located in the parish of Tydavnet, along the Monaghan section of the River Blackwater, Scotstown being the village closest to the river's source. Scotstown is centred in the townland of Bough, but extends into Carrowhatta, Teraverty,  Drumdesco and Stracrunnion townlands.

Tydavnet
Tydavnet, officially  Tedavnet  (Irish: Tigh Damhnata, meaning 'house of Damhnait'), is a village in northern County Monaghan, Ireland, and also the name of the townland and civil parish in which the village sits. Both the Church of Ireland and Catholic church have Tydavnet named as a parish and in both cases, the geographical area is almost identical. The village is located on the R186 regional road.
2010–11 Ashes series
The 2010–11 Ashes series (known as the Vodafone Ashes Series for sponsorship reasons) was the 66th series of Test cricket matches played to contest The Ashes. The series was played in Australia as part of the England cricket team's tour of the country during the 2010–11 season. Five Tests were played from 25 November 2010 to 7 January 2011. England won the series 3–1 and retained the Ashes, having won the previous series in 2009 by two Tests to one. It was the first time in 24 years that England had won the Ashes in Australia. As of 2025–26, it remains the most recent occasion that England has won an Ashes series in Australia.

2025–26 Ashes series
The 2025–26 Ashes series, branded as NRMA Insurance Men's Ashes Series for sponsorship reasons, was a series of Test cricket matches played between Australia and England for The Ashes, between 21 November 2025 and 8 January 2026. The five-match series formed part of the 2025–2027 ICC World Test Championship.

Australia were the holders of the Ashes, having won in 2021–22 and drawn in 2023. After taking a 3–0 lead in the series, Australia retained the Ashes. England won the 4th Test in Melbourne by 4 wickets, ending an 18-match (14-year) losing streak in Australia in Ashes Tests and prevented a whitewash. In the fifth test, Australia won by 5 wickets and thus ended the series with 4 – 1.