hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Barneveld, Wisconsin
Barneveld is a village in Iowa County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,331 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Madison Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The community was named after John of Barneveld of the Netherlands.

Madison metropolitan area
The Madison metropolitan area, also known as Greater Madison, is the metropolitan area surrounding the city of Madison, Wisconsin. The Madison, WI Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), as defined by the Office of Management and Budget, consists of Columbia, Dane, Green, and Iowa counties in south-central Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the MSA had a population of 680,796, making it the 84th-largest in the United States.

The Madison–Janesville–Beloit, WI Combined Statistical Area (CSA) consists of the four counties in the Madison MSA as well as Rock County (Janesville–Beloit metropolitan area) and Sauk County (Baraboo micropolitan area). The CSA population as of the 2020 census was 910,246, making it the 64th-largest in the United States.
Alice Amelia Chown
Alice Amelia Chown (3 February 1866 – 2 March 1949) was a Canadian feminist, pacifist, socialist and author. She was brought up in a strict Methodist family, and remained at home until she was forty attending her mother, who died in 1906. Chown then embarked on a life of travel and involvement in many reform causes. She was an original and iconoclastic thinker, and became one of the leading social feminists of her day. She is best known for her 1921 book The Stairway in which she recounts her life and growing freedom after 1906.

The Christian Guardian
The Christian Guardian was a Wesleyan Methodist journal founded in Upper Canada in 1829. The first editor was Egerton Ryerson. It ceased publication in 1925 when the Methodist Church of Canada merged with the Presbyterians and Congregationalists to form the United Church of Canada, and merged their journals to create The New Outlook, later renamed the United Church Observer.
Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
Union of Artists of Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербургский Союз художников) was established on August 2, 1932, as a creative union of the Leningrad artists and arts critics. Prior to 1959, it was called "Leningrad Union of Soviet Artists". From 1959 (when it joined the Union of Artists of the RSFSR), it was called as Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of Russian Federation. After the renaming of the city in 1991, it became known as the Saint Petersburg Union of Artists.

Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin
Kuzma Sergeyevich Petrov-Vodkin (Russian: Кузьма́  Серге́евич Петро́в-Во́дкин; November 5, [O. S. 24 October] 1878 – February 15, 1939) was a Russian and Soviet painter. His early iconographic work used special creative effects based on the curve of the globe, but its images were considered blasphemous by the Russian Orthodox Church. However he went on to become the first president of the Leningrad Union of Soviet Artists. His autobiographical writings attracted much praise, and have enjoyed a later revival. He was one of the members of the art association ‘The Four Arts’, which existed in Moscow and Leningrad in 1924-1931.
Iwabaru Kofun cluster
The Iwabaru Kofun cluster (岩原古墳群) is a group of Kofun period burial mounds located in the Kao-cho neighborhood of the city of  Yamaga, Kumamoto Prefecture in Kyushu Japan. The tumulus group was collectively designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1958, with the area under protection subsequently extended in 1999.

Yamaga, Kumamoto
Yamaga (山鹿市, Yamaga-shi) is a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 July 2024, the city had an estimated population of 48,181 in 21996 households, and a  population density of 160 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 299.69 km2 (115.71 sq mi).
Vaulted sidewalk
Vaulted sidewalks, also called sidewalk vaults and areaways, are sidewalks that are not placed directly on the ground. Rather, there is an empty space below them where the ground level used to be. This may happen where the street level has been raised over time, or where basements are extended, or as utility vaults.

Sidewalk vaults may be protected as historical architecture, or filling them required for planning permission.

Pavement light
Pavement lights (UK), vault lights (US), floor lights, or sidewalk prisms are flat-topped walk-on skylights, usually set into pavement (sidewalks) or floors to let sunlight into the space below. They often use anidolic lighting prisms to throw the light sideways under the building. They were developed in the 19th century, but declined in popularity with the advent of cheap electric lighting in the early 20th. Older cities and smaller centers around the world have, or once had, pavement lights. In the early 21st century, such lights are over a century old, although lights are being installed in some new construction.
Texas Super Kings
The Texas Super Kings are an American professional Twenty20 cricket team based in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex that competes in Major League Cricket (MLC). The team's home ground is Grand Prairie Stadium. The stadium has a capacity of 7,200; it can be expanded to seat 15,000 for major events.

The team was announced in 2023 as one of six inaugural teams to play in the league. The team has two minor league affiliates – the Dallas Mustangs and the Dallas Xforia Giants, which both compete in Minor League Cricket (MiLC) alongside 24 other teams. The franchise is co-owned by Chennai Super Kings Cricket, Ross Perot Jr., and Anurag Jain.

The team is coached by Stephen Fleming and is captained by South African Faf du Plessis.

Chennai Super Kings Cricket
Chennai Super Kings Cricket Limited is an Indian public limited company that administers cricket franchises. The company was incorporated on 19 December 2014. The name itself was derived from its first and flagship franchise Chennai Super Kings (CSK), which plays in the Indian Premier League (IPL).

As of 2023, the major share holders include India Cements Shareholders Trust (30%), Saradha Logistics (6.9%) and Life Insurance Corporation of India (6%). The company took over the ownership of CSK in 2014. It also owns the teams Joburg Super Kings in SA20 and Texas Super Kings in Major League Cricket.
Sandwell & Dudley railway station
Sandwell & Dudley railway station is a railway station serving Sandwell and Dudley in the  West Midlands. It is located on the Birmingham Loop of the West Coast Main Line. The station is located in the  Oldbury area of Sandwell.

Oldbury, West Midlands
Oldbury is a market town in the metropolitan borough of Sandwell, in the county of the West Midlands, England. It is the administrative centre of the borough. At the 2011 census, the town had a population of 13,606, while the 2017 population of the wider built-up area was estimated at 25,488. Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council, which defines Oldbury Town as consisting of the wards of Bristnall, Langley, Oldbury, and Old Warley, gave the population as 50,641 in 2011.
Rea Peak
Rea Peak is a peak, 590 m, lying nearly 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) northeast of Rose Peak and 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km) northwest of Mount Hopeful in the central part of King George Island, in the South Shetland Islands. Named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1960 for Henry Rea, Master of the Enderby Brothers' schooner the tender Rose to continue John Biscoe's Antarctic researches. The Antarctic voyage was abandoned after the December 1833 or January 1834.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Rea Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

62°1′S 58°9′W﻿ / ﻿62.017°S 58.150°W﻿ / -62.017; -58.150

Rose Peak (South Shetlands)
Rose Peak (62°2′S 58°12′W﻿ / ﻿62.033°S 58.200°W﻿ / -62.033; -58.200) is a peak, 655 m, lying nearly 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) southwest of Rea Peak and 3 nautical miles (6 km) northeast of Ternyck Needle in the central part of King George Island, in the South Shetland Islands. Named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1960 for the Enderby Brothers' cutter Rose, tender to the schooner 1833 or January 1834 the Rose was crushed in the pack ice in 6017S, 5326W; her crew were rescued by the Hopeful.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Rose Peak (South Shetlands)". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
Ceffyl Dŵr
Ceffyl Dŵr (also ceffyl dwfr or ceffyl-dŵr) is a water horse in Welsh folklore. It is most commonly considered a counterpart to the Scottish kelpie, but has also been compared to the Irish púca, the Irish and Scottish each uisge, and the Manx glaistyn.

The ceffyl dŵr is said to inhabit mostly mountain pools and waterfalls, though it has been known to frequent rivers and seashores as well. It was believed to be a spirit assuming the shape of a horse, usually grey or black with a white mane, sometimes glowing or winged, to entice unwary travellers to ride him. Once mounted it would either carry its rider great distances very quickly, or fly into the sky, then evaporate into air or mist, dropping the unfortunate rider to their death.

The ceffyl dŵr could be caught and put to work, but would always escape eventually and drag its captor to their death.

Water horse
A water horse (also compounded as: waterhorse) is a mythical creature that appears in multiple forms in Celtic and Nordic folklore. Celtic incarnations includes: the Welsh Ceffyl Dŵr, Irish Capaill Uisce, the Scottish each-uisge and kelpie. In Nordic folklore, the water horse is a shape taken on by the nixie, in Swedish called bäckahästen ("the brook horse"), in Faroese nykur ("nixie").
A832 road
The A832 is a road in the Scottish Highlands, linking Cromarty, on the east coast, to Gairloch on the west coast, and beyond Gairloch to Braemore Junction. It is 126 miles (203 km) long and runs entirely in the former county of Ross and Cromarty. The road forms part of the Wester Ross Coastal Trail.

Loch Broom
Loch Broom (Scottish Gaelic: Lochbraon, "loch of rain showers") is a sea loch located in northwestern Ross and Cromarty, in the former parish of Lochbroom, on the west coast of Scotland. The small town of Ullapool lies on the eastern shore of the loch.
Classical probability density
The classical probability density is the probability density function that represents the likelihood of finding a particle in the vicinity of a certain location subject to a potential energy in a classical mechanical system. These probability densities are helpful in gaining insight into the correspondence principle and making connections between the quantum system under study and the classical limit.

Classical limit
The classical limit or correspondence limit is the ability of a physical theory to approximate or "recover" classical mechanics when considered over special values of its parameters. The classical limit is used with physical theories that predict non-classical behavior.
Red Star Yeast
Red Star Yeast Company, LLC is a joint-venture of Lesaffre and Archer Daniels Midland.

Red Star operates two plants in the United States—a plant in Headland, Alabama, and a plant built in 2006 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Lesaffre Yeast Corporation (prior to the joint venture) used to operate plants in Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Baltimore, Maryland; and Oakland, California, but those facilities have been closed since 2006. Their corporate office is located in Milwaukee.

Red Star Yeast and Products was the former division of Sensient Technologies (formerly Universal Foods), which distributed the Red Star brand. Red Star Yeast was then sold to French-based Lesaffre Group in 2001. In 2004, Lesaffre and Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM) created the joint venture that the company operates under today.

All Red Star Yeast products are certified kosher except for Passover.

Sensient Technologies
Sensient Technologies is a global manufacturer and marketer of colors, flavors and fragrances based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Their products are used in many foods and beverages, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, home and personal care products, specialty printing and imaging products, computer imaging and industrial colors. Sensient reported revenue of $1,468 million in 2013. Subdivisions include the Sensient Flavors & Fragrances Group and the Sensient Color Group. Within the Flavors & Fragrances Group is Sensient Natural Ingredients. In 2021, Sensient was ranked 10th on the Global Top 50 Food Flavors and Fragrances Companies list.
Nicholas Franks
Nicholas Peter Franks FRS FRSB (born 14 October 1949) has been Professor of Biophysics and Anaesthetics at Imperial College London since 1993. His research focuses on how general anaesthetics act at the cell and molecular levels as well as with neuronal networks. Franks holds patents on use of xenon gas as a neuroprotectant  and has published research on the use of the anesthetic properties of xenon.

He was educated at Mill Hill School and King's College London (BSc 1972; PhD 1975). He was a lecturer in biophysics at Imperial College London from 1977 to 1989 and a reader in biophysics from 1989 to 1993.

Mill Hill School
Mill Hill School is a 13–18 co-educational private, day and boarding school in Mill Hill, London, England that was established in 1807. It is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference.
Gord Downie
Gordon Edgar Downie CM (February 6, 1964 – October 17, 2017)  was a Canadian rock singer-songwriter, musician, writer, poet, and activist. He was the  singer and lyricist for the Canadian rock band The Tragically Hip,  which he fronted from its formation in 1984 until his death in 2017. He is revered by many as one of the most influential artists in Canada's music history.

Downie released eight solo albums, three posthumously: Coke Machine Glow (2001), Battle of the Nudes (2003), The Grand Bounce (2010), And the Conquering Sun (2014), Secret Path (2016), Introduce Yerself (2017), Away Is Mine (2020), and Lustre Parfait (2023). His first to hit number one was Introduce Yerself, shortly after his death. His family and managers said  future releases are planned, including solo material and unreleased work with the Hip.

Bobcaygeon (song)
"Bobcaygeon" is a song by Canadian rock band the Tragically Hip. It was released in February 1999 as a single from their sixth album, Phantom Power, and has come to be recognized as one of the band's most enduring and beloved signature songs.
Datu Unsay
Datu Unsay, officially the Municipality of Datu Unsay (Maguindanaon: Ingud nu Datu Unsay; Iranun: Inged a Datu Unsay; Tagalog: Bayan ng Datu Unsay), is a municipality in the province of Maguindanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 12,890 people, making it the least populated municipality in the province.

Shariff Aguak
Shariff Aguak, officially the Municipality of Shariff Aguak (Maguindanaoan: Kuta Shariff Aguak), is a municipality in the province of Maguindanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 33,982.

It was formerly officially known as Maganoy.

Despite only being the de jure (by law) seat of Maguindanao's provincial government from 1973 to 1977, the town—being home to several previous governors—has served as the de facto (by practice) capital during the governorships of Sandiale Sambolawan (1980–1986), Andal Ampatuan, Sr. (2001–2008) and Sajid Ampatuan (2008–2009).
Tak province
Tak (Thai: ตาก, pronounced [tàːk]) is one of Thailand's seventy-seven provinces (changwat) and lies in Northern Thailand. Neighbouring provinces are (from north clockwise) Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Lamphun, Lampang, Sukhothai, Kamphaeng Phet, Nakhon Sawan, Uthai Thani and Kanchanaburi. The western edge of the province has a long boundary with Kayin State of Myanmar (Burma).

Kamphaeng Phet province
Kamphaeng Phet (Thai: กำแพงเพชร, pronounced [kām.pʰɛ̄ːŋ pʰét]) is a province in upper central Thailand. Kamphaeng Phet known its natural environment and has a long history. National and historical parks in the province include Kamphaeng Phet Historical Park, Khlong Lan National Park, and Mae Wong National Park.
George Vancouver
Captain George Vancouver (/vænˈkuːvər/; 22 June 1757 – 10 May 1798) was a Royal Navy officer and explorer best known for leading the Vancouver Expedition, which explored and charted North America's northwestern Pacific Coast regions, including the coasts of what became the Canadian province of British Columbia and the U.S. states of Alaska, Washington, Oregon and California. The expedition also explored the Hawaiian Islands and the southwest coast of Australia.

Various places named for Vancouver include Vancouver Island, the city of Vancouver in British Columbia, Vancouver River on the Sunshine Coast of British Columbia, Vancouver, Washington, in the United States, Mount Vancouver on the Canadian–US border between Yukon and Alaska, and New Zealand's fourth-highest mountain, also Mount Vancouver.

Robert Gray's Columbia River expedition
In May 1792, American merchant sea captain Robert Gray sailed into the Columbia River, becoming the first recorded American to navigate into it. The voyage, conducted on the privately owned Columbia Rediviva, was eventually used as a basis for the United States' claim on the Pacific Northwest, although its relevance to the claim was disputed by the British.  As a result of the outcome the river was afterwards named after the ship. Gray spent nine days on the river trading fur pelts before sailing out of the river.
East Africans in the United States
East Africans in the United States are Americans with ancestry from East Africa. They include:

Burundian Americans

Kenyan Americans

Rwandan Americans

South Sudanese Americans

Tanzanian Americans

Ugandan Americans

Ugandan Americans
Ugandan Americans are Americans of Ugandan birth, descent, or ancestry. The U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS) reports both (1) people who identify Ugandan ancestry and (2) people who are foreign-born from Uganda; these measures are not identical and should be cited separately.

The city of Waltham, Massachusetts has been described as a center of Ugandan community life in the Greater Boston area and has been nicknamed "Little Kampala". The Ugandan North American Association (UNAA) is headquartered in Waltham, along with St. Peters Church of Uganda Boston.
Yang Yai, Nam Yuen
Yang Yai (Thai: ยางใหญ่) is a tambon (subdistrict) located in the northern region of Nam Yuen district, in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand. It previously was the seat of a district named "Uthai Det Udom" (Eastern Det Udom) in Thailand's former province, Khukhan, until it was merged into the present Det Udom district and downgraded to the village in 1912.

As of the 2021 consensus, it had a population of 6,280 people and 1,857 households in 12 administrative villages (Muban;  บ้าน or หมู่บ้าน). Neighbouring subdistricts are (clockwise from the south) Bu Pueai, Kao Kham, Yang, Non Sawan, and Phon Sawan.

Kao Kham, Nam Yuen
Kao Kham (Thai: เก่าขาม) is a tambon (subdistrict) located in the northern region of Nam Yuen district, in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand. It previously was a village in tambon Yang but gained tambon status in 1993.

As of the 2021 consensus, it had a population of 7,459 people and 2,516 households in 13 administrative villages (Muban;  บ้าน or หมู่บ้าน). Neighbouring subdistricts are (clockwise from the south) Song, Ta Kao, Yang, Yang Yai, and Bu Pueai.
Order statistic tree
In computer science, an order statistic tree is a variant of the binary search tree (or more generally, a B-tree) that supports two additional operations beyond insertion, lookup and deletion:

Select(i) – find the i-th smallest element stored in the tree

Rank(x) – find the rank of element x in the tree, i.e. its index in the sorted list of elements of the tree

Both operations can be performed in O(log n) worst case time when a self-balancing tree is used as the base data structure.

Selection algorithm
In computer science, a selection algorithm is an algorithm for finding the th smallest value in a collection of orderable values, such as numbers. The value that it finds is called the th order statistic. Selection includes as special cases the problems of finding the minimum, median, and maximum element in the collection. Selection algorithms include quickselect, and the median of medians algorithm. When applied to a collection of  values, these algorithms take linear time,  as expressed using big O notation. For data that is already structured, faster algorithms may be possible; as an extreme case, selection in an already-sorted array takes time .
"Cochranella" duidaeana
"Cochranella" duidaeana,  commonly known as the Duida Cochran frog, is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to Cerro Duida, Venezuela. The generic placement of this species within the subfamily Centroleninae is uncertain (incertae sedis).

Centroleninae
Centroleninae is one of two subfamilies of the family Centrolenidae. It has nine genera distributed in Central America from Honduras south and east to northern and central South America. As of mid 2015, it contains 117 species.
Brancaleone, Calabria
Brancaleone is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Reggio Calabria in the Italian region Calabria, located about 110 kilometres (68 mi) southwest of Catanzaro and about 65 kilometres (40 mi) southeast of Reggio Calabria. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 3,923 and an area of 35.9 square kilometres (13.9 sq mi).

Brancaleone borders the following municipalities: Bruzzano Zeffirio, Palizzi, Staiti.

Famed Italian poet and novelist Cesare Pavese was exiled here in 1935. Portions of his novel The Moon and the Bonfires refer to his time spent here.

Staiti
Staiti (Calabrian Greek: Στάτη, romanized: Stàti) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Reggio Calabria in the Italian region Calabria, located about 110 kilometres (68 mi) southwest of Catanzaro and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of Reggio Calabria. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 335 and an area of 15.9 square kilometres (6.1 sq mi).

Staiti borders the following municipalities: Africo, Bova, Brancaleone, Bruzzano Zeffirio, Palizzi.
Society (play)
Society was a comedy drama by T. W. Robertson, premiered in 1865, regarded as a milestone in Victorian drama because of its realism in sets, costume, acting and dialogue. The piece, set in Victorian London's literary and theatrical bohemia, depicts "the efforts of an illiterate millionaire to introduce his son into 'society', and the equally vigorous efforts of 'society' to repel the intruder". Unusually for that time, Robertson both wrote and directed the play, and his innovative writing and stage direction inspired George Bernard Shaw and W. S. Gilbert, among others.

Effie Bancroft
Marie Effie Wilton, Lady Bancroft (1836–1921) was an English actress and theatre manager. She appeared onstage as Marie Wilton until after her marriage in December 1867 to Squire Bancroft, when she adopted his last name. Bancroft and her husband were important in the development of Victorian era theatre through their presentation of innovative plays at the London theatres that they managed, first the Prince of Wales's Theatre and later the Haymarket Theatre.