hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Electrum
Electrum is a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver, with trace amounts of copper and other metals. Its color ranges from pale to bright yellow, depending on the proportions of gold and silver. It has been produced artificially and is also known as "green gold".

Electrum was used as early as the third millennium BC in the Old Kingdom of Egypt, sometimes as an exterior coating to the pyramidia atop ancient Egyptian pyramids and obelisks. It was also used in the making of ancient drinking vessels. The first known metal coins made were of electrum, dating back to the end of the 7th century or the beginning of the 6th century BC.

Croeseid
The Croeseid, anciently Kroiseioi stateres, was a type of coin, either in gold or silver, which was minted in Sardis by the king of Lydia Croesus (561–546 BC) from around 550 BC. Croesus is credited with issuing the first true gold coins with a standardised purity for general circulation, and the world's first bimetallic monetary system.
Viola primulifolia
Viola primulifolia, commonly called the primrose-leaf violet, is a species of flowering plant in the violet family. It is native to eastern North America, and possibly also to the Pacific Northwest. Its natural habitat is wet acidic areas that are usually at least semi-open.

It is a low, stemless perennial that produces white flowers in the spring. It can be distinguished from the similar-looking Viola lanceolata and Viola blanda by its leaves that are ovate, with rounded to truncate bases, and are 1.5-2 times as long as wide.

While typical Viola primulifolia occurs in a large area of the east, a variety of this species occurs in a small area of the Klamath Mountains in northwestern California and southwestern Oregon, under the name of V. primulifolia var. occidentalis. These populations, which are considered rare and highly localized, have alternatively been referred to as Viola lanceolata ssp. occidentalis.

Klamath Mountains (ecoregion)
The Klamath Mountains ecoregion  of Oregon and California lies inland and north of the Coast Range ecoregion, extending from the Umpqua River in the north to the Sacramento Valley in the south. It encompasses the highly dissected ridges, foothills, and valleys of the Klamath and Siskiyou Mountains. It corresponds to the Level III ecoregion designated by the Environmental Protection Agency and to the Klamath-Siskiyou forests ecoregion designated by the World Wide Fund for Nature.

The ecoregion is also a geomorphic province and was unglaciated during the Pleistocene epoch, when it served as a refuge for northern plant species. Its mix of granitic, sedimentary, metamorphic, and extrusive rocks contrasts with the predominantly volcanic rocks of the Cascades ecoregion to the northeast. The mild, subhumid climate of the region is characterized by a lengthy summer drought. It supports a mosaic of both northern Californian and Pacific Northwestern conifers and hardwoods.
Barbus
Barbus  is a genus of ray-finned fish in the family Cyprinidae. The type species of Barbus is the common barbel, first described as Cyprinus barbus and now named Barbus barbus. Barbus is the namesake genus of the subfamily Barbinae, but given their relationships, that taxon is better included in the Cyprininae at least for the largest part (including the type species of Barbus).

Puntius
Puntius is a genus of small freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae native to South Asia and Mainland Southeast Asia, as well as Taiwan.

Many species formerly placed in Puntius have been moved to other genera such as Barbodes, Dawkinsia, Desmopuntius, Haludaria, Oliotius, Pethia, Puntigrus, Sahyadria and Systomus.

Previously, it was assumed that the earliest record of this genus was the fossil species Puntius bussyi from the Eocene of Sumatra, but a 2020 study reclassified this species into the new genus Pauciuncus, possibly in the subfamily Smiliogastrinae.
Vermont Route 118
Vermont Route 118 (VT 118) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Vermont. The highway runs 28.549 miles (45.945 km) from VT 100 in Eden north to VT 108 in Berkshire. VT 118 connects several towns in northern Lamoille County and eastern Franklin County, including the covered bridge–rich town of Montgomery. The town of Berkshire maintains the highway north of VT 105.

Montgomery, Vermont
Montgomery is a town in Franklin County, Vermont, United States. The population as of the 2020 census was 1,184. In 1963, part of Avery's Gore in Franklin County became part of Montgomery, with the other section becoming part of Belvidere in Lamoille County. Montgomery is also known for having the most covered bridges of any town in Vermont, with seven. This amounts to one covered bridge for approximately every 170 residents, and is the most of any single town in the United States.
Jan Hammer
Jan Hammer (Czech pronunciation: [ˈjan ˈɦamɛr]) (born 17 April 1948) is a Czech-American musician, composer, and record producer. He rose to prominence while playing keyboards with the Mahavishnu Orchestra during the early 1970s, as well as with his film scores for television and film including "Miami Vice Theme" and "Crockett's Theme", from the 1980s television program Miami Vice. He has continued to work as both a musical performer and producer.

Hammer has collaborated with some of the era's most influential jazz and rock musicians such as John McLaughlin, Jeff Beck, Billy Cobham, Al Di Meola, Mick Jagger, Carlos Santana, Stanley Clarke, Tommy Bolin, Neal Schon, Steve Lukather, John Abercrombie and Elvin Jones. He has composed and produced at least 14 original motion picture soundtracks, the music for 90 episodes of Miami Vice and 20 episodes of the television series Chancer.

His compositions have won him two Grammy Awards.

Crockett's Theme
"Crockett's Theme" is an instrumental song composed by Jan Hammer for the hit NBC television series Miami Vice. The surname Crockett refers to Don Johnson's character, James "Sonny" Crockett. The initial version of the theme first appeared in the episode "Calderone's Return: Part 1 – The Hit List", which aired on October 19, 1984, and other variations were used in later episodes. The first commercial release was a version on the late 1986 album Miami Vice II, the second volume of music from the television show. A slightly different mix was released for the single in 1987, and also appeared on Jan Hammer's 1987 album Escape from Television.
Doc Gessler
Henry Homer "Doc" Gessler (December 23, 1880 – December 27, 1924) was a Major League Baseball player born in Indiana, Pennsylvania, who began his eight-season career, at the age of 22, with the Detroit Tigers in 1903. He played mainly as a right fielder in a career that totaled 880 games played, 2969 at bats, 831 hits, 363 RBIs and 14 home runs. Doc died of tuberculosis in his home-town of Indiana at the age of 44, and is interred in Saint Bernard Cemetery in Indiana, Pennsylvania.

Indiana, Pennsylvania
Indiana is a borough in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, United States, and its county seat. The population was 14,044 at the 2020 census. It is the principal city of the Indiana, Pennsylvania micropolitan area, about 46 miles (74 km) northeast of Pittsburgh. It is a part of the greater Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area, as well as the Johnstown and Pittsburgh media markets.

The borough and the region as a whole promote itself as the "Christmas Tree Capital of the World" because the national Christmas Tree Growers Association was founded there. There are still many Christmas tree farms in the area. The largest employer in the borough today is Indiana University of Pennsylvania, the second-largest of 14 PASSHE schools in the state.
Canadian Niagara Power
Canadian Niagara Power Inc. is an electricity transmission and distribution utility servicing Fort Erie and Port Colborne, Ontario. Founded in 1892 as the Canadian Niagara Power Company, it operated the Rankine Generating Station (Rankin GS) from 1905 to 2006.

Founded in Niagara Falls, Ontario, by American William Birch Rankine, the company was acquired by Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation in 1950 and owned by Fortis Inc. since 2002. With the closure of the Rankine GS in 2009, the company now focuses on power distribution and transmission network.

Fortis Inc.
Fortis Inc. is a Canadian electric utility holding company, based in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. It operates in Canada, the United States, Central America and the Caribbean. In 2015, revenue was CA$6.7 billion.

Fortis was formed in 1987, when shareholders of the regulated transmission and distribution utility Newfoundland Light & Power Co. voted to form a separate holding company.  NL&P shares were exchanged for Fortis shares on a one-to-one basis, with the regulated NL&P becoming a 100% owned subsidiary.
Lake Illawarra, New South Wales
Lake Illawarra is a suburb of  Shellharbour, New South Wales, Australia located on the southern side of the Lake Illawarra entrance. Average annual precipitation is 1,352 millimetres. The rainiest month is February, with an average of 211 mm of precipitation, and the driest is July, with 36 mm of precipitation.

City of Shellharbour
The City of Shellharbour is a local government area in the Illawarra region of New South Wales, Australia. The city is located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) south of Sydney and covers the southern suburbs of the Wollongong urban area centred on Shellharbour. At the 2021 census, it had an estimated population of 76,271.

The area is bordered by the City of Wollongong to the north, with the boundary being the Lake Illawarra entrance (and the suburb of Lake Illawarra) and Macquarie Rivulet (Albion Park Rail).  The Municipality of Kiama is to the south of the City of Shellharbour.

The mayor of the Shellharbour City Council is Cr. Chris Homer.
Spin-transfer torque
Spin-transfer torque (STT) is an effect in which the orientation of a magnetic layer in a magnetic tunnel junction or spin valve can be modified using a spin-polarized current.

Charge carriers (such as electrons) have a property known as spin which is a small quantity of angular momentum intrinsic to the carrier. An electric current is generally unpolarized (consisting of 50% spin-up and 50% spin-down electrons); a spin polarized current is one with more electrons of either spin. By passing a current through a thick magnetic layer (usually called the “fixed layer”), one can produce a spin-polarized current.  If this spin-polarized current is directed into a second, thinner magnetic layer (the “free layer”), the angular momentum can be transferred to this layer, changing its orientation.  This can be used to excite oscillations or even flip the orientation of the magnet.  The effects are usually  seen only in nanometer scale devices.

Tunnel magnetoresistance
Tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) is a magnetoresistive effect that occurs in a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ), which is a component consisting of two ferromagnets separated by a thin insulator. If the insulating layer is thin enough (typically a few nanometres), electrons can tunnel from one ferromagnet into the other. Since this process is forbidden in classical physics, the tunnel magnetoresistance is a strictly quantum mechanical phenomenon, and lies in the study of spintronics.

Magnetic tunnel junctions are manufactured in thin film technology. On an industrial scale the film deposition is done by magnetron sputter deposition; on a laboratory scale molecular beam epitaxy, pulsed laser deposition and electron beam physical vapor deposition are also utilized. The junctions are prepared by photolithography.
Keohwa
Keohwa, Ltd. (Korean: 주식회사 거화; RR: Jusighoesa Geohwa) was a Seoul, South Korea, based assembler of Jeeps under licence, mainly for export markets. Its predecessor was the Jeep assembly joint venture of Shinjin Motors and American Motor Corporation (AMC), established in 1974. It was spun off as an independent company in 1981, after AMC left the venture and retired the permission to use the Jeep trade mark. In 1983, Jeeps from Keohwa started to use the Korando nameplate. In 1984, Keohwa was acquired by Dong-A Motor, the predecessor of Ssangyong Motor.

Shinjin Motors
Shinjin Motors or Sinjin Motors (Korean: 신진자동차; IPA: [ɕindʑin dʑadoŋtɕʰa]) is a defunct South Korean car manufacturer.

A related bus manufacturer called "Shinjin Bus Manufacturing Company" was founded in 1955 as an independent company. It is now a part of Daewoo Bus Corporation.
Capture of Malacca (1511)
The Capture of Malacca in 1511 occurred when the governor of Portuguese India Afonso de Albuquerque conquered the city of Malacca in 1511.

The port city of Malacca controlled the narrow, strategic Strait of Malacca, through which all seagoing trade between China and India was concentrated. The capture of Malacca was the result of a plan by King Manuel I of Portugal, who since 1505 had intended to beat the Castilians to the Far-East, and Albuquerque's own project of establishing firm foundations for Portuguese India, alongside Hormuz, Goa and Aden, to ultimately control trade and thwart Muslim shipping in the Indian Ocean.

Having started sailing from Cochin in April 1511, the expedition would not have been able to turn around due to contrary monsoon winds. Had the enterprise failed, the Portuguese could not hope for reinforcements and would have been unable to return to their bases in India. At the time it was the farthest territorial conquest in history.

Portuguese conquest of Hormuz
The Portuguese conquest of Hormuz in 1507 occurred when the Portuguese Afonso de Albuquerque attacked Hormuz Island to establish the Fortress of Hormuz. This conquest gave the Portuguese full control of the trade between India and Europe passing through the Persian Gulf.
2015 in comics
Notable events of 2015 in comics. It includes any relevant comics-related events, deaths of notable comics-related people, conventions and first issues by title. For an overview of the year in Japanese comics, see 2015 in manga.

2015 in manga
The following is an overview of 2015 in manga. It includes winners of notable awards, best-sellers, title debuts and endings, deaths of notable manga-related people as well as any other relevant manga-related events. For an overview of the year in comics from other countries, see 2015 in comics.
Kārlis Ulmanis
Kārlis Augusts Vilhelms Ulmanis (Latvian: [ˈkaːrlis ˈɑuɡusts ˈvilxɛlms ˈuɫmɑnis]; 4 September 1877 – 20 September 1942) was a Latvian politician and dictator. He was one of the most prominent Latvian politicians of pre-World War II Latvia during the Interwar period of independence from November 1918 to June 1940 and served as the country's first prime minister.

He served four times as prime minister, the last time as the head of an authoritarian regime, during which he subsequently also adopted the title of President of Latvia. The legacy of his dictatorship continues to divide public opinion in Latvia today.

Latvian Provisional Government
The Latvian Provisional Government (Latvian: Latvijas Pagaidu valdība) was formed on November 18, 1918 by the People's Council of Latvia as the interim government of the newly-proclaimed Republic of Latvia during the Latvian War of Independence. The term encompasses three cabinets led by Kārlis Ulmanis, the leader of the Agrarian Union, who was chosen to be Prime Minister. The Ulmanis' government led the country until the formation of an elected cabinet after the elections to the Constitutional Assembly of Latvia in June 1920.
Joseph Hansom
Joseph Aloysius Hansom (26 October 1803 – 29 June 1882) was an English architect working principally in the Gothic Revival style.  He invented the Hansom cab and founded the eminent architectural journal The Builder in 1843.

Arundel Cathedral
The Cathedral Church of Our Lady and St Philip Howard is located in Arundel, West Sussex, England. Dedicated in 1873 as the Catholic parish church of Arundel, it became a Roman Catholic cathedral at the foundation of the Diocese of Arundel and Brighton in 1965. It now serves as the seat of the Bishop of Arundel and Brighton. It is classified by Historic England as a Grade I listed building (buildings of exceptional interest).
Cookeville, Tennessee
Cookeville is the county seat of and the largest city in Putnam County, Tennessee, United States. As of the 2020 United States census, its population was reported to be 34,842. It is recognized as one of the country's micropolitan areas, smaller cities that function as significant regional economic hubs. Of Tennessee's 20 micropolitan areas, Cookeville is the largest.

At the 2020 census, the Cookeville micropolitan area's population was 141,333. The U.S. Census Bureau ranked the Cookeville micropolitan area as the 4th largest-gaining micropolitan area in the country between 2022 and 2023, with a one-year gain of 2,748 and a 2023 population of 148,226. The city is a college town, home to Tennessee Technological University.

Burgess Falls State Park
Burgess Falls State Park is a state park and state natural area in Putnam County and White County, Tennessee, located in the southeastern United States. The park is situated around a steep gorge in which the Falling Water River drops 250 feet (76 m) in elevation in less than a mile, culminating in a 136-foot (41 m) cataract waterfall.

The Burgess Falls State Natural Area, which covers 350 acres (1.4 km2), is managed by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation.
Catharia
Catharia is a monotypic moth genus described by Julius Lederer in 1863. It contains the single species Catharia pyrenaealis described by Philogène Auguste Joseph Duponchel in 1843. It is found in Central Europe.

The genus, which was formerly placed in the disputed monotypic subfamily Cathariinae, is now placed in the subfamily Glaphyriinae according to a pylogenetic analysis based on gene data. Different authors treat Catharia simplonialis as either a valid species or a subspecies of Catharia pyrenaealis.

The larvae of C. pyrenaealis are recorded to feed on the Caryophyllaceae Heliosperma alpestre.

Glaphyriinae
Glaphyriinae is a subfamily of the lepidopteran family Crambidae. It was described by William Trowbridge Merrifield Forbes in 1923. The subfamily currently comprises 509 species in 75 genera.

The larvae of Glaphyriinae predominantly feed on plants of the order Brassicales and are able to digest the glucosinolates contained in these plants.
West Virginia Route 17
West Virginia Route 17 is a north-south state highway located in the southern portion of the U.S. state of West Virginia. The southern terminus of the route is at West Virginia Route 10 in Stollings a short distance east of Logan. The northern terminus is at West Virginia Route 85 in Madison.

U.S. Route 35
U.S. Route 35 (US 35) is a United States Highway that runs southeast–northwest for approximately 412 miles (663 km) from the western suburbs of Charleston, West Virginia to northern Indiana. Although the highway is physically southeast–northwest, it is nominally north–south in West Virginia and Indiana and east–west in Ohio. The highway's southern terminus is in Teays Valley, West Virginia, near Scott Depot, at Interstate 64 (I-64). Its northern terminus is near Michigan City, Indiana, at US 20. The West Virginia portion of the highway is mostly expressway, becoming a freeway shortly before it crosses the Ohio River into Ohio. The Ohio portion has been upgraded to a four-lane highway/freeway between the West Virginia state line and Trotwood, west of Dayton.
Héribrand III of Hierges
Héribrand III of Hierges (Héribrand of Bouillon) (died 1117) was lord of Hierges and Castellan of Bouillon.  He was the son of Héribrand II of Saussure, lord of Hierges and of Hedwige d'Orchimont.

He was a knight in the First Crusade in the army of Godfrey of Bouillon.

He married Hodierna of Rethel, daughter of Hugh I of Rethel and therefore sister of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem. His son Manasses was constable of the kingdom of Jerusalem from 1144 to 1152. He was buried in the church in Niverlée in present-day Belgium.

Army of Godfrey of Bouillon
The army of Godfrey of Bouillon, the duke of Lower Lorraine, in response to the call by Pope Urban II to both liberate Jerusalem from Muslim forces and protect the Byzantine Empire from similar attacks.  Godfrey and his army, one of several Frankish forces deployed during the First Crusade, was among the first to arrive in Constantinople.  The army was unique in that it included among its warriors the first three kings of Jerusalem, although Godfrey preferred the title Defender of the Holy Sepulchre, Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri, as he believed that the true King of Jerusalem was Jesus Christ. This article focuses on the members of the army rather that its exploits which are described in detail in Godfrey’s biography as well as numerous sources listed below.
Weizhou Grand Mosque
The Weizhou Grand Mosque (simplified Chinese: 韦州清真大寺; traditional Chinese: 韋州清真大寺; pinyin: Wéizhōu Qīngzhēndàsì) is a mosque in Tongxin County, Wuzhong City, in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China. Plans to demolish the mosque led to widespread protests in 2018 and 2019.

Wuzhong, Ningxia
Wuzhong (simplified Chinese: 吴忠; traditional Chinese: 吳忠; pinyin: Wúzhōng; Xiao'erjing: وُجْو شِ) is a prefecture-level city in the Ningxia autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. It was known as Yinnan Prefecture (银南地区; 銀南地區; Yínnán Dìqū; Xiao'erjing: ءٍنًا دِٿِيُوِ) before it was upgraded to a prefecture-level city in 1998. Wuzhong is located in the Northwest of China, with the Yellow River flowing through the center of the city.In 2019, Wuzhong had a population of 1.4 million. By the end of 2024, the resident population of the city was 1,415,300, an increase of 12,600 over the end of the previous year, including 833,100 residents in urban areas.
End of Fashion (album)
End of Fashion is the debut album by Australian band End of Fashion. It was released in Australia on 15 August 2005, reaching number 3 in the Australian ARIA Albums Chart, and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association in 2006. It features the single "O Yeah", which reached number 21 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart.

It also features re-recorded versions of previously released songs, "Rough Diamonds" and "She's Love" from the Rough Diamonds EP, and "Too Careful" and "Love Comes In" from the Too Careful EP.

Additional musicians on the album include Hugh Jennings (a former bassist for End of Fashion), Katy Steele of Little Birdy, and producer Dennis Herring.

Rough Diamonds (EP)
Rough Diamonds is the debut EP release by Australian power pop band End of Fashion. The songs "Rough Diamonds" and "She's Love" were later re-recorded for their 2005 self-titled debut album.

In Australia, "Rough Diamonds" was ranked 81 on Triple J's Hottest 100 of 2004.
Mauritania national football team
The Mauritania national football team (Arabic: منتخب مُورِيتَانْيَا لِكُرَةِ الْقَدَم), nicknamed Al-Murabitun represents Mauritania in men's international football. It is controlled by the Féderation de Football de la République Islamique de Mauritanie, and is a member of the Confederation of African Football. They have not qualified for the FIFA World Cup. However, in the Amílcar Cabral Cup, a regional tournament for West Africa, Mauritania came fourth in 1980 on hosting the competition. The national football team of Mauritania was later runners-up in 1995, losing on penalties to Sierra Leone after the final finished 0–0.

On 18 November 2018, Mauritania qualified for the Africa Cup of Nations for the first time in history, after they won 2–1 against Botswana to seal a spot in the 2019 tournament.

Nouakchott Olympic Stadium
The Olympic Stadium (Arabic: الملعب الأولمبي) is a multi-purpose stadium in Nouakchott, Mauritania. It is used mostly for football matches and has a capacity of 10,000. It also has an athletics track.

The Olympic Stadium is used by the Mauritania national football team.