hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
O Virgin Pure
Agni Parthene (Greek: Ἁγνὴ Παρθένε), rendered "O Virgin Pure" or "O Pure Virgin",
is a Greek Marian hymn composed by St. Nectarios of Aegina in the late 19th century, first published in print in his Theotokarion (Θεοτοκάριον, ἤτοι προσευχητάριον μικρόν) in 1905.

In Orthodox churches, it is considered a paraliturgical hymn and therefore only to be used outside of liturgical services. However, it is often performed by some choirs as a recessional after the conclusion of the Divine Liturgy during the veneration of the cross and receiving of antidoron.

Simonopetra
Simonopetra Monastery (Greek: Σιμωνόπετρα, literally: "Simon's Rock"), also Monastery of Simonos Petra (Greek: Μονή Σίμωνος Πέτρας), is an Eastern Orthodox monastery in the monastic state of Mount Athos in Greece. It ranks 13th in the hierarchy of the Athonite monasteries.

It is on the southern coast of the Athos peninsula, between the Athonite port of Dafni and Osiou Grigoriou monastery. While the southern coast of Athos is generally quite rugged, the site upon which the monastery is built is exceptionally harsh. It is built on top of a single huge rock, practically hanging from a cliff 330 metres over the sea. It currently houses 54 monks. Its hegumen is Archimandrite Eliseus.
Tribeč
Tribeč (Hungarian: Tribecs-hegység) is a crystalline mountain range in western Slovakia, in the Inner Western Carpathians located in the Nitra Region. It is surrounded by the Danubian Lowland, Pohronský Inovec, Vtáčnik Mountains and the Upper Nitra Basin. Beech trees are predominate in the area. The highest mountain is Veľký Tribeč at 829.6 m (2,722 ft). The area belongs to the Ponitrie Protected Landscape Area.

Divisions of the Carpathians
Divisions of the Carpathians are a categorization of the Carpathian Mountains system.

Below is a detailed overview of the major subdivisions and ranges of the Carpathian Mountains. The Carpathians are a "subsystem" of a bigger Alps-Himalaya System that stretches from western Europe all the way to southern Asia, and are further divided into "provinces" and "subprovinces". The last level of the division, i.e. the actual mountain ranges and basins, is usually classified as "units". The main divisions are shown in the map on the right.

To generalize, there are three major provinces (regions): Western Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians, and the Southern Carpathians.
Pennsylvania Route 290
Pennsylvania Route 290 (PA 290, designated by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation as SR 290) is a 9.17-mile-long (14.76 km) state highway located in the environs of Erie, Pennsylvania. The western terminus of the route is at Interstate 79 and Pennsylvania Route 5 in the neighborhood of Dock Junction. The eastern terminus is at Interstate 90 and Pennsylvania Route 430 southeast of downtown in Harborcreek Township.

Interstate 90 in Pennsylvania
Interstate 90 (I-90) within the US state of Pennsylvania spans 46.297 miles (74.508 km), all within Erie County, from the Ohio border near West Springfield to the New York border near North East. I-90 is the primary west–east highway in the Erie area, passing south of downtown and having interchanges with I-79, which connects Downtown Erie to southern Pennsylvania and beyond, and I-86, linking Erie to the Southern Tier of New York. U.S. Route 20 (US 20), which has an interchange with I-90 near the New York–Pennsylvania border, parallels I-90 across the county. Throughout its length, I-90 has also been designated as the AMVETS Memorial Highway, with signs posted at each state line.
Kameda, Niigata
Kameda (亀田町, Kameda-machi) was a town located in Nakakanbara District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 32,386 and a density of 1,925.45 persons per km2. The total area was 16.82 km2.

On March 21, 2005, Kameda, along with the cities of Niitsu, Shirone and Toyosaka, the towns of Kosudo and Yokogoshi (all from Nakakanbara District), the town of Nishikawa, and the villages of Ajikata, Iwamuro, Katahigashi, Nakanokuchi and Tsukigata (all from Nishikanbara District), was merged into the expanded city of Niigata. As of April 1, 2007, the area is part of the Kōnan-ku ward.

Nakanokuchi, Niigata
Nakanokuchi (中之口村, Nakanokuchi-mura) was a village located in Nishikanbara District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2005, the village had an estimated population of 6,613 and a density of 328.03 persons per km2. The total area was 20.16 km2.

On March 21, 2005, Nakanokuchi, along with the cities of Niitsu, Shirone and Toyosaka, the towns of Kameda, Kosudo and Yokogoshi (all from Nakakanbara District), the town of Nishikawa, and the villages of Ajikata, Iwamuro, Katahigashi and Tsukigata (all from Nishikanbara District), was merged into the expanded city of Niigata. As of April 1, 2007, the area is now part of Nishikan-ku ward (西蒲区, Nishikan-ku).
National Register of Historic Places listings in Grundy County, Illinois
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Grundy County, Illinois.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Grundy County, Illinois, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.

There are 7 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted March 21, 2025.

Grundy County, Illinois
Grundy County is located in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 52,533. Its county seat is Morris.
Grundy County is part of the Chicago metropolitan area.

In 2010, the center of population of Illinois was in Grundy County, just northeast of the village of Mazon.

Illinois's state fossil, the unique and bizarre Tully Monster, was first found in Mazon Creek. Grundy County is home to Dresden Generating Station—the first privately financed nuclear power plant built in the United States—and the Morris Operation—the only de facto high-level radioactive waste storage site in the United States.
Hahn–Banach theorem
In functional analysis, the Hahn–Banach theorem is a central result that allows the extension of bounded linear functionals defined on a vector subspace of some vector space to the whole space.   The theorem also shows that there are sufficient continuous linear functionals defined on every normed vector space in order to study the dual space. Another version of the Hahn–Banach theorem is known as the Hahn–Banach separation theorem or the hyperplane separation theorem, and has numerous uses in convex geometry.

Lp space
In mathematics, the Lp spaces are function spaces defined using a natural generalization of the p-norm for finite-dimensional vector spaces. They are sometimes called Lebesgue spaces, named after Henri Lebesgue (Dunford & Schwartz 1958, III.3), although according to the Bourbaki group (Bourbaki 1987) they were first introduced by Frigyes Riesz (Riesz 1910).

Lp spaces form an important class of Banach spaces in functional analysis, and of topological vector spaces. Because of their key role in the mathematical analysis of measure and probability spaces, Lebesgue spaces are used also in the theoretical discussion of problems in physics, statistics, economics, finance, engineering, and other disciplines.
Rush Fire
The Rush Fire was the largest wildfire of the 2012 California wildfire season. The fire, which started in Lassen County, California, eventually spread into Washoe County, Nevada. The fire consumed a total of 315,577 acres (490 sq mi; 1,280 km2) of sagebrush, of which 271,991 acres (1,100 km2; 420 sq mi) were in California. At the time, the burn area in California made the Rush Fire the second-largest wildfire in California since 1932 (when accurate area estimates became available). In December 2017, the Thomas Fire surpassed the Rush Fire to become the second-largest wildfire in modern California history, in terms of the area burned in California. In mid-August 2018, the Ranch Fire in the Mendocino Complex Fire surpassed the total acreage of the Rush Fire in both California and Nevada.

The fire destroyed important habitat for the greater sage-grouse, as well as a single barn. On August 30, 2012, the Rush Fire was 100% contained.

2012 California wildfires
In 2012, 7,950 wildfires burned a total of 869,599 acres (3,519.14 km2) in the US state of California;: 62  these included the massive Rush Fire, which was the tenth-largest wildfire recorded in California in modern times, and the Ponderosa Fire, which destroyed 133 structures. The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire) incurred fire suppression costs of US$310 million between July 2012 and June 2013, in addition to wildfire damages of $28.2 million.
Scouting and Guiding in Cyprus
The Scout and Guide movement in Cyprus is served by

the Cyprus Scouts Association, member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement

the Girl Guides Association of Cyprus, member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts

The Cyprus Turkish Scouting and Guiding Federation is active in Northern Cyprus and has strong ties to the Scouting and Guiding Federation of Turkey.

Former associations include:

Scouts of Northern Cyprus (Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk İzcileri)

Cyprus Turkish Scouting and Guiding Federation
The Cyprus Turkish Scouting and Guiding Federation (Turkish: Kıbrıs Türk İzcilik Federasyonu) is a Scouting federation active in the de facto independent Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.

The federation was established in August 2023 within the Youth Department of Northern Cyprus, part of the Deputy Prime Ministry and Ministry of Tourism, Culture, Youth and Environment. It aims to develop scouting in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, enable scouting activities to be carried out in accordance with international scouting rules, bring together the associations dealing with scouting across the country under one roof and ensure unity.

The Scouting and Guiding Federation of Turkey played a role in the establishing of the Cyprus Turkish Scouting and Guiding Federation and there is a strong and collaborative relationship between the federations. The Turkish and Turkish Cypriot federations have organised joint camps and leadership trainings.
Ioannis Vilaras
Ioannis "Yianis" Vilaras (Greek: Ἰωάννης (Γιάνης) Βηλαράς; 1771–1823) was a Greek medical doctor, lyricist and writer who often discussed linguistic matters (see Greek language question) and maintained ties with many figures of the Modern Greek Enlightenment movement.

His name is also related to an original Albanian Vellara alphabet, until now only discovered in a few pages that Vilaras wrote in the Albanian language. Vilaras is remembered primarily as a modern Greek poet, non-native Albanian speaker but fluent, according to François Pouqueville, who also describes him as bright.

Greek language question
The Greek language question (Greek: το γλωσσικό ζήτημα, to glossikó zítima) was a dispute about whether the vernacular of the Greek people (Demotic Greek) or a cultivated literary language based on Ancient Greek (Katharevousa) should be the prevailing language of the people and government of Greece. It was a highly controversial topic in the 19th and 20th centuries, and was finally resolved in 1976 when Demotic was made the official language. The language phenomenon in question, which also occurs elsewhere in the world, is called diglossia.
Optical mineralogy
Optical mineralogy is the study of minerals and rocks by measuring their optical properties. Most commonly, rock and mineral samples are prepared as thin sections or grain mounts for study in the laboratory with a petrographic microscope. Optical mineralogy is used to identify the mineralogical composition of geological materials in order to help reveal their origin and evolution.

Some of the properties and techniques used include:

Refractive index

Birefringence

Michel-Lévy Interference colour chart

Pleochroism

Extinction angle

Conoscopic interference pattern (Interference figure)

Becke line test

Optical relief

Sign of elongation (Length fast vs. length slow)

Wave plate

Interference colour chart
In optical mineralogy, an interference colour chart, also known as the Michel-Levy chart, is a tool first developed by Auguste Michel-Lévy to identify minerals in thin section using a petrographic microscope.  With a known thickness of the thin section, minerals have specific and predictable colours in cross-polarized light, and this chart can help identify minerals.  The colours are produced by the difference in speed in the fast and slow rays, also known as birefringence.
Widener University Observatory
The Widener University Observatory is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by Widener University, but donated by NASA.  It is located in Kirkbride Hall on Widener's main campus in Chester, Pennsylvania.  The observatory is intended for student use and research within the physics and astronomy department.  In addition, public viewing sessions occur throughout the year that are opened to the surrounding community.

The observatory includes a 20.5 foot ASH dome housing a 16" LX200GPS SCT Meade telescope.  Four smaller 12" LX200GPS Meade telescopes are used on two observation decks. (See Meade LX200)

Widener University
Widener University is a private university in Chester, Pennsylvania, United States. Established in 1821, the university was known as the Pennsylvania Military College until 1972. Widener enrolls approximately 3,500 undergraduate students across six colleges and schools. The university also operates two distinct law schools in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and Wilmington, Delaware. Widener is named in honor of Eleanor Elkins Widener.

The university offers associate’s, bachelor’s, master's, and doctoral degrees in a variety of fields across liberal arts, business, and engineering, to nursing and a variety of health and human service professional programs.
Sinfonia Concertante for Four Winds
The Sinfonia Concertante for Four Winds in E♭ major, K. 297b (Anh. C 14.01), is a work thought to be by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart for oboe, clarinet, horn, bassoon, and orchestra. He originally wrote a work for flute, oboe, horn, bassoon, and orchestra, K. Anh. 9 (297B), in Paris in April 1778. This original work is lost.

Robert Levin (musicologist)
Robert David Levin (born October 13, 1947) is an American classical pianist, musicologist, and composer. He was a professor of music at Harvard University from 1993 to 2014 and the artistic director of the Sarasota Music Festival from 2007 to 2017.
Agawam High School
Agawam High School is a public high school in Agawam, Massachusetts. In 2018, enrollment was about 1,250. Minority enrollment was 12 percent. U.S. News ranked the school as silver.

The Brownie is the school mascot and the school colors are brown and orange.

In June 2024, residents voted to build a new high school estimated to be valued at $230,000,000.

Agawam, Massachusetts
Agawam is a city in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 28,692 at the 2020 census. Agawam sits on the western side of the Connecticut River, directly across from Springfield. It is considered part of the Springfield Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is contiguous with the Knowledge Corridor area, the second-largest metropolitan area in New England. Agawam contains a subsection, Feeding Hills.  The Six Flags New England (formerly known as Riverside Park, one of the largest such parks in the United States) amusement park is located in Agawam, on the banks of the Connecticut River.

Agawam's ZIP code, 01001, is the lowest in the contiguous United  States.
Cape Washington
Cape Washington is a prominent cape, 275 m (902 ft), marking the south extremity of the cove which separates Wood Bay and Terra Nova Bay, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It separates the Borchgrevink Coast to the north from the Scott Coast to the south. It was discovered in 1841 by Captain James Clark Ross, Royal Navy, and named by him for Captain Washington, Royal Navy, who was secretary of the Royal Geographical Society, 1836–40.

Borchgrevink Coast
The Borchgrevink Coast is a portion of the Victoria Land coastline between Cape Adare and Cape Washington. The name was recommended by the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1961 after Carsten Borchgrevink, a member of Henrik Johan Bull's expedition to this area, 1894–95, and leader of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1898–1900, the first to winter on the continent, at Cape Adare.
Lock and Dam No. 11
General Zebulon Pike Lock and Dam No. 11 is a lock and dam located between Dubuque, Iowa, and rural Grant County, Wisconsin, on the Upper Mississippi River.

It was opened to navigation September 14, 1937.

Dubuque, Iowa
Dubuque (/dəˈbjuːk/ ⓘ, dəb-YOOK) is a city in Dubuque County, Iowa, United States, and its county seat. The population was 59,667 at the 2020 census. The city lies along the Mississippi River at the junction of Iowa, Illinois, and Wisconsin, a region locally known as the Tri-State Area. It serves as the main commercial, industrial, educational, and cultural center for the area. Geographically, it is part of the Driftless Area, a portion of North America that escaped all three phases of the Wisconsin Glaciation, resulting in a hilly topography unlike most of the Midwestern United States.

Dubuque is a regional tourist destination featuring the city's architecture, casinos, and riverside location. It is home to five institutions of higher education. While Dubuque has historically been a center of manufacturing, the local economy also includes health care, publishing, and financial service sectors.
Wild West Falls Adventure Ride
Wild West Falls Adventure Ride (formerly Wild Wild West) is an 8-seater flume ride at Warner Bros. Movie World on the Gold Coast, Australia. The ride features geysers, mine shafts, a ghost town and an inevitable drop as the climax of the ride. The drop is the largest of its kind in Australia.

Rio Bravo (film)
Rio Bravo is a 1959 American Western film directed and produced by Howard Hawks and starring John Wayne, Dean Martin, Angie Dickinson, Ricky Nelson, Walter Brennan, and Ward Bond. Written by Jules Furthman and Leigh Brackett, based on the short story "Rio Bravo" by B.H. McCampbell, the film stars Wayne as a Texan sheriff who arrests the brother of a powerful local rancher for murder and then has to hold the man in jail until a U.S. marshal can arrive. With the help of a lame old man, a drunk, and a young gunfighter, they hold off the rancher's gang. Rio Bravo was filmed on location at Old Tucson Studios outside Tucson, Arizona, in Eastmancolor, with film processing provided by  Technicolor.

In 2014, Rio Bravo was deemed "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.
Ludvig Mylius-Erichsen
Ludvig Mylius-Erichsen (15 January 1872 – 25 November 1907) was a Danish author, ethnologist, and Arctic explorer, from Ringkøbing. He played a central role in early 20th-century exploration of Greenland, leading the Denmark Expedition (1906–08), which mapped large areas of northeast Greenland and corrected earlier geographic misconceptions. He died during the expedition.

Danmark Fjord
Danmark Fjord (Danish: Danmarksfjorden), also known as Denmark Sound, is a fjord in northeast Greenland. Administratively it belongs to the Northeast Greenland National Park.

The fjord was explored and named after the expedition ship Danmark at the time of the ill-fated Denmark expedition 1906-1908 led by Ludvig Mylius-Erichsen, which mapped Greenland's northeastern coast between Cape Bridgman and Cape Bismarck.
AD 62 Pompeii earthquake
On 5 February AD 62, an earthquake of an estimated magnitude of between 5 and 6 and a maximum intensity of IX or X on the Mercalli scale struck the towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum, severely damaging them. The earthquake may have been a precursor to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79, which destroyed the same two towns. The contemporary philosopher and dramatist Seneca the Younger wrote an account of the earthquake in the sixth book of his Naturales quaestiones, entitled De Terrae Motu (Concerning Earthquakes).

Lucius Caecilius Iucundus
Lucius Caecilius Iucundus (born c. AD 9, fl. AD 27–c. AD 62) was a banker who lived in the Roman town of Pompeii around AD 14–62. His house still stands and can be seen in the ruins of the city of Pompeii which remain after being partially destroyed by the eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79. The house is known both for its frescoes and for the trove of wax tablets discovered there in 1875, which gave scholars access to the records of Iucundus's banking operations.

Iucundus is the basis of the character Caecilius in the Cambridge Latin Course, a British series of Latin textbooks based around the life of Caecilius and his family. He is also the basis of the Doctor Who character Lobus Caecilius, played by Peter Capaldi, whose fate is given symbolic importance for the version of the title character later portrayed by Capaldi. He also appears as a minor character in the novel Pompeii by Robert Harris.
Pus
Pus is an exudate, typically white-yellow, yellow, or yellow-brown, formed at the site of inflammation during infections, regardless of cause. An accumulation of pus in an enclosed tissue space is known as an abscess, whereas a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis is known as a pustule, pimple or spot.

Exudate
An exudate is a fluid released by an organism through pores or a wound, a process known as exuding or exudation.
Exudate is derived from exude 'to ooze' from Latin exsūdāre 'to (ooze out) sweat' (ex- 'out' and sūdāre 'to sweat').
Algeciras Gibraltar Railway Company
The Algeciras Gibraltar Railway Company was formed by British businessmen to build the Algeciras-Bobadilla railway line between Algeciras and Bobadilla, Antequera; the first section of track was laid on 1 September 1888. The first train was purchased from Beyer, Peacock & Company in Manchester. A first class return ticket from Gibraltar to Ronda was set at 17.10 pesetas.

Algeciras-Bobadilla railway
The Algeciras-Bobadilla railway was built by the Algeciras Gibraltar Railway Company, the first section of track was laid on 1 September 1888. The first locomotive was built by Beyer, Peacock & Company in Manchester, England. A 1st class return ticket from Gibraltar to Ronda was set at 17.10 Pesetas.
Lafia
LafiaListenⓘ  is a city in Nigeria's North Central region. It is the capital and largest city of Nasarawa State, with a population of 509,300 inhabitants as of the 2021 census. And it's the Headquarter of Lafia Emirate Council.

Sidi Bage
Sidi Dauda Bage pronunciationⓘ (born 22 May 1956), is a retired Nigerian jurist who presides as the 17th Emir of Lafia, a customary emirate in Nigeria. He succeeded the 16th emir, Isa Mustapha Agwai (r. 1974–2019), on 26 March 2019.
Jacques Marquette
Jacques Marquette SJ (French pronunciation: [ʒak maʁkɛt]; June 1, 1637 – May 18, 1675), sometimes known as Père  Marquette or James Marquette, was a French Jesuit missionary who founded Michigan's first European settlement, Sault Sainte Marie, and later founded Saint Ignace. In 1673, Marquette, with Louis Jolliet, an explorer born near Quebec City, was the first European to explore and map the northern portion of the Mississippi River Valley.

Peoria Marriott Pere Marquette
The Peoria Marriott Pere Marquette, is a historic 14-story hotel in downtown Peoria, Illinois, United States. Built in 1926, the building is Peoria's only surviving example of an upscale 1920s hotel. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.