hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jedediah Smith Memorial Trail
The Jedediah Smith Memorial Trail (or American River Bike Trail) is a paved multi-use pathway that runs between the confluence of the Sacramento River with the American River, just north of downtown Sacramento, California, and Beal's Point at Folsom Lake, north of Folsom. The trail is 32 miles (51 km) long and is used as a major recreational destination, as well as a commuter artery for cyclists. The trail is considered one of the longest paved purpose-built bike trails in the country. The trail is maintained by the County of Sacramento and is painted with mile markers placed at every half-mile increment.

American River
The American River is a 30-mile-long (50 km) river in California that runs from the Sierra Nevada mountain range to its confluence with the Sacramento River in downtown Sacramento. Via the Sacramento River, it is part of the San Francisco Bay watershed. This river is fed by the melting snowpack of the Sierra Nevada and its many headwaters and tributaries, including its North, Middle, and South Forks.

The American River is known for the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in Coloma in 1848 that started the California Gold Rush and contributed to the initial large-scale settlement of California by white American migrants. Today, the river still has high quality water, and it is the main source of drinking water for Sacramento. This river is dammed extensively for irrigation, flood control, and hydroelectric power. The American River watershed supports Mediterranean, temperate, and montane ecosystems, and it is the home of a diverse array of fish and wildlife.
1986 Davis Cup
The 1986 Davis Cup (also known as the 1986 Davis Cup by NEC for sponsorship purposes) was the 75th edition of the Davis Cup, the most important tournament between national teams in men's tennis. This year's tournament marked the introduction of the Africa Zone, which served as a qualifying sub-round for the Europe Zone. 71 teams would enter the competition, 16 in the World Group, 33 in the Europe Zone (including 9 in the Africa Zone), 13 in the Eastern Zone, and 9 in the Americas Zone. Bangladesh, Ivory Coast, Libya, Malta and Syria made their first appearances in the tournament.

Australia defeated the two-time defending champions Sweden in the final, held at the Kooyong Stadium in Melbourne, Australia, on 26–28 December, to win their 26th Davis Cup title.

Kooyong Stadium
Kooyong Stadium, at the Kooyong Lawn Tennis Club, is an Australian tennis venue, located in the Melbourne suburb of Toorak, adjacent to the namesake suburb of Kooyong. The stadium was built in 1927, and has undergone several renovations.

It has a seating capacity of slightly more than 5,000. At its peak the stadium was capable of hosting up to 15,000 patrons.
Disulfur dichloride
Disulfur dichloride (or disulphur dichloride by the British English spelling) is the inorganic compound of sulfur and chlorine with the formula S2Cl2. It is an amber oily liquid.

Sometimes, this compound is incorrectly named sulfur monochloride (or sulphur monochloride by the British English spelling), the name implied by its empirical formula SCl.

S2Cl2 has the structure implied by the formula Cl−S−S−Cl, wherein the dihedral angle between the Cla−S−S and S−S−Clb planes is 85.2°. This structure is referred to as gauche, and is akin to that for H2O2. A rare isomer of S2Cl2 is S=SCl2 (thiothionyl chloride); this isomer forms transiently when S2Cl2 is exposed to UV-radiation (see thiosulfoxides).

Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide
Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide is the organosulfur compound with the formula (ClCH2CH2)2S. It is a prominent member of a family of cytotoxic and blister agents known as mustard agents. Sometimes referred to as mustard gas, the term is technically incorrect: bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide is a liquid at room temperature.  In warfare it was dispersed in the form of a fine mist of liquid droplets.
Party-list proportional representation
Party-list proportional representation (list-PR) is a system of proportional representation based on preregistered political parties, with each party being allocated a certain number of seats  roughly proportional to their share of the vote.

In these systems, parties provide lists of candidates to be elected, or candidates may declare their affiliation with a political party (in some open-list systems). Seats are distributed by election authorities to each party, in proportion to the number of votes the party receives. Voters may cast votes for parties, as in Spain, Turkey, and Israel (closed lists); or for candidates whose vote totals are pooled together to determine the share of representation of their respective parties, as in Finland, Brazil, and the Netherlands (mixed single vote or panachage).

Sainte-Laguë method
The Sainte-Laguë method, also called the Webster method (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃t.la.ɡy]), is a highest averages apportionment method for allocating seats in a parliament among federal states, or among parties in a party-list proportional representation system. The Sainte-Laguë method shows a more equal seats-to-votes ratio for different sized parties among apportionment methods.

The method was first described in 1832 by American statesman and senator Daniel Webster. In 1842, the method was adopted for proportional allocation of seats in United States congressional apportionment (Act of 25 June 1842, ch 46, 5 Stat. 491). The same method was independently invented in 1910 by the French mathematician André Sainte-Laguë.

It is used for party-list proportional representation in Ecuador, Germany, Indonesia, Kosovo, Latvia and Nepal, as well as in modified form in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. It is also used as part of MMP in New Zealand.
Erbezzo
Erbezzo (Cimbrian: gen Wiese) is a comune (municipality) in the province of Verona in the Italian region Veneto, located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) west of Venice and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of Verona.  It is part of the Thirteen Communities, a group of villages which historically primarily speak the Cimbrian language.

Erbezzo borders the following municipalities: Ala, Bosco Chiesanuova, Grezzana, and Sant'Anna d'Alfaedo.

Grezzana
Grezzana is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Verona in the Italian region Veneto, located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) west of Venice and about 10 kilometres (6 mi) northeast of Verona.

Grezzana borders the following municipalities: Bosco Chiesanuova, Cerro Veronese, Erbezzo, Negrar, Roverè Veronese, Sant'Anna d'Alfaedo, and Verona.
Morobe United F.C.
Morobe United FC, formerly known as Blue Kumuls (1970s–2005), Shorncliffe Blue Kumuls (2005), Tuguba Laitepo Blue Kumuls (2006), Morobe Kumuls FC (2007), Gigira Laitepo Morobe FC (2008–2014, exc. 2011–12 season), Gigira Laitepo Central Coast FC (2011–12), and Welgris Morobe United FC (2015–2018, again in use), are a Papua New Guinea professional soccer club founded in the 1970s and based in Lae.

The club was one of the founding members of the Papua New Guinea National Soccer League, finishing 2nd once and 3rd four times before defecting to the National Premier League ahead of the 2017 season. Their most successful season came in 2009–10, when they were runners-up in the Grand Final, losing 5–0 to Hekari United.

The team finished as runners-up in the 2018 National Premier League season, losing in the Grand Final 4–3 to Erema FC.

2015–16 Papua New Guinea National Soccer League
The 2015–16 Papua New Guinea National Soccer League season, known as the Telikom NSL Cup for sponsorship reasons, was the tenth edition of the Papua New Guinea National Soccer League.

The title was won by Lae City Dwellers, who picked up their second title after defeating eight-time champions Hekari United 2–0 in the final. Both the Golden Boot and the Player of the Season awards were won by Koriak Upaiga of Hekari United.

It would be the final season before the league split, which saw several teams split from the Papua New Guinea Football Association to form their own league, the National Premier League. Domestic soccer would remain split until the 2019 season.
Palaiofarsalos railway station
Palaiofarsalos railway station (Greek: Σιδηροδρομικός Σταθμός Παλαιοφαρσάλου, romanized: Sidirodromikós Stathmós Palaiofarsálou) is a railway station near Farsala in Larissa regional unit, Greece. It is located in the village Stavros, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) west of Farsala. It is situated at the junction of the main Piraeus–Platy railway and the branch line to Trikala and Kalambaka. It is served by intercity trains between Athens and Thessaloniki and by local trains to Kalambaka.

Hellenic Train
Hellenic Train S.A., formerly TrainOSE S.A. (Greek: ΤραινΟΣΕ Α.Ε.), is a private railway company in Greece which operates passenger and freight trains on OSE lines. Hellenic Train employs train crews, operators and manages most of the rail services throughout the Greek railway network, leasing rolling stock owned by GAIAOSE except for ETR 470 trains.

The company was a subsidiary of the Hellenic Railways Organisation (OSE) until 2008, when it became an independent state-owned company until its privatisation in 2017. 
TrainOSE was acquired in September 2017 by the Italian national railway company Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane. In 2022 the company rebranded as Hellenic Train.
Horezu Monastery
The Horezu Monastery or Hurezi Monastery was founded in 1690 by Prince Constantin Brâncoveanu in the town of Horezu, Wallachia, Romania. It is considered to be a masterpiece of "Brâncovenesc style", known for its architectural purity and balance, the richness of its sculpted detail, its treatment of religious compositions, its votive portraits, and its painted decorative works.

The Brâncovenesc style, which can be found at several other churches and monasteries in Wallachia, is the only true and original Romanian style and is called "Brancoveanu art" by the name of the ruler who, in a period of constant battles between the world powers of that time, put cultural development of the country above everything and made it the goal of his life.

The monastery has been inscribed by UNESCO on its list of World Heritage Sites.

Horezu
Horezu is a town located in Vâlcea County, Oltenia, Romania. It administers six villages: Ifrimești, Râmești, Romanii de Jos, Romanii de Sus, Tănăsești, and Urșani.

Horezu is the site of Horezu Monastery, a World Heritage Site. The town is well known for its people who make pottery and present it at an annual fair (see Horezu ceramics). There are special traditions which have been well preserved.
It Fit When I Was a Kid
It Fit When I Was a Kid is the first EP for the Drum's Not Dead LP by Liars.  It was the subject of some controversy when the original cover of the single was substituted for the censored version of the original.  A special edition release featuring the original artwork is planned.  The official vinyl release was limited to 500 copies. The song was remixed by Crystal Castles and is available online.

Drum's Not Dead
Drum's Not Dead is the third album by experimental rock band Liars, released on February 20, 2006 through Mute Records. It was recorded at the Planet Roc recording studio in Berlin and produced by Angus Andrew. The album's atmospheric sound is characterized by pounding drums, highly distorted guitar drones, and falsetto vocals. Upon initial release, the album featured a DVD with three different long-form music videos of the entire album.

Pitchfork ranked the album number 6 on their list of the Top 50 albums of 2006.
Princess Sarah (TV series)
Princess Sarah is a 2007 Philippine television drama series broadcast by ABS-CBN. The series is based on Frances Hodgson Burnett's novel A Little Princess. Directed by Don M. Cuaresma and Nuel C. Naval, it stars Sharlene San Pedro. It aired on the network's Primetime Bida line up and worldwide on TFC from November 12 to December 21, 2007, replacing Kokey and was replaced by Spring Waltz.

The series was shot in Camp John Hay in Baguio and the Coconut Palace in Manila instead of India and London during the Late Victorian Era (including Second Boer War) and World War I. Unlike the 1995 Filipino film and the 1985 Japanese anime series it was based from, which in turn was based on Burnett's original novel, the teleserye adaptation took even more creative liberties from the original story, with Ram Dass being depicted as a female sorceress, Lavinia as Miss Minchin's daughter, and fantasy elements being introduced in the story.

This series was streaming on Jeepney TV YouTube channel.

Princess Sara
Princess Sara (Japanese: 小公女（プリンセス）セーラ, Hepburn: Shōkōjo Sēra; lit. "Little Princess Sara"), also spelled as Princess Sarah for disambiguation purposes, is a Japanese anime television series that was based on the 1905 children's novel A Little Princess by Frances Hodgson Burnett. It aired on Fuji TV from January to December 1985, as part of Nippon Animation's World Masterpiece Theater. The series follows Sara Crewe, a young student of an all-girls boarding school who later becomes orphaned and is forced to work as a servant.
Bokkura
A bokkura (Dhivehi: ބޮއްކުރާ) is the smallest type of boat commonly used in Maldives. It has slight similarities to a dhoni, but is smaller in size, holding just two or three individuals, and without lateen sails. A bokkura usually has a set of oars, and was traditionally used for fishing near reefs or to commute between the shore and anchored fishing or trading vessels especially before there were any jetties on the Maldives.

Dhoni (fishing vessel)
A dhoni (also written as thoni or dhoney) is a traditional multi-purpose sailvessel with a motor or lateen sails that is used in the Maldives, South India and Sri Lanka. Varying in size and shape, they are used as fishing vessel, ferry, trading- and cargo ship.
SN 2213−1745
SN 2213−1745 was an extremely remote superluminous supernova (SLSN), which occurred in between November 2004 and June 2005. It was discovered in Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey data. Its peak far-ultraviolet absolute magnitude reached −21.2, which was comparable to the total absolute magnitude of its host galaxy. The distance (redshift) to this supernova z=2.0458±0.0005 makes it one of the most remote supernova observed as of 2012. The luminosity of SN 2213−1745 evolved slowly over several years as it was still detectable in November 2006. Both the high luminosity and slow decay indicate that the supernova's progenitor was a star with an initial mass as high as 250 solar masses. The supernova explosion itself may have been a pair-instability supernova similar to the SN 2007bi event, with which it shares many similarities.

Observations of SN 2213−1745 imply that more than 3 solar masses of radioactive 56Ni may have been released by the star's explosion.

Pair-instability supernova
A pair-instability supernova is a type of supernova predicted to occur when pair production, the production of free electrons and positrons in the collision between atomic nuclei and energetic gamma rays, temporarily reduces the internal radiation pressure supporting a supermassive star's core against gravitational collapse. This pressure drop leads to a partial collapse, which in turn causes greatly accelerated burning in a runaway thermonuclear explosion, resulting in the star being blown completely apart without leaving a stellar remnant behind.

Pair-instability supernovae can only happen in stars with a mass range from around 130 to 250 solar masses and low to moderate metallicity (low abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium – a situation common in Population III stars).
Germinal epithelium (male)
The germinal epithelium is the epithelial layer of the seminiferous tubules of the testicles. It is also known as the wall of the seminiferous tubules. The cells in the epithelium are connected via tight junctions.

There are two types of cells in the germinal epithelium. The large Sertoli cells (not dividing) function as supportive cells to the developing sperm. The second cell type is the cells belonging to the spermatogenic cell lineage. These eventually develop into sperm cells (spermatozoon). Typically, the spermatogenic cells will make four to eight layers in the germinal epithelium.

Testicle
A testicle, also called testis (pl. testes) is the male gonad in all gonochoric animals, including humans, and is homologous to the ovary, which is the female gonad.  Its primary functions are the production of sperm and the secretion of androgens, primarily testosterone.

The release of testosterone is regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland. Sperm production is controlled by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland and by testosterone produced within the gonads.
1885 Bruce by-election
The 1885 Bruce by-election was a by-election held on 5 August 1885 in the Bruce electorate during the 9th New Zealand Parliament.

The by-election was held after the resignation of Robert Gillies for health reasons. He had won the seat at the general 1884 election.

He was replaced by Donald Reid.

The runner-up James McDonald had represented Bruce up to the 1884 election. A former representative of the Bruce electorate, William Murray, was invited to contest the by-election but he declined.

J. C. Anderson was born in Bruce and had farmed there for thirteen years.

William Hutchison wrote that he had "many pleasant memories" of the electorate

but another correspondent said it was a "very palpable defeat" and denied that the Kaitangata miners were told how to vote.

Bruce (New Zealand electorate)
Bruce was a rural parliamentary electorate in the Otago region of New Zealand, from 1861 to 1922. For part of the 1860s with the influx to Otago of gold-miners it was a multi-member constituency with two members.
Vakhtang II Gurieli
Vakhtang II Gurieli (Georgian: ვახტანგ II გურიელი; died 1814 or 1825), of the House of Gurieli, was Prince of Guria, in western Georgia, from 1792 to 1797. He succeeded on the death of his elder brother Simon II Gurieli and was deposed by a younger brother Kaikhosro. Vakhtang's subsequent efforts to regain power were futile.

House of Gurieli
The House of Gurieli (Georgian: გურიელი) was a Georgian princely (mtavari) family and a ruling dynasty (dukes) of the southwestern Georgian province of Guria, which was autonomous and later, for a few centuries, independent. A few ducal rulers of the dynasty also rose in the 17th-18th centuries to be kings of the whole western Caucasus in place of the hereditary Bagrationi kings of Imereti.
Apera
Apera is a small genus of annual grasses, known commonly as silkybent grass or windgrass. They are native to Europe, North Africa and parts of Asia but have been introduced and naturalized in much of North and South America.

Species

Apera baytopiana Dogan - Muğla Province in southwestern Turkey

Apera intermedia Hack. - Turkey, Aegean Islands, Iraq, Iran, Caucasus; naturalized in Primorye

Apera interrupta (L.) P.Beauv. - dense silkybent, interrupted windgrass - Eurasia and North Africa from Portugal to Sweden to Algeria to Kazakhstan; naturalized in Argentina, Chile, United States, Canada

Apera spica-venti (L.) P. Beauv. - loose silkybent, common windgrass - Eurasia and North Africa from Canary Islands to Denmark to Yakutia; naturalized in United States, Canada, and Russian Far East

Apera triaristata Dogan - Denizli Province in southwestern Turkey

formerly included

see Agrostis Anemanthele Dichelachne Muhlenbergia Sporobolus

Muhlenbergia
Muhlenbergia is a genus of plants in the grass family.

The genus is named in honor of the German-American amateur botanist Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Muhlenberg (1753-1815). Many of the species are known by the common name muhly.
The greatest number are native to the southwestern United States and Mexico, but there are also native species in Canada, Central and South America and in Asia.
Final Crisis
"Final Crisis" is a 2008 American comics crossover storyline that ran in books published by DC Comics, consisting of a central, eponymous seven-issue miniseries written by Grant Morrison, and a number of other tie-in books. Originally DC announced the project as being illustrated solely by J. G. Jones; artists Carlos Pacheco, Marco Rudy and Doug Mahnke later provided art for the series.

The storyline directly follows DC Universe #0 after the conclusion of the 51-issue Countdown to Final Crisis weekly limited series. Promotion about the limited series describes its story as "the day evil won". The series deals with alien villain Darkseid's plot to overthrow reality, and the subsequent death and corruption of various DC characters and their universe.

Countdown to Final Crisis
Countdown, also known as Countdown to Final Crisis for its last 24 issues based on the cover, was a comic book limited series published by DC Comics. It debuted on May 9, 2007, directly following the conclusion of the last issue of 52. The series is written primarily by Paul Dini, along with a rotating team of writers and artists.

Countdown consists of 51 issues, numbered in reverse and published weekly for one year. The series covers much of the fictional DC Universe, told in parallel narratives through the interconnecting stories of a cast of characters. It frequently crosses over with other DC titles. Unlike the 52 limited series of the previous year, Countdown is not depicted as taking place in "real time", but presumably operates on the same floating timeline as DC Comics stories in general.
Non-exhaust emissions
Non-exhaust emissions come from wearing down motor vehicle brake pads, tires, roads themselves, and unsettling of particles on the road.  This particulate matter is made up of micrometre-sized particles and causes negative health effects, including respiratory disease and cancer.  Very fine particulate matter has been linked to cardiovascular disease. Multiple epidemiological studies have demonstrated that particulate matter exposure is associated with acute respiratory infections, lung cancer, and chronic respiratory and cardiovascular disease.  Researchers have also found correlations between exposure to fine particulate matter and fatality rates in previous coronavirus epidemics.

Studies have shown that non-exhaust emissions of particles from vehicles can be greater than particles due to exhaust.

The European Commission expects that "by 2050 non-exhaust emissions will constitute up to 90% of all particles emitted by road transport".

European emission standards
The European emission standards are vehicle emission standards that regulate pollution from the use of new land surface vehicles sold in the European Union and European Economic Area member states and the United Kingdom, and ships in European territorial waters. These standards target air pollution from exhaust gases, brake dust, and tyre rubber pollution, and are defined through a series of European Union directives that progressively introduce stricter limits to reduce environmental impact.

Euro 7, agreed in 2024 and due to come into force in 2026, includes non-exhaust emissions such as particulates from tyres and brakes. Until 2030 fossil fueled vehicles are allowed to have dirtier brakes than electric vehicles.: 5