hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ryūsaku Tsunoda
Ryūsaku Tsunoda  (角田 柳作, Tsunoda Ryūsaku; 8 September 1877 - 29 November 1964) was a Japanese scholar and is known as the "father of Japanese studies" at Columbia University.  He was directly responsible for developing the Japanese language and literature collection at Columbia's library.   Prominent among the former-students who credit his influence as formative is Donald Keene, who had himself become a later Dean of Japanese studies in the United States.

Donald Keene
Donald Lawrence Keene (June 18, 1922 – February 24, 2019) was an American-born Japanese scholar, historian, teacher, writer, and translator of Japanese literature. He was Professor Emeritus and Shincho Professor Emeritus of Japanese Literature at Columbia University, where he taught for over fifty years. Soon after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, he retired from Columbia, moved to Japan permanently, and acquired citizenship under the name Kīn Donarudo (キーン ドナルド) which is essentially his birth name in the Japanese name order. This was also his poetic pen name (雅号, gagō) and occasional nickname, spelled in the ateji form 鬼怒鳴門.
4th Gorkha Rifles
The 4th Gorkha Rifles or the Fourth Gorkha Rifles, abbreviated as 4 GR, is an infantry regiment of the Indian Army comprising Gurkha soldiers of Indian Gorkha or Nepalese nationality, especially Magars and Gurungs hill tribes of Nepal. The Fourth Gorkha Rifles has five infantry battalions. The regiment was raised in 1857 as part of the British Indian Army. In 1947, after India's independence, the Fourth Gurkha Rifles became part of the Indian Army as the Fourth Gorkha Rifles.

The regiment has seen action in wars in Africa, Europe and Asia, including the Second Afghan War, the Boxer Rebellion (China), World War I, and World War II. Since Independence, in 1947, the regiment has seen action in the India-Pakistan Wars of 1947–48, 1965, 1971, 1987, and 1999, and the Chinese aggression in 1962. The regiment has also participated in UN peace-keeping missions.

Gurkha
The Gurkhas or Gorkhas (/ˈɡɜːrkə, ˈɡʊər-/), with the endonym Gorkhali (Nepali: गोर्खाली [ɡoɾkʰaːliː]), are soldiers native to South Asia, chiefly residing within Nepal and some parts of North India.

The Gurkha units consist of Nepali and (in India) Indian Gorkha, Nepali-speaking Indian people. They are recruited for the Nepali Army (96,000), the Indian Army (42,000), the British Army (4,010), the Gurkha Contingent of the Singapore Police Force, the Gurkha Reserve Unit of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces, and UN peacekeeping forces in war zones around the world. Ordinary citizens of the two demographic groups become a Gurkha by applying for, and passing, the selection and training process.

Gurkhas are closely associated with the khukuri, a forward-curving knife, and have a reputation for fearless military prowess. Former Indian Army Chief of Staff Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw once stated that:

"If a man says he is not afraid of dying, he is either lying or he is a Gurkha."
Maurice Kanbar
Maurice Kanbar (March 1, 1929 – August 20, 2022) was an American entrepreneur and inventor who lived in San Francisco, California. He was particularly well known for his creation of SKYY vodka and was also noted for his extensive real estate investments.

Thomas Jefferson University
Thomas Jefferson University is a private research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Established in its earliest form in 1824, the university officially combined with Philadelphia University in 2017. The university is named for U.S. Founding Father and president Thomas Jefferson. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".

To signify its heritage, the university sometimes carries the nomenclature Jefferson (Philadelphia University + Thomas Jefferson University) in its branding.
Black Opals
Black Opals was an African American literary journal that published four issues in Philadelphia between spring 1927 and Christmas 1928, associated with the Harlem Renaissance.

Co-founded by Arthur Huff Fauset and Nellie Rathbone Bright, the magazine's contributors included Mae Virginia Cowdery, Jessie Redmon Fauset, Marita Bonner, and Gwendolyn B. Bennett. Allan Randall Freelon was the magazine's artistic director.

Mae Virginia Cowdery
Mae Virginia (or Valentine) Cowdery (January 10, 1909 – November 2, 1948) was an African-American poet based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She is considered part of the wide-ranging artistic efforts inspired by the Harlem Renaissance in New York City.
Object database
An object database or object-oriented database  is a database management system in which information is represented in the form of objects as used in object-oriented programming. Object databases are different from relational databases which are table-oriented. A third type, object–relational databases, is a hybrid of both approaches.
Object databases have been considered since the early 1980s.

InterSystems Caché
InterSystems Caché (/kæʃeɪ/ kashay) is a commercial operational database management system from InterSystems, used to develop software applications for healthcare management, banking and financial services, government, and other sectors. Customer software can use the database with object and SQL code. Caché also allows developers to directly manipulate its underlying data structures: hierarchical arrays known as M technology.
Comino's Arcade
Comino's Arcade is a heritage-listed shopping arcade at 133–137 Redcliffe Parade, Redcliffe, City of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 March 2009.

Redcliffe, Queensland
Redcliffe is a coastal town and suburb in the City of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia.  It also refers colloquially to the Redcliffe Peninsula as a whole, a peninsula jutting into Moreton Bay which contains several other suburbs.  Since the 1880s, Redcliffe has been a popular seaside resort in South East Queensland. In the 2021 census, the suburb of Redcliffe had a population of 10,460 people.
Hakuin Ekaku
Hakuin Ekaku (白隠 慧鶴; January 19, 1686 – January 18, 1769) was one of the most influential figures in Japanese Zen Buddhism, who regarded bodhicitta, working for the benefit of others, as the ultimate concern of Zen-training. While never having received formal dharma transmission, he is regarded as the reviver of the Japanese Rinzai school from a period of stagnation, focusing on rigorous training methods integrating meditation and koan practice.

Five Ranks
The "Five Ranks" (Chinese: 五位; pinyin: Wuwei; Japanese: go-i) is a poem consisting of five stanzas describing the stages of realization in the practice of Chan/Zen Buddhism. It expresses the interplay of absolute and relative truth and the fundamental non-dualism of Buddhist teaching.
Lorraine Coghlan
Lorraine Coghlan Robinson (née Coghlan; born 23 September 1937) is a former tennis player from the state of Victoria in Australia. In 1956, she won the Australian Championships Girls' Singles title. Coghlan teamed with Bob Howe to win the mixed doubles title at Wimbledon in 1958. Coghlan and Howe were also the runners-up in mixed doubles at the 1958 French Championships.

At the Australian Championships, Coghlan was the singles runner-up in 1958, losing to Angela Mortimer 6–3, 6–4, and was a runner-up in women's doubles in 1958, 1959, 1960, and 1967.

Coghlan married John Robinson on 19 December 1959.

Angela Mortimer
Florence Angela Margaret Mortimer-Barrett (née Mortimer; 21 April 1932 – 25 August 2025) was a British world No. 1 tennis player. Mortimer won three major singles titles: the 1955 French Championships, the 1958 Australian Championships and 1961 Wimbledon Championships, the last won when she was partially deaf.

Mortimer also partnered with Anne Shilcock to win the women's doubles title at Wimbledon in 1955. She and Lorraine Coghlan also reached the women's doubles final at the 1958 Australian Championships. Mortimer and Peter Newman reached the mixed doubles final at the 1958 Australian Championships, her only mixed doubles final at a major.

Mortimer was married to the retired player and broadcaster John Barrett. She died in 2025.
Robert Markham (MP)
Robert Markham (1536–1606) was an English politician.

He was born the eldest son of John Markham of Cotham, Nottinghamshire.

He was appointed a Justice of the Peace (J.P.) for Nottinghamshire from 1564 and High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire for 1571–2 and 1583–4.

He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Nottinghamshire in 1571 and 1589 and Grantham in 1586.

He married twice: firstly Mary, the daughter of Francis Leck of Sutton in the Dale, Derbyshire with whom he had five sons and three daughters; and secondly Jane, the daughter of William Burnell of Winkburn.

High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire
This is a list of the High Sheriffs of the English county of Nottinghamshire.

The High Sheriff is the oldest secular office under the Crown. Formerly the High Sheriff was the principal law enforcement officer in the county but over the centuries most of the responsibilities associated with the post have been transferred elsewhere or are now defunct, so its functions are now largely ceremonial. The High Sheriff changes every March.

From 1068 until 1567, the position existed as High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and the Royal Forests. From 1568 separate appointments were made for the High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire and for the High Sheriff of Derbyshire.
Rayleigh–Jeans law
In physics, the Rayleigh–Jeans law is an approximation to the spectral radiance of electromagnetic radiation as a function of wavelength from a black body at a given temperature through classical arguments. For wavelength λ, it is

where  is the spectral radiance (the power emitted per unit emitting area, per steradian, per unit wavelength),  is the speed of light,  is the Boltzmann constant, and  is the temperature in kelvins. For frequency , the expression is instead

The Rayleigh–Jeans law agrees with experimental results at large wavelengths (low frequencies) but strongly disagrees at short wavelengths (high frequencies). This inconsistency between observations and the predictions of classical physics is commonly known as the ultraviolet catastrophe. Planck's law, which gives the correct radiation at all frequencies, has the Rayleigh–Jeans law as its low-frequency limit.

Wien approximation
Wien's approximation (also sometimes called Wien's law or the Wien distribution law) is a law of physics used to describe the spectrum of thermal radiation (frequently called the blackbody function).  This law was first derived by Wilhelm Wien in 1896.  The equation does accurately describe the short-wavelength (high-frequency) spectrum of thermal emission from objects, but it fails to accurately fit the experimental data for long-wavelength (low-frequency) emission.
Langweer
Langweer (West Frisian: Langwar) is a village in Friesland in the municipality De Fryske Marren. The town was established in 1256, and has a population of 1,105 (as of 2017).
Langweer has a rich trading history, and it is located at a small lake (Langweerderwielen).

De Fryske Marren
De Fryske Marren (Dutch: De Friese Meren) is a municipality of Friesland in the northern Netherlands. It was established 1 January 2014 and consists of the former municipalities of Gaasterlân-Sleat, Lemsterland, Skarsterlân and parts of Boarnsterhim, all four of which were dissolved on the same day. The municipality is located in the province of Friesland, in the north of the Netherlands, and has a population of 51,778 and a combined area of 559.93 km2 (216.19 sq mi).
Department of Health and Wellness (Prince Edward Island)
The Department of Health and Wellness (French: ministère de la Santé et du Mieux-être) is the department of the Government of Prince Edward Island responsible for providing oversight to health services in the province in accordance with the Health Services Act. It establishes an accountability framework, standards for health services, performance targets, policy or guidelines for managing operations and delivery of services, and approvals for business plans and budgets. The Department also provides leadership in all matters related to public health and health promotion and informs policy to improve the health and well-being of citizens.

The minister of Justice and Public Safety (currently Mark McLane) is responsible for the department to the General Assembly. While the minister is head of the department, and provides policy/political direction, the day-to-day operations of the department are managed by the deputy minister (currently Lisa Thibeau), who is a public servant.

Government of Prince Edward Island
The Government of Prince Edward Island is the provincial government of the province of Prince Edward Island.  Its powers and structure are set out in the Constitution Act, 1867.

In modern Canadian use, the term "government" referred broadly to the cabinet of the day (formally the Executive Council), chosen from the Legislative Assembly and the non-political staff within each provincial department or agency – that is, the civil service.

The Province of Prince Edward Island has a unicameral legislature, the General Assembly composed of the Lieutenant Governor and the Legislative Assembly, which operates in the framework of a Westminster-style parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The political party that wins the largest number of seats in its only chamber, the Legislative Assembly, normally forms the Government, and the party's leader becomes premier of the province, the head of government.
Stephenson, Michigan
Stephenson is a city in Menominee County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 816 at the 2020 census. The city is surrounded by Stephenson Township but is administered autonomously.  It is part of the Marinette, WI–MI micropolitan statistical area.

Stephenson Township, Michigan
Stephenson Township is a civil township of Menominee County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 616 at the 2020 census. The city of Stephenson is surrounded by the township but is administered autonomously.
Counties 1 Southern North
Counties 1 Southern North (formerly known as Southern Counties North) is a division at level 7 of the English rugby union system. When league rugby first began in 1987 it was known as Southern Counties but since 1996 the division was split into two regional leagues – Southern Counties North and Southern Counties South. Counties 1 Southern North currently sits at the seventh tier of club rugby union in England and features teams based in Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire. The league champions at the end of each season are automatically promoted to Regional 2 South Central. Relegated teams usually drop to Counties 2 Berks/Bucks & Oxon (North) or Counties 2 Berks/Bucks & Oxon (South).

Oxford Harlequins RFC
Oxford Harlequins (Oxford Quins) Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club based in Oxford, England. The men's 1st XV currently play in National League 2 East, a level 4 league in the English rugby union system, following their promotion from Regional 1 Midlands at the end of the 2023–24 season and as of September 2024, the women's 1st XV compete in National Challenge 1 Midlands, level 4 of the England Rugby women's club championship.

The men's 2nd and 3rd XV's compete in Southern North, South West Division and the Berks Bucks & Oxon North, South West Division respectively and the women's 2nd XV compete in National Challenge 2 in the women's club championship.
Crataegus kansuensis
Crataegus kansuensis, the Gansu hawthorn (Chinese: 甘肃山楂), is a species of hawthorn found in China. They are shrubs or small trees, often very thorny. They prefer to grow in mixed forests, on shaded slopes and alongside streams, 1,000 to 3,000 m (3,300 to 9,800 ft) above sea level.

Crataegus
Crataegus (/krəˈtiːɡəs/), commonly called hawthorn, quickthorn, thornapple, May-tree, whitethorn, Mayflower or hawberry, is a genus of several hundred species of shrubs and trees in the family Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. The name "hawthorn" was originally applied to the species native to northern Europe, especially the common hawthorn C. monogyna, and the unmodified name is often so used in Britain and Ireland. The name is now also applied to the entire genus and to the related Asian genus Rhaphiolepis.
Theory of constraints
The theory of constraints (TOC) is a management paradigm that views any manageable system as being limited in achieving more of its goals by a very small number of constraints. There is always at least one constraint, and TOC uses a focusing process to identify the constraint and restructure the rest of the organization around it. TOC adopts the common idiom "a chain is no stronger than its weakest link". That means that organizations and processes are vulnerable because the weakest person or part can always damage or break them, or at least adversely affect the outcome.

Operating expense
An operating expense (opex) is an ongoing cost for running a product, business, or system. Its counterpart, a capital expenditure (capex), is the cost of developing or providing non-consumable parts for the product or system. For example, the purchase of a photocopier involves capex, and the annual paper, toner, power and maintenance costs represents opex. For larger systems like businesses, opex may also include the cost of workers and facility expenses such as rent and utilities.
Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön
The Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön (German: Herzogtum Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön), also Schleswig-Holstein-Plön, Holstein-Plön or just Duchy of Plön, was a small sub-duchy (Teilherzogtum) created by the physical division of the Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg.  Today, its remaining significance is primarily the building of Plön Castle.  The Duchy of Plön was not a territorial dukedom in its own right, but a sub-division within the state structure of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.  The scattered territorial dominion lay mostly in the southeast part of present-day German state of Schleswig-Holstein.

Plön
Plön (German: [ˈpløːn] ⓘ; Holsatian: Plöön) is the district seat of the Plön district in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, and has about 8,700 inhabitants. It lies right on the shores of Schleswig-Holstein's biggest lake, the Great Plön Lake, as well as on several smaller lakes, touching the town on virtually all sides. The town's landmark is Plön Castle, a chateau built in the 17th century on a hill overlooking the town.

Plön has a grammar school with a 300-year history, and is home to a German Navy non-commissioned officer school and the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology. The town, nestled as it is in the hilly, wooded lake district of Holstein Switzerland (Holsteinische Schweiz), also has importance in the tourism industry.
John Tuchet, 4th Baron Audley
John Tuchet, 4th Baron Audley, 1st Baron Tuchet (23 April 1371 – 19 December 1408) was an English peer.

John Tuchet, 4th Baron Audley was the son of Sir John Tuchet, called "Baron Audley", and his wife Maud, widow of Sir Richard de Willoughby. His paternal grandparents were Sir John Tuchet (1327—1371) and his wife Joan Audley (1331–1393, daughter of James Audley, 2nd Baron Audley and first wife Lady Joan Mortimer).

In 1391, when his childless great-uncle Nicholas Audley, 3rd Baron Audley died, the Audley Barony was abeyant. Meanwhile, he was created 1st Baron Tuchet in 1403 and received one-third of the share of the barony of Audley.

In 1408 the Barony was revived, and John Tuchet became 4th Baron Audley.

Before 1398, he married Elizabeth Stafford, daughter of Sir Humphrey Stafford and his first wife, Alice Grenville. They had one son, James, and two daughters, Margaret and Elizabeth. John was succeeded by his only son, James Tuchet.

Nicholas Audley, 3rd Baron Audley
Nicholas Audley, 3rd Baron Audley (c. 1328 – 1391) was born at Heighley Castle, Staffordshire, England to James Audley, 2nd Baron Audley, and was his only surviving son.

He was known as Lord of Rougemont (Redcastle, Shropshire) and was Marcher Lord of Kemes (as was his father), He was based at Heighley.

Nicholas's father-in-law Henry, 4th Earl of Buchan, received, amongst other large grants of manors and lands, a grant of the Lordship of the Isle of Man in 1310.

Later members of the Audley-Stanley family would become Kings of Mann.
Ramsdell Public Library
Ramsdell Public Library is one of two public library buildings of Great Barrington, Massachusetts.  It is located at 1087 Main Street in the Housatonic village, in a two-story Beaux Arts building erected c. 1908.  The building was a gift to the town by T. Ellis Ramsdell, fulfilling a bequest by his father Theodore, owner of the Monument Mills.  It was designed by Boston architects McLean & Wright, with a sympathetic rear addition (added 1928–30) designed by the Pittsfield firm of Harding & Seaver. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

The other branch of the Great Barrington library system is at 231 Main Street.

Great Barrington, Massachusetts
Great Barrington is a town in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts, Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 7,172 at the 2020 census. Both a summer resort and home to Ski Butternut, a ski resort, Great Barrington includes the villages of Great Barrington, Van Deusenville, and Housatonic.
The White (Agalloch EP)
The White is an EP by American metal band Agalloch, released on February 29, 2008. A follow-up to Agalloch's 2004 EP The Grey, it completed a dichotomy of releases for Vendlus Records. The White contained seven neofolk and dark ambient tracks written and recorded between 2004 and 2007. The release was limited to 2,000 copies.

The song "Sowilo Rune" (referencing the Sowilo rune) was posted on the band's official Myspace page on January 4. The songs "The Isle of Summer," "Summerisle Reprise," and "Sowilo Rune" contained samples from the 1973 film The Wicker Man. "Birch White" featured vocalist John Haughm reciting the poem "Birch Tree" by A. S. J. Tessimond in a style comparable to English neofolk band Death in June.

On November 29, 2019, Dämmerung Arts issued a remastered version of The White, including a bonus track from Marrow of the Spirit sessions.

The Grey (EP)
The Grey is the third EP by American metal band Agalloch. It was released by Vendlus Records on February 29, 2004, in a limited run of 1,000 copies. The two songs on The Grey are reinterpretations of two tracks from The Mantle album. This EP is part of a dichotomy, completed by The White EP.
Kalinkavichy
Kalinkavichy (Belarusian: Калінкавічы; Russian: Калинковичи, romanized: Kalinkovichi; Polish: Kalinkowicze) is a town in Gomel Region, southeastern Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Kalinkavichy District. Kalinkavichy is located beside the Netech' River, opposite the city of Mazyr, and is the site of one of the country's most important railway junctions. In 2004, its population was 37,876. As of 2025, it has a population of 36,656.

Kalinkavichy district
Kalinkavichy district or Kalinkavičy district (Belarusian: Калінкавіцкі раён, romanized: Kalinkavicki rajon; Russian: Калинковичский район) is a district (raion) of Gomel region in Belarus. Its administrative center is Kalinkavichy. As of 2024, it has a population of 54,661.

In 1998, the rural area was united with the town of Kalinkavichy to form a single administrative unit covering 2,756 square kilometres (1,064 sq mi), with a total population of 71,500.