hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Relative articulation
In phonetics and phonology, relative articulation is description of the manner and place of articulation of a speech sound relative to some reference point. Typically, the comparison is made with a default, unmarked articulation of the same phoneme in a neutral sound environment. For example, the English velar consonant /k/ is fronted before the vowel /iː/ (as in keep) compared to articulation of /k/ before other vowels (as in cool). This fronting is called palatalization.

The relative position of a sound may be described as advanced (fronted), retracted (backed), raised, lowered, centralized, or mid-centralized. The latter two terms are only used with vowels, and are marked in the International Phonetic Alphabet with diacritics over the vowel letter. The others are used with both consonants and vowels, and are marked with iconic diacritics under the letter. Another dimension of relative articulation that has IPA diacritics is the degree of roundedness, more rounded and less rounded.

Close vowel
A close vowel, also known as a high vowel (in U.S. terminology), is any in a class of vowel sounds used in many spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a close vowel is that the tongue is positioned approximately as close as possible to the roof of the mouth as it can be without creating a constriction. A constriction would produce a sound that would be classified as a consonant.

The term "close" /ˈkloʊs/ is recommended by the International Phonetic Association. Close vowels are often referred to as "high" vowels, as in the Americanist phonetic tradition, because the tongue is positioned high in the mouth during articulation.

In the context of the phonology of any particular language, a high vowel can be any vowel that is more close than a mid vowel. That is, close-mid vowels, near-close vowels, and close vowels can all be considered high vowels.
Übach-Palenberg station
Übach-Palenberg station is in Übach-Palenberg on the southern edge of Heinsberg in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is located on the Aachen–Mönchengladbach railway on the western outskirts of Palenberg near the Wurm and is served by the Wupper-Express and the Rhein-Niers-Bahn. Its current form reflects its reconstruction and modernisation in the 1990s and in 2008. It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 5 station.

Aachen–Mönchengladbach railway
The Aachen–Mönchengladbach railway is a main line in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is an important link between the Ruhr and Belgium for freight trains and is served by regional passenger trains. The line was built by the Aachen-Düsseldorf-Ruhrort Railway Company and is one of the oldest lines in Germany, which was opened between 1852 and 1854.
Society of the Friends of Truth
The Society of the Friends of Truth (French: Amis de la Verité), also known as the Social Club (French:
Cercle social), was a French revolutionary organization founded in 1790. It was "a mixture of revolutionary political club, the Masonic Lodge, and a literary salon".  It also published an influential revolutionary newspaper, the Mouth of Iron.

Marquis de Condorcet
Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis of Condorcet (/kɒndɔːrˈseɪ/; French: [maʁi ʒɑ̃ ɑ̃twan nikɔla də kaʁita maʁki də kɔ̃dɔʁsɛ]; 17 September 1743 – 29 March 1794), known as Nicolas de Condorcet, was a French philosopher, political economist, politician, and mathematician. His ideas, including support for free markets, public education, constitutional government, and equal rights for women and people of all races, and a welfare state have been said to embody the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment, of which he has been called the "last witness", and Enlightenment rationalism. A critic of the constitution proposed by Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles in 1793, the Convention Nationale – and the Jacobin faction in particular – voted to have Condorcet arrested. He died in prison after a period of hiding from the French Revolutionary authorities.
Chincoteague, Virginia
Chincoteague (/ˌʃɪŋkəˈtiːɡ/ or /ˈʃɪŋkətiːɡ/) is a town in Accomack County, Virginia, United States.  The town includes the whole of Chincoteague Island and an area of adjacent water.  The population was  3,344 at the 2020 census. The town is a tourist gateway to the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge on adjacent Assateague Island, the location of a popular recreational beach and home of the Virginia herd of Chincoteague Ponies. These ponies and the annual Pony Swim are the subject of Marguerite Henry's 1947 children's book Misty of Chincoteague, which was made into the 1961 family film Misty,  filmed on location.

Misty (film)
Misty is a 1961 American CinemaScope children's film based on Marguerite Henry's 1947 award-winning children's book Misty of Chincoteague.

The book tells a story of the special bond that develops between two young orphan children and a centuries-old herd of wild ponies living on an island off the coast of Virginia and a real-life Chincoteague Pony named Misty.
Totchtawan Sripan
Totchtawan Sripan (Thai: ธชตวัน ศรีปาน; born as Tawan Sripan on 13 December 1971) is a Thai professional football manager and former attacking midfielder. Serving Thailand from 1992 to 2009, he is currently the head coach of Thai League 1 club Bangkok United.

2014 Thai Division 1 League
2014 Thai League Division 1 (known as Yamaha League 1 for sponsorship reasons) is the 17th season of the League since its establishment in 1997. It is the feeder league for the Thai Premier League. A total of 18 teams will compete in the league this season.
High Seat (Lake District)
High Seat is a fell in the centre of the English Lake District. Despite being below 2,000 feet (610 metres) in elevation, it is the highest point for about five miles (eight kilometres) in any direction; a consequence of the curious fact that the centre of the district is lower than the surrounding parts.

High Tove
High Tove is a fell in the English Lake District, close to the geographical centre of the Cumbrian hills. It forms part of the watershed between the Derwentwater and Thirlmere catchments, a ridge running broadly north-south.
Interstate 95 in Rhode Island
Interstate 95 (I-95) is the main north–south Interstate Highway on the East Coast of the United States, running generally southwest–northeast through the US state of Rhode Island. It runs from the border with Connecticut near Westerly, through Warwick and Providence, and to the Massachusetts state line in Pawtucket. It has two auxiliary routes, both of which enter Massachusetts—I-195, a spur from Providence east to Cape Cod, and I-295, a western bypass of the Providence metropolitan area.

South of Warwick, I-95 does not follow US Route 1 (US 1), which it generally replaced in New England. It instead takes a shorter inland route, parallel to Route 3. Route 3 was designated New England Route 1A in 1922, a New England Interstate Route, but it has never been a US Route.

Providence metropolitan area
The Providence metropolitan area (Providence MSA) is a region extending into eight counties in two states. Its core is in the states of Rhode Island and Massachusetts; its largest city is Providence, Rhode Island. With an estimated population of 1,622,520, exceeding that of Rhode Island by slightly over 60%, the Providence MSA is the 38th largest metropolitan area in the United States. The MSA covers all of Rhode Island and Bristol County,  Massachusetts, with an average population density of 2300 per mi2 (888 per km2).

The region's Gross Metropolitan Product is the country's 42nd largest at $64.7 billion, just above the Gross State Product of the entire state of Hawaii. Since 2006, the Providence metropolitan area has been officially included in the Greater Boston Combined Statistical Area (CSA), the sixth-largest CSA in the country, with over eight million residents.
Prince Yeonsan (film)
Prince Yeonsan (Korean: 연산군) is a 1961 South Korean film directed by Shin Sang-ok. Among several awards including Best Actor and Best Actress, it was chosen as Best Film at the first Grand Bell Awards ceremony. It was followed by a sequel, Tyrant Yeonsan, which was released in 1962.

Yeonsangun of Joseon
Yeonsangun or Prince Yeonsan (Korean: 연산군; Hanja: 燕山君; 23 November 1476 – 20 November 1506), personal name Yi Yung (이융; 李㦕), was the 10th monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. Often considered the worst tyrant in Joseon's history and perhaps all Korean history, he is notorious for launching two bloody purges, seizing hundreds of women from all over the peninsula to serve as palace entertainers, and appropriating Sungkyunkwan as a personal pleasure ground. Yeonsangun's despotic rule provided a stark contrast to the liberal era of his father, and as a much-despised overthrown monarch, he did not receive a temple name.
The Sunday Philosophy Club
The Sunday Philosophy Club is the first of the Sunday Philosophy Club series of novels by Alexander McCall Smith, set in Edinburgh, Scotland, and featuring the protagonist Isabel Dalhousie. It was first published in 2004.

The Sunday Philosophy Club series
The Sunday Philosophy Club is a series of novels and novellas by Alexander McCall Smith. It is also the name of the first novel in the series, and an informal talking group founded by the main character Isabel Dalhousie. The series is set in Edinburgh.

The title of the first book and of the series was suggested by McCall Smith's editor.
Kalodzishchy
Kalodzishchy (Belarusian: Калодзішчы, romanized: Kalodziščy; Russian: Колодишчи, romanized: Kolodishchi) is an agrotown in Minsk District, Minsk Region, Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Kalodzishchy rural council. As of 2023, it has a population of 19,898.

Kalodzishchy rural council
Kalodzishchy rural council (Belarusian: Калодзішчанскі сельсавет; Russian: Колодищанский сельсовет) is a lower-level subdivision (selsoviet) of Minsk district, Minsk region, Belarus. Its administrative center is the   agrotown of Kalodzishchy.
Athinaikos women's basketball
Athinaikos women's basketball is the women's professional basketball team of the Athens-based multi-sports club Athinaikos, that was founded in 1917. The team competes in the Greek Women's Basketball League.

Athinaikos A.C.
Athinaikos A.C. (Greek: Αθηναϊκός Α.Σ., full name Athinaikos Athletic Club) is a Greek multisport-club, founded in 1917. It is based in Vyronas, a suburb east of Athens. Athinaikos has football, basketball, and handball teams. Its achievements comprise Panhellenic championships and cups in women's basketball, Panhellenic championships and cups in women's and men's handball, as well as a European cup in women's basketball. The team's colours are red and yellow and the team’s emblem is a plane-tree leaf. The nickname of the club is Lords of Vyronas.
Matsunaga Hisahide
Matsunaga Danjō Hisahide (松永 弾正 久秀 1508 – November 19, 1577) was a Japanese samurai and daimyō and head of the Yamato Matsunaga clan in Japan during the Sengoku period of the 16th century.

He has historical reputation as one of Japan's Three Great Villains (日本三大梟雄), a nickname which he shared with Ukita Naoie and Saitō Dōsan, due to their ambitious and treasonous personality, along with the habit to resort into underhanded tactics and assassinations to eliminate the oppositions.

Ukita Naoie
Ukita Naoie (宇喜多 直家; 1529 – February 1, 1582) was a Japanese daimyō of the Sengoku period. He was born in Bizen Province, to Ukita Okiie, a local samurai leader and head of the Ukita clan.

He has historical reputation as one of Japan's Three Great Villains (日本三大梟雄), a nickname which he shared with Matsunaga Hisahide and Saitō Dōsan, due to their ambitious and treasonous personality, along with the habit of resorting to underhanded tactics and assassinations to eliminate their opposition.
Buddy Merrill
Leslie Merrill Behunin, Jr. (July 16, 1936 – December 5, 2021), known professionally as Buddy Merrill, was an American guitar player and steel guitar player, best known as a regular on The Lawrence Welk Show.

Accent Records (US)
Accent Records was a Hollywood-based record label formed in 1954. Scott Seely was the president. Nick Lucas signed to the label in 1955 and made his final recording for them in 1980. Previously releasing only singles, Accent's first LP record, an album by Drew Page, was released in 1956.
Vascular resistance
Vascular resistance is the resistance that must be overcome for blood to flow through the circulatory system. The resistance offered by the systemic circulation is known as the systemic vascular resistance or may sometimes be called by another term total peripheral resistance, while the resistance caused by the pulmonary circulation is known as the pulmonary vascular resistance. Vasoconstriction (i.e., decrease in the diameter of arteries and arterioles) increases resistance, whereas vasodilation (increase in diameter) decreases resistance. Blood flow and cardiac output are related to blood pressure and inversely related to vascular resistance.

Pulmonary circulation
The pulmonary circulation is a division of the circulatory system in all vertebrates. The circuit begins with deoxygenated blood returned from the body to the right atrium of the heart where it is pumped out from the right ventricle to the lungs. In the lungs the blood is oxygenated and returned to the left atrium to complete the circuit.

The other division of the circulatory system is the systemic circulation that begins upon the oxygenated blood reaching the left atrium from the pulmonary circulation. From the atrium the oxygenated blood enters the left ventricle where it is pumped out to the rest of the body, then returning as deoxygenated blood back to the pulmonary circulation.

A separate circulatory circuit known as the bronchial circulation supplies oxygenated blood to the tissues of the lung that do not directly participate in gas exchange.
Indiana station (Pennsylvania)
The Indiana station is a historic American railway station which is located in Indiana, Indiana County, Pennsylvania.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993 as the Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railway Indiana Passenger Station.

Indiana, Pennsylvania
Indiana is a borough in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, United States, and its county seat. The population was 14,044 at the 2020 census. It is the principal city of the Indiana, Pennsylvania micropolitan area, about 46 miles (74 km) northeast of Pittsburgh. It is a part of the greater Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area, as well as the Johnstown and Pittsburgh media markets.

The borough and the region as a whole promote itself as the "Christmas Tree Capital of the World" because the national Christmas Tree Growers Association was founded there. There are still many Christmas tree farms in the area. The largest employer in the borough today is Indiana University of Pennsylvania, the second-largest of 14 PASSHE schools in the state.
Greatest Gathering
The Greatest Gathering was an exhibition of railway vehicles hosted at Alstom's Derby Litchurch Lane Works during 1–3 August 2025. It was the world's largest-ever gathering of historic and modern rolling stock.

The event marked 200 years in the history of rail transport since the construction of Locomotion No. 1 and hauling of the world's first passenger train along the Stockton and Darlington Railway on 27 September 1825.

Minister of State for Transport, Lord Peter Hendy stated that The Greatest Gathering "promises to enter the history books as the largest exhibition of railway equipment ever staged in the UK."

Metropolitan Railway electric locomotives
Metropolitan Railway electric locomotives were used on London's Metropolitan Railway with conventional carriage stock. On the outer suburban routes an electric locomotive was used at the Baker Street end that was exchanged for a steam locomotive en route (latterly at Rickmansworth).

The first ten had a central cab and were known as camel-backs, and these entered service in 1906. A year later another ten units with a box design and a driving position at each end arrived. These were replaced by more powerful units in the early 1920s.

The locomotives were withdrawn from passenger service in 1962 after electrification reached Amersham and the A Stock electric multiple units entered service. One locomotive, No. 5 John Hampden, is preserved as a static display at London Transport Museum, and another, No. 12 Sarah Siddons, has been used for heritage events.
Aperture synthesis
Aperture synthesis or synthesis imaging is a type of interferometry that mixes signals from a collection of telescopes to produce images having the same angular resolution as an instrument the size of the entire collection. At each separation and orientation, the lobe-pattern of the interferometer produces an output which is one component of the Fourier transform of the spatial distribution of the brightness of the observed object. The image (or "map") of the source is produced from these measurements. Astronomical interferometers are commonly used for high-resolution optical, infrared, submillimetre and radio astronomy observations. For example, the Event Horizon Telescope project derived the first image of a black hole using aperture synthesis.

Telescope
A telescope is a device used to observe distant objects by their emission, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation. Originally, it was an optical instrument using lenses, curved mirrors, or a combination of both to observe distant objects – an optical telescope. Nowadays, the word "telescope" is defined as a wide range of instruments capable of detecting different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and in some cases other types of detectors.

The first known practical telescopes were refracting telescopes with glass lenses and were invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th century. They were used for both terrestrial applications and astronomy.

The reflecting telescope, which uses mirrors to collect and focus light, was invented within a few decades of the first refracting telescope.

In the 20th century, many new types of telescopes were invented, including radio telescopes in the 1930s and infrared telescopes in the 1960s.
Parkes High School
Parkes High School is a government-funded co-educational comprehensive secondary day school, located in Parkes, in the Central West region of New South Wales, Australia. It is a part of the Henry Parkes Learning Community.

Established in 1933, the school enrolled approximately 580 students in 2018, from Year 7 to Year 12, of whom 15 per cent identify as Indigenous Australians and 3 per cent from a language background other than English. The school is operated by the NSW Department of Education; the principal is Sandra Carter.

The school offers a range of subjects in junior (7 to 10) and senior years (11 to 12) in accordance with a syllabus developed by the New South Wales Education Standards Authority.

Parkes, New South Wales
Parkes is a town in the Central West region of New South Wales, Australia. It is the main settlement in the local government area of Parkes Shire. Parkes had a population of 9,832 at the 2021 census.

Parkes is part of the traditional lands of the Wiradjuri people, the largest language group in NSW with a country of more than 120,000 square kilometres.
2013 IRB Nations Cup
The 2013 IRB Nations Cup was the eighth edition of the international rugby union tournament, a competition created by the International Rugby Board.  For the seventh time in a row, it was held in Bucharest, Romania.  It was played between 8 June and 16 June and ran alongside the 2013 IRB Tbilisi Cup in Georgia. All fixtures were played at the 5,000 capacity Stadionul Naţional de Rugby, the Home stadium for Hosts Romania.

Hosts Romania were joined by ENC side Russia and regular A sides Italy A and 2012 IRB Nations cup runners-up, Argentina Jaguars.

Romania retained the title they won in 2012 by winning all three of their matches.

World Rugby Nations Cup (2006–2019)
The Nations Cup is a rugby union competition that was first held in 2006 at Estádio Universitário in Lisbon with Argentina A, Italy A, Portugal and Russia taking part. The tournament is part of the International Rugby Board's US$50 million Strategic Investment programme, which also includes the Pacific Nations Cup, the Pacific Rugby Cup, and the Americas Rugby Championship (as well as the ARC's predecessor, the North America 4).
Roman Catholic Diocese of Vellore
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Vellore (Latin: Velloren(sis)) is a diocese located in the city of Vellore in the ecclesiastical province of Madras and Mylapore in India.

In 2017, the diocese had a population of 6.5 million people, with the main languages spoken being Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu.

Malayappan Chinnappa
Aesu Malayappan Chinnappa or A. M. Chinnappa is the Archbishop Emeritus of Madras-Mylapore and the Founder of the Society of God's Reign (Currently a Public Association). He was formerly Bishop of Vellore.
Nanisivik Airport
Nanisivik Airport, formerly (IATA: YSR, ICAO: CYSR), was located 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) south of Nanisivik, Nunavut, Canada, and was operated by the Government of Nunavut. Although Nanisivik Mine closed in September 2002, the airport was in operation until 2011 and served the community of Arctic Bay. This was due to the small size of Arctic Bay Airport. However, on January 13, 2011, First Air transferred all scheduled air services to Arctic Bay's newly-expanded airport.

The airport was about 19 km (12 mi) directly southeast of Arctic Bay, but the road between them is 32 km (20 mi) and a one way taxi fare was $40.00.

Nanisivik Mine
Nanisivik Mine was a zinc-lead mine in the company town of Nanisivik, Nunavut, 750 km (470 mi) north of the Arctic Circle on Baffin Island. It was Canada's first mine in the Arctic.
The mine first opened on 15 October 1976 and permanently closed in September 2002 due to low metal prices and declining resources. Mine reclamation began in April 2003.
It was one of the most northerly mines in the world.

The mine was served by a port and dock located about 2.7 km (1.7 mi) north. It was used for shipping concentrate from the site, and receiving supplies. It is currently used by the Canadian Coast Guard for training and is intended to become Nanisivik Naval Facility.

The mine also had its own airport (Nanisivik Airport) located about 7 km (4.3 mi) southwest and was the main airport for Arctic Bay, until they expanded the Arctic Bay Airport. The airport is about 19 km (12 mi) directly southeast of Arctic Bay but the road between them is 32 km (20 mi).
Wayne Junction station
Wayne Junction station is a SEPTA Regional Rail junction station located at 4481 Wayne Avenue, extending along Windrim Avenue to Germantown Avenue. The station is located in the Nicetown neighborhood of Philadelphia. Wayne Junction serves as a multi-modal transfer point between five of SEPTA's regional rail lines as well as 4 major transit routes – the Route 75 Trackless Trolley and Routes 2, 23 and 53. Routes 71 & 81 also operate express bus services here, but do not have a stop. The station served more than 321,000 riders annually in 2018.

Nicetown–Tioga, Philadelphia
Nicetown–Tioga is a neighborhood in the North Philadelphia section of the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. It comprises two smaller, older neighborhoods, Nicetown and Tioga, although the distinction between the two is rarely emphasized today. The name "Nicetown" is often simply used to refer to any part of Nicetown–Tioga.