hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mark Hopkins Jr.
Mark Hopkins Jr. (September 3, 1813 – March 29, 1878) was  an American railroad executive. He was one of four principal investors that funded Theodore D. Judah's idea of building a railway over the Sierra Nevada from Sacramento, California, to Promontory, Utah.  They formed the Central Pacific Railroad along with Leland Stanford, Charles Crocker, and Collis Huntington in 1861.

Theodore Judah
Theodore Dehone Judah (March 4, 1826 – November 2, 1863) was an American civil engineer who was a central figure in the original promotion, establishment, and design of the first transcontinental railroad. He found investors for what became the Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR). As chief engineer, he performed much of the route survey work to determine the best alignment for the railroad over the Sierra Nevada, which was completed six years after his death.
Ayr (Parliament of Scotland constituency)
Ayr was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates.

After the Acts of Union 1707, Ayr, Campbeltown, Inveraray, Irvine and Rothesay formed the Ayr district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.

Ayr Burghs
Ayr Burghs was a district of burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1800 and of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1950. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP), using the first-past-the-post voting system.
Accounting for Lawyers
"Accounting for Lawyers" is the second episode of the second season of Community. It originally aired on September 30, 2010 on NBC. In the episode, Jeff meets up with an old friend and colleague from his law firm, Alan, a spineless unprincipled character. He temporarily abandons the group to join Alan and other former colleagues at an office party, which he is invited to by Alan who wants to use him to get promoted. The study group suspects that Alan was the one who got Jeff disbarred, and set out to find the truth at the party.

The episode was written by Emily Cutler and directed by Joe Russo. It received positive reviews, with critics praising the episode's character development.

Community season 2
The second season of the television comedy series Community premiered on September 23, 2010 and concluded on May 12, 2011, on NBC. The season consists of 24 episodes and aired on Thursdays at 8:00 pm ET as part of Comedy Night Done Right.
Al-Taj Gümüshtegin
Al-Taj Gümüshtegin, also known as Fakhr al-Dawla Gümüshtegin al-Tājī, eunuch governor of Baalbek through 1110, a freedman of Tutush I.  Al-Taj briefly jailed Tutush’s son Irtash in 1104 before he was released by Toghtekin.  He was replaced by Toghtekin’s son Buri.  In exchange for Baalbek, Toghtekin granted al-Taj the fortress of Salkhad where he died in 1131.

Taj al-Muluk Buri
Taj al-Muluk Buri  (Arabic: تاج الملوك بوري; died 6 June 1132) was a Turkoman atabeg of Damascus from 1128 to 1132. He was initially an officer in the army of Duqaq, the Seljuk ruler of Damascus, together with his father Toghtekin. When the latter took power after Duqaq's death, Buri acted as regent and later became atabeg himself. Damascus's Burid dynasty was named after him.
Porta Collina
41°54′26.42″N 12°29′55.37″E﻿ / ﻿41.9073389°N 12.4987139°E﻿ / 41.9073389; 12.4987139

The Colline Gate (Latin Porta Collina) was a landmark in ancient Rome, supposed to have been built by Servius Tullius, semi-legendary king of Rome 578–535 BC. The gate stood at the north end of the Servian Wall, and past it were two important streets, the Via Salaria and Via Nomentana. Within this area the Alta Semita linked the Quirinal with the Porta Carmentalis. Several temples were located near the gate, including temples of Venus Erycina and Fortuna. To a person facing the gate in the 4th century AD, the Gardens of Sallust would have been on the left, with the Baths of Diocletian on the right.

Plutarch says that, when a Vestal was punished for violating her vow of chastity, the subterranean chamber for her live burial was near the Colline Gate. The gate was the site of a decisive battle during the Roman civil wars of the 80s BC between the forces of Cinna and Sulla.

Servian Wall
The Servian Wall (Latin: Murus Servii Tullii; Italian: Mura Serviane) is an ancient Roman defensive barrier constructed around the city of Rome in the early 4th century BC. The wall was built of volcanic tuff and was up to 10 m (33 ft) in height in places, 3.6 m (12 ft) wide at its base, 11 km (6.8 mi) long, and is believed to have had 16 main gates, of which only one or two have survived, and enclosed a total area of 246 hectares (610 acres).  In the 3rd century AD it was superseded by the construction of the larger Aurelian Walls as the city of Rome grew beyond the boundary of the Servian Wall.
Fog
Fog is a visible aerosol consisting of tiny water droplets or ice crystals held in the air  near the Earth's surface. Fog can be considered a type of low-lying cloud usually resembling stratus and is heavily influenced by nearby bodies of water, topography, and wind conditions. In turn, fog affects many human activities, such as shipping, travel, and warfare.

Fog appears when water vapor (water in its gaseous form) condenses. During condensation, molecules of water vapor combine to make tiny water droplets that hang in the air. Sea fog, which shows up near bodies of saline water, is formed as water vapor condenses on bits of salt. Fog is similar to, but less transparent than, mist.

Automotive lighting
Automotive lighting is functional exterior lighting in vehicles. A motor vehicle has lighting and signaling devices mounted to or integrated into its front, rear, sides, and, in some cases, top. Various devices have the dual function of illuminating the road ahead for the driver, and making the vehicle visible to others, with indications to them of turning, slowing or stopping, etc., with lights also indicating the size of some large vehicles.

Many emergency vehicles have distinctive lighting equipment to warn drivers of their presence.
Saltburn, Marske and New Marske
Saltburn, Marske and New Marske is a civil parish in the Redcar and Cleveland district, in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England. As its name suggests, the parish includes Saltburn, Marske-by-the-Sea and New Marske. It borders the parishes of Skelton and Brotton, Guisborough and the unparished area of Redcar.

In parliamentary terms, the parish is split between the constituencies of Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland, and Redcar.

Redcar and Cleveland
Redcar and Cleveland is a unitary authority area with borough status in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England. Its council has been a unitary authority since 1996.

The borough was created in 1974 as Langbaurgh, and was one of four boroughs in the non-metropolitan county of Cleveland. It was renamed Langbaurgh-on-Tees in 1988, and given its present name when Cleveland was abolished in 1996; the borough was made a unitary authority in the same year. Redcar and Cleveland is part of the Tees Valley combined authority, which also includes the boroughs of Darlington, Middlesbrough, Hartlepool and Stockton-on-Tees; the latter three were also formerly in Cleveland County.

Its main settlement is the town of Redcar. Other notable towns and villages include South Bank, Eston, Brotton, Guisborough, Greater Eston, Loftus, Saltburn-by-the-Sea and Skelton.
Prime Minister of Myanmar
The prime minister of Myanmar (Burmese: မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်ဝန်ကြီးချုပ်, MLCTS: mranmounghaṅ wan kri khuup.) is the transitional head of government of Myanmar. The incumbent prime minister is Nyo Saw, appointed by the National Defence and Security Council on 31 July 2025. There is no provision for the post in the 2008 Constitution of Myanmar, which names the president as the sole executive.

State Counsellor of Myanmar
The State Counsellor of Myanmar (Burmese: နိုင်ငံတော်၏ အတိုင်ပင်ခံပုဂ္ဂိုလ်) was the de facto head of government of Myanmar, equivalent to a prime minister, from 2016 to 2021. The office was created in 2016 after Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy won the 2015 Myanmar general election so she could lead the government despite being constitutionally ineligible for the presidency. The officeholder could “contact ministries, departments, organizations, associations and individuals” in an official capacity, while being accountable to parliament. The office was abolished by Aung San Suu Kyi's political adversary, Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Min Aung Hlaing, after he seized power from her in a 2021 military coup d'état.
Rapture TV
Rapture TV was a previously free-to-air satellite television station (although later an exclusively online channel) operated from the United Kingdom, founded in 1997. Focusing mostly on electronic dance music and extreme sports, it is notable for the number of times it has failed financially only to be relaunched.

ITV Anglia
ITV Anglia, previously known as Anglia Television, is the ITV franchise holder for the East of England. The station is based at Anglia House in Norwich, with regional news bureaux in Cambridge and Northampton. ITV Anglia is owned and operated by ITV plc under the licence name of ITV Broadcasting Limited.

ITV Anglia broadcasts to Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, Bedfordshire, northern Hertfordshire, northern Buckinghamshire and the southeastern fringes of Lincolnshire and Leicestershire. Its principal programme nowadays is ITV News Anglia which is split into two regional editions, both airing at 18:00 on weekdays and various times at weekends.
Archdiocese of Oristano
The Archdiocese of Oristano (Latin: Archidioecesis Arborensis) is a Latin archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Sardinia, Italy. It was created in the eleventh century. Its only suffragan is the Diocese of Ales-Terralba.

Diocese of Ales-Terralba
The Diocese of Ales-Terralba (Latin: Dioecesis Uxellensis-Terralbensis) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church located in west-central Sardinia. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Oristano (Arborea). Ales lies at a distance of 31 km from Oristano in a direct line.
Frederic Beaven
Christianity portal

Frederic Hicks Beaven (11 April 1855 – 22 January 1941) was bishop of Mashonaland from 1911, through 1915 when his title was changed to bishop of Southern Rhodesia, until his retirement in 1925.

Anglican Diocese of Harare
The Anglican Diocese of Harare is a diocese of the Church of the Province of Central Africa. The Anglican Diocese of Mashonaland was formed in 1891 and its first bishop was George Knight-Bruce. He was succeeded by William Gaul (1895–1907), formerly Rector of St Cyprian's Church in Kimberley, Northern Cape. Small in stature, Gaul styled himself “the smallest bishop with the largest Diocese in Christendom.” In 1915 the diocese became the Diocese of Southern Rhodesia  until 1952 when it reverted to the Diocese of Mashonaland. The diocese was known as the Diocese of Harare and Mashonaland, until changing his name to Diocese of Harare. It has experienced great turbulence in recent times.

The bishop's seat is at the Cathedral of St Mary and All Saints, Harare.
Balbisia
Balbisia is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Francoaceae. It is also in the Vivianiaceae subfamily.

The genus is distributed across is Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru in southern South America.

Francoaceae
The Francoaceae are a small family of flowering plants in the order Geraniales, including the genera Francoa, commonly known as bridal wreaths. The Francoaceae are recognized as a family under various classification schemes. Under the 2009 APG III system the Francoaceae were included within the Melianthaceae. In the 2016 APG IV system the Francoaceae are again recognized as a family, with Melianthaceae included in the circumscription of Francoaceae.
Eddie Ballard (politician)
Joseph "Eddie" Ballard (December 16, 1929 – May 31, 2011) was an American politician from Kentucky who was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1987 to 2011. Ballard was first elected in 1986 after incumbent representative William Brinkley retired to for the Kentucky Senate. He did not seek reelection in 2010 and was succeeded by Republican Ben Waide.

Ballard died on May 31, 2011.

Ben Waide
F. L. "Ben" Waide (born May 17, 1963) is an American politician and a Republican member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from January 2011 to January 2015, representing District 10. In the 2014 redistricting of the house, the 10th district was redrawn such that Waide lived in the 9th district alongside incumbent Myron Dossett. He did not run for reelection, instead running unsuccessfully for Judge/Executive of Hopkins County.
Aron of Bulgaria
Aron (Bulgarian: Арон; died in 987/988 or 976) was a Bulgarian noble, brother of Emperor Samuel of Bulgaria and third son of komes Nicholas. After the fall of the eastern parts of the country under Byzantine occupation in 971, he and his three brothers David, Moses and Samuel continued the resistance to the west. They were called Cometopuli and ruled the country together, as the rightful heirs to the throne, Boris II and Roman were imprisoned in Constantinople. The residence of Aron was Serdica (modern-day Sofia), situated on the main road between Constantinople and Western Europe. He had to defend the area from enemy invasions and attack the Byzantine territories in Thrace.

Cometopuli dynasty
The Kometopuli dynasty (Bulgarian: Династия на комитопулите, Dinastiya na komitopulite; Byzantine Greek: Δυναστεία Κομητoπούλων, Dynasteía Kometopoulon) was the last royal dynasty in the First Bulgarian Empire, ruling from c. 976 until the fall of Bulgaria under Byzantine rule in 1018. The most notable member of the dynasty, Tsar Samuel, is famous for successfully resisting Byzantine conquest for more than 40 years. Sometimes the realm of the Cometopuli is called Western Bulgarian Kingdom or Western Bulgarian Empire.
Acta Archaeologica Sinica
Acta Archaeologica Sinica, also known by its Chinese title Kaogu Xuebao (Chinese: 考古学报; lit. 'Journal of Archaeology'), is a quarterly academic journal published by the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.

First published in 1936 as Field Archaeology Report (田野考古报告), the journal focuses on the publication of excavation reports and related archaeological research papers. Its Chinese title was changed to Zhongguo Kaogu Xuebao (Chinese: 中国考古学报; lit. 'Journal of Chinese Archaeology') in 1947, and changed again to the current name in 1953.

According to SCImago Journal Rank (SJR), the journal h-index is 13, ranking it to Q2 in Archeology (arts and humanities) and in Archeology.

Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
The Institute of Archaeology (IA; Chinese: 中国社会科学院考古研究所) is a constituent institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), based in Beijing, China. It was founded on 1 August 1950, as part of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Its original 20 or so researchers came from the Beiping Research Academy and the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica of the Republic of China. In 1977, the institute became part of the newly established CASS.
Northern Philippine languages
The Northern Philippine languages are a proposed group of the Philippine languages. They are a larger language group spoken in north central Luzon, and the small islands between Luzon and Formosa, including  Ilokano, Pangasinan, Ibanag, Kapampangan, and the Yami language of Taiwan.

The Northern Philippine languages are a long-established group which has often been taken to be more a geographic convenience than linguistic reality. However, a 2008 analysis of the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database fully supported the unity of the languages as a family. It also provided a low level of support (at 60% confidence) that the Batanic branch is closest to Northern Luzon. The Northern Mindoro branch was not included in the analysis.

Philippine languages
The Philippine languages or Philippinic are a proposed group by R. David Paul Zorc (1986) and Robert Blust (1991; 2005; 2019) that include all the languages of the Philippines and northern Sulawesi, Indonesia—except Sama–Bajaw (languages of the "Sea Gypsies") and the Molbog language (disputed)—and form a subfamily of Austronesian languages. Although the Philippines is near the center of Austronesian expansion from Taiwan, there is relatively little linguistic diversity among the approximately 150 Philippine languages, suggesting that earlier diversity has been erased by the spread of the ancestor of the modern Philippine languages.
Sierras de Córdoba
The Sierras de Córdoba is a mountain range in central Argentina, located between the Pampas to the east and south and the Chaco to the north and east. Most of the range is located in Córdoba Province, except for the southwestern margin which is in San Luis Province.

The Sierras de Córdoba are part of the Sierras Pampeanas, a group of mountain ranges which extend north and south on the eastern side of the Andes. The Sierras de Córdoba are covered in dry forests, grasslands, woodlands, and shrublands, and are home to rare and endemic species of plants and animals.

Parts of the Sierras have long been used for extensive cattle grazing, which has transformed the mountains' ecology. Other economic activities include tourism and winegrowing.

Sierras Pampeanas
The Sierras Pampeanas (also called Central Sierras or Pampas Sierras) (English: Pampas Mountains) is a geographical region of Argentina.

The Sierras Pampeanas are a chain of mountains that rise sharply from the surrounding pampa region of Northwest Argentina.  They run parallel to the Andes Mountains and their crest line is some 540 km (340 mi) east of the Andes crest line (running from 29° to 35° S latitude at about 65° W longitude).  They cross into seven Argentina provinces: San Luis, San Juan, Córdoba, La Rioja, Catamarca, Santiago del Estero and Tucumán.
Virunum
Claudium Virunum was a Roman city in the province of Noricum, on today's Zollfeld in the Austrian State of Carinthia. Virunum may also have been the name of the older Celtic-Roman settlement on the hilltop of Magdalensberg nearby.
Virunum (Virunensis) is today a Catholic titular see.

Zollfeld
Zollfeld (Slovene: Gosposvetsko polje) is a slightly ascending plain in Carinthia, Austria with interspersed small woods, hills, and swamps. It is one of the oldest cultural landscapes in the East Alpine region.
Slatina Peak
Slatina Peak (Bulgarian: връх Слатина, romanized: vrah Slatina, IPA: [ˈvrɤx ˈsɫatinɐ]) is a peak rising to 1691 m in Imeon Range on Smith Island, South Shetland Islands.  Situated 2 km northeast of Antim Peak, to which it is linked by Varshets Saddle, 4.09 km east by south of Villagra Point, and 1.9 km south of Drinov Peak.  Overlooking the upper part of Chuprene Glacier to the northwest, and Krivodol Glacier to the southwest and south.  Bulgarian early mapping in 2009.  Named after the Bulgarian settlements of Slatina in Montana, Lovech, Plovdiv, Silistra and Sofia regions (the last one now part of the city of Sofia).

62°58′08″S 62°29′30″W﻿ / ﻿62.96889°S 62.49167°W﻿ / -62.96889; -62.49167

Chuprene Glacier
Chuprene Glacier (Bulgarian: ледник Чупрене, romanized: lednik Chuprene, IPA: [ˈlɛdnik t͡ʃoˈprɛnɛ]) is a 2.1 nautical miles (3.9 km; 2.4 mi) long glacier draining the northwest slopes of Imeon Range on Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.  It is situated northeast of Bistra Glacier, southwest of Yablanitsa Glacier and northwest of Krivodol Glacier, Pashuk Glacier and Rupite Glacier, and flows southwest of Drinov Peak and Popovo Saddle, and west of Slatina Peak and Varshets Saddle southwestward along the northwest slopes of Antim Peak and Evlogi Peak into Drake Passage south of Villagra Point and north of Garmen Point.  Bulgarian early mapping in 2009.  The glacier is named after the settlement of Chuprene in northwestern Bulgaria.
Clarion Alley
Clarion Alley is a small street between Mission and Valencia Streets and 17th and 18th Streets in the Mission District in San Francisco, California. It is notable for the murals painted by the Clarion Alley Mural Project.

Mission District, San Francisco
The Mission District (Spanish: Distrito de la Misión), commonly known as the Mission (Spanish: La Misión), is a neighborhood in San Francisco, California. One of the oldest neighborhoods in San Francisco, the Mission District's name is derived from Mission San Francisco de Asís, built in 1776 by the Spanish. The Mission is historically one of the most notable centers of the city's Chicano/Mexican-American community.
Asperoteuthis
Asperoteuthis is a genus of chiroteuthid squid comprising four species:

Asperoteuthis acanthoderma Lu, 1977

Asperoteuthis lui Salcedo-Vargas, 1999

Asperoteuthis mangoldae Young, Vecchione & Roper, 2007

Asperoteuthis nesisi Arkhipkin & Laptikhovsky, 2008

Asperoteuthis lui
Asperoteuthis lui is a chiroteuthid squid of the genus Asperoteuthis. This species was discovered from the stomach contents of a ling, a species of fish. The damaged specimen did not include a funnel or a mantle, but had multiple arms, one tentacle, and eyes. It was initially identified as a species of giant squid of the genus Architeuthis.
Goronyosaurus
Goronyosaurus is an extinct genus of marine lizard belonging to the mosasaur family. Fossils of Goronyosaurus are exclusively known from the Late Maastrichtian of the Iullemmeden Basin in West Africa, specifically the Dukamaje Formation of Niger and Nigeria and Farin Doutchi Formation of Niger. The type specimen was first described in 1930 as Mosasaurus nigeriensis, but subsequent remains revealed a highly unique set of adaptations that prompted the species to be reclassified as the only species of the new genus Goronyosaurus in 1972. These unique adaptations have made Goronyosaurus notoriously difficult to classify within the Mosasauridae and it is often left out of phylogenetic analyses, although most authors agree that Goronyosaurus belonged to Mosasauridae.

Goronyosaurus possesses unique teeth, which are unlike the teeth of any other mosasaur. Instead of the cutting teeth common among mosasaurs, Goronyosaurus has straight teeth with rounded apices adapted for smashing food.

Selmasaurus
Selmasaurus is an extinct genus of marine lizard belonging to the mosasaur family. It is classified as part of the Plioplatecarpinae subfamily alongside genera like Angolasaurus and Platecarpus. Two species are known, S. russelli and S. johnsoni; both are exclusively known from Santonian deposits in the United States.

Selmasaurus is unique among the mosasaurs in that its skull is unusually akinetic, meaning that it is incapable of widening to swallow larger prey. Most mosasaurs have skulls which possess "coupled kinesis" (mesokinesis and streptostyly), that is, parts of the jaw can open widely to accommodate large prey.
Dunstable Town F.C.
Dunstable Town Football Club is a football club based in Dunstable, Bedfordshire, England. Affiliated with the  Bedfordshire County Football Association, they are currently members of the Spartan South Midlands League Premier Division and play at Creasey Park.

Dunstable
Dunstable (/ˈdʌnstəbəl/ DUN-stə-bəl) is a market town and civil parish in Bedfordshire, England, east of the Chiltern Hills, 30 miles (50 kilometres) north of London. There are several steep chalk escarpments, most noticeable when approaching Dunstable from the north. Dunstable is the fourth largest town in Bedfordshire and along with Houghton Regis forms the westernmost part of the Luton/Dunstable urban area.