hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jubilee River
The Jubilee River is an artificial flood-relief channel in southern England. It is 11.6 km (7.2 mi) long and is on average 45 metres (148 feet) wide. It was constructed in the late 1990s and early 2000s to take overflow from the River Thames and so alleviate flooding to areas in and around the towns of Maidenhead, Windsor, and Eton in the counties of Berkshire and Buckinghamshire. It achieves this by taking water from the left (at this point eastern) bank of the Thames upstream of Boulter's Lock near Maidenhead and returning it via the north bank downstream of Eton. Although successful in its stated aims, residents of villages downstream, such as Wraysbury, claim it has increased flooding in those locations.

Maidenhead
Maidenhead is a market town in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in the county of Berkshire, England. It lies on the southwestern bank of the River Thames, which at this point forms the border with Buckinghamshire. In the 2021 Census, the Maidenhead built-up area had a population of 67,375. The town is 27 miles (43 km) west of Charing Cross, London and 13 miles (21 km) east-northeast of Reading.
Saignelégier–La Chaux-de-Fonds Railway
The Saignelégier–La Chaux-de-Fonds Railway (French: Chemin de fer Saignelégier–La Chaux-de-Fonds; SC) was a railway company that operated a metre-gauge railway from Saignelégier to La Chaux-de-Fonds in western Switzerland. In 1944, the railway was merged to form the Chemins de fer du Jura (CJ), which electrified it at 1500 Volt DC in 1953. Its line is now part of the La Chaux-de-Fonds–Glovelier line.

Tavannes–Noirmont railway line
The Tavannes–Noirmont railway line is a metre-gauge railway line in western Switzerland. The Tramelan-Tavannes Railway (French: Chemin de fer de Tramelan à Tavannes) opened the first section in 1884; the Tramelan – Breuleux – Noirmont Railway (French: Compagnie du chemin de fer Tramelan – Breuleux – Noirmont) completed the line between Tramelan and Le Noirmont in 1913. The line was electrified in 1913 and has belonged to the Chemins de fer du Jura (CJ) since 1944.
Ambergate–Pye Bridge line
The Ambergate–Pye Bridge line is a partially opened and closed railway line in Derbyshire, England.  It was a short east–west line linking the Midland Main Line with the Erewash Valley line. The line was opened by the Midland Railway to freight on 1 February 1875, and to passenger trains on 1 May 1875.  The Midland was grouped into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) in 1923.

Ambergate railway station
Ambergate railway station serves the village of Ambergate in Derbyshire, England. It is located on the Derwent Valley Line, which connects Derby and Matlock; it diverges from the Midland Main Line just south of the station at Ambergate Junction. The station owned by Network Rail and managed by East Midlands Railway.
Numonyx
Numonyx was a semiconductor company making flash memories, which was founded on March 31, 2008, by Intel Corporation, STMicroelectronics and Francisco Partners. It was acquired by Micron Technology on February 9, 2010, for US$1.27 billion.

Numonyx was created from the key assets of businesses that in 2006, generated approximately $3.6 billion in combined annual revenue. The company supplies non-volatile memory for a variety of consumer and industrial devices including cellular phones, MP3 players, digital cameras, computers and other high-tech equipment.

Micron Technology
Micron Technology, Inc. is an American multinational semiconductor company that manufactures computer memory and computer data storage products, including dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), flash memory, and solid-state drives (SSDs). Founded in 1978 in Boise, Idaho, Micron is the only major American computer memory manufacturer. It is one of the “Big Three” computer memory manufacturers, together with the South Korean companies Samsung Electronics and SK Hynix.

One of the Fortune 500 companies, Micron's consumer products were marketed under the brand Crucial, with the sub-brand Ballistix being used to denote products targeting gaming computers. Micron and Intel together created IM Flash Technologies, which produced NAND flash memory. It owned Lexar between 2006 and 2017.
Selenium dioxide
Selenium dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula SeO2. This colorless solid is one of the most frequently encountered compounds of selenium.  It is used in making specialized glasses as well as a reagent in organic chemistry.

Selenous acid
Selenous acid (or selenious acid) is the chemical compound with the formula H2SeO3. Structurally, it is more accurately described by O=Se(OH)2. It is the principal oxoacid of selenium; the other being selenic acid.
McMaster Museum of Art
The McMaster Museum of Art (MMA) is a non-profit public art gallery at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. The museum is located in the centre of the campus, attached to Mills Memorial Library and close to the McMaster University Student Centre.

McMaster University Library
McMaster University Library is the academic library system for the faculties of Humanities, Social Sciences, Engineering, Science, as well as the Michael DeGroote School of Business at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. McMaster also has a Health Sciences Library administered by the Faculty of Health Sciences.
Formula 5000
Formula 5000 (or F5000) was an open wheel, single seater auto-racing formula that ran in different series in various regions around the world from 1968 to 1982. It was originally intended as a low-cost series aimed at open-wheel racing cars that no longer fit into any particular formula. The '5000' denomination comes from the maximum 5.0 litre engine capacity allowed in the cars, although many cars ran with smaller engines. Manufacturers included McLaren, Eagle, March, Lola, Lotus, Elfin, Matich and Chevron.

In its declining years in North America Formula 5000 was re-booted as the Can-Am series with cars being modified into closed wheel, but still single-seat sports car category.

Graham McRae
Graham Peter McRae (5 March 1940 – 4 August 2021) was a racing driver from New Zealand.

McRae achieved considerable success in Formula 5000 racing, winning the Tasman Series each year from 1971 to 1973, and also at the 1972 L&M Continental 5000 Championship in the United States.

McRae's single outing in the Formula One World Championship was at the 1973 British Grand Prix on 14 July 1973, where he retired in the first lap. McRae also competed in the 1973 Indianapolis 500, finishing in 16th position and earning Rookie of the Year.
Tetyana Kurkudym
Tetyana Kurkudym (born May 20, 1980) is a former competitive ice dancer. She and partner Yuriy Kocherzhenko began competing together internationally in 1995. In the 1998–99 season, they medaled at their ISU Junior Grand Prix assignments, taking gold in France and bronze in Germany, and placed fifth at the 1999 World Junior Championships, held in Zagreb in November 1998. In the second half of the season, they competed on the senior level at the 1999 World Championships in Helsinki. They were coached by Maria Tumanovskaya and  Alexander Tumanovsky.

Yuriy Kocherzhenko
Yuriy Kocherzhenko (born September 9, 1979) is a former competitive ice dancer. Along with Alla Beknazarova, he is the 2001 Karl Schäfer Memorial bronze medalist and 2001 Ukrainian national champion. Their best ISU Championship result, fourth, came at the 2001 World Junior Championships.
Delaware and Hudson Canal Museum
The Delaware and Hudson Canal Museum is a museum in High Falls, New York, United States, specializing in the history and culture of the Delaware and Hudson Canal. It is located in the 1797 DePuy Tavern, D&H Canal Company Offices from 1850 to 1898. The building is a contributing property to the High Falls Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The DePuy Tavern is also the site of the new Mid-Hudson Visitor Center, promoting over 100 attractions within a 35-mile radius of High Falls, NY. The museum's website, www.canalmuseum.org, links to their YouTube channel, D&H TV, with over 85 videos on this important American history, and has a map of all the publicly accessible extant D&H sites.

The museum includes approximately 4000 artifacts including maps, photographs, documents, models, paintings, and prints. It also maintains and operates a walking trail, the Five Locks Walk, which provides access to locks 16–20 of the former canal.

Delaware and Hudson Canal
The Delaware and Hudson Canal was the first venture of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, which would later build the Delaware and Hudson Railway. Between 1828 and 1899, the canal's barges carried anthracite coal from the mines of northeastern Pennsylvania to the Hudson River and then to market in New York City.

Construction of the canal involved some major feats of civil engineering, and resulted in the development of some new technologies, particularly in rail transport. Its operation stimulated the city's growth and encouraged settlement in the sparsely populated region. Unlike many other canals of that era, the canal remained a profitable private operation for most of its existence.

The canal was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1968.

The canal was abandoned during the early 20th century, and much of it was subsequently drained and filled. Some fragments remain in New York and Pennsylvania.
Tiger-head shoes
Tiger-head shoes (Chinese: 虎头鞋) are an example of traditional Chinese folk handicraft used as footwear for children. Their name comes from the toe cap, which looks like the head of a tiger. In the North of China, people also call them cat-head shoes. In Chinese culture, tigers are regarded as auspicious; people embroider the head and the upper of the shoes with tiger or tiger-head patterns, in the hope that their children will become as robust and dynamic as tigers. Also, the vivid image of tiger-head pattern was thought to expel evil spirits to protect their children from diseases and disasters. It is a complicated work to make tiger-head shoes, there are many delicate stitch work such as embroidery, or weaving simply on the head of the shoes. The vamp (upper part of the shoe) is mainly coloured in red and yellow, and residents usually use thick lines to draw the outline of the mouth, eyebrow, nose and the eyes of the tiger to express its power in an exaggerated way.

Chinese folk art
Chinese folk art or Chinese handcrafts are artistic forms inherited from a regional or ethnic scene in China.  Usually there are some variation between provinces.  Individual folk arts have a long history, and many traditions are still practiced today.  The general definition of folk art incorporates Chinese art forms that are not classified as Chinese fine art.

Chinese folk art is the ancient forms of art that originated in China. Some of these ancient art forms include jade carvings, performance art such as music and their respective instruments, textile art such as basket weaving, paper art and clothing.
Treis-Karden
Treis-Karden (pronounced [ˈtʁaɪs ˈkaʁdn̩]) is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Cochem-Zell district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It was the seat of the former like-named Verbandsgemeinde until 1 July 2014. Since then, it is part of the Verbandsgemeinde Cochem. Treis-Karden is a state-recognized tourism resort (Fremdenverkehrsort).

Castor of Karden
Saint Castor of Karden (German: Kastor von Karden) was a priest and hermit of the 4th century who is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church.  Castor was a pupil of Maximinus of Trier around 345 AD, and was ordained as a priest by Maximinus.  Like his teacher, Castor may have come from the region of Aquitaine.  At his ordination, Castor settled at Karden on the Moselle as a hermit with various companions, where they dedicated themselves to an ascetic life and established a small religious community.

Castor's companions there included the Aquitanian pilgrim Saint Potentinus, and Potentinus’ two sons Felicius and Simplicius.

Castor died at Karden at an advanced age.
Buddy MacKay
Kenneth Hood "Buddy" MacKay Jr. (March 22, 1933 – December 31, 2024) was an American politician and diplomat who served as the 42nd governor of Florida from December 12, 1998, to January 5, 1999, upon the death of Lawton Chiles. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 14th lieutenant governor of Florida from 1991 to 1998. During his career, he also served as a state legislator and as a United States representative and special envoy. MacKay was the most recent Democratic Governor of Florida, and until his death in 2024, the last living one.

Lieutenant Governor of Florida
The lieutenant governor of Florida is a statewide constitutional office in the executive branch of the U.S. state of Florida. It is the second highest-ranking official in the state government. The lieutenant governor is elected on a ticket with the governor for a four-year term.

Official duties dictated to the lieutenant governor under the present Florida Constitution are to serve as the acting governor in the absence of the governor from the state or the disability of the governor, or to become governor in the event of the governor's death, resignation or removal from office via impeachment.

Three lieutenant governors went on to serve as Governor of Florida: Marcellus Stearns, Wayne Mixson, and Buddy MacKay.

The office has been held by Jay Collins since his appointment by Governor Ron DeSantis on August 12, 2025, following predecessor Jeanette Nuñez's resignation to become interim president of Florida International University.
Patagopteryx
Patagopteryx is an extinct monotypic genus of euornithean dinosaurs that lived during the Late Cretaceous, around 80 mya, in what is now the Sierra Barrosa in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. About the size of a chicken, it is the earliest known unequivocal example of secondary flightlessness: its skeleton shows clear indications that the ancestors of Patagopteryx were flying animals, though other studies find earlier diverging theropods to be secondarily flightless.

Located in strata of the Santonian Bajo de la Carpa Formation, the original remains were discovered by Oscar de Ferrariis, Director of the Natural History Museum of the Comahue National University in Neuquén around 1984–5. He passed them onto noted paleontologist José Bonaparte, who described the species Patagopteryx deferrariisi in 1992.

Euornithes
Euornithes (from the Greek word ευόρνιθες euórnithes meaning "true birds") is a natural group which includes the most recent common ancestor of all avialans closer to modern birds than to the enantiornithines. This group was defined in the PhyloCode by Juan Benito and colleagues in 2022 as "the largest clade containing Vultur gryphus, but not Enantiornis leali and Cathayornis yandica".
Koiak 14
Koiak 13 – Coptic calendar – Koiak 15

The fourteenth day of the Coptic month of Koiak, the fourth month of the Coptic year. On a common year, this day corresponds to December 10, of the Julian calendar, and December 23 of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Peret, the season of emergence. This day falls in the Nativity Fast.

Koiak 15
Koiak 14 – Coptic calendar – Koiak 16

The fifteenth day of the Coptic month of Koiak, the fourth month of the Coptic year. On a common year, this day corresponds to December 11, of the Julian calendar, and December 24 of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Peret, the season of emergence. This day falls in the Nativity Fast.
Complex polytope
In geometry, a complex polytope is a generalization of a polytope in real space to an analogous structure in a complex Hilbert space, where each real dimension is accompanied by an imaginary one.

A complex polytope may be understood as a collection of complex points, lines, planes, and so on, where every point is the junction of multiple lines, every line of multiple planes, and so on.

Precise definitions exist only for the regular complex polytopes, which are configurations. The regular complex polytopes have been completely characterized, and can be described using a symbolic notation developed by Coxeter.

Some complex polytopes which are not fully regular have also been described.

Hypercube
In geometry, a hypercube is an n-dimensional analogue of a square (n = 2) and a cube (n = 3); the special case for n = 4 is known as a tesseract. It is a closed, compact, convex figure whose 1-skeleton consists of groups of opposite parallel line segments aligned in each of the space's dimensions, perpendicular to each other and of the same length. A unit hypercube's longest diagonal in n dimensions is equal to .

An n-dimensional hypercube is more commonly referred to as an n-cube or sometimes as an n-dimensional cube. The term measure polytope (originally from Elte, 1912) is also used, notably in the work of H. S. M. Coxeter who also labels the hypercubes the γn polytopes.

The hypercube is the special case of a hyperrectangle (also called an n-orthotope).

A unit hypercube is a hypercube whose side has length one unit. Often, the hypercube whose corners (or vertices) are the 2n points in Rn with each coordinate equal to 0 or 1 is called the unit hypercube.
Battle of White Plains
The Battle of White Plains took place during the New York and New Jersey campaign of the American Revolutionary War on October 28, 1776, near White Plains, New York. Following the retreat of George Washington's Continental Army northward from New York City, British General William Howe landed troops in Westchester County, intending to cut off Washington's escape route. Alerted to this move, Washington retreated farther, establishing a position in the village of White Plains but failing to establish firm control over local high ground.

Howe's troops drove Washington's troops from a mountain near the village; following this loss, Washington ordered the Americans to retreat farther north. Later British movements chased Washington across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania. Washington then crossed the Delaware and surprised a brigade of Hessian troops in the December 26 Battle of Trenton.

USS White Plains (CVE-66)
USS White Plains (CVE-66) was a Casablanca-class escort carrier of the United States Navy.  She was named after the 1776 Battle of White Plains.

She was laid down on 11 February 1943 at Vancouver, Washington, by the Kaiser Shipbuilding Company, Inc., under a Maritime Commission contract (MC hull 1103) as Elbour Bay (ACV-66); renamed White Plains on 3 April 1943; redesignated CVE-66 on 15 July 1943; launched on 27 September 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Marc A. Mitscher; delivered to the Navy on 15 November 1943 at Astoria, Oregon; and commissioned that same day, Captain Oscar A. Weller in command.
Yvonne Barrett
Yvonne Frances Barrett (1946 – 2 September 1985) was an Australian pop singer. She reached the top 60 Kent Music Report singles chart with her cover versions of "You're the One"/"Little People", in October 1965. She released other singles in that, and the following, decade. Barrett also appeared on TV shows in the 1960s and 1970s. She became a session singer and performed on the club circuit. Barrett married Hoang Van Truong, a Vietnam War veteran, in December 1983; the couple separated in the following year. Truong was found guilty of Barrett's 1985 murder and was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole, in August 1986.

Braybrook, Victoria
Braybrook is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 9 km (5.6 mi) west of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Maribyrnong local government area. Braybrook recorded a population of 9,682 at the 2021 census.

Braybrook is bounded in the west by Duke Street, in the north by the Maribyrnong River, in the east by Ashley Street, and in the south by the Sunbury railway line and Sunshine Road.
McPherson Square station
McPherson Square station is a Washington Metro station in Downtown, Washington, D.C., United States. The side-platformed station is operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA). Providing service for the Blue, Orange, and Silver Lines, the station is located between McPherson Square and Franklin Square, with two entrances on I Street at Vermont Avenue and 14th Street NW. This is the main station to access the White House, and the Vermont Avenue exit is directly underneath the Department of Veterans Affairs building.

McPherson Square
McPherson Square is a public square in downtown Washington, D.C. It is bound by K Street Northwest to the north, Vermont Avenue NW on the East, I Street NW on the south, and 15th Street NW on the West; it is one block northeast of Lafayette Park. It is the sister square of Farragut Square two blocks west. It is served by the McPherson Square station of the Washington Metro.
Shimo-Shinden Station
Shimo-Shinden Station (下新田駅, Shimo-Shinden-eki) is a passenger railway station in the city of Kiryū, Gunma, Japan, operated by the  third sector railway company Watarase Keikoku Railway. The Ryōmō Line of JR passes through without stopping.

Kiryū, Gunma
Kiryū (桐生市, Kiryū-shi) is a city located in Gunma Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 July 2020, the city had an estimated population of 108,991 in 49,745 households, and a population density of 400 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 274.45 square kilometres (105.97 sq mi).
Ducati Desmosedici
The Ducati Desmosedici is a four-stroke V4 engine racing motorcycle made by Ducati for MotoGP racing. The series nomenclature is GP with the two-digit year appended, such as Desmosedici GP10 for 2010. In 2006 Ducati made a short production run of 1,500 street-legal variants, the Desmosedici RR.

Desmodromic valve
In general mechanical terms, the word desmodromic is used to refer to mechanisms that have different controls for their actuation in different directions.

A desmodromic valve is a reciprocating engine poppet valve that is positively closed by a cam and leverage system, rather than by a more conventional spring.

The valves in a typical four-stroke engine allow the air/fuel mixture into the cylinder at the beginning of the cycle and exhaust spent gases at the end of the cycle. In a conventional four-stroke engine, valves are opened by a cam and closed by return spring. A desmodromic valve has two cams and two actuators, for positive opening and closing without a return spring.
Pervanadyl
Pervanadyl is jargon that has two meanings.

Pervanadyl can refer to aquo complexes containing (VO+2).  This pale yellow oxycation of vanadium(V) is the predominant vanadium(V) species in acidic solutions with pH between 0 and 2.  Like permanganate, pervanadate features the metal in its highest oxidation state.

Pervanadyl also can refer to peroxo derivatives of vanadium(V) which are often abbreviated VO(O2)+.  Several vanadium(V) peroxides have been characterized.

The former are formed by protonation of vanadium(V) oxide in such solutions:

V2O5 + 2 H+  →  2 VO+2 + H2O (K = 3.42×10−2)

The ion can form a complex with a single aminopolycarboxylate ligand, or with tridentate Schiff base ligands.

The VO+2/VO2+ redox couple is used at the cathode of the vanadium redox battery. The standard reduction potential of this couple is +1.00 V.

Vanadium(V) oxide
Vanadium(V) oxide (vanadia) is the inorganic compound with the formula V2O5.  Commonly known as vanadium pentoxide, it is a dark yellow solid, although when freshly precipitated from aqueous solution, its colour is deep orange.  Because of its high oxidation state, it is both an amphoteric oxide and an oxidizing agent. From the industrial perspective, it is the most important compound of vanadium, being the principal precursor to alloys of vanadium and is a widely used industrial catalyst.

The mineral form of this compound, shcherbinaite, is extremely rare, almost always found among fumaroles. A mineral trihydrate, V2O5·3H2O, is also known under the name of navajoite.