hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Holbeach Bank
Holbeach Bank is a fenland village in the South Holland district of Lincolnshire, England. It is just under 2 miles (3 km) north from the market town of Holbeach, and 1 mile (2 km) to the east of the A17 road. The village is almost conjoined at the west to the village of Holbeach Clough. Holbeach Bank is part of the Holbeach civil parish and is at the south-east edge of Holbeach Marsh.

Holbeach
Holbeach is a market town and civil parish in the South Holland District in Lincolnshire, England. The town lies 8 miles (13 km) from Spalding; 17 miles (27 km) from Boston; 20 miles (32 km) from King's Lynn; 23 miles (37 km) from Peterborough; and 43 miles (69 km) by road from Lincoln. It is on the junction of the A151 and A17.

The Prime Meridian of the world passes through the west of Holbeach and is marked with a millstone at Wignals Gate.
Sizwe Sithole
Clayton Sizwe Sithole (1969 - 29 January 1990) was a South African anti-apartheid political activist and member of the  Mandela United Football Club (MUFC), a controversial militant vigilante unit closely associated with Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and  Jerry Richardson in the late 1980s in Soweto. Sithole was implicated in the killing of a fellow MUFC member and mysteriously died in police custody following a judicial inquiry into his actions.

Police said they found him hanging by a belt and shoelaces fastened to a shower water pipe.

Jerry Richardson (South Africa)
Jerry Vusimuzi Richardson (May 1949 - April 2009) was an anti-apartheid South African activist and murderer convicted of killing Stompie Seipei. He was the "coach" of the Mandela United Football Club, a soccer team allegedly founded by Winnie Madikizela-Mandela in 1986 and whose members protected her house and engaged in vigilantism, and murdered suspected police informants in the anti-apartheid cycles of the African National Congress (ANC) and its military wing uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK) in Soweto.
Predrag Raković
Predrag Raković (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: Предраг Раковић; 10 June 1912 – 15 December 1944) was a Yugoslav military officer who joined the Chetnik forces of Draža Mihailović after the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 during World War II. He became commander of the Chetnik 2nd Ravna Gora Corps and collaborated with the German-installed puppet government in the German-occupied territory of Serbia and later directly with the Germans against the rival communist-led Yugoslav Partisans. His forces briefly cooperated with Soviet forces against the Germans in October 1944, but faced with Soviet demands that they lay down their weapons or join the Partisans, they withdrew from occupied Serbia.

Kosta Mušicki
Konstantin Mušicki (Serbian Cyrillic: Константин Коста Мушицки; 7 April 1897 – 17 July 1946) was a Yugoslav brigadier general who commanded the collaborationist Serbian Volunteer Corps during World War II. He was captured by the British Army at the end of the war, but was subsequently handed over to the Yugoslav authorities, who tried and executed him for war crimes.
Mawalan Marika
Mawalan Marika (c.1908 – 26 November 1967), often referred to as Mawalan 1 Marika to distinguish from Mawalan 2 Marika, was an Aboriginal Australian artist and the leader of the Rirratjingu clan of the Yolngu people of north-east Arnhem Land, in the Northern Territory of Australia. He is known for his bark paintings, carvings and political activism. Mawalan Marika, as one of the early leaders of the Yirrkala bark painting movement, played a critical role in using art both as a means of cultural expression and as a political tool to assert Yolŋu land rights.

Djang'kawu
The Djang'kawu,  also spelt Djanggawul  or Djan'kawu, are creation ancestors in the mythology of the Yolngu people of Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is one of the most important stories in Aboriginal Australian mythology, and concerns the moiety known as Dhuwa.
Dome car
A dome car is a type of railway passenger car that has a glass dome on the top of the car where passengers can ride and see in all directions around the train. It also can include features of a coach, lounge car, dining car, sleeping car or observation. Beginning in 1945, dome cars were primarily used in the United States and Canada, though a small number were constructed in Europe for Trans Europ Express service.

In North America, dome cars were manufactured by the Budd Company, Pullman Standard and American Car & Foundry. Southern Pacific Railroad built its own dome cars in its Sacramento, California, shops. In the 1990s Colorado Railcar began producing dome cars. Generally, seats in the dome were considered "non-revenue" like lounge car seats.

Observation car
An observation car/carriage/coach (in US English, often abbreviated to simply observation or obs) is a type of railroad passenger car, generally operated in a passenger train as the rearmost carriage (the same as a caboose), with windows or a platform on the rear of the car for passengers' viewing pleasure. The cars were nearly universally removed from service on American railroads beginning in the 1950s as a cost-cutting measure in order to eliminate the need to "turn" the trains when operating out of stub-end terminals.

The push-pull mode of operation removes this limitation. In Europe, various trains are now fitted with observation cars at either or both ends.
IBOPE
The Brazilian Institute of Public Opinion and Statistics (IBOPE based on the Portuguese language name, Instituto Brasileiro de Opinião Pública e Estatística) is a Brazilian originated market research company. IBOPE provides data on media consumption and advertising investment across all Latin America

Established in 1942, the name IBOPE is listed in the Brazilian dictionary as a synonym of audience ratings research.

Audience measurement
Audience measurement calculates how many people are in an audience, usually in relation to radio listenership and television viewership, but also in relation to newspaper and magazine readership and, increasingly, web traffic. The term is sometimes used with regard to practices that help broadcasters and advertisers determine who is listening, rather than how many people are listening. In some parts of the world, the resulting numbers are referred to as audience share; in other places, the broader term market share is used. This broader meaning is also known as audience research. Measurements are broken down by media market, which corresponds to large and small metropolitan areas.
Giotto Bizzarrini
Giotto Bizzarrini (6 June 1926 – 13 May 2023) was an Italian automobile engineer who was active from the 1950s through the 1970s.

After graduating from the University of Pisa in 1953, Bizzarrini eventually joined Alfa Romeo as a test driver. He gained a reputation for identifying and solving problems and was head hunted by Ferrari in 1957. Bizzarrini's responsibility increased until he became sports car development chief at Ferrari in the late 1950s, working on such notable projects as the Ferrari 250 GTO.  He split from the company as part of the 'Great Walkout' in 1961, worked first with ATS, and then in 1962 started his own company, Società Autostar, whose name was changed to Bizzarrini in 1964.  In addition to producing the exotic Bizzarrini 5300 GT, Bizzarrini also worked for other makers including Iso, Lamborghini, and Alfa Romeo.  Several concept cars in the 2000s bear his name.

Ferrari 250
The Ferrari 250 is a series of sports cars and grand tourers built by Ferrari from 1952 to 1964. The company's most successful early line, the 250 series includes many variants designed for road use or sports car racing. 250 series cars are characterised by their use of a 3.0 L (2,953 cc) Colombo V12 engine designed by Gioacchino Colombo. The 250 series designation refers to this engine's cylinder displacement of approximately 250 cc. They were replaced by the 275 and 330 series cars.
Effective renal plasma flow
Effective renal plasma flow (eRPF) is a measure used in renal physiology to calculate renal plasma flow (RPF) and hence estimate renal function.

Because the extraction ratio of PAH is high, it has become commonplace to estimate the RPF by dividing the amount of PAH in the urine by the plasma PAH level, ignoring the level in renal venous blood. The value obtained in this way is called the effective renal plasma flow (eRPF) to indicate that the level in renal venous plasma was not measured.: 664–665

The actual RPF can be calculated from eRPF as follows:

where extraction ratio is the ratio of compound entering the kidney that is excreted into the final urine.: 664–665

When using a compound with an extraction ratio near 1, such as para-aminohippurate (PAH), eRPF approximates RPF. Therefore, PAH clearance can be used to estimate RPF.

PAH clearance
Para-aminohippurate (PAH) clearance is a method used in renal physiology to measure renal plasma flow, which is a measure of renal function.

PAH is completely removed from blood that passes through the kidneys (PAH undergoes both glomerular filtration and tubular secretion), and therefore the rate at which the kidneys can clear PAH from the blood reflects total renal plasma flow.

The concentration of PAH is measured in one arterial blood sample (PPAH) and one urine sample(UPAH). The urine flow (V) is also measured. Renal perfusion flow is then calculated by:

What is calculated is the effective renal plasma flow (eRPF). However, since the renal extraction ratio of PAH almost equals 1, then eRPF almost equals RPF.
Muchkapsky District
Muchkapsky District  (Russian: Мучка́пский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-three in Tambov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the oblast. The district borders with Inzhanovsky District in the north, Romanovsky District of Saratov Oblast in the east, Gribanovsky District of Voronezh Oblast in the south, and with Uvarovsky District in the west. The area of the district is 1,181 square kilometers (456 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Muchkapsky. Population: 15,177 (2010 Census);  18,257 (2002 Census); 20,746 (1989 Soviet census). The population of the administrative center accounts for 46.6% of the district's total population.

Uvarovsky District
Uvarovsky District (Russian: Ува́ровский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-three in Tambov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the oblast. The district borders with Inzhavinsky District in the north, Muchkapsky District in the east, Gribanovsky District of Voronezh Oblast in the south, and with Zherdevsky District in the west. The area of the district is 1,141 square kilometers (441 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Uvarovo (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 11,221 (2010 Census);  12,737 (2002 Census); 13,974 (1989 Soviet census).
Structure tensor
In mathematics, the structure tensor, also referred to as the second-moment matrix, is a matrix derived from the gradient of a function. It describes the distribution of the gradient in a specified neighborhood around a point and makes the information invariant to the observing coordinates. The structure tensor is often used in image processing and computer vision.

Feature (computer vision)
In computer vision and image processing, a feature is a piece of information about the content of an image; typically about whether a certain region of the image has certain properties. Features may be specific structures in the image such as points, edges or objects. Features may also be the result of a general neighborhood operation or feature detection applied to the image. Other examples of features are related to motion in image sequences, or to shapes defined in terms of curves or boundaries between different image regions.

More broadly a feature is any piece of information that is relevant for solving the computational task related to a certain application. This is the same sense as feature in machine learning and pattern recognition generally, though image processing has a very sophisticated collection of features. The feature concept is very general and the choice of features in a particular computer vision system may be highly dependent on the specific problem at hand.
American Urological Association
The American Urological Association (AUA) is a professional association in the United States for urology professionals. It has its headquarters at the William P. Didusch Center for Urologic History in Maryland.

AUA works with many international organizations, representing urologists from across the world. These groups offer full or half day sessions, covering a variety of topics, during the annual meeting.

William P. Didusch Center for Urologic History
The William P. Didusch Center for Urologic History is a museum and the headquarters of the American Urological Association in Linthicum, Maryland. It is described as encompassing "a rich and varied collection of drawings, photographs, and instruments of historical importance to urology, many displayed in the urological exhibits during the American Urological Association (AUA) conventions."
John Wilson (historian)
John Wilson (8 June 1799 – 22 January 1870) was a proponent of the British Israelism movement,: 6-9  along with Edward Wheler Bird and Edward Hine.

Wilson was a self educated man.: 33  In 1840, he published Our Israelitish Origin, a book of his lectures, in which he claimed that the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel had made their way from the Near East, across the continent of Europe, to the British Isles.: 7  He believed the Northern European people to be descended from the Ten Lost Tribes, with the people of Britain being the Tribe of Ephraim.: 211  Wilson relied on philological "evidence" of English, Scottish, and Irish words that were similar to Hebrew words, even though he lacked formal training in language or seminary.: 33

It was in Wilson's house in St Pancras, London, that the Anglo-Israel Association was founded in 1874.

On the death of Wilson's daughter in 1904, his manuscripts passed into the possession of Rev. A. B. Grimaldi.

Edward Hine
Edward Hine (10 February 1825 – 15 October 1891) was an influential proponent of British Israelism in the 1870s and 1880s, drawing on the earlier work of Richard Brothers (1794) and John Wilson (1840). Hine went so far as to conclude, "It is an utter impossibility for England ever to be defeated. And this is another result arising entirely from the fact of our being Israel."
Grande Prairie Public School Division
Grande Prairie Public School Division, usually called the GPPSD, is a school division in Grande Prairie, Alberta, Canada since 1911. The GPPSD is responsible for delivering the Alberta provincial curriculum, as directed by the provincial ministry of education, Alberta Education, to over 9,000 students (preschool to grade 12) in eighteen schools. The division provides Programs of Choice for Preschool, full-time Kindergarten (KinderPAL), French immersion, Montessori, Christian education, sports-focused Academy, STEM, Music Gr. 5-8, International Baccalaureate, Apprenticeship and more.

Grande Prairie
Grande Prairie is a city in northwestern Alberta, Canada, within the southern portion of an area known as Peace River Country. It is located at the intersection of Highway 43 (part of the CANAMEX Corridor) and Highway 40 (the Bighorn Highway), approximately 456 kilometres (283 mi) northwest of the provincial capital, Edmonton. The city is surrounded by the County of Grande Prairie No. 1.

Grande Prairie was the seventh-largest city in Alberta in 2016, with a population of 63,166, and was one of Canada's fastest growing cities between 2001 and 2006, and Canada's northernmost city with more than 50,000 people.

The city has adopted the trumpeter swan as its official symbol due to its proximity to the bird's migration route and its summer nesting grounds. For that reason, Grande Prairie is sometimes nicknamed the Swan City. The dinosaur has also emerged as an unofficial symbol of the city due to paleontological discoveries in the areas north and west of Grande Prairie.
Girona
Girona, also known as Gerona, is the capital city of the Province of Girona in the autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain, at the confluence of the Ter, Onyar, Galligants, and Güell rivers. The city had an official population of 106,476 in 2024, but the population of the Girona–Salt urban area is estimated to be about 156,400 (2020). Girona is also capital of the comarca of the Gironès and the vegueria of Girona. Since much of the old quarter of this ancient city has been preserved, Girona is a popular tourist destination. The city is located 99 km (62 mi) northeast of Barcelona.

Girona Cathedral
The Cathedral of Saint Mary (Catalan: Catedral de Santa Maria) is a Roman Catholic cathedral located in Girona, Catalonia, Spain. It is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Girona.

The cathedral's interior includes the widest Gothic nave in the world, with a width of 23 metres (75 ft). Its construction was begun in the 11th century in the Romanesque architectural style, and continued in the 13th century in the Gothic style. Of the original Romanesque edifice, only the 12th-century cloister and a bell tower remain.
Surf life saving club
Surf life saving clubs (or SLSCs) are volunteer institutions at Australian and New Zealand beaches. The clubs conduct surf lifesaving services on weekends and public holidays, and in the 2014-2015 season they saved 12,690 people. They also host many beach sport activities, such as Nippers, surf carnivals and other competitions. The SLSCs are responsible for the education of lifesavers including operation of inflatable rescue boats (IRBs) and maintaining radio communication with other beaches and air rescue resources.

Surf lifesaving
Surf lifesaving is a multifaceted social movement that comprises key aspects of voluntary lifeguard services and competitive surf sport. Originating in early 20th century Australia, the movement has expanded globally to other countries, including New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. Surf lifesavers in Australia are colloquially known as "Clubbies".
Nelidovsky District
Nelidovsky District  (Russian: Нели́довский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Tver Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast and borders with Andreapolsky District in the north, Selizharovsky District in the northeast, Oleninsky District in the east, Belsky District in the south, Zharkovsky District in the southwest, and with Zapadnodvinsky District in the west. The area of the district is 2,632 square kilometers (1,016 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Nelidovo. Population: 30,731 (2010 Census);  9,144 (2002 Census); 11,829 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Nelidovo accounts for 74.5% of the district's total population.

Zapadnodvinsky District
Zapadnodvinsky District  (Russian: Западнодви́нский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Tver Oblast, Russia. It is located in the west of the oblast and borders with Toropetsky District in the north, Andreapolsky District in the northeast, Nelidovsky District in the east, Zharkovsky District in the southeast, Velizhsky District of Smolensk Oblast in the south, and with Kunyinsky District of Pskov Oblast in the west. The area of the district is 2,816 square kilometers (1,087 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Zapadnaya Dvina. Population: 16,018 (2010 Census);  19,707 (2002 Census); 24,585 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Zapadnaya Dvina accounts for 58.6% of the district's total population.
Astra 1A
Astra 1A was the first satellite launched and operated by SES (Société Européenne des Satellites), launched in December 1988. During its early days, it was often referred to as the Astra Satellite, as SES only operated one satellite originally. The satellite provided 16 transponders(+6 as rescue) and television coverage to Western Europe from 1989 to 2004. Astra 1A was retired and became derelict in December 2004.

RTL 4
RTL 4 (Radio Télévision Luxembourg 4) is a Dutch free TV channel; it is the most-watched commercial station in the country, popular especially with those aged between 20 and 49. RTL 4 is a general entertainment channel with infotainment, television drama, talk shows, game shows, news and talent shows. It is owned by RTL Nederland, a subsidiary of DPG Media. The station has three sister TV channels: RTL 5, RTL 7 and RTL 8, and four thematic TV channels: RTL Z, RTL Lounge, RTL Crime and RTL Telekids.

Officially RTL 4 - along with RTL 5, RTL 7 and RTL 8 - is headquartered in Hilversum, broadcasting under a Luxembourg TV license. This allows them to avoid more strict control by the Dutch media authorities as Luxembourg's television watchdog is less strict. Despite being intended for Dutch audiences, RTL 4 is encrypted on the Dutch DVB-T Digitenne platform but free-to-air in Luxembourg.
Lindbergh, Atlanta
Lindbergh, officially Lindbergh/Morosgo, is a neighborhood in the Buckhead district of Atlanta, Georgia. Most of the neighborhood consists of multi-use development combining retail, office and residential space.

Buckhead
Buckhead is the uptown commercial and residential district of the city of Atlanta, Georgia, comprising approximately the northernmost fifth of the city. Buckhead is the third-largest business district within the Atlanta city limits, behind Downtown and Midtown, and a major commercial and financial center of the Southern U.S.

Buckhead is anchored by a core of high-rise office buildings, hotels, shopping centers, restaurants and condominiums centered around the intersection of Peachtree Road and Piedmont Road near Georgia State Route 400, the Buckhead MARTA station, and Lenox Square.
Etten, Netherlands
Etten is a village in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is located in the municipality of Oude IJsselstreek, 7 km southeast of Doetinchem.

Etten was a separate municipality until 1818, when it was merged with Gendringen.

Oude IJsselstreek
Oude IJsselstreek (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌʌudə ˈʔɛisəlstreːk] ⓘ) is a municipality in the province of Gelderland, in the eastern Netherlands. It was established on 1 January 2005 by a merger of the former municipalities of Gendringen and Wisch.
Montmorency—Charlevoix
Montmorency—Charlevoix (formerly Beauport—Côte-de-Beaupré—Île d'Orléans—Charlevoix) is a federal electoral district (riding) in Quebec, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons since 2004. An earlier Charlevoix—Montmorency riding was represented in the House of Commons from 1917 to 1925.

Since 2025, its member of Parliament (MP) has been Gabriel Hardy of the Conservative Party.

Montmorency (federal electoral district)
Montmorency (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃mɔʁɑ̃si] ⓘ; also known as Montmorency—Orléans, Beauport—Montmorency—Orléans, and Beauport—Montmorency—Côte-de-Beaupré—Île-d'Orléans) was a federal electoral district in the province of Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1917, and from 1968 to 2004.
Villanyian
Villanyian age is a period of geologic time (3.4–1.8 Ma) within the Pliocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages. It precedes the Ruscinian age and overlaps the early Piacenzian and Zanclean ages.

Ruscinian
The Ruscian age is a period of geologic time (5.3–3.4 Ma) within the Pliocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages. It precedes the Villanyian age and follows the Turolian age. The Ruscian overlaps the early Piacenzian and Zanclean ages.