hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ion beam mixing
Ion beam mixing is the atomic intermixing and alloying that can occur at the interface separating two different materials during ion irradiation. It is applied as a process for adhering two multilayers, especially a substrate and deposited surface layer.  The process involves bombarding layered samples with doses of ion radiation in order to promote mixing at the interface, and generally serves as a means of preparing electrical junctions, especially between non-equilibrium or metastable alloys and intermetallic compounds. Ion implantation equipment can be used to achieve ion beam mixing.

Ion implantation
Ion implantation is a low-temperature process by which ions of one element are accelerated into a solid target, thereby changing the target's physical, chemical, or electrical properties. Ion implantation is used in semiconductor device fabrication and in metal finishing, as well as in materials science research. The ions can alter the elemental composition of the target (if the ions differ in composition from the target) if they stop and remain in the target.  Ion implantation also causes chemical and physical changes when the ions impinge on the target at high energy. The crystal structure of the target can be damaged or even destroyed by the energetic collision cascades, and ions of sufficiently high energy (tens of MeV) can cause nuclear transmutation.
1988 United States Senate election in Texas
The 1988 United States Senate election in Texas was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Lloyd Bentsen won re-election to a fourth term, defeating Republican U.S. Representative Beau Boulter. Bentsen easily won the Democratic nomination for another term, while Boulter came through a run-off in the Republican primary defeating Wes Gilbreath. After winning renomination, Bentsen was chosen by Democratic presidential nominee Michael Dukakis as his vice-presidential running mate and therefore ran for both the Senate and the vice-presidency at the same time. Although the Dukakis/Bentsen presidential ticket lost both the general election and the election in Texas by 12.6 points, Bentsen was always the favorite for the Senate election and defeated Boulter by 19 points.

As of 2026, this was the last time a Democrat won a U.S. Senate election in Texas.

1988 United States presidential election in Texas
The 1988 United States presidential election in Texas took place on November 8, 1988. All fifty states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1988 United States presidential election. Texas voters chose 29 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.

Incumbent Vice President George H. W. Bush won his home state against Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as Vice President, and Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen.

Texas voted for Bush by a solid 12.6% margin. Texas had been considered a competitive, albeit Republican-leaning, state in the run-up to the election.
Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment)
The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment) (RHLI) is a Primary Reserve infantry regiment of the Canadian Army, based at John Weir Foote VC Armoury in Hamilton, Ontario. The RHLI is part of 31 Canadian Brigade Group, which is part of 4th Canadian Division.

2nd Regiment of York Militia
The 2nd Regiment of York Militia was a Canadian Militia regiment active during the War of 1812. They were part of the York Militia, which at that time was three Regiments strong.  The 2nd Regiment was recruited around the present-day Halton and Peel Regions.

The Militia were recruited from men living in the townships of Toronto, Trafalgar, Flamborough East and Flamborough West, Nelson, Ancaster, Barton, Beverly, and Saltfleet, which mainly composed  the western Wentworth. All men between 16 and 50 years were enrolled to the military and called out annually "to be reviewed and exercised.
Campaign to Bring Back British Rail
The Campaign to Bring Back British Rail is a pressure group in the United Kingdom whose objective is the renationalisation of the British Rail network, which was privatised in the 1990s. In addition to its representation of ordinary passengers, on whose behalf it campaigns for improvements to rail services, it undertakes research for the purpose of lobbying political parties towards the ends of reintroducing a vertically-integrated, publicly owned and operated British railway network. It has over 150,000 supporters UK wide, accumulated since it was founded in 2009, and is managed from two hubs - in Glasgow and London.

Impact of the privatisation of British Rail
The impact of the privatisation of British Rail has been the subject of much debate, with the stated benefits including improved customer service, and more investment; and stated drawbacks including higher fares, lower punctuality and increased rail subsidies. The privatisation of British Rail began in the 1990s.
Australian Kriol
Australian Kriol, also known as Roper River Kriol, Fitzroy Valley Kriol, Australian Creole, Northern Australian Creole or Aboriginal English, is an English-based creole language that developed from a pidgin used initially in the region of Sydney and Newcastle in New South Wales, Australia, in the early days of European colonisation. Later, it was spoken by groups further west and north.

The pidgin died out in most parts of the country, except in the Northern Territory, where the contact between European settlers, Chinese people and other Asian groups, and the Aboriginal Australians in the northern regions has maintained a vibrant use of the language, which is spoken by about 30,000 people. Despite its similarities to English in vocabulary, it has a distinct syntactic structure and grammar. It is a language in its own right and is distinct from Torres Strait Creole.

Torres Strait Creole
Torres Strait Creole (Torres Strait Creole: Yumplatok), also known as Torres Strait Pidgin, Brokan/Broken,  Cape York Creole, Lockhart Creole, Kriol, Papuan, Broken English, Blaikman, Big Thap, Pizin, and Ailan Tok, is an English-based creole language (a variety of Pidgin English) spoken on several Torres Strait Islands of Queensland, Australia; Northern Cape York; and south-western coastal Papua New Guinea (PNG).

It has an estimated 20,000–30,000 mother-tongue and bi/tri-lingual speakers. It is widely used as a language of trade and commerce.
Gudilo Badilo Madilo Vodilo
"Gudilo Badilo Madilo Vodilo" also known as "Asmaika" is an Indian Telugu-language song composed by Devi Sri Prasad from the 2017 soundtrack album DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham of the film of the same name. The song features Allu Arjun and Pooja Hegde with vocals by K. S. Chitra and M. L. R. Karthikeyan. The song is written by Sahithi. The song's lyrical version was released on 1 June 2017, while the full video song was released on 30 August 2017 under the music label Aditya Music.

DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham (soundtrack)
DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham is the soundtrack album composed by Devi Sri Prasad for the 2017 Tollywood film of the same name written and directed by Harish Shankar and produced by Dil Raju under his banner Sri Venkateswara Creations. The album consists of five tracks with Jonnavittula Ramalingeswara Rao, Sri Mani, Bhaskarabhatla, Sahithi and Balaji penning the lyrics. The soundtrack album released digitally on 21 May 2017 under Aditya Music label. The film stars Allu Arjun and Pooja Hegde in the lead roles, while Rao Ramesh, Subbaraju, Chandra Mohan, and Murali Sharma play supporting roles.
Grassington Town Hall
Grassington Town Hall is a municipal building in Main Street, Grassington, a town in North Yorkshire, England. The complex is in three parts comprising the original building, a large assembly hall behind, and a theatre behind that. The complex is managed by the Grassington Devonshire Institute.

Grassington
Grassington is a town and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. The population of the parish at the 2011 Census was 1,126. It is situated in Wharfedale, about 8 miles (10 km) north-west from Bolton Abbey, and is surrounded by limestone scenery. Nearby villages include Linton, Threshfield, Hebden, Conistone and Kilnsey.

Until 1974 it was part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the district of Craven, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.
Martin Stadium
Martin Stadium is an outdoor athletic stadium in the Northwestern United States, on the campus of Washington State University in Pullman, Washington. It is the home field of the Washington State Cougars of the Pac-12 Conference.

Its full name is Gesa Field at Martin Stadium due to Richland-based Gesa Credit Union signing a 10-year sponsorship deal in 2021 for the playing surface; it has used artificial turf since its inception in 1972, with infilled FieldTurf used since 2000.

Joe Albi Stadium
Joe Albi Stadium was an outdoor multi-purpose stadium in Spokane, Washington, United States. It was located in the northwest part of the city, just east of the Spokane River. The stadium was primarily used for high school football, as a secondary home field for the Washington State Cougars, and for minor league soccer.

The venue opened in 1950 on the site of a former U.S. Army hospital, and was originally known as Memorial Stadium. It was renamed in 1962 for local civic leader Joe Albi, who spearheaded efforts to build more sporting facilities in Spokane. After more than seventy years of service, it closed in early 2022 and was demolished; its successor is the new One Spokane Stadium in downtown Spokane, just northeast of the Spokane Arena.
Relative biological effectiveness
In radiobiology, the relative biological effectiveness (often abbreviated as RBE) is the ratio of biological effectiveness of one type of ionizing radiation relative to another, given the same amount of absorbed energy. The RBE is an empirical value that varies depending on the type of ionizing radiation, the energies involved, the biological effects being considered such as cell death, and the oxygen tension of the tissues or so-called oxygen effect.

Equivalent dose
Equivalent dose (symbol H) is a dose quantity representing the stochastic health effects of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body which represents the probability of radiation-induced cancer and genetic damage. It is derived from the physical quantity absorbed dose, but also takes into account the biological effectiveness of the radiation, which is dependent on the radiation type and energy. In the international system of units (SI), its unit of measure is the sievert (Sv).
Auditorium Theatre
The Auditorium Theatre is a music and performance venue in the Auditorium Building at 50 E. Ida B. Wells Drive in Chicago, Illinois. Inspired by the Richardsonian Romanesque style of architect Henry Hobson Richardson, the building was designed by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan and completed in 1889. The Chicago Symphony Orchestra performed in the theatre until 1904 as well as the Chicago Grand Opera Company and its successors the Chicago Opera Association and Chicago Civic Opera until its relocation to the Civic Opera House in 1929. The theater was home to the Joffrey Ballet from 1998 until 2020. It currently hosts a variety of concerts, musicals, performances, and events. Since the 1940s, it has been owned by Roosevelt University and since the 1960s it has been refurbished and managed by an independent non-profit arts organization.

Roosevelt University
Roosevelt University is a private university in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Founded in 1945, it was named in honor of United States president Franklin Delano Roosevelt and first lady Eleanor Roosevelt. The university consists of four colleges: the Chicago College of Performing Arts; the College of Humanities, Education & Social Sciences; the College of Science, Health and Pharmacy; and the Walter E. Heller College of Business.

The university also has a campus in Schaumburg, Illinois. The university's newest academic building, Wabash, is located in the Loop in downtown Chicago. It is the tallest educational building in Chicago, the second tallest educational building in the United States, and the fourth-largest academic complex in the world.
Montgomery County Courthouse (Iowa)
The Montgomery County Courthouse is located in Red Oak, Iowa, United States. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.  In 2016 it was included as a contributing property in the Red Oak Downtown Historic District. The courthouse is the third building the county has used for court functions and county administration.

Red Oak, Iowa
Red Oak is a city in and the county seat of Montgomery County, Iowa, United States, located along the East Nishnabotna River. The population was 5,596 in the 2020 census, a decline from the 6,197 population in 2000.
Altotonga
Altotonga (Spanish: Municipio de Altotonga) is a municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz. It is located about 80 km northwest of the state capital Xalapa. It has an area of 328.7 km2 It is located at 19°46′N 97°15′W﻿ / ﻿19.767°N 97.250°W﻿ / 19.767; -97.250.

Altotonga is delimited to the east by Misantla, to the south by Tenochtitlán, Tatatila, Las Minas, Villa Aldama and Perote, to the west by Jalacingo, and to the north by Atzalan and Misantla.

It produces maize, beans and potatoes.

Tatatila
Tatatila is a municipality located in the mountainous central zone of the Mexican state of Veracruz, about 26 km from the state capital Xalapa. It has a surface area of 82.25 km2. It is located at 19°42′N 97°07′W﻿ / ﻿19.700°N 97.117°W﻿ / 19.700; -97.117.
Jarar Zone
Jarar (Somali: Jarar) is a zone in Somali Region of Ethiopia. It was previously known as the Degehabur zone, so named after its largest city, Degehabur. Jarar Zone is bordered on the south by Korahe, on the southwest by Nogob, on the northwest by Fafan Zone, on the southeast by Dollo, and on the northeast by Somaliland.

Somali Region
The Somali Region (Somali: Dawlad Deegaanka Soomaalida, Amharic: ሱማሌ ክልል, romanized: Sumalē Kilil, Arabic: المنطقة الصومالية), also known as Soomaali Galbeed (lit. 'Western Somalia') and officially the Somali Regional State, is a regional state in eastern Ethiopia. It is the second largest region of Ethiopia in terms of area. The state borders the Ethiopian regions of Afar and Oromia to the west, as well as Djibouti to the north, Somaliland to the northeast, Somalia to the east and south; and Kenya to the southwest. Jijiga is the capital of the state.

The Somali regional government is composed of the executive branch, led by the President; the legislative branch, which comprises the State Council; and the judicial branch, which is led by the State Supreme Court.
Benoît Pelletier
Benoît Pelletier CM OQ FRSC (10 January 1960 – 30 March 2024) was a Canadian lawyer, academic, and politician in the province of Quebec.

He was a Liberal member of the National Assembly of Quebec from 1998 to 2008 and was a prominent cabinet minister in the government of Jean Charest. He was best known for promoting the concept of "asymmetric federalism" to incorporate Quebec nationalism into a decentralized Canadian federal structure.

Secrétariat aux affaires intergouvernementales canadiennes (Quebec)
The Secrétariat du Québec aux relations canadiennes (SQRC), formerly known as the Secrétariat aux affaires intergouvernementales canadiennes (SAIC), is an agency of the government of Quebec. Its stated purpose as of 2010 is to "[advise] the Government of Québec on all Canadian intergovernmental matters, [coordinate] Québec government activities in Canada, [assure] the defence and promotion of Québec’s interests, and [collaborate] to strengthen links with Canada’s francophone and Acadian communities."

The secretariat is overseen by the minister responsible for Canadian Relations. Most ministers who have held this position since 2005 have also been styled as the minister responsible for Francophone Canadians. The current minister is Jean-Marc Fournier.

Benoît Pelletier, who was minister from 2003 to 2008, was also styled as the minister responsible for the Agreement on Internal Trade from March 17, 2005, to April 18, 2007. This title was not used by his successors.
Iron Crown Enterprises
Iron Crown Enterprises (ICE) is a publishing company that has produced role playing, board, miniature, and collectible card games since 1980. Many of ICE's better-known products were related to J. R. R. Tolkien's world of Middle-earth, but the Rolemaster rules system, and its science-fiction equivalent, Space Master, have been the foundation of ICE's business.

Middle-earth Role Playing
Middle-earth Role Playing (MERP) is a 1984 tabletop role-playing game based on J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit under license from Tolkien Enterprises. Iron Crown Enterprises (I.C.E.) published the game until they lost the license on 22 September 1999.
Kathiawar
Kathiawar (Gujarati: [kɑʈʰijɑʋɑɽ]), also known as Saurashtra (Gujarati: [sɔɾɑʂʈrə]), is a peninsula in the south-western Gujarat state in India, bordering the Arabian Sea and covering about 61,000 km2 (23,500 sq mi). It is bounded by the Kutch district in the north, the Gulf of Kutch in the northwest, and by the Gulf of Khambhat in the east. In the northeast, it is connected to the rest of the state and borders on the low, fertile hinterland of Ahmedabad. It is crossed by two belts of hill country and is drained radially by nine rivers which have little natural flow aside from in monsoon months, thus dams have been built on some of these. Kathiawar ports have been flourishing centres of trade and commerce since at least the 16th century. It was formerly a state of India.

Kathiawari horse
The Kathiawari or Kathiawadi is an Indian breed of horse. It originates in the Kathiawar peninsula of Gujarat in western India, and is associated with the Kathi people of that area. It was originally bred as a desert war horse for use over long distances, in rough terrain, on minimal rations. It is closely related to the Marwari horses of Rajasthan; both breeds have been influenced by imported Arab horses.: 479  It is found in all colours except for black, and is most commonly chestnut. In the past it was used as a war horse and cavalry mount. Today it is used for riding, in harness and for sports; it may be used as a police horse and for the sport of tent-pegging. A stud-book is kept by the Kathiawari Horse Breeders' Association, which also organises annual shows.
Glossary of mathematical jargon
The language of mathematics has a wide vocabulary of specialist and technical terms. It also has a certain amount of jargon: commonly used phrases which are part of the culture of mathematics, rather than of the subject. Jargon often appears in lectures, and sometimes in print, as informal shorthand for rigorous arguments or precise ideas. Much of this uses common English words, but with a specific non-obvious meaning when used in a mathematical sense.

Some phrases, like "in general",  appear below in more than one section.

Set (mathematics)
In mathematics, a set is a collection of different things; the things are called elements or members of the set and are typically mathematical objects: numbers, symbols, points in space, lines, geometric shapes, variables, or other sets.  A set may be finite or infinite. There is a unique set with no elements, called the empty set; a set with a single element is a singleton.

Mathematics typically does not define precisely what constitutes a "set" or "collection", because such a definition would have to be in terms of something else previously defined.  Instead, sets serve as foundational objects whose behavior is described by axioms modeled on intuition about collections, and then essentially all other mathematical objects are rigorously defined in terms of sets.

Set theory studies possible axiom systems and their consequences.
Since the first half of the 20th century, ZFC (Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice) has been the axiom system most commonly used.
Luing cattle
Luing cattle (pronounced ling cattle) are a beef breed developed on the island of Luing in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland by the Cadzow brothers in 1947. It was formed by first crossbreeding Beef Shorthorn with Highland cattle and then breeding the resulting progeny with Beef Shorthorns to produce an animal three quarters Beef Shorthorn, one quarter Highland. The breed of red-brown cattle are moderately sized and extremely hardy. The intent was to produce a good beef cow with the ability to raise a calf under adverse weather conditions. It was officially recognised as a breed by the British government in 1965. The breed is still farmed today, mainly in Scotland but also in other areas of the world.

Luing
Luing (/ˈlɪŋ/ LING; Scottish Gaelic: Luinn) is one of the Slate Islands, Firth of Lorn, in the west of Argyll in Scotland, about 16 miles (26 km) south of Oban. The island has an area of 1,430 hectares (3,500 acres) and is bounded by several small skerries and islets. It has a population of around 200 people, mostly living in Cullipool, Toberonochy (Tobar Dhonnchaidh), and Blackmillbay.
Eveleigh Railway Workshops machinery
The Eveleigh Railway Workshops machinery is a heritage-listed former railway workshops machinery located on the Main Suburban railway line in the inner western Sydney suburb of Redfern in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It is also known as Eveleigh Locomotive Workshops machinery. The property is owned by Transport for NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Redfern, New South Wales
Redfern is an inner southern suburb of Sydney located 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south of the Sydney central business district and is part of the local government area of the City of Sydney. Strawberry Hills is a locality on the border with Surry Hills. The area experienced the process of gentrification and is subject to extensive redevelopment plans by the state government, to increase the population and reduce the concentration of poverty in the suburb and neighbouring Waterloo (see Redfern-Eveleigh-Darlington).
Gus Johnson (sportscaster)
Augustus Cornelius Johnson Jr. (born 1967 or 1968) is an American sportscaster. He is the lead play-by-play announcer for Fox Sports calling college football and college basketball. Prior to working with Fox, he was with CBS Sports. He also called select NBA playoff games for NBA on TNT and NBA TV. He is known for his highly enthusiastic and energetic style of playcalling.

MSG Network
The MSG Network (MSG) is an American regional cable and satellite television network, and radio service owned by Sphere Entertainment -- a spin-off of the main Madison Square Garden Company operation (itself a spin-off of local cable provider Cablevision).

Primarily serving the Mid-Atlantic United States, its programming focuses on events featuring and other programs about New York City sports teams, including live game broadcasts of the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association, the New York Rangers, New York Islanders, Buffalo Sabres, and New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League and Gotham FC of the National Women's Soccer League. The channel is named after the Madison Square Garden sports and entertainment venue in Midtown Manhattan, home of the Knicks and Rangers.