hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kopperå
Kopperå is a village in Meråker Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The village lies about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) east of the municipal center of Midtbygda, about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) north of the village of Stordalsvollen, and about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) west of the Swedish border. The Meråker Line railway runs through the village and stops at the Kopperå Station. The village sits near the confluence of the rivers Kåpperåa and Stjørdalselva, and it is about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of the lake Fjergen. The local Kopperå Chapel sits on the northwest edge of the village.

The 0.64-square-kilometre (160-acre) village had a population (2006) of 207 and a population density of 323 inhabitants per square kilometre (840/sq mi). Since 2008, the population and area data for this village area has not been separately tracked by Statistics Norway.

Fjergen
Fjergen is a lake in Meråker Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The 14.41-square-kilometre (5.56 sq mi) lake has a hydropower dam on the southern end which flows out into the Kåpperåa river which is part of the Stjørdalselva river system. There is about 204,000,000 cubic metres (7.2×109 cu ft) of water stored in the lake.

The lake is located about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of the village of Kopperå and about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) northeast of the municipal center of Midtbygda. The lakes Feren and Funnsjøen lie several kilometers to the northwest, and the border with Sweden lies a few kilometers to the east.
Lee "Scratch" Perry
Lee "Scratch" Perry OD (born Rainford Hugh Perry; 20 March 1936 – 29 August 2021) was a Jamaican record producer, songwriter and singer noted for his innovative studio techniques and production style. Perry was a pioneer in the 1970s development of dub music with his early adoption of remixing and studio effects to create new instrumental or vocal versions of existing reggae tracks. He worked with and produced for a wide variety of artists, including Bob Marley and the Wailers, Junior Murvin, the Congos, Max Romeo, the Heptones, Adrian Sherwood, the Beastie Boys, Ari Up, the Clash, the Orb, and many others.

David Katz (author)
David Katz (born 1965) is an American author and documentary radio and film producer. He has been described as "one of the world's foremost authorities on reggae, dub, and dancehall". Originally from San Francisco, California, he has been a resident of London in England for many years.
Mass media
Mass media refers to the forms of media that reach large audiences via mass communication. It includes broadcast media, digital media, print media, social media, streaming media, advertising, and events.

Mass media encompasses news, advocacy, entertainment, and public service announcements, and intersects with the study of marketing, propaganda, public relations, political communication, journalism, art, drama, computing, and technology. The influence of mass media on individuals and groups has also been analysed from the standpoint of anthropology, economics, history, law, philosophy, psychology, and sociology.

Mass media is often controlled by media conglomerates, which may include mass media organisations, companies, and networks, and may be susceptible to media capture.

Means of communication
Means of communication or media are ways used by people to communicate and exchange information with each other as an information sender and a receiver. Diverse arrays of media that reach a large audience via mass communication are called mass media.
Cyanogen chloride
Cyanogen chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula ClCN. This triatomic pseudohalogen is an easily condensed colorless gas. More commonly encountered in the laboratory is the related compound cyanogen bromide, a room-temperature solid that is used in biochemical analysis and preparation. Cyanogen compounds are highly toxic.

Pseudohalogen
Pseudohalogens are polyatomic analogues of halogens, whose chemistry, resembling that of the true halogens, allows them to substitute for halogens in several classes of chemical compounds. Pseudohalogens occur in pseudohalogen molecules, inorganic molecules of the general forms Ps–Ps or Ps–X (where Ps is a pseudohalogen group), such as cyanogen; pseudohalide anions, such as cyanide ion; inorganic acids, such as hydrogen cyanide; as ligands in coordination complexes, such as ferricyanide; and as functional groups in organic molecules, such as the nitrile group. Well-known pseudohalogen functional groups include cyanide, cyanate, thiocyanate, and azide.
Sinomenium
Sinomenium is a genus of plant in family Menispermaceae first described as a genus in 1910. It contains only one known species, Sinomenium acutum, native to China, northern India, Nepal, Japan, northern Thailand, and also Korea.

Menispermaceae
Menispermaceae (botanical Latin: 'moonseed family' from Greek mene 'crescent moon' and sperma 'seed') is a family of flowering plants. The alkaloid tubocurarine, a neuromuscular blocker and the active ingredient in the 'tube curare' form of the dart poison curare, is derived from the South American liana Chondrodendron tomentosum, which belongs to this family. Several other South American genera belonging to the family have been used to prepare the 'pot' and 'calabash' forms of curare. The family contains 81 genera with some 440 species, which are distributed throughout low-lying tropical areas with some species present in temperate and arid regions.
Geoff Richards (professor)
Prof. Robert Geoffrey "Geoff" Richards FLSW FBSE FIOR FORS FTERM is the Executive Director Research & Development for the AO Foundation and director of AO Research Institute Davos at the AO Foundation.  He is a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales (FLSW), Fellow of Biomaterial Science and Engineering (FBSE), Fellow of International Orthopaedic Research (FIOR),  Fellow of the Orthopaedic Research Society and honorary Fellow Aberystwyth University. He is co-founder and Editor-in-Chief of the eCM Open Access Journal, arguably the first online open access journal in the world.

AO Foundation
The AO Foundation is a nonprofit organization dedicated to improving the care of patients with musculoskeletal injuries or pathologies and their sequelae through research, development, and education of surgeons and operating room personnel. The AO Foundation is credited with revolutionizing operative fracture treatment and pioneering the development of bone implants and instruments.

The foundation has its origins in a Swiss study group named Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (Association of the Study of Internal Fixation), commonly referred to as the AO, that was founded in Switzerland in 1958 as a society. The AO became a foundation in December 1984.
U.S. Route 287 in Texas
U.S. Highway 287 (US 287) in the U.S. state of Texas is a major U.S. Highway that begins on the Gulf Coast in Port Arthur and heads north through Fort Worth, northwest to Childress, Clarendon, Wichita Falls, and Amarillo in the Texas Panhandle and into Oklahoma near Kerrick.

Interstate 27
Interstate 27 (I-27) is an Interstate Highway, entirely in the US state of Texas, running north from Lubbock to I-40 in Amarillo. These two cities are the only control cities on I-27; other cities and towns served by I-27 include (from south to north) New Deal, Abernathy, Hale Center, Plainview, Kress, Tulia, Happy, and Canyon. In Amarillo, I-27 is commonly known as the Canyon Expressway (or Canyon E-Way), although it is also called Canyon Drive on its access roads. I-27 was officially designated the Marshall Formby Memorial Highway after former attorney and State Senator Marshall Formby in 2005. The entire length of I-27 replaced US Highway 87 (US 87) for traffic. An extension of I-27 north to Raton, New Mexico, and south to Laredo, Texas, was approved in 2022.
Hum, Istria County
Hum (Italian: Colmo; German: Cholm) is a settlement, administratively located in the town of Buzet, in the central part of Istria, Croatia. The elevation is 349 meters or 1,145 feet. Due to its size, Hum is considered by some to be one of the smallest towns in the world.

Buzet
Buzet (Croatian: [bǔzet]; Italian: Pinguente; Latin: Piquentum) is a town in Istria, west Croatia, population 6,133 (2011). The historical core of Buzet dates back to the Middle Ages, and today Buzet is known as the town of truffles. Buzet is also known as the home of Croatian motorsport, and every year the "Buzetskidani" hill climb race is held here. It is currently part of the European Hill Climb Championship.
Registered nurse certified in low-risk neonatal nursing
In the United States, a registered nurse certified in low-risk neonatal nursing (RNC-LRN) is a neonatal nurse who has earned nursing board certification from the National Certification Corporation in low-risk neonatal nursing.

National Certification Corporation
The National Certification Corporation (NCC) was established for the development, administration, and evaluation of a program for certification in obstetric, gynecologic and neo-natal nursing specialties in the United States. Incorporated in 1975 and governed by a board of directors, NCC's certification program is accredited by the National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA), the accreditation body of the Institute for Credentialing Excellence. By 2009, NCC had awarded over 95,000 certifications and certificates of added qualification.
Virgin Media Television (Ireland)
Virgin Media Television Ltd. (formerly known as TV3 Television Network Ltd.; previously traded as the TV3 Group until August 2018) is a commercial television company in Ireland, based in Dublin. Launched in 1998 as TV3 Television Network, the TV3 Group was formed in January 2009. The company was acquired by Liberty Global in 2015, and the channels were rebranded to Virgin Media Television in 2018.

Virgin Media Ireland was reportedly put up for sale by its owner Liberty Global in June 2021. By November 2021, the then chief executive had reportedly "ruled this out".

Virgin Media Ireland
Virgin Media Ireland is Liberty Global's telecommunications operation in Ireland. It is the largest digital cable television provider within the country. As of 3 August 2024, the company offers broadband internet, digital television digital (VoIP) telephony and mobile phone services to 1 million customers (31 December 2014). Until 4 May 2010, Virgin Media Ireland traded under the name Chorus NTL and UPC Ireland until 5 October 2015. Its main competitors in the Irish pay TV market are Sky Ireland, Eir and Vodafone Ireland.
Shakarim Qudayberdiuli
Shakarim Qudaiberdiuly (Kazakh: Шәкәрім Құдайбердіұлы, Şäkärım Qūdaiberdıūly,  23 July [O.S. 11 July] 1858 – 2 October 1931) was a Kazakh poet, Hanafi Maturidi theologian philosopher, historian, translator, and composer. He was a disciple and nephew of Abai Qunanbaiuly.

Bakhytzhan Kanapyanov
Bakhytzhan Musakhanuli Kanapyanov (Kazakh: Бақытжан Мусаханұлы Қанапиянов, Baqytjan Musahanūly Qanapiianov; born October 4, 1951) is a Kazakh poet, writer, publisher, and translator. Kanapyanov is a member of the Russian and the Kazakh PEN clubs, an honorary professor at the Shakarim University (Semey) and an academician of the Crimean Literary Academy (Simferopol, Crimea).
Canadian Armed Forces ranks and insignia
This is a table of the ranks and insignia of the Canadian Armed Forces. As the Canadian Armed Forces is officially bilingual, the French language ranks are presented following the English (in italics).

Shoulder mark
A shoulder mark, also called a rank slide or slip-on, is a flat cloth sleeve worn on the shoulder strap of a uniform. It may bear rank or other insignia. A shoulder mark should not be confused with a shoulder board (an elaborate shoulder strap), a shoulder knot (a braided type of shoulder board), or an epaulette, although these terms are often used interchangeably.
Boyar scions
Boyar scions (Russian: дети боярские, сыны боярские; transliteration: deti/syny boyarskie) were a rank of Russian gentry that existed from the late 1300s through the 1600s. In the late 1700s—early 1800s descendants of the boyar scions who failed to prove nobility or regain it through the Table of Ranks were enrolled within the social group named odnodvortsy.

Duma
A duma (Russian: дума) is a Russian assembly with advisory or legislative functions.

The term boyar duma is used to refer to advisory councils in Russia from the 10th to 17th centuries. Starting in the 18th century, city dumas were formed across Russia.

The first formally constituted state duma was the Imperial State Duma introduced to the Russian Empire by Emperor Nicholas II in 1905. The Emperor retained an absolute veto and could dismiss the State Duma at any time for a suitable reason. Nicholas dismissed the First State Duma (1906) within 75 days;   elections for a second Duma took place the following year. The Russian Provisional Government dissolved the last Imperial State Duma (the fourth Duma) in 1917 during the Russian Revolution.

Since 1993, the State Duma (Государственная дума, Gosudarstvennaya Duma) has functioned as the lower legislative house of the Russian Federation.
Captain Bush Lane
Captain Bush Lane, now officially known as Soi Charoen Krung 30 (Thai: ซอยเจริญกรุง 30), is a side-street (trok or soi) branching off Charoen Krung Road in Bang Rak District of Bangkok, Thailand. It was home to several members of Bangkok's early European expatriate community during the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, including Captain John Bush, an influential English sea captain after whom the street is named.

Charoen Krung Road
Charoen Krung Road (Thai: ถนนเจริญกรุง, romanized: Thanon Charoen Krung, pronounced [tʰā.nǒn tɕā.rɤ̄ːn krūŋ]) is a major road in Bangkok and the first in Thailand to be built using modern construction methods. Built during 1862–1864 in the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV), it runs from the old city centre in Rattanakosin Island, passes through Bangkok's Chinatown, continues into Bang Rak district, where it formerly served the community of European expatriates, and ends in Bang Kho Laem. Construction of the road marked a major change in Bangkok's urban development, with the major mode of transport shifting from water to land. Charoen Krung Road was Bangkok's main street up to the early 20th century, but later declined in prominence. It is still home to many historic buildings and neighbourhoods, which are beset by changes as extension of the underground MRT is poised to drive new development.
Circle (American band)
Circle was an American avant garde jazz ensemble, active in 1970 and 1971. The group arose from pianist Chick Corea's early 1970s trio with Dave Holland on bass and Barry Altschul on drums and percussion with the addition of Anthony Braxton in a leading role on several reed instruments.  The group's earliest (and only studio) recordings were made in 1970 for the Blue Note label but not released until 1975 under Corea's name. A live double album appeared on the ECM label in 1972. These recordings document a period in which Corea's work was steeped in the jazz 'avant garde,' prior to his complete shift to the jazz fusion orientation. Corea, Holland and Altschul also recorded the album, A.R.C. for ECM in 1971, but it was not released under the band name Circle.

Dave Holland (bassist)
David Holland (born 1 October 1946) is an English double bassist, bass guitarist, cellist, composer and bandleader who has been performing and recording for five decades. He has lived in the United States since the early 1970s.

His extensive discography ranges from solo performances to pieces for big band. Holland runs his own independent record label, Dare2, which he launched in 2005.
Alf Klingenberg
Alfred Klingenberg (8 September 1867 - 20 April 1944), a Norwegian pianist and composer of great distinction, was the Eastman School of Music´s first director (1921–23). He was succeeded by composer Howard Hanson in 1924.  Klingenberg started the DKG Institute of Musical Art in Rochester 1912. This school would later become the Eastman School of Music. George Eastman bought the school from Klingenberg in 1919. Klingenberg was a friend of Jean Sibelius, and secured the composer a position on the faculty during his directorship.

Alf Klingenberg was the first cousin once removed of Trondheim mayor Odd Sverressøn Klingenberg, and nephew of engineer Johannes Benedictus Klingenberg.

Johannes Benedictus Klingenberg
Johannes Benedictus Klingenberg (28 April 1817 – 8 July 1882) was a Norwegian military officer and engineer.

He was a son of bailiff Johan Nicolai Klingenberg (1777–1865), and also the uncle of pianist Alf Klingenberg (1867–1944), and the maternal grandfather and paternal granduncle of Odd Sverressøn Klingenberg and Kaare Sverressøn Klingenberg.

He worked in the country's capital Christiania. He organized the waterworks of the city in 1855, and had a national influence in this field. He became leader of the city fire department in 1861. In the military, he held the rank of major.

From 1860 to 1861, and 1872 to 1874, he was the chairman of the Norwegian Polytechnic Society.
Hollihaka
Hollihaka is a district of the city centre area of Oulu, Finland. It is bounded by the estuary of the Oulujoki river to the west, the Vanhatulli district to the north, the Leveri district to the east and the Nuottasaari district to the south. Together with the two latter districts, Hollihaka forms a neighbourhood called Heinäpää.

Hollihaka is mainly residential area. There are a few noteworthy parks in the district: a large waterside park Hollihaka Park, a small city park Heinätorinpuisto Park and Kyösti Kallio Park, the park bordering the Puistokatu street. The Holy Trinity Cathedral of the Oulu Diocese of the Orthodox Church of Finland is located in Hollihaka.

Holy Trinity Cathedral, Oulu
Holy Trinity Cathedral, Oulu (Finnish: Pyhän Kolminaisuuden katedraali, Swedish: Heliga Treenighetens katedral), is an Eastern Orthodox cathedral in Oulu, Finland. The church is located in the Hollihaka district about one kilometre south of the city centre.

The church building was designed by architect Mikko Huhtela and was completed in 1957. The church was consecrated in October 1958 and dedicated to the Holy Trinity. In 1980, the Oulu Diocese of the Orthodox Church of Finland was created and the church was consecrated as a cathedral.
Nhill railway station
Nhill railway station is located on the Western standard gauge line in Victoria, Australia. It serves the town of Nhill, and it opened on 19 January 1887.

A number of large grain silos are located in the goods yard, located at the up end of the station.

The last Victorian Railways service to stop at Nhill was the Dimboola to Serviceton service that ceased on 1 December 1978. In March 2007, The Overland passenger service began stopping at the station.

Much of the station was extensively altered in the 1980s, following the introduction of CTC between Ararat and Serviceton, including the removal of the signal box, interlocking and all signals.

Ararat railway station
Ararat railway station is located on the Ararat and Western standard gauge lines in Victoria, Australia. It serves the town of Ararat, and opened on 7 April 1875.

The station is the terminus of the broad gauge line from Southern Cross in Melbourne; and the junction for the Western standard gauge line to Adelaide, the standard gauge line to Maryborough via Avoca, and the Portland line.

Ararat is served by a passenger service operated by V/Line to Melbourne, and Journey Beyond's The Overland passenger service to Adelaide.
Data envelopment analysis
Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a nonparametric method in operations research and economics for the estimation of production frontiers. DEA has been applied in a large range of fields including international banking, economic sustainability, police department operations, and logistical applications Additionally, DEA has been used to assess the performance of natural language processing models, and it has found other applications within machine learning.

William W. Cooper
William Wager Cooper (July 23, 1914 – June 20, 2012) was an American operations researcher, known as a father of management science and as "Mr. Linear Programming". He was the founding president of The Institute of Management Sciences, founding editor-in-chief of Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory, a founding faculty member of the Graduate School of Industrial Administration at the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now the Tepper School of Business at Carnegie Mellon University), founding dean of the School of Urban and Public Affairs (now the Heinz College) at CMU, the former Arthur Lowes Dickinson Professor of Accounting at Harvard University, and the Foster Parker Professor Emeritus of Management, Finance and Accounting at the University of Texas at Austin.
Cuandixia
Cuandixia (Chinese: 爨底下村) is a historic village dating from the Ming dynasty located in Zhaitang (斋堂镇), Mentougou District in Beijing, China. It is a popular tourist attraction known for its well preserved courtyard homes.

Mentougou, Beijing
Mentougou District (Chinese: 门头沟区; pinyin: Méntóugōu Qū) is a district of the city of Beijing. It is at the western part of the city. Spanning 1,321 square kilometres (510 sq mi), with 392,606 inhabitants (2020 Census), it is subdivided into 4 subdistricts and 9 towns. It borders the Beijing districts of Changping to the northeast, Haidian and Shijingshan to the east, Fengtai to the southeast, and Fangshan to the south, as well as Hebei province to the west and northwest.

It lies in the Western Hills of Beijing and is mountainous in terrain. In fact, the mountainous terrain—including a hundred or more peaks—occupy a stunning 93% of the entire area.
Korean currency
Korean currency dates back as far as the Goryeo dynasty (918–1392) when the first coins were minted. The coins, cast in both bronze and iron, were called tongbo and jungbo. Additionally, silver vases called ŭnbyŏng were widely used and circulated as a currency among the aristocracy of Goryeo.

It was not until the beginning of the Joseon period that copper coins called mun were minted for wide circulation. Jeohwa (Korean: 저화; Hanja: 楮貨), which was made of standardized mulberry-bark paper early in the Joseon period, became the first legal paper money and was used as a medium of exchange in place of coins until it disappeared in the early 16th century. From the 17th century until the end of the 19th century, coins denominated in mun bearing the inscription Sang Pyeong Tong Bo (Korean: 상평통보; Hanja: 常平通寶; lit. always exact coin) were the most widely circulated currency.

Knife money
Knife money (Chinese: 刀币) is the name of large, cast, bronze, knife-shaped commodity money produced by various governments and kingdoms in what is now China, approximately 2,500 years ago.  Knife money circulated in China between 600 and 200 BCE during the Zhou dynasty.