hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Recursive grammar
In computer science, a grammar is informally called a recursive grammar if it contains production rules that are recursive, meaning that expanding a non-terminal according to these rules can eventually lead to a string that includes the same non-terminal again. Otherwise it is called a non-recursive grammar.

For example, a  grammar for a context-free language is left recursive if there exists a non-terminal symbol A that can be put through the production rules to produce a string with A (as the leftmost symbol).
All types of grammars in the Chomsky hierarchy can be recursive and it is recursion that allows the production of infinite sets of words.

Left recursion
In the formal language theory of computer science, left recursion is a special case of recursion where a string is recognized as part of a language by the fact that it decomposes into a string from that same language (on the left) and a suffix (on the right).  For instance,  can be recognized as a sum because it can be broken into , also a sum, and , a suitable suffix.

In terms of context-free grammar, a nonterminal is left-recursive if the leftmost symbol in one of its productions is itself (in the case of direct left recursion) or can be made itself by some sequence of substitutions (in the case of indirect left recursion).
Daugavpils Municipality
Daugavpils Municipality (Latvian: Daugavpils novads) was a municipality in Latgale, Latvia from 2009 to 2021.

It was formed in 2009 by merging Ambeļi parish, Biķernieki parish, Demene parish, Dubna parish, Kalkūne parish, Kalupe parish, Laucesa parish, Līksna parish, Maļinova parish, Medumi parish, Naujene parish, Nīcgale parish, Saliena parish, Skrudaliena parish, Svente parish, Tabore parish, Vabole parish, Vecsaliena parish and Višķi parish, with the administration located in Daugavpils city, which was not included within the municipality.

After the 2021 reform it merged with Ilūkste Municipality to form the Augšdaugava Municipality within the borders of the former Daugavpils district.

As of 2020, the population was 19,639.

Augšdaugava Municipality
Augšdaugava Municipality (Latvian: Augšdaugavas novads, "upper Daugava municipality") is one of the 35 municipalities established in Latvia in 2021. It surrounds the independent state city of Daugavpils, however, the municipal headquarters are located there, outside of the municipality. Its first elected municipal council has taken office on 1 July 2021.
Skyline College
Skyline College is a public community college in San Bruno, California. Opened in 1969, it is one of three comprehensive community colleges in the San Mateo County Community College District.

Skyline College claims an annual population of over 16,000 students, including many international students. Students can choose from more than 100 degree and certificate programs.

San Bruno, California
San Bruno (from Spanish 'St. Bruno') is a city in San Mateo County, California, United States, incorporated in 1914. The population was 43,908 at the 2020 United States census. The city is between South San Francisco and Millbrae, adjacent to San Francisco International Airport and Golden Gate National Cemetery; it is approximately 12 miles (19 km) south of Downtown San Francisco.
Klinga Municipality
Klinga is a former municipality in the old Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. The 352-square-kilometre (136 sq mi) municipality existed from 1891 until its dissolution in 1964. The municipality encompassed the mainland areas south of the river Namsen in what is now Namsos Municipality in Trøndelag county. The administrative centre was the village of Bangsund. Other villages in Klinga included Spillum and Klinga where Klinga Church is located.

Prior to its dissolution in 1963, the 352-square-kilometre (136 sq mi) municipality was the 252nd largest by area out of the 689 municipalities in Norway. Klinga Municipality was the 370th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of about 2,466. The municipality's population density was 7 inhabitants per square kilometre (18/sq mi) and its population had increased by 6.1% over the previous 10-year period.

Bangsund
Bangsund is a village Namsos Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It lies along the Løgnin arm of the Namsenfjorden, about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) south of the town of Namsos. The villages of Klinga and Sævik lie to the northeast along the Norwegian County Road 17.

The 0.66-square-kilometre (160-acre) village has a population (2024) of 865 and a population density of 1,311 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,400/sq mi).
Ilyushin Il-14
The Ilyushin Il-14 (NATO reporting name: Crate) is a Soviet twin-engine commercial and military personnel and cargo transport aircraft that first flew in 1950, and entered service in 1954. The Il-14 was also manufactured in East Germany by VEB Flugzeugwerke as the VEB 14 and in Czechoslovakia as the Avia 14. The Ilyushin Il-14 was typically replaced by the Antonov An-24 and Yakovlev Yak-40.

Balkan Bulgarian Airlines
Balkan Bulgarian Airlines (Bulgarian: Балкан) was Bulgaria's government-owned flag carrier airline between 1947 and 2002. During the 1970s, the airline became a significant European carrier. The company encountered financial instability following the fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe. Despite managing to continue operations, following the start of the 21st century and a controversial privatisation, it declared bankruptcy in 2002. Balkan was liquidated in late October 2002. Bulgaria Air was appointed Balkan's successor in December 2002.
Mainville, Pennsylvania
Mainville is a census-designated place in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of Northeastern Pennsylvania. The population was 134 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Bloomsburg-Berwick micropolitan area.

Bloomsburg–Berwick metropolitan area
The Bloomsburg–Berwick Micropolitan Statistical Area (μSA), as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of Columbia County in Pennsylvania, anchored by the town of Bloomsburg and the borough of Berwick. Before the census statistical areas were redesignated effective July 1, 2023, the area also included Montour County. As of the 2010 census, the μSA had a population of 85,562 (though a July 1, 2013 estimate placed the population at 85,338).
Cazzano di Tramigna
Cazzano di Tramigna is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Verona in the Italian region Veneto, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) west of Venice and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Verona.

Cazzano di Tramigna borders the following municipalities: Colognola ai Colli, Illasi, Montecchia di Crosara, San Giovanni Ilarione, Soave, and Tregnago.

San Giovanni Ilarione
San Giovanni Ilarione is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Verona in the Italian region Veneto, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) west of Venice and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Verona.

San Giovanni Ilarione borders the following municipalities: Cazzano di Tramigna, Chiampo, Montecchia di Crosara, Roncà, Tregnago, and Vestenanova.

The parish church is San Giovanni Battista.
Maldivian Democratic Party
The Maldivian Democratic Party (Dhivehi: ދިވެހި ރައްޔިތުންގެ ޑިމޮކްރެޓިކް ޕާޓީ, Dhivehi Rayyithunge Demokretik Paati; MDP) is a centre-right political party in the Maldives. It was the first political party to be registered in the Second Republic of the Maldives.

The party is supportive of the promotion of human rights and democracy in the Maldives. It won the first ever multi-party elections in the Maldives with the support from all the other political parties in the 2008 elections against then president Maumoon Abdul Gayoom.

Progressive Party of Maldives
The Progressive Party of Maldives (Dhivehi: ޕްރޮގްރެސިވް ޕާރޓީ އޮފް މޯލްޑިވްސް, PPM), was a political party in the Maldives. The stated goal of the party was driving Maldives towards an independent and democratic, safe and secure, high income, high human capital, developed nation state with a diversified and robust economy whilst preserving its Islamic heritage.
Alunogen
Alunogen (from French alun, "alum"), also called feather alum and hair salt is a colourless to white (although often coloured by impurities, such as iron substituting for aluminium) fibrous to needle-like aluminium sulfate mineral. It has the chemical formula Al2(SO4)3·17H2O.

It is often found on the walls of mines and quarries as a secondary mineral. It can be found in the oxidation zones of some ore deposits as well as on burning coal dumps (i.e., as the product of millosevichite hydration). It also forms as a low temperature deposit in fumaroles. It occurs associated with pyrite, marcasite, halotrichite, pickeringite, epsomite, potash alum, melanterite and gypsum.

The crystallochemical formula, can be written as: [Al(H2O)6]2(SO4)3.5H2O. The second formula shows that H2O in the alunogen formula occurs both as ligand (coordinative form) and loosely bound (crystallization) form.

Millosevichite
Millosevichite is a rare sulfate mineral with the chemical formula Al2(SO4)3. Aluminium is often substituted by iron. It forms finely crystalline and often porous masses.

It was first described in 1913 for an occurrence in Grotta dell'Allume, Porto Levante, Vulcano Island, Lipari, Aeolian Islands, Sicily. It was named for Italian mineralogist Federico Millosevich (1875–1942) of the University of Rome.

The mineral is mainly known from burning coal dumps, acting as one of the main minerals forming sulfate crust. It can be also found in volcanic fumeroles (solfatara environments).
It occurs with native sulfur, sal ammoniac, letovicite, alunogen and boussingaultite.
8013 Gordonmoore
8013 Gordonmoore, provisional designation 1990 KA, is an eccentric, stony asteroid and near-Earth object of the  Apollo group, approximately 1–2 kilometers in diameter.

The asteroid was discovered on 18 May 1990, by American astronomer Eleanor Helin at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. It was named after Intel co-founder Gordon Moore.

Eleanor F. Helin
Eleanor Francis "Glo" Helin (née Francis, 19 November 1932 – 25 January 2009) was an American astronomer. She was principal investigator of the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) program of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. (Some sources give her name as Eleanor Kay Helin.)

Helin was a prolific discoverer of minor planets (see list) and several comets, including periodic comets 111P/Helin–Roman–Crockett, 117P/Helin–Roman–Alu and 132P/Helin–Roman–Alu. She is credited as the discoverer of the object now known as both asteroid 4015 Wilson–Harrington and comet 107P/Wilson–Harrington. Although Wilson and Harrington preceded her by some decades, their observations did not establish an orbit for the object, while her rediscovery did. Helin discovered or co-discovered 903 asteroids and several comets.
Short Strand
54°35′53″N 5°54′34″W﻿ / ﻿54.59805°N 5.90936°W﻿ / 54.59805; -5.90936

The Short Strand (Irish: an Trá Ghearr) is a working class, inner city area of Belfast, Northern Ireland. It is a mainly Catholic and Irish nationalist enclave surrounded by the mainly Protestant and unionist East Belfast.

Short Strand is located on the east bank of the River Lagan in the townland of Ballymacarrett, which is part of County Down. The borders of the Short Strand are Albertbridge Road (to the south), Short Strand Road (to the west), Newtownards Road (to the north) and Bryson Street/Clandeboye Gardens (to the east). At the Short Strand's northeast corner is St Matthew's Catholic church.

For decades, Protestants and Catholics have regularly clashed at the edges of the Short Strand. This has led to fierce rioting and, occasionally, gun battles. Much of the Short Strand is surrounded by peace lines.

Peace lines
The peace lines or peace walls are a series of separation barriers in Northern Ireland that separate predominantly Irish republican or nationalist Catholic neighbourhoods from predominantly British loyalist or unionist Protestant neighbourhoods. They have been built at urban interface areas in Belfast and elsewhere.

The majority of peace walls are located in Belfast, but they also exist in other regions of Northern Ireland with more than 32 kilometres (20 miles) in total.
Hubei
Hubei is a province in Central China. It has the seventh-largest economy among Chinese provinces, the second-largest within Central China, and the third-largest among inland provinces. Its provincial capital at Wuhan serves as a major political, cultural, and economic hub for the region.

Hubei is associated with the historical state of E that existed during the Western Zhou dynasty (c. 1045 – 771 BCE). Its name means 'north of the lake', referring to Dongting Lake. It borders Henan to the north, Anhui and Jiangxi to the east, Hunan to the south, and Chongqing and Shaanxi to the west. The high-profile Three Gorges Dam is located at Yichang in the west of the province.

Wudang Mountains
The Wudang Mountains (simplified Chinese: 武当山; traditional Chinese: 武當山; pinyin: Wǔdāng Shān) are a mountain range in the northwestern part of Hubei, China. They are home to a famous complex of Taoist temples and monasteries associated with the Lord of the North, Xuantian Shangdi. The Wudang Mountains are renowned for the practice of tai chi and Taoism as the Taoist counterpart to the Shaolin Monastery, which is affiliated with Chan Buddhism. The Wudang Mountains are one of the "Four Sacred Mountains of Taoism" in China, an important destination for Taoist pilgrimages. The monasteries such as the Wudang Garden were made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 because of their religious significance and architectural achievement.
Nicola Amoruso
Nicola Amoruso (born 29 August 1974) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a forward. An elegant, technically gifted, and agile forward, known for his delicate touch on the ball and use of feints, he usually played in a central role; his nicknames were piede caldo (Hot Foot) and Dinamite (Dynamite), due to his eye for goal. He is currently the sporting director of Palermo.

1996 UEFA Super Cup
The 1996 UEFA Super Cup was a two-legged match that took place on 15 January 1997 and 5 February 1997 between Paris Saint-Germain of France, champions of the 1995–96 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and Juventus of Italy as winners of the 1995–96 UEFA Champions League. Juventus won the tie 9–2 on aggregate (a record margin in the history of the cup), humiliating PSG at the Parc des Princes 6–1, with goals from Sergio Porrini, Michele Padovano, Ciro Ferrara, Attilio Lombardo and Nicola Amoruso in the first leg (also a record) and winning the second leg 3–1 at Stadio La Favorita in Palermo after goals from Alessandro Del Piero and Christian Vieri.

As in the 1994–95 UEFA Cup, Juventus chose to play their home leg away from Turin due to poor attendances at the Stadio delle Alpi, in contrast to the big crowds they attracted playing in other cities.
Oklahoma State Highway 66
State Highway 66 (abbreviated SH-66) is a 192.7-mile (310.1 km) state highway in the U.S. state of Oklahoma, beginning at U.S. Highway 81 in El Reno and ending at U.S. Highway 60 near White Oak. The highway was designated in 1985 as a replacement for the decommissioned U.S. Highway 66. Although most of the highway follows Historic Route 66, the highway follows US 66's final alignment, joining Interstate 44 through Tulsa and Oklahoma City, while older versions of the route follow various city streets through both cities.

The highway has retained its importance for most of its length as it offers a non-tolled alternative to the Turner and Will Rogers Turnpikes which carry Interstate 44 between Oklahoma City and the Missouri state line.

SH-66 currently has one spur route, designated SH-66B, in Wellston.

U.S. Route 77 in Oklahoma
U.S. Highway 77 (US-77) in Oklahoma is a 267.21-mile-long (430.03 km) U.S. Highway in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It travels from south to north, paralleling Interstate 35 (I-35), connecting Texas to Kansas through the central part of the state. It travels through many major cities, including Ardmore, Oklahoma City and its suburbs, Guthrie, and Ponca City. It has four lettered spur routes.

US-77 was the first highway in Oklahoma to be paved entirely across the state from state line to state line. It has been a paved roadway since 1930.
Collateral fissure
The collateral fissure  is a large sulcus on the tentorial surface of the cerebral hemisphere and extends from near the occipital pole to within a short distance of the temporal pole. It is also known as the medial occipitotemporal sulcus.

Behind, it lies below and lateral to the calcarine fissure, from which it is separated by the lingual gyrus; in front, it is situated between the parahippocampal gyrus and the anterior part of the fusiform gyrus.

Sulcus (neuroanatomy)
In neuroanatomy, a sulcus (Latin: "furrow"; pl.: sulci) is a shallow depression or groove in the cerebral cortex. One or more sulci surround a gyrus (pl. gyri), a ridge on the surface of the cortex, creating the characteristic folded appearance of the brain in humans and most other mammals. The larger sulci are also called fissures. The cortex develops in the fetal stage of corticogenesis, preceding the cortical folding stage known as gyrification. The large fissures and main sulci are the first to develop.

Mammals that have a folded cortex are known as gyrencephalic, and the small-brained mammals that have a smooth cortex, such as rats and mice are termed lissencephalic.
Montigny-le-Bretonneux
Montigny-le-Bretonneux (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃tiɲi lə bʁətɔnø] ⓘ) is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the south-western suburbs of Paris, 24.5 kilometres (15.2 miles) from the centre of Paris, in the "new town" of Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, of which it is the central and most populated commune.

Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ kɑ̃.tɛ̃ ɑ̃.n‿iv.lin]) is a new town and an agglomeration community in the French department of Yvelines. It is one of the original five villes nouvelles (new towns) of Paris and was named after the Saint Quentin Pond, which was chosen to become the town's centre. The town was built from a greenfield site starting in the 1960s. Its area is 119.2 km2. In 2018, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines had a population of 228,312. It is part of the much larger Paris metropolitan area, and is around 25 km (16 mi) west of the centre of Paris.
Vicente Sanombo
Vicente Sanombo (born 23 October 1964) is an Angolan Catholic prelate who is the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kwito-Bié in Angola, since 28 March 2024. Before that from 6 November 1992, he was a priest of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Huambo, Angola. He was appointed bishop by Pope Francis. He was consecrated bishop on 23 June 2024 at Huambo. He was installed at Cuíto on 14 July 2024.

Diocese of Kwito-Bié
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Kwito-Bié (Latin: Dioecesis Kvitobiensis) is a diocese located in Bié Province in the ecclesiastical province of Huambo in Angola. The cathedral is located in the city of Cuito.
Ardrossan North railway station
Ardrossan North railway station was a railway station serving the town of Ardrossan, North Ayrshire, Scotland as part of the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway (L&AR). The station was the original Ardrossan terminus for this line until the nearby pier station opened two years later.

Ardrossan
Ardrossan (/ɑːrˈdrɒsən/; from Scottish Gaelic  Àird Rosain 'headland of the small promontory') is a town on the North Ayrshire coast in southwestern Scotland. The town has a population of 10,670 and forms part of a conurbation with Saltcoats and Stevenston known as the 'Three Towns'. Ardrossan is located on the east shore of the Firth of Clyde, and is the main terminal of Caledonian MacBrayne ferry services operating from mainland Scotland to the Isle of Arran.

The town is home to the Ardrossan Wind Farm, and is home to a number of businesses and organisations including Cunningham Housing Association. The town is served by two secondary schools – Ardrossan Academy and St Matthews Academy. A new 2–18 curriculum campus is currently under construction, and will include Ardrossan Academy and Winton Primary School & Early Years on the former Shell oil refinery site.
Tiki Barber
Atiim Kiambu "Tiki" Barber Sr.  (/ˈtiːki/; born April 7, 1975) is an American former professional football player who spent his entire 10-year career as a running back for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Virginia Cavaliers. Barber was selected by the Giants in the second round of the 1997 NFL draft. He retired from the NFL at the end of the 2006 NFL postseason as the Giants' all-time rushing and reception leader. He is the only player in NFL history to have 10,000 rushing yards, 5,000 receiving yards, and 1,000 return yards. Barber was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame in 2011.

After his playing career, Barber became a national media presence, joining NBC's The Today Show as a correspondent in 2007, then Football Night in America/Sunday Night Football. He has published several children's books with identical twin brother Ronde Barber, including By My Brother's Side (2004).

Tom Coughlin
Thomas Richard Coughlin (/ˈkɒflɪn/ KOF-lin; born August 31, 1946) is an American former football coach and executive of the National Football League (NFL). He was the head coach for the New York Giants from 2004 to 2015. He led the Giants to victory in Super Bowl XLII and Super Bowl XLVI, both times against the New England Patriots. Coughlin was also the inaugural head coach of the Jacksonville Jaguars, serving from 1995 to 2002 and leading the team to two AFC Championship Game appearances. Prior to his head coaching career in the NFL, he was head coach of the Boston College Eagles football team from 1991 to 1993, and served in a variety of coaching positions in the NFL as well as coaching and administrative positions in college football.
Middle Batkhela
Middle Batkhela is one of three administrative units that forms the union council of Batkhela Tehsil. The other two are the Lower Batkhela and Upper Batkhela in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

The district of Malakand has two Tehsils known as Swat Ranizai and Sam Ranizai. Each Tehsil comprises a number of union councils. There are 28 union councils in the district of Malakand.

Batkhela
Batkhela (Pashto: بټ خېله, Urdu: بٹ خیلہ) is a city, tehsil and the district headquarter of the Malakand District within the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. According to the 2017 Census of Pakistan, the population of Batkhela was recorded at 68,200. Batkhela is considered as one of the most popular business cities in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.  A water canal that pours into a small dam in the Jabban area near Batkhela is the main source of electricity production here.

Batkhela General Civil Headquarters Hospital is the main hospital of the district Malakand.
Batkhela's main bazaar is more than 4.0 Kilometres long. Making it Asia's longest Bazar.