hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Foreign direct investment in China
Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been an important part of the economy of the People's Republic of China since the 1980s. During the Mao period, most foreign companies halted their operations in China, though China remained connected to the world economy through a limited scale of international trade. Since 1978, China was again open to foreign investment and within two decades it became the largest recipient of foreign direct investment among developing countries. While China's acceptance of foreign investment is commonly associated with Deng Xiaoping’s reform and opening up, Chinese leaders including Mao Zedong and Hua Guofeng already acknowledged the need to import foreign capital and technology in the early 1970s. The investments from the 1970s up till the 2000s mainly focused on the manufacturing sector, earning China the label “world’s factory”.

Foreign direct investment
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an ownership stake in a company, made by a foreign investor, company, or government from another country. More specifically, it describes a controlling ownership of an asset in one country by an entity based in another country. The magnitude and extent of control, therefore, distinguishes it from a foreign portfolio investment or foreign indirect investment. Foreign direct investment includes expanding operations or purchasing a company in the target country.
1998–99 FIBA Saporta Cup
The 1998–99 FIBA Saporta Cup was the thirty-third edition of FIBA's 2nd-tier level European-wide professional club basketball competition. It occurred between September 15, 1998, and April 13, 1999. The final was held at Zaragoza, Spain.

FIBA Saporta Cup
The FIBA Saporta Cup, founded as FIBA European Cup Winners Cup, was the name of the second-tier level European-wide professional club basketball competition, where the domestic National Cup winners, from all over Europe, played against each other. The competition was organized by FIBA Europe. It was named after the late Raimundo Saporta, a former Real Madrid director.
Queen Elizabeth Park, Masterton
Queen Elizabeth Park is a park in Masterton, Wairarapa, New Zealand, located beside the Waipoua River. It was named Masterton Park until 1954, when it was renamed in honour of Queen Elizabeth II after her visit to Masterton. The park has gardens and a lake, as well as sports grounds, a large playground and a miniature railway.

Wairarapa cricket team
The Wairarapa cricket team represents the Wairarapa region of the North Island of New Zealand. It is one of the 21 teams from around New Zealand that compete in the Hawke Cup. Its base is in Masterton.
Arville Harris
Arville Shirley Harris (1904–1954) was an American jazz reedist. He was the brother of Leroy Harris, Sr.

Harris was born in St. Louis and played on riverboats in the early 1920s. He worked in the bands of Hershal Brassfield and Bill Brown, then worked with Clarence Williams, including on recordings, late in the decade. Around the same time he recorded with Fats Waller, King Oliver, Eva Taylor, and Sara Martin. He played in Cab Calloway's group, including on tours of Europe, between 1931 and 1935. In the latter half of the 1930s he worked with Jacques Butler, Baron Lee, and Claude Hopkins. He led a band under his name in New York at the Majestic Ballroom from ca. 1944 until his death.

Leroy Harris Sr.
Le Roy W. Harris Sr. (February 1895 – March 1969) was an American jazz multi-instrumentalist, who played banjo, guitar, and flute.

Harris was born into a musical family; one brother was violinist Jesse Harris, another was reedist Arville Harris, and his sister Marie Harris was a pianist. He was a member of Fletcher Henderson's Rainbow Orchestra in 1925 and worked with Leroy Tibbs in 1928. He was a member of several groups led by Clarence Williams and recorded with him on several occasions between 1926 and 1930. He played with bandleaders Maurice Rocco, Leroy Smith, and Jesse Stone in the 1930s, and in the 1940s played with Horace Henderson, Willie Bryant, and Tiny Bradshaw.
TOI-700
TOI-700 is a red dwarf 101.4 light-years away from Earth located in the Dorado constellation that hosts TOI-700 d, the first Earth-sized exoplanet in the habitable zone discovered by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS).

TOI-700 d
TOI-700 d is a dense, rocky, near-Earth-sized exoplanet orbiting within the habitable zone of the red dwarf TOI-700. It is located roughly 101.4 light-years (31.1 pc) away from Earth in the constellation of Dorado and is the outermost of four confirmed exoplanets around its star. The exoplanet is the first Earth-sized exoplanet in the habitable zone discovered by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS).

TOI-700 d orbits its star at a distance of 0.161 AU (24,100,000 km; 15,000,000 mi) from its host star with an orbital period of roughly 37.4 days and has a radius of around 1.19 times that of Earth. It has been estimated that the planet receives about 88% the energy that the Earth receives from the Sun.

It was discovered in 3 January 2020 by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS).
Much Wenlock
Much Wenlock is a market town and parish in Shropshire, England; it is situated on the A458 road between Shrewsbury and Bridgnorth. Nearby, to the north-east, is the Ironbridge Gorge and Telford. The civil parish includes the villages of Homer (1 mile (1.6 km) north of the town), Wyke (2 miles (3 km) north-east), Atterley (2 miles (3 km) south-east), Stretton Westwood (2 miles (3 km) south-west) and Bourton (3 miles (5 km) south-west). The population of the civil parish, according to the 2001 Census, was 2,605, increasing to 2,877 by 2011.

Notable historic attractions in the town are Wenlock Priory, Wenlock Edge, Holy Trinity Church and the Guildhall. The Wenlock Olympian Games, established by William Penny Brookes in 1850, are centred in the town. Brookes is credited as a founding father of the modern Olympic Games and one of the London 2012 Summer Olympics mascots was named Wenlock, after the town.

Wyke, Shropshire
Wyke (or the Wyke) is a small hamlet in rural Shropshire, England, where it is part of the civil parish of Much Wenlock. Its name may originate from Old English wice, Wych elm, but is more likely derived from the word wic, dwelling or village.

It was one of the old townships of Much Wenlock parish, where it was treated as a single township with the neighbouring township of Bradley (having a total of eight taxpayers in 1524). From the late 18th century the small settlement at Wyke was eclipsed by new cottages built at Farley to the south-west.
Preguiça, São Nicolau
Preguiça is a settlement in the central part of the island of São Nicolau, Cape Verde. It is situated on the south coast, 6 km south of Ribeira Brava. It served as the port of Ribeira Brava, after the older Porto de Lapa, 6 km to the northeast, had been abandoned in 1653 due to pirate attacks. 
The settlement was mentioned as Paraghisi in the 1747 map by Jacques-Nicolas Bellin. In 1820 the Forte do Príncipe Real, now ruined, was built to protect the port. Preguiça's port consists of a stone quay and a short mole. Preguiça Airport is located 3 km north of the village.

Forte do Príncipe Real
Forte do Príncipe Real (also: Forte da Preguiça) is a ruined fort in the village of Preguiça in the island of São Nicolau, Cape Verde. It was built in 1820 to protect the roadstead and village of Preguiça. It sits at about 50 m elevation, at the waterfront. It was abandoned in the first decades of the 20th century, and other buildings (houses, a school) were built on top of its remains. In the 1990s these buildings were cleared, and the fortress was excavated.
Kuriyama, Tochigi
Kuriyama (栗山村, Kuriyama-mura) was a village located in Shioya District, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 2,068 and a density of 4.84 persons per km2. The total area was 427.37 km2.

On March 20, 2006, Kuriyama, along with the city of Imaichi, the town of Ashio (from Kamitsuga District), and the town of Fujihara (also from Shioya District), was merged into the expanded city of Nikkō. As a result of the merger, no villages remain in Tochigi Prefecture.

Nikkō
Nikkō (日光市, Nikkō-shi; IPA: [ɲikkoꜜːɕi]) is a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.  As of 2 December 2020, the city's population was 80,239, in 36,531 households. The population density was 55 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 1,449.83 square kilometres (559.78 sq mi).

Nikkō is a popular destination for Japanese and international tourists. Attractions include the mausoleum of shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu at the Nikkō Tōshō-gū shrine, and that of his grandson Tokugawa Iemitsu (Iemitsu-byō Taiyū-in), along with Futarasan shrine, which dates to the year 767. There are many famous onsen (hot springs) in the area. Elevations range from 200 to 2,000 meters.

The Japanese saying "Never say kekkō until you've seen Nikkō" (日光を見ずして結構と言うなかれ)" – with kekkō (結構) meaning splendid, magnificent, or satisfied – is a reflection of the beauty and sites in Nikkō.
Richard Stika
Richard Frank Stika (July 4, 1957 – February 17, 2026) was an American Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Knoxville from 2009 to 2023, when he resigned at the request of Pope Francis. Stika had been accused of covering up the rape of a diocesan employee by a former seminarian, among other allegations of misconduct and mismanagement.

Diocese of Knoxville
The Diocese of Knoxville (Latin: Dioecesis Knoxvillensis) is a diocese of the Catholic Church in eastern Tennessee in the United States. It was founded on May 27, 1988, from the eastern counties of what was then the Diocese of Nashville. The diocese is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Louisville. The Mother Church is the Cathedral of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus in Knoxville. The diocese is one of the fastest growing dioceses in the United States, along with the neighbor diocese of Nashville.
Shimshon ben Mordechai of Slonim
Shimshon (Samson) ben Mordechai of Slonim (c. 1734/1736 – 13 May 1794), was an 18th-century rabbi, philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. He was one of the leaders of Haskalah and the Misnagdim, and was influenced by the Vilna Gaon. He was the Av Beit Din of Slonim and Königsberg and is thought to have been descended from Shimshon Loew ben Bezalel, the Maharal of Prague's brother, through his grandson, Samson ben Pesah Ostropoli.

Salomon Maimon
Salomon Maimon (/ˈmaɪmɒn/; German: [ˈmaɪmoːn]; Lithuanian: Salomonas Maimonas; Hebrew: שלמה בן יהושע מימון‎ Shlomo ben Yehoshua Maimon; 1753 – 22 November 1800) was a philosopher born of Lithuanian Jewish parentage in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, present-day Belarus. His work was written in German and in Hebrew.
CliSAP
The "Integrated Climate System Analysis and Prediction" (CliSAP) Cluster of Excellence is a research association of the Universität Hamburg, the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), the Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, HZG), and the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ). The Cluster of Excellence started in 2007 as part of the Excellence Initiative of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. It is therefore funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). CliSAP conducts fundamental research on climate and climate change in the fields of natural, economic and social sciences.

German Climate Computing Centre
The German Climate Computing Centre (Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum, DKRZ) is a central service center for the German climate research and Earth system research. It operates high performance computing for applied and basic research in climate science and related disciplines. The main task of the DKRZ is to provide computing power and technical support for models and simulations of climate research.

The group commissioned a new supercomputer made by French company Atos in March 2022.
Aviaprad
CJSC, Aviaprad (Russian: ЗАО «Авиапрад») was an airline based in Yekaterinburg, Russia. It operated domestic and international cargo charters from Yekaterinburg to destinations within the CIS, Western Europe, China and the United Arab Emirates. Its main base was Koltsovo International Airport, Yekaterinburg.

VIM Airlines
VIM Airlines (legally VIM Avia) was a Russian charter airline headquartered in Moscow based at Domodedovo International Airport. It offered international scheduled and charter operations for both passengers and cargo as well as wet lease services. Its licence was revoked by 4 November 2017 after its operations were suspended a few weeks earlier.
Linear algebra
Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations such as

linear maps such as

and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices.

Linear algebra is central to almost all areas of mathematics. For instance, linear algebra is fundamental in modern presentations of geometry, including for defining basic objects such as lines, planes and rotations. Also, functional analysis, a branch of mathematical analysis, may be viewed as the application of linear algebra to function spaces.

Linear algebra is also used in most sciences and fields of engineering because it allows modeling many natural phenomena, and computing efficiently with such models. For nonlinear systems, which cannot be modeled with linear algebra, it is often used for dealing with first-order approximations, using the fact that the differential of a multivariate function at a point is the linear map that best approximates the function near that point.

Function composition
In mathematics, the composition operator  takes two functions,  and , and returns a new function .  When the composite function  (pronounced " of ") is evaluated at an input , the result is . That is, the function  is applied after applying  to .

The composition of functions is a special case of the composition of relations, sometimes also denoted by . As a result, all properties of composition of relations are true of composition of functions, such as associativity.
Kunzum Pass
Kunzum Pass (Tibetan: Kunzum La, elev. 4,551 m or 14,931 ft), is a high mountain pass in the eastern Kunzum Range of the Himalayas. It connects Lahaul valley and Spiti valley. It is on the route from Gramphoo in Lahaul to Kaza the subdivisional headquarters of Spiti. Kunzum Pass on NH505 is 122 km (76 mi) from Manali, and 79 km (49 mi) from Kaza.

Lahaul and Spiti district
Lahaul and Spiti district is a high-altitude district in Himachal Pradesh, north India. This entirely mountainous district consists of two geographically distinct as well as formerly separate political-administrative units, called Lahaul (Tibetan: གར་ཞ་, Wylie: gar zha) and Spiti (Tibetan: སྤི་ཏི་, Wylie: spi ti; or Tibetan: སྤྱི་ཏི, Wylie: spyi ti). Lahaul and Spiti is the largest district by area in Himachal Pradesh, and one of the least populous districts in the whole of India. Kyelang (also spelled as 'Keylong') in Lahaul is the headquarters of the whole district, while Spiti also has a subdivisional headquarters, at Kaza.

Lahaul and Spiti is fast becoming a top weekend getaway destination in Himachal, due to improved road access via Atal Tunnel and rising investment in resorts and adventure activities.
Transalpin
The Transalpin is a EuroCity express train linking Zürich (Switzerland) with Graz (Austria) via Liechtenstein. Introduced in 2013, it is operated by the Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB) and the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB-CFF-FFS). From 1958 to 2010 a train of the same name linked Basel or Zürich with Vienna (see history below).

The name of the train alludes to the fact that it crosses the Alps.  Transalpin was also the Ancient Roman word meaning "behind the Alps", and referring to the region of that name in northern Switzerland.

Arlberg railway
The Arlberg Railway (German: Arlbergbahn), which connects the Austrian cities Innsbruck and Bludenz, is Austria's only east-west mountain railway. It is one of the highest standard gauge railways in Europe and the second highest in Austria, after the Brenner. The 136.7 km line is a highly problematic mountain railway, in part because it is threatened by avalanches, mudslides, rockfalls and floods. It is operated by the Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB) and frequented by international trains, including the Orient Express.
Malagasy Sign Language
The Malagasy Sign Language (Malagasy: Tenin'ny Tanana malagasy, abbreviated TT) is a sign language used for communication among hearing impaired people in Madagascar. An estimated 110,000 to 170,000  people (or 1% of the population of Madagascar) are deaf. Malagasy Sign Language is similar to Norwegian Sign Language because the first deaf school in Madagascar was founded in 1960 by the Malagasy Lutheran Church with the assistance of a number of Norwegians, including Norwegian teachers. That said, a large number of signs in Malagasy Sign seem to be completely unrelated to their Norwegian Sign counterparts.
Seven deaf schools in Madagascar are sponsored by Evangelical Lutherans.

Norwegian Sign Language
Norwegian Sign Language, or NSL (Norwegian Bokmål: norsk tegnspråk or Nynorsk: norsk teiknspråk, NTS), is the principal sign language in Norway. There are many sign language organizations and some television programs broadcast in NSL in Norway. The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation airs Nyheter på tegnspråk (News in Sign Language) daily and Tid for tegn (Time for Signs) weekly.

NSL is an official language as of 1 January 2022.
Julia Pierson
Julia Ann Pierson (born July 21, 1959) is an American former law enforcement official. On March 27, 2013, President Barack Obama appointed her as the 23rd Director of the United States Secret Service. Pierson was the first female director of the agency. Amid a series of security lapses involving the Secret Service, she resigned the position on October 1, 2014.

Director of the United States Secret Service
The director of the United States Secret Service is the head of the United States Secret Service, and is responsible for the day-to-day operations.

The Secret Service is a federal law enforcement agency that is part of the United States Department of Homeland Security. The service is mandated by the U.S. Congress to carry out a unique dual mission: safeguarding the financial and critical infrastructure of the United States, and protecting the nation's leaders.

The director is appointed by, and serves at the pleasure of, the president of the United States, and is not subject to Senate confirmation. The director reports to the secretary of homeland security, and operates with the general directions thereof. Prior to March 1, 2003, the Secret Service was a part of the United States Department of the Treasury.
Lolita Anime
Lolita Anime (ロリータアニメ, Rorita Anime) is a collection of adult original video animations (OVA) produced by Wonder Kids. It contains many notable firsts, as the first erotic original video animation, depicting hentai scenes which include yuri, BDSM and lolicon characters. It ran from February 1984 to May 1985 and consisted of six episodes. An alternative name for this anime is Wonder Magazine Series and was based on a manga by Fumio Nakajima, which was serialized in the lolicon magazine Lemon People.

Hentai
Hentai (ヘンタイ, deviation/abnormality; 変態) is a style of Japanese pornographic anime and manga. In addition to anime and manga, hentai works exist in a variety of media, including artwork and video games (commonly known as eroge).

The development of hentai has been influenced by Japanese cultural and historical attitudes toward sexuality. Hentai works, which are often self-published, form a significant portion of the market for doujin works, including doujinshi. Numerous subgenres exist depicting a variety of sexual acts and relationships, as well as novel fetishes.
Wollaton Hall
Wollaton Hall is an Elizabethan country house of the 1580s standing on a small but prominent hill in Wollaton Park, Nottingham, England. The house is now Nottingham Natural History Museum, with Nottingham Industrial Museum in the outbuildings. The surrounding parkland has a herd of deer, and is regularly used for large-scale outdoor events such as rock concerts, sporting events and festivals.

Nottingham Industrial Museum
The Nottingham Industrial Museum is a volunteer-run museum situated in part of the 17th-century stables block of Wollaton Hall, located in a suburb of the city of Nottingham.
The museum won the Nottinghamshire Heritage Site of the Year Award 2012, a local accolade issued by Experience Nottinghamshire. The Museum collection closed in 2009 after Nottingham City Council withdrew funding, but has since reopened at weekends and bank holidays, helped by a £91,000 government grant, and run by volunteers.  The museum contains a display of local textiles machinery, transport, telecommunications, mining and engineering technology. There is a display of cycles, motorcycles, and motor cars. There are examples of significant lace-making machinery. It also houses an operational beam engine, from the Basford, Nottingham pumping station.
Macquarie Island Station
The Macquarie Island Station, commonly called Macca, is a permanent Australian subantarctic research base on Macquarie Island, situated in the Southern Ocean and located approximately halfway between Mainland Australia and Antarctica, managed by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD). The station lies at the base of Wireless Hill, between two bays on the isthmus at the northern end of the island.

The island and its surrounding waters are administered as a nature reserve by the Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service. In 1997, the island was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as a site of major geoconservation significance, being the only place on Earth where rocks from the Earth's mantle are actively exposed above sea-level.

Wireless Hill
Wireless Hill is a steep-sided hill with a summit plateau that takes up most of the North Head promontory at the northern end of Australia’s subantarctic Macquarie Island, lying in the Southern Ocean about halfway between Australia and Antarctica.  Its highest point is about 100 m above sea level and it is joined to the main body of the island by a low and narrow isthmus that is occasionally wave-washed in heavy storms.  Macquarie Island Station, operated by the Australian Antarctic Division and the only permanently populated place on the island, lies at the northern end of the isthmus at the foot of Wireless Hill.  The hill is so named because it was the site of an early wireless telegraphy relay station, part of the first radio link to Antarctica.
Bulletproof vest
A bulletproof vest, also known as a ballistic vest or bullet-resistant vest, is a type of body armor designed to absorb impact and prevent the penetration of firearm projectiles and explosion fragments to the torso. The vest can be either soft—as worn by police officers, security personnel, prison guards, and occasionally private citizens to protect against stabbing attacks or light projectiles—or hard, incorporating metallic or para-aramid components. Soldiers and police tactical units typically wear hard armour, either alone or combined with soft armour, to protect against rifle ammunition or fragmentation. Additional protection includes trauma plates for blunt force and ceramic inserts for high-caliber rounds. Bulletproof vests have evolved over centuries, from early designs like those made for knights and military leaders to modern-day versions. Early ballistic protection used materials like cotton and silk, while contemporary vests employ advanced fibers and ceramic plates.

Chain mail
Mail (sometimes spelled maille and, since the 18th century, colloquially referred to as chain mail, chainmail, or chain-mail) is a type of armour consisting of small metal rings linked together in a pattern to form a mesh. It was widely used in European militaries from the 3rd century BC to the 16th century AD, while in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East it remained in military use until as late as the 18th century. Chain mail is still in use in industries such as butchery and as protection against the powerful bites of creatures such as sharks. A coat of this armour is often called a hauberk or sometimes a byrnie.