hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Flaubert's letters
The letters of Gustave Flaubert (French: la correspondance de Flaubert), the 19th-century French novelist, range in date from 1829, when he was seven or eight years old, to a day or two before his death in 1880. They are considered one of the finest bodies of letters in French literature, admired even by many who are critical of Flaubert's novels. His main correspondents include family members, business associates and fellow-writers such as Théophile Gautier, the Goncourt brothers, Guy de Maupassant, Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, George Sand, Ivan Turgenev and Émile Zola. They provide a valuable glimpse of his methods of work and his literary philosophy, as well as documenting his social life, political opinions, and increasing disgust with bourgeois society.

Gustave Flaubert
Gustave Flaubert (UK: /ˈfloʊbɛər/ FLOH-bair, US: /floʊˈbɛər/ floh-BAIR; French: [ɡystav flobɛʁ]; 12 December 1821 – 8 May 1880) was a French novelist. He has been considered the leading exponent of literary realism in his country and abroad. According to the literary theorist Kornelije Kvas, "in Flaubert, realism strives for formal perfection, so the presentation of reality tends to be neutral, emphasizing the values and importance of style as an objective method of presenting reality". He is known especially for his debut novel Madame Bovary (1857), his Correspondence, and his scrupulous devotion to his style and aesthetics. The celebrated short story writer Guy de Maupassant was a protégé of Flaubert.
Reduced mass
In physics, reduced mass is a measure of the effective inertial mass of a system with two or more particles when the particles are interacting with each other. Reduced mass allows the two-body problem to be solved as if it were a one-body problem. Note, however, that the mass determining the gravitational force is not reduced. In the computation, one mass can be replaced with the reduced mass, if this is compensated by replacing the other mass with the sum of both masses. The reduced mass is frequently denoted by  (mu), although the standard gravitational parameter is also denoted by  (as are a number of other physical quantities). It has the dimensions of mass, and SI unit kg.

Reduced mass is particularly useful in classical mechanics.

Standard gravitational parameter
The standard gravitational parameter μ of a celestial body is the product of the gravitational constant G and the mass M of that body. For two bodies, the parameter may be expressed as G(m1 + m2), or as GM when one body is much larger than the other:

For several objects in the Solar System, the value of μ is known to greater accuracy than either G or M. The SI unit of the standard gravitational parameter is m3⋅s−2. However, the unit km3⋅s−2 is frequently used in the scientific literature and in spacecraft navigation.
American Bison Society
The American Bison Society (ABS) was a conservation organization founded in 1905 by the New York Zoological Society to help save the bison from extinction and raise public awareness about the species by pioneering conservationists and sportsmen including Ernest Harold Baynes (the Society's first secretary), William T. Hornaday, Madison Grant and Theodore Roosevelt.

Over 40 million American bison (Bison bison) once roamed the plains and grasslands from Mexico to central Canada, shaping the landscape with their migrations, grazing patterns, and behavior. By the 1870s, their populations had been decimated by westward expansion and over-hunting. An 1889 survey published by Hornaday, who would go on to become the first director of the Bronx Zoo, showed that approximately 1,000 bison remained in North America.

Ernest Harold Baynes
Ernest Harold Baynes (1868–1925) was an American naturalist and writer. He was instrumental in bringing to public attention the near demise of songbirds and of the bison. He founded the American Bison Society, of which President Teddy Roosevelt was honorary chairman. He was "the closest thing New England, and the world for that matter, will ever get to a real-life Doctor Dolittle; all sorts of New England birds and animals—foxes, wolves, chickadees, bears and bison—were known to roam around and in and out of his house."
Ashigarakami District, Kanagawa
Ashigarakami District (足柄上郡, Ashigarakami-gun) is a district located in western Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. Most of the mountainous district is sparsely populated, and is part of the Tanzawa-Ōyama Quasi-National Park. Parts of the cities of Hadano and Odawara, and the entire city of Minamiashigara were formerly part of Ashigarakami District.

As of 2009, the district had an estimated population of 67,954 and a density of 224 persons per km2. The total area was 303.44 km2.

Hadano, Kanagawa
Hadano (秦野市, Hadano-shi) is a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 June 2021, the city had an estimated population of 163,787 and a population density of 1600 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 103.76 square kilometres (40.06 sq mi).
Beirut Phoenicians RFC
Beirut Phoenicians Rugby Club was the first rugby union club team/club in Lebanon. It was established in 1995 in response to a request from the British embassy for a rugby team to play HMS Cardiff that was docked in Beirut for a few days in November 1995.

HMS Cardiff (D108)
HMS Cardiff was a British Type 42 destroyer and the third ship of the Royal Navy to be named in honour of the Welsh capital city of Cardiff.

Cardiff served in the Falklands War, where she was involved in the 1982 British Army Gazelle friendly fire incident. She also shot down the last Argentine aircraft of the conflict and accepted the surrender of a 700-strong garrison in the settlement of Port Howard.

During the 1991 Gulf War, her Lynx helicopter sank two Iraqi minesweepers. She later participated in the build-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq as part of the Royal Navy's constant Armilla patrol, but was not involved in the actual invasion.

Cardiff was decommissioned in July 2005, and sent for scrapping despite calls by former servicemen for her to be preserved as a museum ship and local tourist attraction in Cardiff.
Eison
Eison (叡尊 (Eison); courtesy name: Shien 思円; posthumous title: Kōshō Bosatsu 興正菩薩; 1201–1290) was a Japanese Buddhist monk active in the mid-Kamakura period. He founded the Shingon Risshu (Shingon Vinaya school). Eison was born in Mikata village, Soejō District, Yamato Province (present-day Yamatokōriyama, Nara), the son of the scholar-monk Keigen of Kōfuku-ji. He is regarded as one of the representative figures of Kamakura Buddhism, known for reviving the neglected Buddhist precepts and restoring the declining Saidai-ji in Nara.

Hannya-ji
Hannya-ji (般若寺) is a Buddhist temple of the Shingon Ritsu sect in Nara, Japan. Its foundation is variously dated, but mention in a document in the Shōsōin provides a terminus ante quem of the mid-eighth century.
Emmanuel Théaulon
Marie-Emmanuel-Guillaume-Marguerite Théaulon de Lambert (14 August 1787, Aigues-Mortes – 16 November 1841) was a French playwright.

A customs inspector, then an inspector of military hospitals, he composed an Ode on the birth of the King of Rome which brought him thanks from Napoleon himself. In 1814 he sang for the Bourbons and put on his first play, Les Clefs de Paris, ou le Dessert d’Henri IV (The Keys of Paris, or the Deservings of Henry IV), in their honour.

In 1815, he composed and organised the posting of proclamations in honour of Louis XVIII. He collaborated on the royalist journals Le Nain rose, La Foudre, L’Apollon.

Aigues-Mortes
Aigues-Mortes (French pronunciation: [ɛɡmɔʁt]; Occitan: Aigas Mòrtas) is a commune in the Gard department in the Occitania region of southern France.  The medieval city walls surrounding the city are well preserved. Situated on the junction of the Canal du Rhône à Sète and the Chenal Maritime to Le Grau-du-Roi, the town is a transit center for canal craft and Dutch barges.
Barry French (scientist)
(John) Barry French, born August 22, 1931, is a Canadian scientist and entrepreneur. He received his PhD in chemical engineering from the University of Toronto in 1961. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and a Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering. French was appointed a Member of the Order of Canada in 2007 and is co-founder of SCIEX, a mass spectrometer company now owned by Danaher Corporation.

SCIEX
SCIEX is a manufacturer of mass spectrometry instrumentation used in biomedical and environmental applications. Originally started by scientists from the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies, it is now part of Danaher Corporation with the SCIExe R&D division still located in Toronto, Canada.
The More We Get Together
"The More We Get Together", now regarded today as a popular English-language children's song, of American origin, was originally written by Irving King as the anthem of the Ancient Order of Froth Blowers, to be sung to an old Viennese tune, "O du lieber Augustin". Sheet music of the drinking song and a gramophone recording were issued during the 1920s. Later it featured as a cowboy song in the Columbia Pictures movie series, this time as "The More We Get Together", in Challenge of the Range (1949) and in The Rough, Tough West (1952).

Ancient Order of Froth Blowers
The Ancient Order of Froth Blowers was a humorous British charitable organisation "to foster the noble Art and gentle and healthy Pastime of froth blowing amongst Gentlemen of-leisure and ex-Soldiers". Running from 1924 to 1931, it was founded by Herbert Longdale Temple, an ex-soldier and curtain-merchant, initially to raise £100 (equal to £7,204 today) for the children's charities of the surgeon Sir Alfred Fripp. One of the Order's first meeting places was the Swan, Fittleworth, W. Sussex; the 'No. 0 Vat'.
House Party 2
House Party 2 is a 1991 American comedy film and the second in the House Party film series. Kid 'n Play, Full Force, Tisha Campbell, and Martin Lawrence reprise their roles from the first film, with Iman, Queen Latifah, and Georg Stanford Brown joining the cast. There are guest appearances by Tony! Toni! Toné! and Ralph Tresvant. It was directed by Doug McHenry and George Jackson, and written by Daryl G. Nickens and Rusty Cundieff.

In contrast to the original, the film places less focus on the party aspect of the plot and more on the characters' personal lives, from dating to education and career ambitions. The party this time is a college pajama party rather than a high school house party.

House Party 2 was released in the United States on October 23, 1991, and grossed $19 million on a budget of $5 million. A further sequel, House Party 3, was released in 1994.

Georg Stanford Brown
Georg Stanford Brown (born June 24, 1943) is an American actor and director, perhaps best known as one of the stars of the ABC police television series The Rookies from 1972 to 1976. On the show, Brown played the character of Officer Terry Webster.
KLE Institute of Technology
The K.L.E Society's KLE Institute of Technology (KLEIT) is an engineering college in Hubli, India. Established in 2008, it is one of the institutes under the banner of Karnatak Lingayat Education Society(KLE). KLEIT is approved by the AICTE and recognized by University Grant Commission of India. KLEIT is affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum for its BE,  MCA and M.Tech courses.

Hubli
Hubli, officially Hubballi, is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka. The twin cities Hubli–Dharwad form the second largest municipality and urban agglomeration of Karnataka in terms of area and population and the largest city in North Karnataka. Hubli is in Dharwad district of Karnataka and is the taluk headquarters of Hubli City and Hubli Rural. Although it hosts the Hubli-Dharwad Municipal Corporation, the district headquarters is in Dharwad.

It also houses the largest number of government offices outside the state capital. In 2016, Hubli-Dharwad was selected for solar city / green city master plans. In 2017, government of India included Hubli-Dharwad city for a smart city project, a flagship scheme for overall development of infrastructure in the twin-cities.
Eastern Orthodoxy in Estonia
Eastern Orthodoxy in Estonia is practiced by 16.5% of the population as of 2011, making it the most identified religion and Christian denomination in this majority-secular state after surpassing Lutheran Christianity with 9.1% (which was previously 13.6% in 2000 census) for the first time in the country's modern history. Eastern Orthodox Christianity is mostly practiced within Estonia's Russian ethnic minority, with a smaller number of the ethnically Estonian population. According to the 2000 Estonian census, 72.9% of those who identified as Orthodox Christians were of Russian descent.

Today, there are two branches of the Eastern Orthodox Church operating in Estonia: the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church, an autonomous church under the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, and the Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate, a semi-autonomous church of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Russians in Estonia
In Estonia, the population of ethnic Russians is estimated at 285,819 or 20.9% of the country's total population as of 2025, most of whom live in the capital city Tallinn and other urban areas of Harju and Ida-Viru counties. While a small settlement of Russian Old Believers on the coast of Lake Peipus has an over 300-year long history, the large majority of the ethnic Russian population in the country originates from the immigration from Russia and other parts of the former USSR during the 1944–1991 Soviet occupation of Estonia.
As Brave as We Could Be
As Brave as We Could Be is the only studio album by British band Jellicoe, issued by Do-Little Records in 2001. It is notable as the first album to feature Jay McAllister who later went on to have a successful career as a folk singer-songwriter under the stage name Beans On Toast.

Jellicoe (band)
Jellicoe were an English alternative rock band formed in Essex in 1996.

The lineup included singer/guitarist Jay McAllister who went on to find future solo success under the name Beans On Toast. Drummer Dave Danger was later a founding member of UK indie band The Holloways.
Palazzo Cavalli-Franchetti
Palazzo Cavalli-Franchetti is a palace in Venice, Italy, not far from the Ponte dell'Accademia and next to the Palazzo Barbaro on the Grand Canal of Venice.  The palace was erected in 1565 by the patrician Marcello family, later passing to the Gussoni. In the 19th century it was internally modernised and externally enriched in revived Venetian Gothic style, with rich window framing, by a series of grand owners.

Since 1999 it has been the seat of the Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti and frequently houses cultural events.

Grand Canal (Venice)
The Grand Canal (Italian: Canal Grande [kaˌnal ˈɡrande], locally and informally Canalazzo; Venetian: Canal Grando, locally usually Canałaso [kanaˈɰaso]) is the largest channel in Venice, Italy, forming one of the major water-traffic corridors in the city.

One end of the canal leads into the lagoon near the Santa Lucia railway station and the other end leads into the basin at San Marco; in between, it makes a large reverse-S shape through the central districts (sestieri) of Venice. It is 3.8 kilometres (2.4 miles) long, and 30 to 90 metres (98 to 295 ft) wide, with an average depth of 5 metres (16 feet).
Phipps Bridge
Phipps Bridge is a housing estate in Mitcham in the London Borough of Merton. It was built following a need created by the end of the Second World War on the site of old slums, and is named after a nearby bridge. Although it opened in the 1960s as a show-piece estate, it took less than ten years for it to become a slum again, and the council continued to redevelop it into the 1990s.

Mitcham
Mitcham is an area within the London Borough of Merton in South London, England. It is centred 7.2 miles (11.6 km) southwest of Charing Cross. Originally a village in the county of Surrey, today it is mainly a residential suburb, and includes Mitcham Common. It has been a settlement throughout recorded history.

Amenities include Mitcham Library and Mitcham Cricket Green. Nearby major districts are Croydon, Sutton, Beddington, Wimbledon, Morden, Tooting, Streatham, Norbury and Colliers Wood. Mitcham, most broadly defined, had a population of 63,393 in 2011, formed from six wards including Pollards Hill.
"Centrolene" quindianum
"Centrolene" quindianum is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to the Andes of Colombia and is considered a threatened species due to habitat destruction. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers. "C." quindianum is known to have two types of calls, one composed of only two notes and the other composed of three to five notes with its most frequently used one being the former.

Glass frog
The glass frogs belong to the amphibian family Centrolenidae (order Anura), native to the Central American and Colombian rainforests. The general background coloration of most glass frogs is primarily lime green, the abdominal skin of some members of this family is transparent and translucent, giving the glass frog its common name. The internal viscera, including the heart, liver, and gastrointestinal tract, are visible through the skin. When active, their blood makes them visible; when sleeping, most of the blood is concealed in the liver, hiding them. Glass frogs are arboreal, living mainly in trees, feeding on small insects and only coming out for mating season. Their transparency conceals them very effectively when sleeping on a green leaf, as they habitually do. However, climate change and habitat fragmentation have been threatening the survival rates of the family.
Karl Gauti Hjaltason
Karl Gauti Hjaltason (born 1959) is an Icelandic politician and former police officer. He was a member of Althing from 2017 to 2021 and has been serving as MP since 2024. Formerly, he was a part of People's Party of Iceland until he was expelled as part of the Klaustur Affair. Outside of his political career, Karl has served as the police chief in Vestmannaeyjar and Reykjavík and Sýslumaður in Vestmannaeyjar and Hólmavík. From 2014 to 2016, he was the head of the State Police Academy.

People's Party (Iceland)
The People's Party (Icelandic: Flokkur fólksins) is an Icelandic political party, with an emphasis on disability rights, pensioners' interests, and direct democracy. It currently sits in government.

The People's Party was founded in 2016 by Inga Sæland. The party defines itself as "based on a message of love", its articles of association stating its goals as "[fighting] with thought, word and will for Icelanders who have suffered injustices, differences, lawlessness and poverty."
Grant McCasland
Grant McCasland (born October 14, 1976) is an American college basketball coach who is currently the head men's basketball coach at Texas Tech University. McCasland previously coached at North Texas from 2017 to 2023, where he guided the Mean Green to two postseason tournament championships: the 2018 College Basketball Invitational and 2023 National Invitation Tournament. He was previously an assistant at his alma mater, Baylor, and head coach at Midwestern State, Midland College, and Arkansas State.

Texas Tech Red Raiders basketball
The Texas Tech Red Raiders basketball team represents Texas Tech University in basketball. Texas Tech competes in NCAA Division I and has been a charter member of the Big 12 Conference since its first season in 1996. The team previously competed in the Border Conference and Southwest Conference. The team was founded in 1925, having since won 13 regular season conference championship, and made 22 appearances in the NCAA tournament as of the 2025–2026 season. Since 1999, the Red Raiders have played their home games at the United Supermarkets Arena on the university's campus in Lubbock, Texas.
Amedeo Mecozzi
Amedeo Mecozzi (17 January 1892 – 2 November 1971) was an Italian fighter ace of World War I, a general of the Italian Regia Aeronautica and a military theorist credited as the founding father of the "Attack air force" doctrine, which made him a strong opponent to general Giulio Douhet's theories.

Giulio Douhet
Giulio Douhet (30 May 1869 – 15 February 1930) was an Italian general and air power theorist. He was a key proponent of strategic bombing in aerial warfare. He was a contemporary of the air warfare advocates Walther Wever, Billy Mitchell, and Hugh Trenchard.

In his influential 1921 work The Command of the Air, Douhet argued that strategic bombing—particularly targeting civilian populations and infrastructure—could break a nation's will to fight. He believed that by inflicting enough terror and destruction from the air, the morale of the civilian population would collapse, forcing the enemy government to capitulate.

Douhet's theories proved influential, although the effectiveness of his strategies remains debated.
Georgia Yeoman-Dale
Georgia Yeoman-Dale (born 24 February 1994) is an Australian former professional association football player, who last played for Western Sydney Wanderers in the Australian W-League. She currently serves as football commentator with 10 Sport.

10 Sport
10 Sport is the brand that all sporting events broadcast on Network 10, an Australian free-to-air commercial television network. Sports streamed on Paramount+ in Australia since August 2021 are also broadcast under the 10 Sport banner.

All sport events were broadcast under the One HD banner from 26 March 2009 until it ceased being a sole sports channel in early 2011.
Isaac Deutscher
Isaac Deutscher (Polish: Izaak Deutscher; 3 April 1907 – 19 August 1967) was a Polish Marxist writer, journalist and political activist who moved to the United Kingdom before the outbreak of World War II. He is best known as a biographer of Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin and as a commentator on Soviet affairs.

His scholarly biographies of Trotsky and Stalin have received widespread acclaim, with several reviewers ranking his three-volume Prophet biography of Trotsky among the greatest of political biographies; some criticism has been directed at his overly sympathetic tone for the subject matter. His biography of Trotsky was also highly influential among the British New Left in the 1960s and 1970s.

The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky
The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky is a three-volume biography of Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky (Lev Davidovich Bronstein (7 November [O.S. 26 October] 1879 – 21 August 1940)) by the Polish-British historian Isaac Deutscher. The series traces Trotsky's life from his early revolutionary activities to his eventual assassination in exile. Widely read and influential, the trilogy presents a sympathetic but critical account of Trotsky's political development and historical significance.
Etsumi-Nan Line
The Etsumi-Nan Line (越美南線, Etsumi Nan-sen; "Etsumi South Line") is a railway line in Gifu Prefecture, Japan, operated by the third-sector operator Nagaragawa Railway (長良川鉄道, Nagaragawa Tetsudō). The line connects Mino-Ōta Station in Minokamo with Hokunō Station in Gujō. It is the only railway line operated by Nagaragawa Railway, and was originally operated by Japanese National Railways (JNR).

Minokamo, Gifu
Minokamo (美濃加茂市, Minokamo-shi) is a city located in Gifu, Japan. As of 1 January 2019, the city had an estimated population of 56,972 and a population density of 74.81 persons per km2, in 22,508 households. The total area of the city was 74.81 square kilometres (28.88 sq mi).