hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Partition equilibrium
Partition equilibrium is a special case of chemical equilibrium wherein one or more solutes are in equilibrium between two immiscible solvents. The most common chemical equilibrium systems involve reactants and products in the same phase - either all gases or all solutions. However, it is also possible to get equilibria between substances in different phases, such a liquid and gas that do not mix (are immiscible). One example is gas-liquid partition equilibrium chromatography, where an analyte equilibrates between a gas and liquid phase. Partition equilibria are described by Nernst's distribution law. Partition equilibrium are most commonly seen and used for Liquid–liquid extraction.

The time until a partition equilibrium emerges is influenced by many factors, such as: temperature, relative concentrations, surface area of interface, degree of stirring, and the nature of the solvents and solute.

Miscibility
Miscibility (/ˌmɪsɪˈbɪlɪti/) is the property of two substances to mix in all proportions (that is, to fully dissolve in each other at any concentration), forming a homogeneous mixture (a solution). Such substances are said to be miscible (etymologically equivalent to the common term "mixable"). The term is most often applied to liquids, but also applies to solids and gases. An example in liquids is the miscibility of water and ethanol as they mix in all proportions.

By contrast, substances are said to be immiscible if the mixture does not form a solution for certain proportions. For one example, oil is not soluble in water, so these two solvents are immiscible. As another example, butanone (methyl ethyl ketone) is immiscible in water: it is soluble in water up to about 275 grams per liter, but will separate into two phases beyond that.
Raphael Pelcovitz
Rabbi Raphael Pelcovitz (1921 - March 14, 2018), best known for his years as rabbi of Far Rockaway's Congregation Knesseth Israel (The White Shul) was also the author of four books published by ArtScroll.

White Shul
The White Shul, officially Congregation Kneseth Israel (Hebrew: ק׳׳ק כנסת ישראל), is an Orthodox Jewish congregation and synagogue located in Far Rockaway, in Queens, New York City, New York, United States. The congregation was established in 1922 as Talmud Torah Kneseth Israel and was nicknamed "The White Shul" after its white marble building. The original building located at Nameoke Street and Dinsmore Avenue was destroyed."
Akron, Michigan
Akron is a village in Tuscola County of the U.S. state of Michigan.  The population was 349 at the 2020 census.

The village is located on the boundary between Akron Township on the north and Fairgrove Township on the south, with the village area approximately evenly split between the two. The Akron post office, with ZIP code 48701, also serves the southern and western portions of Akron Township, as well as portions of northern Fairgrove Township, most of eastern Wisner Township, and smaller portions of western Columbia Township and Almer Township.

Wisner Township, Michigan
Wisner Township is a civil township of Tuscola County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 604 at the 2020 census.

The first land entries in this area were made by Joshua Terry in 1853, by Green Bird in 1854, and by Isaiah Jester in 1855. The township was first organized in 1861 and named after Moses Wisner, Governor of Michigan from 1859 to 1861.
2018 Lima municipal election
Municipal elections in Lima were held on 7 October 2018. 82.56% of eligible voters cast ballots in the election.
The mayoral election produced the following results:

Jorge Muñoz Wells—1,907,693

Daniel Urresti—1,042,481

Renzo Reggiardo—469,533

Alberto Beingolea—236,320

Ricardo Belmont—205,716

Juan Carlos Zurek—190,194

Jaime Salinas—186,348

Diethell Columbus—142,913

Luis Castaneda Pardo---136,657

The distribution of seats among parties which ensured representation in the city council is as follows:

Popular Action—21

Podemos Perú—8

PPS—3

PPC—2

Peru Libertario—1

Somos Peru—1

Alliance for Progress—1

Popular Force—1

PSN—1

Renzo Reggiardo
Renzo Andrés Reggiardo Barreto (born 1 July 1972) is a Peruvian businessman and Popular Renewal politician who has served as the Mayor of Lima since October 2025. A former Congressman, he represented the constituency of Lima for two terms from 2006 to 2016. From 2023 to 2025, Reggiardo served as Lieutenant Mayor of Lima under Mayor Rafael López Aliaga.
Meghdeep Bose
Meghdeep Bose is an Indian music producer, composer, arranger and singer.

His works include songs Dooron Dooron, Paan Ki Dukaan, Panwadi, What Jhumka?, Swag Se Swagat, Jhoome Jo Pathaan, Khairiyat and film scores including O'Romeo, Brahmastra.

Jhoome Jo Pathaan
"Jhoome Jo Pathaan" is an Indian Hindi-language song, composed by the duo of Vishal–Shekhar (Vishal Dadlani and Shekhar Ravjiani), with lyrics written by Kumaar and sung by Arijit Singh and Sukriti Kakar for the soundtrack album of the 2023 Indian film Pathaan. It was released on 22 December 2022 as the second single from the album, through YRF Music. "Jhoome Jo Pathaan" was composed with an old-school approach in a modern musical arrangement.

The song was also released in Tamil as "Zoom Boom Doom Pathaan" and in Telugu as "Kummese Pathaan". Later, the song was dubbed and released in Arabic version. Upon release, the song received positive reviews by audience and critics. The hook step, performed by Shah Rukh Khan and Deepika Padukone, went viral on social media. Arijit Singh's vocal performance was praised by critics and audiences and she won the Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Male.
Surau Ghim Moh
The Surau Ghim Moh is a surau located at Ghim Moh in Queenstown, Singapore. Established in 1981, it serves as a mosque and Islamic center for residents living in the Ghim Moh neighbourhood. It is the only musalla in Singapore to be situated under a void deck of a block of flats.

Queenstown, Singapore
Queenstown is a planning area and satellite residential town situated on the south-westernmost fringe of the Central Region of Singapore. It borders Bukit Timah to the north, Tanglin to the northeast, Bukit Merah to the east and southeast, as well as Clementi to the northwest and west. Its southern and southwesternmost limits are bounded by the Pandan Strait.

Developed by the Singapore Improvement Trust in the 1950s and subsequently by the Housing and Development Board in the 1960s, Queenstown was the first satellite town to be built in the country. Most apartments within the township consists of simple one, two, or three-room flats, typically in low-rise, walk-up blocks. Major development work was carried out during the first Five-Year Building Programme between 1960 and 1965.  A total of 19,372 dwelling units were constructed between 1952 and 1968.

The headquarters of Grab, Razer and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) are located in Queenstown.
Papy (2022 film)
Dads (Russian: Папы, romanized: Papy, lit. 'Dads') is a 2022 Russian children's comedy-drama film directed by Armen Ananikyan, Anna Matison, Karen Oganesyan and Sergey Yudakov. It stars Dmitry Nagiyev and Sergey Bezrukov. It is scheduled to be theatrically released on February 23, 2022.

Dmitry Nagiyev
Dmitry Vladimirovich Nagiyev (Russian: Дмитрий Владимирович Нагиев; born April 4, 1967) is a Russian actor, TV-host, musician, showman and radio host. In 1991, graduated from the Leningrad State Institute of Theatre, Music, and Cinema.
Sunday Independent (Ireland)
The Sunday Independent is an Irish Sunday newspaper broadsheet published by Independent News & Media plc, a subsidiary of Mediahuis.

It is the Sunday edition of the Irish Independent, and maintains an editorial position midway between magazine and tabloid.

Bertie Ahern
Bartholomew Patrick "Bertie" Ahern (born 12 September 1951) is an Irish former Fianna Fáil politician who served as Taoiseach from 1997 to 2008, and as Leader of Fianna Fáil from 1994 to 2008. A Teachta Dála (TD) from 1977 to 2011, he served as Leader of the Opposition from 1994 to 1997. He was also Lord Mayor of Dublin from 1986 to 1987, Tánaiste from November to December 1994, and Minister for Finance from 1991 to 1994.

Fianna Fáil led three coalition governments under Ahern's leadership; he is the second-longest serving Taoiseach, after Éamon de Valera. He resigned as Taoiseach on 6 May 2008, in the wake of revelations made by the Mahon Tribunal over payments received from developers; he was succeeded by Brian Cowen. Fianna Fáil proposed to expel politicians censured by the tribunal, but Ahern resigned his membership prior to the expulsion motion. In 2016, Fianna Fáil announced that it had given Ahern the option of rejoining the party. He rejoined in February 2023.
Tagus Ranch
Tagus Ranch is an abandoned restaurant, hotel, and 7,000 acre orchard, Founded by Hulett C. Merritt in 1912, and left in the mid 80's. Tagus Ranch was a popular venue, where many country musicians performed. Tagus Ranch is located less than 3 miles north of Tulare, California, off of Highway 99. Tagus Ranch was a German prisoner of war camp during World War II.

Tulare, California
Tulare (/tʊˈlɛəri/ ⓘ tuu-LAIR-ee) is a city in Tulare County, California, United States. The population was 68,875 per the 2020 census. It is located in the heart of the San Joaquin Valley, 8 mi (13 km) south of Visalia and 60 mi (97 km) north of Bakersfield. The city is named after the Tulare Lake, once the largest freshwater lake west of the Great Lakes.
Bridgewater Hall
The Bridgewater Hall is a concert venue in Manchester city centre, England. It cost around £42 million to build in the 1990s, and hosts over 250 performances a year. It is home to the 165-year-old Hallé Orchestra as well as to the Hallé Choir and Hallé Youth Orchestra and it serves as the main concert venue for the BBC Philharmonic.

The building sits on a bed of 280 springs intended to insulate it from external sound. The hall is named after the Third Duke of Bridgewater who commissioned the eponymous Bridgewater Canal that crosses Manchester, although the hall and waterside frontage is situated on a specially constructed arm of the Rochdale Canal.

Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater
Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater (21 May 1736 – 8 March 1803), known as Lord Francis Egerton until 1748, was a British peer from the Egerton family. He was the youngest son of the 1st Duke.  He did not marry, and the dukedom expired with him, although the earldom was inherited by a cousin, Lieutenant-General John Egerton.

A pioneer of canal construction, he is famed as the "father of British inland navigation", who commissioned the Bridgewater Canal—often said to be the first true canal in Britain, and the modern world. The canal was built for him by his agent John Gilbert with advice from James Brindley to service his coal mines at Worsley, in Lancashire.
Adelphoceras
Adelphoceras is a genus of middle Devonian coiled nautiloids from Europe with an oval whorl section and shallow depressed zone on the inner, dorsal, rim; a strongly contracted T-shaped aperture; ventral siphuncle containing actinosiphonate deposits, and two rows of spines on either side.

Adelphoceras is included in the nautilid family Rutoceratidae, and is also a part of the Tainoceratoidea.

Rutoceratidae
Rutoceratidae is a family of prototypical nautilids, derived probably from either Brevicoceratidae or Acleistoceratidae of the order Oncocerida early in the Devonian.  Rutoceratidae comprise a family within the oncocerid superfamily Tainocerataceae They are generally characterized by cyrtoconic and gyroconic shells, commonly with spines, nodes, or frills, although some included genera are almost orthoconic, and a commonly empty, tubular ventral siphuncle.

The Rutocertids lived during the Devonian and Mississippian (early Carboniferous) and are the ancestral stock of Nautilida.  
Within the superfamily Taintocerataceae, rutoceratids gave rise to the exclusively Devonian family Tetragonoceratidae and near the start of the Mississippian to the family Koninckioceratidae which lasted into the Permian and to Tainoceratidae which lasted through most of the Triassic.
Destinies Fulfilled
Destinies Fulfilled is a 1914 American silent drama film directed by Lorimer Johnston. The film stars Charlotte Burton, Sydney Ayres, Jacques Jaccard, Violet Neitz, Joseph Knight, Louise Lester, Jack Richardson, Vivian Rich, and Harry Van Meter.

Harry von Meter
Harry von Meter (March 20, 1871 – June 2, 1956; sometimes credited as Harry van Meter) was an American actor of stage and silent film. He starred in about 200 films in the period from 1912 through 1929. He retired from acting just as sound films were beginning.
Karl Wessely
Karl Wessely (Carl Wessely; 27 June 1860, Vienna – 21 November 1931) was an Austrian palaeographer and papyrus scholar. He examined manuscripts housed at the Austrian National Library (e.g. Papyrus 3, Uncial 058, 059, 0101, 0237) and in other important European libraries (Papyrus 5).

Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 208 + 1781
Papyrus 5 is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of John. It is designated by the siglum 𝔓5 in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been assigned to the early 3rd century. The papyrus is housed in the British Library. It has survived in a very fragmentary condition, which has resulted in differing ways of transcribing the text.
Middle Rhine Football Association
The Middle Rhine Football Association (German: Fußball-Verband Mittelrhein, FVM) is the umbrella organization of the football clubs in the German mid-Rhein area and covers the football districts of Aachen, Berg, Bonn, Düren, Euskirchen, Heinsberg, Cologne, Rhein-Erft-Kreis and Rhein-Sieg-Kreis. The FVM was founded in 1946 and has its headquarters at the Sportschule Hennef. President of the association is Alfred Vianden.

The FVM belongs to the Western German Football Association and is one of 21 state organizations of the German Football Association (German: Deutscher Fussball-Bund - DFB).

In 2017, the FVM had 364,250 members from 1,126 football clubs with 8,016 teams.

The FVM is provider of the Sportschule Hennef.

Hennef (Sieg)
Hennef (Sieg) (German pronunciation: [ˈhɛnɛf] ⓘ) is a town in the Rhein-Sieg district of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated on the river Sieg, approx. 7 kilometres (4 miles) south-east of Siegburg and 15 km (9 mi) east of Bonn. Hennef is the fourth-biggest town in the Rhein-Sieg-Kreis (i.e. district). It is the site of the 15th-century castle, Schloss Allner, next to the Allner See. Within Hennef is the town of Stadt Blankenberg, with the castle of Blankenberg.
Otto Röhr
Franz Hermann Otto Röhr (22 November 1891 – 8 January 1972) was a German track and field athlete who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Magdeburg and died in Arnsberg.

In 1912, he finished 13th in the high jump competition. He retired after four events in the decathlon competition. He was also a member of the German relay team, which was disqualified in the 4x100 metre relay competition after a fault with its second baton passing.

Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay
The men's 4 × 100 meters relay was a track and field athletics event held as part of the Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics program.  It was the debut of the event, which along with the 4 × 400-meter relays marked the first relays of equal legs in the athletics program (a medley relay had been held in 1908). The competition was held on Monday, July 8, 1912, and on Tuesday, July 9, 1912. NOCs could enter 1 team of 4 athletes, with up to 2 reserves.

Thirty-three runners from 8 nations competed. Only Germany replaced one runner.
Symposium on Logic in Computer Science
The ACM–IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science (LICS) is an annual academic conference on the theory and practice of computer science in relation to mathematical logic. Extended versions of selected papers of each year's conference appear in renowned international journals such as Logical Methods in Computer Science and ACM Transactions on Computational Logic.

Dale Miller (academic)
Dale Miller is an American computer scientist and author. He is a Director of Research at Inria Saclay and one of the designers of the λProlog programming language and the Abella interactive theorem prover.

Miller is most known for his research on topics in computational logic, including proof theory, automated reasoning, and formalized meta-theory. He has co-authored the book Programming with Higher-order Logic.

Miller is a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), has been a two-term Editor-in-Chief of the ACM Transactions on Computational Logic from 2009 to 2015 and holds an editorial appointment on the Journal of Automated Reasoning.
Andreas Riis
Andreas Riis (12 January 1804 – 13 January 1854) was a Danish minister and pioneer missionary who is widely regarded by historians as the founder of the Gold Coast branch of the Basel Evangelical Missionary Society. A resident of the Gold Coast from 1832 to 1845, Riis played a critical role in the recruitment of 24 West Indian missionaries from Jamaica and Antigua in 1843 to aid the work of the mission in formal education, agriculture and the propagation of the Gospel in colonial Ghana. As the first Basel missionary in Akropong in 1835, he laid the groundwork for the first mission house, eventually resulting in the founding of the first Christian church there which later became the Christ Presbyterian Church, Akropong.

Løgumkloster
Løgumkloster (German: Lügumkloster; both mean 'Løgum monastery'), is a town in Tønder Municipality in Region of Southern Denmark on the Jutland peninsula in south Denmark with a population of 3,519 (1 January 2025). Its name testifies that the town was once the site of the Cistercian Løgum Abbey, in the then Roman Catholic diocese of Ribe.

Løgumkloster was the municipal seat of the now abolished Løgumkloster Municipality.
Egyptian Republic Railways 4211 class
The Egyptian Republic Railways 4211 class was a class of 0-6-0 diesel shunter introduced on Egyptian Republic Railways (now Egyptian National Railways) in the 1950s. Arnold Jung Lokomotivfabrik in Jungenthal, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany built the first batch of 15 in 1953 and the second batch of 27 in 1955–56.

During the 1956 Israeli invasion of Sinai number 4239 (Jung works number 21646) was captured in Sinai on the former Palestine Railways line between El Kantara East and Gaza. It was taken into Israel Railways and renumbered 251. It was little used and in about 1970 it was scrapped.

Egyptian National Railways
Egyptian National Railways (ENR; Arabic: السكك الحديدية المصرية, romanized: Al-Sikak al-Ḥadīdiyyah al-Miṣriyyah) is the national railway network of Egypt. It's managed by the parastatal Egyptian Railway Authority (ERA; Arabic: الهيئة القومية لسكك حديد مصر, romanized: Al-Haī'ah al-Qawmiyya li-Sikak Ḥadīd Miṣr, lit. 'National Agency for Egypt's Railways').
Henry J. Duveen
Henry Joseph Duveen (26 October 1854 – 15 January 1919) was a British art dealer who co-founded the firm of Duveen Brothers with his brother, Joseph.

Duveen was born in Meppel, Netherlands, the son of Eva (van Minden) and Joseph Henoch Duveen, who were both from Dutch Jewish families.

After his brother's death from Bright's disease in 1908, his nephew, the future Lord Duveen, worked alongside his uncle. He was also an eminent philatelist who was one of the Fathers of Philately named on the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1921.

Roll of Distinguished Philatelists
The Roll of Distinguished Philatelists (RDP) is a philatelic award of international scale, created by the Philatelic Congress of Great Britain in 1921 to honour those who have advanced philately through research, expertise, or service. The Roll consists of five pieces of parchment to which the signatories add their names. New honorees continue to be added annually.
John Skorupan
John Paul Skorupan (born May 17, 1951) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker for eight seasons in the National Football League (NFL) from 1973 to 1980.

Skorupan was born in Beaver, Pennsylvania, in 1951. He played college football for the Penn State Nittany Lions from 1969 to 1972. He was selected as a consensus first-team linebacker on the 1972 All-America team.

He was then drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the sixth round (136th overall pick) of the 1973 NFL draft. He played for the Bills from 1973 to 1977 and for the New York Giants from 1978 to 1980. He appeared in a total of 92 NFL games, 60 of them as a starter. He was released by the Giants in August 1981.

Beaver, Pennsylvania
Beaver is a borough in Beaver County, Pennsylvania, United States, and its county seat. It is located near the confluence of the Beaver and Ohio rivers, approximately 30 miles (48 km) northwest of Pittsburgh. The population was 4,438 at the 2020 census.
British Board of Film Classification
The British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) is a non-governmental organisation founded by the British film industry in 1912 and responsible for the national classification and censorship of films exhibited at cinemas and video works (such as television programmes, trailers, adverts, public information/campaigning films, menus, bonus content, etc.) released on physical media within the United Kingdom. It has a statutory requirement to classify all video works released on VHS, DVD, Blu-ray (including 3D and 4K UHD formats), and, to a lesser extent, some video games under the Video Recordings Act 1984. The BBFC was also the designated regulator for the UK age-verification scheme, which was abandoned before being implemented.

Digital Economy Act 2017
The Digital Economy Act 2017 (c. 30) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It is substantially different from, and shorter than, the Digital Economy Act 2010, whose provisions largely ended up not being passed into law. The act addresses policy issues related to electronic communications infrastructure and services, and updates the conditions for and sentencing of criminal copyright infringement. It was introduced to Parliament by culture secretary John Whittingdale on 5 July 2016. Whittingdale was replaced as culture secretary by Karen Bradley on 14 July 2016. The act received royal assent on 27 April 2017.
Sobre la conveniencia de un Congreso General Americano
Sobre la conveniencia de un Congreso General Americano (Spanish: About the convenience of a General American Congress) is an 1844 book by Juan Bautista Alberdi. The book proposed Pan-Americanism based on a joint work in national customs.

Juan Bautista Alberdi
Juan Bautista Alberdi (August 29, 1810 – June 19, 1884) was an Argentine political theorist and diplomat. Although he lived most of his life in exile in Montevideo, Uruguay and in Chile, he influenced the content of the Constitution of Argentina of 1853.

Based on his classical liberal and federal constitutional ideas, Alberdi at the same time tried to satisfy contrary social interests and establish a balance between national political centralization and provincial administrative decentralization: considering that both solutions would contribute to the consolidation and development of the original being of the single nation.
Davidson, North Carolina
Davidson is a suburban town in Mecklenburg, Iredell, and Cabarrus counties, North Carolina, United States. It is a suburb in the Charlotte metropolitan area. The population was 15,106 at the 2020 census, up from 10,944 in 2010. The town was founded in 1837 with the establishment of the Presbyterian Davidson College, named for Brigadier General William Lee Davidson, a local Revolutionary War hero. The land for Davidson College came from Davidson's estate, a large portion of which was donated by his son.

MSC Industrial Direct
MSC Industrial Direct Co., Inc (MSC), through its subsidiaries, primarily MSC Industrial Supply Co., is one of the largest industrial equipment distributors in the United States, distributing more than 1.5 million metalworking and other industrial products.