hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
John Cobbold (1831–1875)
John Patteson Cobbold (12 July 1831 – 10 December 1875)
was a Conservative Party politician in England.

The scion of a long-established prominent family in Ipswich, Suffolk, Cobbold was elected at the general election in February 1874 as one of the two Members of Parliament (MPs) for the borough of Ipswich, winning a seat held from 1847 to 1868 by his father John Cobbold (1797–1882).  However, the younger Cobbold did not repeat his father's long service, dying office in December 1875, aged 44. At the resulting by-election, his younger brother Thomas Cobbold held the seat for the Conservatives.

His son, John Dupuis Cobbold, was an artist and the husband of Zainab Cobbold, a Scottish convert to Islam.

John Dupuis Cobbold
John Dupuis Cobbold (11 March 1861, Ipswich – 12 June 1929, Ipswich) was a member of the Ipswich-based Cobbold family in England.

John was born at The Cliff, Ipswich. He was the son of John Patteson Cobbold and Adele Harriette Dupuis, daughter of George Dupuis, vice-provost of Eton College, where he was educated from 1874 to 1879. Here he played Rackets, winning several school contests and becoming Keeper of Rackets for 1878–79.

On 24 August 1897 he presented the Racecourse Recreation Ground to the Ipswich Borough.

He was appointed High Sheriff of Suffolk in 1901 and was Mayor of Ipswich, 1914–15.

He joined Ipswich Fine Art Club in 1913 and remained a member until 1928 despite not exhibiting.

He died at Holywells Park, Ipswich on 12 June 1929 aged 68 and is buried in the graveyard of St Martin's church, Trimley St Martin, Suffolk.
Dual-route hypothesis to reading aloud
The dual-route theory of reading aloud was first described in the early 1970s. This theory suggests that two separate mental mechanisms, or cognitive routes, are involved in reading aloud, with output of both mechanisms contributing to the pronunciation of a written stimulus.

Reading
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch.

For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), punctuation, alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.

Other types of reading and writing, such as pictograms (e.g., a hazard symbol or an emoji), are not based on speech-based writing systems. The common link is the interpretation of symbols to extract the meaning from the visual notations or tactile signals (e.g., braille).

There is a growing body of evidence which illustrates the importance of reading for pleasure for both educational purposes as well as personal development.
People's Artist of the USSR
People's Artist of the USSR, also sometimes translated as National Artist of the USSR, was an honorary title granted to artists of the Soviet Union. The term is confusingly used to translate two Russian language titles: Народный артист СССР (Narodny artist SSSR), awarded in performing arts and Народный художник СССР (Narodny khudozhnik SSSR), granted in some visual arts.

As those titles were granted by the government, honorees were afforded certain privileges and would often receive commissions from the Minister of Culture of the Soviet Union. Accordingly, artists and authors who expressed criticism of the Communist Party were seldom granted such recognition, if not outright censored. Each Soviet Republic, as well as the Autonomous Republics (ASSRs), had a similar award that would be held previously by virtually every receiver of the higher title of People's Artist of the USSR.

People's Artist of Ukraine
People's Artist of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Народний артист України, romanized: Narodnyi artyst Ukrainy) is an honorary title awarded by the government of Ukraine. It is the highest title awarded to outstanding performing artists whose merits are exceptional in the sphere of the development of the performing arts, including theatre, music, dance, circus, and cinema. For visual arts, there is a separate title.
Coos Art Museum
Coos Art Museum is a museum in Coos Bay, operating on the southern coast of the U.S. state of Oregon since 1966. It offers exhibitions, art classes, lectures, and community events.

Coos Art Museum is housed in a 1936 Art Deco former U.S. Post Office and is home to six exhibition galleries. Construction of the post office began in January 1936 by Hoffman Construction Company, with it opening in November 1936 at a cost of $127,566. The Museum features between 18 and 25 changing exhibitions annually, including exhibits from its own 554-piece permanent collection of Northwest and contemporary art, which can also be viewed via the museum's website.

Coos Bay, Oregon
Coos Bay (Coos: Atsiixis) is a city located in Coos County, Oregon, United States, where the Coos River enters Coos Bay on the Pacific Ocean. It shares Coos Bay with the adjacent city of North Bend. Together, they are often referred to as one entity called either Coos Bay-North Bend or Oregon's Bay Area. Coos Bay's population as of the 2020 census was 15,985 residents, making it the most populous city on the Oregon Coast. Oregon's Bay Area is estimated to be home to 32,308 (Coos Bay Census County Division).
Nicholas Nugent
Nicholas Nugent (c. 1525–1582) was an Anglo-Irish judge, who was hanged for treason by the government that appointed him. He had, before his downfall, enjoyed a highly successful career, holding office as Solicitor General for Ireland, Baron of the Irish Court of Exchequer, and Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas, but he was ruined by the rebellion of his nephew William Nugent, which he was accused of supporting.

William Nugent
William Nugent (Irish: Uilliam Nuinseann) (1550–1625) was a Hiberno-Norman Irish rebel in the 16th century Kingdom of Ireland, brother of Christopher, fourteenth baron of Delvin (Sixth Baron Delvin), and the younger son of Richard Nugent, thirteenth baron of Delvin, from whom he inherited the manor and castle of Ross in County Meath. His mother was  Elizabeth Preston, daughter of Jenico Preston, 3rd Viscount Gormanston, and widow of Thomas  Nangle,  feudal  Baron of Navan.
Micklem's mole-rat
The Micklem's mole-rat (Fukomys micklemi) is a species of rodent in the family Bathyergidae. It is found in Zambia. It is a subterranean species of chisel tooth diggers.

It is a social species, and this has been suggested to account for its more diverse and extensive vocal repertoire than has been observed in eusocial species of Bathyergidae.  As a result of DNA analysis it has been suggested that the species may need to be subdivided.

Blesmol
The blesmols, also known as mole-rats or African mole-rats, are burrowing rodents of the family Bathyergidae.  They represent a distinct evolution of a subterranean life among rodents much like the pocket gophers of North America, the tuco-tucos in South America, and the Spalacidae from Eurasia.
1st South African Infantry Division
The 1st South African Infantry Division was an infantry division of the army of the Union of South Africa. During World War II the division served in East Africa from 1940 to 1941 and in the Western Desert Campaign from 1941 to 1942. The division was disbanded on 1 January 1943, for conversion into what would become the 6th South African Armoured Division. The division was also briefly active after the war from 1 July 1948 to 1 November 1949.

General Botha Regiment
The General Botha Regiment (formerly Regiment Botha) is a reserve infantry regiment of the South African Army. The Regiment was named after General Louis Botha, the first prime minister of South Africa.
Stacks (Mac OS)
Stacks are a feature of the Dock in Apple's macOS that lets a folder placed in the Dock display its contents directly from the Dock. A folder in the Dock can be displayed either as a folder icon or as a “stack” of items, and its contents can be shown as a fan, grid, or list, with multiple sorting options.

Dock (macOS)
The Dock is a prominent feature of the graphical user interface of macOS. It is used to launch applications and to switch between running applications. The Dock is also a prominent feature of macOS's predecessor NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP operating systems. The earliest known implementations of a dock are found in operating systems such as RISC OS and NeXTSTEP. iOS has its own version of the Dock for the iPhone and iPod Touch, as does iPadOS for the iPad.

Apple applied for a US patent for the design of the Dock in 1999 and was granted the patent in October 2008, nearly a decade later. Any application can be dragged and dropped onto the Dock to add it to the dock, and any application can be dragged from the dock to remove it, except for Finder and Trash, which are permanent fixtures as the leftmost and rightmost items (or highest and lowest items if the Dock is vertically oriented), respectively. Part of the macOS Core Services, Dock.app is located at /System/Library/CoreServices/.
Lawson Heights, Pennsylvania
Lawson Heights is a census-designated place (CDP) in Unity Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,339 at the 2000 census. Lawson Height's most notable residents are author and local community activist, James "Jim" Ramsey, along with his wife, skilled RN Katheryn "Kay" Ramsey.

Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
Westmoreland County is a county in the state of Pennsylvania, United States, in the Pittsburgh Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census the population was 354,663. The county seat is Greensburg and the most populous community is Hempfield Township. It is named after Westmorland, a historic county of England. The county is part of the Southwest Pennsylvania region of the state.
Antero Kivelä
Antero Simo Tapani Kivelä (born 26 December 1955) is a retired Finnish ice hockey goaltender. After his playing career, Kivelä coached several ice hockey, rinkball and ringette teams in Finland. Kivelä is also member of the city council in Pori for the Left Alliance.

Kivelä played his entire career for Ässät Pori. He made 58 appearances in the Finland national team and took part at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid. Kivelä is also the chairman of women's soccer club NiceFutis.

SM Ringette
SM Ringette, previously "Ringeten SM-sarja", is the elite semi-professional ringette league in Finland's first division and its highest. The league features the best ringette players in Finland and is run by Ringette Finland. The league was known as Ringeten SM-sarja until it was rebranded in 2021 and is known as the "Finnish National Ringette League" by English speakers. The National Ringette League (NRL) is its Canadian equivalent.

The league has been in operation since the 1987–88 winter season and a number of its clubs competed in the Ringette World Club Championship when the international club tournament existed. Several of the league's players have played for the Finland national ringette team at the World Ringette Championships including Marjukka Virta, Anne Pohjola, and Susanna Tapani.
Roger Brown (artist)
Roger Brown (December 10, 1941 – November 22, 1997) was an American artist and painter.  Often associated with the Chicago Imagist groups, he was internationally known for his distinctive painting style and shrewd social commentaries on politics, religion, and art.

La Conchita, California
La Conchita (/ˌlɑː kənˈtʃiːtə/ ⓘ; Spanish for "The Little Shell") is a small unincorporated community in western Ventura County, California, on U.S. Route 101 just southeast of the Santa Barbara county line. The ZIP Code is 93001, and the community is inside area code 805.

On January 10, 2005, a major landslide occurred in La Conchita. The 2005 landslide killed 10 people, and destroyed or damaged dozens of houses. The landslide recurred on part of a previous landslide in 1995.
Rivière aux Pins (Boucherville)
The rivière aux Pins (English: Pine River) is a tributary of the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River, flowing in the city of Boucherville, in the administrative region of Montérégie, southwest of province of Quebec, in Canada.

The intermediate part of this watercourse delimits the agricultural area and the urban area of Boucherville.

The river surface is generally frozen from mid-December to the end of March. Safe circulation on the ice is generally done from the end of December to the beginning of March. The water level of the river varies with the seasons and the precipitation.

Saint-Charles River (Varennes)
The rivière Saint-Charles is a tributary of the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River, flowing in the city of Varennes, in the  Marguerite-D'Youville Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Montérégie, southwest of province of Quebec, to Canada.

The lower course of the Saint-Charles river more or less delimits the urban part of Varennes passing on the south side. The intermediate and upper parts flow in agricultural area.

The river surface is generally frozen from mid-December to the end of March. Safe circulation on the ice is generally done from the end of December to the beginning of March. The water level of the river varies with the seasons and the precipitation.
UFC Fight Night: Rockhold vs. Philippou
UFC Fight Night: Rockhold vs. Philippou (also known as UFC Fight Night 35) was a mixed martial arts event held on January 15, 2014, at The Arena at Gwinnett Center in Duluth, Georgia. The event was broadcast live on Fox Sports 1, and was a live lead in to the pilot episode of The Ultimate Fighter Nations: Canada vs. Australia.

Gas South Arena
The Gas South Arena (originally known as the Gwinnett Civic Center Arena, later known as The Arena at Gwinnett Center and Infinite Energy Arena) is an indoor arena in Gwinnett County, Georgia. It is located approximately 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Atlanta. The arena is one of the many venues within the "Gas South District", which also includes a convention center with an events hall and a performing arts center.

It is the home of the ECHL's Atlanta Gladiators and the Georgia Swarm, a professional box lacrosse team in the National Lacrosse League.
Spin Boldak District
Spin Boldak is a district in the eastern part of Kandahar Province, Afghanistan. It borders Daman District to the west, Arghistan District to the north, Qila Abdullah District of Pakistan to the east and Shorabak District to the south. The population was estimated at 100,400 in 2006. The district center is the town of Spin Boldak, located in the western part of the district on the road to Pakistan.

On 21 November 2009, five Afghan Border Force members were killed by a roadside bomb.

Shorabak District
Shorabak District (also Shorawak) is a remote district situated in the southeastern part of Kandahar Province, Afghanistan, 110 km south and east of Kandahar. It borders Reg District to the west, Spin Boldak District to the north and Pakistan to the east and south. The population is 13,020 as of 2020. The district center Shorabak is located at 985 m altitude in the Eastern part of the district.

The district is currently controlled by the Taliban, who took over the district on February 21, 2017.
SATAWU v Garvas
In South African Transport and Allied Workers Union and Another v Garvas and Others, the Constitutional Court of South Africa dismissed a constitutional challenge to section 11 of the Regulation of Gatherings Act 205 of 1993. The relevant provisions of the act widen the circumstances in which persons can be held liable for riot damage incurred during public gatherings which they have organised. The Constitutional Court conceded that these provisions created a chilling effect, thereby limiting the constitutional right to freedom of assembly, but it held that this rights limitation is reasonable and justifiable.

The case arose from a May 2006 protest march in Cape Town, organised by the South African Transport and Allied Workers' Union, which turned violent and resulted in significant property damage. The Constitutional Court handed down judgment on 13 June 2012, with Chief Justice Mogoeng Mogoeng writing for the majority.

Chapter Two of the Constitution of South Africa
Chapter Two of the Constitution of South Africa contains the Bill of Rights, a human rights charter that protects the civil, political and socio-economic rights of all people in South Africa. The rights in the Bill apply to all law, including the common law, and bind all branches of the government, including the national executive, Parliament, the judiciary, provincial governments, and municipal councils. Some provisions, such as those prohibiting unfair discrimination, also apply to the actions of private persons.
Shaina Nitura
Shaina Marie Nitura (born November 18, 2004) is a Filipino volleyball player. She is currently playing as an outside spiker for Alas Pilipinas and the Adamson Lady Falcons of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines, where she broke four records in just her rookie season in 2025.

UAAP Season 87 volleyball tournaments
The UAAP Season 87 volleyball tournaments is the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP) volleyball tournaments for the 2024–25 school year.

The collegiate men's and women's tournaments began on February 15, 2025.

The high school boys' and girls' tournaments began on September 14, 2024.
Durinn
In Norse mythology, Durinn (Old Norse: [ˈdurenː]; or Durin) is a dwarf according to stanza 10 of the poem Völuspá from the Poetic Edda, and repeated in Gylfaginning from the Prose Edda. He was the second created after the first and foremost dwarf Mótsognir.

He is also attested in Hervarar saga, where he forged the magic sword Tyrfing with the help of the dwarf Dvalin. In variant texts of the saga Durinn is known as Dulinn.

Mótsognir
In Norse mythology, Mótsognir (Old Norse: [ˈmoːtˌsoɣnez̠], "he who drinks in might"), also found as Móðsognir ([ˈmoːðˌsoɣnez̠]; Hauksbók manuscript variant), "he who drinks in courage", is the ruler of the dwarves. In Völuspà 10, he is identified as mæztr um orðinn dverga allra, "lord of all the dwarves". According to Snorri Sturluson in Gylfaginning 14, which seeks to explain this verse, "the dwarfs had taken shape first and acquired life in the flesh of Ymir and were then maggots, but by decision of the gods they became conscious with intelligence and had the shape of men though they live in the earth and in rocks. Modsognir was a dwarf and the second was Durinn."
Caribbean Baseball Hall of Fame
The Caribbean Baseball Hall of Fame (Spanish: Pabellón de la Fama del Caribe) was established in 1996 by Juan Francisco Puello Herrera, commissioner of the Caribbean Professional Baseball Confederation (CPBC).

It honors the most prominent baseball players who have made significant achievements in the Caribbean Series, as well as efforts to honor people who have contributed to the development of Caribbean baseball.

In February each year, during the course of the Series, the winners are voted in by journalists, radio and television broadcasters, as well as baseball historians from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Venezuela and the Dominican Republic. Each nominee has to receive at least the minimum seventy-five percent of votes to secure his enshrinement in the Hall, just like it is for the Major Leagues.

Since 2009, the prize is awarded to personalities born in the host country of the Series.

Caribbean Series
The Caribbean Series (Spanish: Serie del Caribe) is an annual club tournament contested by professional baseball teams in Latin America. It is organized by the Caribbean Professional Baseball Confederation. The series is normally played in February, after the various winter leagues have ended their national tournaments.

The Dominican Republic has won the most Caribbean Series championships (23), with Tigres del Licey being the most successful team in the tournament's history. The series has been won by 29 teams from seven countries. Only two teams have won the tournament two consecutive years, the most recent being Criollos de Caguas from Puerto Rico in 2017 and 2018.
Diponegoro University
Diponegoro University (Javanese: ꦈꦤꦶꦥ꦳ꦼꦂꦱꦶꦠꦱ꧀ꦢꦶꦥꦤꦼꦒꦫ; Indonesian: Universitas Diponegoro, abbreviated as UNDIP) is a public university located in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. It was founded in 1957 as a private university by the Semarang University Foundation, which in 1960 became a public university named after Javanese Prince Diponegoro. It is the oldest education corporation in Central Java.

Diponegoro
Prince Diponegoro (Javanese: ꦢꦶꦥꦤꦼꦒꦫ, romanized: Dipånegårå; born Bendara Raden Mas Mustahar, ꦧꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦫꦫꦢꦺꦤ꧀ꦩꦱ꧀ꦩꦸꦱ꧀ꦠꦲꦂ; later Bendara Raden Mas Antawirya, ꦧꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦫꦫꦢꦺꦤ꧀ꦩꦱ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦠꦮꦶꦂꦪ; 11 November 1785 – 8 January 1855), also known as Dipanegara and Dipa Negara, was a Javanese prince who opposed the Dutch colonial rule. The eldest son of the Yogyakarta Sultan Hamengkubuwono III, he played an important role in the Java War between 1825 and 1830. After his defeat and capture, he was exiled to Makassar, where he died at 69 years old.

His five-year struggle against the Dutch control of Java has become celebrated by Indonesians throughout the years, acting as a source of inspiration for the fighters in the Indonesian National Revolution and nationalism in modern-day Indonesia among others. He is a national hero in Indonesia.
Rhodes Tower
The James A. Rhodes Tower, originally known as University Tower, is a 21-story high-rise building on the campus of Cleveland State University in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. With a height of 363 feet (111 m), it is the fourth-tallest educational-purposed building in the United States, behind the Cathedral of Learning, Vertical Campus at Roosevelt University in Chicago, and 25 Park Place in Atlanta which is now owned by Georgia State University. It houses the university's main library on the first eight floors and administration offices for many of the university's academic departments on the upper level floors.  It previously held classrooms on the first two floors.  It is the tallest structure on the Cleveland State campus, followed by Fenn Tower, and the tallest academic building in Ohio.  The tower was named after former Ohio Governor James A. Rhodes who is responsible for signing the legislation that created Cleveland State University on December 18, 1964.

Cleveland State University
Cleveland State University (CSU) is a public research university in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. It was established in 1964 and opened for classes in 1965 after acquiring the entirety of Fenn College, a private school that had been in operation since 1923. CSU absorbed the Cleveland-Marshall School of Law in 1969. Today it is part of the University System of Ohio, has more than 120,000 alumni, and offers over 200 academic programs amongst eight colleges. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".
Serga (Sverdlovsk Oblast)
The Serga (Russian: Серга) is a river in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. A right tributary of the Ufa, the Serga is 113 kilometres (70 mi) long, with a drainage basin of 2,170 square kilometres (840 sq mi).

The river is much used by rafters. The town of Nizhniye Sergi lies by the Serga.

Ufa (river)
The Ufa (Russian: Уфа; Bashkir: Ҡариҙел, romanized: Qariźel, lit. 'the Black Idel') is a river in the Ural Mountains, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Sverdlovsk Oblast, and the Republic of Bashkortostan in Russia; a right tributary of the river Belaya. It is 918 kilometres (570 mi) long, and its basin covers 53,100 square kilometres (20,500 sq mi). It freezes up between late October and early December and stays ice-bound until April or May. Pavlovka Hydroelectric Station is on the Ufa. The river's water is widely used for water supply. The main ports are Krasnoufimsk and Ufa (at the mouth of the river).