hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Albert Hourani
Albert Habib Hourani, CBE (Arabic: ألبرت حبيب حوراني Albart Ḥabīb Ḥūrānī; 31 March 1915 – 17 January 1993) was a Lebanese British historian, specialising in the history of the Middle East and Middle Eastern studies.

Middle East Studies Association
Middle East Studies Association (often referred to as MESA) is a learned society, and according to its website, "a non-profit association that fosters the study of the Middle East, promotes high standards of scholarship and teaching, and encourages public understanding of the region and its peoples through programs, publications and services that enhance education, further intellectual exchange, recognize professional distinction, and defend academic freedom".

Some critics have accused MESA of politicization and being dominated by academics critical of Israel and the United States. In 2007, the Association for the Study of the Middle East and Africa was founded as an ideological counterweight to MESA.
National Register of Historic Places listings in Turner County, Georgia
This is a list of properties and districts in Turner County, Georgia that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted March 21, 2025.

Turner County, Georgia
Turner County is a county located in the south central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 9,006. The county seat is Ashburn. The county was created on August 18, 1905, and named for Henry G. Turner, U.S. representative and Georgia state Supreme Court justice.
1988 State of the Union Address
The 1988 State of the Union Address was given by the 40th president of the United States, Ronald Reagan, on January 25, 1988, at 9:00 p.m. EST, in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives to the 100th United States Congress. It was Reagan's seventh and final State of the Union Address and his eighth and final speech to a joint session of the United States Congress. Presiding over this joint session was the House speaker, Jim Wright, accompanied by George H. W. Bush, the vice president in his capacity as the president of the Senate.

Donald Hodel, the Secretary of the Interior, served as the designated survivor.

100th United States Congress
The 100th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from January 3, 1987, to January 3, 1989, during the last two years of Ronald Reagan's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1980 United States census.

This is the most recent Congress with a Democratic senator from the state of Mississippi, John C. Stennis, who retired at the end of Congress, and a Republican senator from the state of Connecticut, Lowell Weicker, who lost re-election in 1988.

Both chambers had a Democratic majority, with the Democrats increasing their lead in the House, and regaining the Senate for the first time since the 96th Congress from 1979 to 1981.
Saraikela
Saraikela (also spelled Seraikella) is the district headquarters and a nagar panchayat in the Seraikela Sadar subdivision of the Seraikela Kharsawan district in the Indian state of Jharkhand. It was formerly the capital of Saraikela State, a princely state. The town is a road junction, an agricultural trade centre and upcoming industrial centre. It is situated between Jamshedpur and Chaibasa.

Saraikela State
Saraikela State also spelt Seraikela, Saraikella or Seraikella, was a small princely state in India during the British Raj, in what is now the Seraikela-Kharsawan district of the Jharkhand state. Its capital was at Saraikela.

The state had an area of 1163 km2 which yielded an average revenue of Rs. 92,000 in 1901, and was one of the nine Chota Nagpur States, a group of small, non-salute states (minor princely states), under the authority of the governor of Bengal Presidency. The last ruler of the state, Raja Aditya Pratap Singh Deo, signed the merger agreement acceding to the Indian Union on 18 May 1948.
Wohlfahrtia magnifica
Wohlfahrtia magnifica is the spotted flesh fly, sometimes called the screwworm fly, though species of flies from other families go by this name. It is a species of fly belonging to the family Sarcophagidae . The adults are about 6–10 mm in length; third-instar larvae are 5–7 mm in length.

Flesh fly
Sarcophagidae (from Ancient Greek  σάρξ sárx 'flesh' and  φαγεῖν phageîn 'to eat') are a family of flies commonly known as flesh flies. They differ from most flies in that they are ovoviviparous, opportunistically depositing hatched or hatching maggots instead of eggs on carrion, dung, decaying material, or open wounds of mammals, hence their common name. Some flesh fly larvae are internal parasites of other insects such as Orthoptera, and some, in particular the Miltogramminae, are kleptoparasites of solitary Hymenoptera. The adults mostly feed on fluids from animal bodies, nectar, sweet foods, fluids from animal waste and other organic substances. Juveniles need protein to develop and may be laid on carrion, dung or sweet plant foods (including fruit, nuts, and artificial foodstuffs).
Eastern Chalukyas
Eastern Chalukyas, also known as the Chalukyas of Vengi, were a dynasty that ruled parts of South India between the 7th and 12th centuries. They started out as governors of the Chalukyas of Badami in the Deccan region. Subsequently, they became a sovereign power, and ruled the Vengi region of present-day Andhra Pradesh until c. 1001 CE.

Originally, the capital of the Eastern Chalukyas was located at Pishtapura (modern-day Pitapuram). It was subsequently moved to Vengi (present-day Pedavegi, near Eluru) and then to Rajamahendravaram (now Rajahmundry).  The five centuries of the Eastern Chalukya rule of Vengi saw not only the consolidation of this region into a unified whole, but also saw the efflorescence of Telugu culture, literature, poetry and art during the later half of their rule. They had marital relationship with Cholas.

Vijayaditya III
Gunaga Vijayaditya III (reigned 848–892)  was the most powerful king of the Vengi kingdom. His military victories brought a large portion of the Deccan Plateau under his control. He was a valuable ally of the Rashtrakuta emperor Amoghavarsha I, and after Amoghavarsha's death, he proclaimed independence. He took several titles like Gunaga, Gunage-Nallata, Parachakra Rama, Vallabha, etc.
Cordulegaster trinacriae
Cordulegaster trinacriae is a species of dragonfly in the family Cordulegastridae. It is endemic to central-southern Italy, from Abruzzo south to Calabria and Sicily, from where it was first described (hence the scientific name) (Corso 2019, Corso et al. 2020). Its natural habitats are humid forests, rivers, and freshwater springs. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Cordulegastridae
The Cordulegastridae are a family of Odonata (dragonflies) from the suborder Anisoptera. They are commonly known as spiketails. Some vernacular names for the species of this family are biddie and flying adder. They have large, brown or black bodies with yellow markings, and narrow unpatterned wings. Their bright eyes touch at a single point, and they can be found along small, clear, woodland streams, flying slowly 30 to 70 cm above the water. When disturbed, however, they can fly very rapidly. They usually hunt high in forest vegetation, and prefer to capture prey resting on leaves or branches (known as gleaning).
Winterswijk railway station
Winterswijk is a railway station in Winterswijk, Netherlands. The station opened on 24 June 1878 and is located on the Zutphen–Winterswijk railway and the Winterswijk–Zevenaar railway. The train services are operated by Arriva.

The station used to be an important point where freight trains would go into Germany. There used to be lines going in 5 directions: Arnhem, Zutphen, Bocholt (Germany), Borken (Germany) and Neede. Today there are 3 buses to Germany, otherwise passengers have to travel to Arnhem, Hengelo or Enschede.

Winterswijk
Winterswijk (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌʋɪntərsˈʋɛik] ⓘ; also known as Winterswiek or Wenters) is a municipality and a town in the eastern Netherlands. It has a population of 29,022 and is situated in the Achterhoek, which lies in the easternmost part of the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands.

It was also known as Winethereswick, Winriswic or Wenterswic; the Low Saxon wich or wic means the living place of a certain person. The person would likely have been called Wenether, Winitar or Winter.
Communications Specification for Fitness Equipment
Communications Specification for Fitness Equipment (CSAFE) is a fitness industry-wide communications specification developed in 1997 for exercise equipment.  As this specification was originally developed by the company FitLinxx, sometimes it is also referred to as FitLinxx.

Exercise equipment
Exercise equipment is any apparatus or device used during physical activity to enhance the strength or conditioning effects of that exercise by providing either fixed or adjustable amounts of resistance, or to otherwise enhance the experience or outcome of an exercise routine.

Exercise equipment may also include such wearable items as proper footgear, gloves, and hydration packs.
Baikal Highway
The Baikal Highway is a federal highway in Russia. Its official designation is  federal highway R258 "Baikal" (Russian: Федеральная автомобильная дорога Р258 «Байкал»). It is part of the Trans-Siberian Highway and of the AH6 route of the Asian Highway Network. It is named after the Russian Lake Baikal.

The road has 296 bridges and no tunnels. There are no toll segments on the highway.

Trans-Siberian Highway
The Trans-Siberian Highway is the unofficial name for a network of federal highways that span the width of Russia from the Baltic Sea of the Atlantic Ocean to the Sea of Japan. In the Asian Highway Network, the route is known as AH6. It stretches over 11,000 kilometres (6,800 miles) from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok. The road is the second-longest national highway in the world after Australia's Highway 1.

The highway became fully paved on 12 August 2015.
Aix Group
Aix Group is a French-Israeli-Palestinian-international economic study team hosted by the Université Aix-Marseille (AMU) in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the South of France in coordination with the DATA Center for Studies and Research in the Palestinian Authority, the Harry S. Truman Institute for the Advancement of Peace in Jerusalem and, until 2015, the Peres Center for Peace in Israel and. Their aim is to inform policy makers of the economic costs of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, as well as to provide policy makers with economic solutions towards a two-state solution, and detail how each could benefit by improving economic cooperation.

Peres Center for Peace
The Peres Center for Peace and Innovation, located in Jaffa, Israel, is an independent non-profit, non-governmental, and non-political organization founded in 1996 by Nobel Peace Laureate and former President of Israel Shimon Peres. Its aim is to further Peres' vision of people in the Middle East working together to build peace through socio-economic cooperation and development and people-to-people interaction.
Leandro Díaz (composer)
Leandro José Díaz Duarte (February 20, 1928 – June 22, 2013) was a Colombian vallenato music composer. He is mostly known for his ability to compose very descriptive and narrative vallenato songs despite his blindness. His songs have been recorded by many Colombian musicians including Carlos Vives, Diomedes Díaz, Jorge Oñate, Iván Villazón, among others.

During the 38th version of the Vallenato Legend Festival, Diaz was proclaimed "King for Life of the Vallenato Legend Festival" along with Rafael Escalona, Emiliano Zuleta Baquero, Calixto Ochoa, Adolfo Pacheco and Tobías Enrique Pumarejo.

Emiliano Zuleta
Emiliano Antonio Zuleta Baquero (1912–2005) was a Colombian vallenato songwriter, accordion player and singer, popularly known as El Viejo Mile (The Old Mile).
Around 1938 he wrote "La Gota Fría", a song that emerged from a piqueria with Lorenzo Morales and that years later was recorded by Carlos Vives, turning the song into an international hit.
Henry C. Wayne
Henry Constantine Wayne (September 18, 1815 – March 15, 1883) was a United States Army officer, and is known for his commanding the expedition to test the U.S. Camel Corps as part of Secretary of War Jefferson Davis's plan to use camels as a transport in the West. Wayne was also a Confederate adjutant and inspector-general for Georgia and a brigadier general during the American Civil War.

Ira Roe Foster
Ira Roe Foster (January 9, 1811 – November 19, 1885) was a teacher, medical doctor, attorney, soldier, businessman, and politician from South Carolina. During the 1840s, Foster served as brigadier general in the Georgia Militia.

In 1861, the American Civil War began when the state of Georgia and six other slave states declared their intent to secede and form the Confederate States of America. Foster was appointed Quartermaster General of the Confederate state of Georgia. He continued to hold the position of Quartermaster General after the collapse of the Confederacy and the end of the war. He remained active in Georgia state politics into the Reconstruction period. Foster was also elected as the first mayor of Eastman, Georgia. He served in the Georgia House of Representatives and was elected to the state senates of both Georgia and Alabama.
Hofsjökull
Hofsjökull (Icelandic: "temple glacier", Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈhɔfsˌjœːkʏtl̥] ⓘ) is the third largest ice cap in Iceland after Vatnajökull and Langjökull and covers the largest active central volcano in the country, which has the same name. It is situated in the west of the Highlands of Iceland and north of the mountain range Kerlingarfjöll, between the two largest glaciers of Iceland.

Highlands of Iceland
The Highland (Icelandic: Hálendið) or The Central Highland is an area that comprises much of the interior land of Iceland. The Highland is situated above 300–400 meters (980–1,310 ft) and is mostly uninhabitable. The soil is primarily volcanic ash, and the terrain consists of basalt mountains and lava fields. Snow covers the Highland from October until the beginning of June. A few oasis-like areas, such as Herðubreiðarlindir and Þórsmörk, are also found in the Highland. The area has many notable natural features and hiking trails.
Geminus (crater)
Geminus is a lunar impact crater that is located near the northeast limb of the visible Moon. In this position the crater appears oval in shape due to foreshortening, but it is actually more nearly circular in form.  It was named by the IAU in 1935.

The circular rim of Geminus contain a number of outward notches, particularly to the north and east. The crater ejecta is still visible in the rough surroundings beyond the rim, but any rays deposited during the impact have long since been worn away by space weathering. The inner wall is wide and extensively terraced, although these features are now somewhat muted due to impact erosion. There are no notable impacts on the interior floor, but there is a long, slender central ridge located at the midpoint and a pair of readily observed clefts.

Notable nearby craters include Messala to the northeast, Bernoulli due east, and Burckhardt and Cleomedes to the south.

Bernoulli (crater)
Bernoulli is a lunar impact crater that is located in the northeast part of the Moon. It lies to the south of the crater Messala, and east of Geminus.   It was named by the IAU in 1985.

This formation is nearly circular with several slight outward bulges around the perimeter. There is a sunken depression along part of the southern wall, forming an outward triangular bulge in the rim. The rim is highest along the eastern side, climbing to 4 km. At the midpoint of the crater floor is a central peak formation.
Graham High School (Texas)
Graham High School is a public high school located in Graham, Texas, United States and classified as a 4A school by the University Interscholastic League (UIL). It is part of the Graham Independent School District located in central Young County.  In 2015, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency.

Graham Independent School District
Graham Independent School District is a public school district based in Graham, Texas, United States.

Located in Young County, a very small portion of the district lies in Stephens County.

In 2009, the school district was rated "academically acceptable" by the Texas Education Agency.
Duncan Rouleau
Duncan Rouleau is an American comic book writer and artist, and is a part of the Man of Action Studios collective of creators (along with Joe Casey, Joe Kelly, Steven T. Seagle), who created the series Ben 10, that aired on Cartoon Network.

Joe Casey
Joe Casey is an American comic book writer. He has worked on titles such as Wildcats 3.0, Uncanny X-Men, The Intimates, Adventures of Superman, and G.I. Joe: America's Elite among others. As part of the comics creator group Man of Action Studios, Casey is one of the creators of the animated series Ben 10.
Vlado Bučkovski
Vlado Bučkovski (Macedonian: Владо Бучковски; born 2 December 1962) is a Macedonian politician who served as Prime Minister of Macedonia from 2004 to 2006. He previously served as Minister of Defence from May to November 2001 and from 2002 to 2004. He was president of the Social Democratic Union of Macedonia. After the 2006 election defeat by the centre-right VMRO-DPMNE, Radmila Šekerinska took over the party's leadership.

On 9 December 2008, Bučkovski was found guilty of abuse of power while serving as defence minister during an armed conflict in 2001 and sentenced to three and a half years in jail.

Minister of Defence (North Macedonia)
Minister of Defence of the Republic of North Macedonia is a post (minister) to lead the Ministry of Defence of North Macedonia. Currently, the post is held by Vlado Misajlovski, since 2024. He succeeded Slavjanka Petrovska who held the office from 2022 to 2024.
Sturton le Steeple
Sturton le Steeple is a village located 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Retford, Nottinghamshire, England. According to the 2001 census it had a population (including Littleborough and Fenton) of 497, reducing slightly to 486 at the 2011 census, but increasing to 545 residents in the 2021 census.

Francis Thornhagh
Colonel Francis Thornhagh or Thornhaugh (1617–1648) was a hero of the Parliamentarian cause in the English Civil War, an MP of East Retford and High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire, who was killed at the Battle of Preston in 1648.
TGF beta receptor 1
Transforming growth factor beta receptor I (activin A receptor type II-like kinase, 53kDa) is a membrane-bound TGF beta receptor protein of the TGF-beta receptor family for the TGF beta superfamily of signaling ligands. TGFBR1 is its human gene.

TGF-beta receptor family
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptors are a family of serine/threonine kinase receptors involved in TGF beta signaling pathway. These receptors bind growth factor and cytokine signaling proteins in the TGF-beta family such as TGFβs (TGFβ1, TGFβ2, TGFβ3), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), growth differentiation factors (GDFs), activin and inhibin, myostatin, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), and NODAL.
Duxbury High School
Duxbury High School is a public high school located in the town of Duxbury, Massachusetts, United States, and operating in the Duxbury Public School District. The superintendent of the Duxbury Public School District is Danielle Klingaman, the assistant superintendent is Beth Wilcox and the principal of Duxbury High School is Todd Warmington. The building that houses the Duxbury Middle and High School is located at 71 Alden Street, Duxbury, MA and was newly constructed in 2014. The Duxbury High School mascot is the Dragons and its school colors are green, white, and silver.

Duxbury, Massachusetts
Duxbury (alternative older spelling: "Duxborough") is a town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. A suburb located on the South Shore approximately 35 miles (56 km) to the southeast of Boston, the population was 16,090 at the 2020 census. The town contains the census-designated places (CDPs) of Duxbury, Green Harbor, and South Duxbury.
Little woolly mouse opossum
The little woolly mouse opossum (Marmosa phaea) is a nocturnal, arboreal and mainly solitary species of South American marsupial in the family Didelphidae. It is native to the western slopes of the Andes in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, where it lives at altitudes from sea level to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). It primarily inhabits lowland rainforest and montane cloud forest, although it has been reported from dry forest in the southern end of its range. It was formerly assigned to the genus Micoureus, which was made a subgenus of Marmosa in 2009. Its conservation status is vulnerable, due to habitat fragmentation and continuing loss of habitat via urbanization and conversion to agriculture.

Opossum
Opossums (/əˈpɒsəmz/) are members of the marsupial order Didelphimorphia (/daɪˌdɛlfɪˈmɔːrfiə/) endemic to the Americas. The largest order of marsupials in the Western Hemisphere, it comprises 126 species in 18 genera. Opossums originated in South America and entered North America in the Great American Interchange following the connection of North and South America in the late Cenozoic.

The Virginia opossum is the only species found in the United States and Canada. It is often simply referred to as an opossum; in North America, it is commonly referred to as a possum (/ˈpɒsəm/; sometimes rendered as 'possum in written form to indicate the dropped "o"). The Australasian arboreal marsupials of suborder Phalangeriformes are also called possums because of their resemblance to opossums, but they belong to a different order. The opossum is typically a nonaggressive animal and almost never carries the virus that causes rabies.
Lembah Keramat
Lembah Keramat is a place in Ulu Kelang, Gombak District, Selangor, Malaysia, but use Kuala Lumpur postcode. It is known as a Malay reserved residential area.

Lembah Keramat also known as AU5, is located right beside the MRR2 Highway in Ulu Klang. Nearby areas including Taman Melawati, Kampung Pasir, Kampung Fajar, Taman Permata, AU4, and AU3

Ulu Kelang
Ulu Kelang (alternately Hulu Kelang, Ulu Klang, or Hulu Klang), is a mukim and a state constituency in Gombak District, Selangor, Malaysia. It is one of five state constituencies administered by Majlis Perbandaran Ampang Jaya (MPAJ).
Surendra Kumar Sinha
Surendra Kumar Sinha (born 1 February 1951), commonly known as SK Sinha is a Bangladeshi lawyer and jurist who served as the 21st Chief Justice of Bangladesh. He resigned from the position in November 2017 amid the 16th amendment verdict controversy.

Directorate General of Forces Intelligence
The Directorate General of Forces Intelligence (Bengali: প্রতিরক্ষা গোয়েন্দা মহাপরিদপ্তর), commonly known by its acronym DGFI, is the defense intelligence agency of the Bangladesh Armed Forces, responsible for the collection, collation, and evaluation of strategic and topographic information, primarily through human intelligence (HUMINT). As one of the principal members of the Bangladesh Intelligence Community, the DGFI reports to its Director-General under the executive authority of the Prime Minister of Bangladesh. The agency is primarily focused on providing intelligence support to the Prime Minister, the Cabinet, and the Armed Forces of Bangladesh.