hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Destroyer tender
A destroyer tender or destroyer depot ship is a type of depot ship: an auxiliary ship designed to provide maintenance support to a flotilla of destroyers or other small warships. The use of this class has faded from its peak in the first half of the 20th century as the roles and weaponry of small combatants have evolved (in conjunction with technological advances in propulsion reliability and efficiency).

Auxiliary ship
An auxiliary ship is a naval ship designed to support combatant ships and other naval operations. Auxiliary ships are not primary combatant vessels, though they may have some limited combat capacity, usually for purposes of self-defense.

Auxiliary ships are extremely important for navies of all sizes because if they were not present the primary fleet vessels would be unsupported. Thus, virtually every navy maintains an extensive fleet of auxiliary ships, however, the composition and size of these auxiliary fleets vary depending on the nature of each navy and its primary mission. Smaller coastal navies tend to have smaller auxiliary vessels focusing primarily on littoral and training support roles, while larger blue-water navies tend to have larger auxiliary fleets comprising longer-range fleet support vessels designed to provide support far beyond territorial waters.
The Independent (Massillon)
The Independent (formerly The Evening Independent) is an American daily newspaper published weekdays and Saturdays in Massillon, Ohio. It is owned by USA Today Co.

The newspaper covers western Stark County, Ohio, including Massillon, 
Beach City, Brewster, Canal Fulton, Jackson, Lawrence Township, Navarre, Perry and Tuscarawas Township.

GateHouse acquired the paper from Copley Newspapers in April 2007.

The Independent is related to three other Northeast Ohio newspapers, the dailies The Repository of Canton and The Times-Reporter of New Philadelphia, and the weekly The Suburbanite in southern Summit County.

Massillon, Ohio
Massillon is a city in western Stark County, Ohio, United States, along the Tuscarawas River. The population was 32,146 at the 2020 census. Massillon is a principal city of the Canton–Massillon metropolitan area, which includes all of Stark and Carroll counties and had a population of 401,574 in 2020.

Massillon is located approximately 8 miles (13 km) west of Canton, 20 miles (32 km) south of Akron, and 50 miles (80 km) south of Cleveland.
House of Lorraine
The House of Lorraine (German: Haus Lothringen) originated as a cadet branch of the House of Metz. It inherited the Duchy of Lorraine in 1473 after the death without a male heir of Nicholas I, Duke of Lorraine. By the marriage of Francis of Lorraine to Maria Theresa of Austria in 1736, and with the success in the ensuing War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748), the House of Lorraine was joined to the House of Habsburg and became known as the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (German: Haus Habsburg-Lothringen). Francis, his sons Joseph II and Leopold II, and his grandson Francis II were the last four Holy Roman emperors from 1745 until the dissolution of the empire in 1806. The House of Habsburg-Lorraine inherited the Habsburg Empire, ruling the Austrian Empire and then Austria-Hungary until the dissolution of the monarchy in 1918.

Although its senior agnates are the dukes of Hohenberg, the house is currently headed by Karl von Habsburg (born 1961), grandson of the last emperor Charles I.

Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine
Charles IV (5 April 1604 – 18 September 1675) was Duke of Lorraine from 1624 until his death in 1675, with a brief interruption in 1634, when he abdicated under French pressure in favor of his younger brother, Nicholas Francis.
Nationale SIGINT Organisatie
The Nationale SIGINT Organisatie (NSO) was the Dutch signals intelligence (SIGINT) organisation, which was part of the Ministry of Defence, but worked for both the military intelligence and security agency MIVD as for its civilian counterpart AIVD.

The NSO was established in 2003, in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks and became fully operational in 2007. Early 2014, the NSO merged into the newly created Joint Sigint Cyber Unit (JSCU).

The facilities of the NSO were a high frequency radio interception station in Eibergen in the Berkelland municipality, and a satellite ground station in Burum in the Kollumerland c.a. municipality. There are also some mobile SIGINT units which can be deployed at military operations abroad. The operation of both listening stations and the mobile units has been taken over by the JSCU.

Eibergen
Eibergen (Low Saxon: Eibarge) is a town and former municipality in Gelderland in the Eastern Netherlands. It is part of the Achterhoek cultural region. The administrative cooperation of about 20 municipalities in this region is the Regio Achterhoek.

On 1 January 2005 the municipality of Eibergen merged with the neighbouring municipalities of Neede, Borculo and Ruurlo into the new municipality of Berkelland. As of 2021, the town had a population of 11,210.
Trimingham
Trimingham is a coastal village and a civil parish in the North Norfolk district of Norfolk, England. The village is 5 miles (8 km) north of North Walsham, 4 miles (6 km) east of Cromer, 20 miles (32 km) north of the city and county town of Norwich, and is on the B1159 coastal road between Cromer and Mundesley.

The villages name means 'Homestead/village of Trymma's people'.

North Norfolk
North Norfolk is a local government district in Norfolk, England. Its council is based in Cromer, and the largest town is North Walsham. The district also includes the towns of Fakenham, Holt, Sheringham, Stalham and Wells-next-the-Sea, along with numerous villages and surrounding rural areas.

The district lies on the north coast of Norfolk, facing the North Sea, with much of its coastline lying within the Norfolk Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Some south-eastern parts of the district lie within The Broads. The neighbouring districts are Great Yarmouth, Breckland, Broadland and King's Lynn and West Norfolk.
Kokomo Transmission
Kokomo Transmission Plant is a Chrysler automotive factory in Kokomo, Indiana that manufactures propulsion transmissions. The 3,100,000 sq ft (290,000 m2) factory opened in 1956 at 2401 South Reed Road.

Ultradrive
The Ultradrive is an automatic transmission manufactured by Chrysler beginning in the 1989 model year.

Initially produced in a single four-speed variant paired with the Mitsubishi (6G72) 3.0-liter engine in vehicles with transverse engines, application was expanded to the Chrysler 3.3- and 3.8-liter V6 engines in 1990 model year Dodge Caravan/Grand Caravan, Plymouth Voyager/Grand Voyager, Chrysler Town & Country, Dodge Dynasty and Chrysler New Yorker. A six-speed variant (62TE) was introduced in the 2007 model year and remains in production for several models as of 2019.

The Ultradrive and succeeding transmissions are produced at the Kokomo Transmission plant in Kokomo, Indiana, which also manufactures other Chrysler automatic transmissions. As of 2020, Dodge Journeys equipped with four-cylinder engines are the only applications of the four-speed Ultradrive (40TES) remaining in production.   The Ram Promaster will be the only vehicle to use an Ultradrive transmission after 2020.
Phosphine
Phosphine (IUPAC name: phosphane) is a colorless, flammable, highly toxic compound with the chemical formula PH3, classed as a pnictogen hydride. Pure phosphine is odorless, but technical grade samples have a highly unpleasant odor like rotting fish, due to the presence of substituted phosphine and diphosphane (P2H4). With traces of P2H4 present, PH3 is spontaneously flammable in air (pyrophoric), burning with a luminous flame. Phosphine is a highly toxic respiratory poison, and is immediately dangerous to life or health at 50 ppm. Phosphine has a trigonal pyramidal structure.

Phosphines are compounds that include PH3 and the organophosphines, which are derived from PH3 by substituting one or more hydrogen atoms with organic groups. They have the general formula PH3−nRn. Phosphanes are saturated phosphorus hydrides of the form PnHn+2, such as triphosphane. Phosphine (PH3) is the smallest of the phosphines and the smallest of the phosphanes.

Pyrophoricity
A substance is pyrophoric (from Ancient Greek: πυροφόρος, pyrophoros, 'fire-bearing') if it ignites spontaneously in air at or below 54 °C (129 °F) (for gases) or within five minutes after coming into contact with air (for liquids and solids). Examples are organolithium compounds and triethylborane. Pyrophoric materials are often water-reactive as well and will ignite when they contact water or humid air. They can be handled safely in atmospheres of argon or (with a few exceptions) nitrogen. Fire classification fire extinguishers are designated for use in fires involving metals but not pyrophoric materials in general. A related concept is hypergolicity, in which two compounds spontaneously ignite when mixed.
History of logarithms
The history of logarithms is the story of a correspondence (in modern terms, a group isomorphism) between multiplication on the positive real numbers and addition on  real number line that was formalized in seventeenth century Europe and was widely used to simplify calculation until the advent of the digital computer.  The Napierian logarithms were published first in 1614. E. W. Hobson called it "one of the very greatest scientific discoveries that the world has seen.": p.5  Henry Briggs introduced common (base 10) logarithms, which were easier to use. Tables of logarithms were published in many forms over four centuries. The idea of logarithms was also used to construct the slide rule (invented around 1620–1630), which was ubiquitous in science and engineering until the 1970s. A breakthrough generating the natural logarithm was the result of a search for an expression of area against a rectangular hyperbola, and required the assimilation of a new function into standard mathematics.

Grégoire de Saint-Vincent
Grégoire de Saint-Vincent (French: [ɡʁeɡwaʁ də sɛ̃ vɛ̃sɑ̃]; Latin: Gregorius a Sancto Vincentio, Dutch: Gregorius van St-Vincent; 8 September 1584 Bruges – 5 June 1667 Ghent) was a Flemish Jesuit and mathematician. He is remembered for his work on quadrature of the hyperbola. He is also known as Gregorio a San Vincente.

Grégoire gave the "clearest early account of the summation of geometric series.": 136  He also resolved Zeno's paradox by showing that the time intervals involved formed a geometric progression and thus had a finite sum.: 137
Direct Anonymous Attestation
Direct Anonymous Attestation (DAA) is a cryptographic primitive which enables remote authentication of a trusted computer whilst preserving privacy of the platform's user. The protocol has been adopted by the Trusted Computing Group (TCG) in the latest version of its Trusted Platform Module (TPM) specification to address privacy concerns (see also Loss of Internet anonymity). ISO/IEC 20008 specifies DAA, as well, and Intel's Enhanced Privacy ID (EPID) 2.0 implementation for microprocessors is available for licensing RAND-Z along with an open source SDK.

Liqun Chen
Liqun Chen is a Chinese computer scientist known for her work on trusted systems including Direct Anonymous Attestation, the Trusted Platform Module, and the incorporation of post-quantum cryptography into trusted systems. She works in the UK as Professor in Secure Systems in the University of Surrey School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering.
1913 in poetry
I think that I shall never see
A poem lovely as a tree.
A tree whose hungry mouth is prest
Against the earth's sweet flowing breast;
A tree that looks at God all day,
And lifts her leafy arms to pray;
A tree that may in summer wear
A nest of robins in her hair;
Upon whose bosom snow has lain; 
Who intimately lives with rain.
Poems are made by fools like me,
But only God can make a tree.

— Joyce Kilmer (1886–1918), "Trees", first published this year

Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose.

— Gertrude Stein (1874–1946), from "Sacred Emily", written this year

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

1914 in poetry
They went with songs to the battle, they were young.
Straight of limb, true of eyes, steady and aglow.
They were staunch to the end against odds uncounted,
They fell with their faces to the foe.
They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old:
Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn.
At the going down of the sun and in the morning,
We will remember them.

— "Ode of Remembrance", an ode taken from Laurence Binyon's "For the Fallen", first published in The Times of London in September of this year.

This article covers 1914 in poetry. Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).
Permutation matrix
In mathematics, particularly in matrix theory, a permutation matrix is a square binary matrix that has exactly one entry of 1 in each row and each column with all other entries 0.: 26  An n × n permutation matrix can represent a permutation of n elements. Pre-multiplying an n-row matrix M by a permutation matrix P, forming PM, results in permuting the rows of M, while post-multiplying an n-column matrix M, forming MP, permutes the columns of M.

Every permutation matrix P is orthogonal, with its inverse equal to its transpose: .: 26   Indeed, permutation matrices can be characterized as the orthogonal matrices whose entries are all non-negative.

Doubly stochastic matrix
In mathematics, especially in probability and combinatorics, a doubly stochastic matrix 
(also called bistochastic matrix) is a square matrix  of nonnegative real numbers, each of whose rows and columns sums to 1, i.e.,

Thus, a doubly stochastic matrix is both left stochastic and right stochastic.

Indeed, any matrix that is both left and right stochastic must be square: if every row sums to 1 then the sum of all entries in the matrix must be equal to the number of rows, and since the same holds for columns, the number of rows and columns must be equal.
Ahuntsic-Cartierville
Ahuntsic-Cartierville (Canadian French pronunciation: [aɔntsɪk kaʁt͡sjevɪl]) is a borough (arrondissement) of the city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The borough was created following the 2002 municipal reorganization of Montreal. It comprises two main neighbourhoods, Ahuntsic, a former village annexed to Montreal in 1910 and Cartierville, a town annexed to Montreal in 1916.

Ahuntsic-Cartierville is located in the north end of Montreal, on the banks of the Rivière des Prairies. It traces its history to the fortified Sault-au-Récollet settlement, which was established by the Sulpicians in 1696. This in turn led to the colonization of the area.

Saint-Laurent, Quebec
Saint-Laurent (French: [sɛ̃lɔʁɑ̃] ⓘ) is a borough of the city of Montreal, Canada, located in the northern part of the island. Although it is no longer an independent city, it is still commonly known as Ville Saint-Laurent (City of Saint-Laurent) or by its initials, VSL.

Saint-Laurent is the largest of Montreal's boroughs by land area. Its population was 98,828 inhabitants in 2016.
Somlata Acharyya Chowdhury
Somlata Acharyya Chowdhury is an Indian Bengali-language singer and a faculty member at the Department of Psychology, Asutosh College, which is affiliated with University of Calcutta. She rose to fame with the release of 'Tumi Asbe Bole' & 'Jagarane Jay Bibhabaree' from the Bengali film Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona in 2011. She has been a prominent singer in Bengali films since 2007. Besides films, she also worked for several solo albums with her band Somlata & the Aces. Apart from being a singer, she works as a guest lecturer of psychology in Asutosh College, Kolkata.

Asutosh College
Asutosh College, established in 1916, is a premier government aided college in Kolkata and under Calcutta University. It offers undergraduate level courses in various science and art subjects, also postgraduate degrees in select science and arts subjects. This college is situated in Southern Kolkata, close to the Jatin Das Park Metro Station, gate No. 2. It is affiliated to the University of Calcutta.
Pitstone Windmill
Pitstone Windmill is a Grade II* listed windmill in England. It is thought to have been built in the early 17th century, and stands in the northeastern corner of a large field near the parish boundary of Ivinghoe and Pitstone in Buckinghamshire. Presently, the windmill belongs to the National Trust.

Pitstone
Pitstone (formerly Pightelsthorn, with possible variation Pychelesthorn in 1399) is a village and civil parish in east Buckinghamshire, England. It is at the foot of the central range of the Chiltern Hills, centred 6 miles (10 km) east of Aylesbury and 5 miles (8 km) south of Leighton Buzzard. It directly adjoins the village of Ivinghoe, and the two villages share some facilities.
Being close to the Hertfordshire border Pitstone shares many amenities such as doctors, dentists etc with the close by market town of Tring.
Groom of the Stool
The Groom of the Stool (formally styled: "Groom of the King's Close Stool") was the most intimate of an English monarch's courtiers, initially responsible for assisting the king in excretion and hygiene.

The physical intimacy of the role naturally led to his becoming a man in whom much confidence was placed by his royal master and with whom many royal secrets were shared as a matter of course. This secret information—while it would never have been revealed, for it would have led to the discredit of his honour—in turn led to his becoming feared and respected and therefore powerful within the royal court in his own right. The office developed gradually over decades and centuries into one of administration of the royal finances and, under Henry VII, the Groom of the Stool became a powerful official involved in setting national fiscal policy, under the "chamber system".

In the 17th century, the office was renamed Groom of the Stole.

Francis Godolphin, 2nd Earl of Godolphin
Francis Godolphin, 2nd Earl of Godolphin, PC (3 September 1678 – 17 January 1766), styled Viscount Rialton from 1706 to 1712, was an English courtier and politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons between 1695 and 1712, when he succeeded to the peerage as Earl of Godolphin. Initially a Tory, he modified his views when his father headed the Administration in 1702 and was eventually a Whig. He was a philanthropist and one of the founding governors of the Foundling Hospital in 1739.
Gutenberg, Germany
Gutenberg (German pronunciation: [ˈɡuːtn̩bɛʁk]) is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Rüdesheim, whose seat is in the municipality of Rüdesheim an der Nahe. Gutenberg is a winegrowing village.

Gutenburg Castle
Gutenburg Castle (German: Burg Gutenburg, also Gutenberg, Guttenberg, Weitersheim, or Weithersheim), is the ruin of a hill castle above the village of Gutenberg in the county of Bad Kreuznach in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.
The Taill of Schir Chanticleir and the Foxe
"The Taill of Schir Chanticleir and the Foxe" is Fabill 3 of Robert Henryson's cycle of thirteen Morall Fabillis composed in Scotland in the later fifteenth century. It is the first of the fable in the poem to be based on Reynardian and beast epic sources rather than on any strictly Aesopian original, although the closest match from Aesop might be The Dog, the Cock and the Fox. It is a version of Chanticleer and the Fox, a traditional tale of Reynard the Fox.

One of its most direct known sources is Geoffrey Chaucer's Nun's Priest's Tale from the Canterbury Tales written perhaps around ninety years earlier. It might also be argued that Henryson was acquainted with the earlier extended telling of the story in the Reynard cycle. Chanticleir, for example, has three wives, as in the earlier French romance, where Chaucer gives seven to his Chauntecleer.

Henryson's version was probably composed sometime around the 1480s.

The Nun's Priest's Tale
"The Nun's Priest's Tale of the Cock and Hen, Chauntecleer and Pertelote" (Middle English: The Nonnes Preestes Tale of the Cok and Hen, Chauntecleer and Pertelote) is a narrative poem and one of The Canterbury Tales by Middle English poet Geoffrey Chaucer. Composed in the 1390s, it is a beast fable and mock epic based on an incident in the Reynard cycle. The story of Chanticleer and the Fox became further popularised in Britain through this means.
Selo Mansion
Selo Mansion (Slovene: Dvorec Selo) is a mansion at Zalog Street (Zaloška cesta) west of the intersection with Kajuh Street (Kajuhova ulica) in the former village of Selo in the Moste District of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. It is a Late Baroque mansion, currently owned by the company GIVO Real. It houses the embassies of Albania and Kosovo, a private clinic, and an ethno club.

Selo (Ljubljana)
Selo (pronounced [ˈsɛːlɔ]) is a formerly independent settlement in the east-central part of the capital Ljubljana in central Slovenia. It belongs to the City Municipality of Ljubljana. It is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola and is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.
Toʻti Yusupova
Toʻti Tojiboyevna Yusupova  (Uzbek: Тўти Тожибой қизи Юсупова, Toʻti Tojiboy qizi Yusupova; [toˈtɯ tɑd͡ʒɯˈbɑj qɯˈzɯ juˈsupəvɐ], Russian: Ту́ти Тожибоевна Юсу́пова; 1 July 1880 (claimed) – 28 March 2015) was an Uzbekistani longevity claimant. At the alleged age of 134 years, 270 days, she was claimed to be the oldest living person in the world and oldest person ever, her claimed age exceeding that of the currently recognised claimant Jeanne Louise Calment by 12 years. She was born and died in the same village, but lived in four states: the Khanate of Khiva, the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic, the Soviet Union and independent Uzbekistan.

Toʻrtkoʻl
Toʻrtkoʻl (Uzbek: Toʻrtkoʻl/Тўрткўл; Karakalpak: Tórtkúl/Төрткүл, also spelled as Turtkul (Russian: Турткуль), is a city in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan and the administrative center of the Toʻrtkoʻl District. Its population is 58,200 (2016).
Chezidek
Chezidek (born Desbert Johnson; 1973) is a Jamaican roots reggae singer. He is known for his hit singles, "Call Pon Dem" (featured in Grand Theft Auto IV), "Can't Hear Must Feel", "Inna Di Road", and "Leave De Trees".

Saint Ann Parish
Saint Ann (Jamaican Patois: Sint An) is the largest parish in Jamaica. It is situated on the north coast of the island, in the county of Middlesex, roughly halfway between the eastern and western ends of the island. It is often called "the Garden Parish of Jamaica" on account of its natural floral beauty. Its capital is Saint Ann's Bay. Saint Ann comprises New Seville, the first Spanish settlement in Jamaica.

Saint Ann is the birthplace of reggae singers Floyd Lloyd, Burning Spear, Busy Signal, Bryan Art, Romain Virgo, Rashawn Dally, Chezidek, Shabba Ranks, Justin Hinds, Perfect, and Bob Marley. Marcus Mosiah Garvey, one of the seven recipients of Jamaica's Order of National Hero, was also born there.
Daimler Freeline
The Daimler Freeline was an underfloor-engined bus chassis built by Daimler between 1951 and 1964. It was a very poor seller in the UK market for an underfloor-engined bus and coach chassis, but became a substantial export success.

It was the first of only three Daimler PSV models to have a name, as well as an alphanumeric identity. The others were the Daimler Fleetline and the Daimler Roadliner.

Daimler Roadliner
The Daimler Roadliner was a single-decker bus and coach chassis built by Daimler between 1962 and 1972. Notoriously unreliable, it topped the 1993 poll by readers of Classic Bus as the worst bus type ever, beating the Guy Wulfrunian into second place. It was very technologically advanced, offering step-free access some 20 years before other buses; as a coach, it was felt by industry commentators to be in advance of contemporary UK designs.