hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Holophrastic indeterminacy
Holophrastic indeterminacy, or indeterminacy of sentence translation, is one of two kinds of indeterminacy of translation to appear in the writings of philosopher W. V. O. Quine. According to Quine, "there is more than one correct method of translating sentences where the two translations differ not merely in the meanings attributed to the sub-sentential parts of speech but also in the net import of the whole sentence". It is holophrastic indeterminacy that underlies Quine's argument against synonymy, the basis of his objections to Rudolf Carnap's analytic/synthetic distinction. Another kind of indeterminacy introduced by Quine is the "inscrutability of reference", which refers to parts of a sentence or individual words.

Inscrutability of reference
The inscrutability or indeterminacy of reference (also referential inscrutability) is a thesis by 20th century analytic philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine in his book Word and Object.

The main claim of this theory is that any given sentence can be changed into a variety of other sentences where the parts of the sentence will change in what they reference, but they will nonetheless maintain the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

The referential relation is inscrutable, because it is subject to the background language and ontological commitments of the speaker.
KIPI (FM)
KIPI (93.5 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Eagle Butte, South Dakota. The station is owned by the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe and airs a variety radio format.

The station was assigned the KIPI call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on December 8, 2017.

Cheyenne River Indian Reservation
The Cheyenne River Indian Reservation was created by the United States in 1889 by breaking up the Great Sioux Reservation, following the attrition of the Lakota in a series of wars in the 1870s.  The reservation covers almost all of Dewey and Ziebach counties in South Dakota. In addition, many small parcels of off-reservation trust land are located in Stanley, Haakon, and Meade counties.

The total land area is 4,266.987 sq mi (11,051.447 km2), making it the fourth-largest Indian reservation in land area in the United States. Its largest community is unincorporated North Eagle Butte, while adjacent Eagle Butte is its largest incorporated city.
1997 TAAC men's basketball tournament
The 1997 Trans America Athletic Conference men's basketball tournament (now known as the ASUN men's basketball tournament) was held February 27–March 1 at F. Mitchell Johnson Arena at the College of Charleston in Charleston, South Carolina.

College of Charleston defeated Florida International in the championship game, 83–73, to win their first TAAC/Atlantic Sun men's basketball tournament.

The Cougars, therefore, received the TAAC's automatic bid to the 1997 NCAA tournament, their first automatic bid to the Division I tournament. Charleston defeated Maryland in the First Round before falling to eventual-champion Arizona in the Round of 32.

1996–97 Charleston Cougars men's basketball team
The 1996–97 College of Charleston Cougars men's basketball team represented the College of Charleston in the 1996–97 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Cougars, led by 18th-year head coach John Kresse, played their home games at F. Mitchell Johnson Arena in Charleston, South Carolina as members of the Trans America Athletic Conference.

After finishing the regular season conference schedule unbeaten (16–0), the Cougars would also win the 1997 TAAC tournament to earn an automatic bid to the NCAA tournament as No. 12 seed in the Southeast region. College of Charleston beat No. 5 seed Maryland in the opening round before falling to eventual National champion Arizona in the second round, 73–69. The team set a school record for wins in a season and finished with an overall record of 29–3 as well as a No. 16 ranking in the season’s final AP poll.

The Charleston senior class finished with a four-year record of 101–17.
Santa Rosa Route 66 Airport
Santa Rosa Route 66 Airport (ICAO: KSXU, FAA LID: SXU, formerly I58) is a public use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) east of the central business district of Santa Rosa, a town in Guadalupe County, New Mexico, United States. It is owned by the Town of Santa Rosa. The original runway, 08-26, was a section of old U.S. Highway 66 prior to the construction of Interstate 40. The second runway, 01-19, was added in the mid-1990's.

Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned SXU by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA (which assigned SXU to Soddu, Ethiopia).

Santa Rosa, New Mexico
Santa Rosa is a city in and the county seat of Guadalupe County, New Mexico, United States. As of the 2020 census, Santa Rosa had a population of 2,850. It lies between Albuquerque and Tucumcari, situated on the Pecos River at the intersection of Interstate 40 (I-40), U.S. Route 54 (US 54), and U.S. Route 84 (US 84). The city is located on the western edge of the Llano Estacado or "staked plains" of eastern New Mexico and western Texas.
Sam Wu
Samuel Wu (February 19, 1919 – August 19, 2005) was an American photographer during the 1950s and 1960s.

Wu worked for adult magazines such as Playboy and Modern Man. He photographed Playboy centerfolds of Rusty Fisher, Pat Sheehan, and Christa Speck. He also filmed Pat Sheehan's centerfold and Tania Velia movie pics. Glamor Photography Magazine, #5 of 1968 was devoted as Sam Wu Special Issue.

He was married to Grace Chun-Fan Wu.

Pat Sheehan (model)
Patricia Ann Sheehan (September 7, 1931 – January 14, 2006), also known as Patricia Sheehan Crosby, was an American actress and model. She was Playboy magazine's Playmate of the Month for October 1958 and a contract player for NBC.
Veranke
Veranke is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The queen of the Skrull Empire, first introduced under the guise of Spider-Woman (Jessica Drew), she is the main antagonist of Secret Invasion in which she leads her empire to invade and conquer Earth.

Skrull
The Skrulls (/skrʌlz/) are a fictional race of extraterrestrial shapeshifters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They first appeared in Fantastic Four #2 and were created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. They originated from the planet Skrullos and their empire is located in the Andromeda Galaxy. Their infiltration of Earth was a major event in the Marvel Comics universe as shown in the crossover event Secret Invasion.

The Skrulls have made numerous appearances in animated television and video games before making their live-action cinematic debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Captain Marvel (2019). Skrulls have also appeared in Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019) and the Disney+ series WandaVision, What If...? (both 2021) and Secret Invasion (2023), and the film The Marvels (2023).
Shu school
The Shu School of Qin Music (蜀派古琴) refers to the modern guqin regional performance style tradition and lineage begun in the mid-19th century by its founder, Zhang Kongshan. The "Shu" name derives from the main base of operations at the time, namely the Sichuan region of China. Today, the Shu School has many branches and lineages, most of which trace their foundation to Zhang Kongshan, though the term is equally applied to Sichuan-based players in general.

Qin schools
A qin school (琴派 qin pai in Chinese) is a school of guqin players that play in a style that is different from other styles.

People often talk about regional styles because such a model simplifies things—and because it is still somewhat applicable, though less so now than 100 years ago. Generally guqin is highly individualistic so players' approaches will be very personal.
Christoph Biemann
Christoph Biemann (born 6 August 1952) is a German writer, director and producer and one of the presenters of the award-winning children's television show, Die Sendung mit der Maus. Also known as Die Maus ("The Mouse"), it has been on the air since 1971; Biemann joined the show in 1972. He has his own production company, Delta TV, and has won numerous awards, including the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. Though he produces many film shorts for The Mouse, he doesn't speak in or narrate any of them. He is known by a trademark green sweatshirt, which he wears on television and in public appearances.

Armin Maiwald
Armin Maiwald (born 23 January 1940) is a German author, television director and producer. Maiwald is one of the founders of the award-winning German children's television program, Die Sendung mit der Maus. Often just called Die Maus ("The Mouse"), the program has been on the air since March 1971 and is one of the most successful children's television programs ever produced. Maiwald has won over 50 awards for his work.
QEMU
The Quick Emulator (QEMU) is a free and open-source emulator that uses dynamic binary translation to emulate a computer's processor; that is, it translates the emulated binary codes to an equivalent binary format which is executed by the machine. It provides a variety of hardware and device models for the virtual machine, enabling it to run different guest operating systems. QEMU can be used with a Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) to emulate hardware at near-native speeds. Additionally, it supports user-level processes, allowing applications compiled for one processor architecture to run on another.

QEMU supports the emulation of x86, ARM, PowerPC, RISC-V, and other architectures.

AMD LANCE Am7990
The Am7990 is an Ethernet media access controller (MAC) controller  introduced in 1985. LANCE, short for "local area network controller for Ethernet", is also the brand name for follow-up versions of the chip. Its architecture is the basis for AMD's PCnet family of highly integrated single-chip Ethernet controllers, which succeeded the LANCE family. The one exception is the Am79C940 MAC.
The Am7990 chip was fabricated in NMOS technology and has no integrated Manchester encoder/decoder (ENDEC) nor does it have an integrated 10BASE-T transceiver.
Baldet (lunar crater)
Baldet is a lunar impact crater that is located on the southern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon. It lies in the lava-flooded region between the craters Cori to the north, Stoney to the southwest, and the worn walled plain Minkowski to the southeast.

The rim of Baldet is low and worn, but generally retains its original circular shape. There is a slight outward bulge along the northwest rim, and the western interior wall is wider than elsewhere.

The flat, nearly featureless interior has been flooded by lava, and has a lower albedo than the surroundings giving is a darker hue. A smaller crater has broken into the eastern rim, leaving a gap where the two craters intersect that has been covered in lava. A similar-sized crater with a fractured floor lies just inside the northern rim, producing a raised ring in the crater surface. A similar crater lies just outside the southern rim of Baldet.

The crater was named by the IAU in 1970 after French astronomer Fernand Baldet.

Cori (lunar crater)
Cori is a lunar impact crater that is located in the southern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon. It lies less than one crater diameter to the north of the crater Baldet. To the northeast is the crater Grissom.

The crater was named in 1979 by the IAU after Gerty Cori, the first American woman to win the Nobel Prize, and the first woman to win the prize in the category Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Rabiea
Rabiea is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae.

It is native to the Cape Provinces and Free State within South Africa.

The genus name of Rabiea is in honour of William Abbot Rabie (1869–1936), a South African clergyman and plant collector. 
It was first described and published in Gard. Chron., series 3, Vol.88 on page 279 in 1930.

Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae (/ˌeɪzoʊˈeɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/), or fig-marigold family, are a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1,800 species. Several genera are commonly named ice plants or carpet weeds. The Aizoaceae are also referred to as vygies in South Africa. Some of the unusual  Southern African genera—such as Conophytum, Lithops, Titanopsis, and Pleiospilos (among others)—resemble gemstones, rocks, or pebbles, and are sometimes called living stones or mesembs (short for mesembryanthemums).
John Wesley Hardin
John Wesley Hardin (May 26, 1853 – August 19, 1895) was an American Old West outlaw, gunfighter, lawyer and controversial folk icon. Hardin often got into trouble with the law from an early age. He killed his first man at the age of 15, claiming he did so in self-defense.

Pursued by lawmen for most of his life, in 1877, at the age of 23, he was sentenced to 24 years in prison for murder. At the time of sentencing, Hardin claimed to have killed 42 men, while contemporary newspaper accounts attributed 27 deaths to him. The actual number, while unknown, is believed to be in excess of twenty, possibly higher. While in prison, Hardin studied law and wrote an autobiography. He was well known for exaggerating or fabricating stories about his life and claimed credit for many killings that cannot be corroborated.

Within a year of his 1894 release from prison, Hardin was killed by John Selman in an El Paso saloon.

Abilene, Kansas
Abilene (pronounced /ˈæbɪliːn/) is a city in and the county seat of Dickinson County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 6,460. It is home of the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and the Greyhound Hall of Fame.
Araneta family
The Araneta family is a Filipino family that originated from Gipuzkoa, the Basque region of northern Spain. The name is derived from the Basque word aran meaning "valley", with the suffix -eta meaning "abundance of", but also a locative term denoting place. In this case, the Araneta name means "the family that comes from the valley".

Araneta Coliseum
The Araneta Coliseum, also currently known by naming rights sponsorship as Smart Araneta Coliseum, is an indoor multi-purpose sports arena that is part of the Araneta City in the Cubao area of Quezon City, Philippines. Nicknamed "the Big Dome", it is one of the largest indoor arenas in Asia, and one of the largest clear span domes in the world. The dome measures approximately 108.0 meters (354.3 ft) making it the largest dome in Asia from its opening in 1960 until 2001 when it was surpassed by the Ōita Stadium in Japan with a dome measuring 274.0 meters (899.0 ft).

The Smart Araneta Coliseum is mostly used for indoor sports such as basketball. It is a main venue of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). The Big Dome is also used for other sports and events such as boxing, cockfighting, local and international concerts, circuses, religious gatherings, and beauty pageants.
Waynesboro Generals
The Waynesboro Generals are a collegiate summer baseball team in Waynesboro, Virginia.  They play in the southern division of the Valley Baseball League.  The Generals have won six Valley League playoff championships: in 1984, 1988, 1998, 2007, 2013, and 2014, making them one of the most winning organizations of the league during that time. The Generals were founded in 1923 and have been playing continuously since then with the exception of a ten-year period between 1955 and 1964.

In 2007, the Generals' victory came two games to zero over the Luray Wranglers.  In 2013, the Generals won the South Division and then prevailed in the final series two games to one over the Strasburg Express.  In 2014, the Generals again won the South and came back from a 6-0 deficit to defeat the Charles Town Cannons of the North Division, 7-6, with a walkoff single in the bottom of the ninth inning of the championship game.

Waynesboro, Virginia
Waynesboro (/ˈweɪnzbʌroʊ/; formerly Flack) is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is one of two cities in the Staunton-Stuarts Draft Metropolitan Statistical Area, with Staunton being the largest. Waynesboro is located in the Shenandoah Valley and is surrounded by Augusta County. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 22,196.
2024 McNeese Cowboys baseball team
The 2024 McNeese Cowboys baseball team represented McNeese State University during the 2024 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Cowboys played their home games at Joe Miller Ballpark and were led by eleventh–year head coach Justin Hill. They are members of the Southland Conference.  They compiled a 32–27 overall record and a 11–13 record in conference play to tie for 4th place.  Qualifying for the SLC tournament, the 5th seeded Cowboys were 3–2 in tournament play.  They defeated 4th seeded Northwestern State 10–5 and 8th seeded Incarnate Word 6–2. The Cowboys were defeated by 1st seed Lamar 9–18 and then defeated Lamar 14–47 to reach the tournament championship game where they were defeated by 2nd seed Nicholls 15–17.

2024 Northwestern State Demons baseball team
The 2024 Northwestern State Demons baseball team represented Northwestern State University during the 2024 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Demons played their home games at H. Alvin Brown–C. C. Stroud Field and were led by first–year head coach Chris Bertrand. They are members of the Southland Conference. They compiled a 22–33 overall record and finished with an 11–13 record tied for 4th place in conference play.  Qualifying as the #4 seeded team in the SLC tournament, the Demons' season ended with a 0–2 in tournament play losing 5–10 to #5 seeded McNeese and 5–12 to #1 seeded Lamar.
William Singleton (politician)
William Singleton was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons  in 1640. He fought briefly on the side of the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War.

Singleton may have been the son of Thomas Singleton, merchant of London and Gloucester. He was a draper. He was Sheriff of Gloucester in 1618. He was elected as an alderman in 1635  and became Mayor of Gloucester in 1637.

In April 1640, Singleton was elected Member of Parliament for Gloucester in the Short Parliament. He was a captain in the regiment of Colonel Henry Stephens in the defence of Gloucester in 1643. He was Mayor of Gloucester again in 1651.

Singleton married Martha Lane, daughter of William Lane of Gloucester at St Nicholas Church on 21 June 1624.

Mayor of Gloucester
The Mayor of Gloucester is the first citizen of the City of Gloucester, England, and acts as chair of the council. The Mayor represents the Council and the City at civic, ceremonial and community events both inside the City boundaries and elsewhere.

The first recorded mayor of Gloucester was Richard the Burgess, who derived his authority from a royal order in 1228. No further use of the title is recorded until the Letters Patent of Richard III in October 1483, whereby the burgesses of Gloucester were given the right to elect their first mayor. The first mayor to be so elected was John Trye.
Han E (warrior)
Han E (born 1345) was an ethnic Han female warrior who is considered a war heroine. She served in the anti-Yuan dynasty Red Turbans dressed as a man under the name Han Guanbao. She was promoted to the rank of lieutenant and became famous as the "Hua Mulan of Shu".

Hua Mulan
Hua Mulan (Chinese: 花木蘭) is a legendary Chinese folk heroine from the Northern and Southern dynasties era (4th to 6th century AD) of Chinese history. Scholars generally consider Mulan to be a fictional character. Hua Mulan is depicted in the Wu Shuang Pu (無雙譜, Table of Peerless Heroes) by Jin Guliang.
Okahandja
Okahandja is a city of 45,159 inhabitants in Otjozondjupa Region, central Namibia, and the district capital of the Okahandja electoral constituency. It is known as the Garden Town of Namibia. It is located 70 km north of Windhoek on the B1 road. It was founded around 1800, by two local groups, the Herero and the Nama.

Okahandja Constituency
Okahandja Constituency is an electoral constituency in the Otjozondjupa Region of Namibia. It had 18,155 inhabitants in 2004 and 18,109 registered voters in 2020. The constituency consists of the town of Okahandja and the surrounding rural area.
Nine Lessons and Carols
Nine Lessons and Carols, also known as the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols and Service of Nine Lessons and Carols, is a service of Christian worship traditionally celebrated on or near Christmas Eve in Anglican churches and globally within the Anglican Communion. The story of the fall of humanity, the promise of the Messiah, and the birth of Jesus is told in nine short Bible readings or lessons from Genesis, the prophetic books and the Gospels, interspersed with the singing of Christmas carols, hymns and choir anthems.

Once in Royal David's City
Once in Royal David's City is a Christmas carol originally written as a poem by Cecil Frances Alexander. The carol was first published in 1848 in her hymnbook Hymns for Little Children. A year later, the English organist Henry Gauntlett discovered the poem and set it to music.
Di'anmen
Di'anmen (traditional Chinese: 地安門; simplified Chinese: 地安门), previously Bei'anmen (and commonly known as the "back gate"), was an imperial gate in Beijing, China. The gate was first built in the Yongle period of the Ming dynasty, and served as the main northern gate to the Imperial City (the southern gate is the much more famed Tiananmen). The gate was located north of Jingshan Park and south of the Drum Tower. The gate was demolished in 1954. Efforts to restore it have been under way since 2013.

Imperial City, Beijing
The Imperial City (Chinese: 北京皇城; pinyin: Běijīng Huángchéng; lit. 'Beijing Imperial City') is a section of the city of Beijing in the Ming and Qing dynasties, with the Forbidden City at its center. It refers to the collection of gardens, shrines, and other service areas between the Forbidden City and the Inner City of ancient Beijing. The Imperial City was surrounded by a wall and accessed through seven gates and it includes historical places such as the Forbidden City, Tiananmen, Zhongnanhai, Beihai Park, Zhongshan Park, Jingshan, Imperial Ancestral Temple, and Xiancantan.
Balakot
Balakot (/ˈbælɑːˌkɒt/; Urdu: بالاکوٹ; Urdu pronunciation: [bɑː.lɑː.koːʈ]) is a town in Mansehra district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The town was significantly damaged during the 2005 Kashmir earthquake but was later rebuilt with the assistance of the Government of Pakistan.

Kaghan Valley
The Kaghan Valley (Hindko, Urdu: وادی کاغان) is an alpine valley in Mansehra District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The valley stretches 154 kilometres (96 mi) across the mountaineous northern Pakistan, rising from its lowest elevation of 650 m (2,134 ft) to its highest point at the Babusar Pass around 4,170 m (13,690 ft). Landslides triggered by the devastating 2005 Kashmir earthquake destroyed many passes leading into the valley, though roads have since been rebuilt. Kaghan is a popular tourist attraction in Pakistan.
Revelation 7
Revelation 7 is the seventh chapter of the Book of Revelation or the Apocalypse of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is traditionally attributed to John the Apostle, but the precise identity of the author remains a point of academic debate. Chapter 6 to Chapter 8:5 record the opening of the Seven Seals. This chapter contains the writer's vision of "the Four Angels of the Four Winds", the sealing of the 144,000 and the "Praise of the Great Multitude of the Redeemed". The passage in this chapter is 'an intercalation in the numbered series of seven'.

Revelation 8
Revelation 8 is the eighth chapter of the Book of Revelation or the Apocalypse of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is traditionally attributed to John the Apostle, but the precise identity of the author remains a point of academic debate.

In verse 1, the opening of the seventh seal concludes a section beginning in chapter 6 which records the opening of the "Seven Seals". Verses 2-13 and chapters 9 to 11 contain an account relating to the sounding of the "Seven Trumpets". In chapter 8, the first four angels' trumpets are sounded.