hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Madison District Public Schools
Madison District Public Schools is a public school district in Metro Detroit in the U.S. state of Michigan, serving a portion of Madison Heights.
The district is the smallest in Oakland County by enrollment, with 894 students in the 2023-2024 school year.

Madison Heights, Michigan
Madison Heights is a city in Oakland County in the U.S. state of Michigan. An inner-ring suburb of Detroit, Madison Heights is located roughly 12 miles (19.3 km) north of downtown Detroit.  As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 28,468.
Gunla Bajan
Gunlā Bājan (Newar: गुंला बाजं) is Buddhist devotional music played by the Newars of Nepal. "Gunla" is the name of the tenth month in the Nepal Sambat calendar, which corresponds to August in the Gregorian calendar and "bajan" means "music" and "music playing group".

Gunla is a sacred month for the Newar Buddhist community when they recite the Buddhist scriptures and visit places of worship playing devotional music. The practice of observing the sacred month is descended from the rains retreat dating from the Buddha's time when monks are to stay in one place and taught the Dhamma to the locals during this period.

Gunla
Gunlā (Nepal Bhasa: गुँला) (also spelt Gumlā) is the tenth month in the Nepal Sambat lunar calendar, the national lunar calendar of Nepal. It corresponds to August of the Gregorian Calendar.

Gunla is a holy month for Newar Buddhists when they recite the scriptures, observe fasts and visit places of worship playing devotional music. It is one of the most important events in Newar Buddhism. The practice of observing the sacred month is descended from the rains retreat dating from the Buddha's time when monks are to stay in one place and taught the Dhamma to the locals during this period.

According to traditional beliefs, during primitive times, too much rain would fall. Due to this rain, the mud houses during the time would get devastated, moreover floods and landslides would add melancholy in people's lives. So, in order to downturn the melancholy, and be safe from floods and landslides, people would go to Swayambhu playing the devotional music as it was in an elevation.
Katsuragawa Station (Hokkaido)
Katsuragawa Station (桂川駅, Katsuragawa-eki) was a railway station on the Hakodate Main Line operated by Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido) in Mori, Kayabe District, Oshima Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. This station permanently closed on March 4, 2017.

Mori, Hokkaido
Mori (森町, Mori-machi) is a town located in Oshima Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan.

The total area of the town is 368.27 square kilometres (142.19 sq mi). As of September 2016, the town had a population of 16,299, and a population density of 44 persons per km2.

Mount Komagatake, an active volcano, is located to the east of Mori, and much of the town is part of Ōnuma Quasi-National Park. Mori is the home of ikameshi, a squid and rice dish invented in the mid-20th century.
SC Santa Maria
Sport Clube Santa Maria (also in Capeverdean Crioulos of ALUPEC or ALUPEK and Sal) is a football club that had played in the Premier division and plays in the Sal Island League in Cape Verde.  It is based in the town of Santa Maria in the southern part of the island of Sal. Santa Maria is the third successful football (soccer) club on the island, having won 10 official regional titles.

Sal, Cape Verde
Sal (Portuguese for "salt") is an island in Cape Verde. Sal is a tourist destination with white sand beaches and over 350 days of sunshine a year. It is one of the three sandy eastern islands of the Cape Verde archipelago in the central Atlantic Ocean, 350 miles (560 km) off the west coast of Africa. Cabo Verde is known for  year-round kiteboarding, for the large reserve of Caretta turtles which hatch from July to September, and the music of Cesaria Evora. Cabo Verde is now the world's largest nesting aggregation for this turtle species, and Sal has the second-largest rookery.
Eberhardt Mansion
Eberhardt Mansion is a historic home located at Kenmore in Erie County, New York.  It is a locally distinctive example of the Neo-Romanesque style of architecture built in 1893 for Frederick Eberhardt, one of two brothers who originally developed Kenmore.  In 1916 the home was purchased by the Wheel Chair Home, Inc., and in 1981 was purchased by coin broker Jack Hunt.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

Kenmore, New York
Kenmore is a village in Erie County, New York, United States. The population was 15,205 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area.

Kenmore is in the south part of the town of Tonawanda, and together with the town it is often referred to as "Ken-Ton". It is bordered to the south by the city of Buffalo. The village is in the northwest part of Erie County.

The village has received accolades: In 2009, the American Planning Association named Kenmore "One of the Top 10 Great Neighborhoods" in the United States. The village is also one of the country's 100 most densely populated incorporated places.
Francis Chullikatt
Francis Assisi Chullikatt JCD (born 20 March 1953) is an Indian-born prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been the Apostolic Nuncio to Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro since 1 October 2022. He was the Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations from 17 July 2010 until 1 July 2014. He previously served as Apostolic Nuncio to Iraq and Jordan, and to Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan from 30 April 2016 until 1 October 2022.

Apostolic Nunciature to Kazakhstan
The Apostolic Nunciature to Kazakhstan is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church in Kazakhstan. It is a diplomatic post of the Holy See, whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio with the rank of an ambassador.

Its office is located in Astana, Kazakhstan.  The Apostolic Nuncio to Kazakhstan is usually also the Apostolic Nuncio to Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan upon his appointment to said nations.
Cad Goddeu
Cad Goddeu (Middle Welsh: Kat Godeu, English: "The Battle of the Trees") is a medieval Welsh poem preserved in the 14th-century manuscript known as the Book of Taliesin. The poem refers to a traditional story in which the legendary enchanter Gwydion animates the trees of the forest to fight as his army. The poem is especially notable for its striking and enigmatic symbolism and the wide variety of interpretations this has occasioned.

Blodeuwedd
Blodeuwedd (Welsh pronunciation: [blɔˈdeiwɛð]; Welsh "Flower-Faced", a composite name from blodau "flowers" + gwedd "face"), is married to Lleu Llaw Gyffes in Welsh mythology. She was made from the flowers of broom, meadowsweet and oak by the magicians Math and Gwydion, and is a central figure in Math fab Mathonwy, the last of the Four Branches of the Mabinogi.
Unna (district)
The Unna (German pronunciation: [ˈʊna] ⓘ) district is a Kreis (district) in central North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring authorities are the district of Coesfeld, the city of Hamm, the districts  of Soest and Märkischer Kreis, the cities of Hagen and Dortmund, and the district of Recklinghausen.

Recklinghausen (district)
Recklinghausen (German pronunciation: [ʁɛklɪŋˈhaʊzən] ⓘ) is a Kreis (district) in the centre of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is surrounded by the neighbouring districts of Borken, Coesfeld, Unna, Gelsenkirchen, Bottrop, and Wesel. The district administration is located in the city of the same name.

Apart from the Region Hannover, Kreis Recklinghausen is the largest non-city district in Germany by population.
Aldo Brovarone
Aldo Brovarone (24 June 1926 – 12 October 2020) was an Italian automobile designer and the chief stylist with Carrozzeria Pininfarina (1974-1988) – widely known for a prominent range of work including the Dino 206 GT, Lancia Gamma Coupé and the Peugeot 504 (sedan).

Dino (marque)
Dino (Italian: [ˈdiːno]) was a marque best known for mid-engined, rear-drive sports cars produced by Ferrari from 1957 to 1976. The marque came into existence in late 1956 with a front-engined Formula Two racer powered by a brand new Dino V6 engine. The name Dino was used for some models with engines smaller than 12 cylinders, it was an attempt by the company to offer a relatively low-cost sports car. The Ferrari name remained reserved for its premium V12 and flat-12 models until 1976, when "Dino" was retired in favour of full Ferrari branding.
The Adventure of the Dark Angels
"The Adventure of the Dark Angels" is a Sherlock Holmes murder mystery by Adrian Conan Doyle, the youngest son of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the Sherlock Holmes creator.  The story was published in the 1954 collection The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes. It was first published in Collier's on 7 August 1953, and was illustrated by Robert Fawcett in Collier's.

The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes
The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes is a short story collection of twelve Sherlock Holmes pastiches, first published in 1954. It was written by Adrian Conan Doyle, who was the son of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (the creator of Sherlock Holmes), and by John Dickson Carr, who was the authorised biographer of the elder Conan Doyle. The first six stories were written in collaboration by the two writers, while the last six stories were written solely by Adrian Conan Doyle.

Each story in this collection is postscripted with a quote from one of the original Sherlock Holmes stories, making reference to an undocumented Holmes case that inspired it.
Glan–Foucault prism
A Glan–Foucault prism (also called a Glan–air prism) is a type of prism which is used as a polarizer. It is similar in construction to a Glan–Thompson prism, except that two right-angled calcite prisms are spaced with an air gap instead of being cemented together. Total internal reflection of p-polarized light at the air gap means that only s-polarized light is transmitted straight through the prism.

Polarizer
A polarizer or polariser is an optical filter that lets light waves of a specific polarization pass through while blocking light waves of other polarizations. It can filter a beam of light of undefined or mixed polarization into a beam of well-defined polarization, known as polarized light. Polarizers are used in many optical techniques and instruments. Polarizers find applications in photography and LCD technology. In photography, a polarizing filter can be used to filter out reflections.

The common types of polarizers are linear polarizers and circular polarizers. Polarizers can also be made for other types of electromagnetic waves besides visible light, such as radio waves, microwaves, and X-rays.
Princes of Condé
The Most Serene House of Bourbon-Condé (pronounced [buʁbɔ̃ kɔ̃de]), named after Condé-en-Brie (now in the Aisne département), was a French princely house and a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon. The name of the house was derived from the title of Prince of Condé (French: prince de Condé) that was originally assumed around 1557 by the French Protestant leader Louis de Bourbon (1530–1569), uncle of King Henry IV of France, and borne by his male-line descendants.

This line became extinct in 1830 when his eighth-generation descendant, Louis Henri Joseph de Bourbon, died without surviving male issue. The princely title was held for one last time by Louis d'Orléans, Prince of Condé, who died in 1866.

Prince Henri, Duke of Aumale
Henri Eugène Philippe Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale (16 January 1822 – 7 May 1897) was a leader of the Orleanists, a political faction in 19th-century France associated with constitutional monarchy. He was born in Paris, the fifth son of King Louis-Philippe I of the French and Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily and used the title Duke of Aumale.

Aumale became an infantry officer and saw active service in the French conquest of Algeria and in 1847 was appointed as its Governor-General. After the French Revolution of 1848, he went to live in England, where he pursued historical interests. The Franco-Prussian War enabled him to return to France, where he was elected to parliament and the Académie française. In 1872, he returned to the army as a Divisional General, and from 1879 to 1883 was inspector-general of the army.

An important art collector, Aumale left his Château de Chantilly to the Institute of France, to display his collection.
Allobarbital
Allobarbital, also known as allobarbitone and branded as Dial, Cibalgine (in combination with aminophenazone), or Dial-Ciba (in combination with ethyl carbamate), is a barbiturate derivative invented in 1912 by Ernst Preiswerk and Ernst Grether working for CIBA. It was used primarily as an anticonvulsant although it has now largely been replaced by newer drugs with improved safety profiles. Other uses for allobarbital included as an adjutant to boost the activity of analgesic drugs, and use in the treatment of insomnia and anxiety.

Allobarbital was never particularly widely used compared to better known barbiturates such as phenobarbital and secobarbital, although it saw more use in some European countries such as Bulgaria and Slovakia. In Poland, it was used until the 2010's, but only as compound.

Barbiturate
Barbiturates are a class of depressant drugs that are chemically derived from barbituric acid. They are effective when used medically as anxiolytics, hypnotics, and anticonvulsants, but have physical and psychological addiction potential as well as overdose potential among other possible adverse effects. They have been used recreationally for their anti-anxiety and sedative effects, and are thus controlled in most countries due to the risks associated with such use.

Barbiturates have largely been replaced by benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepines ("Z-drugs") in routine medical practice, particularly in the treatment of anxiety disorders and insomnia, because of the significantly lower risk of overdose, and the lack of an antidote for barbiturate overdose. Despite this, barbiturates are still in use for various purposes: in general anesthesia, epilepsy, treatment of acute migraines or cluster headaches, acute tension headaches, euthanasia, capital punishment, and assisted suicide.
Maseru
Maseru is the capital and largest city of Lesotho. It is also the capital of the Maseru District. Located on the Caledon River, Maseru lies directly on the Lesotho–South Africa border. Maseru had a population of 330,760 in the 2016 census. The city was established as a police camp and assigned as the capital after the country became a British protectorate in 1869. When the country achieved independence in 1966, Maseru retained its status as capital. The name of the city is a Sesotho word meaning "red sandstones".

Our Lady of Victories Cathedral, Maseru
29°19′01″S 27°29′42″E﻿ / ﻿29.316882°S 27.494871°E﻿ / -29.316882; 27.494871

The Our Lady of Victories Cathedral also known as the Cathedral of Maseru, is a Catholic Church located in the city of Maseru, Lesotho.

The construction of the church was completed in 1955 by a South African architect Eduard Hebertus Antonio Payens.

The church is governed by the Roman or Latin rite and functions as the headquarters of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Maseru (Archidioecesis Maseruena) which was raised to its current status in 1961 by the Bull "Etsi priors" of Pope John XXIII.

It is under the pastoral responsibility of Archbishop Gerard Tlali Lerotholi and was visited by Pope John Paul II on his tour of several African countries in 1988.
Replichore
The Escherichia coli chromosome shows two main levels of global organization, macrodomains and replichores. In E. coli chromosomes, the origin and terminus of replication divide the genome into oppositely replicated halves called replichores. Replichore 1, which is replicated clockwise, has the presented strand of E. coli as its leading strand; in replichore 2 the complementary strand is the leading one. Many features of E. coli are oriented with respect to replication.

Macrodomain
The Escherichia coli chromosome shows two main levels of global organization: macrodomains and replichores. Macrodomains were discovered by cytological studies. They contain loci showing the same intracellular positioning and choreography during the cell cycle.
Dyffryn Ardudwy railway station
Dyffryn Ardudwy railway station serves the villages of Dyffryn Ardudwy, Coed Ystumgwern and Llanenddwyn in Gwynedd, Wales.

Dyffryn Ardudwy gives its name to the district and to the very extensive beach and sand dunes on the coast nearby that are known as Morfa Dyffryn.

Dyffryn Ardudwy
Dyffryn Ardudwy (Welsh pronunciation: [ˌdəfrɨ̞n arˈdɨ̞duːɨ̯]; listenⓘ) is a village, community and electoral ward in the Ardudwy area of Gwynedd, Wales. It comprises several small, almost conjoined, villages including Coed Ystumgwern, Llanenddwyn (Welsh pronunciationⓘ), Llanddwywe, Talybont and Dyffryn Ardudwy. It is situated on the main A496 coast road between Harlech and Barmouth.  The ward had a population of 1,540 according to the 2011 census.
Luciferidae
Luciferidae is a family of prawns belonging to the superfamily Sergestoidea. Members of this family are small and are characterised by bioluminescence. Another characteristic of this family is the loss or reduction of some appendages.

Dendrobranchiata
Dendrobranchiata is a suborder of decapods, commonly known as prawns (though this may be ambiguous). There are 540 extant species in seven families, and a fossil record extending back to the Devonian. They differ from related animals, such as Caridea and Stenopodidea, by the branching form of the gills (hence their scientific name Dendrobrachiata) and by the fact that they do not brood their eggs, but release them directly into the water. They may reach a length of over 330 millimetres (13 in) and a mass of 450 grams (1.0 lb), and are widely fished and farmed for human consumption.
Ihara zeta function
In mathematics, the Ihara zeta function is a zeta function associated with a finite graph. It closely resembles the Selberg zeta function, and is used to relate closed walks to the spectrum of the adjacency matrix. The Ihara zeta function was first defined by Yasutaka Ihara in the 1960s in the context of discrete subgroups of the two-by-two p-adic special linear group. Jean-Pierre Serre suggested in his book Trees that Ihara's original definition can be reinterpreted graph-theoretically. It was Toshikazu Sunada who put this suggestion into practice in 1985. As observed by Sunada, a regular graph is a Ramanujan graph if and only if its Ihara zeta function satisfies an analogue of the Riemann hypothesis.

Hyman Bass
Hyman Bass (/ˈhaɪmən bæs/; born October 5, 1932) is an American mathematician, known for work in algebra and in mathematics education. From 1959 to 1998 he was Professor in the Mathematics Department at Columbia University. He is currently the Samuel Eilenberg Distinguished University Professor of Mathematics and Professor of Mathematics Education at the University of Michigan.
Ellighausen
Ellighausen is a village and former municipality in the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland.

It was first recorded in year 1331 as Adlikusen.

The municipality also contained the village Bächi, Geboltschhusen and Neumühle. It had 179 inhabitants in 1850, which decreased to 150 in 1900, 136 in 1950 and 96 in 1990.

In 1996 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Alterswilen, Altishausen, Dotnacht, Hugelshofen, Lippoldswilen, Neuwilen and Siegershausen to form a new and larger municipality Kemmental.

Lippoldswilen
Lippoldswilen is a village and former municipality in the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland.

It was first recorded in the year 1303 as Lupoltwile.

The municipality also contained the village Unterstöcken as well as six other hamlets. It had 153 inhabitants in 1850, which remained stable with 154 in 1900, but then decreased to 138 in 1950 and 97 in 1990.

In 1996, the municipality was merged with other neighboring municipalities including Alterswilen, Altishausen, Dotnacht, Ellighausen, Hugelshofen, Neuwilen and Siegershausen, to form a new and larger municipality Kemmental.
Oscorp
Oscorp (sometimes stylized as OsCorp), also known as Oscorp Industries, is a fictional multibillion-dollar multinational corporation appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, predominantly in stories about Spider-Man. The company was founded by Norman Osborn and has appeared in numerous media adaptations. It first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #37 (March, 1966) and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko.

Features of the Marvel Universe
The comic book stories published by Marvel Comics since the 1940s have featured several noteworthy concepts besides its fictional characters, such as unique places and artifacts. There follows a list of those features.
Brandt semigroup
In mathematics, Brandt semigroups are completely 0-simple inverse semigroups. In other words, they are semigroups without proper ideals and which are also inverse semigroups. They are built in the same way as completely 0-simple semigroups:

Let G be a group and  be non-empty sets. Define a matrix  of dimension  with entries in

Then, it can be shown that every 0-simple semigroup is of the form  with the operation .

As Brandt semigroups are also inverse semigroups, the construction is more specialized and in fact, I = J (Howie 1995). 
Thus, a Brandt semigroup has the form  with the operation , where the matrix  is diagonal with only the identity element e of the group G in its diagonal.

Inverse semigroup
In group theory, an inverse semigroup (occasionally called an inversion semigroup) S is a semigroup in which every element x in S has a unique inverse y in S in the sense that x = xyx and y = yxy, i.e. a regular semigroup in which every element has a unique inverse. Inverse semigroups appear in a range of contexts; for example, they can be employed in the study of partial symmetries.

(The convention followed in this article will be that of writing a function on the right of its argument, e.g. x f rather than f(x), and 
composing functions from left to right—a convention often observed in semigroup theory.)
Alexander Autographs
Alexander Autographs is an auctioneer of historic militaria, autographs, manuscripts, relics, and other collectibles.  Based in Chesapeake City, Maryland, the auction house first opened to bidders in 1993 and has since garnered controversy for the sale of items like Nazi memorabilia.

Chesapeake City, Maryland
Chesapeake City is a town in Cecil County, Maryland, United States. The population was 736 at the 2020 census.

The town was originally named by Bohemian colonist Augustine Herman the Village of Bohemia — or Bohemia Manor — but the name was changed in 1839 after the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal (C&D Canal) was built in 1829.  Today, the town contains numerous old homes from that era that have been converted into bed and breakfasts, restaurants and the local historical museum.
Celâlzâde Mustafa Çelebi
Celâlzâde Mustafa Çelebi (c. 1490–1567) was an Ottoman historian and senior bureaucrat. His exact date of birth is unknown, but can be estimated based on information in his writings to be approximately 1490. He was born in Tosya. He was appointed as Reis ül-Küttab in 1524 or 1525; he then served as Nişancı from 1534 until 1557, and again from 1566 until his death. He died in Istanbul.

Reis ül-Küttab
The Reis ül-Küttab (Ottoman Turkish: رئيس الكتاب), or Reis Efendi (رئیس آفندی), was a senior post in the administration of the Ottoman Empire. Translated as "chief of the scribes" or "head clerk", the holder of the post was originally the head of the chancery of the Imperial Council, evolving into an analogue to a Foreign Minister. In 1836, the title of reis ül-küttab was formally changed to Foreign Minister (Hariciye Nazırı) with the establishment of the Ottoman Ministry of Foreign Affairs during the Tanzimat reforms.