hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Landau theory
Landau theory (also known as Ginzburg–Landau theory (GL), and Ginzburg–Landau-Devonshire theory (GLD), despite the confusing names) in physics is a theory that Lev Landau (and Vitaly Ginzburg and Albert Frederick Devonshire) introduced in an attempt to formulate a general theory of continuous (i.e., second-order) phase transitions. It can also be adapted to systems under externally-applied fields, and used as a quantitative model for discontinuous (i.e., first-order) transitions. Although the theory has now been superseded by the renormalization group and scaling theory formulations, it remains an exceptionally broad and powerful framework for phase transitions, and the associated concept of the order parameter as a descriptor of the essential character of the transition has proven transformative.

Ginzburg–Landau theory
In physics, Ginzburg–Landau theory, often called Landau–Ginzburg theory, named after Vitaly Ginzburg and Lev Landau, is a mathematical physical theory used to describe superconductivity.  In its initial form, it was postulated as a phenomenological model which could describe type-I superconductors without examining  their microscopic properties. One GL-type superconductor is the famous YBCO, and generally all cuprates.

Later, a  version of Ginzburg–Landau theory was derived from the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer microscopic theory by Lev Gor'kov, thus showing that it also appears in some limit of microscopic theory and giving microscopic interpretation of all its parameters. The theory can also be given a general geometric setting, placing it in the context of Riemannian geometry, where in many cases exact solutions can be given. This general setting then extends to quantum field theory and string theory, again owing to its solvability, and its close relation to other, similar systems.
500 Queer Scientists
500 Queer Scientists is a visibility campaign for LGBTQ+ people working in the sciences. Queer scientists submit short descriptions of their lives to the organization; these are manually checked and proof-read before being posted to the group's website. In collating submissions, the organization intends to show queer people currently working in science that there are others like them, to provide role models for future generations of researchers, and to create a database that can be used when planning events to ensure representation.

500 Women Scientists
500 Women Scientists is a non-profit group dedicated to making science open, inclusive, and accessible. To achieve this mission, they work to increase scientific literacy through public engagement, advocate for science and equity, and provide self-identifying women with the tools and support they need to reach their full potential. The organization began with an open letter in November 2016 and was officially recognized as a 501(c)3 in May 2018.
Forward Madison FC
Forward Madison FC is an American professional soccer team based in Madison, Wisconsin. The team was founded in 2018, and played its inaugural season in 2019. The team competes in USL League One, the third division of the United States soccer league system, and plays their home matches at Breese Stevens Field. It is the sister club of Rally Madison FC, who compete in the women's amateur USL W League.

Rally Madison FC
Rally Madison FC is a women's soccer club based in Madison, Wisconsin. Owned by Big Top Events, it is the sister club of Forward Madison FC, and plans to commence play in the USL W League in the 2026 season. The club also holds franchise rights for a future team in the professional USL Super League. Its home ground is Breese Stevens Field.
Framlingham Town F.C.
Framlingham Town Football Club is a football club based in Framlingham, Suffolk, England. Affiliated to the Suffolk County Football Association, they are currently members of the Eastern Counties League Division One North and play at Badingham Road.

Framlingham
Framlingham is a market town and civil parish  in Suffolk, England. 
Of Anglo-Saxon origin, it appears in the 1086 Domesday Book and was part of Loes Hundred. The parish had a population of 3,342 at the 2011 census and an estimated 4,016 in 2019. Nearby villages include Earl Soham, Kettleburgh, Parham, Saxtead and Sweffling.
The Samling Hotel
The Samling Hotel (previously known as Dove Nest) is a historic building near Ambleside in the Lake District of England.  It is a Grade II listed building. It was built as a villa in about 1780 by John Benson who was the landlord of William Wordsworth. It was the home of several famous tenants over the next century and became a tourist attraction, being described in the Guide Books of the Lake District. The ownership of the house remained with the Benson family until about 1960. Today it is a hotel which has accommodation and dining facilities.

Ambleside
Ambleside is a town in the civil parish of Lakes and the Westmorland and Furness district of Cumbria, England. Within the boundaries of the historic county of Westmorland and located in the Lake District National Park, the town sits at the head of Windermere, England's largest natural lake. In 2022 the built up area had an estimated population of 2,586.
Fairfax Academy
Fairfax Academy (formerly Fairfax School) is a secondary school with academy status in the Royal Town of Sutton Coldfield, near  Birmingham. The school was established in 1959. The school has a sixth-form.

Sutton Coldfield
Sutton Coldfield (/ˌsʌtən ˈkoʊldfiːld/ SUT-ən KOHLD-feeld pronunciationⓘ) is a town and civil parish in the city of Birmingham, West Midlands, England. The town lies around 8 miles northeast of Birmingham city centre, 8 miles south of Lichfield, 7 miles southwest of Tamworth, and 7 miles east of Walsall.

Sutton Coldfield and its surrounding suburbs are governed under Birmingham City Council for local government purposes but the town has its own town council which governs the town and its surrounding areas by running local services and electing a mayor to the council. It is in the historic county of Warwickshire, and in 1974 it became part of Birmingham and the West Midlands metropolitan county under the Local Government Act 1972.
Richard Anthony Salisbury
Richard Anthony Salisbury FRS (born Richard Anthony Markham; 2 May 1761 – 23 March 1829) was a British botanist. While he carried out valuable work in horticultural and botanical sciences, several bitter disputes caused him to be ostracised by his contemporaries.

The Paradisus Londinensis
The Paradisus Londonensis (full title The Paradisus Londonensis : or Coloured Figures of Plants Cultivated in the Vicinity of the Metropolis) is a book dated 1805–1808, printed by D.N. Shury, and published by William Hooker. It consists of coloured illustrations of 117 plants drawn by William Hooker, with explanatory text by Richard Anthony Salisbury.
Bashkir liberation movement
The Bashkir liberation movement is a series of military clashes and uprisings of the Bashkir people against the Russian Empire that colonized Bashkortostan, as well as protests and rallies against the policies of the Russian Federation (in particular, against discrimination of the Bashkir people on national and linguistic grounds).

Committee of Bashkir Resistance
The Committee of Bashkir Resistance is a militiant nationalist organization active in the Bashkortostan region of Russia. Its main goal is gaining independence for Bashkortostan. It was founded on 21 September 2022. It is mainly engaged in minor arson attacks on Russian government buildings and police stations.
Mechanicsburg, West Virginia
Mechanicsburg, also known as Mechanicsville, is an unincorporated community in Hampshire County, West Virginia,  United States. It is located on the Northwestern Turnpike (U.S. Route 50) west of Romney at Mill Creek Gap (sometimes referred to as Mechanicsburg Gap). Mechanicsburg is the site of "The Burg" (c. 1769), used as a headquarters by both armies during the American Civil War. Along Fox Hollow Road (County Route 50/4) lies the 19th-century Fox's Hollow Baptist Church and the old Mechanicsburg School.

The Fox's Hollow area of Mechanicsburg is currently experiencing major residential development, including Silver Leaf, a community of wooded five and 10-acre (40,000 m2) lots.

Hampshire County, West Virginia
Hampshire County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 23,093. Its county seat is Romney, West Virginia's oldest town (1762). The county was created by the Virginia General Assembly in 1754, from parts of Frederick and Augusta Counties (Virginia) and is the state's oldest county. The county lies in West Virginia's Potomac Highlands region.

Hampshire County is part of the Winchester, VA-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Princess Dorothea Friederike of Brandenburg-Ansbach
Dorothea Friederike of Brandenburg-Ansbach (12 August 1676 – 13 March 1731) was the daughter of Margrave John Frederick of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1654–1686) and his first wife, Margravine Johanna Elisabeth of Baden-Durlach (1651–1680).  She was a paternal half-sister of Queen Caroline of Great Britain, the wife of King George II.

On 20 (or 30) August 1699, Dorothea Friederike married Count Johann Reinhard III of Hanau-Lichtenberg.  She was the last Countess of Hanau.  The marriage produced one daughter: Charlotte Christine Magdalene Johanna (1700–1726).  Charlotte was the sole heiress of the county of Hanau and married on 5 April 1717 Crown Prince Louis VIII of Hesse-Darmstadt (1691–1768).

Friederike Dorothea died on 13 March 1731 and was buried on 17 or 25 March 1731 in the family vault of the Hanau counts in the St. John's Church (Hanau) (currently known as Old St. John's Church) in Hanau. The tomb was largely destroyed in the bombing of the Second World War.

John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (18 October 1654 – 22 March 1686) succeeded his father Albert II as margrave of Ansbach in 1667. He married his second wife Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach on 4 November 1681. Their daughter Wilhelmine Charlotte Caroline, Margravine of Brandenburg-Ansbach (Caroline of Ansbach) married George II of Great Britain before he became king.
Terminal Skypark Komuter station
Terminal Skypark Komuter station is a KTM Komuter limited express station located in Subang, Selangor, Malaysia. It opened on 1 May 2018.

The station serves the Subang Skypark Terminal (Terminal 3) of the Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport, providing the airport with a rail connection to Kuala Lumpur and the rest of Klang Valley.

The station is the terminus of the KL Sentral–Terminal Skypark Line, which shares tracks with the Port Klang Line between KL Sentral station and Subang Jaya station before branching off towards the airport.

Kuala Lumpur Sentral station
Kuala Lumpur Sentral Station (KL Sentral) is a transit-oriented development that houses the main railway station of Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia. Opened on 16 April 2001, KL Sentral replaced the old Kuala Lumpur railway station as the city's main inter-city railway station. KL Sentral is the largest railway station in Malaysia, and also in Southeast Asia from 2001 to 2021, before Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal in Bangkok, Thailand was completed.

KL Sentral is designed as an intermodal transport hub. All of the Klang Valley's urban rail lines serve KL Sentral except the Ampang Line, Sri Petaling Line, Shah Alam Line and Putrajaya Line. Passengers can catch intercity trains serving many locations across Peninsular Malaysia to places such as Johor Bahru, Ipoh, and Butterworth, as well as special monthly excursion trains towards Thailand. It was also designed to be a new business and financial hub for Kuala Lumpur.
Storøya
Storøya is an island in the Svalbard archipelago. It is located east of Nordaustlandet, separated from Nordaustlandet by the strait of Storøysundet. The southern part of the island is covered by the glacier Storøyjøkulen.

Storøya is included in the Nordaust-Svalbard Nature Reserve. Its highest point is about 250 m.a.s.l.

Nordaustlandet
Nordaustlandet (Anglicised as North East Land) is the second-largest island in the archipelago of Svalbard, Norway, with an area of 14,443 square kilometres (5,576 sq mi). It lies north east of Spitsbergen, separated by Hinlopen Strait. Much of Nordaustlandet lies under large ice caps, mainly Austfonna and Vestfonna, the remaining parts of the north being tundra inhabited by reindeer and walruses. The island is uninhabited and lies entirely within Nordaust-Svalbard Nature Reserve.
TextMaker
TextMaker is a word processor, which aims at utmost compatibility with Microsoft Word, its default document format is .docx.

It is sold as part of the SoftMaker office suite. Some reduced versions of TextMaker are released as freeware. It is available for Windows, MacOS, Linux, Android and iOS.

SoftMaker Office
SoftMaker Office is an office suite which aims for compatibility with Microsoft Office. It is available as a one-time purchase, as well as a subscription. A freeware version with a slightly reduced feature set is released under the name SoftMaker FreeOffice.

It has been developed since 1987 by the German company SoftMaker Software.
Bayview, Alabama
33°33′35″N 86°58′30″W﻿ / ﻿33.559787°N 86.975048°W﻿ / 33.559787; -86.975048

Bayview is a community in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States.  It is north from the Birmingham suburb of Pleasant Grove. This community is built around Bayview Lake. It voted to be annexed by its nearest town of Mulga.  However, Bayview today retains its own community identity.

Jefferson County, Alabama
Jefferson County is the most populous county in the U.S. state of Alabama, located in the central portion of the state. As of the 2020 census, its population was 674,721. Its county seat is Birmingham. Its rapid growth as an industrial city in the 20th century, based on heavy manufacturing in steel and iron, established its dominance. Jefferson County is the central county of the Birmingham-Hoover, AL Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Hallautherium
Hallautherium is an extinct genus of morganucodont mammaliaforms from the Late Triassic of Europe. The type species H. schalchi is known from the Klettgau Formation of Switzerland. In addition, a molariform tooth referable to the genus has been found in Poland.

Klettgau Formation
The Klettgau Formation is a geological formation in Switzerland. It is Late Triassic in age, covering most of the mid to late Norian, the Carnian, and into the Rhaetian, spanning a period of 26-30 million years.
Lis, Albania
Lis is a village and a former municipality in the Dibër County, northern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Mat. The population at the 2011 census was 3,824.

Mat (municipality)
Mat (Albanian definite form: Mati, Latin: Mathis) is a municipality in Dibër County, northern Albania. It was created in 2015 by the merge of the former municipalities Baz, Burrel, Derjan, Komsi, Lis, Macukull, Rukaj and Ulëz. The seat of the municipality is the town Burrel. The total population is 27,600 (2011 census), in a total area of 493.81 km2.
Medina of Tunis
The Medina of Tunis is the medina quarter of Tunis, the capital of Tunisia. It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979.

The Medina contains some 700 monuments, including palaces, mosques, mausoleums, madrasas and fountains dating from various periods.

Al-Zaytuna Mosque
Al-Zaytuna Mosque (Arabic: جامع الزيتونة, romanized: Jāmiʿ al-Zaytūnah, lit. 'Mosque of the olive') is a major mosque at the center of the historic medina of Tunis, Tunisia. The mosque is the oldest in the city. It was founded at the end of the 7th century or in the early 8th century, but its current architectural form dates from a reconstruction in the 9th century, including many antique columns reused from Carthage, and from later additions and restorations over the centuries.

The mosque developed into a place of higher education, today the University of Ez-Zitouna, which became the most important educational institution in Tunisia from around the 13th century onward. Ibn 'Arafa, a major Maliki scholar, al-Maziri, the great traditionalist and jurist, and Aboul-Qacem Echebbi, a famous Tunisian poet, all taught there, among others.
Susitna River
The Susitna River (/suːˈsɪtnə/; Ahtena: Sasutna’; Tanaina: Susitnu) is a 313-mile (504 km) long river in the Southcentral Alaska. It is the 15th largest river in the United States, ranked by average discharge volume at its mouth. The river stretches from the Susitna Glacier to Cook Inlet's Knik Arm.

Susitna, Alaska
Susitna is a census-designated place (CDP) in Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska, United States. It is part of the Anchorage Metropolitan Area. As of the 2020 census, the population of the CDP was 11.

Susitna was once home to the legendary Athabaskan elder, historian and ethnologist Shem Pete (c1896-1989), who documented countless locations travelling thousands of miles within the Matanuska-Susitna region. His works were published in Shem Pete's Alaska:  The Territory of the Upper Cook Inlet Dena'ina.
Interstate 73
Interstate 73 (I-73) is a north–south Interstate Highway, currently located entirely within the US state of North Carolina. It travels 93.5 miles (150.5 km), from northwest of Rockingham, North Carolina to northeast of Stokesdale, providing a freeway connection to Greensboro and Asheboro. A majority of the route runs concurrently with other routes.

I-73 is planned to be a much longer highway, defined by various federal laws to run from Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, to Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan; varied progress has been made in the states along its route. Associated with these plans are those for the extension of I-74 from Cincinnati to Myrtle Beach, with several highway overlaps contemplated.

Appalachian Development Highway System
The Appalachian Development Highway System (ADHS) is a series of highway corridors in the Appalachia region of the eastern United States.  The routes are designed as local and regional routes for improving economic development in the historically isolated region.  It was established as part of the Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965, and has been repeatedly supplemented by various federal and state legislative and regulatory actions.  The system consists of a mixture of state, U.S., and Interstate routes.  The routes are formally designated as "corridors" and assigned a letter.  Signage of these corridors varies from place to place, but where signed are often done so with a distinctive blue-colored sign.

The Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) forecast benefits of ADHS' completion by FY 2045 as the creation of 47,000 new jobs and $4.2 billion in gross regional product (GRP).
Gullballen
Gullballen (English: the Golden Ball) is a Norwegian football award given by the Norwegian Football Federation to the best male and female Norwegian footballers each year. The award replaced Kniksen of the Year as the main award given to the best Norwegian footballer in a calendar year.

The first award was given in 2014 to Stefan Johansen. Until 2018, the award was given to only one player, either male or female. In 2015, Ada Hegerberg became the first woman to win the award. Hegerberg, Caroline Graham Hansen, and Erling Haaland are the only players to have won the award more than twice. Gullballen has been given out at Norwegian sport award Idrettsgallaen since 2015.

Kniksen Award
The Kniksen Award (Norwegian: Kniksenprisen), established in 1990, honors the best players in the Norwegian football premiership. The award is named after the legendary Norwegian football player Roald Jensen, nicknamed "Kniksen".
Islam in Costa Rica
Islam is one of the smallest minority faiths in Costa Rica, whose state religion is Catholic Christianity. Without an official number by any state entity, it is considered that the number of Muslims in Costa Rica could be between 1000 and 1500 people, mostly emigrants from Algeria, India, Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, Morocco, Egypt, Somalia, Pakistan, Palestine and Syria. This number includes Muslims who have immigrated to Costa Rican territory as well as those Costa Ricans who have embraced the Islamic faith through conversion, whose number is estimated to be at around 100. The number of Muslims corresponding to the Sunni and Shia factions is also unknown, although it is generally considered that the Sunnis are the majority.

Latin American Muslims
Latin American Muslims are adherents of the Islamic faith with a Latin American background. A survey conducted by the Pew Research Center in 2010 found that Muslims make up 0.1% of all of Latin America's population.
Henny Reistad
Henny Ella Reistad (born 9 February 1999) is a Norwegian professional handball player for Team Esbjerg and the Norwegian national team. She is widely considered one of the best players of her generation. She is famous for her agility and ability to take on defenders in one-on-ones.

In September 2018, she was included by EHF in a list of the twenty best young handballers to watch for the future.

In 2023, she was named best player in the world by the International Handball Federation. In 2024, she won the award for the second time in a row, and in 2025 for a third time in a row.

Kvindeligaen (handball)
The Kvindeligaen (English: women's league) is the top professional league for Danish women's handball clubs. It is administered by the Danish Handball Federation, and the winners are recognized as Danish champions. The league was previously called Bambusa Kvindeligaen for sponsorship reasons. It has previously been known as HTH GO Ligaen, Primo Tours Ligaen, Boxer Dameligaen, TOMS Ligaen and GuldBageren Ligaen. The current title holder is Odense Håndbold (2025). The European Handball Federation (EHF) ranks the Danish league 4th in the coefficients of leagues based on performances in European competitions over the past seasons.
David Bulova
David L. Bulova (born May 6, 1969) is an American politician of the Democratic Party. Since 2006 he has been a member of the Virginia House of Delegates. He currently represents the 11th district, including the city of Fairfax and part of Fairfax County. He is the son of former Fairfax County Board of Supervisors chairman Sharon Bulova.

Bulova has been tapped by Governor-elect Abigail Spanberger to act as her administration's secretary of natural resources.

Virginia Secretary of Natural Resources
The secretary of natural and historic resources is a member of the Virginia Governor's Cabinet. It was established in 1986 after splitting from the state secretary of commerce (then called the secretary of commerce and resources). The current nominee for secretary is David Bulova, appointed by Governor Abigail Spanberger.
Warhammer: Shadow of the Horned Rat
Warhammer: Shadow of the Horned Rat is a single-player fantasy real-time tactics computer game based upon the Warhammer Fantasy Battle table-top game and miniatures. It was developed and published by Mindscape, and released in November 1995 for Microsoft Windows, and on PlayStation in November 1996. The game's story takes place within the Warhammer Fantasy world setting, and focuses on players managing a group of mercenaries, who take on work for various clients but become involved in stopping a plot by the Skaven. The game's main focus is on battles that feature a mixture of medieval warfare and fantasy elements, using a variety of units based upon those from within the Warhammer setting.

Following its release, the game received mixed feedback with some criticism made over elements of its gameplay. A sequel to the game was later released in 1998, entitled Warhammer: Dark Omen, with the game being later made available at GOG.com in 2015.

Real-time tactics
Real-time tactics (RTT) is a subgenre of tactical wargames played in real-time, simulating the considerations and circumstances of operational warfare and military tactics. It is differentiated from real-time strategy gameplay by the absence of classic resource micromanagement and base or unit building, and by the greater importance of individual units and a focus on complex battlefield tactics.