hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vasco Núñez de Balboa
Vasco Núñez de Balboa (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbasko ˈnuɲeθ ðe βalˈβo.a]; c. 1475 – around January 12–21, 1519) was a Spanish explorer, governor, conquistador, adelantado, and a pirate. He is best known for being the first European to discover the Pacific Ocean while crossing the Isthmus of Panama in 1513.

He traveled to the New World in 1500 and, after some exploration, settled on the island of Hispaniola. He founded the settlement of Santa María la Antigua del Darién in present-day Colombia in 1510, which was the first permanent European settlement on the mainland of the Americas (a settlement by Alonso de Ojeda the previous year at San Sebastián de Urabá had already been abandoned).

Pearl Islands
The Pearl Islands (Spanish: Archipiélago de las Perlas or Islas de las Perlas) is a group of 200 or more islands and islets (many tiny and uninhabited) lying about 30 miles (48 km) off the Pacific coast of Panama in the Gulf of Panama.
Howard Pyle Studios
The Howard Pyle Studios are two historic buildings used for painting and teaching by illustrator Howard Pyle. The studios are located in a densely populated neighborhood near Brandywine Park and the Delaware Avenue Historic District.  The building used by Pyle as his own studio was built in 1883, mainly in brick with a Tudor Revival half timbered gable.  The smaller studio, that Pyle used for teaching, was built in a similar style in 1900.  After Pyle's death in 1911, the buildings were owned by Stanley Arthurs, until 1950, and then by Ellen duPont Wheelwright until 1964.  The Studio Group acquired the studios in 1964 and continues to use them as art studios. In 1978, the property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Delaware Avenue Historic District (Wilmington, Delaware)
Delaware Avenue Historic District is a national historic district located at Wilmington, New Castle County, Delaware. It encompasses 180 contributing buildings and 1 contributing structure developed in the late-19th and early-20th centuries.  The district is primarily residential and includes a variety of Victorian-era mansions and large dwellings in a variety of popular architectural styles including Italianate, Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, Classical Revival, and American Four Square The houses are detached or semi-detached and are primarily three stories in height with extensive wings to the rear. The district also includes 20th century apartment complexes.  Also located in the district is the St. Stephen's Lutheran Church and the Sailors and Soldiers Monument.  The separately listed Howard Pyle Studios are also located in the district.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, with a boundary increase in 1987.
Sun path
Sun path, sometimes also called day arc, refers to the daily (sunrise to sunset) and seasonal arc-like path that the Sun appears to follow across the sky as the Earth rotates and orbits the Sun. The Sun's path affects the length of daytime experienced and amount of daylight received along a certain latitude during a given season.

The relative position of the Sun is a major factor in the heat gain of buildings and in the performance of solar energy systems. Accurate location-specific knowledge of sun path and climatic conditions is essential for economic decisions about solar collector area, orientation, landscaping, summer shading, and the cost-effective use of solar trackers.

Solar zenith angle
The solar zenith angle is the zenith angle of the Sun, i.e., the angle between the sun’s rays and the vertical direction. It is the complement to the solar altitude or solar elevation, which is the altitude angle or elevation angle between the Sun’s rays and a horizontal plane. At solar noon, the zenith angle is at a minimum and is equal to the absolute value of latitude minus solar declination angle. This is the basis by which ancient mariners navigated the oceans.

Solar zenith angle is normally used in combination with the solar azimuth angle to determine the position of the Sun as observed from a given location on the surface of the Earth.
Nothofagus womersleyi
Nothofagus womersleyi is a species of plant in the family Nothofagaceae. It is endemic to Kebar Valley on the Vogelkop Peninsula in West Papua (Indonesia). It is a Critically Endangered species threatened by habitat loss.

It was proposed to be renamed  Trisyngyne womersleyi  in 2013.

Nothofagus
Nothofagus, also known as the southern beeches, is a genus of 43 species of trees and shrubs native to the Southern Hemisphere, found across southern South America (Chile, Argentina) and eastern and southeast Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, and New Caledonia. The species are ecological dominants in many temperate forests in these regions. Some species are reportedly naturalised in Germany and Great Britain. The genus has a rich fossil record of leaves, cupules, and pollen, with fossils extending into the late Cretaceous period and occurring in Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica, and South America.
Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks supplements saga
The Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks footy supplements saga was a sports controversy which began in 2011. The Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks, a professional rugby league club playing in the National Rugby League (NRL). The NRL later offered all five players a one-year ban, backdated to an effective six-month suspension, if they pleaded guilty to taking a banned substance. Sports scientist Stephen Dank provided sworn testimony about what involvement he had at Cronulla and which Staff and coaches were involved.

Dank publicly admitted to overseeing a regimen that involved the administration of two growth hormone-releasing peptides, CJC-1295 and GHRP-6. Dank has never faced criminal charges in relation to dealing in or administering the aforementioned peptides. Both substances are banned by the World Anti-Doping Code, Dank admits both were injected into Cronulla players.

Wade Graham
Wade Graham (born 25 October 1990) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played as a second-row forward and captained the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in the National Rugby League (NRL). He has played for Australia at international level.

Graham previously played for the Penrith Panthers between 2008 and 2010 in the NRL, and has played at representative level for the Prime Minister's XIII, City Origin, Indigenous All Stars and New South Wales in the State of Origin series.
Justice Party (Ghana)
The Justice Party (JP) was a political party in Ghana formed to oppose the government of Kofi Busia during the Second Republic (1969–1972).

The Justice Party grew out of a merger between the National Alliance of Liberals, the People's Action Party, the United Nationalist Party and the All People's Republican Party in 1970. Its leader, E. R. T. Madjitey, supported the 1972 military coup by Ignatius Kutu Acheampong which ended the Second Republic.

People's Action Party (Ghana, 1969–1970)
The People's Action Party (PAP) was a political party in Ghana during the Second Republic (1969-1972). In elections held on 29 August 1969, the PAP won 2 out of 140 seats in the National Assembly. The party's leader and founder was Imoru Ayarna.
Khalanga, Salyan
Khalanga is market center in Sharada Municipality in Salyan District of Karnali Province of Nepal. The place formerly existing as Village Development Committee was annexed to form a new municipality since 18 May 2014. It is the district headquarter of Salyan District. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 6380.

Salyan District, Nepal
Salyan District (Nepali: सल्यान जिल्लाListenⓘ IPA: [sʌljan]) in Karnali Province, is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal. Salyan covers an area of 1,462 km2 (564 sq mi) with a population of 213,500 in 2001 and 241,716 in 2011. The district's administrative center is named Salyan or Salyan Khalanga, today it is part of Shaarada Municipality.

The district is known for its Hindu temples including Shiva temples in Chhayachhetra and Laxmipur, and the Devi temple at Khairabang in Shaarada municipality, one of nine in Nepal.
Isaac Hatfield
Isaac Smith Hatfield (1826 – October 20, 1872) was a merchant and political figure in Nova Scotia. He represented Argyle township in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1863 to 1867 as a Liberal-Conservative.

He was born at Tusket Lakes, Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia, the son of Captain James Hatfield and Elizabeth Lent, the daughter of James Lent. He married the widow Sarah Harding (née Cochrane). Hatfield served as a justice of the peace from 1855 to 1872. He lived at Tusket, Nova Scotia, where he operated a general store. Hatfield drowned in the Tusket Lakes at the age of 46.

His brother Forman later also served in the provincial assembly.

Cornelius Forman Hatfield
Cornelius Forman Hatfield (December 27, 1828 – June 13, 1910) was a merchant, shipbuilder, ship owner and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Yarmouth County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1890 to 1894 as a Liberal member.

He was born in Tusket, Nova Scotia, the son of Captain James Hatfield and Elizabeth Lent, the daughter of James Lent. Hatfield was married three times: first to Deborah Hatfield, then to Sarah Bowlby in 1844 and finally to Marion Anderson. Forman owned general stores at Tusket and Tusket Wedge. He was a justice of the peace from 1872 to 1910 and served on the municipal council for Argyle township from 1902 to 1910, serving as warden from 1907 to 1910. He also served as coroner. He died in Tusket at the age of 81.

His brother Isaac also served in the provincial assembly.
Asteronychidae
Asteronychidae is a family of echinoderms belonging to the order Euryalida.

Genera:

Asteronyx Müller & Troschel, 1842

Astrodia Verrill, 1899

Astronebris Downey, 1967

Lillithaster Thuy, Numberger-Thuy & Jagt, 2018

Ophioschiza H.L.Clark, 1911

Asteronyx
Asteronyx is a genus of echinoderms belonging to the family Asteronychidae.

The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.

Species:

Asteronyx longifissus Döderlein, 1927

Asteronyx loveni Müller & Troschel, 1842

Asteronyx luzonicus Döderlein, 1927

Asteronyx lymani Verrill, 1899

Asteronyx niger Djakonov, 1954

Asteronyx reticulata Okanishi, Sentoku, Martynov & Fujita, 2018

Asteronyx simplex A.H.Müller, 1950

Asteronyx spinulosa Kutscher & Jagt, 2000

Asteronyx valkenburgensis Berry, 1938
Simeon Stylites the Younger
Simeon Stylites the Younger, also known as Simeon of the Admirable Mountain (Greek: Συμεὼν ὁ νεώτερος ὁ στυλίτης, Arabic: مار سمعان العمودي الأصغر mār semʻān l-ʻamūdī l-asghar; 521 – 596/597), is a saint in the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church.

Stylite
A stylite (Ancient Greek: στυλίτης (stylitēs) "pillar dweller", derived from στῦλος (stȳlos) "pillar" and Classical Syriac: ܐܣܛܘܢܝܐ (astˁonāyā)) or pillar-saint is a type of Christian ascetic who lives on pillars, preaching, fasting and praying. Stylites believe that the mortification of their bodies would help ensure the salvation of their souls. Stylites were common in the early days of the Byzantine Empire. The first known stylite was Simeon Stylites the Elder who climbed a pillar in Syria in 423 CE and remained there until his death 36 years later.
George Jackson Churchward
George Jackson Churchward CBE (31 January 1857 – 19 December 1933) was an English railway engineer, and was chief mechanical engineer of the Great Western Railway (GWR) in the United Kingdom from 1902 to 1922.

GWR 4073 Class
The 4073 or Castle Class are 4-6-0 type steam locomotives of the Great Western Railway, built between 1923 and 1950. They were designed by the railway's Chief Mechanical Engineer, Charles Collett, for working the company's express passenger trains. They could reach speeds of up to 100 mph (160 km/h).
Teaching prosody
Prosody is an important component of spoken language, and learners need often need help to perceive and produce the prosody of a new language.  Yet language teaching often includes little coverage of prosody. The improvement of prosody teaching is an active research area.

Prosody (linguistics)
In linguistics, prosody (/ˈprɒsədi, ˈprɒz-/) is the study of elements of speech, including intonation, stress, rhythm and loudness, that occur simultaneously with individual phonetic segments: vowels and consonants. Often, prosody specifically refers to such elements, known as suprasegmentals when they extend across more than one phonetic segment.

Prosody reflects the nuanced emotional features of the speaker or of their utterances: their obvious or underlying emotional state, the form of utterance (statement, question, or command), the presence of irony or sarcasm, certain emphasis on words or morphemes, contrast,  focus, and so on. Prosody displays elements of language that are not encoded by grammar, punctuation or choice of vocabulary.
Palaung State Liberation Front
The Palaung State Liberation Front (Burmese: ပလောင်ပြည်နယ်လွတ်မြောက်ရေးတပ်ဦး; abbreviated PSLF) is a political organization and armed group in Myanmar. Its armed wing is the Ta'ang National Liberation Army (TNLA).

Ta'ang National Liberation Army
The Ta'ang National Liberation Army (Burmese: တအာင်း အမျိုးသား လွတ်မြောက်ရေး တပ်မတော်; abbreviated TNLA) is a political organization and armed group in Myanmar. It is the armed wing of the Palaung State Liberation Front (PSLF).
Himi Seaside Botanical Garden
The Himi Seaside Botanical Garden (氷見市海浜植物園, Himi-shi Kaihin Shokubutsuen) is a botanical garden located at 3583 Banchi, Tanagida, Himi, Toyama, Japan. It is open daily except Tuesdays; an admission fee is charged.

The garden opened in 1996 beside Matsudae-no-Nagahama, a seaside promenade along a beach of white sands and green pines mentioned in the Man'yōshū. It is set within a striking building designed by architect Itsuko Hasegawa.

The garden specializes in seaside plants, and features a greenhouse with water tank of mangroves, tropical and subtropical plants, climbing plants, seaside plants from various places in Japan, and an insect exhibit.

Himi, Toyama
Himi (氷見市, Himi-shi) is a city in western Toyama Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 March 2018, the city had an estimated population of 48,275 in 17,632 households, and a population density of 210 persons per km2. Its total area is 230.56 square kilometres (89.02 sq mi). Himi is known primarily for its commercial fishing industry. The city was founded on August 1, 1952.
Spalax
Spalax is a genus of rodent in the family Spalacidae, subfamily Spalacinae (blind mole-rats). It is one of two extant genera in the subfamily Spalacinae, alongside Nannospalax.

Species in this genus are found in Eastern Europe and Western & Central Asia. They are completely blind and have a subterranean lifestyle.

Spalacidae
The Spalacidae, or spalacids, are a family of rodents in the large and complex superfamily Muroidea. They are native to eastern Asia, the Horn of Africa, the Middle East, and southeastern Europe. It includes the blind mole-rats, bamboo rats, mole-rats, and zokors.  This family represents the oldest split (excluding perhaps the Platacanthomyidae) in the muroid superfamily, and comprises animals adapted to a subterranean way of life.  These rodents were thought to have evolved adaptations to living underground independently until recent phylogenetic studies demonstrated they form a monophyletic group. Members of the Spalacidae are often placed in the family Muridae along with all other members of the Muroidea.
Birth–death process
The birth–death process (or birth-and-death process) is a special case of continuous-time Markov process where the state transitions are of only two types: "births", which increase the state variable by one and "deaths", which decrease the state by one. It was introduced by William Feller.  The model's name comes from a common application, the use of such models to represent the current size of a population where the transitions are literal births and deaths. Birth–death processes have many applications in demography, queueing theory, performance engineering, epidemiology, biology and other areas. They may be used, for example, to study the evolution of bacteria, the number of people with a disease within a population, or the number of customers in line at the supermarket.

M/M/1 queue
In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, an M/M/1 queue represents the queue length in a system having a single server, where arrivals are determined by a Poisson process and job service times have an exponential distribution. The model name is written in Kendall's notation. The model is the most elementary of queueing models and an attractive object of study as closed-form expressions can be obtained for many metrics of interest in this model. An extension of this model with more than one server is the M/M/c queue.
Nantucket Harbor Range Lights
The Nantucket Harbor Range Lights are range lights that were built in 1908 to guide vessels through the narrow channel to Nantucket Harbor.  They replaced an older arrangement involving the Nantucket Beacon and the Brant Point Light, which became unusable when the latter was replaced with a new tower.

They display red and white vertical striped daymarks, type KRW, one of the twelve combinations used by the Coast Guard.

It is not known why the official USCG name of the front light, Nantucket Reef Range Front Light includes the word "reef".

Brant Point Light
Brant Point Light is a lighthouse located on Nantucket Island. The station was established in 1746, automated in 1965, and is still in operation. The current tower was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 28, 1987; it has the distinction of being the tenth light on the point, in addition to several range lights. Four of the others burned or blew down, two were condemned, two were unsatisfactory, and the remaining one stands unused.
John Hunt Painter
John Hunt Painter (September 3, 1819 – April 9, 1891) was a Quaker farmer living near Springdale, Iowa, who sent the firearms to abolitionist John Brown that were used during Brown's historic raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859. Originally from Salem, Ohio, in 1849, John Hunt Painter moved to his farm near Springdale, a small Quaker community in Cedar County, Iowa.

Painter was an early settler of Pasadena, California where, in 1888, he erected the La Pintoresca ("The Picturesque") hotel, a local landmark. In 1889 he was a pallbearer at the Pasadena funeral of Owen Brown, whom he knew from Iowa.: 53

Painter died in 1891 and is buried Mountain View Cemetery in Altadena. Streets in both Pasadena and Whittier, California are named for Painter.

Mountain View Cemetery, Altadena
Mountain View Cemetery and Mausoleum is a historic cemetery in Altadena, California, United States. Established in 1882, it contains over 70,000 burials in its approximately 60 acres (24 ha), including Pasadena's pioneering families and California statesmen and women. It also contains a section for Civil War burials.

The cemetery also includes a mausoleum, located across the street on Marengo Avenue, and the Pasadena Mausoleum, on Raymond Avenue.
João Belo-class frigate
The João Belo class, also known as Comandante João Belo class, is a class of four frigates of French design, based on the Commandant Rivière class but fitted for tropical service. Ordered by the Portuguese Navy in 1964, the four ships of this class were constructed at the shipyard in Nantes, France between 1965 and 1967. The first ship entered Portuguese service in 1967. The frigates were used for ocean patrol of Portuguese colonies and later, joined NATO's STANAVFORLANT unit. The first unit was discarded in 2003, followed by a second in 2004. The final two ships were taken out of service in 2008 sold to the Uruguayan Navy. The third ship was discarded in 2021, and the last ship was decommissioned on 12 August 2022.

Leander-class frigate
The Leander-class, or Type 12I (Improved) frigates, comprising twenty-six vessels, was among the most numerous and long-lived classes of frigate in the Royal Navy's modern history. The class was built in three batches between 1959 and 1973. It had an unusually high public profile, due to the popular BBC television drama series Warship. The Leander silhouette became synonymous with the Royal Navy through the 1960s until the 1980s.

The Leander design or derivatives of it were built for other navies:

Royal New Zealand Navy as the Leander class

Chilean Navy: Condell class

Royal Australian Navy: River class

Indian Navy: Nilgiri class

Royal Netherlands Navy: Van Speijk class
San Juan County, Washington
San Juan County is a county in the Salish Sea in the far northwestern corner of the U.S. state of Washington. As of the 2020 census, its population was 17,788. The county seat and only incorporated town is Friday Harbor, on San Juan Island. The county was formed on October 31, 1873, from Whatcom County and is named for the San Juan Islands, which are in turn named for Juan Vicente de Güemes, 2nd Count of Revillagigedo, the Viceroy of New Spain.

Although the islands have no state highways, the ferry routes serving them are designated as part of the state highway system.

Waldron Island
Waldron, also known as Waldron Island, is an unincorporated community in San Juan County, Washington, United States. Its population was 104 at the 2000 census.

Waldron is in the San Juan Islands. It is designated as a Limited Development District and commercial recreation facilities are prohibited. There is no ferry service, only one county-owned dock, and no electricity or water supply.
Pruszków
Pruszków [ˈpruʂkuf] ⓘ is a city in east-central Poland, capital of Pruszków County in the Masovian Voivodeship. Pruszków is located along the western edge of the Warsaw metropolitan area.

Pruszków is the largest city in the Warsaw metropolitan area outside Warsaw. Since the 19th century it has developed as an industrial centre located on an important railway line. In the 1990s and 2000s the city was synonymous with the "Pruszków gang", one of two major organised crime groups in the country. It is known for the country's chief indoor velodrome and the Dulag 121 Museum at the former Nazi German camp for Poles expelled from Warsaw.

Pruszków County
Pruszków County (Polish: powiat pruszkowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Pruszków, which lies 15 kilometres (9 mi) west of Warsaw. The county also contains the towns of Piastów, lying 4 km (2 mi) north-east of Pruszków, and Brwinów, 7 km (4 mi) south-west of Pruszków.

The county covers an area of 246.31 square kilometres (95.1 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 165,039, out of which the population of Pruszków is 62,076, that of Piastów is 22,619, that of Brwinów is 13,601, and the rural population is 66,743.
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija
Gabaldon [ˌɡabɐlˈdon], officially the Municipality of Gabaldon (Tagalog: Bayan ng Gabaldon, Ilocano: Ili ti Gabaldon), is a municipality in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 40,223 people.

Dingalan
Dingalan [ˌdiŋɡɐˈlan], officially the Municipality of Dingalan (Tagalog: Bayan ng Dingalan; Ilocano: Ili ti Dingalan), is a municipality in the province of Aurora, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 29,286 people.

The town has several caves, of which the Lamao Caves are the best known. The rough shoreline and very high waves of Dingalan make it attractive to surfers. Dingalan is nicknamed "Gateway to Southern Tagalog", as it is bordered by Quezon Province (in the south), which is part of Southern Tagalog, of which Aurora was a part; Aurora was a sub-province of Quezon.