hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Atomic layer etching
Atomic layer etching (ALE) is an emerging technique in semiconductor manufacture, in which a sequence alternating between self-limiting chemical modification steps which affect only the top atomic layers of the wafer, and etching steps which remove only the chemically-modified areas, allows the removal of individual atomic layers.  The standard example is etching of silicon by alternating reaction with chlorine and etching with argon ions.

This is a better-controlled process than reactive ion etching, though the issue with commercial use of it has been throughput; sophisticated gas handling is required, and removal rates of one atomic layer per second are around the state of the art.

The equivalent process for depositing material is atomic layer deposition (ALD). ALD is substantially more mature, having been used by Intel for high-κ dielectric layers since 2007 and in Finland in the fabrication of thin film electroluminescent devices since 1985.

Atomic layer deposition
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a thin-film deposition technique based on the sequential use of a gas-phase chemical process; it is a subclass of chemical vapour deposition. The majority of ALD reactions use two chemicals called precursors (also called "reactants"). These precursors react with the surface of a material one at a time in a sequential, self-limiting, manner. A thin film is slowly deposited through repeated exposure to separate precursors. ALD is a key process in fabricating semiconductor devices, and part of the set of tools for synthesizing nanomaterials.
Carceri di Sant'Ansano, Siena
The Church of the Jail of Sant'Ansano, Italian: Chiese delle Carceri di Sant'Ansano, also known as the Chapel or Oratory of Sant'Ansano in Castelvecchio, is a small, medieval, Roman Catholic religious building located on via Tommaso Pendola in the Terzo di Città of the city of Siena, region of Tuscany, Italy. Adjacent to the tower is the former Istituto Santa Teresa.43°18′52″N 11°19′42″E﻿ / ﻿43.31448°N 11.328202°E﻿ / 43.31448; 11.328202

Institute of Santa Teresa, Siena
The former Institute of Santa Teresa and Oratory of Santa Teresa are encompassed by buildings located on via San Quirico  #36 in Siena, region of Tuscany, Italy. The oratory is located inside the former Institute. Facing the Carceri di Sant'Ansano, the entrance is found to the right through the wrought iron gateway between pilasters holding lamps, leading to three archways. The former Institute building extends down the street to the right, and constitutes an example of late 19th-century Renaissance Revival architecture.
43°18′51.9″N 11°19′40.6″E﻿ / ﻿43.314417°N 11.327944°E﻿ / 43.314417; 11.327944
Emperor Go-Daigo
Emperor Go-Daigo (後醍醐天皇 Go-Daigo-tennō) (26 November 1288 – 19 September 1339) was the 96th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He successfully overthrew the Kamakura shogunate in 1333 and established the short-lived Kenmu Restoration to bring the Imperial House back into power. This was to be the last time the emperor had real power until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. The Kenmu restoration was in turn overthrown by Ashikaga Takauji in 1336, ushering in the Ashikaga shogunate. The overthrow split the imperial family into two opposing factions between the Ashikaga backed Northern Court situated in Kyoto and the Southern Court based in Yoshino. The Southern Court was led by Go-Daigo and his later successors.

Ryakuō
Ryakuō (暦応) was a Japanese era of the Northern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts, after Kenmu and before Kōei, lasting from August 1338 to  April 1342.  The emperor in Kyoto was Emperor Kōmyō (光明天皇, Kōmyō-tennō).  Go-Kōgon's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time-frame was Emperor Go-Murakami (後村上天皇, Go-Murakami-tennō).
Jelep La
Jelep La (Tibetan: རྫི་ལི་ལ, Wylie: rdzi li la, THL: dzi li la; Chinese: 则里拉山口; pinyin: Zé lǐlā shānkǒu) elevation 14,390 feet (4,390 m), is a high mountain pass between Sikkim, India and Tibet Autonomous Region, China. It is on a route that connects Lhasa to India. The pass is about 4 km (2.5 mi) south of Nathu La and is slightly higher. It was frequently used for trade between Tibet and India during the British Raj, with Kalimpong serving as the contact point. The Menmecho Lake lies below the Jelep La.

Algarah
Algarah (also known as Algarah Bazar) is a town in Lava CD block in the Kalimpong subdivision of the Kalimpong district of West Bengal, India. The town lies on National Highway-717A  connecting Bagrakote to Gangtok.
Australia national korfball team
The Australia national korfball team is managed by Korfball Australia (KA), representing Australia in international korfball competitions, including the Asia-Oceania Korfball Championship, the IKF World Korfball Championship and The World Games.

Korfball Australia
Korfball Australia is the governing body for the sport of Korfball in Australia.

The national body has eight state member associations. Korfball Australia is responsible for organising the various National Teams to compete in international competition, as well as organising the National Club Championships, the peak domestic competition.
Battle of Tell 'Asur
The Battle of Tell 'Asur, also known as the actions of Tel Asur or the Battle of Turmus 'Aya,  took place 8–12 March 1918, after the decisive victory at the Battle of Jerusalem and the Capture of Jericho during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I. Fighting took place over an area which extended from the Mediterranean to Abu Tellul and Mussallabeh on the edge of the Jordan Valley.

After the capture of Jericho by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) in February 1918 the occupation of the Jordan Valley began. However, the captured territory was not sufficiently broad to provide a strong enough base for the planned Transjordan operations. The EEF's front line was successfully pushed northwards following attacks by the XX and XXI Corps against the Ottoman Seventh Army and Eighth Army. At the end of March the First Transjordan attack on Amman was launched to be followed the next month by the Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt.

Deir Ballut
Deir Ballut (Arabic: دير بلّوط) is a Palestinian town in the Salfit Governorate in the northern West Bank, 41 kilometers (25 mi) south west of Nablus. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, it had a population of 3,873 in 2017.
2010 Supercoppa Italiana
The 2010 Supercoppa Italiana was the 23rd Supercoppa Italiana, an annual football match contested by the winners of the previous season's Serie A and Coppa Italia competitions. The match was played at the San Siro on 21 August 2010, and contested by league and cup double winners Inter Milan and cup runners-up Roma. The Supercoppa Italiana is usually contested by the winners of the Serie A and the Coppa Italia, but since Inter Milan won both the competitions, Roma were their opponents. Inter Milan won the title 3–1.

Supercoppa Italiana
The Supercoppa Italiana, also known as the Italian Super Cup, is an annual super cup tournament in Italian football. Founded in 1988 as a two-team competition, it has featured four teams since 2023 (the winners and runners-up of the previous season's Serie A and Coppa Italia). Before the format change, the match was exclusively contested between the winners of the Serie A and Coppa Italia titles. Under the new rules, if a team were to be occupying more than one of the four spots, that spot would then be filled by the third and/or fourth teams in the Serie A standings.

It was originally the opening match of the new season, played at the home stadium of the previous season's Serie A champions. Since 2018, the competition has been held during the winter months, and is mainly hosted internationally. Juventus is the most successful club with nine titles. They have met Lazio on five occasions, making it the most frequent matchup in tournament history.
Volkswagen Golf Mk7
The Volkswagen Golf (Mk7) is a C-segment car manufactured by German automobile manufacturer Volkswagen. It is the seventh generation in the Golf series and the successor to the Golf Mk6, and was introduced in Berlin on 4 September 2012, before a public launch at the 2012 Paris Motor Show. Sales in Europe began with the model in November 2012.

Marketed in three-door and five-door hatchback, van, and estate forms, the Golf Mk7 shares the MQB platform with the third generation Audi A3, SEAT León and Škoda Octavia.

In November 2016, Volkswagen presented a facelift of the Golf Mk7. It was replaced in December 2019 by the Golf Mk8, which is built on the MQB Evo platform. Production of the e-Golf and the Golf Variant ended in mid-2020.

Car of the Year Japan
The annual Car of the Year Japan Award (日本カー・オブ・ザ・イヤー, nihon kā obu za iyā), also known as Japan Car of the Year (or JCOTY), is an annual Car of the Year award given for newly released or redesigned vehicles released in the car buying market in Japan in the twelve months beginning 1 November.

The award has been presented since 1980. The current recipient of the award for 2024 to 2025 is the Honda Freed.

The first non-Japanese car to win the award was the Volkswagen Golf in 2013, followed by the Volvo XC60 in 2017 and the Volvo XC40 in 2018. The highest-placed car from the United States was the Jeep Cherokee, which was eliminated in the final round in 2014 and was placed eighth. The supervisory board is made up primarily of Japanese automotive journalists.

The award is not associated with the more recent Automotive Researchers’ and Journalists’ Conference (RJC) RJC Car of the Year Award, which has been issued since 1992.
Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
Certain species of fish and birds are able to locomote in both air and water, two fluid media with very different properties. A fluid is a particular phase of matter that deforms under shear stresses and includes any type of liquid or gas. Because fluids are easily deformable and move in response to applied forces, efficiently locomoting in a fluid medium presents unique challenges. Specific morphological characteristics are therefore required in animal species that primarily depend on fluidic locomotion. Because the properties of air and water are so different, swimming and flying have very disparate morphological requirements. As a result, despite the large diversity of animals that are capable of flight or swimming, only a limited number of these species have mastered the ability to both fly and swim. These species demonstrate distinct morphological and behavioral tradeoffs associated with transitioning from air to water and water to air.

Bird flight
Bird flight is the primary mode of locomotion used by most bird species in which birds take off and fly. Flight assists birds with feeding, breeding, avoiding predators, and migrating.

Bird flight includes multiple types of motion, including hovering, taking off, and landing, involving many complex movements. As different bird species adapted over millions of years through evolution for specific environments, prey, predators, and other needs, they developed specializations in their wings, and acquired different forms of flight.

Various theories exist about how bird flight evolved, including flight from falling or gliding (the trees down hypothesis), from running or leaping (the ground up hypothesis), from wing-assisted incline running or from  proavis (pouncing) behavior.
Macrobius (crater)
Macrobius is a prominent lunar impact crater located to the northwest of the Mare Crisium. Its diameter is 63 km. It was named after ancient Roman writer Macrobius. It lies on the southeast edge of the Lacus Bonitatis, a small lunar mare. The somewhat smaller crater Tisserand lies just to the east.

The outer wall of Macrobius has a multiply terraced inner surface, with some slumping along the top of the rim. The small satellite crater Macrobius C lies across the western rim, but the wall is otherwise relatively free of significant wear. In the center of the floor is a central mountain complex. There is a low ridge in the western interior, but the remainder of the floor is relatively level.

Macrobius is a crater of Lower (Early) Imbrian age.

Tisserand (crater)
Tisserand is a lunar impact crater located just to the east of the larger crater Macrobius, to the northwest of the Mare Crisium. The crater was named after French astronomer François Félix Tisserand in 1935.

The rim of Tisserand has been eroded by impacts, with depressions on the southern and northeastern sides and a winding valley cutting into the inner wall along the northwest. The interior floor is relatively level, with low ridges near the eastern and western inner walls. The eastern half of the floor has a slightly lower albedo than the western half, with the latter part being lightly coated by ray material from Proclus to the south.

Tisserand is a crater of Nectarian age.
Kiss Kasket
The Kiss Kasket is an item of merchandise licensed by the rock band Kiss.  It is a casket decorated with a Kiss logo and pictures of the band members. In introducing the Kiss Kasket, Gene Simmons said, "I love livin', but this makes the alternative look pretty damn good." The Kiss Kasket went on sale in 2001; as of 2008, the original incarnation was no longer available from Kiss's website. As of February 2011, the second-generation models of the Kiss Kasket became available on Kiss's website.

Dimebag Darrell, the guitarist of Pantera and Damageplan, was buried in a Kiss Kasket donated by Simmons at Darrell’s funeral in 2004. His brother, Vinnie Paul—the drummer of Pantera, Damageplan, and Hellyeah—was also buried in a Kiss Kasket at his funeral in 2018.

Coffin
A coffin or casket is a funerary box used for viewing or keeping a corpse, for burial, entombment or cremation. Coffins are sometimes referred to as caskets, particularly in American English.

A distinction is commonly drawn between "coffins" and "caskets", using "coffin" to refer to a tapered hexagonal or octagonal (also considered to be anthropoidal in shape) box and "casket" to refer to a rectangular box, often with a split lid used for viewing the deceased as seen in the picture. Receptacles for cremated and cremulated human ashes (sometimes called cremains) are called urns.
John Heydon (died 1479)
John Heydon (né Baxter; died 1479) of Baconsthorpe, Norfolk, was of humble origins, the son of a yeoman, William Baxter of Heydon. He became a successful lawyer, and is known, through the Paston Letters, as one of the principal agents in East Anglia of William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, and one of the chief opponents of the Paston family.

John Paston (died 1466)
John Paston I (10 October 1421 – 21/22 May 1466) was an English country gentleman and landowner. He was the eldest son of the judge William Paston, Justice of the Common Pleas. After he succeeded his father in 1444, his life was marked by conflict occasioned by a power struggle in East Anglia between the dukes of Suffolk and Norfolk, and by his involvement in the affairs of his wife's kinsman, Sir John Fastolf. Between 1460–1466 he was Justice of the Peace for Norfolk, and was elected as a member of parliament in 1460 and again in 1461. A number of his letters survive among the Paston Letters, a rich source of historical information for the lives of the English gentry of the period.
Blue Wing Solar Project
The Blue Wing Solar Project is a 16.6 MWp (14.4 MWAC) solar photovoltaic (PV) power plant in San Antonio, Texas.   It was one of the largest PV facilities in Texas when it  came online in late 2010 and is owned by a Duke Energy Subsidiary.

Duke Energy
Duke Energy Corporation is an American electric power and natural gas holding company headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina. The company serves over 7 million customers in the eastern United States. In 2024 it ranked as the 141st largest company in the United States – its highest-ever placement on the Fortune 500 list.
WLMS (FM)
WLMS (88.3 FM) was a radio station broadcasting a Contemporary Christian format until October 2008, licensed to Lecanto, Florida, United States. The station was owned by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Petersburg from 1992 to 2008, simulcasting programs from WBVM in Tampa. In October 2008, the license for WLMS was sold to Central Florida Educational Foundation and WLMS ceased broadcasting to enable a power increase by WPOZ, also owned by Central Florida Educational Foundation. Following WLMS's closure, a new radio station in Cross City, WWLC 88.5 FM, would be established as its replacement.

WUFQ
WUFQ (88.5 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a beacon format. Licensed to Cross City, Florida, United States, the station is currently licensed to the University of Florida Board of Trustees, and simulcasts emergency information of the HD4 channel of WUFT-FM from Gainesville, Florida.

The station was established in 2009 as WWLC, a replacement station for WBVM's Lecanto satellite, WLMS 88.3 FM, which, like WBVM, was owned by the neighboring Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Petersburg. WLMS was acquired in late 2008 by the Central Florida Educational Foundation and was closed down, to enable like-minded Orlando station WPOZ (also on 88.3 FM) to increase its power.

Effective July 26, 2019, the Roman Catholic Diocese of St. Augustine donated the station's license to the University of Florida. The station previously aired WUFT-HD2's "WUFT Classic" until late 2024.
Lake Shore Drive Bridge (Michigan)
The Lake Shore Drive Bridge, also known as the M-26 Bridge or the Eagle River Bridge, is a pedestrian bridge in Eagle River, Michigan, crossing the Eagle River. It carried highway M-26 over the river from 1915 until 1990, when the adjacent Eagle River Timber Bridge replaced it for automobile traffic. The Lake Shore Drive Bridge is listed as a Michigan State Historic Site and is a contributing property of the Eagle River Historic District.

M-26 (Michigan highway)
M-26 is a 96.355-mile-long (155.068 km) state trunkline highway in the U.S. state of Michigan, running from two miles (3.2 km) east of Rockland to its junction with US Highway 41 (US 41) in Copper Harbor. It generally runs southwest-to-northeast in the western half or Michigan's Upper Peninsula. The northernmost segment, which closely parallels the shore of Lake Superior on the west side of the Keweenaw Peninsula, is highly scenic.

M-26 previously reached the Wisconsin border, but a section of the highway became US 45. Other changes on the northern end of M-26 incorporated highways that were previously numbered M-111 and M-206 in the Eagle Harbor and Eagle River area.
Room number
A room number is a number assigned to a room within a building. Its purpose is to identify a particular room, and help building inhabitants locate that room.

Room numbers may consist of three digits, but can be any number of digits. The room number is generally assigned with the first digit indicating the floor on which the room is located.

Room
In a building or a ship, a room is any enclosed space within a number of walls to which entry is possible only via a door or other dividing structure. The entrance connects it to either a passageway, another room, or the outdoors. The space is typically large enough for several people to move about. The size, fixtures, furnishings, and sometimes placement of the room within the building or ship (or sometimes a train) support the activity to be conducted in it.
Max Lowenthal
Max Lowenthal (February 26, 1888 – May 18, 1971) was a Washington, DC, political figure in all three branches of the federal government in the 1930s and 1940s, during which time he was closely associated with the rising career of Harry S. Truman; he served under Oscar R. Ewing on an "unofficial policy group" within the Truman administration (1947–1952).

Sidney Hillman
Sidney Hillman (March 23, 1887 – July 10, 1946) was an American labor leader. He was the head of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America and was a key figure in the founding of the Congress of Industrial Organizations and in marshaling labor's support for President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal coalition of the Democratic Party.
Min Mountains
Min Mountains or Minshan (Chinese: 岷山; pinyin: Mín Shān) are a mountain range in central China. It runs in the general north-south direction through northern Sichuan (the eastern part of the Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture and adjacent areas of Mianyang Prefecture-level city) and southernmost borderlands of Gansu. The highest elevation is Mount Xuebaoding ("Snow Treasure Peak"), 5588 m and the second highest is Mt Little Xuebaoding ("Little Snow Treasure Peak"), 5443m.

Qionglai Mountains
Qionglai Mountains (simplified Chinese: 邛崃山; traditional Chinese: 邛崍山; pinyin: Qiónglái Shān) is a mountain range in the Sichuan Province of China.  It runs in the general north-south direction, and is located mostly within the Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, in the north-central part of the province.
Gjemnes Municipality
Gjemnes is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway on the Romsdal peninsula. It is part of the Nordmøre region. The administrative centre is the village of Batnfjordsøra, which lies along the Batnfjorden and it is a former steamship landing place. Other villages in Gjemnes include Torvikbukt, Flemma, Angvika, Gjemnes, Øre, and Osmarka.

The 382-square-kilometre (147 sq mi) municipality is the 242nd largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Gjemnes Municipality is the 244th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,700. The municipality's population density is 7.1 inhabitants per square kilometre (18/sq mi) and its population has increased by 5.3% over the previous 10-year period.

Batnfjordsøra
Batnfjordsøra is the administrative centre of Gjemnes Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located at the end of the Batnfjorden at the mouth of the river Batnfjordelva. European Route E39 passes through the village on its way from Molde to Trondheim.

The 0.39-square-kilometre (96-acre) village has a population (2024) of 367 and a population density of 941 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,440/sq mi).

The village of Gjemnes lies about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the northeast, along the north side of the fjord, and the village of Torvikbukt lies about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to the northeast along the south side of the fjord. The village of Øre lies about halfway between Torvikbukt and Batnfjordsøra. Heading southwest along E39, you will get to the village of Hjelset and the larger town of Molde.
Landis, Saskatchewan
Landis is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Reford No. 379 and Census Division No. 13. The village is about 51 kilometres (32 mi) south of Wilkie and about 128 kilometres (80 mi) west from the city of Saskatoon on Highway 14. From 1907 to 1909, the post office at Section 23, Township 37, Range 18 west of the 3rd meridian, was known as Daneville. In 1925, Landis was a Canadian National Railway Station on the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway line.

As of the 2016 Census, its population was 152.

Division No. 13, Saskatchewan
Division No. 13 is one of eighteen census divisions in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada, as defined by Statistics Canada. It is located in the western part of the province, bordering Alberta. The most populous community in this division is Kindersley.
San Cristobo
San Cristobo (Spanish: San Cristóbal) is one of four parishes (administrative divisions) in Villanueva de Oscos, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

Situated at 471 m (1,545 ft) above sea level, the parroquia is 21.68 km2 (8.37 sq mi) in size, with a population of 18 (INE 2011).

Villanueva de Oscos
Villanueva de Oscos (Eonavian: Vilanova d'Ozcos) is a municipality in the Autonomous Community of the Principality of Asturias, Spain. It is bordered on the north by Vegadeo and Castropol, on the south by San Martín de Oscos and Santa Eulalia de Oscos, on the east by Illano and San Martín, and on the west by Taramundi.

The medieval Monastery of Santa María de Villanueva de Oscos is located there.