hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Apostrophe
The apostrophe (’, ') is a punctuation mark, and sometimes a diacritical mark, in languages that use the Latin alphabet and some other alphabets. In English, the apostrophe is used for two basic purposes:

The marking of the omission of one or more letters, e.g., the contraction of "do not" to "don't"

The marking of possessive case of nouns (as in "the eagle's feathers", "in one month's time", "the twins' coats")

It is also used in a few exceptional cases for the marking of plurals, e.g., "p's and q's" or Oakland A's. The same mark is used as a single quotation mark. It is also substituted informally for other marks –  for example instead of the prime symbol to indicate the units of foot or minutes of arc. The word apostrophe comes from the Greek ἡ ἀπόστροφος [προσῳδία] (hē apóstrophos [prosōidía], '[the accent of] turning away or elision'), through Latin and French.

Elision
In linguistics, an elision or deletion is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a vowel, a consonant, or a whole syllable) in a word or phrase. However, these terms are also used to refer more narrowly to cases where two words are run together by the omission of a final sound. An example is the elision of word-final /t/ in English if it is preceded and followed by a consonant: "first light" is often pronounced "firs' light" (/fɜrs laɪt/). Many other terms are used to refer to specific cases where sounds are omitted.
Bayfield County, Wisconsin
Bayfield County is a county located in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, its population is 16,220. Its county seat is Washburn. The county was created in 1845 and organized in 1850. The Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa has a reservation in Bayfield County and is the county's largest employer. The county is considered a high-recreation retirement destination by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Hughes, Wisconsin
Hughes is a town in Bayfield County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 471 at the 2020 census, up from 383 at the 2010 census. The unincorporated communities of Muskeg and Wills are located in the town.
Brian Waites
Brian J. Waites (1 March 1940 – 8 March 2025) was an English professional golfer. Although he turned professional in 1957, he played little top-level golf for the next 20 years, but then had considerable success, winning twice on the European Tour, five times on the Safari Circuit and playing in the 1983 Ryder Cup. After reaching 50 he had further success as a senior, winning the PGA Seniors Championship twice, and winning four times on the European Senior Tour. Waites died of complications from Parkinson's disease on 8 March 2025, at the age of 85.

PGA Cup
The PGA Cup is a men's golf competition for club professionals played between a Great Britain and Ireland team and a United States team. The winning team is presented with the Llandudno Trophy. The competition is run by the British PGA and the PGA of America.  It was first played in 1973 and was an annual event until 1984, after which it became biennial.
I Am Kloot
I Am Kloot were an English rock band, formed in Manchester in 1999. The band was composed of vocalist/guitarist John Bramwell, bassist Peter Jobson and drummer Andy Hargreaves.

The band released six studio albums, and was nominated for the Mercury Prize in 2010 for the album Sky at Night. The band split up in 2016, with Bramwell concentrating on a solo career.

The origin of the band name was shrouded in secrecy for the majority of the band's existence, with Bramwell stating in 2013 that the band "never said and we never will" confirm the origin of the name and joked that "If I told you, I'd have to kill you". Jobson later claimed that the name I Am Kloot was inspired by the Alan J. Pakula film Klute, and also that "I Am Kloot is a left handed card game made famous in the diaries of Jerome K. Jerome" – the rules of which are expounded in Jerome’s Three Men on the Bummel.

I Am Kloot (album)
I Am Kloot is the self-titled second album by English rock band I Am Kloot. Released in 2003, the album reached #68 on the UK Albums Chart and yielded four singles and one download-only single. The download-only single "Proof" had a music video created for it by Krishna Stott, featuring actor Christopher Eccleston, which never received its intended, full release. A demo of "Proof" originally appeared as a B-side to "Morning Rain" in 2001. The album contains an extra song, hidden in the pregap, called "Deep Blue Sea," also released as a B-side on the "Life in a Day" single.

The singles "Life in a Day" and "3 Feet Tall" charted on the UK Singles Chart at #43 and #46 respectively.

On 25 January 2005, I Am Kloot became the first album by I Am Kloot released in the United States. In March 2005, the band gave their first concert tour in this country.
Mappa mundi
A mappa mundi (Latin [ˈmappa ˈmʊndiː]; plural = mappae mundi; French: mappemonde; Middle English: mappemond) is any medieval European map of the world. Such maps range in size and complexity from simple schematic maps 25 millimetres (1 inch) or less across to elaborate wall maps, the largest of which to survive to modern times, the Ebstorf map, was around 3.5 m (11 ft 6 in) in diameter. The term derives from the Medieval Latin words mappa (cloth or chart) and mundus (world).

Around 1,100 mappae mundi are known to have survived from the Middle Ages. Of these, some 900 are found in illustrated manuscript books and the remainder exist as stand-alone documents.

Macrobius
Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius, usually referred to as Macrobius (fl. c. AD 400), was a Roman provincial who lived during the early fifth century, during late antiquity, the period of time corresponding to the Later Roman Empire, and when Latin was as widespread as Greek among the elite. He is primarily known for his writings, which include the widely copied and read Commentarii in Somnium Scipionis ("Commentary on the Dream of Scipio") about Somnium Scipionis, which was one of the most important sources for Neoplatonism in the Latin West during the Middle Ages; the Saturnalia, a compendium of ancient Roman religious and antiquarian lore;  and De differentiis et societatibus graeci latinique verbi ("On the Differences and Similarities of the Greek and Latin Verb"), which is now lost.
NUBPL
Iron-sulfur protein NUBPL (IND1) also known as nucleotide-binding protein-like (NUBPL), IND1 homolog, Nucleotide-binding protein-like or huInd1 is an iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein that, in humans, is encoded by the NUBPL gene, located on chromosome 14q12. It has an early role in the assembly of the mitochondrial complex I assembly pathway.

Chromosome 14
Chromosome 14 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 14 spans about 107 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents between 3 and 3.5% of the total DNA in cells.

The centromere of chromosome 14 is positioned approximately at position 17.2 Mbp.
1998 Klang Valley water crisis
3°15′00.3″N 101°46′05.5″E﻿ / ﻿3.250083°N 101.768194°E﻿ / 3.250083; 101.768194
The 1998 Klang Valley water crisis occurred in Malaysia in February 1998 when the three reservoir dams in Klang Valley, Klang Gates Dam, Batu Dam and Semenyih Dam suffered a substantial drop in water level following the El Niño phenomenon. The subsequent water shortage affected almost all the residents in the Klang Valley causing the government to impose water rationing prior to the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur.

The shortage was blamed on El Nino despite actual rainfall in the months leading up to February 1998 in Federal Territory 
not being significantly below average. In fact in November 1997, Klang Gates Dam had its highest recorded rainfall. Similarly in October 1997 the Kajang station not far from the Semenyih dam had its highest rainfall in record.

Klang Valley
2°40′54″N 101°39′41″E﻿ / ﻿2.68168°N 101.66127°E﻿ / 2.68168; 101.66127

Klang Valley (Malay: Lembah Klang) is an urban agglomeration in Malaysia centred on the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya, along with their surrounding cities and towns in the state of Selangor. It is part of the larger Greater Kuala Lumpur metropolitan area.

The Klang Valley is geographically defined by the Titiwangsa Mountains to the east and the Strait of Malacca to the west. It stretches to Rawang in the northwest, Semenyih in the southeast and Klang and Port Klang in the southwest. The conurbation forms the core of Malaysia's industrial and commercial activity. As of 2022, the Klang Valley is home to around 9 million people, nearly one third of Malaysia's total population of 32 million.
Glenn Morris Field House
Glenn Morris Field House, known as South College Gymnasium from 1926 to 2011, is a Colorado State University athletic building and former home venue of Colorado State Rams men's basketball. The building opened in 1926 and served as the school's basketball arena from 1926 until 1966 when the team moved to Moby Arena. Today, the building is still used as a practice facility for the university's track and field team.

Colorado State Rams men's basketball
The Colorado State Rams men's basketball team represents Colorado State University, located in Fort Collins, Colorado. The team plays their home games at Moby Arena and are members of the Mountain West Conference. The Rams have reached the NCAA tournament 13 times, most recently in 2025. Colorado State will be joining the Pac-12 for the 2026–27 season.
Hit Network
The Hit Network is an Australian commercial radio network owned and operated by Southern Cross Austereo. The network consists of 41 radio stations broadcasting a hot adult contemporary music format, as well as 6 digital radio stations.

B105 (Australian radio station)
B105 (call sign 4BBB) is a commercial FM radio station broadcasting in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, on a frequency of 105.3 MHz, and is part of Southern Cross Austereo's Hit Network. The station has undergone numerous branding changes over the years; it was branded as B105 following its conversion from AM to FM. This lasted until a co-branding as Hit 105.3 B105, then as Hit B105 (dropping the "B" shortly after) and finally back to B105 in July 2020.
Mana Sibu
Mana Sibu is one of the 180 Aanaas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Part of the West Welega Zone, Mana Sibu is bordered on the south by Jarso, on the southwest by Begi, on the north by the Benishangul-Gumuz Region, and on the southeast by Nejo. Mendi is the administrative center. Kiltu Kara woreda was part of Mana Sibu woreda.

Coffee is an important cash crop of this woreda. Over 50 square kilometers are planted with this crop.

Begi, Oromia
Begi is a woreda in Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Part of the West Welega Zone, Begi is bordered on the south by Kelem Welega Zone, on the west and north by the Benishangul-Gumuz Region, on the northeast by Mana Sibu, and on the east by Jarso. Towns in Begi include Begi, Kober, and Segno Gebeya. Kondala woreda was part of Begi woreda.

Coffee is an important cash crop of this woreda; over 50 square kilometers are planted with this crop.
Ferrera Erbognone
Ferrera Erbognone is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 45 km southwest of Milan and about 25 km southwest of Pavia. It is included in the lower Lomellina historical region, on the banks of the Erbognone stream, an affluent of the Agogna.

Ferrera Erbognone borders the following municipalities: Galliavola, Lomello, Mezzana Bigli, Ottobiano, Pieve del Cairo, Sannazzaro de' Burgondi, Scaldasole, Valeggio.

Galliavola
Galliavola is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 km southwest of Milan and about 30 km southwest of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 230 and an area of 8.5 km².

Galliavola borders the following municipalities: Ferrera Erbognone, Lomello, Pieve del Cairo, Villa Biscossi.
Murya, Russia
Murya (Russian: Мурья) is a rural locality (a selo), the administrative centre of and one of two settlements, in addition to Batamay, in Saldykelsky Rural Okrug of Lensky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia. It is located 18 kilometers (11 mi) from Lensk, the administrative center of the district. Its population as of the 2002 Census was 233.

Batamay, Lensky District, Sakha Republic
Batamay (Russian: Батамай) is a rural locality (a selo), one of two settlements, in addition to Murya, the administrative centre of the Rural Okrug, in Saldykelsky Rural Okrug of Lensky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia. It is located 36 kilometers (22 mi) from Lensk, the administrative center of the district. Its population as of the 2002 Census was 190.
Job Control Language
Job Control Language (JCL) is a programming language for scripting and launching  batch jobs on IBM mainframe computers. JCL code determines which programs to run, and with which files and devices for input and output. Parameters in the JCL can also provide accounting information for tracking the resources used by a job and can set which machine the job should run on.

There are two major variants based on host platform and associated lineage. One version is available on the platform lineage that starts with DOS/360 and has progressed to z/VSE. The other version starts with OS/360 and continues to z/OS which includes JES extensions, Job Entry Control Language (JECL). The variants share basic syntax and concepts but have significant differences. The VM operating system does not have JCL as such; the CP and CMS components each have command languages.

Generically, a job control language is any programming language for job control; not just the IBM mainframe one.

OS/360 and successors
OS/360, officially known as IBM System/360 Operating System, is a discontinued batch processing operating system developed by IBM for their then-new System/360 mainframe computer, announced in 1964; it was influenced by the earlier IBSYS/IBJOB and Input/Output Control System (IOCS) packages for the IBM 7090/7094 and even more so by the PR155 Operating System for the IBM 1410/7010 processors. It was one of the earliest operating systems to require the computer hardware to include at least one direct access storage device.

Although OS/360 itself was discontinued, successor operating systems, including the virtual storage MVS and the 64-bit z/OS, are still run as of 2023 and maintain application-level compatibility with OS/360.
Kevin Killian
Kevin Killian (December 24, 1952 – June 15, 2019) was an American poet, author, editor, and playwright, primarily of LGBT literature. My Vocabulary Did This to Me: The Collected Poetry of Jack Spicer, which he co-edited with Peter Gizzi, won the American Book Award for Poetry in 2009.

Killian was also co-founder of the Poets Theater, an influential poetry, stage, and performance group based in San Francisco, as well as the New Narrative movement in San Francisco, which included Bob Glück, Bruce Boone, Kathy Acker, Dennis Cooper, and others.

Bob Glück
Robert Glück (born 1947 in Cleveland, Ohio) is an American poet, fiction writer, artist, and co-founder of the New Narrative movement. In the 1980s in San Francisco, he co-founded the New Narrative movement with Bruce Boone and several others. His published poetry includes the book Reader (1989) and his published fiction work includes Jack the Modernist (1985), Margery Kempe (1994) and Denny Smith (2003), and essay collections such as Communal Nude (2016).

Glück was the director of San Francisco State’s Poetry Center as well as the co-director of the Small Press Traffic Literary Center, and associate editor at Lapis Press.
Te Rerenga
Te Rerenga is a locality on the Whangapoua Harbour, Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand. State Highway 25 runs through it. Coromandel is 12 km to the west. Whitianga lies to the south east. The Waitekuri and Opitonui Rivers flow from the Coromandel Range in the west and south through the area to drain in the Whangapoua Harbour.

Whangapoua Harbour
Whangapoua Harbour is a shallow natural harbour in the northeast of the Coromandel Peninsula.  It is located between Whangapoua in the north, Te Rerenga in the southwest, and Matarangi on the Omara Spit in the north separating it from the ocean. Two boat ramps and a jetty provide boat access into the harbour.
ISKCON guru system
An ISKCON guru is a person who is permitted to initiate disciples into the International Society for Krishna Consciousness system. The guru system has undergone several changes and reform since its beginnings in the 1960s. Upanayana as a traditional  "sacred thread ceremony" of the Gayatri Mantra, commonly known Hindu Samskara, is complemented by Pancharatra mantras of the Gaudiya Vaishnava sampradaya and follows the principal initial nama initiation ceremony, referred to respectively as brahmana diksa and Hari nama diksa.

Kirtanananda Swami
Kirtanananda Swami (IAST: Kīrtanānanda Svāmī; September 6, 1937 – October 24, 2011), also known as Swami Bhaktipada, was a Gaudiya Vaishnava guru, the co-founder of New Vrindaban, a Hare Krishna community in Marshall County, West Virginia, where he served as spiritual leader from 1968 until 1994, and a convicted criminal.

The first sannyasi in the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), he also served as an initiating guru in ISKCON from 1977 until his expulsion in 1987.
Ventersdorp
Ventersdorp is a town of about 4,200 people in Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality, North West Province, South Africa. It was the seat of the defunct Ventersdorp Local Municipality until 2016.

Ventersdorp is centrally located, making it easier to access more prominent urban towns such as Klerksdorp, Lichtenburg, Potchefstroom and Rustenburg. The township (or Location) of Tshing houses most of the town's blacks and coloureds. Tshing has a diamond mine nearby that was owned by a town councillor in the early 1990s. Tshing Location has one high school: Thuto Boswa High School. The smaller township Toevlug has Coloured residents, some of whom have attend the former whites-only Afrikaans High School after the end of Apartheid since 1995.

Klerksdorp
Klerksdorp (/ˈklɑːrksdɔːrp/ KLARKS-dorp) is located in the North West Province, South Africa. Klerksdorp is located 165 km (103 mi) southeast of Mahikeng, the provincial capital. Klerksdorp was also the first capital of the then Transvaal Republic and used to be the home of the first Stock Exchange in the region. It became an important trading town linking Kimberley to Johannesburg. It became home to a mix of farmers, miners and immigrants servicing the two industries. It was then located there because of availability of water and climate change.
Bates family
The Bates family is an American political and banking family from Maine and Massachusetts whose members include a member of the Hell Fire Club, the 26th U.S. Attorney General serving under Abraham Lincoln, the second Governor of Missouri, a member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Arkansas, and a textile tycoon who founded the Bates Manufacturing Company and Bates College in Lewiston, Maine. The family includes various merchants, politicians, inventors, clergymen, artists, and socialites.

The family is related to the political Gilbert family and indirectly to the Alden family, the first family on the Mayflower.

Frederick Bates (politician)
Frederick Bates (June 23, 1777 – August 4, 1825), was an American attorney and politician. He was elected in 1824 as the second governor of Missouri and died in office in 1825. Before that he had served as a justice of the Territorial Supreme Court for Michigan Territory, was appointed by Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of the Louisiana Territory and started to build his political base in St. Louis.
Slater (crater)
Slater is an impact crater near the south pole of the Moon.  Like nearby Shackleton, the floor of the crater is in nearly perpetual darkness.

The crater's name was adopted by the IAU in May 2015, after the American planetary scientist David Charles Slater.

Shackleton (crater)
Shackleton is an impact crater that lies at the lunar south pole. The peaks along the crater's rim are exposed to almost continual sunlight, while the interior is perpetually in shadow. The low-temperature interior of this crater functions as a cold trap that may capture and freeze volatiles shed during comet impacts on the Moon. Measurements by the Lunar Prospector spacecraft showed higher than normal amounts of hydrogen within the crater, which may indicate the presence of water ice. The crater is named after Antarctic explorer Ernest Shackleton.
Tlilapan
Tlilapan is a municipality located in the central zone in the Mexican state of Veracruz, about 85 kilometres (53 mi) from the state capital of Xalapa. It has an area of 23.85 square kilometres (9.21 sq mi). It is located at 18°48′N 97°06′W﻿ / ﻿18.800°N 97.100°W﻿ / 18.800; -97.100. The name comes from the Náhuatl language, meaning "Black creek ". The village has existed since the 16th century and, following national independence, and was designated a municipality along with Orizaba, San Andrés Tenejapan, San Francisco Necoxtla, and San Juan del Rio. The municipal cemetery was established in 1880 and, in 1916 the first Municipal President was named.

San Andrés Tenejapan
San Andrés Tenejapan is a municipality located in the montane central zone of the Mexican state of Veracruz, about 85 km from the state capital Xalapa. It has a surface of 24.68 km2. It is located at 18°47′N 97°06′W﻿ / ﻿18.783°N 97.100°W﻿ / 18.783; -97.100.
Actor model
The actor model in computer science is a mathematical model of concurrent computation that treats an actor as the basic building block of concurrent computation. In response to a message it receives, an actor can: make local decisions, create more actors, send more messages, and determine how to respond to the next message received. Actors may modify their own private state, but can only affect each other indirectly through messaging (removing the need for lock-based synchronization).

The actor model originated in 1973. It has been used both as a framework for a theoretical understanding of computation and as the theoretical basis for several practical implementations of concurrent systems. The relationship of the model to other work is discussed in actor model and process calculi.

Petri net
A Petri net, also known as a place/transition net (PT net), is one of several mathematical modeling languages for the description of distributed systems.  It is a class of discrete event dynamic system. A Petri net is a directed bipartite graph that has two types of elements: places and transitions. Place elements are depicted as white circles and transition elements are depicted as rectangles. 
A place can contain any number of tokens, depicted as black circles. A transition is enabled if all places connected to it as inputs contain at least one token.
Like industry standards such as UML activity diagrams, Business Process Model and Notation, and event-driven process chains, Petri nets offer a graphical notation for stepwise processes that include choice, iteration, and concurrent execution. Unlike these standards, Petri nets have an exact mathematical definition of their execution semantics, with a well-developed mathematical theory for process analysis.