hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Military academies in India
The Indian Defence services have established numerous academies and staff colleges across India for the purpose of training professional soldiers in military sciences, warfare, command and strategy, and associated technologies.

College of Defence Management
The College of Defence Management (CDM) is an Indian defence service training institution imparting management training to defence servants. CDM  is entrusted with the responsibility of instilling contemporary management thoughts, concepts and practices in the senior leadership of the three services.

It is an educational institute sponsored by India's Ministry of Defence, which provides scientific and management education to Indian Armed Forces officers. The institute, considered as the only exclusive college in Asia for defence management training to the Armed Forces, is run under the management of the Indian Armed Forces and is located in Sainikpuri in Secunderabad, in the recently formed Telangana State of India.
Peter Turchin
Peter Valentinovich Turchin (/ˈtɜːrtʃɪn/; born 22 May 1957) is a Russian-American scientist who specializes in an area of study he and his colleagues developed called cliodynamics—mathematical modeling and statistical analysis of the dynamics of historical societies.

Turchin is an emeritus professor at the University of Connecticut in the departments of ecology and evolutionary biology, anthropology, and mathematics. He is a project leader at the Complexity Science Hub Vienna and a research associate at the School of Anthropology of the University of Oxford.

He was editor-in-chief and remains a member of the editorial board at Cliodynamics: The Journal of Quantitative History and Cultural Evolution. Turchin is a founding director of the Seshat: Global History Databank. He was a director of the Evolution Institute. In 2021, he was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Jack Goldstone
Jack A. Goldstone (born September 30, 1953) is an American sociologist, political scientist, and historian, specializing in studies of social movements, revolutions, political demography, and the 'Rise of the West' in world history. He is an author or editor of 13 books and over 150 research articles. He is recognized as one of the leading authorities on revolutions and long-term social change.
Higashi Sankei Prefectural Natural Park
Higashi Sankei Prefectural Natural Park (東山渓県立自然公園, Higashi Sankei kenritsu shizen kōen) is a Prefectural Natural Park in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan. Established in 2005, the park spans the borders of the municipalities of Kamiyama, Katsuura, Naka, Sanagōchi, and Tokushima. The park encompasses Mount Nakatsumine (中津峰山) and the Hata Five Falls (八多五滝) as well as the temples of Kakurin-ji (鶴林寺) and Tairyū-ji (太龍寺), temples 20 and 21 on the Shikoku pilgrimage.

Katsuura, Tokushima
Katsuura (勝浦町, Katsuura-chō) is a town located in Katsuura District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan.  As of 30 June 2022, the town had an estimated population of 4,884 in 2159 households and a population density of 70 persons per km². The total area of the town is 69.85 square kilometres (26.97 sq mi).
Amuri–Ureia
Amuri–Ureia is a Cook Islands electoral division returning one member to the Cook Islands Parliament.  Its current representative is Toanui Isamaela, who has held the seat since 2010.

The electorate was created in 1981, when the Constitution Amendment (No. 9) Act 1980 adjusted electorate boundaries and split the electorate of Aitutaki into three. It originally consisted of the Tapere of Punoua, Anaunga, Punganui, Ureia, and Amuri on the island of Aitutaki, but has since been expanded to also include the Tapere of Taakarere, Vaitupa, and Vaipeka and the Motu of Akitua.

Aitutaki
Aitutaki, also traditionally known as Araʻura and Utataki, is the second most-populated island in the Cook Islands, after Rarotonga. It is an "almost atoll", with fifteen islets in a lagoon adjacent to the main island. Total land area is 18.05 km2 (6.97 sq mi), and the lagoon has an area of between 50 and 74 km2 (19 and 29 sq mi). A major tourist destination, Aitutaki is the second most visited island of the Cook Islands archipelago.

Aitutaki had a population of 1,782 in 2021. The main village is Arutanga (Arutunga) on the west side.
14 Nam Cheong Street
14 Nam Cheong Street (Chinese: 為群公寓) is a 6-storey building in Hong Kong completed in 1964. The building is a fourth-gen tong lau. It is a corner house.

The building is located in Sham Shui Po District in West Kowloon, at the junction of Nam Cheong Street and Boundary Street. It is busy with people and the units inside are very small.

Nam Cheong Street
Nam Cheong Street (Chinese: 南昌街) is a street in Shek Kip Mei and Sham Shui Po, Sham Shui Po District, Kowloon, Hong Kong. It begins in the north at Lung Ping Road and Yan Ping Road in Shek Kip Mei and terminates in the south at Tung Chau Street and Boundary Street in Sham Shui Po. At first, it was known as Nan Chang Street, and later Nanchang Street.
Keyport High School
Keyport High School is a four-year public high school in Keyport, in Monmouth County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, serving students in ninth through twelfth grades, operated as the lone secondary school of the Keyport Public Schools. Students from Union Beach attend the high school as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Union Beach School System. The existing three-story building was constructed in 1927.

As of the 2023–24 school year, the school had an enrollment of 375 students and 31.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.9:1. There were 175 students (46.7% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 33 (8.8% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

Keyport Public Schools
The Keyport Public Schools are a comprehensive community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade from Keyport, in Monmouth County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

As of the 2023–24 school year, the district, comprised of two schools, had an enrollment of 1,004 students and 100.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.0:1.

The district had been classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "CD", the sixth-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.

Students in public school for ninth through twelfth grades from Union Beach attend the district's high school as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Union Beach School System.
Diocese of Świdnica
The Diocese of Świdnica (Latin: Dioecesis Suidniciensis) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church located in the city of Świdnica in the ecclesiastical province of Wrocław in Poland. In 2013 about 28.7% of the dioceses population attended a church on Sundays regularly according to the church statistics.

Its St. Stanislaus and St. Wenceslaus Cathedral in Świdnica is listed as a Historic Monument of Poland.

Archdiocese of Wrocław
The Archdiocese of Wrocław (Polish: Archidiecezja wrocławska; German: Erzbistum Breslau; Czech: Arcidiecéze vratislavská; Latin: Archidioecesis Vratislaviensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church centered in the city of Wrocław in Poland. From its founding as a bishopric in 1000 until 1821, it was under the Archbishopric of Gniezno in Greater Poland. From 1821 to 1930 it was subjected directly to the Apostolic See. Between 1821 and 1972 it was officially known as (Arch)Diocese of Breslau.
Colony of Queensland
The Colony of Queensland was a colony of the British Empire from 1859 to 1901, when it became a State in the federal Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901. At its greatest extent, the colony included the present-day State of Queensland, the Territory of Papua and the Coral Sea Islands Territory.

Separation of Queensland
The Separation of Queensland was an event in 1859 in which the land that forms the present-day state of Queensland in Australia was excised from the Colony of New South Wales and proclaimed as a separate crown colony.
Joe Pyne
Joe Pyne (December 22, 1924 – March 23, 1970) was an American radio and television talk show host, who pioneered the confrontational style in which the host advocates a viewpoint and argues with guests and audience members. He was an influence on other major talk show hosts such as Rush Limbaugh, Morton Downey Jr., Bob Grant, and Michael Savage.

WVUE (Delaware)
WVUE (channel 12) was a television station licensed to Wilmington, Delaware, United States, which operated from 1949 to 1958. For the last part of its history, it attempted to target the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, market. The station's studios were located in Wilmington.
Hastings, New York
Hastings is a town in Oswego County, New York, United States. Its population was 9,450 at the 2010 census. It is named after Hastings Curtiss, a prominent citizen and member of the State Assembly in 1824.

It is on the county's southern border. U.S. Route 11 and Interstate 81 pass through it.

Oswego County, New York
Oswego County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 117,525. The county seat is Oswego. The county name is from a Mohawk-language word meaning 'the pouring out place', referring to the point at which the Oswego River feeds into Lake Ontario at the northern edge of the county in the city of Oswego. The county is part of the Central New York region of the state.

Oswego County is part of the Syracuse metropolitan area.
Louis-Alphonse Boyer
Louis-Alphonse Boyer (May 31, 1839 – May 29, 1916) was a Quebec merchant and political figure. He represented Maskinongé in the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal member from 1872 to 1878.

He was born in Montreal, the son of Louis Boyer and Aurélie Mignault, and was educated at the Chambly and Jesuit Colleges. Boyer was the head of a lumber firm and a director of the Royal Canadian Insurance Company and of Banque Ville Marie. He also served as mayor of St-Lambert. In 1865, he married Alphonsine Meilleur, the daughter of Jean-Baptiste Meilleur. Boyer ran unsuccessfully in the federal riding of Jacques Cartier in 1904. Boyer operated a model farm in St-Lambert. He was flour inspector for Montreal from 1878 to 1888.

His brother Arthur was a member of the Quebec assembly and the Canadian senate.

Louis Boyer (merchant)
Louis Boyer (November 30, 1795 – December 21, 1870) was a mason, merchant and land owner in Quebec. He also signed his surname as Boyer, dit Quintal.  Boyer Street (French: Rue Boyer) in Montreal is named after him.
Japp–Klingemann reaction
The Japp–Klingemann reaction is a chemical reaction used to synthesize hydrazones from β-keto-acids (or β-keto-esters) and aryl diazonium salts. The reaction is named after the chemists Francis Robert Japp and Felix Klingemann.

The hydrazone products of the Japp–Klingemann reaction are most often used as intermediates in syntheses of more complex organic molecules.  For example, a phenylhydrazone product can be heated in the presence of strong acid to produce an indole via the Fischer indole synthesis.

If there is a leaving group elsewhere in the Japp–Klingemann product, the hydrazone instead can cyclize at that site via a substitution reaction to give a pyrazole. This process is a key part of the synthesis of pyraclofos and related compounds:

Fischer indole synthesis
The Fischer indole synthesis is a chemical reaction that produces the aromatic heterocycle indole from a (substituted) phenylhydrazine and an aldehyde or ketone under acidic conditions. The reaction was discovered in 1883 by Emil Fischer. Today antimigraine drugs of the triptan class are often synthesized by this method.

This reaction can be catalyzed by Brønsted acids such as HCl, H2SO4, polyphosphoric acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid or Lewis acids such as boron trifluoride, zinc chloride, and aluminium chloride.

Several reviews have been published.
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators are a class of drugs that interact with S1P receptors, a family of G protein-coupled receptors involved in various physiological processes, particularly in the immune and nervous systems. These modulators have gained significant attention due to their ability to alter lymphocyte trafficking and potentially provide therapeutic benefits in autoimmune diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis (MS). The most well-known compound in this class is fingolimod (FTY720), which was the first oral disease-modifying therapy approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting MS.

These drugs have the ability to modulate the G-protein coupled S1P receptors. Drugs that modulate S1P1 receptors bind to those receptors in lymph nodes and prevent certain lymphoid immune cells from being excreted into the blood and reaching the central nervous system (CNS), leading to lymphopenia.

S1PR1
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P receptor 1 or S1PR1), also known as endothelial differentiation gene 1 (EDG1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the S1PR1 gene. S1PR1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor which binds the bioactive signaling molecule sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P).  S1PR1 belongs to a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor subfamily comprising five members (S1PR1-5). S1PR1 was originally identified as an abundant transcript in endothelial cells and it has an important role in regulating endothelial cell cytoskeletal structure, migration, capillary-like network formation and vascular maturation.  In addition, S1PR1 signaling is important in the regulation of lymphocyte maturation, migration and trafficking.
2025 BWF World Tour
The 2025 BWF World Tour (officially known as the 2025 HSBC BWF World Tour for sponsorship reasons) is the 8th season of the BWF World Tour of badminton, a circuit of 29 tournaments leading up to the World Tour Finals. The 30 tournaments are divided into five levels: Level 1, the World Tour Finals; Level 2, Super 1000 (4 tournaments); Level 3, Super 750 (6 tournaments); Level 4, Super 500 (9 tournaments); and Level 5, Super 300 (10 tournaments). Each of these tournaments offers different ranking points and prize money. The highest points and prize pools are offered at the Super 1000 level (including the World Tour Finals).

Another tournament category, the BWF Tour Super 100 (level 6), also offers BWF World Tour ranking points. This category also serves as an important pathway and entry point for players to the BWF World Tour. BWF has announced that there will be ten tournaments for the BWF Tour Super 100 in 2025.

2025 BWF World Tour Finals
The 2025 BWF World Tour Finals (officially was the HSBC BWF World Tour Finals 2025 for sponsorship reasons) was the final tournament of the 2025 BWF World Tour. It has been held from 17 to 21 December 2025 in Hangzhou, China and features a total prize pool of $3,000,000.
Code of Service Discipline
The Code of Service Discipline (CSD) is the basis of the Canadian Forces military justice system. The CSD is designed to assist military commanders in maintaining discipline, efficiency, and morale within the Canadian Forces (CF). It is found in Part III of the National Defence Act. The CSD:

sets out who is subject to the military justice system

establishes service offences for which a person can be charged

establishes who has the authority to arrest and hold CF members in custody

establishes service tribunals and their jurisdiction to conduct trials of persons charged with service offences

establishes processes for the review and appeal of findings and sentence after trial

Military justice
Military justice (or military law) is the body of laws and procedures governing members of the armed forces. Many nation-states have separate and distinct bodies of law that govern the conduct of members of their armed forces.  Some states use special judicial and other arrangements to enforce those laws, while others use civilian judicial systems.  Legal issues unique to military justice include the preservation of good order and discipline, the legality of orders, and appropriate conduct for members of the military. Some states enable their military justice systems to deal with civil offenses committed by their armed forces in some circumstances.

Military justice is distinct from martial law, which is the imposition of military authority on a civilian population as a substitute for civil authority, and is often declared in times of emergency, war, or civil unrest. Most countries restrict when and in what manner martial law may be declared and enforced.
Sir Francis Fletcher-Vane, 5th Baronet
Sir Francis Patrick Fletcher-Vane, 5th Baronet FRGS (16 October 1861 – 10 June 1934) was an Irish-born British Army officer and baronet.  Francis became the 5th Baronet of Hutton on the death in 1908 of his first cousin, Sir Henry Ralph Fletcher-Vane, 4th Baronet.

Fletcher-Vane was an early aide of Robert Baden-Powell and was the Scout Commissioner of London before Baden-Powell ousted him from his Baden-Powell Boy Scouts organisation. Fletcher-Vane later founded the Order of World Scouts, the earliest multinational scouting organisation, and is counted one of the founders of scouting in Italy.

As an army officer, he helped expose the murder of several innocent civilians by an officer under his command during the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin.

Scouting in Greater London
Scouting in the region of Greater London is largely represented by The Scout Association of the United Kingdom and some Groups of traditional Scouting including the Baden-Powell Scouts' Association.

The Scout Association has defined Greater London as a Scout Region with a Regional Commissioner, Richard Williams.

The Greater London Scout Region web site is londonscouts.net

There is a single member of the national Student Scout and Guide Organisation (SSAGO) covering all the universities in Greater London.
Office of the Auditor General (Myanmar)
The Office of the Auditor General (Burmese: ပြည်ထောင်စုစာရင်းစစ်ချုပ်ရုံး; abbreviated OAG) is an independent government body that serves as the auditor of the Government of Myanmar (Burma). The Office of the Auditor General is currently held by Tin Oo.

Myanmar Accountancy Council
The Myanmar Accountancy Council (Burmese: မြန်မာနိုင်ငံစာရင်းကောင်စီ; abbreviated MAC) is the national professional accounting body of Burma (Myanmar). MAC began as the Burma Accountancy Council (BAC), which was enacted by the Revolutionary Council's 1972 Burma Accountancy Law (1972) on 12 January 1972. On 8 March 1994, the State Law and Order Restoration Council replaced the Accounting Law, which established an Office of the Auditor General of the Union (OAG) that acts as the Secretariat of the Myanmar Accountancy Council . MAC is the nation's conferring body for accountancy practice and licenses, including the Certified Public Accountant and Diploma in Accounting.
Magas Airport
Sulom-Bek Oskanov Magas International Airport (Ingush: Сулумбик Осканаькъан Магас Аьрсий-пачхьалкх Баьрг-ий, Russian: Международный аэропорт «Магас» им. С.С. Осканова), also known as Sleptsovskaya Airport is an airport in the Republic of Ingushetia near Sunzha, serving the capital city of Magas and the largest regional city of Nazran. The name comes from the medieval capital of Alania. The name is translated from Ingush as a Sun City. Prior to 1992, Magas Airport was a Soviet military air base. It is sometimes referred to as Magas Oskanov Airport, in honour of Soviet General and MiG-29 pilot Sulom-Bek Oskanov.

Magas, Russia
Magas (Russian and Ingush: Магас) is the capital town of Ingushetia, Russia. It was founded in 1995 and replaced Nazran as the capital of the republic in 2002. Due to this distinction, Magas is the smallest capital of a federal subject in Russia. In 2019, it had a population of 8,771 inhabitants, up from 5,841 in 2010 and 272 in 2002.
Hanānā
Hanānā or khnana (Classical Syriac: ܚܢܢܐ, lit. 'pity'  or 'compassion'; Latin: pulvis, ex exuviis) is dust collected from the burial site of a Christian saint or martyr for veneration or consumption. In the East Syriac Rite liturgies of Nestorian Christianity and successor denominations such as the Assyrian Church of the East, hanānā is used in both the anointing of the sick and Mystery of Crowning. Among Assyrian, Ethiopian, and early Latin Christians, the dust of holy persons was associated with healing powers.

Dust
Dust is made of fine particles of solid matter. On Earth, it generally consists of particles in the atmosphere that come from various sources such as soil lifted by wind (an aeolian process), volcanic eruptions, and pollution.

Dust in homes is composed of about 20–50% dead skin cells. The rest, and in offices and other built environments, is composed of small amounts of plant pollen, human hairs, animal fur, textile fibers, paper fibers, minerals from outdoor soil, burnt meteorite particles, and many other materials which may be found in the local environment.
Lammermuir (1864 clipper)
Lammermuir was an extreme clipper ship built in 1864 by Pile, Spence and Company of West Hartlepool for John "Jock" "White Hat" Willis & Son, London. She was the second ship to bear the name. The first Lammermuir had been the favorite ship of John Willis, and was wrecked in the Gaspar Strait in 1863.

OMF International
OMF International (formerly Overseas Missionary Fellowship and before 1964 the China Inland Mission) is an international and interdenominational Evangelical Christian missionary society with an international centre in Singapore. It was founded in Britain by Hudson Taylor on 25 June 1865.
Bowie County, Texas
Bowie County (/ˈbuːi/ BOO-ee) is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. Its legal county seat is Boston, though its courthouse is located in New Boston. As of the 2020 census, the population was 92,893. Bowie County is part of the Texarkana metropolitan statistical area. The county is named for James Bowie, the legendary knife fighter who died at the Battle of the Alamo.

Cass County, Texas
Cass County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 28,454. The county seat is Linden. The county was named for Lewis Cass, a United States Senator representing Michigan who favored the U.S. annexation of Texas in the mid-19th century.
Sullivan County, Pennsylvania
Sullivan County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 5,840, making it the second-least populous county in Pennsylvania. Its county seat is Laporte. The county was created on March 15, 1847, from part of Lycoming County and named for Major General John Sullivan. The county is part of the Northeast Pennsylvania region of the state.

Northeastern Pennsylvania
Northeastern Pennsylvania (NEPA or Nepa; sometimes pronounced /ˈniːpɑː/ NEE-pah) is a region of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania that includes the Pocono Mountains, and the industrial cities of Scranton (the area's largest city), Wilkes-Barre, Pittston, Hazleton, Nanticoke, and Carbondale. A portion of this region is located in the New York City metropolitan area. Recently, Pennsylvania tourism boards have described Northeastern Pennsylvania as Upstate Pennsylvania.

Unlike most other parts of the Rust Belt, some of the communities are experiencing a modest population increase, and others, including Monroe and Pike counties, rank among the state's fastest growing counties.

Northeastern Pennsylvania borders the Pennsylvania Wilds to the west, the New York State Southern Tier and Hudson Valley regions to the north and northeast, Sussex and Warren counties in New Jersey to the east, and the Lehigh Valley to the south.