hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sharpe ratio
In finance, the Sharpe ratio (also known as the Sharpe index, the Sharpe measure, and the reward-to-variability ratio) measures the performance of an investment such as a security or portfolio compared to a risk-free asset, after adjusting for its risk. It is defined as the difference between the returns of the investment and the risk-free return, divided by the standard deviation of the investment returns. It represents the additional amount of return that an investor receives per unit of increase in risk.

It was named after William F. Sharpe, who developed it in 1966.

Kelly criterion
In probability theory, the Kelly criterion (or Kelly strategy or Kelly bet) is a formula for sizing a sequence of bets by maximizing the long-term expected value of the logarithm of wealth, which is equivalent to maximizing the long-term expected geometric growth rate.  John Larry Kelly Jr., a researcher at Bell Labs, described the criterion in 1956.

The practical use of the formula has been demonstrated for gambling, and the same idea was used to explain diversification in investment management. In the 2000s, Kelly-style analysis became a part of mainstream investment theory and the claim has been made that well-known, successful investors including Warren Buffett and Bill Gross use Kelly methods (also see intertemporal portfolio choice). It is also the standard replacement of statistical power in anytime-valid statistical tests and confidence intervals, based on e-values and e-processes.
Slobozhan kobzars
The kobzari of the Slobozhan bandura tradition were kobzari who lived in Sloboda Ukraine around the city of Kharkiv, Ukraine. They include Petro Drevchenko, Pavlo Hashchenko, Hnat Honcharenko, Horobetz, F. Hrytsenko-Kholodny, Hryhory Kozhushko, Ivan Kuchuhura Kucherenko, Ivan Netesa, Odnorih, Stepan Pasiuha, Mykola Ryhorenko and P. Trotchenko.

The traditions and playing technique used by the Slobozhan bandurists became the basis for the academic Kharkiv school of bandura playing developed by Hnat Khotkevych.

Kobzar
A kobzar (Ukrainian: кобзар [kobˈzɑr] ⓘ; pl. кобзарі, kobzari) was an itinerant Ukrainian bard who sang to his own accompaniment. The professional kobzar tradition was established in Ukraine during the Cossack Era around the 16th century.  Kobzari were often blind and became predominantly so by the 1800s.  The word kobzar literally means 'player of kobza', a Ukrainian stringed instrument of the lute family. More broadly, the term is given for a performer of the musical material associated with the kobzar tradition.
P-TEFb
The positive transcription elongation factor, P-TEFb, is a multiprotein complex that plays an essential role in the regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) in eukaryotes. Immediately following initiation Pol II becomes trapped in promoter proximal paused positions on the majority of human genes (Figure 1). P-TEFb is a cyclin dependent kinase that can phosphorylate the DRB sensitivity inducing factor (DSIF) and negative elongation factor (NELF), as well as the carboxyl terminal domain of the large subunit of Pol II and this causes the transition into productive elongation leading to the synthesis of mRNAs. P-TEFb is regulated in part by a reversible association with the 7SK snRNP. Treatment of cells with the P-TEFb inhibitors DRB or flavopidirol leads to loss of mRNA production and ultimately cell death.

5,6-Dichloro-1-β-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole
5,6-Dichloro-1-β-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) is a chemical compound that inhibits transcription elongation by RNA Polymerase II.  Sensitivity to DRB is dependent on DRB sensitivity inducing factor (DSIF), negative elongation factor (NELF), and positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb).  DRB is a nucleoside analog and also inhibits some protein kinases.
Nassagaweya, West End
Nassagaweya is a heritage-listed detached house at 37 Gray Road, West End, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Arthur Morry and built c. 1885. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

West End, Queensland
West End is an inner southern suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, West End had a population of 14,730 people.

The Aboriginal name for the area is Kurilpa, which means place of the water rat.
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Armagh
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Armagh (Latin: "Archidioecesis Ardmachana"; Irish: "Ard-Deoise Ard Mhacha") is a Latin ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Catholic Church situated in Northern Ireland. Its ordinary is the Archbishop of Armagh, who serves concurrently as the metropolitan of the ecclesiastical province of Armagh and holds the title of Primate of All Ireland, the highest-ranking prelate in the Irish Catholic hierarchy.

The mother church of the archdiocese is St Patrick's Cathedral, a site of profound historical and spiritual significance. The archdiocese’s claim to primatial status is rooted in its founding by Saint Patrick circa 445, establishing it as the principal see of Irish Christianity. Its recognition as a metropolitan province was formalized in 1152 by the Synod of Kells, affirming its ecclesial preeminence.

The current archbishop, Eamon Martin, has held office since 2024. He is assisted by auxiliary bishop Michael Router, appointed in 2019.

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly
The Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly (Irish: Ard-Deoise Chaisil agus Imligh) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church located in mid-western Ireland, and the metropolis of the eponymous ecclesiastical province. The cathedral church of the archdiocese is the Cathedral of the Assumption in Thurles, County Tipperary. The incumbent archbishop, as of 2024, is Kieran O'Reilly.
Dalkey Atmospheric Railway
The Dalkey Atmospheric Railway (unofficial opening 19 August 1843, official opening 29 March 1844 – 12 April 1854) was an extension of the Dublin and Kingstown Railway (D&KR) to Atmospheric Road in Dalkey, County Dublin, Ireland. It used part of the Dalkey Quarry industrial tramway, which was earlier used for the construction of Kingstown (Dún Laoghaire) Harbour.  It was the first commercial atmospheric railway in the world.

Dalkey
Dalkey (/ˈdɔːki/ DAW-kee; Irish: Deilginis, meaning 'thorn island') is a suburban town in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown county southeast of Dublin, Ireland. It was founded as a Viking settlement and became a port in the Middle Ages. According to chronicler John Clyn (c.1286–c.1349), it was one of the ports through which the plague entered Ireland in the mid-14th century. Dalkey lies within a townland and civil parish of the same name, in the barony of Rathdown.

One of Dublin's wealthiest districts, it has been home to writers, artists, and celebrities, including George Bernard Shaw, Jane Emily Herbert, Julius Olsson, Maeve Binchy, Robert Fisk, and Hugh Leonard.
Portland Hotel
The Portland Hotel (or Hotel Portland) was a late-19th-century hotel in Portland, Oregon, United States, that once occupied the city block on which Pioneer Courthouse Square now stands. It closed in 1951 after 61 years of operation.

William S. Ladd
William Sargent Ladd (October 10, 1826 – January 6, 1893) was an American politician and businessman in Oregon. He twice served as the mayor of Portland, Oregon, in the 1850s. A native of Vermont, he was a prominent figure in the early development of Portland, and co-founded the first bank in the state in 1859. Ladd also built the first brick building in Portland and was a noted philanthropist. Part of his former estate, the Ladd Carriage House, is on the National Register of Historic Places.
Universal football
Universal football was the name given to a proposed hybrid sport of Australian rules football and rugby league, proposed at different times between 1908 and 1933 as a potential national football code to be played throughout Australia and New Zealand. The game was trialled, but was never otherwise played in any regular competition.

Australian National Football Council
The Australian National Football Council (ANFC) was the national governing body for Australian rules football in Australia from 1906 until 1995. The council was a body of delegates representing each of the principal leagues which controlled the sport in their respective regions. The council was the owner of the laws of the game and managed interstate administrative and football matters. Its function was superseded by the Australian Football League Limited (AFL).

The council underwent several name changes during its existence, and at different times it was also known as: the Australasian Football Council (1906–1919), the Australian Football Council (1920–1927 and 1973–1975), the National Football League (NFL) (1975–1989) and the National Australian Football Council (NAFC) (1989–1995).
Saint Thomas Academy
Saint Thomas Academy (abbr. STA), originally known as St. Thomas Aquinas Seminary and formerly known as St. Thomas Military Academy, is an all-male, Catholic military high school in Mendota Heights, Minnesota. The academy has a middle school (grades 6–8) and a high school (grades 9–12). The high school students are required to participate in military leadership classes, as the school was previously part of Army JROTC. Its sister school, Convent of the Visitation, is located across the street. Many classes and after-school activities involve both schools. It is located within the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis.

Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis
The Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis (Latin: Archidiœcesis Paulopolitana et Minneapolitana) is a diocese of the Catholic Church in the state of Minnesota in the United States. The archbishop has both a cathedral and co-cathedral:

The mother church is the Cathedral of Saint Paul in Saint Paul

The co-cathedral is the Basilica of Saint Mary in Minneapolis
Aghavnavank Monastery
Aghavnavank Monastery (Armenian: Աղավնավանք, also Anapat St. Astvatsatsin, Aghnabat) is a 12th–13th century monastic complex at Dilijan National Park on the outskirts of Aghavnavank village of the Tavush Province of Armenia.

Dilijan National Park
Dilijan National Park (Armenian: Դիլիջան ազգային պարկ, romanized: Dilijan azgayin park) is one of the four national parks of Armenia. Occupying an area of 240 km², it is located in the north-eastern Tavush Province of Armenia. It is known for its forest landscapes, rich biodiversity, medicinal mineral water springs, natural and cultural monuments, and extensive network of hiking trails.
Elisha in Islam
Alyasa (Arabic: اليسع, romanized: Alyasaʿ) in Islam is a prophet of God who was sent to guide the Children of Israel (Jacob). In the Quran, Alyasa is mentioned twice as a noble prophet, and is mentioned both times alongside fellow prophets. He is honored by Muslims as the prophetic successor to Ilyas (Elijah). Islamic sources that identify Elisha with Khidr cite the strong relationship between Khidr and Ilyas in Islamic tradition.

Elijah in Islam
Ilyās (Arabic: إلياس) in Islam was a prophet of God who was sent to guide the Israelites. He was given the prophetic mission to prevent people from worshipping idols. Ilyas is the prophetic predecessor to Alyasa. Some Islamic scholars believe, that Ilyas is from the progeny of Harun (Aaron).
Clifford Lynch
Clifford Alan Lynch (December 31, 1954 – April 10, 2025) was an American computer scientist and director of the Coalition for Networked Information (CNI) from 1997 to his death. He was also an adjunct professor at the UC Berkeley School of Information.

Coalition for Networked Information
The Coalition for Networked Information (CNI) is an organization whose mission is to promote networked information technology as a way to further the advancement of intellectual collaboration and productivity.
Freeway (song)
"Freeway" is a 1952 jazz song composed by Chet Baker and recorded with the Gerry Mulligan Quartet. The song was released as part of an LP album and an EP single in the U.S. and a 45 single in the UK and France in 1952.

Chet Baker
Chesney Henry "Chet" Baker Jr. (December 23, 1929 – May 13, 1988) was an American jazz trumpeter and vocalist. He is known for major innovations in cool jazz that led him to be nicknamed the "Prince of Cool".

Baker earned much attention and critical praise through the 1950s, particularly for albums featuring his vocals: Chet Baker Sings (1954) and It Could Happen to You (1958). Jazz historian Dave Gelly described the promise of Baker's early career as "James Dean, Sinatra, and Bix, rolled into one". His well-publicized drug habit also drove his notoriety and fame. Baker was in and out of jail frequently before enjoying a career resurgence in the late 1970s and 1980s.
National Register of Historic Places listings in Lipscomb County, Texas
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Lipscomb County, Texas.

This is intended to be a complete list of properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Lipscomb County, Texas. There is one property listed on the National Register in the county. This property is also a State Antiquities Landmark and a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted March 21, 2025.

Lipscomb County, Texas
Lipscomb County (/ˈlɪpskəm/ LIP-skəm) is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 3,059. Its county seat is Lipscomb. The county was created in 1876 and organized in 1887. It is named for Judge Abner Smith Lipscomb, a secretary of state of the Republic of Texas.
Ace (Doctor Who)
Ace is a fictional character played by Sophie Aldred in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. A 20th-century Earth teenager from the London suburb of Perivale, she is a companion of the Seventh Doctor and was a regular in the series from 1987 to 1989 and returned in 2022. She is considered one of the Doctor's most popular companions.

Ace appeared in ten stories (32 episodes), and was the final companion in the original run of the classic series.

Doctor Who script editor Andrew Cartmel said that the character was written to be a "fighter and not a screamer". In the television series Ace reveals that her real given name is Dorothy. Her family name is never explicitly stated in the series but spin-off media refer to her as Dorothy Gale, Dorothy McShane and Dorothy Gale McShane.

Ghost Light (Doctor Who)
Ghost Light is the second serial of the 26th season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in three weekly parts on BBC1 from 4 to 18 October 1989.

Set in a mansion house in Perivale in 1883, Josiah Smith (Ian Hogg), a cataloguer of life forms from another planet, seeks to assassinate Queen Victoria and take over the British Empire.
Kerala State Film Award for Best Lyricist
The Kerala State Film Award for Best Lyricist is an honour, begun in 1969, presented annually at the Kerala State Film Awards of India to a lyricist for best lyrics in a Malayalam film. Until 1997, the awards were managed directly by the Department of Information and Public Relations of the Government of Kerala. Since 1998, the awards have been constituted by the Kerala State Chalachitra Academy, an autonomous, non-profit institution functioning under the Department of Cultural Affairs (Kerala). The awardees are decided by an independent jury constituted every year by the government. They are announced by the Minister for Cultural Affairs and are presented by the Chief Minister.The first Kerala State film Awards ceremony was held in 1970 with Vayalar Ramavarma receiving the award for Nadhi and Kadalpalam (1969). O. N. V. Kurup is the most honoured lyricist with 14 awards, followed by  Gireesh Puthenchery with seven.

Kerala State Film Awards
The Kerala State Film Awards  are the film awards for a motion picture made in Kerala. The awards were begun in 1969 by the Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala and since 1998 the awards have been bestowed by Kerala State Chalachitra Academy on behalf of the Department of Cultural Affairs.

The awardees are decided by an independent jury formed by the academy and the Department of Cultural Affairs, Kerala. The jury usually consists of eminent personalities from the film field. For the awards for literature on cinema a separate jury is formed. The academy annually invites films for the award and the jury analyses the films that are submitted before deciding the winners. The awards intend to promote films with artistic values and encourage artists, technicians and producers. The awards are declared by the Minister for Cultural Affairs and are presented by the Chief Minister of Kerala.
Pencil (geometry)
In geometry, a pencil is a family of geometric objects with a common property, for example the set of lines that pass through a given point in a plane, or the set of circles that pass through two given points in a plane.

Although the definition of a pencil is rather vague, the common characteristic is that the pencil is defined by a parameter whose value can be determined from any two of its members.  To emphasize the two-dimensional nature of such a pencil, it is sometimes referred to as a flat pencil.

Any geometric object can be used in a pencil. The common ones are lines, planes, circles, conics, spheres, and general curves. Even points can be used. A pencil of points is the set of all points on a given line. A more common term for this set is a range of points.

G. B. Halsted
George Bruce Halsted (November 25, 1853 – March 16, 1922), usually cited as G. B. Halsted, was an American mathematician who explored foundations of geometry and introduced non-Euclidean geometry into the United States through his translations of works by Bolyai, Lobachevski, Saccheri, and Poincaré. He wrote an elementary geometry text, Rational Geometry, based on Hilbert's axioms, which was translated into French, German, and Japanese. Halsted produced original works in synthetic geometry, first with an elementary text in 1896, and with a text on synthetic projective geometry in 1906.
PHD finger
The PHD finger was discovered in 1993 as a Cys4-His-Cys3 motif in the plant homeodomain (hence PHD) proteins HAT3.1 in Arabidopsis and maize ZmHox1a. 
The PHD zinc finger motif resembles the metal binding RING domain (Cys3-His-Cys4) and FYVE domain. It occurs as a single finger, but often in clusters of two or three, and it also occurs together with other domains, such as the chromodomain and the bromodomain.

FYVE domain
In molecular biology the FYVE zinc finger domain is named after the four cysteine-rich proteins: Fab 1 (yeast orthologue of PIKfyve), YOTB, Vac 1 (vesicle transport protein), and EEA1, in which it has been found. FYVE domains bind phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, in a way dependent on its metal ion coordination and basic amino acids. The FYVE domain inserts into cell membranes in a pH-dependent manner. The FYVE domain has been connected to vacuolar protein sorting and endosome function.

The human genome encodes about 30 FYVE-domain proteins.
Reader, Arkansas
Reader is an unincorporated census-designated place in Nevada and Ouachita counties in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2010 census, its population is 66. Per the 2020 census, the population was 40.

The Nevada County portion of Reader is part of the Hope Micropolitan Statistical Area, while the Ouachita County portion is part of the Camden Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Hope micropolitan area, Arkansas
The Hope Micropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of two counties in the U.S. state of Arkansas, anchored by the city of Hope.

As of the 2010 census, the μSA had a population of 31,606 (though a 2016 estimate placed the population at 30,372).
Ceres (mythology)
In ancient Roman religion, Ceres (/ˈsɪəriːz/ SEER-eez, Latin: [ˈkɛreːs]) was a goddess of agriculture, grain crops, fertility and motherly relationships. She was originally the central deity in Rome's so-called plebeian or Aventine Triad, then was paired with her daughter Proserpina in what Romans described as "the Greek rites of Ceres". Her seven-day April festival of Cerealia included the popular Ludi Ceriales (Ceres's games). She was also honoured in the May lustration (lustratio) of the fields at the Ambarvalia festival: at harvesttime, and during Roman marriages and funeral rites. She is usually depicted as a mature woman.

Ceres is the only one of Rome's many agricultural deities to be listed among the Dii Consentes, Rome's equivalent to the Twelve Olympians of Greek mythology. The Romans saw her as the counterpart of the Greek goddess Demeter, whose mythology was reinterpreted for Ceres in Roman art and literature.

Enna
Enna (Italian pronunciation: [ˈɛnna] ⓘ or [ˈenna]; Ancient Greek: Ἔννα; Latin: Henna, less frequently Haenna), known from the Middle Ages until 1926 as Castrogiovanni (Sicilian: Castrugiuvanni [ˌkaʂʂ(ɽ)ʊddʒʊˈvannɪ]), is a city and comune located roughly at the center of Sicily, southern Italy, in the province of Enna, towering above the surrounding countryside. It has earned the nicknames belvedere (panoramic viewpoint) and ombelico ('navel') of Sicily. It has about 25,000 inhabitants.

At 931 m (3,054 ft) above sea level, Enna is the highest Italian provincial capital.
Novosibirsk Zoo
The Novosibirsk Zoo named after Rostislav Alexandrovich Shilo (Russian: Новосибирский зоопарк имени Ростислава Александровича Шило, romanized: Novosibirsky zoopark imeni Rostislava Aleksandrovicha Shilo) is a scientific institution as well as a tourist attraction. The zoo has around 11,000 animals representing 738 species and is an active participant in thirty-two different captive breeding programmes for endangered species. On average, over 1,500,000 people visit the zoo each year.

Tygerberg Zoo
Tygerberg Zoo was a 24-hectare (59-acre) zoo near Stellenbosch, South Africa, which was the only zoo in the Western Cape province and the closest to Cape Town. Established in 1979, it was privately run, operated for 33 years, and closed in 2012. It was "once a major tourist attraction and a hot spot for school educational outings" according to Cape Times coverage of its closure. Featured animals included chimpanzees and tigers, lions, and cheetahs. The zoo had 160 bird species and 63 reptile species, and "specialised in breeding rare and endangered animals."

The zoo was notable for its breeding successes, including the 1998 birth of "the world's tiniest tortoise", a baby Namaqua speckled.
Maude Edwards
Maude Edwards was a Scottish feminist and suffragette. She was imprisoned in Perth Prison in 1914 for slashing John Lavery’s portrait of King George V hanging in the Royal Scottish Academy in Edinburgh. She was force-fed in prison despite having a heart condition.

Arabella Scott
Arabella Scott (7 May 1886 – 27 August 1980) was a Scottish teacher, suffragette hunger striker and women's rights campaigner. As a member of the Women's Freedom League (WFL) she took a petition to Downing Street in July 1909. She subsequently adopted more militant tactics with the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). She was one of a group who attempted arson at Kelso racecourse in May 1913. She was arrested many times and went on hunger strikes when she was sent to jail. Whilst in Perth Prison in 1914, she was force-fed for an extraordinarily long time under the supervision of Dr Hugh Ferguson Watson, the only prison doctor in Scotland prepared to use this method. She was released under the controversial Cat and Mouse Act. WSPU activism ceased when the First World War began and Scott became a field nurse, later she married emigrated to Australia. She wrote about her experiences in her autobiography A Murky Past.