hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Georgian–Seljuk wars
The Georgian–Seljuk wars (Georgian: საქართველო-სელჩუკთა ომები, romanized: sakartvelo-selchuk'ta omebi), also known as Georgian Crusade, is a long series of battles and military clashes that took place from 1064 until 1213, between the Kingdom of Georgia and the different Seljukid states that occupied most of South Caucasus. The conflict is preceded by deadly raids in the Caucasus by the Turks in the 11th century, known in Georgian historiography as the Great Turkish Invasion.

Battle of Didgori
The Battle of Didgori (Georgian: დიდგორის ბრძოლა, romanized: didgoris brdzola) was fought between the armies of the Kingdom of Georgia and the Seljuk Empire at the narrow place of Didgori, 40 km west of Tbilisi, on August 12, 1121. The large Muslim army, under the command of Ilghazi, was unable to maneuver and suffered a devastating defeat due to King David IV's effective military tactics.

The battle at Didgori was the culmination of the entire Georgian–Seljuk wars and led to the Georgians' reconquest of Tbilisi in 1122. Soon after that David moved the capital from Kutaisi to Tbilisi. The victory at Didgori inaugurated the medieval Georgian Golden Age and is celebrated in The Georgian Chronicles as a (Georgian: ძლევაჲ საკვირველი dzlevay sak'virveli lit. 'miraculous victory'). Modern Georgians continue to remember the event as an annual August 12 festival known as Didgoroba ('[the day] of Didgori').
San Felipe Pueblo, New Mexico
San Felipe Pueblo (Eastern Keres: Katishtya, Navajo Tsédááʼkin) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sandoval County, New Mexico, United States, and is located 10 miles (16 km) north of Bernalillo. As of the 2000 census, the CDP population was 2,080. It is part of the Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Albuquerque metropolitan area
The Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area, sometimes referred to as Tiguex (named after the Southern Tiwa), is a metropolitan area in central New Mexico centered on the city of Albuquerque. The metro comprises four counties: Bernalillo, Sandoval, Torrance, and Valencia. As of the 2010 United States census, the MSA had a population of 887,077. The population is estimated to be 923,630 as of July 1, 2020, making Greater Albuquerque the 61st-largest MSA in the nation. The Albuquerque MSA forms a part of the larger Albuquerque–Santa Fe–Los Alamos combined statistical area with a 2020 estimated population of 1,165,181, ranked  49th-largest in the country.
VNI
VNI Software Company is a developer of various education, entertainment, office, and utility software packages. They are known for developing an encoding (VNI encoding) and a popular input method (VNI Input) for Vietnamese on for computers.

VNI is often available on computer systems to type Vietnamese, alongside TELEX input method as well. The most common pairing is the use of VNI on keyboard and computers, whilst TELEX is more common on phones or touchscreens.

VPSKeys
VPSKeys is a freeware input method editor developed and distributed by the Vietnamese Professionals Society (VPS). One of the first input method editors for Vietnamese, it allows users to add accent marks to Vietnamese text on computers running Microsoft Windows. The first version of VPSKeys, supporting Windows 3.1, was released in 1993. The most recent version is 4.3, released in October 2007.
Zermelo set theory
Zermelo set theory (sometimes denoted by Z-), as set out in a seminal paper in 1908  by Ernst Zermelo, is the ancestor of modern Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZF) and its extensions, such as von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory (NBG).  It bears certain differences from its descendants, which are not always understood, and are frequently misquoted.  This article sets out the original axioms, with the original text (translated into English) and original numbering.

Axiom of empty set
In axiomatic set theory, the axiom of empty set, also called the axiom of null set and the axiom of existence, is a statement that asserts the existence of a set with no elements. It is an axiom of Kripke–Platek set theory and the variant of general set theory that Burgess (2005) calls "ST," and a demonstrable truth in Zermelo set theory and Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, with or without the axiom of choice.
Polignac family
The House of Polignac is an ancient and historically powerful French noble family that took its name from the château de Polignac, of which they had been sieurs since Carolingian times. Agnatically, the ruling family of Monaco represents a cadet, junior branch of the House of Polignac.

Jules de Polignac, 1st Duke of Polignac
Jules de Polignac, 1st Duke of Polignac (Armand Jules François; 7 June 1746 – 21 September 1817) was a French nobleman and the husband of Yolande de Polastron, a confidante of  Marie Antoinette. He became the first Duke of Polignac in 1780. He died at the age of 71 in Little Russia, where he was given a manor by Catherine the Great.
Pont-Audemer
Pont-Audemer (French pronunciation: [pɔ̃.t‿odmɛʁ]) is a commune in the Eure department in the Normandy region in northern France. On 1 January 2018, the former commune of Saint-Germain-Village was merged into Pont-Audemer.

Pont-Audemer station
Gare de Pont-Audemer is a former railway station in the market town of Pont-Audemer, Eure in Upper Normandy. The station is on the railway line from Paris-Saint-Lazare to Honfleur via Brionne.

The CF de l'Ouest company built the line from Glos-Montfort and opened it on 23 August 1867, with an extension to Honfleur opened 8 August 1889. The line closed in 1977 but the station remained open as a ticket office as well as a headquarters for PontAuRail from 1995 to the end of the association in September 2006.

49°21′5″N 0°30′57″E﻿ / ﻿49.35139°N 0.51583°E﻿ / 49.35139; 0.51583
John Parker (Irish judge)
John Parker (c.1500–1564) was an English-born merchant, politician and judge in Tudor Ireland. He held the offices of Constable of Dublin Castle and Master of the Rolls in Ireland; to be appointed to the latter office was a notable achievement for a man who began his career as a cloth-maker and had no legal qualifications which would fit him for judicial office. He also sat in the Irish House of Commons in the Parliament of 1560, and was a member of the Irish Privy Council. As a politician, he was noted for leading the opposition to the Earl of Sussex, the Lord Deputy of Ireland, in the early 1560s.

Master of the Rolls (Ireland)
The Master of the Rolls in Ireland was a senior judicial office in the Irish Chancery under English and British rule, and was equivalent to the Master of the Rolls in the English Chancery. Originally called the Keeper of the Rolls, he was responsible for the safekeeping of the Chancery records such as close rolls and patent rolls. The office was created by letters patent in 1333, the first holder of the office being Edmund de Grimsby. As the Irish bureaucracy expanded, the duties of the Master of the Rolls came to be performed by subordinates and the position became a sinecure which was awarded to political allies of the Dublin Castle administration. In the nineteenth century, it became a senior judicial appointment, ranking second within the Court of Chancery behind the Lord Chancellor of Ireland. The post was abolished by the Courts of Justice Act 1924, passed by the Irish Free State established in 1922.
Highgate tube station
Highgate is a London Underground station and a former railway station on Archway Road, in the London Borough of Haringey, North London, England. The station takes its name from nearby Highgate Village. It is on the High Barnet branch of the Northern line, between East Finchley and Archway stations. It is in London fare zone 3.

The station was originally opened in 1867, on the Great Northern Railway's line between Finsbury Park and Edgware stations. As part of their only partially completed Northern Heights plan, the London Underground started serving the station in 1941, using new platforms in tunnels beneath the surface station. The platforms of the surface station remain, but were last used in 1954; the section of the line through them to Finsbury Park was closed in 1970 and lifted by 1972. One of the original 1867 station buildings still exists and is in use as a private house.

Edgware, Highgate and London Railway
The Edgware, Highgate and London Railway was a railway in north London, England. The railway was a precursor of parts of London Underground's Northern line and was, in the 1930s, the core of an ambitious expansion plan for that line which was thwarted by the Second World War. Parts of the line were closed in the 1950s and have since been removed.
SigmaNet
SigmaNet is the Academic Network Laboratory of the University of Latvia Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science.  It is also the Latvian NREN (National Research and Education Network), providing Internet services for the academic community in Latvia, including connectivity to the European network GÉANT, hosting, e-mail, data centre services, and grid resources.

National research and education network
A national research and education network (NREN) is a specialised internet service provider dedicated to supporting the needs of the research and education communities within a country.

It is usually distinguished by support for a high-speed backbone network, often offering dedicated channels for individual research projects.

In recent years, with the widespread availability of high-speed internet services, their importance has diminished, although many NRENs have expanded their remit of services to include areas such as trust and identity, security, automation, and cloud offerings, while others have evolved into fully fledged digital transformation agencies for their respective national governments.
Eichstätt (district)
Eichstätt is a Landkreis (district) in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the south and clockwise) the districts of Neuburg-Schrobenhausen, Donau-Ries, Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen, Roth, Neumarkt, Kelheim and Pfaffenhofen, and by the city of Ingolstadt.

Roth (district)
Roth is a Landkreis (district) in Middle Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the northeast and clockwise) the districts of Nürnberger Land, Neumarkt, Eichstätt, Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen, Ansbach and Fürth, and the cities of Schwabach and Nürnberg.

In medieval times the area was ruled by many lords. Brandenburg-Ansbach and Nuremberg owned possessions in the territory, and other parts were the property of clerical states. When these clerical states were dissolved in 1803, the territory fell to Bavaria.

The district was established in 1972 through the merger of the former districts of Roth, Schwabach and Hilpoltstein.
South Park, Houston
South Park is a broad post-World War II development in the south-central area of  Houston, Texas, a few miles south of MacGregor Park and directly south of the 610 Loop. According to the 2000 Census, the community has a population of 22,282. 81% of the South Park population is African American, compared to 25% for the city as a whole. Houston's Martin Luther King Boulevard (formerly South Park Boulevard) runs through the area.  Reflecting its postwar origins, many streets in South Park are named after World War II battle sites and persons. In the 1980s and 1990s crime became a key issue for South Park. Katharine Shilcutt of the Houston Press said "South Park is an overgrown garden these days, its soil only able to be tilled by the most determined or the most desperate. It shows no sign that it will grow again any time in the near future."

Sunnyside, Houston
Sunnyside is a community in southern Houston, Texas, United States, south of Downtown Houston.

Sunnyside is outside the 610 Loop and inside Beltway 8 off State Highway 288 south of Downtown Houston and is predominantly African American. The community's slogan is "Sunnyside Pride." Sunnyside included a landfill, an adjacent garbage incinerator, and several salvage yards; the incinerator has closed. The city of Houston describes Sunnyside's housing as "suburban-style." As of 2007 Sandra Massie-Hines is the honorary Mayor of Sunnyside.
2025 Gatineau municipal election
The 2025 Gatineau municipal election took place on November 2, 2025, to elect a mayor and city councillors in Gatineau, Quebec, Canada. This election was the first in Gatineau's history where more than one political party participated. Incumbent mayor Maude Marquis-Bissonnette ran for re-election.

Candidate nominations opened on September 19 and closed on October 3. The election was held in conjunction with municipal elections held across Quebec on that date.

2025 Quebec municipal elections
The 2025 municipal elections in Quebec were held on November 2, 2025. Under the Act respecting elections and referendums in municipalities, municipal general elections in all municipalities in the Canadian province of Quebec must be held every four years on the first Sunday of November.

Voters in the province of Quebec elected mayors, councillors, and all other elected officials in all of the province's municipalities.
Centre Region (Cameroon)
The Centre Region (French: région du Centre) occupies 69,000 km2 of the central plains of the Republic of Cameroon. It is bordered to the north by the Adamawa Region, to the south by the South Region, to the east by the East Region, and to the West by the Littoral and West Regions. It is the second largest (after East Region) of Cameroon's regions in land area. Major ethnic groups include the Bassa, Ewondo, and Vute.

Yaoundé, capital of Cameroon, is at the heart of the Centre, drawing people from the rest of the country to live and work there. The Centre's towns are also important industrial centres, especially for timber. Agriculture is another important economic factor, especially with regard to the province's most important cash crop, cocoa. Outside of the capital and the plantation zones, most inhabitants are sustenance farmers.

West Region (Cameroon)
The West Region (French: Région de l'Ouest) is 14,000 km2 of territory located in the central-western portion of the Republic of Cameroon. It borders the Northwest Region to the northwest, the Adamawa Region to the northeast, the Centre Region to the southeast, the Littoral Region to the southwest, and the Southwest Region to the west. The West Region is the smallest of Cameroon's ten regions in area, yet it has the highest population density.

As home to the enterprising Bamum and Bamileke kingdoms, the West is an economic bright spot and one of Cameroon's more developed regions. This progressive development is tempered by the strong traditional culture that persists among the Bamileke and the province's other major ethnic group, the Bamum (sometimes Bamoum, Bamun, Bamoun).
Cleethorpes Pier
Cleethorpes Pier is a pleasure pier in the town of Cleethorpes, North East Lincolnshire, England. It was opened in 1873 and was a much longer structure than at present. A mid-section was removed during World War II and the isolated seaward part later demolished.

Cleethorpes
Cleethorpes (/ˈkliːθɔːrps/) is a seaside town on the estuary of the Humber in North East Lincolnshire, Lincolnshire, England with a population of 29,678 in 2021. It has been permanently occupied since the 6th century, with fishing as its original industry, and then developing into a resort in the 19th century. Before becoming a unified town, Cleethorpes was made up of the three small villages of Itterby, Oole and Thrunscoe.

The town lies on the Prime meridian, also known as the Greenwich meridian, and its average annual rainfall is amongst the lowest in the British Isles.

In 2021, The Trainline named Cleethorpes beach the second best seaside destination in the UK that is reachable by train, just behind Margate.
Dirichlet series
In mathematics, a Dirichlet series is any series of the form

where s is complex, and  is a complex sequence. It is a special case of general Dirichlet series.

Dirichlet series play a variety of important roles in analytic number theory. The most usually seen definition of the Riemann zeta function is a Dirichlet series, as are the Dirichlet L-functions. Specifically, the Riemann zeta function ζ(s) is the Dirichlet series of the constant unit function u(n), namely:

where D(u, s) denotes the Dirichlet series of u(n).
It is conjectured that the Selberg class of series obeys the generalized Riemann hypothesis. The series is named in honor of Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet.

Prime omega function
In number theory, the prime omega functions  and  count the number of prime factors of a natural number . The number of distinct prime factors is assigned to  (little omega), while  (big omega) counts the total number of prime factors with multiplicity (see arithmetic function). That is, if we have a prime factorization of  of the form  for distinct primes  (), then the prime omega functions are given by  and . These prime-factor-counting functions have many important number theoretic relations.
Schedules Direct
Schedules Direct is a non-profit organization that provides a low-cost television program listing service for open source and freeware digital video recorders.

Developers from several different projects including MythTV, XMLTV, and GB-PVR founded Schedules Direct in response to Tribune Media Services's (TMS, now Gracenote) decision to shut down its free Data Direct program listing service as of September 1, 2007. MythTV and other such software use the data to display an on-screen electronic program guide (EPG), and to schedule upcoming recordings. Schedules Direct contracts with Gracenote to purchase a license to redistribute its data—which other commercial digital video recorders also use—to Schedules Direct members.  Individuals may become Schedules Direct members for $35 a year, and members may use the listings service with approved open source and freeware applications.

MythTV
MythTV is a free and open-source digital video recorder and media center application with a simplified "10-foot user interface" design for the living room TV. It turns a computer with the necessary hardware into a network streaming digital video recorder, a digital multimedia home entertainment system, or a home theater PC. It can be considered a free and open-source alternative to TiVo or Windows Media Center. It runs on various operating systems, primarily Linux, macOS, and FreeBSD.
Daff Dome
Daff Dome or DAFF Dome is a prominent 800 feet (243.8 m) granite dome in Yosemite National Park, 3 miles (4.8 km) west of Tuolumne Meadows and 1,700 feet (0.5 km) from the Tioga Road. It is southeast of Doda Dome, and is near both West Cottage Dome and East Cottage Dome; it is also near Lamb Dome. Since the dome was never officially named, the DAFF Dome name was adopted in the 1960s as an acronym of "Dome Across From Fairview" Dome.

Doda Dome
Doda Dome is the unofficial name of a granite dome west of the Tuolumne Meadows area of Yosemite National Park, to the northeast of Tenaya Lake in  Tuolumne County, California, U.S.  It is a high dome, just northwest of Daff Dome, and may be identified by its mammalian appearance. It is named after Carol Doda, a famous Bay Area stripper.

It is a target of rock climbers, with a variety of routes given breast-related names such as "Tittely Winks" and "Bust It Out".
No wave cinema
No wave cinema was an underground filmmaking movement that flourished on the Lower East Side of New York City from about 1976 to 1987. Associated with (and partially sponsored by) the artists’ group Collaborative Projects, no wave cinema was a stripped-down style of guerrilla filmmaking that emphasized a dark, edgy atmosphere and unrehearsed immediacy above many other artistic concerns – similar to the parallel no wave music movement in its raw and rapid style.

Scott B and Beth B
Scott B and Beth B (also known as Scott and Beth B, Beth and Scott B or The Bs after B Movies) were among the best-known New York No Wave underground film makers of the late 1970s and early 1980s.

They went on to form an independent film production company called B Movies (a pun on B movies), which made the feature film Vortex on 16-mm film, starring Lydia Lunch (of Teenage Jesus and the Jerks) with James Russo, Bill Rice, Haoui Montaug, Richard Prince, Brent Collins, and Ann Magnuson, among others. Beth B is the daughter of painter Ida Applebroog, who has collaborated on two of her films.
Microfossil
A microfossil is a fossil that is generally between one micrometre and one millimetre in size, the visual study of which requires the use of light or electron microscopy. A fossil which can be studied with the naked eye or low-powered magnification, such as a hand lens, is referred to as a macrofossil.

Microfossils are a common feature of the geological record, from the Precambrian to the Holocene. They are most common in deposits of marine environments, but also occur in brackish water, fresh water and terrestrial sedimentary deposits. While every kingdom of life is represented in the microfossil record, the most abundant forms are protist skeletons or microbial cysts from the Chrysophyta, Pyrrhophyta, Sarcodina, acritarchs and chitinozoans, together with pollen and spores from the vascular plants.

Sponge spicule
Spicules are structural elements found in most sponges. The meshing of many spicules serves as the sponge's skeleton and thus it provides structural support and potentially defense against predators.

Sponge spicules are made of calcium carbonate or silica. Large spicules visible to the naked eye are referred to as megascleres or macroscleres, while smaller, microscopic ones are termed microscleres. The composition, size, and shape of spicules are major characters in sponge systematics and taxonomy.
Minnie McLeish
Minnie McLeish (1876–1957), was a British textile designer.

McLeish worked with Charles Rennie Mackintosh and Constance Irving for William Foxton Ltd in London and the Metz store in Amsterdam. She was "prolific", and designed fabrics for Morton Sundour.

Her work is in the permanent collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

William Foxton Ltd
William Foxton Ltd was a British textile manufacturer.

The company was founded in 1903 by William Foxton, and produced "some of the most innovative artist-designed textiles of the times".

They commissioned work from (inter alia) Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Claud Lovat Fraser, F. Gregory Brown, Minnie McLeish, and Constance Irving. In 1915, Foxton helped found the Design and Industries Association.

They produced fabrics until at least 1939. In 1945, Foxton wrote that all of their papers and samples were destroyed in an air raid in 1942.

Hundreds of their designs are in the permanent collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum.
Modo (software)
Modo (stylized as MODO, and originally modo) is a discontinued polygon and subdivision surface modeling, sculpting, 3D painting, animation and rendering package developed by Luxology, LLC, which is now merged with and known as The Foundry. The program incorporates features such as n-gons and edge weighting, and runs on Microsoft Windows, Linux and macOS platforms.

Digital sculpting
Digital sculpting, also known as sculpt modeling or 3D sculpting, is the use of software that offers tools to push, pull, smooth, grab, pinch or otherwise manipulate a digital object as if it were made of a real-life substance such as clay.
3C 433
3C 433 is a Seyfert galaxy located in the constellation Vulpecula. It has a redshift of z =0.1016, and is classified as a peculiar radio galaxy with high luminosity other than its complex shell-type. Apart from that, it has a young stellar population and a radio structure mainly made up of knot and jet structures. Using mid-infrared wavelengths from Spitzer Observations, 3C 433 hosts a hidden quasar.

Vulpecula
Vulpecula (/vəlˈpɛkjʊlə/) is a faint constellation in the Northern Sky. Its name is Latin for "little fox", although it is commonly called simply the Fox. It was identified in the 17th century, and is located in the middle of the Summer Triangle (an asterism consisting of the bright stars Deneb, Vega, and Altair).