hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hospital Ships of the Sanitary Commission
Frederick Law Olmsted, the executive director of the United States Sanitary Commission, set up a system of hospital ships for wounded and sick soldiers during the American Civil War. The USSC was a private agency that cooperated closely with the U.S. Army.

United States Sanitary Commission
The United States Sanitary Commission (USSC) was a private relief agency created by federal legislation on June 18, 1861, to support sick and wounded soldiers of the United States Army (Federal / Northern / Union Army) during the American Civil War. It operated across the North, raised an estimated $25 million in Civil War era revenue (assuming 1865 dollars, $513.53 million in 2024) and in-kind contributions to support the cause, and enlisted thousands of volunteers. The president was Henry Whitney Bellows, and Frederick Law Olmsted acted as executive secretary. It was modeled on the British Sanitary Commission, set up during the Crimean War (1853–1856), and from the British parliamentary report published after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 ("Sepoy Rebellion").
Hong Xiguan
Hong Xiguan (1745–1825) was a Chinese martial artist who lived in the Qing dynasty. He was also an influential figure in the Southern school of Chinese martial arts. His name is also alternatively romanised as Hung Hei-gun, Hung Hei-koon, Hung Hei-kwun, Hung Hsi-kuan, and similar renditions. He was believed to be the creator and founder of Hung Ga Kuen.

Jee Sin Sim See
The Venerable Chi Sin Sim Si is a legendary Chinese martial artist, said to have been one of the Five Elders, survivors of the destruction of the Shaolin Temple by the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912). He is linked to many southern Chinese martial arts including the five major family styles of Hung, Lau and Choy gar, Lee gar and Mok gar, Ng Ga Kuen/Ng Gar King and Wing Chun.
Turrella, New South Wales
Turrella (/tərɛlə/;) is a suburb in southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Turrella is located 10 km south-west  of the Sydney central business district on the southern bank of Wolli Creek in the local government area of Bayside Council.

Turrella is a mostly residential area. Some light industrial developments are located around Turrella railway station and north along the railway line. A footbridge from Turrella over Wolli Creek links Henderson Street to the eastern side of Earlwood, formerly known as Undercliffe. The footbridge was closed in 2012 by Canterbury Council after it was deemed to be structurally unsound but was repaired and re-opened in November 2013.

Arncliffe, New South Wales
Arncliffe is a suburb in southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Arncliffe is located 11 kilometres south of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the Bayside Council.

Arncliffe is south of the Cooks River and Wolli Creek, close to Sydney Airport. Arncliffe is a mostly residential area featuring low-density detached and semi-detached houses and some medium density town houses and blocks of flats. There are also some areas of commercial and light industrial developments.
MasterChef Australia series 17
The seventeenth series of the Australian television cooking show MasterChef Australia, also known as MasterChef: Back To Win and MasterChef Australia: Back To Win, was announced on 16 September 2024. It featured the same four judges as series 16, namely series 4 winner Andy Allen, food writer Sofia Levin, French chef Jean-Christophe Novelli and series 1 runner-up Poh Ling Yeow.

Similar to series 12, series 17 featured a Back to Win concept, with 24 contestants from previous series returning for a chance to win the title.

The series premiered on 28 April 2025.

Laura Sharrad won the grand finale on 12 August 2025, defeating Callum Hann 80–73.

Contestants Sarah Todd and Declan Cleary began a relationship during filming of the series, and moved in together after elimination. In October 2025 they announced Todd was pregnant. In December 2025, Todd gave birth to twin girls.

MasterChef Australia series 4
The fourth series of the Australian cooking game show MasterChef Australia premiered on Sunday, 6 May 2012 at 7.30pm on Network Ten. Judges George Calombaris, Gary Mehigan and Matt Preston returned from the previous series. After the first week in Melbourne, the competition took the contestants to places nationally, such as Kangaroo Island and Tasmania, as well as the international destination, Italy. It also featured a number of guest chefs, including Jamie Oliver, Rick Stein and Buddy Valastro.

The fourth series was won by Andy Allen who defeated Julia Taylor and Audra Morrice in the grand finale on 25 July 2012. Andy would later go on to be a judge on the show himself from series 12 onwards.
Court reporter
A court reporter, court stenographer, or shorthand reporter is a person whose occupation is to capture the live testimony in proceedings using a stenographic machine or a stenomask, thereby transforming the proceedings into an official certified transcript by nature of their training, certification, and usually licensure. This can include courtroom hearings and trials, depositions and discoveries, sworn statements, and more.

Real-time transcription
Real-time transcription is the general term for transcription by court reporters using real-time text technologies to deliver computer text screens within a few seconds of the words being spoken. Specialist software allows participants in court hearings or depositions to make notes in the text and highlight portions for future reference.

Real-time transcription is also used in the broadcasting environment where it is more commonly termed "captioning."
2012 MAC men's basketball tournament
The 2012 Mid-American Conference men's basketball tournament is the post-season men's basketball tournament for the Mid-American Conference (MAC) 2011–12 college basketball season. Third-seeded Ohio won the tournament received the MAC's automatic bid into the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship tournament. There they defeated Michigan and South Florida before losing to North Carolina in overtime in the Sweet sixteen. DJ Cooper of Ohio was named the tournament MVP.

2011–12 Ohio Bobcats men's basketball team
The 2011–12 Ohio Bobcats men's basketball team represented Ohio University during the 2011–12 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Bobcats, led by fourth year head coach John Groce, played their home games at the Convocation Center and are members of the East Division of the Mid-American Conference. They finished the season 29–8, 11–5 in MAC play to finish in third place in the East Division. They were champions of the MAC Basketball tournament and earned an automatic bid into the 2012 NCAA tournament where the 13th seeded Bobcats defeated Michigan in the second round and South Florida in the third round to advance to school's first Sweet Sixteen since 1964. They lost in the Sweet Sixteen to top-seed North Carolina in overtime. After the season Groce accepted the head coach position at Illinois
Alec Spalding
Alec J. Spalding MBE (9 August 1923 – 2 October 2007) was a prominent figure in the UK Scout Association, serving in the 24th Glasgow (Bearsden) Scout Group for over fifty years. In recognition of his service to Scouting, he received the Silver Wolf and was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire. He died of cancer at age 84.

Bearsden
Bearsden (/bɛərzˈdɛn/ ⓘ bairz-DEN) is an affluent town in East Dunbartonshire, Scotland, on the northwestern fringe of Greater Glasgow, approximately six miles (ten kilometres) from the city centre.

The Roman Antonine Wall runs through the town, and the remains of a military bath house can be seen near the town centre. The current settlement began in the 17th century as the kirkton of the parish of New Kilpatrick, and when a railway connection to Glasgow was constructed in 1863, it developed into an affluent suburb of the city.

By 2020, it had an estimated population of 28,470.
2014 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts
The 2014 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts, the provincial women's curling championship for Saskatchewan, was held from January 8 to 12 at the Tisdale Curling Club in Tisdale. The winning team represented Saskatchewan at the 2014 Scotties Tournament of Hearts in Montreal.

2014 Scotties Tournament of Hearts
The 2014 Scotties Tournament of Hearts was held from February 1 to 9 at the Maurice Richard Arena in Montreal, Quebec. The defending champion Rachel Homan rink won their second straight title, with Homan becoming the youngest skip to ever win back-to-back championships. The team went undefeated throughout the tournament, with the team never even being forced to throw their final rock in any of their games.
Jan I the Scholastic
Jan I the Scholastic (Polish: Jan I Scholastyk; 1308/10 – 1372 before 29 September), was a Duke of Oświęcim from 1324 until his death.

He was the eldest child and only son of Duke Władysław of Oświęcim by his wife Euphrosyne, daughter of Duke Boleslaus II of Masovia.

Władysław of Oświęcim
Władysław of Oświęcim (Polish: Władysław oświęcimski; 1275/80 – by 15 May 1324), was a Duke of Oświęcim from 1315 until his death.

He was the eldest son of Mieszko I, Duke of Cieszyn by his wife, probably called Grzymisława.
Kōichi Tabuchi
Kōichi Tabuchi (田淵 幸一, Tabuchi Kōichi; born September 24, 1946) is a Japanese former professional baseball player, manager, and commentator. During his career, Tabuchi played for the Hanshin Tigers and the Seibu Lions. Tabuchi played catcher for the Hanshin Tigers from 1969 and 1978, where his combination with pitcher Yutaka Enatsu was called the "Golden Battery".

Always a long-range hitter, Tabuchi was nicknamed home run artist because of the high-in-the-sky, long trajectory of his home runs. Although his career total of 474 home runs is far below Sadaharu Oh's 868, his frequency nearly matched Oh's. Tabuchi hit a home run once every 12.41 at-bats, while Oh did once every 10.66. In this statistic he is second only to Oh among sluggers who have logged 300 or more home runs.

Known as Mr. Tiger (along with Fumio Fujimura, Minoru Murayama, and Masayuki Kakefu), Tabuchi has served as the chairman of Hanshin Tigers Old Boys' Committee since November 2009.

Hanshin Tigers
The Hanshin Tigers (阪神タイガース, Hanshin Taigāsu) are a Nippon Professional Baseball team playing in the Central League. The team is based in Nishinomiya, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, next to their main stadium, Hanshin Koshien Stadium.

The Tigers are owned by Hanshin Electric Railway Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Hankyu Hanshin Holdings Inc.

The Hanshin Tigers are one of the oldest professional clubs in Japan. They played their first season in 1936 as the Osaka Tigers and assumed their current team name in 1961.
Balliol College, Oxford
Balliol College (/ˈbeɪliəl/ BAY-lee-əl) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford, England. Founded in 1263 by nobleman John I de Balliol, it has a claim to be the oldest college in Oxford and the English-speaking world.

With a governing body of a master and around 80 fellows, the college's main buildings are located on Broad Street with additional buildings to the east in Jowett Walk and Holywell Manor. As one of the larger colleges of Oxford University, Balliol typically has around 400 of both undergraduates and graduates.  The college pioneered the PPE degree in the 1920s.

Balliol has notable alumni from a wide range of disciplines. These include 13 Nobel Prize winners and 4 British prime ministers.

Baruch Samuel Blumberg
Baruch Samuel Blumberg (July 28, 1925 – April 5, 2011), known as Barry Blumberg, was an American physician, geneticist, and co-recipient of the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (with Daniel Carleton Gajdusek), for his work on the hepatitis B virus while an investigator at the NIH and at the Fox Chase Cancer Center. He was president of the American Philosophical Society from 2005 until his death.

Blumberg and Gajdusek received the Nobel Prize for discovering "new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases." Blumberg identified the hepatitis B virus, and later developed its diagnostic test and vaccine.
Samantha Albert
Samantha Majendie-Albert (born 31 May 1971) is a Canadian-born equestrian who represents Jamaica in international competition.

She was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada to a Jamaican mother and an English father, and grew up in Canada and Jamaica. She moved to Bassett, England in 1989 where she currently resides.

Albert competed at the 2007 Pan Am Games and represented Jamaica in the 2008 Summer Olympic and 2012 Summer Olympic individual equestrian events.

Samantha was married to the fellow eventing rider Dag Albert, who represented Sweden at two Olympics. They have divorced in 2005.

Dag Albert
Dag Albert (born 17 November 1969 in Strömstad, Sweden) is a Swedish Olympic eventing rider. Representing Sweden, he competed at two Summer Olympics (in 1996 and 2008). He placed 4th in team eventing in 2008. His current best individual Olympic placement is 31st place, also from 2008.

Albert also participated in two World Equestrian Games (in 2006 and 2014) and five European Eventing Championships (in 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2013). He finished 4th in team competition at three European championships (in 2007, 2009 and 2011).

Dag Albert was married to the fellow eventing rider Samantha Albert, who represented Jamaica at two Olympics. They have two children, Miles and Toby Albert. They divorced in 2005. Then went on to marry  Elizabeth Morton, who has had children Maja and Tomas Albert
Serfdom in Norway
Norwegian serfdom can be a way of defining the position of the Norwegian lower class farmers, though they were not actually in serfdom by European standards. The evolution of this social system began about 1750.

The institution only applied in the Kingdom of Norway, not in the rest of Denmark-Norway. Iceland (a Norwegian dependency) had its own system of serfdom, while a somewhat similar institution, the stavnsbånd, existed in Denmark proper. Slavery was the backbone of the Dano-Norwegian colonies in the Caribbean.

Vistarband
The Icelandic vistarband (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈvɪstarˌpant]) was a form of serfdom established during the Denmark–Norway domination of the island that required that all landless people be employed on a farm. A person who did not own or lease property had to find a position as a laborer (vinnuhjú [ˈvɪnnʏˌçuː]) in the home of a farmer. The custom was for landless people to contract themselves to a farmer for one year at a time. The vistarband was in effect from 1490 until the beginning of the 20th century, in various forms. Iceland had an unusually large percentage of the population in this kind of bondage—generally about 25% of the population during the 19th century.

The institution only applied in Iceland, not in the rest of Denmark-Norway. Norway had its own system of serfdom, while a somewhat similar institution, the stavnsbånd, existed in Denmark proper.
Hôtel du Palais
The Hôtel du Palais Biarritz (Occitan: Ostal del Palai Biarritz) is a historic luxury hotel beside the Atlantic beach in the resort town of Biarritz, on the Côte Basque in the French department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques. It was originally built for the Empress Eugénie around 1855 as a summer villa.  It was due to the visits of the imperial couple that the village of Biarritz developed into a fashionable resort.  In 1880, the villa was sold and converted into a hotel casino.  It was devastated by fire in 1903, but was lavishly rebuilt and enlarged within the original walls.  For many years the hotel attracted the international elite, including members of the European royalty such as King Edward VII, who paid several extended visits.  Although the hotel later fell into disrepair, and closed for a period in the 1950s, it has since been refurbished and is again a luxury hotel. The hotel is managed by Hyatt.

Eugénie de Montijo
Eugénie de Montijo (French: [øʒeni də mɔ̃tiʁo]; born María Eugenia Ignacia Agustina de Palafox y Kirkpatrick; 5 May 1826 – 11 July 1920) was Empress of the French from her marriage to Napoleon III on 30 January 1853 until he was overthrown on 4 September 1870. From 28 July to 4 September 1870, she was the de facto head of state of France.

Born to prominent Spanish nobility, Eugénie was educated in France, Spain, and England. As Empress, she used her influence to champion "authoritarian and clerical policies"; her involvement in politics earned her much criticism from contemporaries. Napoléon and Eugénie had one child together, Louis-Napoléon, Prince Imperial (1856–1879). After the fall of the Empire, the three lived in exile in England; Eugénie outlived both her husband and son and spent the remainder of her life working to commemorate their memories and the memory of the Second French Empire.
Baths of Constantine (Rome)
Baths of Constantine (Latin, Thermae Constantinianae) was a public bathing complex built on Rome's Quirinal Hill, beside the Tiber River, by Constantine I, probably before 315.

Ancient Constantinople and Arles also had complexes known as Baths of Constantine.

Horse Tamers
"Horse Tamers" (Colossi of the Dioscuri) are the colossal pair of marble statues, Roman copies of Greek Classical originals from 4th century BC. Now they stood in the Fontana dei Dioscuri at Piazza del Quirinale in Rome. In the Middle Ages the Quirinal hill was called Monte Cavallo after these statues.

Other famous antique statues of same persons in Rome are Capitoline Dioscuri (Dioscuri del Campidoglio) positioned at the top of the Cordonata staircase, leading to Piazza del Campidoglio.
Sir John Hynde Cotton, 4th Baronet
Sir John Hynde Cotton, 4th Baronet (1717 – 23 January 1795), of Madingley Hall, Cambridgeshire, was an English politician.

He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of Great Britain for St Germans 1741 to 1747, for Marlborough 18 February 1752 to 1761 and for Cambridgeshire 22 March 1764 to 1780.

He married the heiress Anne Parsons (daughter of Humphrey Parsons) on 1 July 1745. The couple had ten children, among whom Admiral Sir Charles Cotton (5th Baronet) and the Reverend Alexander Cotton.

Humphrey Parsons
Humphrey Parsons  (1676 – 21 March 1741) was a British merchant and Tory politician who twice served as Lord Mayor of London in 1730 and 1740. He also sat in the British House of Commons from 1722 to 1741.
Streatham Worthies
The Streatham Worthies is the collective description for the circle of literary and cultural figures around the wealthy brewer Henry Thrale and his wife Hester Thrale who assembled at his country retreat Streatham Park and were commemorated by a series of portraits by Joshua Reynolds.

Reynolds painted these portraits over the course of about ten years. As well as the twelve bust-length male portraits, Reynolds also painted a double portrait of Thrale's wife Hester, and their daughter Hester Maria, nicknamed 'Queeney'. The usage the 'Streatham Worthies' was first coined by the novelist Fanny Burney to describe the portraits.  It is generally believed to be a playful reference to the celebrated 'Temple of British Worthies' at Stowe House. The portraits were hung above the bookshelves in the library at Streatham Park. Burney noted that Thrale wanted: "the persons he most loved to contemplate... to preside over the literature that stood highest in his estimation".

Streatham Park
Streatham Park is an area of suburban South London that comprises the eastern part of Furzedown ward in the London Borough of Wandsworth, formerly in the historic parish of Streatham. It is bounded by Tooting Bec Common to the north, Thrale Road and West Road to the west and the London to Brighton railway to the east.

The area takes its name from a Georgian country mansion built by the brewer Ralph Thrale. Streatham Park later passed to Ralph's son Henry Thrale, who with his wife, Hester Thrale, entertained many of the leading literary and artistic characters of the day, most notably the lexicographer Samuel Johnson, who was fond of a summer house in the grounds.
Cirencester
Cirencester (/ˈsaɪ(ə)rənˌsɛstə/ ⓘ SY-rən-SEST-ə, occasionally /ˈsɪsɪtə/ ⓘ SIS-it-ə) is a market town and civil parish in the Cotswold District of Gloucestershire, England. It lies on the River Churn, a tributary of the Thames. Cirencester is the eighth largest settlement in Gloucestershire and the largest town within the Cotswolds. It is the home of the Royal Agricultural University, the oldest agricultural college in the English-speaking world, founded in 1840. The town had a population of 20,229 in 2021. The town is 18 miles (29 km) north-west of Swindon, 18 miles (29 km) south-east of Gloucester, 37 miles (60 km) west of Oxford and 39 miles (63 km) north-east of Bristol.

The Roman name for the town was Corinium, which is thought to have been associated with the ancient British tribe of the Dobunni, having the same root word as the River Churn. The earliest known reference to the town was by Ptolemy in AD 150. The town's Corinium Museum has an extensive Roman collection.

Kemble railway station
Kemble railway station serves the village of Kemble, in Gloucestershire, England. It is a stop on the Swindon to Gloucester Golden Valley line, 90 miles 79 chains (146.4 km) down the line from London Paddington. Despite its rural location, Kemble station has a high number of passengers due mainly to the proximity of Cirencester.
South Croydon
South Croydon in south London is the area surrounding the valley south of central Croydon and running as far south as the former Red Deer public house on the Brighton Road. It is bounded by Waddon to the West and Selsdon and Sanderstead to the East. It is part of the South Croydon (CR2) post town and in the London Borough of Croydon.

The area was developed in the 19th century out of land lying in two ancient manors, Croham and Haling. The names of these can still be seen in the area today, and the locations of the manor houses can be found in the Croham Manor Road conservation area and in Whitgift School. Much of the land of South Croydon has been associated through the years with the Whitgift Foundation whose charitable work has benefited and influenced Croydon since its foundation in 1596.

South Croydon (ward)
South Croydon is a ward in the London Borough of Croydon, London in the United Kingdom, covering part of the Croham Hurst and South Croydon.

The ward returns three councillors every four years to Croydon Council. The ward held its first election in 2018. The ward has largely replaced the former Croham Ward. At the 2018 election, Maria Gatland, Michael Neal and Jason Perry were elected for South Croydon Ward, as Conservative Party candidates, becoming the first councillors for the ward. According to the Croydon Observatory, run by the Council, the 2016 population was 18,100

The ward is in Croydon South constituency held by Chris Philp MP, one of the safest Conservative seats in London. South Croydon and its predecessor wards of Croham and Sanderstead North have only ever elected Conservative candidates since the creation of the borough in 1965.