hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Octane Fitness, LLC v. ICON Health & Fitness, Inc.
Octane Fitness, LLC v. ICON Health & Fitness, Inc., 572 U.S. 545 (2014), is one of two U.S. Supreme Court decisions issued on April 29, 2014 regarding patent lawsuit fee-shifting (the other case being Highmark v. Allcare Health). The Supreme Court essentially made it easier for courts to make the loser pay for all attorney costs if the lawsuit is regarded as frivolous. In other words, "the Supreme Court's decision grants judges more leeway to crack down on baseless claims."

The decision is particularly relevant for the so-called patent trolls, which "will have to add a new variable to their calculations before pursuing a marginal lawsuit over their intellectual property: the other side's legal fees." The decision was unanimous, with the opinion written by Justice Sonia Sotomayor.

American rule (attorney's fees)
The American rule (capitalized as American Rule in some U.S. states) is the default legal rule in the United States controlling assessment of attorneys' fees arising out of litigation. It provides that each party is responsible for paying its own attorney's fees, unless specific authority granted by statute or contract allows the assessment of those fees against the other party.

In other parts of the world, the English rule is used, under which the losing party generally pays the prevailing party's attorneys' fees.
Yorkshire Ambulance Service
Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust (YAS) is the NHS ambulance service covering most of Yorkshire in England. It is one of ten NHS Ambulance Trusts providing England with emergency medical services. As part of the National Health Service it receives direct government funding for its role.

It was formed on 1 July 2006 following the mergers of the former West Yorkshire Metropolitan Ambulance Service ("WYMAS"), South Yorkshire Ambulance Service ("SYAS") and some services from the Tees, East and North Yorkshire Ambulance Service ("TENYAS").

Tees, East and North Yorkshire Ambulance Service
Tees, East and North Yorkshire Ambulance Service (TENYAS) was the NHS ambulance service covering the urban areas of Middlesbrough, Stockton-on-Tees, York and Hull along with the rural areas of the Yorkshire Dales and Yorkshire Wolds. In total the organisation provided ambulance cover for an area of the size of approximately 4,500 square miles (12,000 km2).

The service was formed on 1 April 1999, as a merger of the former Cleveland, North Yorkshire and the northern half of Humberside Ambulance Services and had 37 ambulance stations within its operating area with the southern half of Humberside Ambulance Service being absorbed by Lincolnshire Ambulance Service. Resources were deployed from the two control rooms situated in Middlesbrough and at ambulance headquarters in Skelton, York known as 'Fairfields'. This building was a purpose-built ambulance headquarters, commissioned by the previous incumbent service, North Yorkshire Ambulance Service.
Comiston
Comiston (Scottish Gaelic: Baile Chaluim, IPA:[ˈpaleˈxaɫ̪ɯim]) is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is south of Morningside and west of the Braid Hills, linking the suburbs of Oxgangs and Fairmilehead.

The main road through the area, Comiston Road, is a continuation of Morningside Road, and further south becomes Biggar Road. It is classified as the A702 which runs eventually to Biggar. A part of Comiston Road has signage as Pentland Terrace, the name of a terrace of Victorian houses set back from, and above Comiston Road, with a roadway of its own immediately in front of the houses.

Comiston House was owned by the Forrest baronets. Sir James Forrest, 1st Baronet, Lord Provost of Edinburgh, occupied it from  1837 to 1843. Its grounds now form Fairmilehead Public Park.

Morningside, Edinburgh
Morningside is a district and former village in the south of Edinburgh, Scotland. It lies alongside the main arterial Morningside Road, part of an ancient route from Edinburgh to the south west of Scotland. The original village served several farms and estates in the area. In the 19th century, it developed as a residential suburb, its growth being stimulated by the arrival of a railway service and other transport improvements.
Palapa (structure)
A palapa (a Spanish word of Tagalog origin, originally meaning "petiole of the palm leaf") is an open-sided dwelling with a thatched roof made of dried palm leaves. It is very useful in hot weather and, therefore, very common on Mexican beaches and deserts.

The palapa is derived from the traditional construction methods of the bahay kubo ("nipa hut") architectural style of the Philippines, carried to Nueva España (along with coconuts, which are not native to the Americas) via the Manila galleons during the Spanish colonial period.

Palapas are also common in Honduras and other Central American countries. In Nicaragua they are very common and known locally as ranchos.

Thatching
Thatching is the craft of building a roof with dry vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge (Cladium mariscus), rushes, heather, or palm branches, layering the vegetation so as to shed water away from the inner roof. Since the bulk of the vegetation stays dry and is densely packed—trapping air—thatching also functions as insulation. It is a very old roofing method and has been used in both tropical and temperate climates. Thatch is still employed by builders in developing countries, usually with low-cost local vegetation. By contrast, in some developed countries it is the choice of some affluent people who desire a rustic look for their home, would like a more ecologically friendly roof, or who have purchased an originally thatched abode.
Castle Menzies
Castle Menzies in Scotland is the ancestral seat of the Clan Menzies and the Menzies Baronets. It is located a little to the west of the small village of Weem, near Aberfeldy in the Highlands of Perthshire, close to the former site of Weem Castle, destroyed c. 1502.

Weem Castle
Weem Castle is a former castle near Weem, Scotland. The castle was located near Castle Menzies.

The castle became the seat of the Menzies family after Comrie Castle was partially destroyed by fire in 1487. Weem Castle was destroyed in 1502 by Nigel Stewart of Garth in a dispute over the lands of Fothergill. The stone and timber were used in the construction of Castle Menzies.
Franciszka Arnsztajnowa
Franciszka Hanna Arnsztajnowa (Polish pronunciation: [fraɲˈt͡ɕiʂka arnʂtajˈnɔva]; née Meyerson; 19 February 1865 – August 1942) was a Polish poet, playwright, and translator of Jewish descent. Much of her creative oeuvre falls within the Young Poland period, stylistically encompassing the twilight of neo-romanticism.  She is called "the legend of Lublin".

Émile Meyerson
Émile Meyerson (French: [mɛjɛʁsɔn]; 12 February 1859 – 2 December 1933) was a Polish-born French epistemologist, chemist, philosopher of science and Zionist activist. Meyerson was born in Lublin, Poland. He died in his sleep of a heart attack at the age of 74.
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
The anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) is one of three pairs of arteries that supplies blood to the cerebellum.

It arises from the basilar artery on each side at the level of the junction between the medulla oblongata and the pons in the brainstem. It has a variable course, passing backward to be distributed to the anterior part of the undersurface of the cerebellum, anastomosing with  both the posterior inferior cerebellar (PICA) branch of the vertebral artery and the superior cerebellar artery.

It also gives off the internal auditory or labyrinthine artery in most cases; however, the labyrinthine artery can less commonly emerge as a branch of the basilar artery.

The amount of tissue receiving blood supply from the AICA is variable, depending upon whether the PICA is more or less dominant, but usually includes the anteroinferior surface of the cerebellum, the flocculus, middle cerebellar peduncle and inferolateral portion of the pons.

Superior cerebellar artery
The superior cerebellar artery (SCA) is an artery of the head. It arises near the end of the basilar artery. It is a branch of the basilar artery. It supplies parts of the cerebellum, the midbrain, and other nearby structures. It is the cause of trigeminal neuralgia in some patients.
Union Avenue Bridge (Passaic River)
Union Avenue Bridge is a vehicular bridge over the Passaic River in northeastern New Jersey, crossing the county line at the town of Rutherford in Bergen County and the city of Passaic in Passaic County. It takes its name from Union Avenue (CR S32) in Rutherford which connects to River Drive (and access to Route 21) in Passaic. The two-lane, four-span fixed bridge which opened in 2002 is 13.2 miles (21.2 km) from the river's mouth at Newark Bay. There is another Union Avenue Bridge traversing the Passaic at Little Falls

Rutherford, New Jersey
Rutherford is a borough in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 18,834, an increase of 773 (+4.3%) from the 2010 census count of 18,061, which in turn reflected a decline of 49 (−0.3%) from the 18,110 counted in the 2000 census.

Rutherford was formed as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on September 21, 1881, from portions of Union Township, based on the results of a referendum held on the previous day. The borough was named for John Rutherfurd, a U.S. Senator who owned land in the area.

Rutherford has been called the "Borough of Trees" and "The First Borough of Bergen County", and is known as well for its pedestrian-focused downtown area adjacent to the borough's Bergen County Line (New Jersey Transit) railway station.
Mini-Europe
Mini-Europe is a miniature park located in the Bruparck entertainment park, at the foot of the Atomium, in Brussels, Belgium. Mini-Europe has reproductions of monuments in the European Union and other countries within the continent of Europe on display, at a scale of 1:25. Roughly 80 cities and 350 buildings are represented. Mini-Europe receives 350,000 visitors per year and has a turnover of €4 million.

Mini-Europe is the brainchild of Johannes A. Lorijn, who founded similar miniature parks in Austria and Spain. The park contains live action models such as trains, mills, an erupting Mount Vesuvius, and cable cars. A guide gives the details on all the monuments. At the end of the visit, the Spirit of Europe exhibition gives an interactive overview of the EU in the form of multimedia games.

The park is built on an area of 24,000 m2 (300,000 sq ft). The initial investment was of 50 million Belgian francs in 1989, on its inauguration by then-Prince Philippe of Belgium.

Miniature park
A miniature park is a display of miniature buildings and models, usually as a recreational and tourist attraction open to the public. A miniature park may contain a model of a single city or town, often called a miniature city or model village, or it can contain a number of different sets of models.
Bil Baird
William Britton "Bil" Baird (August 15, 1904 – March 18, 1987) was an American puppeteer of the mid- and late 20th century. He and his puppets performed for millions of adults and children. One of his better known creations was Charlemane the lion. He and his wife Cora Eisenberg Baird (1912–1967) produced and performed the famous puppetry sequence for "The Lonely Goatherd" in the film version of The Sound of Music. His son Peter Baird was also a puppeteer, and he continued his family's legacy until his own death in July 2004.

He wrote The Art of the Puppet (1965) and provided the puppets for Dark Shadows. Baird also created the expandable nose Peter Noone wore as Pinocchio in the 1968 musical adaptation of the Carlo Collodi story that aired on NBC as a Hallmark Hall of Fame special.

Tony Sarg
Anthony Frederick Sarg (April 21, 1880 – March 7, 1942) was a German American puppeteer and illustrator.  He was described as "America's Puppet Master", and in his biography as the father of modern puppetry in North America.
Rob Davis (politician)
Rob Davis (born 1964) is a Canadian politician. He served on the City of York council from 1991 to 1997. He was the first Black city councillor in the 200-year history of the City of York. He was elected as a member of the amalgamated Toronto City Council from 1997 to 2000. He was also the first Black city councillor of the amalgamated Toronto City Council. 
In 2023, Davis unsuccessfully ran for mayor of Toronto in a by-election called as a result of the resignation of Mayor John Tory. Davis told the media that Torontonians no longer felt safe on the TTC, were struggling with the high cost of housing, and thought the council was wasting taxpayer's money on changing the name Dundas instead of helping the homeless and people who are less fortunate. Davis vowed to make Toronto safer, cleaner, and kinder.

2000 Toronto municipal election
The 2000 Toronto municipal election was the municipal and school board election of 2000 held in Toronto on November 13, 2000.

Law and order was a prominent theme during campaigning, as several candidates with past convictions ran for regional council seats.

Elections were held to elect:

the Mayor of Toronto,

councillors for each of Toronto's 44 wards,

trustees for each of the Toronto District School Board's 22 sections (each comprising two city wards),

trustees for each of the Toronto Catholic District School Board's 12 sections (each comprising two to six city wards),

trustees for the three sections of the Conseil scolaire de district du Centre-Sud-Ouest (French-language public school board) located in Toronto, and

trustees for the two sections of the Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud (French-language Catholic school board) located in Toronto.
Irvine Welsh
Irvine Welsh (born 27 September 1958) is a Scottish novelist, short story writer, screenwriter and filmmaker. His novels and short stories, which almost always take place in his native Scotland, are known for their gritty depictions of working class life and its intricacies; particularly drug addiction, social alienation, lack of opportunity and boredom, amongst others.

He is best known for his 1993 debut novel Trainspotting, which was adapted into a film of the same name; both were highly acclaimed and have become cult classics in their respective mediums. The novel was ranked 7th in a 2016 public poll of the best Scottish novels of all time, while its film adaptation was named the best Scottish film of all time in an equivalent 2004 poll.

In addition to his novels, Welsh has also written plays, screenplays, and directed several short films. As of 2025, his written works have sold 6 million copies worldwide.

The Acid House (film)
The Acid House is a 1998 British film adaptation of Irvine Welsh's short story collection The Acid House directed by Paul McGuigan. Welsh himself wrote the screenplay and appears as a minor character in the film. All three sections are independent, but are linked by the setting of Edinburgh and the reappearance of incidental characters, in particular Maurice Roëves, who appears variously as an inebriated wedding guest, a figure in a dream, and a pub patron. All three of his parts symbolise a human manifestation of God.
Demetri Martin
Demetri Evan Martin (Greek: Δημήτριος Ευάγγελος Μάρτιν, Dimitrios Evangelos Martin; born May 25, 1973) is an American comedian, actor, writer, director, cartoonist, filmmaker, and musician. He was a contributor on The Daily Show, where he was the Senior Youth Correspondent from 2005 to 2008. In stand-up, he is known for his deadpan delivery, playing his guitar for jokes, and his satirical cartoons. He hosted and starred in Comedy Central sketch series Important Things With Demetri Martin (2009-2010). Martin has appeared in several films such as Taking Woodstock (2009) and made his directorial debut in Dean, which he also starred in. He starred as Ice Bear in Cartoon Network's We Bare Bears and is currently the narrator of its prequel spinoff We Baby Bears.

New York University School of Law
40°43′49″N 73°59′58″W﻿ / ﻿40.73028°N 73.99944°W﻿ / 40.73028; -73.99944

The New York University School of Law (NYU Law) is the law school of New York University, a private research university in New York City.

Established in 1835, it was the first law school established in New York City and is the oldest extant law school in New York State and one of the oldest law schools in the United States. Located in Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan, NYU Law grants J.D., LL.M., and J.S.D. degrees.

As of 2025, NYU Law's first-time bar passage rate is 96.6 percent, with an ultimate bar passage rate of 99.2 percent.
Infanta Adelgundes, Duchess of Guimarães
Infanta Adelgundes, Duchess of Guimarães (10 November 1858 – 15 April 1946) was the fifth child and fourth daughter of Miguel of Portugal and his wife Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. A member of the House of Braganza by birth, Adelgundes became a member of the House of Bourbon-Parma through her marriage to Prince Henry of Bourbon-Parma, Count of Bardi. She was also the Regent of the Monarchic Representation of Portugal and for that reason assumed the title of Duchess of Guimarães, usually reserved for the Head of the House.

Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg
Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (3 April 1831 – 16 December 1909) was the wife of the deposed king Miguel I of Portugal. As a widow, she secured advantageous marriages for their six daughters.
Kiiminki Church
The Kiiminki Church (Finnish: Kiimingin kirkko, Swedish: Kiminge kyrka) is an evangelical Lutheran church in the Kiiminki district of the Finnish city of Oulu.  It was part of the town of Kiiminki until 2013 when that town was merged into Oulu.

The church building has been designed and constructed by Matti Honka, an Ostrobothnian builder of churches in the 18th century. Kiiminki Church is typical for Honka as it is a cruciform church with its corners chamfered. The church was completed in 1760 and inaugurated on July 26, 1761. The wall behind altar has been painted by Mikael Toppelius in 1780s. Bell tower of the church has been built in 1777. Kiiminki Church is one of the best preserved 18th century wooden churches in Finland.

Kiiminki (district)
Kiiminki (Swedish: Kiminge) is a district of Oulu, Finland. Together with Alakylä, Hannus and Huttukylä districts, it forms the Kiiminki area. The center of the district is located where the National road 20 crosses the Kiiminkijoki river. The district was established in 2013 when the Kiiminki municipality together with Haukipudas, Oulunsalo and Yli-Ii municipalities were merged with the city of Oulu.

The wooden Kiiminki Church, built in 1760, is located near the center of the district. It is one of the best preserved 18th century wooden churches in Finland. The Koitelinkoski recreation area in located in the southern part of the district.
Gindiri
Gindiri is a town in Mangu Local Government Area, Plateau State, North Central, Nigeria. The postal code of the area is 932. The town sits on an elevation of 1,159 meters above sea level. The town is the headquarters of the Pyem Chiefdom.

Mangu, Nigeria
Mangu is a Local Government Area in Plateau State, Nigeria. Governor Caleb Mutfwang  appointed Markus Artu as the Transition Committee Chairman of the LGA. Its headquarters are in the town of Mangu at 9°31′00″N 9°06′00″E﻿ / ﻿9.51667°N 9.10000°E﻿ / 9.51667; 9.10000.

It has an area of 1,653 km2 and a population of 294,931 at the 2006 census.

The postal code of the area is 932.
Hamdy Abdelwahab
Hamdy El-Said Abdelwahab (Arabic: حمدي عبدالوهاب; born 22 January 1993) is an Egyptian Greco-Roman wrestler and mixed martial artist. He competed in the heavyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. He competed in the men's Greco-Roman 98 kg event at the 2016 Summer Olympics, in which he was eliminated in the round of 16 by Alin Alexuc-Ciurariu.

Alin Alexuc-Ciurariu
Alin Alexuc-Ciurariu (born February 3, 1990) is an amateur Romanian Greco-Roman wrestler, who competes in the men's heavyweight category. He won one of the bronze medals in the 130 kg event at the 2022 World Wrestling Championships held in Belgrade, Serbia. He is a member of CS Botoşani for the wrestling division, and is coached and trained by Victor Baciu.
St Kilda, New Zealand
St Kilda is a suburb of the New Zealand city of Dunedin. A densely populated residential suburb, it lies on the southern part of the city's central plain, to the southwest of the head of the harbour and immediately north of Ocean Beach, parts of which (St Kilda Beach and Middle Beach) are within the suburb and form its major geographical feature. According to the New Zealand Census, St Kilda's 2023 population was 5,710.

Ocean Beach, Otago
Ocean Beach (Māori: Whakahekerau) is a long sandy beach which runs along the Pacific Ocean coast of south Dunedin, New Zealand. It stretches for some three kilometres from St Clair in the southwest along the coast of St Kilda to the foot of Lawyers Head in the east. The beach is a popular recreation area for swimming, surfing, and walking.
Irhuleni
Irhuleni (Luwian: Urhilina) was King of Hamath. He led a coalition against the Assyrian expansion under Shalmaneser III, alongside Hadadezer of Damascus. This coalition succeeded in 853 BC in the Battle of Qarqar a victory over the Assyrians, halting their advance to the west for two years. Later Irhuleni maintained good relations with Assyria. His son was, in Luwian, Uratami.

His name also appears in inscriptions on votive offerings found in Nimrud.

King Zakkur is known as the ruler of Hamath around 785 BC.

Zakkur
Zakkur (or Zakir) was the ancient king of Hamath and Luhuti (also known as Nuhašše) in Syria. He ruled around 785 BC. Most of the information about him comes from his basalt stele, known as the Stele of Zakkur.
Tobian language
Tobian (ramarih Hatohobei, literally "the language of Tobi") is the language of Tobi, one of the Southwest Islands of Palau, and the main island of Hatohobei state. Tobian is a Micronesian language spoken by approximately 150 people, about 22 are native speakers. The speakers are located in either the island of Tobi or in Echang, a hamlet of Koror, the former capital of Palau. Tobian and Sonsorolese are very close, and appear to be gradually merging towards a new dialect called "Echangese". Earlier in the 20th century, about 1000 people lived on the island. Shortly before and during the First World War, those numbers dropped severely due to an abundance of disease.

Tobi (island)
Tobi is an island in the Palauan state of Hatohobei. Tobi Island is 1.6 km long and 0.8 km wide, and has an area of about 0.85 square kilometres (0.33 sq mi). With a population of 39 according to a 2020 census, it holds all of the state's people, with the exception of a weather base on Helen Island. Most of the inhabitants live on the island's west side and speak Tobian.

Tobi, Helen Reef (Hotsarihie), Transit Reef (Pieraurou), and the islands in the state of Sonsorol make up the Republic of Palau's Southwest Islands.
Hayden Tee
Hayden Tee is a New Zealand actor, singer, and makeup artist. He has played varied roles in musical theatre, concert, and cabaret. He has performed in New Zealand, the UK, South Korea, Taiwan, Australia, and the United States.

Javert
Javert (French pronunciation: [ʒavɛʁ]), no first name given in the source novel, is a fictional character and a main antagonist of Victor Hugo's 1862 novel Les Misérables. He was presumably born in 1780 and died on June 7, 1832. First a prison guard, and then a police inspector, his character is defined by his legalist tendencies, authoritarian worldview, and lack of empathy for criminals of all forms. In the novel, he persecutes the protagonist Jean Valjean after his violation of parole and theft from the child Petit Gervais.