hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ringstead, Northamptonshire
Ringstead is a village and civil parish in Northamptonshire, England, forming part of North Northamptonshire. It is located approximately 15 miles (24 km) north-east of Northampton. At the time of the 2011 census, the parish's population was 1,461 people. The local primary school is situated next to St Mary's Church, which is host to the Ringstead Flower Festival.

North Northamptonshire
North Northamptonshire is a unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of Northamptonshire, England, and was created in 2021. The council is based in Corby, the district's largest town. Other notable towns are Kettering, Wellingborough, Rushden, Raunds, Desborough, Rothwell, Irthlingborough, Thrapston and Oundle.

North Northamptonshire borders the City of Peterborough, Rutland, Milton Keynes, Huntingdonshire, Bedford, Harborough, West Northamptonshire and South Kesteven districts.

It has a string of lakes along the Nene Valley Conservation Park, associated heritage railway, the village of Fotheringhay which has tombs of the House of York as well as a towering church supported by flying buttresses. This division has a well-preserved medieval castle in private hands next to Corby – Rockingham Castle – and about 20 other notable country houses, many of which have visitor gardens or days.
Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway
The Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway was a railway company that operated in southern India. It was founded on 1 January 1908 by merging the Madras Railway and the Southern Mahratta Railway.

Initially, its headquarters was at Royapuram in Madras but was later shifted to a newly constructed building at Egmore, which was inaugurated on 11 December 1922. On 1 April 1944, its management was taken over directly by the Government of India. On 14 April 1951, the Madras and South Mahratta Railway, the South Indian Railway and the Mysore State Railway were merged to form the Southern Railway, one of the 16 zones of the Indian Railways.

Mysore State Railway
Mysore State Railway (MSR) was a railway company which was operated by the government of the Kingdom of Mysore. After India's constitution into a republic, MSR became part of Southern Railways of the government of India on 14 April 1951.
Plum Pie
Plum Pie is a collection of nine short stories by P. G. Wodehouse, first published in the United Kingdom on 22 September 1966 by Barrie & Jenkins (under the Herbert Jenkins imprint), and in the United States on 1 December 1967 by Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York. The collection's title is derived from P. G. Wodehouse's nickname, Plum.

All stories except one belong to a large bag of P. G. Wodehouse regular series: one Jeeves, one golf story, one Blandings, one Ukridge, one Mr Mulliner, one longer Freddie Threepwood story, and two Drones Club members Bingo Little and Freddie Widgeon. Most of the stories had previously appeared in Argosy in the UK and in Playboy or The Saturday Evening Post in the US. The UK version included some extra items between the stories, mostly "Our Man in America" anecdotes originally appearing in Punch.

Nothing Serious (short story collection)
Nothing Serious is a collection of ten short stories by P. G. Wodehouse. It was first published in the United Kingdom on 21 July 1950 by Herbert Jenkins, London, and in the United States on 24 May 1951 by Doubleday & Co., New York. It was published again in 2008 by The Overlook Press.

The stories mostly feature appearances from Wodehouse's recurring characters, including two Drones Club stories about Bingo Little and  Freddie Widgeon, five Oldest Member golf stories, one Blandings Castle story, one Ukridge story, and a standalone story. Seven of the stories were first published in magazines, while the other three were originally published in this collection.
Talland
Talland (Cornish: Tallan, lit. 'hill brow church site') is a hamlet and ecclesiastical parish and former civil parish, between Looe and Polperro, now in the parish of Polperro, in the Cornwall district, on the south coast of Cornwall, England (the parish includes the eastern part of the village of Polperro, where there is a chapel of ease and formerly also the town of West Looe). It consists of a church, the Old Vicarage and a few houses. In 1931 the parish had a population of 768. On 1 April 1934 the civil parish was abolished and merged with Lansallos, part also went to form Looe.

On Talland Bay are two sheltered shingle beaches, Talland Sand and Rotterdam Beach, and the bay was once well known as a landing spot for smugglers. There are several small beaches in Talland Bay, served by a small car park and café. There is also Talland Bay Hotel. Two towers mark one end of a nautical measured mile, the other end is marked by two towers near Hannafore, West Looe.

Talland Bay
Talland Bay (Cornish: Porth Tallan) is located west of the town of Looe in Cornwall. On Talland Bay are two sheltered shingle beaches, Talland Sand and Rotterdam Beach. To the west of Talland Bay is Lekerock Cove.
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
The juxtaglomerular apparatus (also known as the juxtaglomerular complex) is a structure in the kidney that regulates the function of each nephron, the functional units of the kidney. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is named because it is next to (juxta-) the glomerulus.

The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of three types of cells:

the macula densa, in the distal straight tubule (thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle), after which the distal convoluted tubule begins

juxtaglomerular cells, (also known as granular cells) which secrete renin

extraglomerular mesangial cells

The basal lamina is absent between macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells to allow direct contact between these cells.

Tubuloglomerular feedback
In the physiology of the kidney, tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) is a feedback system inside the kidneys. Within each nephron, information from the renal tubules (a downstream area of the tubular fluid) is signaled to the glomerulus (an upstream area). Tubuloglomerular feedback is one of several mechanisms the kidney uses to regulate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). It involves the concept of purinergic signaling, in which an increased distal tubular sodium chloride concentration causes a basolateral release of adenosine from the macula densa cells. This initiates a cascade of events that ultimately brings GFR to an appropriate level.
Pervitino estate
57°07′55.04″N 35°40′26.46″E﻿ / ﻿57.1319556°N 35.6740167°E﻿ / 57.1319556; 35.6740167

Pervitino (Russian: Первитино) is an estate located in Pervitino village in 15 kilometres from Likhoslavl, Tver Oblast, Russia, on the left bank of the Kava river. Known since the 18th century as the ancestral estate of the nobility Shishkov, Khvostov, and Rimsky-Korsakov.

Pervitino local history museum
Pervitino local history museum is a museum of Local Lore and History located in Pervitino village, Likhoslavlsky District, Tver Oblast in 15 kilometres from Likhoslavl and 70 kilometres from Tver, Russia.
Tapu, New Zealand
Tapu is a locality on the western side of the Coromandel Peninsula of New Zealand. State Highway 25 runs through it. Coromandel is 35 km to the north, and Thames is 19 km to the south. The Tapu River flows from the Coromandel Range past the settlement and into the Firth of Thames to the west.

The "Tapu-Coroglen Road", a windy gravel road, connects it across the Coromandel Range with Coroglen in the east. The Square Kauri is on this road.

Square Kauri
The Square Kauri is an estimated 1,200 year old kauri tree (Agathis australis) in the Coromandel Range on the Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand. It is the 15th largest kauri on the peninsula

The Square Kauri is a popular stop along the "Tapu-Coroglen Road", as it is only a short walk from the road.  Its unusual square-looking trunk spared it from felling when most of the large kauri trees in the area were logged during the late 19th century.
Half-track
A half-track is a civilian or military vehicle with wheels at the front for steering and continuous tracks at the back to propel the vehicle and carry most of the load. A half-track combines the soft-ground traction of a tank with the handling of a wheeled vehicle.

M2 half-track car
The M2 half-track car was an armored half-track produced by the United States during World War II. Its design drew upon half-tracks imported from France in the 1930s, employing standard components supplied by U.S. truck manufacturers to speed production and reduce costs. The concept was designed, and the pilot models manufactured by the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company (before the prototype was officially labeled M2.) Production by the White Motor Company began in 1940 and was expanded to include Autocar.

The M2  was initially intended for use as an artillery tractor, but also found use with reconnaissance units. International Harvester Company built the M9 half-track, a variant of their M5 half track, to fulfill the same purpose. It saw wide use in World War II, chiefly by the United States, but also by its allies. A few legacy units were used in the Nicaraguan Revolution.
Bigeye snapper
The bigeye snapper (Lutjanus lutjanus), also known as the bigeye seaperch, red sea lined snapper,  golden striped snapper, rosy snapper, yellow snapper, or simply snapper, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a snapper belonging to the family Lutjanidae. It is native to the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean. It is the type species of the genus Lutjanus.

Lutjanus
Lutjanus is a genus of marine ray-finned fish, snappers belonging to the family Lutjanidae. They are found in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. They are predatory fish usually found in tropical and subtropical reefs, and mangrove forests. This genus also includes two species that only occur in fresh and brackish waters.
Kyungpook National University Museum
Kyungpook National University Museum is an archaeological museum located in Buk District, Daegu, South Korea. The museum opened on 28 May 1959 on the thirteenth anniversary of the opening of the university. The area of the exhibition hall is 5,488 m2 and the outdoor exhibition area of 13,824 m2. Since its opening in 1959, intending to collect, store, exhibit, and research relics from prehistoric to modern times, the Kyungpook National University Museum has played a pivotal role as a cultural facility in the Gyeong-buk region. The Museum recently surveyed Korean cultural relics, and held a special exhibition to promote education in history and culture, provide the community with a greater understanding of the lifestyles and experiences of the past, and broaden perspectives on Korean society and culture.

Buk District, Daegu
Buk District (Korean: 북구; RR: Buk-gu; lit. north district) is a district in northwestern Daegu, South Korea. It adjoins Chilgok County on the north. The area is  93.99 km2. The population is about 414,883.

Buk District was first created as an office of Daegu in 1938, during the period of Japanese rule. It was raised to the status of a district in 1963. For most of the twentieth century, Buk District was purely an administrative division of Daegu, without any local autonomy. The first district council was inaugurated in 1991, and the first district head was elected in 1995, as part of nationwide local government reforms.

Kyungpook National University and Yeungjin College are located in Buk District.
Maurice Sanford Fox
Maurice Sanford Fox (October 11, 1924 – January 26, 2020) was an American geneticist and molecular biologist, and professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he served as department chair between 1985 and 1989.  His pioneering investigations of bacterial transformation helped illuminate the mechanisms by which donor DNA enters and is integrated into a host cell.  His research also contributed to our understanding of mechanisms of DNA mutation, recombination, and mismatch repair more generally.  Ancillary activities include his critical role in the establishment of the Council for a Livable World. He was married to photo researcher Sally Fox, who died in 2006, for over 50 years, and has three sons (Jonathan, Gregory, and Michael). Fox died in January 2020 at the age of 95.

Sally Fox (photographer)
Sally Fox (née Cherniavsky; December 30, 1929 – February 25, 2006) was an American photographer, art collector and editor. She worked as a photographer, coordinator and picture editor for Houghton Mifflin and was especially known for her curated collections of historical images of women's lives which she published during the 1980s.
879 Naval Air Squadron
879 Naval Air Squadron (879 NAS), also known as 879 Squadron, is an inactive Fleet Air Arm (FAA) naval air squadron of the United Kingdom’s Royal Navy (RN). It was last active during the Second World War and from 1943 was equipped with Supermarine Seafire fighters.

It was formed in 1942, and first flew Fairey Fulmar, these followed with Supermarine Spitfire. Operating mainly in the Mediterranean Sea, it took part in the Allied landings at Salerno, Italy in 1943 and Operation Dragoon, the Allied invasion of southern France. It was disbanded in 1946.

RAF Nutts Corner
Royal Air Force Nutts Corner, or more simply RAF Nutts Corner, is a former Royal Air Force (RAF) station located 2.7 miles (4.3 km) east of Crumlin, County Antrim, Northern Ireland and 9.2 miles (14.8 km) north west of Belfast.
Karnaz Subdistrict
Karnaz Subdistrict (Arabic: ناحية كرناز) is a subdistrict (nahiya) of the Mhardeh District in Hama.  The center of this subdistrict is Karnaz. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), the Karnaz Subdistrict had a population of 25,039 in the 2004 census.

Maharda District
Maharda District, also Mharda, Mahardah or Mhardeh (Arabic: محردة Maḥarda) is a district (mantiqah) administratively belonging to Hama Governorate, Syria. At the 2004 Census it had a population of 143,953. Its administrative centre is the city of Mahardah.
Grangetown, Cardiff
51°28′03″N 3°11′07″W﻿ / ﻿51.46750°N 3.18528°W﻿ / 51.46750; -3.18528

Grangetown (Welsh: usually Grangetown, also Trelluest) is a district and community in the south of Cardiff, capital of Wales. It is one of the largest districts in the south of the city and is bordered by Riverside, Canton and Butetown. The River Taff winds its way through the area. Adjacent to the city's Cardiff Bay area, Grangetown is experiencing a period of gentrification and improvements in its infrastructure. Its population as of 2011 was 19,385 in 8,261 households. One of the "five towns of Cardiff", the others are Butetown, Crockherbtown, Newtown and Temperance Town.

Grangetown is a diverse and multiracial district and has a significant population of Somali, Asian and mixed-race residents. It is home to a Swaminarayan Temple and various mosques.

Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Cardiff
Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Cardiff is a Swaminarayan temple located in the Grangetown area of Cardiff, the capital city of Wales. It is the first and largest Hindu temple in Wales and comes under the NarNarayan Dev Gadi of the Swaminarayan Sampraday.
Pycnogaster
Pycnogaster is a genus of bush crickets in the tribe Bradyporini erected by Mariano de la Paz Graells y de la Agüera in 1851.  To date (2022) species have been recorded from the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa.

Bradyporinae
The Bradyporinae are a subfamily in the family Tettigoniidae (bush crickets or katydids), based on the type genus Bradyporus. First described as a family, "Bradyporidae" (Burmeister, H., 1838), the first use as Bradyporinae was by Brunner von Wattenwyl in 1878.

Genera in this subfamily are mostly distributed in Europe, North Africa, through to temperate/subtropical Asia.
Flagellostrigula
Flagellostrigula is a small genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Strigulaceae. It was established for a distinctive, bark-dwelling lineage known chiefly from its asexual stage. The type species is Flagellostrigula laureriformis, and a second species, F. pyrenuloides, was transferred to the genus in 2025. The genus is marked by unusually large asexual fruiting bodies (pycnidia) and by macroconidia that bear a single, long, whip-like gelatinous appendage at one end. Both species are found in tropical to subtropical regions of the Americas, growing on tree bark.

Strigulaceae
Strigulaceae is a family of mostly lichen-forming fungi, one of two families in the order Strigulales (class Dothideomycetes). A molecular analysis of the type genus, Strigula, has led to a reallocation of the foliicolous species into six genera that correspond to well-delimited clades with diagnostic phenotype features. These lichens live almost exclusively in tropical rainforests, where they grow as thin films on the surface of living leaves rather than on bark or rock like many other lichens. The family includes around 140 species distributed across multiple continents, making them one of the most widespread groups of leaf-dwelling organisms. DNA studies have revealed that what scientists once thought was a single large genus actually represents several distinct evolutionary lineages.
Sepulcher Mountain
Sepulcher Mountain, elevation 9,642 feet (2,939 m), is a moderate mountain peak in northwest Yellowstone National Park halfway between the summit of Electric Peak and Mammoth Hot Springs. The peak was named Sepulcher by U.S. Army Captain John W. Barlow in 1871 because of its resemblance to a crypt when viewed from Gardiner, Montana.

The summit of Sepulcher Mountain can be reached by a 7.2-mile (11.6 km) trail from the mouth of Clematis Creek at Mammoth Hot Springs.

Electric Peak (Montana)
Electric Peak is the tallest mountain in the Gallatin Range of southern Montana, close to the Wyoming border and rising to an altitude of 10,969 feet (3,343 m). The peak has some of the greatest physical relief in Yellowstone National Park, rising 3,389 ft (1,033 m) above its base.

Electric Peak was named during the first ascent in 1872 by the United States Geological Survey. Members of the Hayden Survey led by Henry Gannett experienced electrical discharges from their hands and hair after a lightning event on the summit.
Hedu kä misi
Hedu or Hedu kä misi (literally, "sky layer")  is the Ya̧nomamö heaven and in the Ya̧nomamö cosmos the second highest of four layers. The top face of Hedu is like the earth (Hei kä misi) in all ways, containing wildlife, plants and gardens, but instead of living humans the Ya̧nomamö believe it to be the residence of the dead. The activities of humans in Hedu, like the environment there, resembles life on earth in most respects, and the dead eat, hunt, copulate and practice witchcraft, just as living people do.

The bottom face of Hedu is visible from the mortal ground. All celestial bodies, the sun and the moon, the planets and stars, are attached to it and on it chart a regular east to west path.

Hei kä misi
In the Ya̧nomamö cosmos, Hei kä misi (literally, "this layer") is earth and the third highest of four vertically parallel layers. The Ya̧nomamö believe that Hei kä misi was created when a part of Hedu kä misi (Heaven) got dislodged and fell.
Ulrich, 10th Prince Kinsky of Wchinitz and Tettau
Ulrich, 10th Prince Kinsky of Wchinitz and Tettau (German: Ulrich Ferdinand Adolf Antonius Bonaventura Maria Fürst Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau; 15 August 1893 – 19 December 1938) was the titular pretender Prince Kinsky of Wchinitz and Tettau.

Kinsky
The House of Kinsky (formerly Vchynští, sg. Vchynský in Czech; later (in modern Czech) Kinští, sg. Kinský; German: Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau) is a prominent European noble family originating in the Kingdom of Bohemia. During the Thirty Years' War, the Kinsky family rose from minor nobles to comital rank (1628) and later princely status (1747) under the rule of the Habsburgs. The family, recorded in the Almanach de Gotha, is considered to have been one of the most illustrious in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Port Huron station
Port Huron station is an Amtrak station in Port Huron, Michigan, and the eastern terminus of the Blue Water. The current station opened in 1979. It sits six blocks west of the St. Clair Tunnel, but the passenger tracks now terminate here and only freight tracks bypass the station and continue to Canada. Port Huron is the division point between the Flint Subdivision to Battle Creek, Michigan, and the Strathroy Subdivision to London, Ontario.

The station was formerly served by the International Limited, which was operated jointly by Via Rail and Amtrak between Chicago and Toronto. The service, which had started in 1982, was discontinued in 2004. The Port Huron station had contained  a United States Immigration Office while it served the International Limited.

Port Huron, Michigan
Port Huron is a city in and the county seat of St. Clair County, Michigan, United States. The population was 28,983 at the 2020 census. The city is bordered on the west by Port Huron Township, but the two are administered autonomously. The city is the largest in The Thumb area of Michigan, and principal community in the Blue Water Area, more recently rebranded as Michigan's Thumb Coast, for tourism purposes..

Port Huron is located along the source of the St. Clair River at the southern end of Lake Huron. The city is along the Canada–United States border and directly across the river from Sarnia, Ontario. The two cities are connected by the Blue Water Bridge at the eastern terminus of Interstate 69/Interstate 94. Port Huron has the easternmost point of land in the state of Michigan and is also one of the northernmost areas included in the Detroit–Warren–Dearborn Metropolitan Statistical Area (Metro Detroit).
Shirk (Islam)
Shirk (Arabic: شِرْك, lit. 'association') in Islam is a sin often roughly translated as 'idolatry' or 'polytheism', but more accurately meaning 'association [with God]'. It refers to accepting other divinities or powers alongside God as associates. In contrast, Islam teaches that God does not share divine attributes with anyone, as it is disallowed according to the Islamic doctrine of tawhid. The Quran, the central religious text of Islam, states in 4:48 that God will not forgive shirk if one dies without repenting of it.

The one who commits shirk is called a mushrik. The opposite of shirk is tawhid and the opposite of mushrik is muwahhid.

Islamic views on sin
In Islam, sin (dhanb) is an action violating the laws of God (sharīʿah) and an important subject in Islamic ethics.

The Quran describes sins throughout the texts. Some sins are more grievious than others. Therefore, Muslim scholars (ʿulamāʾ) – theologians and jurists – distinguish between lesser sins (al-Sagha'ir) and greater sins (al-kabīrah). The latter refers to unequivocal actions against God's law, and for which punishment is ordained. Sources differ which sin belongs to which category.
Birch Vale
Birch Vale is a village in the High Peak district of Derbyshire, just outside the boundary of the Peak District National Park, between New Mills and Hayfield. Most of Birch Vale, including the attached hamlet of Thornsett, comes under the administration of New Mills Town Council, though the small part to the east of the former Grouse Inn public house is within the boundaries of Hayfield.

Thornsett
Thornsett is a hamlet within the civil parish of New Mills in Derbyshire. It lies between New Mills and Hayfield, and includes a primary school, a nursery, two pubs, a band room and a cemetery (created in 1993). It is roughly 13 miles (21 km) southeast of central Manchester and 22 miles (35 km) west of Sheffield. The hamlet is governed by High Peak Borough Council and, as it lies within New Mills' parish boundaries, New Mills Town Council.