hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Interface (matter)
In the physical sciences, an interface is the boundary between two spatial regions occupied by different matter, or by matter in different physical states. The interface between matter and air, or matter and vacuum, is called a surface, and studied in surface science. In thermal equilibrium, the regions in contact are called phases, and the interface is called a phase boundary. An example for an interface out of equilibrium is the grain boundary in polycrystalline matter.

Phase (matter)
In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water. The glass of the jar is a different material, in its own separate phase. (See state of matter § Glass.)

More precisely, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform.: 86 : 3  Examples of physical properties include density, index of refraction, magnetization and chemical composition.

The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but there can be several immiscible phases of the same state of matter (as where oil and water separate into distinct phases, both in the liquid state).
Overisel Township, Michigan
Overisel Township is a civil township of Allegan County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 3,113 at the 2020 census.

Overisel was named after the Dutch province of Overijssel.  Overisel is the birthplace of mathematician George David Birkhoff, best known for what is now called the ergodic theorem.

Overijssel
Overijssel (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌoːvərˈɛisəl] ⓘ; Dutch Low Saxon: Oaveriessel [ˌɒːvərˈiːsl̩]; German: Oberyssel; lit. 'Outer IJssel') is a province of the Netherlands located in the eastern part of the country. The province borders Drenthe to the north, Friesland to the north-west, Flevoland (and a small part of the IJsselmeer) to the west, Gelderland to the south and west, and Germany's states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia to the east. Overijssel had a population of about 1,184,000 as of January 2023.

The province's name comes from the perspective of the Episcopal principality of Utrecht, which held the territory until 1528. The capital city of Overijssel is Zwolle (pop. 132,441) and the largest city is Enschede (pop. 161,235). The land mostly consists of grasslands and some forests (including Sallandse Heuvelrug National Park).
Jurgen Wevers
Jurgen Wevers (born 12 January 1979 in Winterswijk, Gelderland) is a Dutch professional footballer who currently plays for FC Oss. Wevers plays as a goalkeeper. He formerly played for De Graafschap and RKC Waalwijk.

Winterswijk
Winterswijk (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌʋɪntərsˈʋɛik] ⓘ; also known as Winterswiek or Wenters) is a municipality and a town in the eastern Netherlands. It has a population of 29,022 and is situated in the Achterhoek, which lies in the easternmost part of the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands.

It was also known as Winethereswick, Winriswic or Wenterswic; the Low Saxon wich or wic means the living place of a certain person. The person would likely have been called Wenether, Winitar or Winter.
Whitehaven and Workington
Whitehaven and Workington is a constituency of the House of Commons in the UK Parliament. Further to the completion of the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, it was contested for the first time at the 2024 general election, since when it has been represented by Josh MacAlister of the Labour Party.

2023 review of Westminster constituencies
The 2023 review of Westminster constituencies was the most recent cycle of the process to redraw the constituency map for the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The new constituency boundaries were approved by the Privy Council on 15 November 2023 and came into law on 29 November. It is the first review of Westminster boundaries to be successfully implemented since 2010.

These constituencies were first contested at the 2024 general election.
Meadow Brook, Minnesota
Meadow Brook is an unincorporated community in Linden Grove Township, Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

The community is located 12 miles (19 km) west of Cook at the intersection of State Highway 1 (MN 1) and Saint Louis County Road 139 (Range Line Road).

St. Louis County, Minnesota
St. Louis County is a county  in the Arrowhead Region of  Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 200,231. Its county seat is Duluth. It is the largest county in Minnesota by land area, and the largest in the United States by total area east of the Mississippi River.
St. Louis County is included in the Duluth, MN–Superior, WI Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Major industries include pulpwood production and tourism. Open pit mining of taconite and processing it into high grade iron ore remains an important part of the economy of the Iron Range and is directly tied to shipping in the twin ports of Duluth and Superior. Parts of the federally recognized Bois Forte and Fond du Lac Indian reservations are in the county.
Operation Sigma Sigma
The Sigma is an experimental glider developed in Britain from 1966 by a team led by Nicholas Goodhart. After disappointing performance during flight testing the Sigma was passed on to a Canadian group which carried out modifications, making the Sigma more competitive.

Nicholas Goodhart
Rear-Admiral Hilary Charles Nicholas Goodhart CB FRAeS (28 September 1919 – 9 April 2011) was an engineer and aviator who invented the mirror-sight deck landing system for aircraft carriers. He was also a world champion and record breaker in gliding.
Langford, South Dakota
Langford is a town in Marshall County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 283 at the 2020 census.

Langford was laid out in 1886, and named in honor of Sam Langford, the original owner of the town site.

Marshall County, South Dakota
Marshall County is a county in the U.S. state of South Dakota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 4,306. Its county seat is Britton. The county was created on May 2, 1885, and was named for Marshall Vincent, who homesteaded near Andover, South Dakota.
2018 Internazionali di Tennis Città di Perugia
The 2018 Internazionali di Tennis Città di Perugia was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the fourth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2018 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Perugia, Italy between 10 and 15 July 2018.

Ulises Blanch
Ulises Blanch (born March 25, 1998) is a former American professional tennis player. He has a career high singles ranking of No. 236 achieved on 12 October 2020 and a doubles ranking of No. 423 achieved on 20 May 2019. His last match on the tour was in January 2025 and he has stated on his LinkedIn profile that he has retired due to injuries.
Mohabbat Jaye Bhar Mein
Mohabbat Jaye Bhar Mein (Urdu: محبَت جاۓ بھاڑ میں, lit. 'Let Love Go to Hell') is a Pakistani drama television series produced by Momina Duraid. Written by Fasih Bari Khan and directed by Mazhar Moin, it tells the story of a flat system where scandals are born galore. It premiered on Hum TV on 2 September 2012 and last aired on 27 January 2013.

Fasih Bari Khan
Fasih Bari Khan(Urdu: فصیح باری خان) also spelled as Faseeh Bari Khan is a television scriptwriter from Pakistan. Khan is generally known for the bold portrayals of social issues in his writings. He also wrote Lollywood films also and best known for 7 Din Mohabbat In (2018). In Pakistan television industry he received critical praise for the blockbuster drama Quddusi Sahab Ki Bewah.
Katnarat, Lori
41°05′18″N 44°10′46″E﻿ / ﻿41.08833°N 44.17944°E﻿ / 41.08833; 44.17944

Katnarat (Armenian: Կաթնառատ, also Romanized as Kat’narrat and Katnarrat; formerly, Lorplemsovkhoz, Loriyskiy Sovkhoz) is a town in the Lori Province of Armenia. The town was originally a sovkhoz (collective farm).

Lori Province
Lori (Armenian: Լոռի, Armenian pronunciation: [lɔˈri] ⓘ) is a province (marz) of Armenia. It is located in the north of the country, bordering Georgia. Vanadzor is the capital and largest city of the province. Other important towns include Stepanavan, Alaverdi, and Spitak. It is home to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Haghpat and Sanahin monasteries and the well-preserved Akhtala monastery.

The province was heavily damaged during the 1988 Armenian earthquake.

The province is served by the Stepanavan Airport.
Gungnae
Gungnaeseong (Korean: 국내성; Hanja: 國內城) or Guonei (Chinese: 國內) was the capital of the ancient Korean kingdom of Goguryeo, which was located in Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula. The perimeter of its outer fortress measures 2,686m.
It is located in present day Ji'an city, Jilin province, northeast China. Because of its historical importance and exceptional architecture, Gungnae was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004. It is part of the Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom World Heritage Site, together with nearby Hwando Mountain City and the Onyeosan City, in modern northeast China.

Ji'an, Jilin
Ji'an (Chinese: 集安; pinyin: Jí'ān; formerly simplified Chinese: 辑安; traditional Chinese: 輯安; pinyin: Jí'ān) is a county-level city in the southwestern part of Jilin province, People's Republic of China. It is administered by the prefecture-level city of Tonghua and is the southernmost county-level division in the province. Ji'an has an area of 3,408 km2 (1,316 sq mi) and a population of approximately 230,000. The city was given its current status in 1988. Ji'an is separated from Manpo, Chagang Province, North Korea by the Yalu River; it has an international border running 203.5 km (126.4 mi).
Nuns on the Bus
Nuns on the Bus is a Catholic advocacy group in the United States.
Their name comes from the fact that they tour the country on a bus.

Led by Sister Simone Campbell, they place emphasis on the Church's long-standing commitment to social justice. In different years, the nuns have tackled different themes. In 2012, the nuns aimed to draw attention to nuns' work with the poor and to protest planned aid cuts. In 2013, the theme was immigration reform. The nuns' journeys are sponsored by NETWORK.

Simone Campbell
Simone Campbell, SSS (born Mary Campbell; October 22, 1945) is an American Catholic religious sister, lawyer, lobbyist and the former executive director of NETWORK Lobby. She belongs to the Sisters of Social Service. She is known as an outspoken advocate for social justice.
Jayne Wisener
Jayne Wisener (born 19 May 1987) is an actress and singer from Northern Ireland. She played Johanna in the British-American film Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. She also appeared in an episode of The Inbetweeners, as Lauren Harris.

Coleraine
Coleraine (/koʊlˈreɪn/ kohl-RAYN; from Irish: Cúil Raithin [ˌkuːlʲ ˈɾˠahənʲ], 'nook of the ferns') is a town and civil parish near the mouth of the River Bann in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, of which it is the county town. It is 55 miles (89 km) north-west of Belfast and 30 miles (48 km) east of Derry, both of which are linked by major roads and railway connections. It is part of Causeway Coast and Glens district. Coleraine had a population of 24,483 people in the 2021 census.
Martika's Kitchen (song)
"Martika's Kitchen" is the second single and title track released from American singer-songwriter and actress Martika's 1991 album of the same name, written and produced by Prince. It was released in November 1991 by Columbia Records. Although the song did not replicate the success of "Love... Thy Will Be Done" in the United States, stalling at number 93 on the Billboard Hot 100, it was more successful internationally, peaking within the top 30 in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden and the United Kingdom.

Martika's Kitchen
Martika's Kitchen is the second and final studio album by singer-songwriter Martika, released in 1991 on Columbia Records. The album was reissued in deluxe two-CD edition in 2018 as Martika's Kitchen (Reheated Edition) with 12 bonus tracks of rare mixes and single edits.
Green (B'z album)
Green is the twelfth studio album by the Japanese rock duo B'z, released on July 3, 2002. The album sold 800,120 copies in its first week, about 40,000 copies more than previous studio album Eleven and sold 1,131,788 copies overall.

Green became the first release following Rooms Records changing its name to Vermillion Records.

B'z
B'z (Japanese: ビーズ, Hepburn: Bīzu) is a Japanese rock duo consisting of guitarist, composer and producer Takahiro "Tak" Matsumoto and vocalist and lyricist Koshi Inaba, known for their energetic hard rock tracks and pop rock ballads. B'z is one of the best-selling music artists in the world and the best-selling in their native Japan by certifications, having released 50 consecutive No. 1 singles, 27 No. 1 albums, and 4 No. 1 EPs on the Oricon music charts, and have sold more than 100 million records worldwide.

In 2003, HMV Japan ranked them at number 30 on their list of the 100 most important Japanese pop acts. In 2007, B'z became the first music act from Asia to have their handprints and signatures put up on Hollywood's RockWalk. In 2008, they were awarded a Guinness World Record for "Best-selling album act in Japan", which also notes them to be the best-selling act in Japan overall.
Kesley, Iowa
Kesley is an unincorporated community in southwestern Butler County, Iowa, United States.  It lies along local roads southwest of the city of Allison, the county seat of Butler County.  Although Kesley is unincorporated, it has a post office with the ZIP code of 50649.

Butler County, Iowa
Butler County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 14,334. Its county seat is Allison. The county was organized in 1854 and named for General William O. Butler.
Bellevue, Western Australia
Bellevue is an eastern suburb of Perth, Western Australia in the local government areas of the City of Swan and the Shire of Mundaring. It is at the foot of the slopes of Greenmount, a landmark on the Darling Scarp that is noted in the earliest of travel journals of the early Swan River Colony.

Midland railway station, Perth
Midland railway station is a station and the terminus of the Midland line in Perth. Western Australia. It is operated by Transperth and is connected with the feeder bus services that utilise the adjacent bus terminal in Midland and by Transwa regional coach and rail services.
DuckDB
Free and open-source software portal

DuckDB is an open-source column-oriented Relational Database Management System (RDBMS).  It is designed to provide high performance on complex queries against large databases in embedded configuration, such as combining tables with hundreds of columns and billions of rows. Unlike other embedded databases (for example, SQLite) DuckDB is not focusing on transactional (OLTP) applications and instead is specialized for online analytical processing (OLAP) workloads. The project has over 6 million downloads per month.

Data orientation
Data orientation is the representation of tabular data in a  linear memory model such as in-disk or in-memory. The two most common representations are column-oriented (columnar format) and row-oriented (row format).

The choice of data orientation is a trade-off and an architectural decision in databases, query engines, and numerical simulations. As a result of these tradeoffs, row-oriented formats are more commonly used in online transaction processing (OLTP) and column-oriented formats are more commonly used in online analytical processing (OLAP).

Examples of column-oriented formats include Apache ORC, Apache Parquet, Apache Arrow, formats used by BigQuery, Amazon Redshift and Snowflake. Predominant examples of row-oriented formats include CSV, formats used in most relational databases (Oracle, MySQL etc.), the in-memory format of Apache Spark, and Apache Avro.
Kang Han-byeol
Kang Han-byeol (born June 3, 2002) is a South Korean former child actor. He began his career as a child actor in 2008, and was given roles in television dramas such as Boys Over Flowers (2008–09) The King 2 Hearts (2012) and Hur Jun, The Original Story (2013). Inactive from 2015, he returned to the small screen in 2022 as an adult contestant on the ninth season of I Can See Your Voice.

Hur Jun, The Original Story
Hur Jun, The Original Story (Korean: 구암 허준; RR: Guam Heo Jun) is a 2013 South Korean television series about the life of Heo Jun, a commoner who rose up the ranks to become a royal physician in Joseon (he used the art name "Guam"). It aired on MBC from March 18 to September 23, 2013 on Mondays to Fridays at 20:50 for 135 episodes.

Heo Jun was the author of the famed oriental medicine textbook Dongui Bogam (lit. "Mirror of Eastern Medicine"), considered the defining text of traditional Korean medicine. This was the fifth dramatization of his life. Lead actor Kim Joo-hyuk is the son of Kim Mu-saeng, who also played the same character in the 1975 series Tenacity.
Africa (1984 TV series)
Africa: A Voyage of Discovery was a series about the history of Africa with Basil Davidson. It was produced in a collaboration between Channel 4, the Nigerian Television Authority and RM Arts in 1984 and consisted of eight parts in four episodes. The film received the Gold Award from the 1984 International Film and Television Festival of New York. Each part is around an hour long.

Different But Equal

Mastering of a Continent

Caravans of Gold

The King and The City

The Bible and the Gun

The Magnificent African Cake

The Rise of Nationalism

The Legacy

Basil Davidson
Basil Risbridger Davidson  MC (9 November 1914 – 9 July 2010) was a British journalist and historian who wrote more than 30 books on African history and politics. According to two modern writers, "Davidson, a campaigning journalist whose first of many books on African history and politics appeared in 1956, remains perhaps the single-most effective disseminator of the new field to a popular international audience".
Tekonsha, Michigan
Tekonsha is a village in Tekonsha Township, Calhoun County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is part of the Battle Creek, Michigan Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 653 at the 2020 census.

Calhoun County, Michigan
Calhoun County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 134,310. The county seat is Marshall. The county was established on October 19, 1829, and named after John C. Calhoun, who was at the time Vice President under Andrew Jackson, making it one of Michigan's Cabinet counties. County government was first organized on March 6, 1833. Calhoun County comprises the Battle Creek Metropolitan Statistical Area and is included in the Kalamazoo-Battle Creek-Portage Combined Statistical Area.
The Master and Margarita (miniseries)
The Master and Margarita (Russian: Мастер и Маргарита, romanized: Master i Margarita) is a Russian television mini-series produced by Russian television channel Telekanal Rossiya. based on the novel of the same name, written by Soviet writer Mikhail Bulgakov between 1928 and 1940.  Vladimir Bortko directed this adaptation and was also its screenwriter. The series tagline is "Manuscripts do not burn!".

Roman Kartsev
Roman Andreyevich Kartsev  (Russian: Рома́н Андре́евич Ка́рцев, born Roman Antshelevich Katz (Рома́н А́ншелевич Кац); 20 May 1939 – 2 October 2018) was a Russian entertainer of stage, theater and cinema.

He was Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1990), People's Artist of the Russian Federation (1999). Actor of the Moscow Theater of Miniatures under the leadership of Mikhail Zhvanetsky. For several decades he performed in a duet with Viktor Ilchenko (Kartsev&Ilchenko).
William Bigelow Easton
William Bigelow Easton was an American mathematician who proved Easton's theorem about the possible values of the continuum function. His advisor at Princeton was the famed mathematician and computer scientist Alonzo Church.

Easton's theorem
In set theory, Easton's theorem is a result on the possible cardinal numbers of powersets.  Easton (1970) (extending a result of Robert M. Solovay) showed via forcing that the only constraints on permissible values for 2κ when κ is a regular cardinal are

(where cf(α) is the cofinality of α) and
Kobe Meriken Park Oriental Hotel
Kobe Meriken Park Oriental Hotel (神戸メリケンパークオリエンタルホテル, Kōbe Meriken Pāku Orientaru Hoteru) is a hotel located close to Meriken Park in Kobe, Japan. It opened in June 1995, only 6 months after the Great Hanshin earthquake destroyed much of the city. It is in the Kobe waterfront area called Harborland and is often featured in pictures of Kobe, together with the Kobe Port Tower. It was designed by Takenaka Corporation to resemble a luxury liner. In 2003, it was owned by the Goldman Sachs Group. On February 15, 2006, Japan Hotel REIT Investment Corporation acquired the property for ¥11.4 billion ($7.6 million).

Rooms:  	331

Floors: 	14

Ratings: 	AAA

Meriken Park
Meriken Park (メリケンパーク, Meriken pāku) is a waterfront park located in the port city of Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan.  The park features the Kobe Port Tower, Kobe Maritime Museum, and a memorial to victims of the Great Hanshin earthquake.  The name of the park comes from the word "American," which was commonly translated as "Meriken" during the Meiji era.  Meriken Park is also the location of the Hotel Okura Kobe and Kobe Meriken Park Oriental Hotel.
Mike Morgan (politician)
Mike Morgan (born January 26, 1955) is an American politician from the U.S. state of Oklahoma. A  Democrat, Morgan served as the President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate during the 51st Oklahoma Legislature.

51st Oklahoma Legislature
The Fifty-first Oklahoma Legislature was a meeting of the legislative branch of the government of Oklahoma, composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. State legislators  met at the Oklahoma State Capitol in Oklahoma City from January 2, 2007 to January 3, 2009, during the first two years of the second term of Governor Brad Henry. A tie in the number of seats held by Republicans and Democrats in the Oklahoma Senate resulted in bipartisan leadership. Republicans held the majority of seats in the Oklahoma House of Representatives.
Stuck Here on Snakes Way
Stuck Here on Snakes Way is the third studio album by Finnish melodic death metal band Omnium Gatherum, released in 2007. It is the band's first release on Candlelight Records and the first to feature Jukka Pelkonen on vocals and Aapo Koivisto on keyboards.

Omnium Gatherum
Omnium Gatherum is a Finnish melodic death metal band from Karhula, founded in the autumn of 1996. Although the band mainly follows the path of the melodic death metal genre, much of their work shows strong influences from progressive metal, especially their later albums. Their music is influenced by Gothenburg-style bands such as At the Gates, In Flames, Dissection, and Dark Tranquillity, but also Iron Maiden, Death, Anathema, and Megadeth among others.
Updown
"Updown" (stylised in lowercase) is a hyperpop song single by Piri & Tommy Villiers. Released on 17 February 2023 on Polydor Records, the song was written about cowgirl sex and was performed during live sets prior to release.  Upon release, the song received airplay from BBC Radio 1 and Capital Dance and was reviewed by reviewers from Impact, Dancing Bears, and Clash. A music video was released on 2 March.

Piri
Sophie Leigh McBurnie (born 14 March 1999), known professionally as Piri, is an English musician. Born in Rochdale in Greater Manchester, she was half of the duo Piri & Tommy, who appeared on multiple "ones to watch" lists between November 2022 and January 2023 including the BBC's Sound of 2023, and an original member of the female and genderqueer collective Loud LDN. She also co-wrote the Illit song "Magnetic" and has been named as an influence by Caity Baser.