hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Textual entailment
In natural language processing, textual entailment (TE), also known as natural language inference (NLI), is a directional relation between text fragments. The relation holds whenever the truth of one text fragment follows from another text.

Natural language processing
Natural language processing (NLP) is the processing of natural language information by a computer. NLP is a subfield of computer science and is closely associated with artificial intelligence. NLP is also related to information retrieval, knowledge representation, computational linguistics, and linguistics more broadly.

Major processing tasks in an NLP system include: speech recognition, text classification, natural language understanding, and natural language generation.
III Army Corps (Italy)
The III Army Corps was one of three corps the Italian Army fielded during the Cold War. Based in the regions of Lombardy and Piedmont the corps was the army's operational reserve, while the 4th Alpine Army Corps and the 5th Army Corps, both based in the North East of Italy, were the army's front-line units. After the end of the Cold War the corps was reduced in size and on 1 December 2000 it ceded its last brigades to the 1st Defence Forces Command (COMFOD 1°). The personnel of the 3rd Army Corps was used to raise the NATO Rapid Deployable Italian Corps in January 2001.

Armored Brigade "Centauro"
After World War II the Italian Army had two units named "Centauro": from 1952 to 1986 the Armored Division "Centauro" (Italian: Divisione corazzata "Centauro") and from 1986 to 2002 the Armored Brigade "Centauro" (Italian: Brigata corazzata "Centauro"). Both units were successor to the World War II era 131st Armored Division "Centauro". The units' name came from the mythological race of half human-half horse creatures named Centaurs.
Humboldt—Melfort
Humboldt—Melfort (also known as Humboldt—Melfort—Tisdale) was a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1952 to 1968. This riding was created in 1952 from parts of Humboldt, Melfort and Yorkton ridings. In 1961, the riding was renamed "Humboldt—Melfort—Tisdale".

The riding was abolished in 1966 when it was redistributed into Mackenzie, Prince Albert, Regina East, Regina—Lake Centre and Saskatoon—Humboldt ridings.

Regina—Lake Centre
Regina—Lake Centre was a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1968 to 1979. This riding was created in 1966 from parts of Humboldt—Melfort, Moose Jaw—Lake Centre, Qu'Appelle, Regina City, Rosetown—Biggar, Rosthern and Yorkton ridings.

It was abolished in 1976 when it was redistributed into Humboldt—Lake Centre, Moose Jaw and Regina West ridings.
Convict Lake
Convict Lake (Mono: Wit-sa-nap) is a lake located in Mono County, California,  United States, situated in the Sherwin Range of the Sierra Nevada. It is known for its turquoise-blue water, the dramatic mountains (including Mount Morrison) that surround it, the trout fishing it affords, and its unusual history. The lake was renamed from its traditional Mono name by American settlers after an incident on September 23, 1871, in which a group of convicts escaped from prison in Carson City, Nevada, and took refuge near the lake. They were pursued by a posse, and after it caught up to the convicts, a shootout followed, in which a number of both posse members and convicts were killed or wounded. The remaining convicts who survived initially escaped but were eventually captured to be taken back to prison. They were lynched instead.

Mammoth Lakes, California
Mammoth Lakes is the only incorporated town in Mono County, California, United States. It is located immediately to the east of Mammoth Mountain, at an elevation of 7,880 feet (2,400 m). As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 7,191, reflecting a 12.7% decrease from the 2010 Census.
Kosančić, Vrbas
Kosančić (Serbian Cyrillic: Косанчић; Hungarian: Péklapuszta) is a village in Serbia. It is situated in the Vrbas municipality, South Bačka District, Vojvodina province. The village has a Serb ethnic majority and its population numbering 163 people (2002 census).

Vrbas, Serbia
Vrbas (Serbian Cyrillic: Врбас) is a town and municipality located in the South Bačka District of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. As of 2022, the town has a population of 20,892, while the municipality has 36,601 inhabitants.
Eulecanium
Eulecanium is a genus of true bugs belonging to the family Coccidae.

The species of this genus are found in Europe, Australia and Northern America.

Selected species:

Eulecanium albodermis Chen, 1962

Eulecanium alnicola Chen, 1962

Eulecanium cerasorum

Eulecanium excrescens Ferris

Eulecanium kunoense Kuwana, 1907

Coccidae
Coccidae, from Ancient Greek κόκκος (kókkos), meaning "kernel" or "Kermes", are a family of scale insects belonging to the superfamily Coccoidea. They are commonly known as soft scales, wax scales or tortoise scales. The females are flat with elongated oval bodies and a smooth integument which may be covered with wax. In some genera they possess legs but in others, they do not, and the antennae may be shortened or missing. The males may be winged or wingless.
Hylodesmum
Hylodesmum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, sometimes called ticktrefoils or tick-trefoils. It is sometimes treated as part of Desmodium. It includes 16 species native to eastern North America, sub-Saharan Africa, Yemen, south, southeast, and eastern Asia, Malesia, and New Guinea.

Desmodium
Desmodium is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae, sometimes called tick-trefoil, tick clover, hitch hikers or beggar lice. There are dozens of species and the delimitation of the genus has shifted much over time. Species are distributed widely – from Quebec to northern Argentina in the Americas, across northern and southern tropical Africa, in the southern Arabian Peninsula, in Myanmar and Thailand, New Guinea, and northern and eastern Australia.
McKenzie method
The McKenzie method is a technique primarily used in physical therapy. It was developed in the late 1950s by New Zealand physiotherapist Robin McKenzie. In 1981 he launched the concept which he called "Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy (MDT)" – a system encompassing assessment, diagnosis and treatment for the spine and extremities. MDT categorises patients' complaints not on an anatomical basis, but subgroups them by the clinical presentation of patients.

McKenzie exercises involve spinal extension exercises, as opposed to Williams flexion exercises, which involve lumbar flexion exercises.

Williams Flexion Exercises
Williams flexion exercises (WFE) – also called Williams lumbar flexion exercises – are a set of related physical exercises intended to enhance lumbar flexion, avoid lumbar extension, and strengthen the abdominal and gluteal musculature in an effort to manage low back pain non-surgically. The system was first devised in 1937 by Dallas orthopedic surgeon Dr. Paul C. Williams.

WFEs have been a cornerstone in the management of lower back pain for many years for treating a wide variety of back problems, regardless of diagnosis or chief complaint. In many cases they are used when the disorder's cause or characteristics were not fully understood by the physician, athletic trainer or physical therapist. Also, physical therapists and athletic trainers often teach these exercises with their own modifications.
CFUV-FM
CFUV-FM (101.9 MHz) is a campus and community radio station in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. It is owned by the University of Victoria Student Radio Society, with studios on campus. It airs a variety of musical genres, including adult album alternative, as well as news and talk programming. It serves Greater Victoria and, via cable, Vancouver Island plus areas in the Lower Mainland.

CFUV has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 883 watts (2,290 watts maximum). It is a not-for-profit, non-commercial, volunteer-based radio station and is a member of the National Campus and Community Radio Association. CFUV is funded mainly by a levy on undergraduate studies at the University of Victoria, as well as by donations.

National Campus and Community Radio Association
The National Campus and Community Radio Association/L'Association nationale des radios étudiantes et communautaires (NCRA/ANREC) is a non-profit organization of campus radio and community radio stations in Canada.

It represents the interests of the sector to government (particularly the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)) and other agencies, and promotes community radio in Canada. Since 1981, it has helped lower tariffs affecting radio stations and assisted new stations to launch, as well as to obtain operating funds. Core initiatives include GroundWire, Dig Your Roots, !earshot, Women’s Hands and Voices, the Community Radio Fund of Canada, sector-wide mailing lists, and an annual radio conference.

The head office of the NCRA/ANREC is located in Ottawa. A majority of English-language campus and community radio stations in Canada are members of the NCRA.
Barchmann Mansion
Barchmann Mansion (Danish: Barchmanns Palæ) is a Baroque style town mansion overlooking Frederiksholm Canal in central Copenhagen, Denmark. Built in the early 1740s to designs by Philip de Lange, it is also known as the Wedell Mansion (Danish: Wedells Palæ) after the current owner. It was listed in the Danish registry of protected buildings and places in 1918. An extension from 1748 is now home to Johan Borup's Folk High School.

John Brown (1723–1808)
John Brown (3 March 1723 - 16 January 1808) was a Scottish-Danish merchant and ship-owner. He was a joint founder of John & David Brown in 1759. The company owned 17 ships in 1787 but was liquidated the following year. He was also active in the Danish Asiatic Company where he was a member of the board of directors from 1770–75 and from 1779–85. He was appointed as General War Commissioner in 1776. He was the second-largest landowner in Gentofte and owned Benzonseje (now Risbyholm) from 1784 to 1788.
Copperbelt (electoral district)
Copperbelt was an electoral district which returned a member to the Legislative Assembly of Yukon, Canada. It included the Whitehorse subdivisions of Hillcrest, Granger, Pineridge, MacRae, and part of Copper Ridge. It also included the Lobird mobile home park.

The riding was divided into the new ridings of Copperbelt South, Copperbelt North, Mountainview, and Takhini-Kopper King in 2009. The substantial amount of new housing development in the riding since its creation had led to a significant increase in population that had imbalanced the riding's size compared to others in the territory.

Copperbelt is the former seat of Yukon Liberal Party leader Arthur Mitchell, who was Yukon's Leader of the Official Opposition from 2005 to 2011.

Copperbelt North
Copperbelt North is a territorial electoral district of Yukon that has been represented in the Yukon Legislative Assembly since 2011. It has been represented by Currie Dixon, the current Premier of Yukon since 2025 and the former Leader of the Opposition, from 2011 to 2016, and from 2021 to 2025.

The riding was created in 2009 following the amalgamation of part of the district of Whitehorse West and the former district of Copperbelt. In accordance to the Yukon Electoral District Boundaries Act (2024), it underwent moderate boundary changes, losing most of its southern portion to the riding of Copperbelt South.
George Jolly
George Jolly, or Joliffe (in Germany, Joris Joliphus or Jollifous) (fl. 1640 – 1673) was an actor, an early actor-manager and a theatre impresario of the middle seventeenth century. He was "an experienced, courageous, and obstinate actor-manager" who proved a persistent rival for the main theatrical figures of Restoration theatre, Sir William Davenant and Thomas Killigrew.

Actor-manager
An actor-manager is a leading actor who sets up their own permanent theatrical company and manages the business, sometimes taking over a theatre to perform select plays in which they usually star. It is a method of theatrical production used consistently since the 16th century, particularly common in 19th-century Britain and the United States.
Monadic second-order logic
In mathematical logic, monadic second-order logic (MSO) is the fragment of second-order logic where the second-order quantification is limited to quantification over sets. It is particularly important in the logic of graphs, because of Courcelle's theorem, which provides algorithms for evaluating monadic second-order formulas over graphs of bounded treewidth. It is also of fundamental importance in automata theory, where the Büchi–Elgot–Trakhtenbrot theorem gives a logical characterization of the regular languages.

Second-order logic allows quantification over predicates.  However, MSO is the fragment in which second-order quantification is limited to monadic predicates (predicates having a single argument).  This is often described as quantification over "sets" because monadic predicates are equivalent in expressive power to sets (the set of elements for which the predicate is true).

Monadic second-order logic is expressively equivalent to plural logic.

Büchi–Elgot–Trakhtenbrot theorem
In formal language theory, the Büchi–Elgot–Trakhtenbrot theorem states that a language is regular if and only if it can be defined in monadic second-order logic (MSO): for every MSO formula, we can find a finite-state automaton defining the same language, and for every finite-state automaton, we can find an MSO formula defining the same language.  The theorem is due to Julius Richard Büchi, Calvin Elgot, and Boris Trakhtenbrot.
Ataullah
Ataullah (Arabic: عطاء الله or عطا الله) or the alternative Atallah is an Arabic given name meaning "gift of God", composed of Ata (gift) + Allah (God). It is also a surname to Middle Eastern Christians. The Iranian variant of the same name is Ataollah.

Odtallah or Odetallah (Arabic: عودة الله) is a Palestinian last name where it comes from the personal name meaning "Return of God" made up of the words (Odta) ("Return") + (Allah) ("God").

Ata (name)
Ata is the anglicized form of several names in several languages around the world.

In Tswana, Ata means “increase”.

In Turkish, Ata is a masculine given name meaning "Forefather".

In Hebrew, Ata (אתה) means "you".

In Ogba, Ata means “child”.

In Arabic, ‘Aṭā (عطا) is a name meaning "Gift". It also appears in Persian (عطا).

In Fante, Ata means "one of twins".

Ata, Atta, or Ataa may refer more specifically to:

Ata is the anglicized form of several unrelated personal names and lexical terms that appear independently in multiple languages and cultures worldwide. Despite similarities in spelling and pronunciation, these forms generally arise from distinct linguistic roots and do not share a single common etymology.
Chulym (Ob)
The Chulym (Russian: Чулым) is a river in Krasnoyarsk Krai, the Republic of Khakassia, and Tomsk Oblast in Russia, a right tributary of the Ob. The length of the river is 1,799 kilometers (1,118 mi). The area of its basin is 134,000 square kilometers (52,000 sq mi). The Chulym is formed at the confluence of the rivers Bely Iyus and Cherny Iyus in the Kuznetsk Alatau. The Chulym flows into the Ob near Molchanovo. The towns of Nazarovo, Achinsk, and Asino, and the village of Komsomolsk are located on the Chulym. The main tributaries are the Serezh, Uryup, Kiya and Yaya from the left and Bolshoy Uluy, Kemchug and Chichkayul from the right.

Yaya (river)
The Yaya (Russian: Яя) is a river in Siberian Russia, a left tributary of the Chulym, that flows through Kemerovo and Tomsk oblasts.

It is 380 kilometres (240 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 11,700 square kilometres (4,500 sq mi).

It originates in Kuznetsk Alatau. The urban-type settlement of Yaya is situated on this river.
WhatsOnStage Award for Best Actor in a Play
The WhatsOnStage Award for Best Performer in a Male Identifying Role in a Play is an annual award presented by WhatsOnStage.com as part of the annual WhatsOnStage Awards. Founded in 2001 as the Theatregoers' Choice Awards, the WhatsOnStage Awards are based on a popular vote recognising performers and productions in London's West End theatre.

This award is given to a person who has performed a leading male identifying role in a play during the eligibility year. Introduced in 2001 as the award for Best Actor in a Play, the category was renamed in 2022 in an effort to be more inclusive. The category was discontinued following the 2022 ceremony and was replaced with the gender-neutral WhatsOnstage Award for Best Performer in a Play.

First presented to Conleth Hill at the inaugural ceremony, Kenneth Branagh, Kevin Spacey and David Tennant are the only actors to have won the award twice.

WhatsOnStage Awards
The WhatsOnStage Awards (WOS Awards), formerly known as the Theatregoers' Choice Awards, are organised by the theatre website WhatsOnStage.com. The awards celebrate outstanding achievements in UK theatre, with categories covering both regional productions and shows in London's West End.

Distinctive among major theatre honours in the UK, the WhatsOnStage Awards are decided entirely by public vote. Theatre audiences nominate and select the winners, making the awards a reflection of popular opinion rather than industry panels or critics.

The ceremony is typically held each year in February or March. From 2012 to 2023, it took place at the Prince of Wales Theatre. Since 2024, the event has been hosted at The London Palladium, owned and run by Andrew Lloyd Webber.

The awards are currently produced by Alex Wood and Darius Thompson (for WhatsOnStage) with co-producers Alex Parker and Damian Sandys.
Trimean
In statistics the trimean (TM), or Tukey's trimean, is a measure of a probability distribution's central tendency defined as a weighted average of the distribution's quartiles:

It gives twice as much weight to the median or second quartile  than the first and third quartiles.

This is equivalent to the arithmetic mean of the median and the midhinge:

The foundations of the trimean were part of Arthur Bowley's teachings, and later popularized by statistician John Tukey in his 1977 book which has given its name to a set of techniques called exploratory data analysis.

Like the median and the midhinge, but unlike the sample mean, it is a statistically resistant L-estimator with a breakdown point of 25%. This beneficial property has been described as follows:

An advantage of the trimean as a measure of the center (of a distribution) is that it combines the median's emphasis on center values with the midhinge's attention to the extremes.

L-estimator
In statistics, an L-estimator (or L-statistic) is an estimator which is a linear combination of order statistics of the measurements. This can be as little as a single point, as in the median (of an odd number of values), or as many as all points, as in the mean.

The main benefits of L-estimators are that they are often extremely simple, and often robust statistics: assuming sorted data, they are very easy to calculate and interpret, and are often resistant to outliers. They thus are useful in robust statistics, as descriptive statistics, in statistics education, and when computation is difficult. However, they are inefficient, and in modern times robust statistics M-estimators are preferred, although these are much more difficult computationally. In many circumstances L-estimators are reasonably efficient, and thus adequate for initial estimation.
Armiansk
Armiansk (Ukrainian: Армянськ [ɐrˈmʲɑnʲsʲk] ⓘ; Russian: Армянск; Armenian: Արմյանսկ; Crimean Tatar: Ermeni Bazar) is a city of regional significance in the northern Crimean peninsula. The status of Crimea has been disputed by Ukraine and Russia since February 2014. Armiansk is located on the Isthmus of Perekop and serves as the administrative center of the Armiansk Municipality. Population: 21,987 (2014 Census).

Armiansk Municipality
Armiansk City Municipality (Russian: Армянский горсовет, Ukrainian: Армянська міськрада, romanized: Armianska miskrada, Crimean Tatar: Ermeni Bazar şeer şurası) is an administrative territorial entity of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Population: 24,415 (2014 Census).

It is one of the smallest regions of the republic, located on the Isthmus of Perekop and is the main part of the peninsula that connects to mainland Ukraine.
Carlos Eduardo Gavito
Carlos Eduardo Gavito (April 27, 1942 – July 1, 2005) was an Argentine tango dancer.

In 1956 he started to dance in Buenos Aires, Argentina. In 1974 he worked with Juan Carlos Copes. He also traveled the world with his dance company and his dance partner and wife, Helen Gavito, who qualified at the Scottish Royal Ballet School.  In 1995, he went to dance with Forever Tango, However, Helen was not invited to join him, as Luis Bravo, the Director of Forever Tango wanted only Argentinian dancers - which she was not.  
Throughout the 1990s, he was part of Forever Tango which played in eight US West Coast cities, increasing viewers' interest in learning how to dance the tango.  Gavito was the only English-speaker in the company. Gavito's ultimate rise to fame came from his starring appearances in Forever Tango.  He is buried in Cementerio de la Chacarita in Buenos Aires.

La Chacarita Cemetery
La Chacarita Cemetery (Spanish: Cementerio de la Chacarita, also known as "Cementerio del Oeste") is a cemetery in the Chacarita neighborhood in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is the largest in the country, with an area of 95 hectares (230 acres).

Chacarita Cemetery has designated areas for members of the Argentine artistic community, including writers, prominent composers and actors. The Justicialist leader and former president Juan Perón was buried here until his remains were relocated in 2006 to a mausoleum in his former home in San Vicente.
Umpachene River
The Umpachene River is an 8.3-mile-long (13.4 km) tributary of the Housatonic River in New Marlborough, Massachusetts.  Issuing from small ponds and wetlands on the east side of town, it meanders generally westward through mostly wooded areas before emptying into the Konkapot River near the village of Southfield.

New Marlborough, Massachusetts
New Marlborough is a town in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,528 at the 2020 census. New Marlborough consists of five villages: Clayton, Hartsville, Mill River, New Marlborough Village and Southfield.
Morris Michtom
Morris Michtom (September 12, 1869 – July 21, 1938) was a Russian-born businessman and inventor who, with his wife Rose, also a Russian Jewish immigrant who lived in Brooklyn, founded the Ideal Novelty and Toy Company. Michtom came up with the idea for the teddy bear in 1902 (the same time Richard Steiff in Germany came up with an idea for a stuffed toy bear with movable limbs).  After Michtom's death, the company became the largest doll-making company in the United States.

Richard Steiff
Richard Steiff (7 February 1877 – 30 March 1939) was a German designer known for creating one of the first teddy bears. In 1897, he joined Steiff, a stuffed toy company founded in his hometown Giengen by his aunt Margarete Steiff, and became integral to its growth as a global toy company.