hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Insurrectionary anarchism
Insurrectionary anarchism is a revolutionary theory and tendency within the anarchist movement that emphasizes insurrection as a revolutionary practice. It is critical of formal organizations such as labor unions and federations that are based on a political program and periodic congresses. Instead, insurrectionary anarchists advocate informal organization and small affinity group based organization. Insurrectionary anarchists put value in attack, permanent class conflict and a refusal to negotiate or compromise with 'class enemies'.

Associated closely with the Italian anarchist movement, the theory of insurrectionary anarchism has historically been linked with a number of high-profile assassinations, as well as the bombing campaigns of the Galleanisti and Informal Anarchist Federation (FAI).

Direct action
Direct action is a form of activism in which participants use economic power or political power to achieve their goals. The aim of direct action is to either obstruct a certain practice such as a government's laws or actions or to draw attention to and create a dialogue in order to solve perceived problems.

Direct action may include activities, that can be either violent or nonviolent, targeting people, groups, institutions, actions, or property that its participants deem objectionable. Violent direct action may include political violence, assault, arson, sabotage, and property destruction. Nonviolent direct action may include peaceful demonstrations, civil disobedience, sit-ins, strikes, and counter-economics.
Mendip District
Mendip was a local government district of Somerset in England. The district covered a largely rural area of 285 square miles (738 km2) with a population of approximately 112,500, ranging from the Wiltshire border in the east to part of the Somerset Levels in the west. The district took its name from the Mendip Hills. The administrative centre of the district was Shepton Mallet but the largest town was Frome.

The district was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 by a merger of the municipal boroughs of Glastonbury and Wells, along with Frome, Shepton Mallet, and Street urban districts, and Frome Rural District, Shepton Mallet Rural District, Wells Rural District, part of Axbridge Rural District and part of Clutton Rural District.

On 1 April 2023, the district was abolished and became part of Somerset Council, a unitary authority.

Whatley, Mendip
Whatley is a small rural village and civil parish about 2.5 miles (4 km) west of Frome in the English county of Somerset. The parish lies south of Mells and north of Nunney, and includes the hamlets of Lower Whatley and Chantry.
Battle of Grahamstown
The Battle of Grahamstown took place on 22 April 1819, during the Fifth Xhosa War (1818-1819), at the frontier settlement of Grahamstown in what is now the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The confrontation involved the defence of the town by the British garrison, aided by a group of Khoekhoe marksmen, from an attack by a large force of attacking Xhosa warriors.

Xhosa Wars
The Xhosa Wars were a series of nine wars (from 1779 to 1879) between the Xhosa Kingdom and the British Empire as well as Trekboers from the Dutch colonial empire in what is now the Eastern Cape in South Africa.

Tensions existed between the various Europeans in the Cape region, tensions between Empire administration and colonial governments, and tensions within the Xhosa Kingdom, e.g. chiefs rivaling each other, which usually led to Europeans taking advantage of the situation to meddle in Xhosa politics. A perfect example of this is the case of chief Ngqika and his uncle, chief Ndlambe.

The conflicts between the Xhosa and British were covered extensively in the metropolitan British press, generating increased demand among the British public for information about their country's far-off colonial conflicts.
Kinmel Hall
Kinmel Hall is a country house within a large park near the village of St. George, close to the coastal town of Abergele, in Conwy county borough, Wales. The hall, the third building on the site, was completed in the mid-19th century for the family of a Welsh mining magnate. In 1929, the property ceased being a private residence; it has since been used as a boys' school, health spa, girls' school, wartime hospital, conference centre and hotel.

Since 2001 Kinmel Hall has remained empty after plans by several owners to renovate the building failed. In 2015 the Victorian Society placed the hall on its top ten list of at-risk Victorian and Edwardian buildings. In 2021 a campaign started to save Kinmel Hall from dereliction. The hall is a Grade I listed building and its gardens and parkland are designated on the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales.

St George, Conwy
St George (Welsh: Llansansior, sometimes Llan San(t) Siôr or Llan Sain Siôr) is a small village in the county borough of Conwy, Wales and is close to the coastal town of Abergele, and in the community of. in 1873, the townships of Cegidog Isaf, Cegidog Uchaf, Meifod and Dinorben was annexed within a new parish known today as 'St George'. Nearby is the hamlet of Bodtegwel. The population of the area in 2011 was 332.

Historically part of Denbighshire, St George has been part of the County Borough of Conwy since local government reorganisation in 1996.
2012 USA-Brazil Challenge
The 2012 USA-Brazil Challenge was to be a curling challenge taking place from January 27 to 29 at the Bemidji Curling Club in Bemidji, Minnesota. The challenge round would have determined which nation would qualify to the last Americas Zone spot at the 2012 Capital One World Men's Curling Championship in Basel, Switzerland.

On January 10, the Brazilian team announced that they had withdrawn their challenge to the USA. The Brazilian Ice Sports Federation said in a statement, "It is with great regret that we have to withdraw from the America's Challenge. As a result of recently losing our team coach, the team feels they are not playing well enough to constitute a proper and fit challenge to Team USA for the last remaining place at the 2012 World Men's Championship."

2012 World Men's Curling Championship
The 2012 World Men's Curling Championship was held from March 31 to April 8, 2012 at St. Jakobshalle in Basel, Switzerland. The 2012 World Men's Championship was one of the curling events that is a qualifier for the curling tournament at the 2014 Winter Olympics.

In the final, Canada's Glenn Howard defeated Scotland's Tom Brewster after making a draw to score the winning point, wrapping up the game with a score of 8–7. Canada won its third consecutive gold medal and thirty-fourth overall gold medal. Howard won his fourth gold medal and his second gold medal as skip, while Brewster won his second consecutive silver medal.
Taveuni
Taveuni (pronounced [tāhvéuni]) is the third-largest island in Fiji, after Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, with a total land area of 434 square kilometres (168 square miles). The cigar-shaped island, a massive shield volcano which rises from the floor of the Pacific Ocean, is situated 6.5 kilometres (4.0 miles) east of Vanua Levu, across the Somosomo Strait. It belongs to the Vanua Levu Group of islands and is part of Fiji's Cakaudrove Province within the Northern Division.

The island's population is estimated to be between 12,000 and 20,000, with the official estimate being 13,774 in the 2017 Fijian census. Over 80% of the island's population are indigenous Fijians.

Cakaudrove Province
Cakaudrove (Fijian pronunciation: [ðaˈkɔuɳɖʳoβe]) is one of fourteen provinces of Fiji, and one of three based principally on the northern island of Vanua Levu, occupying the south-eastern third of the island and including the nearby islands of Taveuni, Rabi, Kioa, and numerous other islands in the Vanua Levu Group. It has a total land area of 2,816 square kilometers, with a population of 50,447 at the most recent census in 2017, making it the seventh most populous province. The only major town is Savusavu, with a population of 5,494 in 2017.
Stefan Bečanović
Stefan Bečanović (born November 28, 1990) is a Montenegrin sprinter. He represented Montenegro at the 2009 Summer Universiade in the 400 and 800 metre-races. He is the son of former judoka Dragomir Bečanović.

Dragomir Bečanović
Dragomir Bečanović (born 10 February 1965) is a Montenegrin retired judoka. He represented Yugoslavia at the 1988 Summer Olympics and 1989 World Judo Championships, where he earned a gold medal. He is the father of sprinter Stefan Bečanović.
Canon AE-1 Program
The Canon AE-1 Program is a 35 mm single-lens reflex camera that uses Canon's FD mount lenses manufactured by Canon Camera K. K. (today Canon Incorporated) in Japan and introduced in April 1981 as the successor to the Canon AE-1, five years after that camera's introduction.  The major difference was the addition of the Program AE mode first seen in the A-1.  This mode sets both the shutter speed and aperture automatically—albeit with a slight bias towards the shutter speed setting. The user focuses the camera and then presses the shutter button.  For those desiring more control, the AE-1's shutter priority auto-exposure and full manual modes are still available.

Canon AE-1
The Canon AE-1 is a 35 mm single-lens reflex (SLR) film camera for use with interchangeable lenses, manufactured by Canon Camera K. K. (today Canon Incorporated) in Japan from April 1976 to 1984. It uses an electromagnetically controlled, horizontal cloth focal plane shutter, with a speed range of 2 to 1/1000 second plus Bulb and flash X-sync of 1/60 second. The camera body is 87 mm tall, 141 mm wide, and 48 mm deep; it weighs 590 g. Most are silver, with black grip and chrome trim, but some are black with chrome trim.

Its name refers to the fact that it is an electronic camera using aperture control for automatic exposure. The AE-1 is the first SLR containing a digital integrated circuit, which allowed Canon to integrate more functionality while making the camera smaller.
Beer card
In trick-taking card games such as bridge, the beer card is a name informally given to the seven of diamonds (7♦). Players may agree that if a player wins the last trick of a hand with the 7♦, their partner must buy them a beer. This is not considered as part of the rules of these games, but is an optional and informal side-bet between players. This practice likely originates from Danish Tarok or Skat in the middle of the 20th century. In most decks, the 7♦ is the only diamond number card that lacks rotational symmetry.

Glossary of contract bridge terms
These terms are used in contract bridge, using duplicate or rubber scoring. Some of them are also used in whist, bid whist, the obsolete game auction bridge, and other trick-taking games. This glossary supplements the Glossary of card game terms.

In the following entries, boldface links are external to the glossary and plain links reference other glossary entries.
Hospital de Dona Estefânia
Hospital de Dona Estefânia (European Portuguese pronunciation: [ɔʃpiˈtal dɨ ˈðonɐ (ɨ)ʃteˈfɐnjɐ]; "Queen Stephanie's Hospital") is a public Central Hospital serving the Greater Lisbon, Portugal, area as part of the Central Lisbon University Hospital Centre (CHULC), a state-owned enterprise.

Established in 1877 in memory of Queen Stephanie, this was the first Portuguese hospital specifically dedicated to the healthcare of children, and it remains a national reference in pediatric specialties, both medical and surgical. It serves the south of the country and Insular Portugal.

Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central
Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central (pronounced [ˈsẽtɾu ɔʃpitɐˈlaɾ univɨɾsiˈtaɾju ðɨ liʒˈβoɐ sẽˈtɾal]; CHULC; "Central Lisbon University Hospital Centre") is a public hospital centre (a state-owned enterprise) serving the Greater Lisbon area, in Portugal.

CHULC is one of the four hospital centres in Lisbon, alongside Northern Lisbon University Hospital Centre (CHULN), Western Lisbon Hospital Centre (CHLO) and the Lisbon Psychiatric Hospital Centre (CHPL). It groups together the hospitals Hospital de São José, Hospital de Santo António dos Capuchos, Hospital de Dona Estefânia, Hospital de Santa Marta, Hospital Curry Cabral, and Maternidade Alfredo da Costa.
Kaumualiʻi
Kaumualiʻi (c. 1778–May 26, 1824) was the last independent aliʻi nui of Kauaʻi  and Niʻihau before becoming the vassal of Kamehameha I within the unified Hawaiian Kingdom in 1810. He was the 23rd high chief of Kauaʻi and reigned from 1794 to 1810.

Although he was sometimes known as George Kaumualiʻi, he should not be confused with his son, who is more commonly known by that name.

In Hanamāʻulu, Hawaii, King Kaumuali'i Elementary School is named after him.

Kamehameha II
Kamehameha II  (November 1797 – July 14, 1824) was the second king of the Kingdom of Hawaii from 1819 to 1824. His birth name was Liholiho and full name was Kalaninui kua Liholiho i ke kapu ʻIolani. It was lengthened to Kalani Kaleiʻaimoku o Kaiwikapu o Laʻamea i Kauikawekiu Ahilapalapa Kealiʻi Kauinamoku o Kahekili Kalaninui i Mamao ʻIolani i Ka Liholiho when he took the throne.

Due to his young age, his power was limited and he was controlled under Ka'ahumanu, the queen consort of his father Kamehameha I. However, Kamehameha II is disreputably known for the 'Ai Noa, when he broke traditional religious laws, leading to a lengthened period of taboo-breaking, the disbanding of the social class of priest, and the destruction of temples and images. With increased European contact, Christianity and Western influence began to appear during his reign.
Parliament of Bhutan
The Parliament of Bhutan (Dzongkha: རྒྱལ་ཡོངས་ཚོགས་ཁང་ gyelyong tshokhang) consists of the King of Bhutan together with a bicameral parliament. This bicameral parliament is made up of an upper house, the National Council and a lower house, the National Assembly. The current parliamentary framework replaced the unicameral Tshogdu in 2007, with the first members taking seats in 2008.

Constitution of Bhutan
The Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan (Dzongkha: འབྲུག་གི་རྩ་ཁྲིམས་ཆེན་མོ་; Wylie: 'Druk-gi tsa-thrims-chen-mo) was enacted 18 July 2008 by the Royal Government of Bhutan. The Constitution was thoroughly planned by several government officers and agencies over a period of almost seven years amid increasing democratic reforms in Bhutan. The current Constitution is based on Buddhist philosophy, international Conventions on Human Rights, comparative analysis of 20 other modern constitutions, public opinion, and existing laws, authorities, and precedents. According to Princess Sonam Wangchuck, the constitutional committee was particularly influenced by the Constitution of South Africa because of its strong protection of human rights.
Big River, Saskatchewan
Big River is a town located on the southern end of Cowan Lake in north central Saskatchewan, Canada. It is just north of Saskatchewan's extensive grain belt on Highway 55 (part of the inter-provincial Northern Woods and Water Route) and about 16 kilometres (10 mi) west of Prince Albert National Park. Delaronde Lake is accessed east of the town. Big River is approximately 132 kilometres (82 mi) from Prince Albert.

Except for some land cleared for farming and a few natural meadows, the town is surrounded by the northern boreal forest.

Delaronde Lake
Delaronde Lake is a lake in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It is situated at the western edge of the Waskesiu Upland in the boreal forest ecozone of Canada. Delaronde Lake is within the Churchill River drainage basin of the Hudson Bay.

Most of Delaronde Lake is in the Rural Municipality of Big River No. 555 with only the northernmost part in the Northern Saskatchewan Administration District. Along the lake's shores are campgrounds, resorts, cottage communities, and a Bible camp. Access to the lake and its amenities is from Highway 922. At about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to the south-west, Big River is the closest town.
Holland Village MRT station
Holland Village MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the Circle Line (CCL), located along the boundary of Bukit Timah and Queenstown planning areas in Singapore. Situated close to the junction of Holland Avenue and Holland Road, it primarily serves the area of Holland Village, where its name was derived from. The station is operated by SMRT Trains.

First announced as Holland MRT station in 2003, the station was renamed Holland Village through a public poll in 2005. The station opened on 8 October 2011 when Stages 4 and 5 of the CCL stations opened. The station features Holland Beat by Jeremy Sharma as part of the MRT network's Art-in-Transit programme.

Bukit Timah
Bukit Timah (IPA: /ˈbʊkɪt ˌtiːmɑː/ BUUK-it TEE-mah), often abbreviated as Bt Timah, is a planning area and residential estate located in the westernmost part of the Central Region of Singapore. Bukit Timah lies roughly 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the Central Business District, bordering the Central Water Catchment to the north, Bukit Panjang to the northwest, Queenstown to the south, Tanglin to the southeast, Clementi to the southwest, Novena to the east and Bukit Batok to the west. It is further split into eight subzones, namely Anak Bukit, Coronation Road, Farrer Court, Hillcrest, Holland Road, Leedon Park, Swiss Club and Ulu Pandan.

Owing to its prime location, Bukit Timah has one of the densest clusters of luxury condominiums and landed property in Singapore, with little public housing.
Brighton Dome
The Brighton Dome is an arts venue in Brighton, England, that contains the Concert Hall, the Corn Exchange and the Studio Theatre (formerly the Pavilion Theatre). All three venues are linked to the rest of the Royal Pavilion Estate by a tunnel to the Royal Pavilion in Pavilion Gardens and through shared corridors to Brighton Museum. The Brighton Dome is a Grade I listed building.

Brighton Museum & Art Gallery
Brighton Museum & Art Gallery is a municipally owned public museum and art gallery in the city of Brighton and Hove in the South East of England. It is part of Brighton & Hove Museums. It costs £9.50 for a yearly pass, discounted to £7 for Brighton and Hove residents and students at local universities.
Ngarla language
Ngarla is a Pama–Nyungan language of coastal Western Australia. It is possibly mutually intelligible with Panyjima and Martuthunira, but the three are considered distinct languages.

Ngarla is a member of the Ngayarda branch of the Pama–Nyungan languages. Dench (1995) believed there was insufficient data to enable it to be confidently classified, but Bowern & Koch (2004) include it without proviso.

Ngarla is spoken near Port Hedland. The "Ngarla" on the Ashburton River is a dialect of a different, though possibly related, language, Yinhawangka.

According to the Irra Wangga Language Centre, "Ngarla is no longer spoken today, although there remain some community members who know some words and phrases in the language".

Yinhawangka language
Yinhawangka (Inawangga) is a Pama–Nyungan language of Western Australia. Dench (1995) believed there was insufficient data to enable it to be confidently classified, but Bowern & Koch (2004) include it among the Ngayarda languages without proviso.
Texas shiner
The Texas shiner (Notropis amabilis) is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Notropis. It is found in the Colorado River to Rio Grande drainage from Texas and northeastern Mexico and the Rio Salado and Rio San Juan systems in Mexico to the lower Pecos River in Texas.

Notropis
Notropis is a genus of freshwater ray-finned fish in the family Leuciscidae, the shiners, daces and minnows. They are known commonly as eastern shiners. They are native to North America, and are one of the continent's most speciose genera.

A 1997 phylogenetic analysis placed the genus in a clade with Campostoma, Cyprinella,  Phenacobius, Platygobio and Rhinichthys. The systematics of the genus is still unclear. It has not been confirmed to be monophyletic. While it has been divided into several subgenera and species groups, the relationships between the taxa are not yet understood.
Jerry Wexler
Gerald Wexler (January 10, 1917 – August 15, 2008) was a music journalist turned music producer, and was a major influence on American popular music from the 1950s through the 1980s. He coined the term "rhythm and blues", and was integral in signing and/or producing many of the biggest acts of the time, including Ray Charles, the Allman Brothers, Chris Connor, Aretha Franklin, Led Zeppelin, Wilson Pickett, Dire Straits, Dusty Springfield and Bob Dylan. Wexler was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987 and in 2017 to the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame.

Jim Stewart (music producer)
James Frank Stewart (July 29, 1930 – December 5, 2022) was an American record producer and executive who in 1957 co-founded Stax Records with his sister Estelle Axton. Stax was one of the leading recording companies during soul and R&B music's heyday. The label also scored many hits on the Billboard Hot 100 pop music chart, and internationally, during this time.
Rohr Jewish Learning Institute
The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute (JLI) is a division of Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch, the educational arm of the Chabad-Lubavitch Orthodox Jewish Hasidic dynasty. It offers adult Jewish courses on Jewish history, law, ethics, philosophy and rabbinical literature worldwide. It also develops Jewish studies curricula specifically for women, college students, teenagers, and seniors.

In 2014, the organization claimed there were 117,500 people enrolled in JLI. The JLI model combines a research-based approach with instructional design, aiming to present traditional Jewish teachings in a contemporary academic framework. Its headquarters are located in the Crown Heights area of Brooklyn, New York City.

Jewish education
Jewish education (Hebrew: חינוך, Chinuch) refers to the teaching and transmission of Judaism through religious texts, values and traditions that are being passed down from generations. For Jews, education has played a significant role from ancient time that began by learning at home. Over time, Jewish education has developed into a more formal setting like cheder and yeshiva specifically where study has become a part of daily life and cultural identity. In today's society Jewish education has taken many forms from day schools, Hebrew schools and adult learning. There remains a strong emphasis on continuing Jewish education to allow connecting to individuals to help adapt to needs and values of a more modernized Jewish life.
Westfriese Flora
The Westfriese Flora (later renamed Holland Flowers Festival) was an annual garden festival held in Bovenkarspel, Netherlands. Established in 1933, it evolved into the world's largest indoor bulb flower show. The event showcased of tulips, daffodils, hyacinths, and other flowers, functioning both as a trade fair for horticultural professionals and a festive occasion for the general public.

Bovenkarspel
Bovenkarspel (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈboːvə(n)ˌkɑrspəl]) is a town in the municipality of Stede Broec in the Dutch province of North Holland. Situated in the West Friesland region, Bovenkarspel is known for its agricultural heritage, particularly its historical ties to horticulture and flower cultivation.