hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
FRBRoo
The FRBRoo ("FRBR-object oriented") initiative is a joint effort of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model and Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records international working groups to establish "a formal ontology intended to capture and represent the underlying semantics of bibliographic information and to facilitate the integration, mediation, and interchange of bibliographic and museum information."

CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model
The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) provides an extensible ontology for concepts and information in cultural heritage and museum documentation. It is the international standard (ISO 21127:2023) for the controlled exchange of cultural heritage information. Galleries, libraries, archives, museums (GLAMs), and other cultural institutions are encouraged to use the CIDOC CRM to enhance accessibility to museum-related information and knowledge.
Japanese gunboat Chiyodagata
Chiyoda (千代田形, Chiyodagata) was a gunboat of the Tokugawa Navy, and Japan's first domestically-built steam warship (Japan's first steamship was the Unkōmaru (雲行丸) built by the fief of Satsuma in 1855). She was a 3rd class wooden gunboat and laid down May 7, 1861, and launched July 2, 1863 by the shipbuilder, and future industrial giant, Ishikawajima.

Completed in May 1866, she participated in the conflict of the Boshin War with the Bakufu loyalists, against the newly formed Imperial Army. She was captured during the Naval Battle of Hakodate Bay, and was grounded during the conflict. In May 1868 she was seized by the Japanese government, then captured by the rebels on 4 October 1868. Recaptured again by the Japanese government on 30 April 1869, she became a training ship until she was decommissioned on 28 January 1888. Afterwards she served as a whaling ship until 1911, after which time she was broken up (scrapped).

Naval Battle of Hakodate
The Naval Battle of Hakodate (函館湾海戦, Hakodatewan Kaisen) was fought from 4 to 10 May 1869, between the remnants of the Tokugawa shogunate navy, consolidated into the armed forces of the rebel Ezo Republic, and the newly formed Imperial Japanese Navy. It was one of the last stages of Battle of Hakodate during the Boshin War, and occurred near Hakodate in the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido.
Village Institutes
Village Institutes (Turkish: Köy Enstitüleri) were a group of rural schools in Turkey founded in accordance with a project led by Hasan Âli Yücel, who was the Minister of Education at the time. The project started on April 17, 1940 in order to train teachers. They were the cornerstones of the rural development projects in the post-war Turkish state. At the time there weren't many educational institutions in most villages, the institutes helped educate the rural populace. Village Institutes were established to meet the needs of the teachers of each village.  Despite their short lifespan, they increased the number of primary schools in the country. They had the support of president İsmet İnönü and the director general of primary education İsmail Hakkı Tonguç.

İsmail Hakkı Tonguç
İsmail Hakkı Tonguç  (1893–1960) was a teacher and director for primary education in the Ministry of National Education of Turkey. He is considered to have deeply influenced the education program during the single party era and the Village Institutes, which trained teachers.
MY Ocean Warrior
MY Ocean Warrior is a cutter-class vessel owned and operated by the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society as research/survey patrol vessel. She is used in their direct action campaigns against whaling and illegal fisheries activities.

Sea Shepherd Conservation Society operations
The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society engages in various demonstrations, campaigns, and tactical operations at sea and elsewhere, including conventional protests and direct actions to protect marine wildlife. Sea Shepherd operations have included interdiction against commercial fishing, shark poaching and finning, seal hunting and whaling. Many of their activities have been called piracy or terrorism by their targets and by the ICRW. Sea Shepherd says that they have taken more than 4,000 volunteers on operations over a period of 30 years.
Ottawa Trojans
The Ottawa Trojans were a Canadian football team based in Ottawa, Ontario and competed in the Ontario Rugby Football Union from 1943 to 1947. After winning the 1947 ORFU championship, the team would merge with the Ottawa Rough Riders in 1948.

Ontario Rugby Football Union
The Ontario Rugby Football Union (ORFU) was an early amateur Canadian football league comprising teams in the Canadian province of Ontario. The ORFU was founded on Saturday, January 6, 1883, and in 1903 it became the first major competition to adopt the Burnside rules, from which the modern Canadian football code would evolve. The ORFU converted from a senior level to an intermediate level league after 1960, and had ceased to exist by 1974. The ORFU operated a league competition for junior teams, from 1890 to 1970.
Tower Hill Postern
The Tower Hill Postern was a small fortified entrance (postern) at the eastern terminal point to the London Wall, at the junction of the Wall and the Tower of London moat. The size of the gateway indicates that it was suitable for pedestrians and horsemen but not wide enough to accommodate wagons, carts or carriages.

Postern
A postern is a secondary door or gate in a fortification such as a city wall or castle curtain wall. Posterns were often placed in concealed locations, allowing inconspicuous entrance and exit. In the event of a siege, a postern could act as a sally port, allowing defenders to make a sortie on the besiegers. Placed in a less exposed, less visible location, they were usually relatively small, and therefore easily defensible.
Alice Balducci
Alice Balducci (born 11 September 1986) is an Italian former tennis player.

Balducci won eight singles and 22 doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. On 26 May 2014, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 361. On 20 August 2012, she peaked at No. 290 in the WTA doubles rankings.

Partnering Katarzyna Kawa, Balducci won her first $50k tournament at the 2013 Trofeul Popeci, defeating Diana Buzean and Christina Shakovets in the final.

2013 Trofeul Popeci
The 2013 Trofeul Popeci was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the seventh edition of the tournament which was part of the 2013 ITF Women's Circuit, offering a total of $50,000+H in prize money. It took place in Craiova, Romania, on 12–18 August 2013.
Christian Goldbach
Christian Goldbach (/ˈɡoʊldbɑːk/ GOHLD-bahk, German: [ˈkʁɪsti̯a(ː)n ˈɡɔltbax]; 18 March 1690 – 20 November 1764) was a Prussian mathematician connected with some important research mainly in number theory; he also studied law and took an interest in and a role in the Russian court. After traveling around Europe in his early life, he landed in Russia in 1725 as a professor at the newly founded Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Goldbach jointly led the academy in 1737. However, he relinquished duties in the academy in 1742 and worked in the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs until his death in 1764. He is remembered today for Goldbach's conjecture and the Goldbach–Euler Theorem. He had a close friendship with famous mathematician Leonhard Euler, serving as inspiration for Euler's mathematical pursuits.

Fermat number
In mathematics, a Fermat number, named after Pierre de Fermat (1601–1665), the first known to have studied them, is a positive integer of the form:  where n is a non-negative integer. The first few Fermat numbers are: 3, 5, 17, 257, 65537, 4294967297, 18446744073709551617, 340282366920938463463374607431768211457, ... (sequence A000215 in the OEIS).

If 2k + 1 is prime and k > 0, then k itself must be a power of 2, so 2k + 1 is a Fermat number; such primes are called Fermat primes. As of January 2025, the only known Fermat primes are F0 = 3, F1 = 5, F2 = 17, F3 = 257, and F4 = 65537 (sequence A019434 in the OEIS).
William H. McLean
William H. McLean (1871 – January 10, 1943) was an American architect from Boston, Massachusetts. He is best known for the design of public libraries, many of which he designed as a member of the firm of McLean & Wright.

Newton Street School
The Newton School is a historic school at 70 Shelburne Road in Greenfield, Massachusetts.  Built in 1915, it is one of the first graded elementary schools in western Massachusetts to feature a single-story plan and a large playground, presaging trends in those areas of school design.  The school was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.
Ranger Battalion GSV
69°43′33″N 29°53′29″E﻿ / ﻿69.725781°N 029.891294°E﻿ / 69.725781; 029.891294

Ranger Battalion GSV (Norwegian: Jegerbataljonen GSV, formerly known as the Garrison of Sør-Varanger) is a border guard light infantry battalion unit in the Norwegian Army that monitors the 196-kilometer (122 mi) border between Norway and Russia. It is located at Høybuktmoen in Sør-Varanger Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway.

The military base sits adjacent to Kirkenes Airport, Høybuktmoen. The battalion consists of the Training Company (UTDKP), the Combat Support Company (KAMPSTØ), the Ranger Company (JGKP), and the border companies: the Jarfjord Ranger Company (JAR) and the Pasvik Ranger Company (PAS).

Finnmark
Finnmark (Norwegian: [ˈfɪ̀nːmɑrk] ⓘ; Northern Sami: Finnmárku [ˈfinːˌmaːrːhkuː]; Kven: Finmarkku; Finnish: Finnmarkin lääni; Russian: Финнмарк) is a county in northern Norway. By land, it borders Troms county to the west, Finland's Lapland region to the south, and Russia's Murmansk Oblast to the east, and by water, the Norwegian Sea (Atlantic Ocean) to the northwest, and the Barents Sea (Arctic Ocean) to the north and northeast.

The county was formerly known as Finmarkens amt or Vardøhus amt. Since 2002, it has had two official names: Finnmark (Norwegian) and Finnmárku (Northern Sami). It is part of the Sápmi region, which spans four countries, as well as the Barents Region, and is Norway's second-largest and least populous county.

In January 2020, Finnmark merged with the neighbouring county of Troms to form Troms og Finnmark county. In January 2024, the counties of Finnmark and Troms were restored after parliament decided in June 2022 to separate them.
Mia Martina
Martine Johnson, better known by her stage name Mia Martina, is a Canadian singer and songwriter. She is known for her hit singles "Stereo Love", "Burning", "Latin Moon" and "Beast". Martina has received Juno Awards nominations for "Stereo Love" and "HeartBreaker", as well as a SOCAN award in 2014 for co-writing "Burning".

Latin Moon
"Latin Moon" is a song by the Canadian singer Mia Martina released on CP Records and was written by Adam Alexander, Ryan Kowarsky, Daniel Kowarsky, Alexander Vujic and Wassim Salibi (also known as Tony Sal, the founder of CP Records). A music video was released on August 4, 2011. It was directed by Marc Andrée Debruyne. The music video attracted 17 million views until December 2017.

After the success of the record, an alternative single was released featuring Massari, also a Canadian artist signed to the label with an amended music video released on December 13, 2011, months after the release of the original. The version has attracted almost 16 million views till December 2017.
The Last Protest Singer
The Last Protest Singer is a posthumously produced album by the American singer-songwriter Harry Chapin, released in 1988. Chapin had been working on the album when he died in 1981. Up to 18 songs were on the master tape to a greater or lesser extent. Eleven of these were far enough advanced to create this album.

The track listing on the Dunhill issue differs from that on the more recent Chapin Productions CD version, with Dunhill uniquely having 'Anthem'/'A Quiet Little Love Affair' and the Chapin Productions CD having 'Oh Man'.

According to Chapin, the album's name and lead track is in memory of Chilean activist Víctor Jara, who sang during his torture before being murdered for protesting the 1973 Chilean coup d'état.

Harry Chapin
Harry Forster Chapin (/ˈtʃeɪpɪn/; December 7, 1942 – July 16, 1981) was an American singer-songwriter, philanthropist, and hunger activist best known for his folk rock and pop rock songs. He achieved worldwide success in the 1970s. Chapin, a Grammy Award-winning artist and Grammy Hall of Fame inductee, has sold over 16 million records worldwide.

Chapin recorded a total of 11 albums from 1972 until his death in 1981. All 14 singles that he released became hits on at least one national music chart. Chapin's songs include "Taxi" and "Cat's in the Cradle."

Chapin campaigned to end world hunger. He was a participant in the creation of the Presidential Commission on World Hunger in 1977. In 1987, Chapin was posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal for his humanitarian work.
Silver Wedding (novel)
Silver Wedding is a 1988 novel by the Irish author Maeve Binchy. Set in London, Dublin, and the west of Ireland in the year 1985, the novel explores the lives and inner feelings of a couple and their family and friends who are about to celebrate the couple's 25th wedding anniversary.

Maeve Binchy
Anne Maeve Binchy Snell (28 May 1939 – 30 July 2012) was an Irish novelist, playwright, short story writer, columnist, and speaker. Her novels were characterised by a sympathetic and often humorous portrayal of small-town life in Ireland, and surprise endings. Her novels, which were translated into 37 languages, sold more than 40 million copies worldwide. Her death at age 73, announced by Vincent Browne on Irish television late on 30 July 2012, was mourned as the death of one of Ireland's best-loved and most recognisable writers.

She appeared in the US market, featuring on The New York Times Best Seller list and in Oprah's Book Club. Recognised for her "total absence of malice" and generosity to other writers, she finished third in a 2000 poll for World Book Day, ahead of Jane Austen, Charles Dickens, and Stephen King.
Austin MacDonald
Austin MacDonald (born July 17, 1995) is a Canadian actor, best known for his role as Roger in 2008 film Kit Kittredge: An American Girl and as Andy in the Roxy Hunter film series.  In 2013, he won the Young Artist Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Feature Film for his role as Brian in Jesus Henry Christ.

Roxy Hunter
Roxy Hunter is a fictional character played by Aria Wallace in four television films for Nickelodeon in the United States: Roxy Hunter and the Mystery of the Moody Ghost (2007), Roxy Hunter and the Secret of the Shaman (2008), Roxy Hunter and the Myth of the Mermaid (2008), and Roxy Hunter and the Horrific Halloween (2008).
Covoada
Covoada is a civil parish in the municipality of Ponta Delgada, on the island of São Miguel in the Azores. The population in 2011 was 1,341, in an area of 9.03 km2. It contains the localities Covoada, Nossa Senhora da Graça and Pavões.

Ponta Delgada
Ponta Delgada (European Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpõtɐ ðɛlˈɣaðɐ] ⓘ; lit. 'Thin Cape') is the largest municipality (concelho) and executive capital of the Autonomous Region of the Azores in Portugal. It is located on São Miguel Island, the largest and most populous in the archipelago. As of 2021, it has 67,287 inhabitants, in an area of 232.99 square kilometres (89.96 square miles). There are 17,629 residents in the three central civil parishes that comprise the historical city: São Pedro, São Sebastião, and São José. Ponta Delgada became the region's administrative capital under the revised constitution of 1976; the judiciary and Catholic See remained in the historical capital of Angra do Heroísmo while the Legislative Assembly of the Azores was established in Horta.
Lee Sung-jae
Lee Sung-jae (Korean: 이성재; born August 23, 1970) is a South Korean actor. Among his notable works include the films Art Museum by the Zoo (1998), Attack the Gas Station (1999), Kick the Moon (2001), and Public Enemy (2002), as well as the television series Gu Family Book (2013).

Gu Family Book
Gu Family Book (Korean: 구가의 서; also known as Kang Chi, the Beginning) is a 2013 South Korean television series starring Lee Seung-gi and Bae Suzy. The fusion martial arts action historical drama is about a half-man half-monster who is searching for a centuries-old book that according to gumiho legend, contains the secret to becoming human.

Filmed at MBC Dramia in Gyeonggi Province, the series aired on MBC from April 8 to June 25, 2013, on Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:55 for 24 episodes.
Jack Keane
John M. Keane (born 1 February 1943) is an American retired general who served as Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1999 to 2003. He is a national security analyst, primarily on Fox News, chairman of the Institute for the Study of War, and chairman of AM General.

Institute for the Study of War
The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) is an American nonprofit research group and advocacy think tank founded in 2007 by military historian Kimberly Kagan and headquartered in Washington, D.C. ISW provides research and analysis of modern armed conflicts and foreign affairs. It has produced reports on the Syrian civil war, the war in Afghanistan, and the war in Iraq, "focusing on military operations, enemy threats, and political trends in diverse conflict zones". ISW currently publishes daily updates on the Russo-Ukrainian war and the Gaza war. ISW also published daily updates on Mahsa Amini protests in Iran. ISW was founded in response to the stagnation of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars and core funding to the group is provided by U.S. military contractors.
Aspatria
Aspatria /əsˈpeɪtriə/ is a town and civil parish in Cumberland, Cumbria, England. The town rests on the north side of the Ellen Valley, overlooking a panoramic view of the countryside, with Skiddaw to the South and the Solway Firth to the North. Its developments are aligned approximately east–west along the A596 Carlisle to Workington road and these extend to approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) in length. It lies about 8 miles (13 km) northeast of Maryport, a similar distance to the Southwest of Wigton, about 9 miles (14 km) north of Cockermouth and 5 miles (8.0 km) from the coast and Allonby. A Roman road leading from "Old Carlisle" to Ellenborough passed through the hamlet.

It is served by Aspatria railway station. Aspatria is located on the fringe of the English Lake District.

The parish church of St Kentigern was rebuilt in 1848. Fragments of masonry and crosses from earlier structures on the same site are preserved there.

A596 road
The A596 is a primary route in Cumbria, in northern England, that runs between Thursby (5 miles (8.0 km) north-east of Wigton) and  Workington. For its entirety the A596 parallels the A595, and meets the A595 at both ends. The A596 begins its course at a roundabout junction with the A595 at Thursby, before continuing past the towns of Wigton and Aspatria. As it travels further towards the coast, it reaches the town of Maryport, where there is a junction to the B5300 heading up the coast to Silloth via Allonby, Mawbray, and Beckfoot. It then crosses over the River Derwent, skirting the eastern edge of Workington shortly before terminating at the junction with the A595 at Lillyhall.
Maria Saal
Maria Saal (Slovene: Gospa Sveta) is a market town in the district of Klagenfurt-Land in the Austrian state of Carinthia. It is located in the east of the historic Zollfeld plain (Gosposvetsko polje), the wide valley of the Glan River. The municipality includes the cadastral communes of Kading, Karnburg, Möderndorf, Possau and St. Michael am Zollfeld.

Zollfeld
Zollfeld (Slovene: Gosposvetsko polje) is a slightly ascending plain in Carinthia, Austria with interspersed small woods, hills, and swamps. It is one of the oldest cultural landscapes in the East Alpine region.
Wolfgang Birkner
Wolfgang Birkner (27 October 1913 – 24 March 1945) was a German SS functionary and a Holocaust perpetrator in World War II. Birkner served as the KdS Warschau (Komandeur der Sicherheitspolizei) in Warsaw following the German invasion of Poland in 1939.

After the German attack on the Soviet Union in 1941, Birkner and his Einsatzkommando were deployed in the newly formed Bialystok District in the Army Group Centre Rear Area. Birkner arrived in Białystok from the General Government on 30 June 1941, sent in by the SS Police commander Eberhard Schöngarth on orders from the Reich Security Main Office. As veteran of Einsatzgruppe IV from the 1939 invasion of Poland, Birkner was a specialist in rear security operations.

Einsatzkommando
During World War II, the Nazi German Einsatzkommandos were a sub-group of the Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing squads) – up to 3,000 men total – usually composed of 500–1,000 functionaries of the SS and Gestapo, whose mission was to exterminate Jews, Polish intellectuals, Romani, and communists in the captured territories often far behind the advancing German front. Einsatzkommandos, along with Sonderkommandos, were responsible for the systematic murder of Jews during the aftermath of Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. After the war, several commanders were tried in the Einsatzgruppen trial, convicted, and executed.
Verkhnyaya Tura
Verkhnyaya Tura (Russian: Ве́рхняя Тура) is a town under the administrative jurisdiction of the Town of Kushva in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located in the upper streams of the Tura River (Ob's basin), 187 kilometers (116 mi) north of Yekaterinburg. Population:  9,461 (2010 Census); 11,097 (2002 Census); 13,573 (1989 Soviet census).

Tura (river)
The Tura (Russian: Тура́), also known as Dolgaya (Long River, Russian: Долгая), is a historically important Siberian river which flows eastward from the central Ural Mountains into the Tobol, a part of the Ob basin. The main town on it is Tyumen.
Dharmanagar railway station
Dharmanagar Railway Station is the main railway station in North Tripura district.  It is the oldest railway station in the state. It serves Dharmanagar and nearby cities of the district. The station consists of 2 platforms. The platform is not well sheltered. It lacks many facilities including water and sanitation.

Dharmanagar
Dharmanagar (Bengali pronunciation: [dhormonogor]), is a town with a municipal council in the state of Tripura in northeastern part of India. It is the administrative center for North Tripura district, located in the northernmost region of the state near the Bangladesh border on the east and the India-Bangladesh border on the west. It is the second largest urban area in the state just after Agartala, which makes it one of the important commercial centres in whole of the hilly state. The Juri River flows through the town.
Andrei Sakharov Prize (APS)
The Andrei Sakharov Prize is a prize that is to be awarded every two years by the American Physical Society since 2006. The recipients are chosen for "outstanding leadership and/or achievements of scientists in upholding human rights." It is named after Andrei Sakharov (1921-1989), a Soviet nuclear physicist, dissident, and human rights activist. Since 2007, it has been valued at $10,000. The first Sakharov Prize was awarded to physicist and former Soviet gulag prisoner Yuri Orlov.

Andrei Sakharov
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (Russian: Андрей Дмитриевич Сахаров; 21 May 1921 – 14 December 1989) was a Soviet physicist and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, which he was awarded in 1975 for emphasizing human rights around the world.

Although he spent his career in physics in the Soviet program of nuclear weapons, overseeing the development of thermonuclear weapons, Sakharov also did fundamental work in understanding particle physics, magnetism, and physical cosmology. Sakharov is mostly known for his political activism for individual freedom, human rights, civil liberties and reforms in the Soviet Union, for which he was deemed a dissident and faced persecution from the Soviet establishment.

In his memory, the Sakharov Prize was established and is awarded annually by the European Parliament for people and organizations dedicated to human rights and freedoms.