hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Exchange economy
Exchange economy is technical term used in microeconomics research to describe interaction between several agents. In the market, the agent is the subject of exchange and the good is the object of exchange. Each agent brings his/her own endowment, and they can exchange products among them based on a price system. Two types of exchange economy are studied:

In a pure exchange economy, all agents are consumers; there is no production and all agents can do is exchange their initial endowments. In daily research, to avoid research difficulties caused by a large number of consumers and goods, the simple trading conditions of two consumers and two goods are usually assumed.

In contrast, in an exchange economy with production, some or all agents are firms that may also produce new goods.: 313

A major interesting question regarding an exchange economy is if and when the economy attains a competitive equilibrium. Exchange and distribution efficiency are concerned.

Competitive equilibrium
Competitive equilibrium (also called: Walrasian equilibrium) is a concept of economic equilibrium, introduced by Kenneth Arrow and Gérard Debreu in 1951, appropriate for the analysis of commodity markets with flexible prices and many traders, and serving as the benchmark of efficiency in economic analysis. It relies crucially on the assumption of a competitive environment where each trader decides upon a quantity that is so small compared to the total quantity traded in the market that their individual transactions have no influence on the prices. Competitive markets are an ideal standard by which other market structures are evaluated.
Bertie Ahern
Bartholomew Patrick "Bertie" Ahern (born 12 September 1951) is an Irish former Fianna Fáil politician who served as Taoiseach from 1997 to 2008, and as Leader of Fianna Fáil from 1994 to 2008. A Teachta Dála (TD) from 1977 to 2011, he served as Leader of the Opposition from 1994 to 1997. He was also Lord Mayor of Dublin from 1986 to 1987, Tánaiste from November to December 1994, and Minister for Finance from 1991 to 1994.

Fianna Fáil led three coalition governments under Ahern's leadership; he is the second-longest serving Taoiseach, after Éamon de Valera. He resigned as Taoiseach on 6 May 2008, in the wake of revelations made by the Mahon Tribunal over payments received from developers; he was succeeded by Brian Cowen. Fianna Fáil proposed to expel politicians censured by the tribunal, but Ahern resigned his membership prior to the expulsion motion. In 2016, Fianna Fáil announced that it had given Ahern the option of rejoining the party. He rejoined in February 2023.

Government of the 28th Dáil
The 25th government of Ireland (26 June 1997 – 6 June 2002) was the government of Ireland formed after the 1997 general election to the 28th Dáil held on 6 June 1997. It was a minority coalition government of Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats, led by Fianna Fáil leader Bertie Ahern as Taoiseach. It lasted 4 years, 345 days.
Etterbeek railway station
Etterbeek railway station (French: Gare d'Etterbeek; Dutch: Station Etterbeek) is a railway station in Brussels, Belgium, operated by the National Railway Company of Belgium (NMBS/SNCB). The station is named after the municipality of Etterbeek, though it is located in neighbouring Ixelles, at the Couronne/Kroon crossroad on the Greater Ring. It first opened in 1880, and was, as of 2007, the 29th most used railway station in Belgium, with 5,565 passengers per day. In 2014, the station was used by 4,766 passengers on weekdays.

The station is located on line 161, between Germoir/Mouterij and Watermael railway stations. Some trains from line 26 also call at this station between Delta and Boondael.

Etterbeek
Etterbeek (French: [etœʁbek, -bɛk] ⓘ; Dutch: [ˈɛtərˌbeːk] ⓘ) is one of the 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region, Belgium. Located in the eastern part of the region, it is bordered by the municipalities of Auderghem, the City of Brussels, Ixelles, Schaerbeek, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert and Woluwe-Saint-Pierre. In common with all of Brussels' municipalities, it is legally bilingual (French–Dutch).
Richard Müller (singer)
Richard Müller (born 6 September 1961) is a Slovak singer, songwriter, photographer, and occasional actor. He is one of the most successful singers in both Czechia and Slovakia, where he has sold more than one million records. At the beginning of his musical career, he was a member of Pavel Daněk's band Burčiak and later formed his own group, Banket, with whom he recorded three studio albums. He launched a solo career in the early 1990s and has issued sixteen studio albums as well as several compilations and live recordings. Müller collaborated with pianist Jaroslav Filip until the latter's death in 2000.

IMT Smile
IMT Smile is a Slovak rock band formed in 1992 by brothers Ivan and Miro Tásler (their initials provide the "IMT" in the band's name). They released their debut album, Klik-klak, in 1996, and as of 2026 have followed it with 13 more, as well as several live albums and compilations. The band has won numerous accolades throughout its career, including three ZAI Awards, two Slávik Awards, two Aurel Awards, three OTOs, and a Crystal Wing Award.
North Hunterdon-Voorhees Regional High School District
The North Hunterdon-Voorhees Regional High School District is a regional, four-year public high school district, that serves students in ninth through twelfth grades from twelve municipalities in northern Hunterdon County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Students in the district are from Bethlehem Township, Califon Borough, Clinton Town, Clinton Township, Franklin Township, Glen Gardner Borough, Hampton Borough, High Bridge Borough, Lebanon Borough, Lebanon Township, Tewksbury Township and Union Township.

As of the 2023–24 school year, the district, comprised of two schools, had an enrollment of 2,044 students and 189.4 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.8:1.

Franklin Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey
Franklin Township is a township in central Hunterdon County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 3,267, an increase of 72 (+2.3%) from the 2010 census count of 3,195, which in turn reflected an increase of 205 (+6.9%) from the 2,990 counted in the 2000 census. Most of the township lies on the Hunterdon Plateau with only the eastern section along the South Branch Raritan River being on the lower part of the Newark Basin.
Siege of Küstrin
52°35′14″N 14°38′59″E﻿ / ﻿52.587222°N 14.649722°E﻿ / 52.587222; 14.649722

The siege of Küstrin (Cüstrin) in 1758 was a siege of the Seven Years' War (1756-1763). It was conducted by the Russians against the fortified town of Küstrin in Prussia (now in Poland).

Kostrzyn nad Odrą
Kostrzyn nad Odrą (translated literally as Kostrzyn upon the Oder; Polish pronunciation: [ˈkɔst.ʂɨn ˌnad ˈɔdrɔ̃]; German: Küstrin [kʏsˈtʁiːn]) is a town in Gorzów County, Lubusz Voivodeship in western Poland, on the border with Germany.
Westonbirt Arboretum
Westonbirt, The National Arboretum is an arboretum in Gloucestershire, England, about 3 miles (5 km) southwest of the town of Tetbury. Managed by Forestry England, it is perhaps the most important and widely known arboretum in the United Kingdom.

Planted in the heyday of Victorian plant hunting in the mid-19th century as part of the Westonbirt House estate, the arboretum forms part of a site which is listed Grade I on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest.

Tetbury
Tetbury is a town and civil parish inside the Cotswold district, in Gloucestershire, England. It lies on the site of an ancient hill fort, on which an Anglo-Saxon monastery was founded, probably by Ine of Wessex, in 681. The population of the parish was 5,250 in the 2001 census, increasing to 5,472 at the 2011 census. The population further increased to 6,453 in the 2021 Census.
Music of Venezuela
Several styles of the traditional music of Venezuela, such as salsa and merengue, are common to its Caribbean neighbors. Perhaps the most typical Venezuelan music is joropo, a rural form which originated in the llanos, or plains.

Venezuelan waltz
The Venezuelan waltz is a hall dance and accompanying musical genre that was popularized in 19th-century Venezuela. Federico Villena is considered as the father of the Venezuelan Waltz, which changed the European waltz in form, and by adding African and local rhythms.

The two main types of waltz were the hall waltz and the popular waltz.  The former was typically performed on piano.  Key musicians in this genre were Federico Vollmer, Manuel Azpúrua, Manuel Guadalajara, Rafael Isaza, Heraclio Fernández, Rogelio Caraballo, Francisco de Paula Aguirre, Ramon Delgado Palacios, Laudelino Mejías and Antonio Lauro.

The popular waltz was performed on traditional regional instruments, often the violin and the bandola accompanied by guitar, tiple and cuatro. Most popular waltzes had anonymous composers.
The Flight of the Phoenix (1965 film)
The Flight of the Phoenix is a 1965 American survival drama film produced and directed by Robert Aldrich, based on the 1964 novel of the same name by English author Elleston Trevor. The story follows a group of men struggling to survive their aircraft's emergency landing in the Sahara. The ensemble cast stars James Stewart, Richard Attenborough, Peter Finch, Hardy Krüger, Ernest Borgnine, Ian Bannen, Ronald Fraser, Christian Marquand, Dan Duryea and George Kennedy.

Although the film was not a financial success, it was well received by critics, who praised Aldrich's direction and the performances of the cast. It was nominated for two Academy Awards: Best Supporting Actor for Bannen, and Best Editing for Michael Luciano. Hardy Krüger was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor, and Aldrich was nominated for Best Motion Picture – Drama.

The Flight of the Phoenix was remade in 2004, titled Flight of the Phoenix.

Fairchild C-82 Packet
The C-82 Packet is a twin-engine, twin-boom cargo aircraft designed and built by Fairchild Aircraft. It was used briefly by the United States Army Air Forces and the successor United States Air Force following World War II.
Shielmartin Hill
Shielmartin Hill or Shelmartin (Irish: Cnoc Shíol Mhártain, meaning 'Martin's seed or race') (163 metres (535 ft) high) is a peak on Howth Head in County Dublin, Ireland. From it can be seen Portmarnock, Sutton, Bull Island and the coastal areas behind it, and most of Dublin Bay.

References to it being called Shielmartin go back to at least 1654.

Howth Head
Howth Head (/ˈhoʊθ/ HOHTH; Ceann Bhinn Éadair in Irish) is a peninsula northeast of the city of Dublin in Ireland, within the governance of Fingal County Council. Entry to the headland is at Sutton while the village of Howth and the harbour are on the north-eastern face. Most of Howth Head is occupied by the Hill of Howth, though there are other regions, such as the tombolo at Sutton, extensive beaches on the northern shores, and small ones in other parts. The Baily Lighthouse is on the southeastern part of Howth Head. Nearby are the districts of Baldoyle and Portmarnock, and adjacent is the nature reserve of North Bull Island.
Potterspury
Potterspury is a populous village and civil parish in West Northamptonshire, England. The nearest main town is Milton Keynes, the centre of which is about 7 miles south-east. At the time of the 2011 census, the parish's population (including Furtho) was 1,453 people.

The village's name is a concatenation. It was originally cognate with Perry and sometimes written as such, implying pear tree or orchard. Several places are named such regionally. The helpful (disambiguatory) prefix 'Potters', seen by the 15th century, is a nod to the very old, important potteries here.
An alternative is "Estpury", seen in 1452.

West Northamptonshire
West Northamptonshire is one of two unitary authority areas in the ceremonial county of Northamptonshire, England. It contains the county town of Northampton, as well as the towns of Daventry, Brackley and Towcester, and the large villages of Brixworth and Long Buckby; the rest of the area is predominantly agricultural villages though it has many lakes and small woodlands.

West Northamptonshire was created in 2021 as part of local government restructuring from the previous non-metropolitan districts of Northampton, Daventry and South Northamptonshire.

The West Coast Main Line and the M1 and M40 motorways pass through the district, and it includes the site of the Roman town of Bannaventa and the grade I listed Althorp House and its estate.
Semberija Folk Fest
Semberija Folk Fest is an annual festival of folklore creativity held in Bijeljina, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The founder and organizer of the Festival is the Cultural Club Semberija Bijeljina.

The aim of the Festival is to cherish and promote the folklore tradition of the people from all over the world to the citizens and guests of Bijeljina, to inform the guest ensembles about the local culture and tradition of the host town and its surroundings, as well as to establish cooperation and friendly relationships among the ensembles from all over the world.

Bijeljina
Bijeljina (Serbian Cyrillic: Бијељина) is a city and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the provincial center of Semberija, a geographic region in the country's northeast. As of 2013, it has a population of 107,715 inhabitants, making it the sixth largest city in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the second largest in the Republika Srpska entity after Banja Luka.
Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County
Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County (simplified Chinese: 江城哈尼族彝族自治县; traditional Chinese: 江城哈尼族彝族自治縣; pinyin: Jiāngchéng Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn; Hani: Jalceiq Haqniqssaq Haqhholssaq Ziiqziifxeif) is an autonomous county under the jurisdiction of Pu'er City, in southern Yunnan, China, bordering Laos to the south and Vietnam to the southeast. It is one of the two counties in the province to border more than one country, the other being Mengla County which borders Laos and Myanmar. By road, its seat, the town of Menglie (勐烈镇), is 520 km (320 mi) from Kunming and 145 km (90 mi) from Simao District, the municipal seat of Pu'er.

Asuo language
Asuo (Chinese: 阿梭; also called Asong 阿松) is a Southern Loloish language of Yunnan, China. Asuo is spoken in Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County, Yuanjiang Hani, Yi and Dai Autonomous County, Lüchun County, Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai Autonomous County, and Yuanyang County, Yunnan.

Lefèvre-Pontalis (1892) reports the presence of Asong in Poufang, Lai Chau province, Vietnam, and provides a word list for Asong as well.
Garden City Western Railway
The Garden City Western Railway (reporting mark GCW) is a railroad operating in the U.S. state of Kansas. GCW was organized in 1916, first owned by The Garden City Sugar and Land Company and then owned by the Garden City Coop, Inc. The GCW is located in southwest Kansas and totals 40 miles (64 km) of operating railroad and interchanges with BNSF Railway. GCW was purchased by Pioneer Railcorp on April 29, 1999. The primary commodities include grain, frozen beef, fertilizer, farm implements, feed products and utility poles.

Pioneer Lines
Pioneer Lines (formerly Pioneer Railcorp) was a holding company for a number of American short-line railroads. Other subsidiaries offered locomotive and freight car leasing to its own railroads and to third parties, and also freight car cleaning. Pioneer Lines also had interests in real estate and newsletter publishing. It was previously owned by BRX Transportation Holdings starting in 2019.

The company, originally named Pioneer Railroad Company, was founded on January 30, 1986 by Guy L. Brenkman. The company raised the capital for its first acquisition through a self-underwritten public stock offering. It continued this method of raising capital for subsequent acquisitions.

Almost all of the short lines owned by Pioneer are lines spun off by Class I railroads.

On August 8, 2022 Patriot Rail Company announced its intention to acquire Pioneer Lines. The company was acquired by Patriot Rail on September 14, 2022.
Ķekava Parish
Ķekava Parish (Latvian: Ķekavas pagasts) is an administrative unit of Ķekava Municipality, Latvia. The administrative center is the town of Ķekava, which is located outside the borders of the parish. Ķekava Parish is defined by Latvian law as belonging partly to the region of Vidzeme and partly to Semigallia.

Vidzeme
Vidzeme (pronounced [ˈvid̪͡z̪eme]; Old Latvian orthography: Widda-semme, Livonian: Vidūmō) is one of the Historical Latvian Lands. The capital of Latvia, Riga, is situated in the southwestern part of the region. Literally meaning "the Middle Land", Vidzeme is situated in north-central Latvia north of the Daugava River. Sometimes in German, it was also known as Livland, the German form from Latin Livonia, though it comprises only a small part of Medieval Livonia and about half (the Latvian part) of Swedish Livonia. Most of the region's inhabitants are Latvians (85%), thus Vidzeme is the most ethnically Latvian region in the country.

The historic Governorate of Livonia is also larger than Vidzeme, since it corresponds roughly to Swedish Livonia.
Frederick VIII, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein
Frederick VIII, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein and of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (Danish: Frederik Christian August af Slesvig-Holsten-Sønderborg-Augustenborg; German: Friedrich Christian August Herzog von Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg; 6 July 1829 – 14 January 1880) was the German pretender to the throne of second duke of Schleswig-Holstein from 1863, although in reality Prussia took overlordship and real administrative power.

Frederick VII of Denmark
Frederick VII (Frederik Carl Christian; 6 October 1808 – 15 November 1863) was King of Denmark from 1848 to 1863. He was the last Danish monarch of the older Royal branch of the House of Oldenburg and the last king of Denmark to rule as an absolute monarch. During his reign, he signed a constitution that established a Danish parliament and made the country a constitutional monarchy. Frederick's motto was Folkets Kærlighed, min Styrke (Danish for the People's Love, my Strength).
Alcohol advertising on college campuses
Many college campuses throughout the United States have some form of alcohol advertising including flyers on bulletin boards to mini billboard signs on college buses. It is so prevalent on college campuses especially because college students are considered the "targeted marketing group," meaning that college students are more likely to consume larger quantities of alcohol than any other age group, which makes them the prime consumers of alcohol in the United States.

The alcohol industry has tried to actively mislead the public about the risk of cancer due to alcohol consumption, in addition to campaigning to remove laws that require alcoholic beverages to have cancer warning labels.

Alcohol advertising
Alcohol advertising is the promotion of alcoholic beverages by alcohol producers through a variety of media. Along with nicotine advertising, alcohol advertising is one of the most highly regulated forms of marketing. Some or all forms of alcohol advertising are banned in some countries.
Anaida Sumbatyan
Anaida Stepanovna Sumbatyan (Russian: Анаи́да Степа́новна Сумбатя́н; 1905–1985) was an Armenian pianist.

She taught at the Central Moscow Conservatory. She became the first teacher who had two separate students win the International Tchaikovsky Competition: Vladimir Ashkenazy and Vladimir Krainev. Among her pupils were Vladimir Ashkenazy, Vladimir Krainev, Nelly Akopian-Tamarina, Sergey Musaelyan, Oxana Yablonskaya, Konstantin Orbelyan, Igor Bezrodny, Dmitry Feofanov, Maxim Mogilevsky, Philip Koltsov, Elana Varvarova and others. Sumbatyan was friends with Sviatoslav Richter, Nina Dorliak, Heinrich Neuhaus, and Daniil Shafran.

Sergey Musaelyan
Sergey Aleksandrovich Musaelyan (Russian: Сергей Александрович Мусаелян; born November 23, 1950, in Moscow) is a Russian pianist. He is of Armenian descent. He is a member of The Berkeley Hillside Club, an artistic organization that supports notable musicians and artists.
Nitronium tetrafluoroborate
Nitronium tetrafluoroborate is an inorganic compound with formula NO2BF4. It is a salt of nitronium cation and tetrafluoroborate anion. It is a colorless crystalline solid, which reacts with water to form the corrosive acids HF and HNO3. As such, it must be handled under water-free conditions. It is sparsely soluble in many organic solvents.

Nitronium ion
The nitronium ion, [NO2]+, is a cation. It is an onium ion because its nitrogen atom has +1 charge, similar to ammonium ion [NH4]+. It is created by the removal of an electron from the paramagnetic nitrogen dioxide molecule NO2, or the protonation of nitric acid HNO3 (with removal of H2O).

It is stable enough to exist in normal conditions, but it is generally reactive and used extensively as an electrophile in the nitration of other substances. The ion is generated in situ for this purpose by mixing concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid according to the equilibrium:

H2SO4 + HNO3 → HSO−4 + [NO2]+ + H2O
Hillsboro Intermodal Transit Facility
Hillsboro Intermodal Transit Facility (HITF) is a parking garage with extensive bicycle facilities located in Hillsboro in the U.S. state of Oregon. Located next to Hillsboro Medical Center (formerly Tuality Community Hospital), the facility has nearly 800 parking spaces, including 13 that have charging stations for electric vehicles, as well as 35 secured spaces for bicycles that include showers and lockers. Opened in 2010, HITF also has 20,000 square feet (1,900 m2) of commercial space, which is mainly used by Portland Community College’s Hillsboro Center. The $16 million facility was a joint project between the city, Pacific University (as part of the university's Health Professions Campus), and Tuality Healthcare.

Hillsboro Medical Center
Hillsboro Medical Center, formerly Tuality Community Hospital, is a medical care facility located in Hillsboro in the U.S. state of Oregon. The 167-bed facility was founded in 1918 in downtown and is one of two hospitals in Hillsboro, Washington County's most populous city. Since 2019, it has been operated by OHSU Health, and previously had partnerships with Oregon Health & Science University and Pacific University. At six stories tall, the main building was tied for the tallest in the city with the Hillsboro Civic Center as of 2006.
Novosphingobium sediminicola
Novosphingobium sediminicola  is a Gram-negative, short rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus Novosphingobium which has been isolated from freshwater sediments from the Lake Hakha in Korea.

Novosphingobium
Novosphingobium is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria that includes N. taihuense, which can degrade aromatic compounds such as phenol, aniline, nitrobenzene and phenanthrene. The species N. aromativorans, which was first found in Ulsan Bay, similarly degrades aromatic molecules of two to five rings.
Rees Hopkin Rhys
Rees Hopkin Rhys (19 March 1819 – 1899) was an industrialist, landowner and prominent local government figure in the Aberdare area for much of the nineteenth century.

Rhys was born in Llwydcoed and from an early age showed an interest in public affairs. In 1847, he lost his sight after an accident at Dowlais works where he was conducting experiments with "gun cotton".

Aberdare Park
Aberdare Park (Welsh: Parc Aberdâr) is a well-preserved Victorian public park located in the village of Trecynon, near the town of Aberdare in South Wales. The park is designated Grade II* on the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales.