hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Colloidal crystal
A colloidal crystal is an ordered array of colloidal particles and fine grained materials analogous to a standard crystal whose repeating subunits are atoms or molecules. A natural example of this phenomenon can be found in the gem opal, where spheres of silica assume a close-packed locally periodic structure under moderate compression. Bulk properties of a colloidal crystal depend on composition, particle size, packing arrangement, and degree of regularity. Applications include photonics, materials processing, and the study of self-assembly and phase transitions.

Bragg's law
In many areas of science, Bragg's law — also known as Wulff–Bragg's condition or Laue–Bragg interference — is a special case of Laue diffraction that gives the angles for coherent scattering of waves from a large crystal lattice. It describes how the superposition of wave fronts scattered by lattice planes leads to a strict relation between the wavelength and scattering angle. This law was initially formulated for X-rays, but it also applies to all types of matter waves including neutron and electron waves if there are a large number of atoms, as well as to visible light with artificial periodic microscale lattices.
Montmorenci, Indiana
Montmorenci is an unincorporated census-designated place in Shelby Township, Tippecanoe County, Indiana.  Older maps sometimes spell the name Montmorency or Montmorencie.

It is part of the Lafayette, Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Benton Central Junior-Senior High School
Benton Central Junior-Senior High School is the only high school in Benton County, Indiana. It is located in Center Township, 5 miles (8.0 km) southeast of Fowler. In proximity to Atkinson, it is a part of the Benton Community School Corporation. The school mascot is the Bison.

The district includes Fowler, Ambia, Boswell, Earl Park, Otterbein, Oxford, Templeton, Montmorenci, Green Hill, and Tab.
Lupinus nootkatensis
Lupinus nootkatensis, the Nootka lupine, is a perennial plant of the genus Lupinus in the legume family, Fabaceae. It is native to North America and was introduced to Europe in the late 18th century. It grows up to 60 cm tall, and has bright bluish-purple flowers.

The Nootka lupine is common on the west coast of North America, and is one of the species from which the garden hybrids are derived, being valued in Britain and other North-European countries for its tolerance of cool, wet summers. In North America, it grows along roadsides, gravel bars, and forest clearings from the Aleutian Islands and Southcentral Alaska, and along the Alaskan panhandle to British Columbia. It is a rigorous self-seeder and can often be seen along roadsides and in open meadows. Their long tap roots make transplanting difficult, so sowing seed is preferable.

Lupinus
Lupinus, commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet, is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centres of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centres occur in North Africa and the Mediterranean. They are widely cultivated both as a food source and as ornamental plants, but are invasive to some areas. For instance, lupine has become an ecological problem in Iceland since the beginning of the 21st century.
Lifting property
In mathematics, in particular in category theory, the lifting property is a property of a pair of morphisms in a category. It is used in homotopy theory within algebraic topology to define properties of morphisms starting from an explicitly given class of morphisms. It appears in a prominent way in the theory of model categories, an axiomatic framework for homotopy theory introduced by Daniel Quillen. It is also used in the definition of a factorization system, and of a weak factorization system, notions related to but less restrictive than the notion of a model category. Several elementary notions may also be expressed using the lifting property starting from a list of (counter)examples.

Model category
In mathematics, particularly in homotopy theory, a model category is a category with distinguished classes of morphisms ('arrows') called 'weak equivalences', 'fibrations' and 'cofibrations' satisfying certain axioms relating them. These abstract from the category of topological spaces or of chain complexes (derived category theory). The concept was introduced by Daniel G. Quillen (1967).

In recent decades, the language of model categories has been used in some parts of algebraic K-theory and algebraic geometry, where homotopy-theoretic approaches led to deep results.
Ping Shan Tin Shui Wai Public Library
Ping Shan Tin Shui Wai Public Library (Chinese: 屏山天水圍公共圖書館) is a Hong Kong public library. It is located in Ping Shan Tin Shui Wai Leisure and Cultural Building, on 1 Tsui Sing Road, Tin Shui Wai near MTR Tin Shui Wai station and Light Rail Tin Shui Wai stop. It serves the Ping Shan and Tin Shui Wai neighbourhoods, both administratively in the Yuen Long District, the New Territories.

It is managed by the Hong Kong Public Libraries under the Leisure and Cultural Services Department. It has a total floor space of 6,100 square metres (66,000 sq ft), the second largest public library by area in Hong Kong, only behind the Hong Kong Central Library. It is also the first and only library in Hong Kong to date to have outdoor reading areas. There are about 330,000 books within the library's collection.

Tin Shui Wai
Tin Shui Wai New Town is a satellite town in the northwestern New Territories of Hong Kong. Originally a gei wai (基圍) fish pond area, it was developed in the 1980s as the second new town in Yuen Long District and the eighth in Hong Kong. It is 25 kilometres (16 mi) due northwest of Central, the main business area in the territory, on land reclaimed from low-lying areas south of Deep Bay, next to Ping Shan. The population was 283,595 as of 2021.
Ansoo Lake
Ansoo Lake, (Urdu: آنسو جھیل), translated as Teardrop Lake, is situated in the Kaghan Valley of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. As its name suggests, it is a tear-shaped body of water located in Pakistan's Mansehra District.

At an elevation of 4,126 metres (13,537 ft) above sea level, Ansoo Lake stands as one of the highest lakes in the Himalayan Range. It lies in proximity to Malika Parbat, the tallest peak in the Kaghan Valley.

Kaghan Valley
The Kaghan Valley (Hindko, Urdu: وادی کاغان) is an alpine valley in Mansehra District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The valley stretches 154 kilometres (96 mi) across the mountaineous northern Pakistan, rising from its lowest elevation of 650 m (2,134 ft) to its highest point at the Babusar Pass around 4,170 m (13,690 ft). Landslides triggered by the devastating 2005 Kashmir earthquake destroyed many passes leading into the valley, though roads have since been rebuilt. Kaghan is a popular tourist attraction in Pakistan.
Church of St John the Baptist, Barnstaple
The Church of St John the Baptist on South Street in Barnstaple in Devon is the Anglican parish church for the Newport area of the town. The church comes under the Diocese of Exeter.

In 1829 a church was built on the site of a former medieval chapel as a chapel of ease for the community of Newport within the parish of Bishop's Tawton. The parish became independent in 1847, at which time the church building was in urgent need of repair. The current building was completed in 1882. The nave, chancel, north aisle, vestries and the north porch are built of local limestone. In the 1960s a church hall was built adjacent to the church and linked to it by a covered walkway.

On the north wall of the church is a memorial to the men of the parish who lost their lives during World War II. The choir vestry, a new bell and windows on the north side of the church were added in 1929 in commemoration of the church's centenary, with celebrations being led by Lord William Cecil, Bishop of Exeter.

Barnstaple
Barnstaple (/ˈbɑːrnstəbəl/ ⓘ or /ˈbɑːrnstəpəl/) is a town and civil parish in the North Devon district of Devon, England. The town lies at the River Taw's lowest crossing point before the Bristol Channel. From the 14th century, it was licensed to export wool from which it earned great wealth. Later it imported Irish wool, but its harbour silted up and other trades developed such as shipbuilding, foundries and sawmills. A Victorian market building survives, with a high glass and timber roof on iron columns.
IV Corps (United Kingdom)
IV Corps was a corps-sized formation of the British Army, formed in both the First World War and the Second World War. During the First World War the corps served on the Western Front throughout its existence. During the Second World War it served in Norway and Britain until it was transferred to India, which was threatened with attack after Japan entered the war.

Frank Messervy
General Sir Frank Walter Messervy, KCSI, KBE, CB, DSO & Bar (9 December 1893 – 2 February 1974) was a British military officer who served as the first commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army from August 1947 to February 1948. Prior to Pakistan's independence, he served in the British Indian Army in the First and Second World Wars, and as the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief for Northern Command of British India in 1946 and 1947.
National Geographic Wild (Europe)
National Geographic Wild is (was) a Pan-European pay television channel that featured documentaries produced by the National Geographic Society. It featured documentaries about nature, wildlife, natural phenomenon, and earth. The channel replaced Adventure One in Europe on 1 March 2007.

Nat Geo People
Nat Geo People (short for National Geographic People) is an international pay television channel owned by National Geographic Partners, a joint venture between the Walt Disney Company (73%) and the National Geographic Society (27%). Targeted at female audiences, with programming focusing on people and cultures, the channel is available in 50 countries in both linear and non-linear formats.
ISO 639:v
This is a list of ISO 639-3 language codes starting with V.

Index |
a |
b |
c |
d |
e |
f |
g |
h |
i |
j |
k |
l |
m |
n |
o |
p |
q |
r |
s |
t |
u |
v |
w |
x |
y |
z

Abbreviations are used in the table as follows:

Scope: I = individual language, M = macrolanguage, S = special code

Type: C = constructed, E = extinct (in recent times), H = historical (distinct from its modern form), L = living, S = special code

Deprecated codes are enclosed in (parentheses).

The column Family contains the generic English name of the language's family or macrolanguage.

ISO 639:l
This is a list of ISO 639-3 language codes starting with L.

Index |
a |
b |
c |
d |
e |
f |
g |
h |
i |
j |
k |
l |
m |
n |
o |
p |
q |
r |
s |
t |
u |
v |
w |
x |
y |
z

Abbreviations are used in the table as follows:

Scope: I = individual language, M = macrolanguage, S = special code

Type: C = constructed, E = extinct (in recent times), H = historical (distinct from its modern form), L = living, S = special code

Deprecated codes are enclosed in (parentheses).

The column Family contains the generic English name of the language's family or macrolanguage.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 418
United Nations Security Council Resolution 418, adopted unanimously on 4 November 1977, imposed a mandatory arms embargo against South Africa.  This resolution differed from the earlier Resolution 282, which was only voluntary.  The embargo was subsequently tightened and extended by Resolution 591.

The embargo was lifted by Resolution 919 following democratic elections in South Africa in 1994.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 282
United Nations Security Council Resolution 282, adopted on July 23, 1970, concerned by violations of the arms embargo passed against South Africa in Resolution 181, the Council reiterated its total opposition to the policies of apartheid and reaffirmed its previous resolutions on the topic.  The Council called upon states to strengthen the arms embargo by ceasing the provision of military training to members of the South African armed forces and by taking appropriate action to give effective to the resolution's measures.

The resolution was adopted with 12 votes; France, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States abstained from voting.
Ilkeston
Ilkeston (/ˈɪlkəstən/ ⓘ ILL-kis-tun) is a town located in the Borough of Erewash in Derbyshire, England, with a population of 40,953 at the 2021 census. Its major industries, coal mining, iron working and lace making/textiles, have now all but disappeared. Part of the Nottingham Urban Area, the town is located between the cities Derby and Nottingham, near the M1 motorway, and on the River Erewash. Its eastern boundary borders Nottinghamshire to the east and is only two miles from Nottingham's western edge.

Nottingham Urban Area
The Nottingham Built-up Area (BUA), Nottingham Urban Area, or Greater Nottingham is an area of land defined by the Office for National Statistics as built-up land
with a minimum area of 20 hectares (200,000 m2), while settlements within 200 metres of each other are linked. It consists of the city of Nottingham and the adjoining urban areas of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, in the East Midlands of England. It had a total population of 729,977 at the time of the 2011 census. This was an increase of almost 10% since the 2001 census recorded population of 666,358, due to population increases, reductions and several new sub-divisions.
Saorsa
Saorsa is a collection of short stories in Scottish Gaelic edited by Joan NicDhòmhnaill and John Storey and published by Ùr-sgeul in 2011.  While varied, the stories explore the shared themes of moral ambiguity, subversion and law breaking.  Crime, drugs, plastic surgery, poverty, abuse, neoliberalism, tourism, cultural identity, migration, murder, love, betrayal, politics, social and economic history are some of the topics explored in the collection.

Ùr-sgeul
Ùr-sgeul was an independent publisher of new Scottish Gaelic prose.  The name Ùr-sgeul is a Gaelic word which translates variously as: a romance, a novel or a recent tale. Professor Alan Riach, in Scottish Literature: An introduction, summarises the Ùr-Sgeul publishing initiative as "devoted to prose fiction and developing an increasingly impressive list of new titles: short stories and anthologies but mainly single-author novels."
Oxspring railway station
Oxspring railway station was a short lived station built by the Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyne and Manchester Railway to serve the village of Oxspring, South Yorkshire, England. The station opened on 5 December 1845 but due to cost-cutting measures it was closed, along with Dukinfield Dog Lane, Hazelhead and Thurgoland, on 5 November 1847.

Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyne and Manchester Railway
The Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyne and Manchester Railway was an early British railway company which opened in stages between 1841 and 1845 between Sheffield and Manchester via Ashton-under-Lyne. The Peak District formed a formidable barrier, and the line's engineer constructed Woodhead Tunnel, over three miles (4.8 km) long. The company amalgamated with the Sheffield and Lincolnshire Junction Railway and Great Grimsby and Sheffield Junction Railway companies, together forming the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway in 1847.

In the twentieth century the line carried an exceptionally heavy freight traffic, and it was electrified in 1954; at that time a new Woodhead Tunnel was driven. In 1974 the major part of the route was closed to passenger trains, leaving passenger operation continuing only on the Manchester–Hadfield section, and in 1981 the line east of Hadfield closed completely. The Manchester–Hadfield–Glossop section and a branch to Stalybridge remain in use.
KFBW
KFBW (105.9 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Vancouver, Washington, and broadcasting to the Portland metropolitan area.  Owned by iHeartMedia, Inc., the station airs a mainstream rock radio format with emphasis on the late 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s, branded as "105.9 The Brew".  The transmitter is located in Portland's west hills and the studios are in Tigard, Oregon.

KLTH
KLTH (106.7 MHz "The Eagle") is a commercial FM radio station, licensed to Lake Oswego, Oregon, and serving the Portland metropolitan area.  It is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc., and airs a classic hits radio format.  Specialty programs on KLTH include Casey Kasem's "American Top 40: The 70s" on Saturday mornings and "American Top 40: The 80s" on Sunday mornings.  Sundays also feature "Yacht Rock".

KLTH's studios and offices are located on SW 68th Parkway in Tigard, Oregon.  The transmitter is located on SW Barnes Road in the Tualatin Mountains. KLTH covers much of Northwestern Oregon and Southwestern Washington.
Turbo Polka
Turbo Polka is a 2005 single by Slovenian group Atomik Harmonik. The song is a remixed version of their first hit "Brizgalna Brizga" with English lyrics, which differ from the original version. The remix for the song was contributed by Eiffel 65. It was a #34 hit in Germany and #64 in Austria.

Brizgalna Brizga
"Brizgalna Brizga" was Atomik Harmonik's first hit. The song brought the band the Melodije morja in sonca televote award. It continued on to become the biggest summer hit in Slovenia in 2004.

In 2005 they later released a remixed version sung in English known as "Turbo Polka", with a Portuguese-language cover version known as "Festa Louca" performed by Brazilian band Os Montanari following in 2013.
Gloria Leonard
Gale Sandra Klinetsky (August 28, 1940 – February 3, 2014), known professionally as Gloria Leonard, was an American pornographic film actress and publisher of High Society magazine. As a board member of Adult Video Association and its successor the Free Speech Coalition, Leonard was an outspoken advocate for the adult film industry and free speech rights.

The Opening of Misty Beethoven
The Opening of Misty Beethoven is an American pornographic comedy film released in 1976. It was produced with a relatively high budget and filmed on elaborate locations in Paris, New York City and Rome with a musical score, and owes much to its director Radley Metzger (directing this film as "Henry Paris"). According to author Toni Bentley, The Opening of Misty Beethoven is considered the "crown jewel" of the Golden Age of Porn (1969–1984).
Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Arundel
Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Arundel KG, (7 July 1585 – 4 October 1646) was an English magistrate, diplomat and courtier who lived during the reigns of James I and Charles I. He made his name as a Grand Tourist and art collector rather than as a politician. When he died he possessed 700 paintings, along with large collections of sculptures, books, prints, drawings, and antique jewellery. Most of his collection of marble carvings, known as the Arundel marbles, was eventually left to the University of Oxford.

He is sometimes referred to as the 21st Earl of Arundel, ignoring the supposed second creation of 1289, or the 2nd Earl of Arundel, the latter numbering depending on whether one views the earldom obtained by his father as a new creation or not. He was also 2nd or 4th Earl of Surrey; and was later created 1st Earl of Norfolk (5th creation). He is also known as "the Collector Earl".

Earl of Norfolk
Earl of Norfolk is a title which has been created several times in the Peerage of England. Created in 1070, the first major dynasty to hold the title was the 12th and 13th century Bigod family, and it then was later held by the Mowbrays, who were also made Dukes of Norfolk. Due to the Bigods' descent in the female line from William Marshal, they inherited the hereditary office of Earl Marshal, still held by the Dukes of Norfolk today. The present title was created in 1644 for Thomas Howard, 18th Earl of Arundel, the heir of the Howard Dukedom of Norfolk which had been forfeit in 1572. Arundel's grandson, the 20th Earl of Arundel and 3rd Earl of Norfolk, was restored to the Dukedom as 5th Duke upon the Restoration in 1660, and the title continues to be borne by the Dukes of Norfolk.
Battle of Slivnitsa
The Battle of Slivnitsa (Bulgarian: Битка при Сливница, Serbian: Битка на Сливници) was a battle between the Bulgarian Army and the Royal Serbian Army from 17 to 19 November 1885, in the Serbo-Bulgarian War. The Bulgarian victory solidified the unification between the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia.

Bulgarian unification
The Unification of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Съединение на България, romanized: Suedinenie na Bulgariya) was the act of unification of the Principality of Bulgaria and the province of Eastern Rumelia in the autumn of 1885. It was co-ordinated by the Bulgarian Secret Central Revolutionary Committee (BSCRC). Both had been parts of the Ottoman Empire, but the principality had functioned de facto independently whilst the Rumelian province was autonomous and had an Ottoman presence. The unification was accomplished after revolts in Eastern Rumelian towns, followed by a coup on 18 September [O.S. 6 September] 1885 supported by the Bulgarian Prince Alexander I. The BSCRC, formed by Zahari Stoyanov, began actively popularizing the idea of unification by means of the press and public demonstrations in the spring of 1885.
Shugborough Hall
Shugborough Hall is a stately home near Great Haywood, Staffordshire, England.

The hall is situated on the edge of Cannock Chase, about 5.8 miles (9.3 km) east of Stafford and 4.7 miles (7.6 km) from Rugeley. The estate was owned by the Bishops of Lichfield until the dissolution of the monasteries, upon which it passed through several hands before being purchased in 1624 by William Anson, a local lawyer and ancestor of the Earls of Lichfield. The estate remained in the Anson family for three centuries. Following the death of the 4th Earl of Lichfield in 1960, the estate was allocated to the National Trust in lieu of death duties, and then immediately leased to Staffordshire County Council. Management of the estate was returned to the National Trust in 2016. It is open to the public and comprises the hall, museum, kitchen garden and a model farm.

Anson family
The Anson family is a British aristocratic family. Over time, several members of the Anson family were made knights, baronets and peers. Hereditary titles held by the Anson family include the earldom of Lichfield (since 1831) and the Anson baronetcy (also since 1831). Over time, several members of the family have risen to prominence, including Admiral of the Fleet George Anson, 1st Baron Anson, PC, FRS (1697–1762) and the society photographer Patrick Anson, 5th Earl of Lichfield (1939–2005).
Capnogryllacris
Capnogryllacris is a genus of leaf-rolling crickets in the subfamily Gryllacridinae and tribe Capnogryllacridini, erected by Heinrich Hugo Karny in 1937.  Species are found in Far East and South Asia; two other of Karny's genera were previously placed here: Borneogryllacris (synonym Cyanogryllacris, with B. globiceps now included in Glolarnaca) and Marthogryllacris.

Hyperbaeninae
Hyperbaeninae is a subfamily of Orthopterans, sometimes known as 'leaf-folding crickets' in the family Gryllacrididae; Hyperbaenus ensifer is the type species. The known distribution includes tropical: central and southern America, Africa and mainland Asia to Australasia.
Glossary of order theory
This is a glossary of some terms used in various branches of mathematics that are related to the fields of order, lattice, and domain theory. Note that there is a structured list of order topics available as well. Other helpful resources might be the following overview articles:

completeness properties of partial orders

distributivity laws of order theory

In the following, partial orders will usually just be denoted by their carrier sets. As long as the intended meaning is clear from the context,  will suffice to denote the corresponding relational symbol, even without prior introduction. Furthermore, < will denote the strict order induced by

Order theory
Order theory is a branch of mathematics that investigates the intuitive notion of order using binary relations. It provides a formal framework for describing statements such as "this is less than that" or "this precedes that".