hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cuckmere Haven
Cuckmere Haven (also known as the Cuckmere estuary) is an area of flood plains in Sussex, England, where the river Cuckmere meets the English Channel between Eastbourne and Seaford. The river is an example of a meandering river, and contains several oxbow lakes. It is a popular tourist destination with an estimated 350,000 visitors per year, where they can engage in long walks, or water activities on the river. The beach at Cuckmere Haven is next to the famous chalk cliffs, the Seven Sisters.

The wreck of the Polynesia, a German sailing ship that ran aground in April 1890 west of Beachy Head laden with a cargo of sodium nitrate, is exposed at low tide.

Oxbow lake
An oxbow lake is a U-shaped lake or pool that forms when a wide meander of a river is cut off, creating a free-standing body of water. The word "oxbow" can also refer to a U-shaped bend in a river or stream, whether it is cut off from the main stream. It takes its name from an oxbow which is part of a harness for oxen to pull a plough or cart.

In South Texas, oxbows left by the Rio Grande are called resacas.  In Australia, oxbow lakes are called billabongs.
García II of Galicia
García II (1041/April 1043 – 22 March 1090), King of Galicia, was the youngest of the three sons and heirs of Ferdinand I, King of Castile and León, and Sancha of León, whose Leonese inheritance included the lands García would be given. García first appears in an 11 September 1064 settlement with Suero, Bishop of Mondoñedo, his father confirming the agreement.

Sancha of León
Sancha of León (c. 1018 – 8 November 1067) was infanta and queen of León. She was married to Ferdinand I, the Count of Castile who later became King of León after having killed Sancha's brother in battle. She and her husband commissioned the Crucifix of Ferdinand and Sancha.
Macedonian Struggle
The Macedonian Struggle was a series of social, political, cultural and military conflicts that were mainly fought between Greek and Bulgarian subjects who lived in Ottoman Macedonia between 1893 and 1912. From 1904 to 1908 the conflict was part of a wider guerrilla war in which revolutionary organizations of Greeks, Bulgarians and Serbs all fought over Macedonia and its Christian population. Particularly over the national affiliation of the Slavic population which was forced to declare themselves for either of the sides. Gradually the Greek and Bulgarian bands gained the upper hand. Though the conflict largely ceased by the Young Turk Revolution, it continued as a low intensity insurgency until the Balkan Wars.

Macedonian Bulgarians
Macedonians (Bulgarian: македонци), or Macedonian Bulgarians (Bulgarian: македонски българи), sometimes also referred to as Macedono-Bulgarians, Macedo-Bulgarians, or Bulgaro-Macedonians, are a regional, ethnographic group of ethnic Bulgarians, inhabiting or originating from the region of Macedonia. This is how the majority of Slavic-speaking population of Macedonia had been referred to by most of the national conscious minority among them and by outside observers, from the 10th until the early 20th century in a sense of a demonym at first, and later as an social class synonym mainly, and as an ethnonym. Since 1913, the Macedonian Bulgarian population is largely concentrated in Pirin Macedonia but much is spread across the whole of Bulgaria and the diaspora.
Howard W. Gilmore
Howard Walter Gilmore (September 29, 1902 – February 7, 1943) was a submarine commander in the United States Navy who posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his self-sacrifice during World War II.

USS Growler (SS-215)
USS Growler (hull number SS-215), a Gato-class submarine, was the third ship of the United States Navy named for the growler.

Commissioned in March 1942, Growler carried out ten successful war patrols in the Pacific theater, earning eight battle stars in the process. During her eleventh patrol, Growler attacked a Japanese ship convoy alongside USS Hake and USS Hardhead, and during the attack an underwater explosion was heard; neither Growler nor anyone aboard her were ever seen or heard from again.

USS Growler is listed as lost with all hands on 8 November 1944, presumably due to a Japanese depth charge.
Dave Evans Bicentennial Tree
The Dave Evans Bicentennial Tree, a 75 m (246 ft) tall karri tree, was pegged for climbing to celebrate Australia's bicentenary in 1988. It is in Warren National Park in southwestern Australia. Although it has been used as a fire lookout, it is used mainly as a tourist attraction. The lookout platform was reached by climbing 165 metal spikes hammered into the trunk.

The Bicentennial Tree is one of three lookout trees, along with the Diamond and Gloucester Trees. Diamond Tree was closed in 2019. The Gloucester Tree and Bicentennial trees were also closed in 2023, citing a need for increased safety measures. It has not been ruled out that all three trees will remain closed permanently.

All three are near Pemberton, Western Australia.

The tree was named after local politician Dave Evans.

Eucalyptus diversicolor
Eucalyptus diversicolor, commonly known as karri, is a species of flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a tall tree with smooth light grey to cream-coloured, often mottled bark, lance-shaped adult leaves and barrel-shaped fruit. Found in higher rainfall areas, karri is commercially important for its timber.
Świecie County
Świecie County (Polish: powiat świecki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Świecie, which lies 45 km (28 mi) north of Toruń and 45 km (28 mi) north-east of Bydgoszcz. The only other town in the county is Nowe, lying 33 km (21 mi) north-east of Świecie.

The county covers an area of 1,472.78 square kilometres (568.6 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 99,154, out of which the population of Świecie is 25,723, that of Nowe is 5,827, and the rural population is 67,604.

Nowe
Nowe [ˈnɔvɛ] (German: Neuenburg in Westpreußen, 1942-1945: Neuenburg (Weichsel)) is a town in Świecie County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, with 6,270 inhabitants (2004). Founded in the Middle Ages, Nowe is a former royal town of Poland, and features a preserved old town with several medieval Gothic churches and a castle.
Gandzak, Armenia
Gandzak (Armenian: Գանձակ) is a village in the Gavar Municipality of the Gegharkunik Province of Armenia. The village is located on the eastern side of the Gavar river, 3 km southwest from the regional center Gavar, at an average height of 1,980 meters above sea level.

Gavar
40°21′32″N 45°07′36″E﻿ / ﻿40.35889°N 45.12667°E﻿ / 40.35889; 45.12667

Gavar (Armenian: Գավառ [ɡɑˈvɑr]) is a town in Armenia  serving as the administrative centre of the Gavar Municipality and the Gegharkunik Province. It is situated among the high mountains of Gegham range to the west of Lake Sevan, with an average height of 1982 meters above sea level. Located 98 kilometers east of the capital Yerevan, the town had a population of 20,765 as per the 2011 census. As per the 2022 census, the population of Gavar is 17,741.

Gavar is the seat of the Diocese of Gegharkounik of the Armenian Apostolic Church.
Tundzha Glacier
Tundzha Glacier (Bulgarian: ледник Тунджа, romanized: lednik Tundzha, IPA: [ˈlɛdnik ˈtund͡ʒɐ]) is a glacier on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica situated east-southeast of Berkovitsa Glacier, west of Saedinenie Snowfield, northwest of Pimpirev Glacier, north of Kamchiya Glacier, and east-northeast of Verila Glacier. It is bounded by Snow Peak to the west, Teres Ridge to the east and the glacial divide between the Drake Passage and Bransfield Strait to the south. The glacier extends 7.5 nautical miles (13.9 km; 8.6 mi) in east-west direction and 2.4 nautical miles (4.4 km; 2.8 mi) in the north-south direction, and drains northwards into Hero Bay between Avitohol Point and Siddins Point.

The feature was named after the Tundzha River in Bulgaria.

Verila Glacier
Verila Glacier (Bulgarian: ледник Верила, romanized: lednik Verila, IPA: [ˈlɛdniɡ vɛˈriɫɐ]) on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is situated southeast of southern Etar Snowfield, southwest of Berkovitsa and Tundzha Glaciers, and west of Kamchiya Glacier.

It is bounded by Rotch Dome to the west, Casanovas Peak and Snow Peak to the north, and Ustra Peak to the southeast. The glacier is roughly crescent-shaped, extending 7 nautical miles (13 km; 8.1 mi) in an east-west direction and 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) in a north-south direction, and drains southwards into Walker Bay, Bransfield Strait between John Beach and Liverpool Beach at Hannah Point.

The glacier's bedrock is connected to Kaliman Island in Walker Bay by a 600 m-long (2,000 ft) moraine tombolo. The area was visited by 19th-century British and American sealers.

The feature is named after Verila Mountain in Western Bulgaria.
Berlin–Dresden railway
The Berlin–Dresden railway is a double track, electrified main line railway in the German states of Berlin, Brandenburg and Saxony, which was originally built and operated by the Berlin-Dresden Railway Company (Berlin-Dresdener Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft). It runs from Berlin through the southern Teltow countryside and then between Lower Lusatia and Fläming Heath through Elsterwerda and the Großenhainer Pflege countryside to Dresden.

Upgrades completed in December 2017 enabled maximum speeds of 160 km/h (99 mph). The traditional route through the southern suburbs of Berlin was reopened for long-distance trains in December 2025. Work is under way to allow speeds of 200 km/h (120 mph) on parts of the line.

Doberlug-Kirchhain station
Doberlug-Kirchhain (German: Bahnhof Doberlug-Kirchhain) is a bi-level railway station in the town of Doberlug-Kirchhain, Brandenburg, Germany. The station lies of the Berlin–Dresden railway and Halle–Cottbus railway and the train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn and Ostdeutsche Eisenbahn.
Beatrix of Andechs-Merania
Beatrix of Merania (1210 – 9 February 1271) was a princess of Merania by birth, and the Countess of Weimar-Orlamünde by marriage.

Beatrix was the daughter of Otto I, Duke of Merania and Beatrice II, Countess of Burgundy.

She was an heiress to Plassenburg Castle, with Kulmbach and Mittelberg and the Lordship of Berneck, including Goldkronach, Meinau, Wirsberg, Pretzendorf (now called Himmelkron), Zwernitz Castle and Trebgast.

Otto I, Duke of Merania
Otto I (c. 1180 – 7 May 1234), a member of the House of Andechs, was Duke of Merania from 1204 until his death. He was also Count of Burgundy (as Otto II) from 1208 to 1231, by his marriage to Countess Beatrice II, and Margrave of Istria and Carniola from 1228 until his death.
Cana II
Cana II is an arrondissement in the Zou department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Zogbodomey. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 4,018.

Arrondissements of Benin
Arrondissements are administrative units of Benin, after departments and communes. In turn they contain villages and may often have several quartiers or city districts/urban neighborhoods. There are currently 545 arrondissements.

The arrondissements, ordered by department and commune, are as follows:
Leiostyla relevata
Leiostyla relevata is a species of small air-breathing land snail in the family Lauriidae. It is endemic to Ilhéu de Baixo, an islet near Porto Santo Island in the Madeira archipelago.

This snail is only known from a single site on the wet seaside cliffs of the islet. The population, though small, is likely stable because the island is isolated from most threats.

Cal Islet
Cal Islet (Portuguese: Ilhéu da Cal, also: Ilhéu de Baixo) is a small island about 500 m (1,600 ft) south of Porto Santo Island, in the Madeira Archipelago, Portugal. With an area of 1.40 km2 (0.54 sq mi), Cal is the largest of six islets close to Porto Santo. The highest point is 178 m (584 ft). The islet has never been inhabited.
Byranattalakh
Byranattalakh (Russian: Быранатталах) is a rural locality (a selo), and one of three settlements in Ariktakhsky Rural Okrug of Kobyaysky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, in addition to Mastakh, the administrative center of the Rural Okrug and Second Mastakh. It is located 275 kilometers (171 mi) from Sangar, the administrative center of the district and 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) from Ariktakh. Its population as of the 2002 Census was 0.

Mastakh 2-y
Mastakh 2-y (Russian: Мастах 2-й, pronounced Mastakh Vtoroy) is a rural locality (a selo), and one of three settlements in Luchcheginsky 2-y Rural Okrug of Kobyaysky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, in addition to Mastakh, the administrative center of the Rural Okrug and Byranattalakh. It is located 282 kilometers (175 mi) from Sangar, the administrative center of the district and 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) from Mastakh. Its population as of the 2002 Census was 23.
Haplosclerida
Haplosclerida is an order of demosponges. It contains the following families:

Calcifibrospongiidae Hartman, 1979

Callyspongiidae de Laubenfels, 1936

Chalinidae Gray, 1867

Niphatidae Van Soest, 1980

Petrosiidae Van Soest, 1980

Phloeodictyidae Carter, 1882

Calcifibrospongiidae
Calcifibrospongiidae is a family of sponges belonging to the order Haplosclerida. The order Haplosclerida is distinguished by isodictyal skeleton (mesh shaped fibres). In general, Porifera are basal animals with bodies full of pores and channels. Calcifibrospongiidae includes the species Calcifibrospongia actinostromarioides. There have only been ten recorded occurrences of this species: in Hogsty Reef and San Salvador, as well as in the subtropics of the Bahamas.
Mool (lineage)
Mool (Maithili: मूल) refers to the root or origin of a group of Maithil Brahmins in the Mithila region of the Indian subcontinent. It indicates the ancestral lineage and the original place of dwelling of a particular clan. It signifies a common ancestral origin, often tracing back to a shared forefather. It is a fundamental genealogical parameter recorded in the Panji system of the Maithil Brahmin in Mithila. Panjikars are the authorised persons responsible for keeping the records of the mools of each individual in the region.

Maithil Brahmin
Maithil Brahmins are the Indo-Aryan Hindu Brahmin community originating from the Mithila region of the Indian subcontinent that comprises Tirhut, Darbhanga, Kosi, Purnia, Munger, Bhagalpur and Santhal Pargana divisions  of India and parts of Nepalese Terai.
They are one of the five Pancha-Gauda Brahmin communities.
The main language spoken by Maithil Brahmins is Maithili.
History of hide materials
Humanity has used animal hides since the Paleolithic (beginning approximately 400,000 years ago) for clothing, mobile shelters such as tipis and wigwams, and household items. Since ancient times, hides have also been used as a writing medium in the form of parchment.

Fur clothing was used by other hominids (at least the Neanderthals), although their use was probably limited to rudimentary capes based on thermal-modeling studies that indicate the necessity of additional insulation for survival in glacial climates. Rawhide is a simple hide product which stiffens. Formerly used for binding pieces of wood together, it is primarily found in drum skins.

Tanning of hides to manufacture leather was invented during the Paleolithic, with the earliest evidence of hide-processing tools found at Hoxne in England and Qesem cave, Israel, dating to about 400,000 years ago.

Parchment for writing was introduced during the Bronze Age, and was later refined into vellum before paper became common.

Vellum
Vellum is prepared animal skin or membrane, typically used as writing material. It is often distinguished from parchment, either by being made from calfskin, rather than the skin of other animals or simply by being of a higher quality. Vellum is prepared for writing and printing on single pages, scrolls, and codices.

Vellum is generally smooth and durable, but there can be great variations in texture due to the way it is made and the quality of the skin used. The making of vellum involves the cleaning, bleaching, stretching on a frame, and scraping of the skin with a lunellum.

Modern paper vellum is made of plant cellulose fibers and gets its name from having a similar use to actual vellum, as well as its high quality.
Outward Bound Australia
Outward Bound Australia (OBA) is the Australian chapter of the not-for-profit organisation Outward Bound International. Since its founding in 1956, Outward Bound Australia has made outdoor education courses available to the community with the aim of developing teamwork skills and raising environmental awareness Australia wide.

Outward Bound's focus on personal and leadership development through outdoor adventure activities has made it popular amongst a diverse array of groups and individuals within the community, over 250,000 Australians aged between 13 and 75 have completed a course. Notably, OBA maintains a number of longstanding relationships with partner schools such as the Cranbrook School in Sydney which has made OBA courses a mandatory part of their school curriculum.

Outward Bound
Outward Bound (OB) is an international network of outdoor education organisations that was founded in the United Kingdom by Lawrence Holt in 1941 based on the educational principles of Kurt Hahn. Today there are organisations, called schools, in over 35 countries which are attended by more than 150,000 people each year. Outward Bound International is a non-profit membership and licensing organisation for the international network of Outward Bound schools. The Outward Bound Trust is an educational charity established in 1946 to operate the schools in the United Kingdom. Separate organisations operate the schools in each of the other countries in which Outward Bound operates.

Outward Bound helped to shape the U.S. Peace Corps and numerous other outdoor adventure programs. Its aim is to foster the personal growth and social skills of participants by using challenging expeditions in the outdoors.
General equilibrium theory
In economics, general equilibrium theory attempts to explain the behavior of supply, demand, and prices in a whole economy with several or many interacting markets, by seeking to prove that the interaction of demand and supply will result in an overall general equilibrium. General equilibrium theory contrasts with the theory of partial equilibrium, which analyzes a specific part of an economy while its other factors are held constant.

General equilibrium theory both studies economies using the model of equilibrium pricing and seeks to determine in which circumstances the assumptions of general equilibrium will hold. The theory dates to the 1870s, particularly the work of French economist Léon Walras in his pioneering 1874 work Elements of Pure Economics. The theory reached its modern form with the work of Lionel W. McKenzie (Walrasian theory), Kenneth Arrow and Gérard Debreu (Hicksian theory) in the 1950s.

Disequilibrium macroeconomics
Disequilibrium macroeconomics is a tradition of research centered on the role of deviation from equilibrium in economics. This approach is also known as non-Walrasian theory, equilibrium with rationing, the non-market clearing approach, and non-tâtonnement theory. Early work in the area was done by Don Patinkin, Robert W. Clower, and Axel Leijonhufvud. Their work was formalized into general disequilibrium models, which were very influential in the 1970s. American economists had mostly abandoned these models by the late 1970s, but French economists continued work in the tradition and developed fixprice models. Other approaches that focus on the dynamic processes and interactions in economic systems that are constantly changing and do not necessarily settle into a stable state are discussed as non-equilibrium economics.
Jóannes Eidesgaard
Jóannes Dan Eidesgaard (born 19 April 1951) is a former Faroese politician. He was the prime minister of the Faroe Islands from 2004, starting shortly after the general election of 20 January 2004, until 26 September 2008, when a new coalition took office. He served as finance minister from 1996 to 1998 and again from 2008 to 2011. He was a member of the Danish Folketing representing the Faroe Islands from 11 March 1998 until 20 November 2001.

Social Democratic Party (Faroe Islands)
The Social Democratic Party (Faroese: Javnaðarflokkurin, lit. 'Equality Party', JF) (Danish: Det socialdemokratiske parti, JF) is a social democratic political party on the Faroe Islands, led by Aksel V. Johannesen.
Little America (exploration base)
Little America was a series of Antarctic exploration bases from 1929 to 1958, located on the Ross Ice Shelf, south of the Bay of Whales. They were built on ice that moves very slowly; the relative location on the ice sheet has moved and eventually breaks off into an iceberg. The geographic location has new ice that has shifted to this location and is technically over the open water.

The coordinates are approximate.

Cape Hallett
Cape Hallett is a snow-free area (Antarctic oasis) on the northern tip of the Hallett Peninsula on the Ross Sea coast of Victoria Land, East Antarctica.  Cape Adare lies 100 km (62 mi) to the north. Cape Hallet was the site of a former scientific base built for the International Geophysical Year, and also the site of a fatal 1957 aviation accident; a transport aircraft on its way to McMurdo Station crashed into a mountain.
Kirishi Power Station
Kirishi Power Station (Russian: Киришская ГРЭС) is a thermal power station (GRES) at the town of Kirishi, Kirishsky District, Leningrad Oblast, Russia. The power plant is located adjacent to a larger Kirishi oil refinery. Installed electrical capacity of the power station reached 2595 MW after completion of modernization program for unit 6 in 2011, which included installation of two gas turbines for this unit to utilize combined cycle with total increase of capacity 500 MW and efficiency 20%. The heating capacity is 1,234 Gcal/h.

Kirishskya GRES has two 320 metres (1,050 ft) tall flue gas stacks, they belong to the tallest chimneys at Russia.

Kirishsky District
Kirishsky District (Russian: Ки́ришский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seventeen in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It is located in the central southern part of the oblast and borders with Volkhovsky District in the north, Tikhvinsky District in the northeast, Lyubytinsky District of Novgorod Oblast in the southeast, Malovishersky District of Novgorod Oblast in the south, Chudovsky District of Novgorod Oblast in the southwest, Tosnensky District in the west, and Kirovsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is 3,019.3 square kilometers (1,165.8 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Kirishi. Population (excluding the administrative center): 11,455 (2010 Census); 12,075 (2002 Census); 14,521 (1989 Soviet census).