hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Limen
In physiology, psychology, or psychophysics, a limen or a liminal point is a sensory threshold of a physiological or psychological response. Such points delineate boundaries of perception; that is, a limen defines a sensory threshold beyond which a particular stimulus becomes perceivable, and below which it remains unperceivable.

Liminal, as an adjective, means situated at a sensory threshold, hence barely perceptible. Subliminal means below perception.
The absolute threshold is the lowest amount of sensation detectable by a sense organ.

Absolute threshold
In neuroscience and psychophysics, an absolute threshold was originally defined as the lowest level of a stimulus – light, sound, touch, etc. – that an organism could detect. Under the influence of signal detection theory, absolute threshold has been redefined as the level at which a stimulus will be detected a specified percentage (often 50%) of the time. The absolute threshold can be influenced by several different factors, such as the subject's motivations and expectations, cognitive processes, and whether the subject is adapted to the stimulus.

The absolute threshold can be compared to the difference threshold, which is the measure of how different two stimuli must be for the subject to notice that they are not the same.
John Mushet
John Mushet (10 October 1875 – 10 March 1965) was a Scottish first-class cricketer and real estate auctioneer.

The son of Robert Cathcart Mushet, he was born at Edinburgh in October 1875, where he was educated at George Heriot's School. A club cricketer for Heriot's Cricket Club, Mushet was the club's first player to be capped for Scotland when he made a single first-class appearance against the touring Australians at Edinburgh in 1912. Batting twice in the match, he was dismissed for 2 runs in the Scotland first innings by Roy Minnett, while in their second innings he was dismissed for a single run by Gerry Hazlitt. Outside of cricket, Mushet worked for the family firm property auctioneers and estate agents John Mushet & Son. He died at Edinburgh in March 1965. His son, Robert, was also a first-class cricketer.

Robert Mushet (cricketer)
Robert Cathcart Mushet (10 December 1901 – 25 July 1992) was a Scottish first-class cricketer.

The son of the cricketer John Mushet, he was born at Glasgow in December 1901. Mushet spent time in British India, where he appeared in two first-class cricket matches for the Europeans cricket team, separated by five years. The first came against the Hindus cricket team at the Bombay Gymkhana in the 1935–35 Bombay Quadrangular, while the second came against the same opponents at the Brabourne Stadium in the 1939-40 Bombay Pentangular. In these, scored 17 runs with a highest score of 18, while with his right-arm medium-pace, he took a single wicket. Outside of cricket, he was a shipping merchant and company director by profession. Mushet died at Dunbar in July 1992, following a long illness.
Walter Gibbs, 4th Baron Aldenham
Captain Walter Durant Gibbs, 4th Baron Aldenham, 2nd Baron Hunsdon of Hunsdon (11 August 1888 – 30 May 1969), was a British peer, the son of Herbert Cokayne Gibbs, 1st Baron Hunsdon of Hunsdon. He succeeded to the title 2nd Baron Hunsdon on 22 May 1935. He succeeded to the title 4th Baron Aldenham on 21 March 1939, on the death of his cousin, the 3rd Baron, who died without male issue. He served in the Hertfordshire Yeomanry.

He married Beatrix Elinor Paul (1890–1978), on 6 November 1919. Lady Aldenham had a daughter, Theresa, and a son, Charles, from her first marriage to Algernon Villiers, son of Francis Hyde Villiers.

They had two sons together:

Captain The Hon. Vicary Paul Gibbs (1921–1944) m. Jean Hambro

Antony Durant Gibbs, 5th Baron Aldenham (1922–1986)

Jean Woodroffe
Jean Frances Woodroffe (née Hambro; 22 February 1923 – 7 December 2017), styled during her first two marriages as The Hon. Mrs Gibbs and The Hon. Mrs Elphinstone, was a British courtier who was lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth II.
Flying Squad
The Flying Squad is part of Central Specialist Crime within the Metropolitan Police. It has also previously been known as the Robbery Squad (since its primary purpose is to investigate robberies), Specialist Crime Directorate 7, SC&O7 and SO7. It is nicknamed The Sweeney, an abbreviation of the Cockney rhyming slang "Sweeney Todd" (rhyming "squad" with "todd"), or the Heavy Mob. The Flying Squad are an elite team of covert officers, who specialise in armed surveillance and ambush. The Squad’s primary purpose is the investigation of Serious Organised Acquisitive Crime (SOAC) concerning the robbery of cash in transit companies, banks and building societies. Perhaps the most dangerous part of the Squad's work today is the 'pavement ambush', where armed robbers are arrested in the act of committing a crime. The Squad are also responsible for providing the Metropolitan Police’s on-call response to kidnaps in action in London.

Specialist Firearms Command
The Specialist Firearms Command (MO19) is the firearms unit of the Metropolitan Police Service. Formed in 2005 but with antecedents dating back to 1966, the Command is responsible for providing a firearms-response capability, assisting the rest of the service, which is not routinely armed.
Peter Klint
Peter Klint (born 11 November 1971) is a German artist. He is a figurative painter and was a member of the Stuckist movement from 2003 to 2007.

In October 2001 Klint's Portrait of Thomas Bernhard was on the front page of TLS magazine.

Klint's work was part of the international Stuckist group shows "War on Bush" (Yale University, New Haven 2003, curated by Jesse Richards) and "Triumph of Stuckism" (Liverpool John Moores University, School of Art and Design 2006, curated by Naive John) . In 2006 Klint curated the Stuckist group show "Stuckomenta I" in Hamburg.

In 2010 Klint's Work was published in "1999-2009 - The Stuckist Decade" (Victoria Press, London) by Robert Janás .

Naive John
Naive John (born Ian Wylie; 18 October 1962) is a British artist and figurative painter. His work shows attention to detail with subjects that combine elements from popular culture alongside the mythic and mundane. He has also in the past been involved in the Stuckism art movement.
Old Dominion Monarchs football
The Old Dominion Monarchs football program represents Old Dominion University in U.S. college football. The first iteration of the team created in 1930 was known as the William & Mary Norfolk Division Braves. Founded in 2009, the current Monarchs team competed as an FCS independent for their first two seasons. In the 2011 season, they joined the Colonial Athletic Association and added conference games to their schedule, playing there until joining Conference USA of the FBS in 2014. They joined the Sun Belt Conference in 2022.

William & Mary Tribe football
The William & Mary Tribe are a college football team representing the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. William & Mary competes in CAA Football, a single-sport NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision conference operated by the Tribe's primary athletic home of the Coastal Athletic Association. They are currently coached by Mike London. He succeeds Jimmye Laycock, who was the head coach of the Tribe for 39 years.

In 2008, William & Mary opened the Jimmye Laycock Football Center, housing the Tribe locker room, football players' classroom study sessions and tape review rooms.

The College of William & Mary has transitioned through several official nicknames since its athletic program began in 1893. From 1893 to 1916, William & Mary football players were known as the Orange and White because those were the old official school colors. From 1916 to 1977, all William & Mary athletes were known as the Indians. Since 1978, they have been known as the Tribe.
Armadillidium maculatum
Armadillidium maculatum, also known as the zebra isopod or zebra pillbug is an Armadillidium species of woodlouse, named for its black and white patterns. It is native to southern France. It is quite popular as pets or vivarium cleaners, due to their ability to break down various waste.

Armadillidium
Armadillidium (/ɑːrmədɪˈlɪdiəm/) is a genus of the small terrestrial crustacean known as the woodlouse. It is one of 18 genera nested within the family Armadillidiidae. Armadillidium is also one of the groups commonly known as pill woodlice, leg pebbles, pill bugs, roly-poly, or potato bugs, and are often confused with pill millipedes such as Glomeris marginata. They are characterised by their ability to roll into a ball ("volvation") when disturbed.

With a penchant for damp and dark places, species in the Armadillidium genus can typically be found under rocks, in leaf litter, and in or around the soil. Aided by their dorsoventrally flattened body and small size – usually growing no bigger than 2.5 cm – these pill bugs are able to squeeze into tight cracks and are common household pests as a result.
Hamish Watt
Hamish Watt (27 December 1925 – 12 April 2014) was a Scottish politician, farmer and writer. He was the SNP MP for Banffshire from 1974 to 1979, and was later Rector of the University of Aberdeen and a councillor.

Rector of the University of Aberdeen
The Lord Rector of the University of Aberdeen is the students' representative and chairperson in the University Court of the University of Aberdeen. The position is rarely known by its full title and most often referred to simply as "Rector". The rector is elected by students of the university and serves a three-year term. Although the position has existed since 1495, it was only officially made the students' representative in 1860.

The position exists in common throughout the ancient universities of Scotland with rectorships also in existence at the universities of St Andrews, Glasgow and Edinburgh. The newer University of Dundee has a rector due to its historical ties to St Andrews. The position is given legal standing by virtue of the Universities (Scotland) Act 1889 and is the third office of precedence in the university following the Chancellor and Principal. Rectors also appoint a rector's assessor, who may carry out their functions when they are absent from the university.
Rangitikei District
The Rangitikei District is a territorial authority district located primarily in the Manawatū-Whanganui region in the North Island of New Zealand, although a small part, the town of Ngamahanga (13.63% by land area), lies in the Hawke's Bay Region. It is located in the southwest of the island, and follows the catchment area of the Rangitīkei River.

The Rangitikei District Council is the local government authority for this district. It is composed of a mayor, currently Andy Watson, and 11 councillors, one of whom is the deputy mayor.

Ngamahanga
Ngamahanga is a rural community, in the northeastern part of Rangitikei District, in the Hawke's Bay region of New Zealand's North Island. The rest of the Rangitikei District is located in the Manawatū-Whanganui region.

Ngamahanga has been farmed by Europeans since the 1870s. It is one of the most vast and remote areas of New Zealand, far away from many of the comforts of modern civilisation.

The area includes Ngamatea Station, a 70,000 hectare high country sheep and beef station, with areas for free-range sika deer hunting and trout fishing.
Kannapolis station
Kannapolis station is an Amtrak train station in Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States. It is located at 201 South Main Street, within walking distance of Atrium Health Ballpark and the North Carolina Research Campus, in downtown Kannapolis.

Kannapolis, North Carolina
Kannapolis (/kəˈnæpəlɪs/) is a city in Cabarrus and Rowan counties in North Carolina, northwest of Concord and northeast of Charlotte, and is a suburb in the Charlotte metropolitan area. The city of Kannapolis was incorporated in 1984. The population was 53,114 at the 2020 census, which makes Kannapolis the 19th-most populous city in North Carolina. It is the home of the Kannapolis Cannon Ballers, the Low-A baseball affiliate of the Chicago White Sox, and it is the hometown of the Earnhardt racing family. It is also the headquarters for the Haas F1 racing team. The center of the city is home to the North Carolina Research Campus, a public-private venture that focuses on food, nutrition, and biotech research.
Moià
Moià (Catalan pronunciation: [muˈja]) (Spanish: Moyá) is a municipality in the comarca of Moianès, Catalonia, Spain. Since May 2015 it has been the capital of the new comarca of Moianès; previously it was in Bages.

Moianès
Moianès (Catalan pronunciation: [muјəˈnɛs]) is a comarca in the central region of Catalonia, Spain. Its capital is the town of Moià.

It became a comarca in May 2015, following approval in a local referendum and by the Parliament of Catalonia. Its 10 municipalities were in the comarques of Bages, Osona, and Vallès Oriental. It had previously been recommended in 2000 in the "Report on the revision of Catalonia's territorial organisation model", known as the "Roca Report", commissioned by the Catalan government. Before it was given legal status, Moianès was considered a "natural comarca"—a distinct geographic region—comprising the eponymous Moianès Plateau.
Hernals
Hernals (German pronunciation: [hɛʁˈnals] ⓘ; Viennese: Hernois) is the 17th district of Vienna, Austria (German: 17. Bezirk, Hernals).
Hernals is in northwest Vienna.
It was annexed in 1892 out of the townships of Hernals, Dornbach, and Neuwaldegg.

Districts of Vienna
The districts of Vienna (German: Wiener Gemeindebezirke) are the 23 named city sections of Vienna, Austria, which are numbered for easy reference. They were created from 1850 onwards, when the city area was enlarged by the inclusion of surrounding communities. Although they fill a similar role, Vienna's municipal districts are not administrative districts (Bezirke) as defined by the federal constitution; Vienna is a statutory city and as such is a single administrative district in its entirety.
Vero cell
Vero cells are a lineage of cells used in cell cultures. The 'Vero' lineage was isolated from kidney epithelial cells extracted from an African green monkey (Chlorocebus sp.; formerly called Cercopithecus aethiops, this group of monkeys has been split into several different species).  The lineage was developed on 27 March 1962 by Yasumura and Kawakita at the Chiba University in Chiba, Japan.  The original cell line was named Vero after an abbreviation of verda reno, which means 'green kidney' in Esperanto, while vero itself means 'truth' in Esperanto.

Immortalised cell line
An immortalised cell line is a population of cells from a multicellular organism that would normally not proliferate indefinitely but, due to mutation, have evaded normal cellular senescence and instead can keep undergoing division. The cells can therefore be grown for prolonged periods in vitro. The mutations required for immortality can occur naturally or be intentionally induced for experimental purposes. Immortal cell lines are a very important tool for research into the biochemistry and cell biology of multicellular organisms. Immortalised cell lines have also found uses in biotechnology.

An immortalised cell line should not be confused with stem cells, which can also divide indefinitely, but form a normal part of the development of a multicellular organism.
Yeşilyurt, Bakırköy
Yeşilyurt (literally "green homeland" in Turkish) is a neighborhood (mahalle)  in the municipality and district of Bakırköy, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its population is 8,433 (2022). It is located along Marmara Sea, and borders to the southwest the neighbourhood of Yeşilköy, to which it once belonged, and to the northeast that of Ataköy. The population of the quarter is mainly affluent, and lives in low-rise apartment houses.

Yeşilyurt has a station for the Marmaray commuter railway between Gebze and Halkalı. The neighborhood has many smaller parks and green area. The Polat Renaissance Hotel and the Yeşilyurt Sports Club are also located inside Yeşilyurt.

The Yeşilköy Feneri, a lighthouse built in 1856 and still in use, is located at Yeşilköy Point (Turkish: Yeşilköy Burnu). Its outbuilding is being used today as a fish and seafood restaurant.

Yeşilyurt is also home to Istanbul Hava Harp Okulu (Air Force Academy) and to the Air Force Museum.

Yeşilköy
Yeşilköy (Turkish pronunciation: [jeˈʃilcœj]; meaning "Green Village"; prior to 1926, San Stefano or Santo Stefano Greek: Άγιος Στέφανος, romanized: Ágios Stéfanos, Turkish: Ayastefanos) is an affluent neighbourhood (Turkish: mahalle) in the municipality and district of Bakırköy, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its population is 25,039 (2022). on the Marmara Sea about 11 kilometres (7 mi) west of Istanbul's historic city centre. Prior to the rapid increase of Istanbul's population in the 1970s, Yeşilköy was a secluded village and sea resort.
Side control
In grappling, side control, often also called side mount or cross mount, is a dominant ground grappling position where the top combatant is lying perpendicularly over the face-up bottom combatant in such a way that the legs are free and they exert no control over the combatant on the bottom. The top combatant is referred to as having side control, and is in a stable position, with the other combatant pinned beneath them. From there the top combatant can proceed with elbows, knees, various submissions, or transition into a mounted position. It is high priority for the bottom combatant to sweep the top combatant or otherwise escape the position, for instance by entangling the opponent's free legs and trying to obtain the half guard or guard.

Grappling hold
A grappling hold, commonly referred to simply as a hold that in Japanese is referred to as katame-waza (固め技 "grappling technique"), is any specific grappling, wrestling, judo, or other martial art grip that is applied to an opponent. Grappling holds are used principally to control the opponent and to advance in points or positioning. The holds may be categorized by their function, such as clinching, pinning, or submission, while others can be classified by their anatomical effect: chokehold, headlock, joint-lock, or compression lock. Multiple categories may be appropriate for some of these holds.
Savkari Pash
Savkari Pash (The Indian Shylock) is Indian cinema's 1925 social melodrama silent film directed by Baburao Painter. V. Shantaram made his acting debut as the young village peasant in the film. Painter later remade Savkari Pash in 1936 as a talkie version. The story of the film was written by Narayan Hari Apte as suggested by Baburao Painter, and is referred to as a "milestone film" in Indian cinema. Along with Shantaram, the rest of the cast included Kamladevi, Zunzharrao Pawar, Kishabapu Bakre, K. Dhaiber and Shankarrao Bute.

The film has been cited as one of the "earliest examples" of parallel cinema in its depiction of real social issues. The story deals with a greedy moneylender who cheats the peasants of their money, forcing them to give up farming and take on jobs as mill-workers.

Baburao Painter
Baburao Krishnarao Mestry, popularly known as Baburao Painter (3 June 1890 – 16 January 1954) was an Indian filmmaker and artist. He was a man of many talents with proficiency in painting, sculpture, film production, photography, and mechanical engineering.
Fonna Hospital Trust
Fonna Hospital Trust (Norwegian: Helse Fonna) is a health trust which administrates hospitals and institutions in Haugaland, Sunnhordland and parts of Hardanger.  Fonna Health Trust is one of five local health trusts owned by Western Norway Regional Health Authority. The trust has over 3333 employees as of 2019.

Western Norway Regional Health Authority
Western Norway Regional Health Authority (Norwegian: Helse Vest RHF) is a state-owned regional health authority responsible for operating the hospitals in the counties of Rogaland and Vestland in Norway. Based in Stavanger the authority operates five health trusts that operate nine hospitals. It is led by chairman Oddvard Nilsen (Conservative) and CEO Herlof Nilssen.

Other central agencies include Helse Vest IKT that operates the information technology systems. Haukeland University Hospital cooperates with the University of Bergen to provide medical education in Bergen.
Georgian–Seljuk wars
The Georgian–Seljuk wars (Georgian: საქართველო-სელჩუკთა ომები, romanized: sakartvelo-selchuk'ta omebi), also known as Georgian Crusade, is a long series of battles and military clashes that took place from 1064 until 1213, between the Kingdom of Georgia and the different Seljukid states that occupied most of South Caucasus. The conflict is preceded by deadly raids in the Caucasus by the Turks in the 11th century, known in Georgian historiography as the Great Turkish Invasion.

Siege of Tbilisi (1122)
The Siege of Tbilisi (Georgian: თბილისის შემოერთება,  Tbilisis sh'emoerteba) in February 1122 was led by David IV, who successfully conquered the Emirate of Tbilisi, which had been established by the Arab conquests four centuries earlier. Having reclaimed Tbilisi, David's campaign marked the beginning of the end for Arab rule in Georgia; the Georgian army went on to retake the rest of the region and secured a critical victory in the Georgian–Seljuk wars. The collapse of the Emirate of Tbilisi also allowed the Kingdom of Georgia to contest territory within the rest of the weakening Seljuk Empire.
Robert Boyd (anthropologist)
Robert Turner Boyd (born February 11, 1948) is an American anthropologist. He is professor of the School of Human Evolution and Social Change (SHESC) at Arizona State University (ASU). His research interests include evolutionary psychology and in particular the evolutionary roots of culture. Together with his primatologist wife, Joan B. Silk (who is also a professor in SHESC at ASU), he wrote the textbook How Humans Evolved.

Richard McElreath
Richard McElreath (born 18 April 1973) is an American professor of anthropology and a director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. He is an author of the Statistical Rethinking applied Bayesian statistics textbook, among the first to largely rely on the Stan statistical environment, and the accompanying rethinking R language package.

He earned his B.S. at Emory University in 1995 and a Ph.D. in anthropology under Robert Boyd at the University of California, Los Angeles in 2001 with field research in Tanzania.
Castle of Estremoz
The Castle of Estremoz (Portuguese: Castelo de Estremoz) is a medieval castle in the civil parish of Santa Maria de Devassa, municipality of Estremoz, Portuguese district of Évora.

It is classified as a National Monument.

38°50′31″N 7°35′32″W﻿ / ﻿38.84194°N 7.59222°W﻿ / 38.84194; -7.59222

Estremoz
Estremoz (Portuguese pronunciation: [ɨʃtɾɨˈmoʃ] ⓘ) is a municipality in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 14,318, in an area of 513.80 km2. The city Estremoz itself had a population of 7,682 in 2001. It is located in the Alentejo region.
1925 International Lawn Tennis Challenge America Zone
The America Zone was one of the two regional zones of the 1925 International Lawn Tennis Challenge.

9 teams entered the America Zone, with the winner going on to compete in the Inter-Zonal Final against the winner of the Europe Zone. Australia defeated Japan in the final, and went on to face France in the Inter-Zonal Final.

1925 International Lawn Tennis Challenge Europe Zone
The Europe Zone was one of the two regional zones of the 1925 International Lawn Tennis Challenge.

16 teams entered the Europe Zone, with the winner going on to compete in the Inter-Zonal Final against the winner of the America Zone. France defeated the Netherlands in the final, and went on to face Australia in the Inter-Zonal Final.