hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Laser beam profiler
A laser beam profiler captures, displays, and records the spatial intensity profile of a laser beam at a particular plane transverse to the beam propagation path. Since there are many types of lasers—ultraviolet, visible, infrared, continuous wave, pulsed, high-power, low-power—there is an assortment of instrumentation for measuring laser beam profiles. No single laser beam profiler can handle every power level, pulse duration, repetition rate, wavelength, and beam size.

Transverse mode
A transverse mode of electromagnetic radiation is a particular electromagnetic field pattern of the radiation in the plane perpendicular (i.e., transverse) to the radiation's propagation direction. Transverse modes occur in radio waves and microwaves confined to a waveguide, and also in light waves in an optical fiber and in a laser's optical resonator.

Transverse modes occur because of boundary conditions imposed on the wave by the waveguide. For example, a radio wave in a hollow metal waveguide must have zero tangential electric field amplitude at the walls of the waveguide, so the transverse pattern of the electric field of waves is restricted to those that fit between the walls. For this reason, the modes supported by a waveguide are quantized. The allowed modes can be found by solving Maxwell's equations for the boundary conditions of a given waveguide.
Meat and bone meal
Meat and bone meal (MBM) is a product of the rendering industry. It is typically about 48–52% protein, 33–35% ash, 8–12% fat, and 4–7% water. It is primarily used in the formulation of animal feed to improve the amino acid profile of the feed. Feeding of MBM to cattle is thought to have been responsible for the spread of BSE (mad cow disease); therefore, in most parts of the world, MBM is no longer allowed in feed for ruminant animals. However, it is still used to feed monogastric animals.

MBM is widely used in the United States as a low-cost animal protein in dog food and cat food. In Europe, some MBM is used as ingredients in pet food, but the majority is now used as a fossil-fuel replacement for energy generation, as a fuel in cement kilns, landfilling or incineration.

Bone meal
Bone meal (or bonemeal) is a mixture of finely and coarsely ground animal bones and slaughter-house waste products. It is used as a dietary supplement to supply calcium and phosphorus to monogastric livestock in the form of hydroxyapatite, or as a slow-release organic fertilizer to supply phosphorus, calcium, and a small amount of nitrogen to plants.
Nimos
Nimos is an uninhabited Greek island in the municipality of Symi, in the Dodecanese island group of the southern Aegean Sea. Located off the northern coast of Symi, from which it is separated by a small shallow strait called Diapori, it has an area of 4.6 square kilometres (1.8 sq mi). It is the Ymos island of the ancient Greeks.

The island, like Symi itself and the other surrounding islets, has been proclaimed an archaeological site by Greece's Central Archaeological Council.

Dodecanese
The Dodecanese (UK: /ˌdoʊdɪkəˈniːz/, US: /doʊˌdɛkəˈniːz/; Greek: Δωδεκάνησα, Dodekánisa [ðoðeˈkanisa], lit. 'twelve islands') are a group of 15 larger and 150 smaller Greek islands in the southeastern Aegean Sea and Eastern Mediterranean, off the coast of Anatolia, of which 26 are inhabited. This island group generally defines the eastern limit of the Sea of Crete. They belong to the wider Southern Sporades island group.

Rhodes has been the area's dominant island since antiquity. Of the others, Kos and Patmos are historically the most important; the remaining 12 are Agathonisi, Astypalaia, Halki, Kalymnos, Karpathos, Kasos, Leipsoi, Leros, Nisyros, Symi, Tilos, and Megisti. Other islands in the chain include Alimia, Arkoi, Farmakonisi, Gyali, Kinaros, Levitha, Marathos, Nimos, Pserimos, Saria, Strongyli and Syrna.
Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations
Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations are methods used to find numerical approximations to the solutions of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Their use is also known as "numerical integration", although this term can also refer to the computation of integrals.

Many differential equations cannot be solved exactly. For practical purposes, however – such as in engineering – a numeric approximation to the solution is often sufficient. The algorithms studied here can be used to compute such an approximation. An alternative method is to use techniques from calculus to obtain a series expansion of the solution.

Ordinary differential equations occur in many scientific disciplines, including physics, chemistry, biology, and economics. In addition, some methods in numerical partial differential equations convert the partial differential equation into an ordinary differential equation, which must then be solved.

Numerical methods for partial differential equations
Numerical methods for partial differential equations is the branch of numerical analysis that studies the numerical solution of partial differential equations (PDEs).

In principle, specialized methods for hyperbolic, parabolic or elliptic partial differential equations exist.
AR 289 Bridge Over English Creek
The AR 289 Bridge Over English Creek is a historic bridge in rural eastern Fulton County, Arkansas.  The bridge, a single-span steel Pratt through-truss structure, carries Arkansas Highway 289 over English Creek south of Mammoth Spring.  The span is 122 feet (37 m) long and 20 feet (6.1 m) wide, and rests on concrete abutments.  Built in 1929 by the Virginia Bridge and Iron Company, it is important as a well-preserved example of its type in Fulton County, and for its historical role in transportation in the region.

The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009, and was delisted in 2022.

Arkansas Highway 289
Highway 289 (AR 289, Ark. 289, and Hwy. 289) is a designation for two north–south state highways in north central Arkansas. A southern route of 4.93 miles (7.93 km) runs north from Highway 69B (AR 69B) at Sage to Zion. A second route of 37.89 miles (60.98 km) begins at Highway 56 in Franklin and runs north to Highway 9 in Mammoth Spring.
Acestrorhamphidae
Acestrorhamphidae, the American tetras, are a diverse family of freshwater fish in the order Characiformes. They are native to North and South America, from the southwestern United States south to temperate Argentina, with a few species introduced to other parts of the world. It includes many genera previously placed in the family Characidae, which was split into multiple families in 2024. It contains many of the most famous ornamental aquarium fish that are popularly known as tetras.

Characiformes
Characiformes /ˈkærəsɪfɔːrmiːz/ is an order of ray-finned fish, comprising the characins and their allies. Grouped in 18 recognized families, more than 2000 different species are described, including the well-known piranha and tetras. Characins are most diverse in the Neotropics, where they are found in lakes and rivers throughout most of South and Central America. At least 209 species of characins are found in Africa, including the distichodontids, citharinids, alestids, and hepsetids. The rest of the characins originate in the Americas.

A few characins become quite large, and are important as food or game. Most, however, are small shoaling fish (or forage fish). Many species commonly called tetras are popular in aquaria because of their bright colors, general hardiness, and tolerance towards other fish in community tanks.
Torreya taxifolia
Torreya taxifolia, commonly known as Florida torreya or stinking-cedar, but also sometimes as Florida nutmeg or gopher wood, is an endangered subcanopy tree of the yew family, Taxaceae. It is native to only a small glacial refugium in the southeastern United States, at the state border region of northern Florida and southwestern Georgia.

Apalachicola River
The Apalachicola River /æpəlætʃɪˈkoʊlə/ is a river, approximately 160 miles (260 km) long, in the state of Florida. The river's large watershed, known as the Apalachicola, Chattahoochee and Flint (ACF) River Basin, drains an area of approximately 19,500 square miles (50,500 km2) into the Gulf of Mexico. The distance to its furthest head waters (as the Chattahoochee River) in northeast Georgia is approximately 500 miles (800 km). Its name comes from Apalachicola Province, an association of Native American towns located on what is now the Chattahoochee River. The Spanish included what is now named the Chattahoochee River as part of one river, calling all of it from its origins in the southern Appalachian foothills down to the Gulf of Mexico the Apalachicola.
Bifidobacteriaceae
The Bifidobacteriaceae are the only family of bacteria in the order Bifidobacteriales.

The family Bifidobacteriaceae stain [Gram-positive], range from obligate to faculatively anaerobic, are non-motile, non-filamentous and non-spore forming. Their morphology is varied and ranges from Y- or V-shaped (from which the bifidobacteria derived their name) to ones with enlarged or flattened ends (club- or spatula-shaped). The branching nature of Bifidobacteria can change with different starins and media. These rods appear as a solitary bacilli or as aggregates in chains or in clumps.

These chemoorganotrophic microorganisms are saccharolytic acid producers and do not produce gas.

The Bifidobacteriaceae family is divided into ten genera ( Bifidobacterium, Aeriscardovia, Alloscardovia, Bombiscardovia, Galliscardovia, Gardnerella, Neoscardovia, Parascardovia, Pseudoscardovia, and Scardovia, with three candidate genera Candidatus Ancillula, Candidatus Opitulatrix, and Candidatus Servula.

Pseudoscardovia
Pseudoscardovia is a genus of Gram-positive, anaerobic, non-motile bacteria within the family Bifidobacteriaceae. The genus was first described following the isolation of strains from the gastrointestinal tract of wild pigs in the Czech Republic. The name derives from the Greek pseudes (“false”) and the genus Scardovia, reflecting its phylogenetic distinction from closely related taxa.
1943 Bishops' Council of the Russian Orthodox Church
The 1943 meeting of the Bishops' Council of the Russian Orthodox Church held on September 8, 1943, was the first sobor of the Russian Orthodox Church since the 1917–18 Local Council. The assembly was held in Moscow in the Patriarchal Residence in Chisty Lane in Khamovniki District of the city, that just had been returned to the Moscow Patriarchate by the Soviet Government.

The assembly unanimously elected Metropolitan Sergius of Moscow and Kolomna to be the Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'.

The assembly also excommunicated everyone who collaborated with the Axis powers, and reestablished the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Patriarchal Residence in Chisty Lane
The Patriarchal residence in Chisty Lane (Russian: Патриаршая резиденция в Чистом переулке) is the former city estate of the Ofrosimov family, located at Chisty Lane 5, in the Khamovniki District of the Central Administrative Okrug of Moscow. It is an architectural monument of federal significance. Since 1943, institutions of the Moscow Patriarchate have been located here, including the working residence of the Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus', the office and administration of the affairs of the Moscow Patriarchate. In 1922–1941, the heads of the German diplomatic mission to the USSR lived here.
Leeds Male Voice Choir
Leeds Male Voice Choir is a choir of men founded in 1916 in Leeds, West Yorkshire in the United Kingdom. Originally formed from mining workers in Middleton, Leeds, the choir now has around sixty singers who perform regularly throughout Leeds, Yorkshire and Europe.

The choir aims to Get Men Singing and offers free annual singing workshops as part of the choir's charitable aims.

Men's chorus
A men's chorus or male voice choir (MVC) (German: Männerchor), is a choir consisting of men who sing with either a tenor or bass voice, and whose music is typically arranged into high and low tenors (1st and 2nd tenor), and high and low basses (1st and 2nd bass; or baritone and bass)—and shortened to the letters TTBB. The term can also refer to a piece of music which is performed by such a choir.
Gatesville Municipal Airport
Gatesville Municipal Airport (ICAO: KGOP, FAA LID: GOP) is a public airport located three miles (5 km) west of the central business district of Gatesville, a city in Coryell County, Texas, United States. This general aviation airport is owned by the City of Gatesville. It was formerly known as City-County Airport, at which time it was co-owned by Coryell County.

Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Gatesville Municipal Airport is assigned GOP (formerly 05F) by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA (which assigned GOP to Gorakhpur Airport in Gorakhpur, India).

Gatesville, Texas
Gatesville is a city in and the county seat of Coryell County, Texas, United States. Its population was 16,135 at the 2020 census. The city has five of the nine prisons and state jails for women operated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. The Patrick O'Daniel Unit (formerly Mountain View Unit), has the state's death row for women.

Gatesville is part of the Killeen–Temple–Fort Hood metropolitan statistical area.
Patagioenas
Patagioenas is a genus of New World pigeons whose distinctness from the genus Columba was long disputed but ultimately confirmed. It is basal to the Columba — Streptopelia radiation with their ancestors diverging from that lineage likely over 8 million years ago. While the biogeographic pattern of this group suggests that the ancestors of typical pigeons and turtle doves settled the Old World from the Americas, Patagioenas may also be the offspring of Old World pigeons that radiated into different genera later, given that the cuckoo-doves (Macropygia) of Southeast Asia also seem to be closely related.

White-crowned pigeon
The white-crowned pigeon (Patagioenas leucocephala) is a fruit and seed-eating species of bird in the dove and pigeon family Columbidae. It is found primarily in the Caribbean.

John James Audubon painted these pigeons, including the watercolour painting in his work, Birds of America, published in the early 19th century.
Mayor of Porto Alegre
The Mayor of Porto Alegre, Brazil, is the Chief Executive of the city. Mayors serve a four-year term, limited to one re-election. Mayoral activities are regulated by Sections IV, V, VI, Chapter VI of Porto Alegre City Charter. The current mayor is Sebastião Melo, since January 1st 2021; he is the 45th mayor of Porto Alegre.

Porto Alegre City Charter provides a succession line for any case of office vacancy. The first in line is the Deputy Mayor of Porto Alegre (who is elected in the same ticket of the Mayor), next is the Speaker of Porto Alegre City Council and, lastly, the Porto Alegre Attorney-General.

Sebastião Melo
Sebastião de Araújo Melo (born 24 July 1958) is a Brazilian lawyer and politician. He has been the mayor of Porto Alegre since 2021.

A member of the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) since 1981, he had been a member of the city council from 2001 to 2012 and was the vice-mayor of the city during the mayorship of José Fortunati. In 2018, he was elected as a state deputy to the Legislative Assembly of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, a position he held until 2021.

Melo has run for mayor of Porto Alegre on three occasions. The first time, in 2016, he advanced to the second round, but was defeated by Nelson Marchezan Júnior. In 2020, he ran again and advanced once again to the second round, this time winning against Manuela d'Ávila. He would be reelected in 2024 against Maria do Rosário.
1973 California Golden Bears football team
The 1973 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley in the Pacific-8 Conference (Pac-8) during the 1973 NCAA Division I football season. In their second year under head coach Mike White, the Golden Bears compiled a 4–7 record (2–5 against Pac-8 opponents), finished in a tie for fifth place in the Pac-8, and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 380 to 245.

The team's statistical leaders included Vince Ferragamo with 1,014 passing yards (Steve Bartkowski added 910 passing yards), Chuck Muncie with 801 rushing yards, and Wesley Walker with 361 receiving yards.

Vince Ferragamo
Vincent Anthony Ferragamo (born April 24, 1954) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) and the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football for the California Golden Bears and Nebraska Cornhuskers.
Teneu
Teneu (or Thenew (Latin: Theneva), Tannoch, Thaney, Thanea, Denw, etc.) is a legendary Christian saint who was venerated in medieval Glasgow, Scotland. Traditionally she was a sixth-century Brittonic princess of the ancient kingdom of Gododdin (in what became Lothian) and the mother of Saint Mungo, apostle to the Britons of Strathclyde and founder of the city of Glas Ghu (Glasgow). She and her son are regarded as the city's co-patrons, and Glasgow's St Enoch Square allegedly marks the site of a medieval chapel dedicated to her, built on or near her grave ("St. Enoch" is in fact a corruption of "St. Teneu"). She is commemorated annually on 18 July.

Saint Mungo
Kentigern (Welsh: Cyndeyrn Garthwys; Latin: Kentigernus), known as Mungo, was a missionary in the Brittonic Kingdom of Strathclyde in the late sixth century, and the founder and patron saint of the city of Glasgow.
Lifeboat ethics
Lifeboat ethics is a metaphor for resource distribution proposed by the ecologist Garrett Hardin in two articles published in 1974, building on his earlier 1968 article detailing "The tragedy of the commons". Hardin's 1974 metaphor describes a lifeboat bearing fifty people with room for ten more. The lifeboat is in an ocean surrounded by a hundred swimmers.  The ethics of the situation stem from the dilemma of whether (and under what circumstances) swimmers should be taken aboard the lifeboat.

Hardin compared the lifeboat metaphor to the Spaceship Earth model of resource distribution, which he criticizes by asserting that a spaceship would be directed by a single leader which the Earth lacks. Hardin asserts that the spaceship model leads to the tragedy of the commons.  In contrast, the lifeboat metaphor presents individual lifeboats as rich nations and the swimmers as poor nations.

Garrett Hardin
Garrett James Hardin (April 21, 1915 – September 14, 2003) was an American ecologist and microbiologist. He focused his career on the issue of human overpopulation, and is best known for his exposition of the tragedy of the commons in a 1968 paper of the same title in Science, which called attention to "the damage that innocent actions by individuals can inflict on the environment". He is also known for Hardin's First Law of Human Ecology: "We can never do merely one thing. Any intrusion into nature has numerous effects, many of which are unpredictable.": 112

Hardin held hardline anti-immigrant positions as well as positions on race and eugenics that have led multiple sources to label him a white nationalist. The Southern Poverty Law Center described his publications as "frank in their racism and quasi-fascist ethnonationalism".
Haydarpaşa Cemetery
Haydarpaşa Cemetery, also known as Haidar Pasha Cemetery, Istanbul, (Turkish: Haydarpaşa İngiliz Mezarlığı), located in the Haydarpaşa neighborhood of Üsküdar district in the Asian part of Istanbul, Turkey, is a burial ground established initially for British military personnel who took part in the Crimean War (1854–1856). The cemetery also contains graves of Commonwealth soldiers from the two World Wars, and civilians of British nationality.

Selimiye Barracks
Selimiye Barracks (Turkish: Selimiye Kışlası), also known as Scutari Barracks, is a Turkish Army barracks located in Selimiye in the Üsküdar district on the Asian side of Istanbul, Turkey. It was originally built in 1800 by Sultan Selim III for the soldiers of the newly established  Nizam-ı Cedid (literally "New Order") within the framework of the Ottoman military reform efforts. Today, it serves as the headquarters of the First Army of Turkish Land Forces.

The Barracks is situated in the Harem neighbourhood between Üsküdar and Kadıköy, close to the Sea of Marmara. The highway connecting the ferry terminal and the overland bus terminal to the motorway O.2 Istanbul-Ankara runs right past the barracks.
Mifflinville, Pennsylvania
Mifflinville is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of Northeastern Pennsylvania. The population was 1,233 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Bloomsburg-Berwick micropolitan area.

Bloomsburg–Berwick metropolitan area
The Bloomsburg–Berwick Micropolitan Statistical Area (μSA), as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of Columbia County in Pennsylvania, anchored by the town of Bloomsburg and the borough of Berwick. Before the census statistical areas were redesignated effective July 1, 2023, the area also included Montour County. As of the 2010 census, the μSA had a population of 85,562 (though a July 1, 2013 estimate placed the population at 85,338).
Minstrel Island
Minstrel Island, is an island in the Johnstone Strait region of the Central Coast region of British Columbia, Canada. It is near the entrance to Knight Inlet just east of Turnour Island at the junction of Clio and Chatham Channels.  The island is separated on its south from East Cracroft Island by a marine passageway called The Blow Hole.

There is a government dock at the southeast side of the island bordering Chatham Channel.  The community of Minstrel Island is located on the east side of the island.  The island has a floatplane base, Minstrel Island Water Aerodrome.

Chatham Channel
Chatham Channel is a strait and marine passageway on the coast of British Columbia.  It leads from the lower reaches of Knight Inlet to the opening of Call Inlet, separating Minstrel and East Cracroft Islands from the mainland to the east. From the opening of Call Inlet, running south then east around East Cracroft, is Havannah Channel.
Nubanusit Lake
Nubanusit Lake is a 718-acre (2.91 km2) lake located on the border between Cheshire and Hillsborough counties in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Nelson and Hancock. The outlet of the lake is Nubanusit Brook, a tributary of the Contoocook River in the Merrimack River drainage basin.

The lake is classified as a coldwater fishery, with observed species including rainbow trout, lake trout, smallmouth bass, chain pickerel, yellow perch, and horned pout.

Hancock, New Hampshire
Hancock is a town in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 1,731 at the 2020 census. Hancock is home to the Welch Family Farm Forest.

The main village of the town, where 213 people resided at the 2020 census, is defined as the Hancock census-designated place (CDP), and is located at the junction of New Hampshire routes 123 and 137.