hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Great Canadian flag debate
The Great Canadian flag debate (or Great Flag Debate) was a national debate that took place in 1963 and 1964 when a new design for the national flag of Canada was chosen.

Although the flag debate had been going on for a long time prior, it officially began on June 15, 1964, when Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson proposed his plans for a new flag in the House of Commons. The debate lasted more than six months and bitterly dividing politicians and the general public over the design of a new Canadian flag.  The debate over the proposed new Canadian flag was ended by closure on December 15, 1964. It resulted in the adoption of the "Maple Leaf" as the Canadian national flag, which remains the official national flag of Canada.

The flag was inaugurated on February 15, 1965, a date that has been commemorated as National Flag of Canada Day since 1996.

George Stanley
Colonel George Francis Gillman Stanley CC CD FRSC FRHSC(hon) FRHistS (July 6, 1907 – September 13, 2002) was a Canadian author, soldier, historian at Mount Allison University, public servant, and designer of the Canadian Flag.
Oskuya
The Oskuya (Russian: Оскуя) is a river in Lyubytinsky, Malovishersky and Chudovsky Districts of Novgorod Oblast in Russia. It is a right tributary of the Volkhov. It is 114 kilometres (71 mi) long, and the area of its basin 1,470 square kilometres (570 sq mi). The main tributary of the Oskuya is the Sharya (right).

The source of the Oskuya is in the western part of Lyubytinsky District, in a remote area several dozens kilometers west of the settlement of Nebolchi. The river flows west, crosses Malovishersky District, and turns northwest. It accepts the Sharya from the right and in the village of Oskuy sharply turns southwest. The mouth of the Oskuya is located west of the village of Gachevo.

The river basin of the Oskuya comprises areas in the west of Lyubytinsky District, in the northwest of Malovishersky District, in the north of Chudovsky District, as well as in the south of Kirishsky District of Leningrad Oblast.

Volkhov (river)
The Volkhov (/ˈvɔːlxɒv/ VAWL-khov; Russian: Волхов [ˈvoɫxəf]; Veps: Olhav) is a river in Novgorodsky and Chudovsky Districts of Novgorod Oblast and Kirishsky and Volkhovsky Districts of Leningrad Oblast in northwestern Russia. The Volkhov, which forms part of the basin of the Neva, is the only outflow of Lake Ilmen, and connects it with Lake Ladoga. The length of the Volkhov is 224 kilometres (139 mi), and the area of its drainage basin is 80,200 square kilometres (31,000 sq mi). The city of Veliky Novgorod, the towns of Kirishi, Volkhov and Novaya Ladoga, and the historically important village of Staraya Ladoga are located along the Volkhov.
Cuggiono
Cuggiono (Lombard: Cugiònn [kyˈdʒɔn]) is a small Italian town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Milan, 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of Milan on the Motorway A4 to Turin, gate of Marcallo-Mesero.

American baseball player Yogi Berra's parents were from Malvaglio, just outside Cuggiono. Italian singer and composer Angelo Branduardi was born there.

Cuggiono is the sister city of Herrin, Illinois.  Many Italians from Cuggiono immigrated to Southern Illinois to work in the coal mines with hopes of the American Dream in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.  They formed neighborhoods in towns throughout Southern Illinois.

Cuggiono borders the following municipalities: Castano Primo, Buscate, Arconate, Robecchetto con Induno, Galliate, Mesero and Bernate Ticino.

Castano Primo
Castano Primo (Italian pronunciation: [ˈkastano ˈpriːmo]; Milanese: Càstan) is a city and comune in Province of Milan, in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 kilometres (22 miles) northwest of Milan.

Castano Primo borders the following municipalities: Lonate Pozzolo, Vanzaghello, Magnago, Nosate, Buscate, Cameri, Turbigo, Robecchetto con Induno, Cuggiono. It received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on October 11, 1984.
Tectosages
The Tectosages or Tectosagii (Gaulish: *Textosagioi, 'Dwelling-Seekers', or 'Possessions-Seekers') were one of the three ancient Gallic tribes of Galatia in central Asia Minor, together with the Tolistobogii and Trocmii.

Galatia
Galatia (/ɡəˈleɪʃə/; Ancient Greek: Γαλατία, Galatía, Turkish: Galatya) was an ancient area in the highlands of central Anatolia, roughly corresponding to the provinces of Ankara and Eskişehir in modern Turkey. Galatia was named after the Gauls from Thrace (cf. Tylis), who settled here and became a small transient foreign tribe in the 3rd century BC, following the Gallic invasion of the Balkans in 279 BC.
Renaud of Vendôme
Renaud of Vendôme was one of the first chancellors of France. He was bishop of Paris from 991 to 1017, as well as count of Vendôme (1005–1017). He was from the Bouchardides family, as a son of Bouchard I, Count of Vendôme and of Elisabeth of Melun.

Chancellor to Hugh Capet (988), who later made him bishop of Paris, Renaud's power was reduced by the accession of Robert II the Pious (996) and his influence on the royal council diminished. He stayed in the Vendômois more and more, and succeeded his father as count in 1005.

Archdiocese of Paris
The Archdiocese of Paris (Latin: Archidioecesis Parisiensis; French: Archidiocèse de Paris) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in France. It is one of twenty-three archdioceses in France. The original diocese is traditionally thought to have been created in the 3rd century by St. Denis and corresponded with the Civitas Parisiorum; it was elevated to an archdiocese on October 20, 1622. Before that date the bishops were suffragan to the archbishops of Sens.
James Reid, Baron Reid
James Scott Cumberland Reid, Baron Reid, CH, PC, FRSE (30 July 1890 – 29 March 1975) was a Scottish Unionist politician and judge.  His reputation is as one of the most outstanding judges of the 20th century.

Obiter dictum
Obiter dictum (usually used in the plural, obiter dicta) is a Latin phrase meaning "said in passing". In a legal system, the term may apply to any remark in a legal opinion that is "said in passing" by a judge or arbitrator. The concept as used in law derives from English common law, whereby a judgment comprises only two elements: ratio decidendi and obiter dicta. For the purposes of judicial precedent, ratio decidendi is binding, whereas obiter dicta are persuasive only.
2017 Venezuelan Primera División season
The 2017 Primera División season was the 36th professional season of Venezuela's top-flight football league. Zamora were the defending champions, but did not qualify to the Serie Final, after being eliminated by Monagas in the quarter-finals of the Torneo Apertura and by Deportivo Lara in the quarter-finals of the Torneo Clausura.

Monagas were the champions, defeating Deportivo Lara in the Serie Final, 2–1 on aggregate.

Monagas S.C.
Monagas Sport Club is a Venezuelan professional football team competing at the top level, the Primera División Venezolana. It is based in Maturín. Their home stadium is the Estadio Monumental de Maturín. The club received the nickname of “Los Guerreros del Guarapiche” (The Warriors from the Guarapiche), because of the never giving up mentality of its players and the name of the river (River Guarapiche) which crosses the city where the team has its headquarters.
Walter Bryan Emery
Walter Bryan Emery, CBE, FBA (2 July 1903 – 11 March 1971) was a British Egyptologist. His career was devoted to the excavation of archaeological sites along the Nile Valley. During the Second World War, he served with distinction as an officer in the British Army and, in the immediate aftermath, in the Diplomatic Service, both still in Egypt.

Buhen
Buhen, alternatively known as Βοὥν (Bohón) in Ancient Greek, stands as a significant ancient Egyptian settlement on the western bank of the Nile, just below the Second Cataract in present-day Northern State, Sudan. Its origins trace back to the Old Kingdom period (about 2686–2181BCE), where it served as an Egyptian colonial town, particularly recognized for copper smelting. In 1962, archaeological discoveries brought to light an ancient copper manufacturing facility encircled by an imposing stone barrier, indicating its origin during the rule of Sneferu in the 4th Dynasty. Inscriptions and graffiti disclosed a continuous Egyptian presence spanning two centuries, only to be interrupted by migration from the southern regions in the 5th Dynasty.
Terrestrial mollusc
Terrestrial molluscs or land molluscs (mollusks) are an ecological group that includes all molluscs that live on land in contrast to freshwater and marine molluscs. They probably first occurred in the Carboniferous, arising from freshwater ones.

Slug
Slug or land slug is a common name for any apparently shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word slug is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced shell, or only a small internal shell, particularly sea slugs and semi-slugs (this is in contrast to the common name snail, which applies to gastropods that have a coiled shell large enough that they can fully retract their soft parts into it).

Various taxonomic families of land slugs form part of several quite different evolutionary lineages, which also include snails. Thus, the various families of slugs are not closely related, despite the superficial similarity in overall body form. The shell-less condition has arisen many times independently as an example of convergent evolution, and thus the category "slug" is polyphyletic.
Expander graph
In graph theory, an expander graph is a sparse graph that has strong connectivity properties, quantified using vertex, edge or spectral expansion. Expander constructions have spawned research in pure and applied mathematics, with several applications to complexity theory, design of robust computer networks, and the theory of error-correcting codes.

Alon–Boppana bound
In spectral graph theory, the Alon–Boppana bound provides a lower bound on the second-largest eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix of a -regular graph, meaning a graph in which every vertex has degree . The reason for the interest in the second-largest eigenvalue is that the largest eigenvalue is guaranteed to be  due to -regularity, with the all-ones vector being the associated eigenvector. The graphs that come close to meeting this bound are Ramanujan graphs, which are examples of the best possible expander graphs.

Its discoverers are Noga Alon and Ravi Boppana.
Jiaxing Nanhu Airport
Jiaxing Nanhu Airport (IATA: JNH, ICAO: ZSJX) — formerly known as Jiaxing Air Base — is an airport in Jiaxing, the city in East China's Zhejiang province.    The airport is located 8 kilometers from the city center in Xiuzhou District. Due to Jiaxing Airport's proximity to both Shanghai and Hangzhou, it is touted as "Shanghai's third airport" and "Hangzhou's second airport". The airport is designed to handle 500,000 passengers annually.

It was converted from a military airbase to a dual-use military and civilian airport. Backed by YTO Express (YTO Cargo Airlines), construction of the civilian facilities started in November 2022. In June 2024, the name Jiaxing Nanhu Airport was approved. The airport opened for civilian use on 26 December 2025.

Jiaxing
Jiaxing (simplified Chinese: 嘉兴; traditional Chinese: 嘉興; pinyin: Jiāxīng; Wade–Giles: Chia-hsing), alternately romanized as Kashing, is a prefecture-level city in northern Zhejiang province, China. Lying on the Grand Canal of China, Jiaxing borders Hangzhou to the southwest, Huzhou to the west, Shanghai to the northeast, and the province of Jiangsu to the north. As of the 2020 census, its population was 5,400,868 and its built-up (or metro) area made of 2 urban districts was home to 1,518,654 inhabitants.
Interest rate channel
The interest rate channel is a mechanism of monetary policy, whereby a policy-induced change in the short-term nominal interest rate by the central bank affects the price level, and subsequently output and employment.

Credit channel
The credit channel mechanism of monetary policy describes the theory that a central bank's policy changes affect the amount of credit that banks issue to firms and consumers for purchases, which in turn affects the real economy.
Anax walsinghami
Anax walsinghami is a species of dragonfly in the family Aeshnidae (darners), in the suborder Anisoptera ("dragonflies"). The species is known generally as the giant darner or giant green darner. The distribution range of Anax walsinghami includes Central America and North America. At up to 120 mm (4.7 in) in wingspan and with a typical body length of 89–117 mm (3.5–4.6 in), it is North America's largest dragonfly, although exceeded by the closely related giant Hawaiian darner (A. strenuus).

The IUCN conservation status of A. walsinghami is least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The population is stable.

Aeshnidae
Aeshnidae, also called aeshnids, hawkers, or darners, is a family of dragonflies, found nearly worldwide, with more than 50 genera and over 450 species.

The family includes some of the largest dragonflies, and can be over three inches long.
Henry of Almain
Henry of Almain (Anglo-Norman: Henri d'Almayne; 2 November 1235 – 13 March 1271), also called Henry of Cornwall, was the eldest son of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, afterwards King of the Romans, by his first wife Isabel Marshal. His surname is derived from a vowel shift in pronunciation of d'Allemagne ("of Germany"); he was so called by the elites of England because of his father's status as the elected German King of Almayne.

Isabel Marshal
Isabel Marshal (9 October 1200 – 17 January 1240) was a medieval English countess and a member of the Marshal Family. She was the wife of both Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford and 5th Earl of Gloucester and Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall (son of King John of England). With the former, she was a great grandmother of King Robert the Bruce of Scotland.
Balina Guri
Balina Guri (pronunciationⓘ) is a 1979 Indian Kannada film, directed by K. S. Prakash Rao and produced by K. S. Prakash Rao. The film stars Jayanthi, Master Nataraj, J. K. Srinivasamurthy and Balakrishna in the lead roles. The film has musical score by K. Chakravarthy.

K. S. Prakash Rao
Kovelamudi Surya Prakash Rao (1914–1996) was an Indian film director, producer, actor and cinematographer known for his works in Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, and Hindi films. In 1977 he won the Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada for Ganda Hendthi. In 1995, Rao received the Raghupathi Venkaiah Award for his contributions to Telugu cinema. He is the father of noted Telugu director K. Raghavendra Rao and is the uncle of another noted director K. Bapayya.
Taunggyi
Taunggyi (Burmese: တောင်ကြီးမြို့, MLCTS: taung kri: mrui. [tàʊɰ̃dʑí mjo̰]) is the capital and largest city of Shan State, Myanmar (Burma); and lies on the Thazi-Kyaingtong road at an elevation of 4,712 feet (1,436 m), just north of Shwenyaung and Inle Lake within the Myelat region. Taunggyi is the fifth largest city of Myanmar. Even though Taunggyi city is the capital of Shan State, 45% of population are Pa'O People, 35% are Bamar People and 6% of population are Shan aka Tai People. The city is famous for its hot air balloon festival held annually on the full-moon day of Tazaungmon, the eighth month of the traditional Burmese calendar. Taunggyi is colloquially regarded as Myanmar's City of Music, famous for its culture of live music and numerous festivals.

Shwenyaung
Shwe Nyaung is a town located in southern Shan state of Myanmar. The town is near the Shan state capital Taunggyi and about 7 miles north of Nyaungshwe. It lies at the intersection of National Highway 47 and National Highway 43 connecting Taunggyi and Nyaungshwe with Aungban and Nawnghkio. In 2023 it had a population of 37,882 people. The town is divided into 11 urban wards with the most populated being Aung Thabyay with 6,871 people.

It was historically the western terminus of the Shwenyaung–Mongnai Railway connecting south and eastern Shan State to the capital Taunggyi. Shwenyaung serves as a transport hub sitting 1,600 feet (490 m) lower in elevation from Taunggyi. In 1997, the Shwenyaung to Taunggyi portion was finally completed using zig zag railways.

The town is located on the Taryaw stream, which flooded parts of the town in June 2025.
Nuzvid mandal
Nuzvid mandal is one of the 28 mandals in Eluru district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Nuzvid revenue division, with headquarters at Nuzvid. MLA Name  =Sree Kolusu Pardhasaradhi (TDP)
| MPDO  = Sree C. Raghavendra Nath( 9100084664)
 The mandal is bounded by Reddigudem, Vissannapeta, Chatrai, Mylavaram Agiripalli, Bapulapadu and Musunuru mandals.

Agiripalli mandal
Agiripalli mandal is one of the 28 mandals in Eluru district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Nuzvid revenue division, with headquarters at Agiripalli. The mandal is bounded by Vijayawada (rural), Gannavaram, Bapulapadu, Nuzvid, Mylavaram and G.Konduru mandals.
The Hiawatha Story
The Hiawatha Story is a 1970 non-fiction book on railroad history by Jim Scribbins, then an employee of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (the "Milwaukee Road"). The book covers the history of the Milwaukee Road's most famous passenger train, the Hiawatha, from its creation in 1934–1935 up through 1970. The book also covered the various other Milwaukee Road trains which carried the name "Hiawatha."

Skytop Lounge
The Skytop Lounges were a fleet of streamlined passenger cars with parlor-lounge cars built by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad ("the Milwaukee Road") and sleeper-lounges built by Pullman-Standard in 1948. The cars were designed by famed industrial designer Brooks Stevens. The fleet included both parlor-lounges and sleeping cars. The lounges entered service in 1948 on the Twin Cities Hiawatha, while the sleeping cars were used on the long-distance Olympian Hiawatha. In 1964 the Milwaukee Road sold the sleeping cars to the Canadian National Railway, which operated them until 1977. The parlor cars continued in service with the Milwaukee Road until 1970, when they were retired.
Shri Viswa Vinayaka Mandir Rhenock
Shri Viswa Vinayaka Mandir, also called  Ganesh Mandir, is a Hindu temple of Ganesha. It is located in Rhenock, Pakyong district, Sikkim, India. Sri Viswa Vinayaka Mandir was inaugurated by Shri Dinesh Chandra, general secretary of Vishva Hindu Parishad accompanied by the former chief minister, Shri Pawan Chamling, at a beautiful landscape of Rundung Village in Rhenock on 3 October 2016.

This massive religious infrastructure of Hindu accords 51 faces of Lord Ganesha, with 12 feet each 16 of them placed at corridor towards temple's main entrance.
Adding excitement is another attraction is the massive mythological Daemon vs Gods ‘Samudra Manthan’ statues. Shivling and statue of Hanuman is also present in Viswa Vinayak Temple.

Rhenock
Rhenock (Nepali pronunciation: [rinak]) is a town, just 29 km from Pakyong City in the Pakyong district in Sikkim, India, located on the border with the Kalimpong district of West Bengal. It lies 63 kilometres east of Gangtok, and 47 kilometres north of Kalimpong on the way to Jelepla Pass at an altitude of 1,040 metres. The Lepcha word Rhe-nock means Black Hill. Situated in the extreme east of Sikkim, Rhenock witnessed the establishment of the first police outpost in the state.
Super Yo-Yo
Super Yo-Yo (Japanese: 超速スピナー, Hepburn: Chōsoku Supinā; lit. 'Ultra-fast Spinner') is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Takashi Hashiguchi. The series was serialized in Shogakukan's CoroCoro Comic magazine between December 1997 and August 2000, and was translated into English and published in Singapore by Chuang Yi.

In 1998, the manga series was adapted into a 22-episode anime television series produced by Xebec, it ran from November 1998 to September 1999. The television series has been dubbed into English in Singapore by Odex and released in 2003.

A Game Boy video game adaptation has been published by Hudson Soft in Japan on September 18, 1998.

Xebec (studio)
Xebec, Inc. (Japanese: 株式会社ジーベック, Hepburn: Kabushiki-gaisha Jībekku; stylized in all caps) was a Japanese animation studio based in Kokubunji, Tokyo, founded by former Tatsunoko Production animators on May 1, 1995. They worked on the anime series, such as Nadesico, Love Hina, D.N.Angel, Keijo, Shaman King, Fafner, To Love Ru, and Space Battleship Yamato remakes (2199 and 2202).

The company logotype includes the International Phonetic Alphabet transcription [zíːbek], which represents not the Japanese pronunciation using syllabification for Hepburn romanization but rather a presumed "English" pronunciation.
Tunduma
Tunduma is a city in Songwe Region, Tanzania, on the border between Tanzania and Zambia. It has border posts for both the Tanzam Highway and the TAZARA railway (for which it has a station) linking the two countries.  It is located 103 km southwest of Mbeya.  It is also the junction for the tarmac road which runs via Sumbawanga through the remote far western districts of Tanzania to Kasulu and Kibondo in the north-west. According to the 2022 census, it has a population of 219,309. Tunduma can be the most famous border city within  SADCC countries and is informally known as the 'gateway to East Africa' with the neighbouring country of Zambia. Nakonde is immediately across the border in Zambia.

Nakonde
Nakonde is a town in the Muchinga Province of Zambia, on the border with Tanzania. It is at the northern end of Zambia's Great North Road (T2 Road). It is the principal commercial and political headquarters of Nakonde District and the district headquarters are located here.
Granavollen stone
The Granavollen stone is a runestone located behind Nikolaikirken at Granavollen in Gran Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. This church is also known as one of the two medieval Sister Churches. The inscription is classified as being carved in runestone style RAK, which is the oldest style. This classification is used for those inscriptions where the ends of the runic text bands are straight and do not have any animal or serpent heads attached.

The runic text is dated as being from the last half of the eleventh century and reveals that the stone was erected in memory of a brother named Aufi. The text ends in a prayer for Aufi's sál, or soul, a word which was not used until after Christianization.

Gran Municipality
Granⓘ is a municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Hadeland. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Jaren. Other villages in Gran include Bjoneroa, Brandbu, Egge, Gran, and Ringstad.

The 756.65-square-kilometre (292.14 sq mi) municipality is the 148th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Gran Municipality is the 89th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 13,660. The municipality's population density is 18.1 inhabitants per square kilometre (47/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 0.1% over the previous 10-year period.
34th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 34th Infantry Regiment (special designation "Leyte Dragons") is a Regular Army infantry regiment of the United States Army. It saw combat in World War I, in the Pacific Theater of Operations in World War II, and was the first full American regiment deployed in combat in the Korean War. The 1st and 3rd Battalions of the 34th are now basic training formations attached to the 165th Infantry Brigade at Fort Jackson, South Carolina.

Aubrey Newman
Aubrey Strode Newman (1903–1994) was a United States Army major general with 34 years of service. During World War II, Newman commanded the 34th Infantry Regiment of the 24th Infantry Division during the Philippines Campaign. His cry of "Follow Me!" at Leyte rallied his troops and inspired American infantrymen for decades. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC), the nation's second-highest award for valor in combat, for extraordinary heroism during this battle.