hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Matrix multiplication
In mathematics, specifically in linear algebra, matrix multiplication is a binary operation that produces a matrix from two matrices. For matrix multiplication, the number of columns in the first matrix must be equal to the number of rows in the second matrix. The resulting matrix, known as the matrix product, has the number of rows of the first and the number of columns of the second matrix. The product of matrices A and B is denoted as AB.

Matrix multiplication was first described by the French mathematician Jacques Philippe Marie Binet in 1812, to represent the composition of linear maps that are represented by matrices. Matrix multiplication is thus a basic tool of linear algebra, and as such has numerous applications in many areas of mathematics, as well as in applied mathematics, statistics, physics, economics, and engineering.
Computing matrix products is a central operation in all computational applications of linear algebra.

Row and column vectors
In linear algebra, a column vector with ⁠⁠ elements is an  matrix consisting of a single column of ⁠⁠ entries. Similarly, a row vector is a  matrix, consisting of a single row of ⁠⁠ entries. For example, ⁠⁠ is a column vector and ⁠⁠ is a row matrix:

(Throughout this article, boldface is used for both row and column vectors.)

The transpose (indicated by T) of any row vector is a column vector, and the transpose of any column vector is a row vector:

Taking the transpose twice returns the original (row or column) vector: ⁠⁠.

The set of all row vectors with n entries in a given field (such as the real numbers) forms an n-dimensional vector space; similarly, the set of all column vectors with m entries forms an m-dimensional vector space.

The space of row vectors with n entries can be regarded as the dual space of the space of column vectors with n entries, since any linear functional on the space of column vectors can be represented as the left-multiplication of a unique row vector.
41 Cumberland Road
41 Cumberland Road is the address of Bruce Lee's former home in Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, where he spent his last year with his family. The place was affectionately known as "the Crane's Nest".

It is located in Kowloon City District.

Kowloon Tong
Kowloon Tong (Chinese: 九龍塘) is an affluent area of Hong Kong located in Kowloon. The majority of the area is in the Kowloon City District. Its exact location is south of the Lion Rock, north of Boundary Street, east of the East Rail line and west of Grampian Road. It is one of the most expensive residential districts in Hong Kong.

It is popular among Hong Kong's wealthy residents because of its schools and low-density private housing. Most of the buildings there do not exceed 10 floors. In addition, this area is noted for its private schools and nursing homes. Within Kowloon West, it is administratively divided between Kowloon City District and Sham Shui Po District, bisected by the Kowloon–Canton Railway.
Manny Seoane
Manuel Modesto Seoane  (born June 26, 1955) is an American former professional baseball pitcher, whose Major League Baseball (MLB) career consisted of seven games for the Philadelphia Phillies and Chicago Cubs during the 1977 and 1978 seasons.  His minor league career extended though 1981.

He attended Tampa Catholic High School in Tampa, FL and was selected in the 6th round of the 1973 June Amateur Baseball Draft by the Philadelphia Phillies.

In January 1982, Seoane surrendered himself to police authorities along with fellow former MLB pitcher Mark Lemongello, for the kidnapping and robbery of Lemongello's cousins Mike Lemongello, a former professional bowler, and Peter Lemongello, a cabaret- / pop-singer. Seoane and Mark Lemongello were both sentenced to seven years probation after they both pleaded no contest to the charges.

Tampa Catholic High School
Tampa Catholic High School is a diocesan, Catholic, coeducational high school  located in Tampa, Florida, United States, founded in 1962. It is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Petersburg. Its motto is "Veritas et Caritas," which means "Truth and Charity."
W. K. C. Guthrie
William Keith Chambers Guthrie FBA (1 August 1906 – 17 May 1981) was a Scottish classical scholar, best known for his History of Greek Philosophy, published in six volumes between 1962 and his death. He served as Laurence Professor of Ancient Philosophy at the University of Cambridge from 1952 to 1973 and as master of Downing College, Cambridge from 1957 to 1972.

Public Orator
The Public Orator is a traditional official post at universities, especially in the United Kingdom. The holder of this office acts as the voice of the university on public occasions.

The position at Oxford University dates from 1564. The Public Orator at the university presents honorary degrees, giving an oration for each person that is honoured. They may be required to compose addresses and letters as directed by the Hebdomadal Council of the university. Speeches when members of the royal family are present may also be required. The post was instituted for a visit to Oxford by Queen Elizabeth I in 1566. The Public Orator, Thomas Kingsmill, gave a very long historical speech. Sir Isaac Wake addressed King James I similarly in 1605.

At the University of Cambridge, the title for the position changed from "Public Orator" to "Orator" in 1926. Trinity College Dublin in Ireland also has a Public Orator. There is no equivalent position in American universities.
Subaru EJ engine
The Subaru EJ engine is a series of four-stroke automotive engines manufactured by Subaru.  Introduced in 1989, they were intended to succeed the previous Subaru EA engine. The EJ series was the mainstay of Subaru's engine line, with all engines of this series being 16-valve horizontal flat-fours, with configurations available for single, or double-overhead camshaft arrangements (SOHC or DOHC). Naturally aspirated and turbocharged versions are available, ranging from 94 to 341 hp (70 to 254 kW; 95 to 346 PS). These engines are commonly used in light aircraft, kit cars and engine swaps into air-cooled Volkswagens, and are also popular as a swap into Volkswagen T3/Vanagons powered by the Volkswagen Wasserboxer engine. Primary engineering on the EJ series was done by Masayuki Kodama, Takemasa Yamada and Shuji Sawafuji of Fuji Heavy Industries, Subaru's parent company.

Subaru Forester
The Subaru Forester (Japanese: スバル・フォレスター, Hepburn: Subaru Foresutā) is a compact crossover SUV that has been manufactured by Subaru since 1997. The first generation was built on the platform of the Impreza in the style of a taller station wagon, a style that continued to the second generation, while the third-generation model onwards moved towards a crossover SUV design. A performance model was available for the second-generation Forester in Japan as the Forester STi.
Sideshow alley
A sideshow alley is an Australian term for the cluster of attractions that may accompany public events such as agricultural shows. It is similar to the American term 'midway'. Australian sideshows typically comprise a variety of amusement rides, games, and concession booths, run by a community of independent operators known as 'showies'.

Midway (fair)
A midway at a fair (commonly an American fair such as a county or state fair) is the location where carnival games, amusement rides, entertainment, dime stores, themed events, exhibitions and trade shows, pleasure gardens, water parks and food booths cluster. The midway is located between the entrance and the big top of a circus; thus, a carnival is essentially a travelling midway.
Little Mark Island Monument
The Little Mark Island Monument is a historic day beacon and shipwreck refuge on Little Mark Island in northern Casco Bay off the southern coast of the United States state of Maine.  The monument, a pyramidal stone structure built in 1827, is one of only three such structures ever built in the state, and is now topped by a beacon light.  It is owned and managed by the United States Coast Guard, and is an active aid to navigation.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.

Casco Bay
Casco Bay is an open bay of the Gulf of Maine on the coast of Maine in the United States. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's chart for Casco Bay marks the dividing line between the bay and the Gulf of Maine as running from Bald Head on Cape Small in Phippsburg west-southwest to Dyer Point in Cape Elizabeth. The city of Portland and the Port of Portland are on Casco Bay's western edge.
City Island (Daytona Beach)
City Island, Daytona Beach, Florida, United States, is an island in the Halifax River (a section of the Intracoastal Waterway) between mainland Florida and the barrier islands/outer banks. Buildings on the island include the Daytona Tortugas' Jackie Robinson Ballpark, the city's courthouse, and the main branch of the Volusia County Library.

Jackie Robinson Ballpark
The Jackie Robinson Ballpark (also known as Jackie Robinson Stadium or City Island Ball Park) is a historic baseball field in Daytona Beach, Florida, United States. It is located at 105 East Orange Avenue on City Island, in the Halifax River.
Quantum complexity theory
Quantum complexity theory is the subfield of computational complexity theory that deals with complexity classes defined using quantum computers, a computational model based on quantum mechanics. It studies the hardness of computational problems in relation to these complexity classes, as well as the relationship between quantum complexity classes and classical (i.e., non-quantum) complexity classes.

Two important quantum complexity classes are BQP and QMA.

BQP
In computational complexity theory, bounded-error quantum polynomial time (BQP) is the class of decision problems solvable by a quantum computer in polynomial time, with an error probability of at most 1/3 for all instances. It is the quantum analogue to the complexity class BPP.

A decision problem is a member of  BQP if there exists a quantum algorithm (an algorithm that runs on a quantum computer) that solves the decision problem with high probability and is guaranteed to run in polynomial time. A run of the algorithm will correctly solve the decision problem with  a probability of at least 2/3.
Maria Haraldsdotter
Maria Haraldsdotter (died 25 September 1066) was a Norwegian princess, as the daughter of Harald Hardrada and Elisiv of Kiev. She is the first known Norwegian to have been named Maria.

According to Heimskringla, Maria, together with her sister Ingegerd and mother, went with Harald on his expedition to Britain in 1066. Maria, Ingegerd and Elisiv were however left behind at Orkney, where Harald gathered reinforcements. By the Battle of Stamford Bridge, in which Harald was killed, Harald had promised Maria away for marriage to Eystein Orre (brother of Harald's concubine or second wife Tora Torbergsdatter), who also died at Stamford Bridge. When Harald's son Olaf and the rest of his fleet arrived back in Orkney, they learned that Maria had suddenly died on the same day that her father had died in battle.

Tora Torbergsdatter
Tora Torbergsdatter (Old Norse: Þóra Þorbergsdóttir, born 1025 – year of death unknown: fl. 1066) was a Norwegian royal consort. She was the mother of two kings of Norway. It is possible, but unconfirmed, that she was also queen of Denmark or Sweden.
Battle-class destroyer
The Battle class were a class of destroyers of the British Royal Navy (RN) and Royal Australian Navy (RAN), named after naval or other battles fought by British or English forces. Built in three groups, the first group were ordered under the 1942 naval estimates. A modified second and third group, together with two ships of an extended design were planned for the 1943 and 1944 estimates. Most of these ships were cancelled when it became apparent that the war was being won and the ships would not be required, although two ships of the third group, ordered for the RAN, were not cancelled and were subsequently completed in Australia.

Seven Battles were commissioned before the end of World War II, but only Barfleur saw action, with the British Pacific Fleet.

HMS Sluys
HMS Sluys was a Battle-class destroyer of the Royal Navy (RN). She was named in honour of the Battle of Sluys which occurred in 1340 during the Hundred Years' War, and which resulted in a decisive English victory over a French fleet. Sluys was built by Cammell Laird of Birkenhead. She was launched on 28 February 1945 and commissioned on 30 September 1946. In 1967, the ship was transferred to Pahlavi Iran and renamed Artemiz. In 1985, the ship was renamed again, this time Damavand.
Artigas flag
The Artigas flag is a flag created in the early 19th century by the South American libertador and political leader José Gervasio Artigas. It was originally designed to be the national flag of the Federal League, a confederation of provinces that briefly existed between 1815 and 1820.

Since 1952, it has been one of the national flags of Uruguay and since 1987, the flag of the Argentine province of Entre Ríos. The flag consists of a white horizontal stripe between two blue and red bend. The blue and white stripes come from the flag created by Manuel Belgrano, while the red was added as a symbol of the fight for federalism.

Flag of Santa Fe Province
The Santa Fe flag is a symbol of the Argentine province of Santa Fe, features a vertical tricolour of red, white and blue. In the center is the oval coat of arms of the province. The roots of this design date back to the League of the Free Peoples and the Argentine Civil War. Although the flag was abandoned during the era of centralization in the 1880s, it was reinstated in 1986.
José Pedro Díaz
José Pedro Díaz (January 12, 1921 - July 3, 2006) was a Uruguayan essayist, educator and writer.

He is remembered as a member of the Generation of 45, a Uruguayan intellectual and literary movement: Carlos Maggi, Manuel Flores Mora, Ángel Rama, Emir Rodríguez Monegal, Idea Vilariño, Carlos Real de Azúa, Carlos Martínez Moreno, Mario Arregui, Mauricio Muller, Amanda Berenguer, Tola Invernizzi, Mario Benedetti, Ida Vitale, Líber Falco, Juan Cunha, Juan Carlos Onetti, among others.

Ángel Rama
Ángel A. Rama (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈaŋxel rama]; April 30, 1926 – November 27, 1983) was a Uruguayan writer, academic, and literary critic, known for his work on modernismo and for his theorization of the concept of "transculturation."
Charles Edenshaw
Charles Edenshaw (c. 1839–1920) was a Haida artist from Haida Gwaii, British Columbia. He is known for his woodcarving, argillite carving, jewellery, and painting. His style was known for its originality and innovative narrative forms, created while adhering to the principles of formline art characteristic of Haida art. In 1902, the ethnographer and collector Charles F. Newcombe called Edenshaw “the best carver in wood and stone now living.”

Haida argillite carvings
Haida argillite carvings are a sculptural tradition among the Haida indigenous nation of the Northwest Coast of North America. It first became a widespread art form in the early 19th century, and continues today.
Cisliano
Cisliano (Lombard: Cislian [tʃiˈzljãː] or Sisian [siˈzjãː]) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 14 kilometres (9 mi) west of Milan.

Cisliano borders the municipalities of Sedriano, Bareggio, Vittuone, Corbetta, Cusago, Albairate, and Gaggiano.

Cusago
Cusago (Lombard: Cusagh [kyˈzaːk]) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 11 kilometres (7 mi) west of Milan.

Cusago borders the following municipalities: Milan, Cornaredo, Settimo Milanese, Bareggio, Cisliano, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano.
KKMS (AM)
KKMS (980 kHz "The Mission") is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Richfield, Minnesota, and serving the Minneapolis-St. Paul radio market.  It is owned by the Salem Media Group and broadcasts a Christian talk and teaching radio format.  The transmitter and radio studios are on Cliff Road near Minnesota State Highway 77 in Eagan.

The station uses a brokered programming system, where national and local religious leaders buy time on the station and may use their programs to seek donations to their ministries.  Some national hosts on KKMS include John MacArthur, Alistair Begg, David Jeremiah, J. Vernon McGee, June Hunt and Jim Daly.  Several Salem Radio Network conservative talk hosts are also heard on the station, Eric Metaxas, Jay Sekulow and Charlie Kirk. The station produces a local afternoon show, "Crosswalk with Lee Michaels."

KXXR
KXXR (93.7 FM) is an active rock radio station broadcasting to the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area.  It is owned by Cumulus Media, which also owns KQRS-FM along with WGVX, WLUP, and WWWM. Its transmitter is located in Shoreview, Minnesota. Its studios are in Northeast Minneapolis in the Como district.
Sorbung language
Sorbung is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Manipur, northeastern India. Although the speakers are ethnically Tangkhul, it appears to be a non-Tangkhulic Kuki-Chin language, as it shows strong links with what was called 'Southern Tangkhul' in Brown (1837), which was also a non-Tangkhulic language spoke by ethnic Tangkhul.

Sorbung is spoken by about 300 people of Sorbung village, Ukhrul District, Manipur, northeastern India. Sorbung speakers consider themselves to be ethnic Tangkhul. A language that is unambiguously Tangkhulic is spoken in nearby Tusom village. Kuki (Thadou) and Maring are also spoken in neighboring villages.

Kuki-Chin languages
The Kuki-Chin languages (also called Kukish or South-Central Tibeto-Burman languages) are a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family spoken in northeastern India, western Myanmar and southeastern Bangladesh. Most notable Kuki-Chin-speaking ethnic groups are referred to collectively as the Zo people which includes the Mizo, Kuki, Chin and Zomi people.

Kuki-Chin is alternatively called South-Central Trans-Himalayan (or South Central Tibeto-Burman) by Konnerth (2018), because of negative connotations of the term "Kuki-Chin" for many speakers of languages in this group.

Kuki-Chin is sometimes placed under Kuki-Chin–Naga, a geographical rather than linguistic grouping.
S2 (St. Gallen S-Bahn)
The S2 is a railway service of the St. Gallen S-Bahn that provides hourly service between Nesslau-Neu St. Johann (abbreviated to Nesslau on destination signs) and Altstätten SG in the Swiss canton of St. Gallen, via Herisau in the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden. The section near Lake Constance (Bodensee) is also part of the Bodensee S-Bahn. THURBO, a joint venture of Swiss Federal Railways and the canton of Thurgau, operates the service.

St. Gallen S-Bahn
The St. Gallen S-Bahn (German: S-Bahn St. Gallen) is an S-Bahn-style commuter rail in Eastern Switzerland and neighbouring areas. The network connects stations in the Swiss cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Glarus, Grisons, Schaffhausen, St. Gallen, Thurgau and Zurich, as well as a few stations in Austria (Bregenz, Vorarlberg) and Germany (Konstanz, Baden-Württemberg and Lindau, Bavaria). Some services also operate as part of the Bodensee S-Bahn.

Services are operated by Appenzeller Bahnen (AB), Südostbahn (SOB), and Thurbo. Within Switzerland and until Konstanz, services operate within the Tarifverbund Ostwind (Ostwind fare network)  of northeastern Switzerland and Liechtenstein.
NGC 1360
NGC 1360, also known as the Robin's Egg Nebula,  is a planetary nebula in the constellation of Fornax. It was identified as a planetary nebula due to its strong radiation in the OIII (oxygen) bands. Reddish matter, believed to have been ejected from the original star before its final collapse, is visible in images. It is slightly fainter than IC 2003.

The central star of the system was suspected to be binary since 1977, but was only confirmed in 2017. The central source consists of a low-mass O-type star and a white dwarf, with masses of 0.555 M☉ and 0.679 M☉ respectively.

NGC 1360 was discovered in January 1868 by the German astronomer Friedrich August Theodor Winnecke.

Fornax
Fornax (/ˈfɔːrnæks/) is a constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere, partly ringed by the celestial river Eridanus. Its name is Latin for furnace. It was named by French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in 1756. Fornax is one of the 88 modern constellations.

The three brightest stars—Alpha, Beta and Nu Fornacis—form a flattened triangle facing south. With an apparent magnitude of 3.91, Alpha Fornacis is the brightest star in Fornax. Six star systems have been found to have exoplanets. The Fornax Dwarf galaxy is a small faint satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. NGC 1316 is a relatively close radio galaxy.

The Hubble Space Telescope's Ultra-Deep Field is located within Fornax.

It is the 41st largest constellation in the night-sky, occupying an area of 398 square degrees. It is located in the first quadrant of the southern hemisphere (SQ1) and can be seen at latitudes between +50° and -90° during the month of December.
Rainbows End (Vinge novel)
Rainbows End is a 2006 science fiction novel by Vernor Vinge.  It was awarded the 2007 Hugo Award for Best Novel. The book is set in San Diego, California, in 2025, in a variation of the fictional world Vinge explored in his 2002 Hugo-winning novella "Fast Times at Fairmont High" and 2004's "Synthetic Serendipity". Vinge had some ideas for a sequel, picking up some of the loose threads left at the end of the novel. The many technological advances depicted in the novel suggest that the world is undergoing ever-increasing change, following the technological singularity, a recurring subject in Vinge's fiction and nonfiction writing.

The Collected Stories of Vernor Vinge
The Collected Stories of Vernor Vinge is a collection of science fiction short stories by American writer Vernor Vinge. The stories were first published from 1966 to 2001, and the book contains all of Vinge's published short stories from that period except "True Names" and "Grimm's Story".
Tomkinson Ranges
26°11′27″S 129°07′31″E﻿ / ﻿26.190936°S 129.125268°E﻿ / -26.190936; 129.125268
The Tomkinson Ranges is a mountain range in the northwest corner of South Australia. The range consists of sandstone hills, surrounded by spinifex grasslands. The range was named after politician Samuel Tomkinson (1816–1900) by the explorer William Gosse in the early 1870s. Ernest Giles and his team reached the ranges shortly after, and established a base from which to explore the Gibson and Great Victoria Deserts. Numerous prospecting expeditions were made through the region until the 1930s.

Together with the Mann Ranges, the Tomkinson Ranges are an important part of the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara lands. The communities of Kalka and Pipalyatjara are located at the base of the mountains.

Kalka, South Australia
Kalka is an Aboriginal community in the  Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia administered under the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981.

At the 2016 Australian census, Kalka had a population of 92. The community uses many of the facilities at nearby Pipalyatjara.
False hero
The false hero is a stock character in fairy tales, and sometimes also in ballads. The character appears near the end of a story in order to claim to be the hero or heroine and is usually of the same sex as the hero or heroine. The false hero presents some claim to the position. By testing, it is revealed that the claims are false, and the hero's true. The false hero is usually punished, and the true hero takes their place.

Vladimir Propp identified it as one of the seven roles he found in an analysis of Russian folktales, but the figure is widely found in many nations' tales.

The Goose Girl
"The Goose Girl" (German: Die Gänsemagd) is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm and first published in Grimm's Fairy Tales in 1815 (KHM 89). It is of Aarne-Thompson type 533.

The story was first translated into English by Edgar Taylor in 1826, then by many others, e.g. by an anonymous community of translators in 1865, by Lucy Crane in 1881, by LucMargaret Hunt in 1884, etc. Andrew Lang included it in The Blue Fairy Book in 1889.