hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Derived algebraic geometry
Derived algebraic geometry is a branch of mathematics that generalizes algebraic geometry to a situation where commutative rings, which provide local charts, are replaced by either differential graded algebras (over ), simplicial commutative rings or -ring spectra from algebraic topology, whose higher homotopy groups account for the non-discreteness (e.g., Tor) of the structure sheaf. Grothendieck's scheme theory allows the structure sheaf to carry nilpotent elements. Derived algebraic geometry can be thought of as an extension of this idea, and provides natural settings for intersection theory (or motivic homotopy theory) of singular algebraic varieties and cotangent complexes in deformation theory (cf. J. Francis), among the other applications.

Commutative ring
In mathematics, a commutative ring is a ring in which the multiplication operation is commutative. The study of commutative rings is called commutative algebra. Complementarily, noncommutative algebra is the study of ring properties that are not specific to commutative rings. This distinction results from the high number of fundamental properties of commutative rings that do not extend to noncommutative rings.

Commutative rings appear in the following chain of class inclusions:

rngs ⊃ rings ⊃ commutative rings ⊃  integral domains ⊃ integrally closed domains ⊃ GCD domains ⊃ unique factorization domains ⊃ principal ideal domains ⊃ Euclidean domains ⊃ fields ⊃ algebraically closed fields
Family 1
Family 1 is the name given to a group of Greek New Testament minuscule manuscripts of the Gospels, identified by biblical scholar Kirsopp Lake.: 86  These manuscripts vary in date from the 12th to the 15th century. The group takes its name from minuscule codex 1, now in the Basel University Library, Switzerland.: 137  "Family 1" is also symbolized as ƒ1 in critical editions of the Greek New Testament.: 58*–59*  Textual-critic Hermann von Soden refers to the group as Iη. Initially named after minuscule 1, later studies have demonstrated that another minuscule, minuscule 1582, is likely a better candidate as a representation of the archetype from which the Family 1 manuscripts are descended.: 119–120 : 138 : 87, 91

All ƒ1 manuscripts place the Pericope adulterae (John 7:53-8:11) after John 21:25 (the final verse of the book) as a separate story, and do not include it as a part of the Gospel as it is in the majority of manuscripts.

Minuscule 118
Minuscule 118 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 346 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 13th-century. It has complex contents with some marginalia.
Luphephe Dam
Luphephe Dam is an arch type dam located on the Luphephe River, a tributary of the Nwanedi River, part of the Limpopo River basin. It is located 48 km 48 kilometres (30 mi) southeast of Musina, Limpopo, South Africa. It was established in 1964 and it serves mainly for irrigation purposes. The hazard potential of the dam has been ranked high (3).

Its twin dam, the Nwanedi, is located to the west of the dam, less than 250 metres (270 yd) away.

Nwanedi Dam
Nwanedi Dam is an arch type dam located on the Nwanedi River, part of the Limpopo River basin. It is located 48 km southeast of Musina, Limpopo Province, South Africa. It was established in 1964 and serves mainly for irrigation purposes. The hazard potential of the dam has been ranked high (3).

It is a twin dam, the Luphephe Dam is located just east of the dam, less than 0.25 km away.
Pou (Khiamniungan dormitory)
The Pou (Morung or dormitory)(/pɒu³³/ ⓘ) is a building with a huge Phie kept inside against the side wall which was primarily the cornerstone and a pivotal institution of the Khiamniungan community throughout early times. Khiamniungans is a  tribe that inhabits the easternmost corner of the Indian state of Nagaland.

The Morungs are higher than houses and their roofs rise towards the front in a conical shape.

Phie
A Phie (/pʰiɛ̯³³/ ⓘ) or Phi is a traditional log drum, an integral part of the cultural heritage of the Khiamniungans in Northeastern state of Nagaland, India. These log drums are massive, hollowed-out wooden carvings large enough to accommodate several men sitting inside in a row. Historically, such large xylophones or percussion instruments were not found among other Naga tribes during earlier times.
What Not to Wear (American TV series)
What Not to Wear is an American makeover reality television series based on the British show of the same name. The show premiered on January 18, 2003, and ended on October 18, 2013, airing on TLC in the United States. What Not to Wear was hosted by Stacy London and Clinton Kelly, though London's Season 1 co-host was Wayne Scot Lukas. Also part of the show was head makeover artist Carmindy and hairstylist Nick Arrojo from season 1 through season 6. Celebrity hairstylist Ted Gibson replaced Arrojo beginning in season 7, through season 10.

On March 6, 2013, TLC announced that the tenth season of What Not to Wear would be its last.

What Not to Wear (British TV series)
What Not to Wear is a BAFTA Award-nominated makeover reality television show launched by the BBC in 2001. It was presented by Trinny Woodall and Susannah Constantine for five series, bringing the pair to national prominence. After they left, the BBC produced two more series presented by Lisa Butcher and Mica Paris.
Drake, New South Wales
Drake is a parish and small rural community on the Bruxner Highway approximately 44 km east of Tenterfield, New South Wales and about 800 km north of Sydney, New South Wales. It is in the Tenterfield Shire local government area, which is part of the New England region. At the 2016 census, Drake had a population of 345 people.

The town is in West Fairfield Parish of Drake County New South Wales

Tenterfield, New South Wales
Tenterfield is a regional town in New South Wales, Australia, situated at the junction of the New England and Bruxner highways, along the Northern Tablelands, within the New England region.  At the 2016 census, Tenterfield had a population of 4,066. Tenterfield's proximity to many regional centres and its position on the route between Sydney and Brisbane led to its development as a centre for the promotion of the federation of Australia.
New Kensington Production Works Historic District
The New Kensington Production Works Historic District, also known as the New Kensington Works and Arnold Works, is a national historic district that is located in New Kensington, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.

New Kensington, Pennsylvania
New Kensington (known locally as New Ken) is a city in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 12,170 at the 2020 census. It is situated along the Allegheny River 18 miles (29 km) northeast of Pittsburgh and is part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area.
Diocese of Savannah
The Diocese of Savannah (Latin: Dioecesis Savannensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory, or diocese, of the Catholic Church in southern Georgia in the United States. The mother church of the diocese is Cathedral Basilica of Saint John the Baptist in Savannah. The patron saint is John the Baptist.

The Diocese of Savannah is a suffragan diocese, part of the ecclesiastical province under the metropolitan Archdiocese of Atlanta. As of 2025, the bishop is Stephen D. Parkes.

Francis Xavier Gartland
Francis Xavier Gartland (January 13, 1805 – September 20, 1854) was an Irish-born American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the first bishop of the Diocese of Savannah, covering Georgia and Eastern Florida, from 1850 until his death in 1854.
Matthäus Dresser
Matthäus Dresser, (also: Matteaus, Matthaei; Dressler, Drescher, Dresserus, Dresseri) (24 August 1536 in Erfurt – 5 October 1607 in Leipzig) was a Lutheran German humanist, pedagogue, philosopher, and historian.

Erasmus Sarcerius
Erasmus Sarcerius (19 April 1501 in Annaberg – 18 November 1559 in Magdeburg) was a German Protestant Gnesio-Lutheran theologian and reformer. He was the father of Lutheran philosopher Wilhelm Sarcerius.
Castra of Boroșneu Mare
Castra of Boroșneu Mare was a fort in the Roman province of Dacia in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. A contemporary settlement was also unearthed at the fort. Its ruins are located in Boroșneu Mare (Hungarian: Nagyborosnyó) in Romania.

Its garrison was Cohors I Bracaraugustanorum.

Cohors I Bracaraugustanorum eq c.R.
Cohors [prima] Bracaraugustanorum [quingenaria] equitata civium Romanorum ("[1st] part-mounted [500 strong] cohort of Roman citizens Bracari") was a Roman auxiliary regiment containing cavalry contingents. The cohort stationed in Dacia at castra Angustia and castra of Boroșneu Mare.
Senator Ken Maddy Stakes
The Senator Ken Maddy Stakes is a Listed American Thoroughbred horse race for fillies and mares, two years old and older over a distance of about 6+1⁄2 furlongs on the Downhill turf course scheduled in early November at Santa Anita Park in Arcadia, California

Santa Anita Park
Santa Anita Park is a Thoroughbred racetrack in Arcadia, California, United States. It offers some of the prominent horse racing events in the United States during early fall, winter and in spring. The track is home to numerous prestigious races, including both the Santa Anita Derby and the Santa Anita Handicap. It has also hosted the year-end Breeders' Cup races eleven times, more than any other racetrack. In 1984, Santa Anita was the site of equestrian events at the 1984 Olympics and will host once again in 2028. Since 2011, the Stronach Group are the current owners.
Elisabeth Erdmann-Macke
Elisabeth Erdmann-Macke (née Gerhardt; 11 May 1888 – 17 March 1978) was a German writer who focused on memoirs of her time as the wife of the expressionist painter August Macke, who had portrayed her more than 200 times. He died in World War I. Later, she lived in Berlin with her second husband, Lothar Erdmann, who died in a concentration camp during World War II. She saved Macke's paintings and copies of his letters by moving them from her house in Berlin before it was bombed in 1943.

August Macke
August Robert Ludwig Macke (3 January 1887 – 26 September 1914) was a German Expressionist painter. He was one of the leading members of the German Expressionist group Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider). He lived during a particularly active time for German art: he saw the development of the main German Expressionist movements as well as the arrival of the successive avant-garde movements which were forming in the rest of Europe. As an artist of his time, Macke knew how to integrate into his painting the elements of the avant-garde which most interested him. Like his friend Franz Marc and Otto Soltau, he was one of the young German artists who died in the First World War.
Kaposszentjakab
Kaposszentjakab (formerly called Zselicszentjakab) is the site of a ruined Benedictine monastery. The monastery site and the surrounding village is now a suburb of the city of Kaposvár in southwestern Hungary.

Kaposvár
Kaposvár (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈkɒpoʃvaːr]; also known by alternative names) is a city with county rights in southwestern Hungary, south of Lake Balaton. It is one of the leading cities of Transdanubia, the capital of Somogy County, and the seat of the Kaposvár District and the Diocese of Kaposvár.
Nikita Kryvonos
Nikita Kryvonos (born September 1, 1986) is a former professional tennis player.

Born in Ukraine, Kryvonos moved with his family from Donetsk to New York City at the age of 13.

Kryvonos reached a career best singles world ranking of 389 and won four ITF Futures titles. He was used as a practice partner on the United States Davis Cup team in 2006. While competing on the ATP Challenger Tour he had a win over top 100 player Frank Dancevic. In doubles his best ranking was 508 and he played in the main draw of the 2005 US Open as a wildcard pairing with Denis Zivkovic, losing in the first round to José Acasuso and Sebastián Prieto.

In 2017, he was handed a 10-year ban and $20,000 fine by the Tennis Integrity Unit for anti-corruption breaches. He was found guilty of colluding with third parties "to contrive the outcome of a match" at a 2015 Challenger tournament.

Tennis Integrity Unit
The Tennis Integrity Unit was the organisation responsible for investigating match fixing in tennis since 2008 until 2020. It was replaced by the International Tennis Integrity Agency. It had the ability to impose fines and sanctions, and ban players, umpires, and other tennis officials from participating in tournaments.

The TIU was an operationally independent arm of the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and had the authority to impose fines, sanctions, and bans on players, umpires, and officials involved in corruption. It was set up after an investigation into allegations of match fixing in 2008.
Gary Saul Morson
Gary Saul Morson (born April 19, 1948) is an American literary critic and Slavist. He is particularly known for his scholarly work on the great Russian novelists Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky, and the literary theorist Mikhail Bakhtin. Morson is Lawrence B. Dumas Professor of the Arts and Humanities at Northwestern University. Prior to this he was chair of the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures at the University of Pennsylvania for many years.

Caryl Emerson
Caryl Emerson is an American literary critic, slavist and translator. She is best known for her books and scholarly commentaries on the Russian philosopher and literary theorist Mikhail Bakhtin. She has translated some of Bakhtin's most influential works, including Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics and The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays by M.M. Bakhtin.  Emerson was Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures and of Comparative Literature at Princeton University from 1988 until her retirement in 2015. From 1980 to 1987 she was a professor of Russian Literature at Cornell.
Billy the Kid Wanted
Billy the Kid Wanted is a 1941 American Western film directed by Sam Newfield. This film is the seventh in the "Billy the Kid" film series produced by PRC from 1940 to 1946, and the first starring Buster Crabbe as Billy the Kid, replacing Bob Steele. The film also features Sam Newfield's son Joel.

Billy the Kid (film series)
The Billy the Kid series of 42 Western films was produced between 1940 and 1946, and released by Poverty Row studio Producers Releasing Corporation.

The initial six star Bob Steele as Billy the Kid who left PRC to return to Republic Pictures.  The next thirteen star Buster Crabbe as Billy the Kid, and the following 23 feature Crabbe as the same character, renamed "Billy Carson".  All 42 films in the series are directed by Sam Newfield, "America's most prolific sound film director", sometimes under pseudonyms.  All films feature Al St. John as Billy's sidekick "Fuzzy" Jones; St. John also played the same character as the sidekick in the Lone Rider series from 1941–1943. Carleton Young also played Billy's friend Jeff Travis in the first five movies.

The films were shot in 10 or 12 days each, with an average cost of $25,000 a film.
Pulaski County, Missouri
Pulaski County is a county located in the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 53,955. Its county seat is Waynesville. The county was organized in 1833 and named for Kazimierz Pułaski, a Polish patriot who died fighting in the American Revolution. Pulaski County is the site of Fort Leonard Wood, a U.S. Army training base. It comprises the Fort Leonard Wood, MO Micropolitan Statistical Area which has nearly one-third of the total county population.

Devils Elbow, Missouri
Devils Elbow is an unincorporated community in Pulaski County, Missouri, United States on historic U.S. Highway 66. It is situated on the Big Piney River and is named for a tight incised meander in the river known as a "devil of an elbow". The community is approximately five miles (8 km) east of St. Robert.
Susantha Punchinilame
Galgamuwa Vidanalage Susantha Punchinilame (born 6 April 1961) is a Sri Lankan politician, originally from Ratnapura and the son of G. V. Punchinilame. He is a member of parliament and a government minister.

G. V. Punchinilame
G. V. Punchinilame was the 1st Chief Minister of Sabaragamuwa. He was appointed in April 1988 and was Chief Minister until April 1989. He was succeeded by Abeyratne Pilapitiya. His son is politician Susantha Punchinilame.
Manufacture d'armes de Saint-Étienne
The Manufacture d'Armes de Saint-Étienne, often abbreviated to MAS ("Saint-Étienne Weapons Factory" in English), was a French state-owned weapons manufacturer in the town of Saint-Étienne, Loire.  Founded in 1764,  it was merged into the French state-owned defense conglomerate GIAT Industries in 2001.

MAS 1873 revolver
The service revolver model 1873 Chamelot-Delvigne was the first double-action revolver used by the French Army. It was produced by Manufacture d'armes de Saint-Étienne from 1873 to 1887 in about 337,000 copies. Although replaced by the Modele 1892 revolver, it was nevertheless widely used during the First World War and issued to reserve units in 1940. The French Resistance made widespread use of it during the German occupation.

The model 1874, of which 35,000 were made, was an officer's version. It differs from the model 1873 by having a lighter structure and a darker finish. Many copies for civilian sale were made in France and Belgium.

Both the 1873 and the 1874 use an 11mm cartridge which proved to have insufficient velocity. The weapons themselves were very reliable and resistant to damage.

A Navy version was also produced. A more powerful cartridge was produced for this version, but production ceased and they turned to the regular ammunition when the stocks were depleted.
CRRC Maglev
The CRRC 600 (Chinese: 时速600公里高速磁浮交通系统; lit. '600 km/h high-speed maglev transportation system') is a high-speed magnetic levitation (maglev) train under development in China, using German Transrapid technology under license from ThyssenKrupp. The first trainset was unveiled in July 2021 at the CRRC Qingdao Sifang factory in Qingdao. The train is planned to reach 600km/h, which would make it one of the fastest trains in the world.

Testing of a 2019 prototype maglev EMU began in 2020 on a 1.5km test track at Tongji University in Shanghai, with testing continuing in 2021. Testing the train to its maximum speed would require extension of the test track, as maglev trains are unable to use regular high speed railway tracks.

The trainsets can carry 2 to 10 carriages, with each holding over 100 passengers.

CRRC Qingdao Sifang
CRRC Qingdao Sifang Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司; lit. 'CRRC Qingdao Sifang Locomotive & Rolling Stock Co. Ltd.') is a Chinese rolling stock manufacturer based in Qingdao, Shandong province. Founded in 1900 during the German occupation, Qingdao Sifang is one of the oldest rolling stock manufacturers in China.
Ufology
Ufology, sometimes written UFOlogy (US: /juːˈfɑːlədʒi/ or UK: /juːˈfɒlədʒi/), is the investigation of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) by people who believe that they may be of extraordinary origins (most frequently of extraterrestrial alien visitors). While there are instances of government, private, and fringe science investigations of UFOs, ufology is generally regarded by skeptics and science educators as an example of pseudoscience.

Jacques Vallée
Jacques Fabrice Vallée (French: [ʒak fabʁis vale]; born September 24, 1939) is a French Internet pioneer, computer scientist, venture capitalist, author, ufologist and astronomer currently residing in San Francisco, California and Paris, France.

His scientific career began as a professional astronomer at the Paris Observatory. Vallée co-developed the first computerized map of Mars for NASA in 1963. He later worked on the network information center for the ARPANET, a precursor to the modern Internet, as a staff engineer of SRI International's Augmentation Research Center (ARC) under Douglas Engelbart.

Vallée is also an important figure in the study of unidentified flying objects (UFOs), and unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAPs). Vallée was first noted for his defense of the scientific legitimacy of the extraterrestrial hypothesis and later for promoting the interdimensional hypothesis.
Coastal submarine
A coastal submarine or littoral submarine is a small, maneuverable submarine with a shallow draft well suited to navigating  coastal channels and harbors. Although size is not precisely defined, coastal submarines are larger than midget submarines, but smaller than sea-going submarines designed for longer patrols on the open ocean. Space limitations aboard coastal submarines restrict fuel availability for distant travel, food availability for extended patrol duration, and number of weapons carried. Within those limitations, however, coastal submarines may be able to reach areas inaccessible to larger submarines, and be more difficult to detect.

Type II submarine
The Type II U-boat was designed by Nazi Germany as a coastal U-boat, modeled after the CV-707 submarine, which was designed by the Dutch front company NV Ingenieurskantoor voor Scheepsbouw Den Haag (I.v.S) (set up by Germany after World War I in order to maintain and develop German submarine technology and to circumvent the limitations set by the Treaty of Versailles) and built in 1933 by the Finnish Crichton-Vulcan shipyard in Turku, Finland. It was too small to undertake sustained operations far away from the home support facilities. Its primary role was found to be in the training schools, preparing new German naval officers for command. It appeared in four sub-types.
Teddy Pendergrass
Theodore DeReese Pendergrass (March 26, 1950 – January 13, 2010) was an American soul and R&B singer and songwriter. He was born in Kingstree, South Carolina. Pendergrass lived most of his life in the Philadelphia area, and initially rose to musical fame as the lead singer of Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes. After leaving the group in 1976, Pendergrass launched a successful solo career under the Philadelphia International label, releasing five consecutive platinum albums (a record for any artist at the time).

In March 1982, a car crash left Pendergrass paralyzed from the chest down. Pendergrass continued his solo career until announcing his retirement in 2007. He died from respiratory failure in January 2010.

Teddy Pendergrass (album)
Teddy Pendergrass is the debut solo album from the American R&B/soul singer Teddy Pendergrass, released in 1977.

It did well for a debut album, reaching No. 17 on the US Billboard 200 and No. 5 on the Billboard R&B album chart. Two singles were released: "I Don't Love You Anymore"; and "The Whole Town's Laughing at Me", reaching No. 41 pop & No. 5 R&B; and R&B No. 16, respectively.
Hong Kong Parkview
Hong Kong Parkview is the largest private housing estate in Tai Tam, Hong Kong. It is located at 88 Tai Tam Reservoir Road, Hong Kong Island, between Jardine's Lookout and Violet Hill. To its west is the Wong Nai Chung Gap. It is surrounded by Tai Tam Country Park.

Tai Tam
Tai Tam or Tytam is an area in Southern District on Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. Tai Tam means a big pool in the Chinese language which illustrates a triangular bay, namely Tai Tam Bay between Stanley Peninsula, D'Aguilar Peak and Tai Tam Tuk ([tàːi tʰȁːm tók̚], lit. innermost of Tai Tam, also known as Tytam Took). The meaning of Tai Tam varies greatly between the early colonial days and the present day.
Yumesaki Tunnel
Yumesaki Tunnel (夢咲トンネル, ゆめさきトンネル) is a tunnel in Japan that runs from artificial island "Yumeshima" in the Osaka Hokko district of Konohana Ward, Osaka City to another artificial island "Sakishima" in the Osaka Nanko District of Suminoe Ward in Osaka with approximate length of 2.138 km. It was completed and opened in 2009.

Yumeshima
Yumeshima (夢洲) is an artificial island in Osaka Bay. It is part of Konohana-ku (此花区), one of the 24 wards of Osaka, Japan. It is near the mouth of the Yodo River. When all the landfill is completed the total area will be 390 hectares (960 acres).

It was the site of Expo 2025, a World Expo which operated from April 13 to October 13, 2025.