hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Literal translation
Literal translation, direct translation, or word-for-word translation, or word-by-word translation, or word-to-word translation is the translation of a text done by translating each word separately without analysing how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence.

In translation theory, another term for literal translation is metaphrase (as opposed to paraphrase for an analogous translation). It is to be distinguished from an interpretation (done, for example, by an interpreter).

Literal translation leads to mistranslation of idioms, which can be a serious problem for machine translation.

Metaphrase
Metaphrase is a term referring to literal translation, i.e., "word by word and line by line" translation. In everyday usage, metaphrase means literalism; however, metaphrase is also the translation of poetry into prose. Unlike "paraphrase," which has an ordinary use in literature theory, the term "metaphrase" is only used in translation theory.

Metaphrase is one of the three ways of transferring, along with paraphrase and imitation, according to John Dryden. Dryden considers paraphrase preferable to metaphrase (as literal translation) and imitation.

The term metaphrase was first used by Philo Judaeus (20 BCE) in De vita Mosis. Quintilian draws a distinction between metaphrase and paraphrase in the pedagogical practice of imitation and reworking of classical texts; he points out that metaphrase changes a word, and paraphrase, a phrase: a distinction that is also followed by  Renaissance scholars.
Tongatapu 8
Tongatapu 8 is an electoral constituency for the Legislative Assembly in the Kingdom of Tonga. It was established for the November 2010 general election, when the multi-seat regional constituencies for People's Representatives were replaced by single-seat constituencies, electing one representative via the first past the post electoral system. Located on the country's main island, Tongatapu, it encompasses the villages of Malapo, Vaini, Longoteme, Folaha, Nukuhetulu, Kauvai, and Veitongo.

Its first ever representative was Sione Taione, a first time MP, representing the Democratic Party of the Friendly Islands. At the 2014 election he was replaced by Semisi Fakahau, who held it until his death in 2022. The subsequent by-election was won by Johnny Taione.

2023 Tongatapu 8 by-election
A by-election was held in the Tongan electorate of Tongatapu 8 on 19 January 2023. The by-election was triggered by the death of Semisi Fakahau on 27 October 2022. The election was won by Johnny Taione.

In January 2023, the Democratic Party of the Friendly Islands announced Sosefo Ngavisi Hēhea as its candidate. Three other candidates contested the by-election: Johnny Taione, Viliami Sisifā, and Sipaisi Kutu.

Johnny Taione won the seat.
Antihomomorphism
In mathematics, an antihomomorphism is a type of function defined on sets with multiplication that reverses the order of multiplication.  An antiautomorphism is an invertible antihomomorphism, i.e. an antiisomorphism, from a set to itself. From bijectivity it follows that antiautomorphisms have inverses, and that the inverse of an antiautomorphism is also an antiautomorphism.

Involution (mathematics)
In mathematics, an involution, involutory function, or self-inverse function is a function f that is its own inverse,

f(f(x)) = x

for all x in the domain of f. Equivalently, applying f twice produces the original value.
Yearling (horse)
A yearling is a young horse either male or female that is between one and two years old.  Yearlings are comparable in development to a very early adolescent and are not fully mature physically. While they may be in the earliest stages of sexual maturity, they are considered too young to be breeding stock.

Yearlings may be further defined by sex, using the term "colt" to describe any male horse under age four, and "filly" for any female under four.

Horse training
Horse training refers to a variety of practices that teach horses to perform certain behaviors when commanded to do so by humans. Horses are trained to be manageable by humans for everyday care as well as for equestrian activities, ranging anywhere from equine sports such as horse racing, dressage, or jumping, to therapeutic horseback riding for people with disabilities.

Historically, horses were trained for warfare, farm work, sport and transport purposes. Today, most horse training is geared toward making horses useful for a variety of recreational and sporting equestrian pursuits. Horses are also trained for specialized jobs from movie stunt work to police and crowd control activities, circus entertainment, and equine-assisted psychotherapy.

There is controversy over various methods of horse training and even some of the words used to describe these methods. Some techniques are considered cruel and others are considered humane.
WGAL
WGAL (channel 8) is a television station licensed to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, United States, serving the Susquehanna Valley region as an affiliate of NBC. Owned by Hearst Television, the station maintains studios on Columbia Avenue (PA 462) in Lancaster Township. Its transmitter is located near US 30 north of Hallam.

Largely due to WGAL's licensing, it has been the market leader for most of the time since records have been kept. During the analog era, it was the only commercial VHF station in eastern Pennsylvania licensed outside of Philadelphia.

WCAU
WCAU (channel 10) is a television station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, serving the Delaware Valley. It is owned and operated by the NBC television network through its NBC Owned Television Stations division.

Under common ownership with Mount Laurel, New Jersey–licensed Telemundo outlet WWSI (channel 62) and regional sports network NBC Sports Philadelphia, both WCAU and WWSI share studios in the Comcast Technology Center on Arch Street in Center City, with some operations remaining at their former main studio at the corner of City Avenue and Monument Road in Bala Cynwyd. The stations broadcast from the same transmitter in the Roxborough section of Philadelphia.
Taza (Chiricahua leader)
Taza (also Tazi; Tazhe; Tah-ze; Tahzi; Tahzay; Tazhay) (c. 1843 – 26 September 1876) was the son of Cochise, leader of the Chihuicahui local group of the Chokonen and principal chief of the Chokonen band of the Chiricahua Apache. His mother Dos-teh-seh (“Something-at-the-campfire-already-cooked”), was the daughter of Mangas Coloradas, leader of the Copper Mines and last leader of the Mimbreños local groups of the Chihenne band and principal chief of the Chihenne band of the Chiricahua Apache.

Cochise
Cochise (/koʊˈtʃiːs/ koh-CHEESS; Apache: Shi-ka-She or A-da-tli-chi, lit. 'having the quality/strength of an oak'; later K'uu-ch'ish or Cheis, lit. 'oak'; c. 1805 – June 8, 1874) was the leader of the Chiricahui local group of the Chokonen and principal nantan of the Chokonen band of a Chiricahua Apache. A key war leader during the Apache Wars, he led an uprising that began in 1861 and persisted until a peace treaty was negotiated in 1872. Cochise County is named after him.
Semolina pudding
Semolina pudding or semolina porridge is a porridge-type pudding made from semolina, which is cooked with milk, or a mixture of milk and water, or just water. It is often served with sugar, cocoa powder, cinnamon, raisins, fruit, or syrup. It is similar to grain based halva or halawa.: 731  A similar consistency to rice pudding can also be made by using more semolina and by baking, rather than boiling.

Semolina pudding has been eaten in Europe since Roman times. The recipe book of Apicius (roughly dated 4th century AD) describes a semolina porridge made from farina mixed with almonds, raisins and raisin wine.

Semolina pudding is also for sale as an instant (powdered) or prepared convenience food. Cream, vanilla, fruit, spices or artificial flavouring is often added. Some of these products must be prepared with milk or water. If only water is necessary, then powdered milk is often an ingredient of the convenience food.

Porridge
Porridge is a type of semi-solid food made by soaking, poaching or boiling, in milk or water, ground, crushed or chopped starchy plants, typically grain. Gruel is a thinner version of porridge, and congee is a savoury variation of porridge of Asian origin.

Porridge is often cooked with added flavourings such as sugar, honey, fruits or syrup to sweeten the cereal, or it can be mixed with spices, meat or vegetables to make a savoury dish. It is usually served hot in a bowl or a pot, depending on its consistency. Oat porridge, known as oatmeal in North America, is one of the most common types; while rice porridge is more common in Asia.
DC Universe Online
DC Universe Online (DCUO) is a free-to-play massively multiplayer online game (MMO) set in the fictional universe of DC Comics. Developed by Dimensional Ink Games and co-published by Daybreak Game Company and WB Games, the game was initially released in January 2011 for Windows and PlayStation 3. It was later released in November 2013 for PlayStation 4, April 2016 for Xbox One, August 2019 for Nintendo Switch, March 2024 for PlayStation 5, and October 2024 for Xbox Series X/S.

DC Universe Online was Arleen Sorkin's final performance, before her death on August 24, 2023.

New Gods
The New Gods are a fictional extraterrestrial race appearing in the eponymous comic book series published by DC Comics, as well as by selected other DC titles. Created and designed by Jack Kirby, they first appeared in February 1971 in New Gods #1.
Texarkana (song)
"Texarkana" is a song from R.E.M.'s studio album Out of Time. Though not released as an official single, it managed to chart at number 4 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart and number 7 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. This song was written, musically and lyrically, by bassist Mike Mills (credited to Berry/Buck/Mills/Stipe), as vocalist Michael Stipe had been having problems for weeks trying to come up with lyrics for it. As a result, Mills also sang lead vocals.

The title is a reference to the region of Texarkana (located on the border of Texas and Arkansas), originally mentioned in the chorus before it was changed. As heard on the Outtakes of Time bootleg as well as Out of Time's 25th Anniversary edition, Stipe's original chorus was "When I'm out in Texarkana / where's that county line / another county line."

Texarkana metropolitan area
The Texarkana metropolitan statistical area (MSA), as defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget, is a two-county region anchored by the twin cities of Texarkana, Texas (population 37,333) and Texarkana, Arkansas (population 30,259), and encompassing surrounding communities in Bowie County, Texas, and Miller County, Arkansas. As of the 2016 census, the MSA had a population of 150,098. Texarkana is a subset of the broader Ark-La-Tex region.
Peter Steele
Peter Thomas Ratajczyk (January 4, 1962 – April 14, 2010), known professionally as Peter Steele, was an American musician who was the lead vocalist, bassist, and composer of the gothic metal band Type O Negative. Before forming Type O Negative, Steele had formed the heavy metal band Fallout and the thrash metal band Carnivore.

As the frontman for Type O Negative, Steele was known for his vampiric appearance, 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) stature, rich bass vocals, and a dark, often self-deprecating sense of humor. His lyrics have been described as "often intensely personal, dealing with subjects including love, loss and addiction." Steele credited Black Sabbath and the Beatles as his key musical influences. He has been listed among the "66 Best Hard Rock and Metal Frontmen of All Time" by Loudwire.

Slow, Deep and Hard
Slow, Deep and Hard is the debut studio album by the American gothic metal band Type O Negative, released on June 11, 1991, through Roadrunner Records. The album was originally titled None More Negative, and released in 1990 as a demo under the group's former name Repulsion.
The Supper
The Supper (French: Le Souper) is a 1992 French period drama film directed by Édouard Molinaro. Based on a stage play by Jean-Claude Brisville, the film imagines the negotiations over supper about a new government for France after the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 and who will get the top jobs.

Joseph Fouché
Joseph Fouché, 1st Duc d'Otrante, 1st Comte Fouché (French: [ʒozɛf fuʃe]; 21 May 1759 – 26 December 1820) was a French statesman, revolutionary, and Minister of Police under First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte. Fouché later became a subordinate of Emperor Napoleon. He was particularly known for the ferocity with which he suppressed the Lyon insurrection during the Revolution in 1793 and for being a highly competent minister of police under the Directory, the Consulate, and the Empire. In 1815, he served as President of the Executive Commission, which was the provisional government of France installed after the abdication of Napoleon. In English texts, his title is often translated as Duke of Otranto.
Kampung Pasir Putih
Kampung Pasir Putih is a village in Pasir Gudang, Johor Bahru District, Johor, Malaysia. This village was established in 1920, along with three other villages, and is the only one that still exists today in Pasir Gudang. The primary sectors that contribute to the economy of this village are agriculture and commerce. Malays, Indonesians and Pakistanis are the main residents of this village (the latter two work in the nearby factory).

Kampung Pasir Putih was administered by the head village named Tuan Suhaimi who lives at Tanjung Puteri Resort, which is located beside Kampung Pasir Putih.

There are two main primary schools at Kampung Pasir Putih: Sekolah Kebangsaan Pasir Putih and Sekolah Agama Kampung Pasir Putih.

Pasir Gudang
Pasir Gudang is a city located in eastern Johor Bahru District, Johor, which is the second largest district in Malaysia by population. The main industries are transportation and logistics, shipbuilding, petrochemicals and other heavy industries, and oil palm storage and distribution, which is located in Johor Port and Tanjung Langsat.
Key West, Iowa
Key West is an unincorporated community in Dubuque County, Iowa, United States, near the extreme southern end of the city of Dubuque. Parts of the community are now within the city of Dubuque, while others are unincorporated. Owing to the presence of U.S. Highways 151, 61, and 52, and the nearby Dubuque Regional Airport, the area is home to a growing number of businesses. Some of these are high-tech companies being built in the Dubuque Technology Park, to the east. Development in the area will likely increase rapidly following the planned construction of the city's Southwest Arterial.

The village does have several local establishments that allow it to maintain a certain degree of autonomy. It has its own church, St. Joseph's - Key West Catholic Church, a school (Table Mound Elementary), a cemetery (Mt. Olivet), a Fire/EMS department, and a hotel/motel.

Dubuque County, Iowa
Dubuque County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 99,266, and was estimated to be 99,242 in 2024, making it the ninth-most populous county in Iowa. The county seat is Dubuque. The county is named for Julien Dubuque, the first European settler of Iowa. Dubuque County comprises the Dubuque, IA Metropolitan statistical area.
Alarcon Basin
The Alarcon Basin is a submarine depression located on the seabed at the southern end of the Gulf of California.  The basin results from the activity of the southernmost spreading center in the Gulf.  This spreading center has also produced the southernmost oceanic rift in the Gulf of California Rift Zone, the Alarcon Rise.  The basin and rise are linked to the Tamayo Fault to the south, and the Pescadero Fault in the north.

Pescadero Fault
The Pescadero Fault is a right lateral-moving transform fault located on the seafloor of the southern Gulf of California.  It links the Pescadero Basin to the north with the Alarcon Basin to the south.  All these features are part of the Gulf of California Rift Zone, the northern extension of the East Pacific Rise.
Belone
Belone is a genus of needlefish common in brackish and marine waters mainly found in the eastern Atlantic ocean to Mediterranean and Black Sea, as well. It is one of ten genera in the family Belonidae.

Needlefish
Needlefish (family Belonidae) or long toms are piscivorous fishes primarily associated with very shallow marine habitats or the surface of the open sea. Some genera include species found in marine, brackish, and freshwater environments (e.g., Strongylura), while a few genera are confined to freshwater rivers and streams, including Belonion, Potamorrhaphis, and Xenentodon. Needlefish closely resemble North American freshwater gars (family Lepisosteidae) in being elongated and having long, narrow jaws filled with sharp teeth, and some species of needlefishes are referred to as gars or garfish despite being only distantly related to the true gars. In fact, the name "garfish" was originally used for the needlefish Belone belone in Europe and only later applied to the North American fishes by European settlers during the 18th century.
Noodle soup
Noodle soup refers to a variety of soups with noodles and other ingredients served in a light broth. Noodle soup is a common dish across East Asia, Southeast Asia and the Himalayan states of South Asia. Various types of noodles can be used.

The oldest known record of noodles dates back to the Han dynasty of China and describes a noodle soup dish called tang bing. Archaeological evidence for noodles in China goes back thousands of years earlier, but it is unknown whether these early noodles were consumed in soup.

Scallion
Scallions (also known as green onions and spring onions) are edible vegetables of various species in the genus Allium. Scallions generally have a milder taste than most onions. Green onions/scallions have a long, delicate green stem that is white near the root. They have no bulb and a mild, sweet onion flavour. Their close relatives include garlic, shallots, leeks, chives, and Chinese onions. The leaves are eaten both raw and cooked.

Scallions produce hollow, tubular, green leaves that grow directly from the bulb, which does not fully develop. This is different to other Allium species where bulbs fully develop, such as commercially available onions and garlic. True spring onions look similar to green onions, but have a distinctive white bulb at the base.
Roland Barthes
Roland Gérard Barthes (/bɑːrt/; French: [ʁɔlɑ̃ baʁt]; 12 November 1915 – 26 March 1980) was a French literary theorist, essayist, philosopher, critic, and semiotician. His work engaged in the analysis of a variety of sign systems, mainly derived from Western popular culture. His ideas explored a diverse range of fields, including structuralism, anthropology, literary theory, and post-structuralism, and influenced the development of multiple schools of theory.

Barthes is particularly notable for his 1957 essay collection Mythologies, which contained reflections on popular culture, and the 1967/1968 essay "The Death of the Author", which critiqued traditional approaches in literary criticism. During his academic career he was primarily associated with the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) and the Collège de France.

S/Z
S/Z, published in 1970, is Roland Barthes' structural analysis of "Sarrasine", the short story by Honoré de Balzac. Barthes methodically moves through the text of the story, denoting where and how different codes of meaning function. Barthes' study had a major impact on literary criticism and is historically located at the crossroads of structuralism and post-structuralism.
S-Series (rocket family)
S-Series is a fleet of  sounding rockets funded by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) that have been in service since the late 1960s. Manufactured by IHI Aerospace and operated by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS). The nomenclature of the S-Series rockets is the number of "S"s indicates the number of stages, and the following number details the diameter of the craft in millimeters. For example, the S-310 is a single stage rocket with a diameter of 310 mm.

On January 14, 2017, the SS-520-4 rocket (modified sounding rocket) attempted to become the lightest and smallest launch vehicle to send a payload to orbit, however, the rocket failed to reach orbit. A second attempt was made on February 3, 2018. This time, the rocket reached orbit and successfully deployed TRICOM-1R (Tasuki), a 3U CubeSat. Its 2018 launch made it the smallest orbital rocket both in mass and height.

IHI Corporation
IHI Corporation (株式会社IHI, Kabushiki-gaisha IHI), formerly known as Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. (石川島播磨重工業株式会社, Ishikawajima Harima Jūkōgyō Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese engineering corporation headquartered in Tokyo, Japan that produces and offers ships, space launch vehicles, aircraft engines, marine diesel engines, gas turbines, gas engines, railway systems, turbochargers for automobiles, plant engineering, industrial machinery, power station boilers and other facilities, suspension bridges and other structures.

IHI is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange Section 1. Following the reporting of a company whistleblower in February 2024, on April 24, 2024, the company announced that investigation was underway by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of its subsidiary, IHI Power Systems Co., which had falsified its engine data since 2003, affecting over 4,000 engines worldwide.
Microregions in Goiás
The state of Goiás is divided into 18 statistical microregions by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatístic (IBGE).  These have no administrative function but are used only for statistics.  The total area of the state is 341,289 km2 and the population is 5,450,303 as of 2007.  
Thirty seven percent of the population—2,032,305—lives in the Goiânia Microregion and 17.6%--960,141—of the population lives in the Entorno do Distrito Federal Microregion.  The GDP of the state of Goiás was R$50,536 billion in 2005, the last year data was gathered.

Microregion of Goiânia
The Goiânia Microregion is a region in central Goiás state, Brazil.  It includes 17 municipalities with a population of 2,032,305 (2007) in a total area of 6,848.00 km2.

The most important cities are Goiânia (1,244.645 inhabitants), Aparecida de Goiânia (475,303 inhabitants), and Trindade (97,491 inhabitants).

The smallest municipality in population is Santo Antônio de Goiás with 3,893 inhabitants.

The largest municipality in area is Bela Vista de Goiás with 1,280.9 km2.  The smallest is Terezópolis de Goiás with 107.3 km2.
Nikita Madjaroglou
Nikita Madjaroglou was a male German international table tennis player. He was an athlete of the Athens Lawn Tennis Club.

He won a bronze medal at the 1931 World Table Tennis Championships in the men's singles and two years later he won another bronze in the mixed doubles with Annemarie Schulz at the 1933 World Table Tennis Championships.

Annemarie Schulz
Annemarie Schulz was a female international table tennis player from Germany.

She won five World Championship medals starting with two bronze medals at the 1933 World Table Tennis Championships in the women's doubles with Anita Felguth and in the mixed doubles with Nikita Madjaroglou.

This was followed by another bronze in the mixed doubles at the 1936 World Table Tennis Championships with Helmut Ullrich and then two more in the 1937 World Table Tennis Championships in the team event and doubles with Marie Kettnerová.