hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Souček space
In mathematics, Souček spaces are generalizations of Sobolev spaces, named after the Czech mathematician Jiří Souček.  One of their main advantages is that they offer a way to deal with the fact that the Sobolev space W1,1 is not a reflexive space; since W1,1 is not reflexive, it is not always true that a bounded sequence has a weakly convergent subsequence, which is highly desirable in many applications.

Sobolev space
In mathematics, a Sobolev space is a vector space of functions equipped with a norm that is a combination of Lp-norms of the function together with its derivatives up to a given order. The derivatives are understood in a suitable weak sense to make the space complete, i.e. a Banach space. Intuitively, a Sobolev space is a space of functions possessing sufficiently many derivatives for some application domain, such as partial differential equations, and equipped with a norm that measures both the size and regularity of a function.

Sobolev spaces are named after the Russian mathematician Sergei Sobolev. Their importance comes from the fact that weak solutions of some important partial differential equations exist in appropriate Sobolev spaces, even when there are no strong solutions in spaces of continuous functions with the derivatives understood in the classical sense.
Celeus
Celeus (/ˈsiːliəs/ SEE-lee-əs) or Keleus (Ancient Greek: Κελεός, romanized: Keleós) was the king of Eleusis in Greek mythology, husband of Metaneira and father of several daughters, who are called Callidice, Demo, Cleisidice and Callithoe in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, and Diogeneia, Pammerope and Saesara by Pausanias.

Callidice
In Greek mythology, Callidice (/kəˈlɪdɪsiː/; Ancient Greek: Καλλιδίκη, romanized: Kallidíkē, lit. 'beautiful justice') is a feminine name attributed to several individuals.

Callidice, an Eleusinian princess as one of the daughters of King Celeus and Metaneira, sister of Cleisidice, Demo and Callithoe.

Callidice, one of the Danaids. She married (and killed) Pandion, son of Aegyptus

Callidice, queen of Thesprotia and wife of Odysseus. She and Odysseus had a son Polypoetes. According to the Telegony, Odysseus was sent on another voyage by the gods after killing all of Penelope's suitors. When Callidice died, Odysseus returned home to Ithaca, leaving their son to rule.
Spilonema revertens
Spilonema revertens, the rock hairball lichen, is a species of fruticose lichen in the family Coccocarpiaceae. This dark-coloured cyanolichen forms small, dense cushions on rocks across the Northern Hemisphere. Found in Europe, Asia, North America, Macaronesia, and Greenland, it typically grows on exposed rocks that experience alternating wet and dry periods. The species is most commonly found in lower mountain zones, particularly in open coniferous forests and rocky steppes, though it also occurs in coastal areas. First described in 1865 from specimens collected in Finland, it is distinctive for its minute, branching filaments that create cushion-like structures and for its role as the exclusive host of the parasitic lichen Psorula rufonigra. Unlike many other rock-dwelling lichens, it shows a preference for sheltered locations on rock faces and tends to grow in scattered, small patches rather than forming extensive coverage.

Spilonema
Spilonema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Coccocarpiaceae. These lichens form small, dark tufts of thread-like filaments that grow on rocks and are found in various regions from tropical to arctic climates. They partner with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, which gives them their distinctive blue-green colouration and allows them to survive in nutrient-poor environments. The genus was established in 1856 by the French botanist Jean-Baptiste Édouard Bornet, who distinguished these species from similar-looking lichens based on their unique internal structure.
Schlossbergbahn (Freiburg)
The Schlossbergbahn (English: Castle Hill Railway) is a funicular railway in the town of Freiburg im Breisgau in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It links the city centre with the Schlossberg hill.

The funicular was constructed in 2008, in order to replace a previous cable car that was used between 1968 and 2006. It is operated by the  Schlossbergbahn GmbH & Co. KG. The line operates daily between 09:00 and 22:00 (18:00 on Tuesdays), and is accessible to wheelchairs.

The funicular has the following technical parameters:

Schlossberg (Freiburg)
The Schlossberg (German pronunciation: [ˈʃlɔsbɛʁk] ⓘ, "Castle Hill") is a tree-covered hill of 456 metres (1,496 ft) located in the area of the city of Freiburg im Breisgau. It is directly to the east of Freiburg's Old Town and is part of the Black Forest. The main geological fault is at the western edge of the Schlossberg, towards the Upper Rhine Graben.
Filipino Sign Language
Filipino Sign Language, abbreviated as FSL (Filipino: Wikang Senyas ng mga Pilipino), or Philippine Sign Language, is a sign language originating in the Philippines. Like other sign languages, FSL is a unique language with its own grammar, syntax and morphology; it is not based on and does not resemble Filipino or English. Some researchers consider the indigenous signs of FSL to be at risk of being lost due to the increasing influence of American Sign Language.

The Republic Act 11106 or The Filipino Sign Language Act, effective November 27, 2018, declared FSL as the national sign language of the Filipino Deaf.

Commission on the Filipino Language
The Commission on the Filipino Language (CFL), also referred to as the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF), is the official regulating body of the Filipino language and the official government institution tasked with developing, preserving, and promoting the various local languages of the Philippines. The commission was established in accordance with the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines.

Established by Republic Act No. 7104 in 1991, the commission is a replacement for the Institute of Philippine Languages (IPL; Linangan ng mga Wika sa Pilipinas) that was set up in 1987 which was a replacement of the older Institute of National Language (INL; Surian ng Wikang Pambansa), established in 1937 as the first government agency to foster the development of a Philippine national language.
Laser Invasion
Laser Invasion, released as Gun Sight (ガンサイト) in Japan, is a multi-genre first-person action game released by Konami for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1991. The player takes control of a military operative who pilots an attack helicopter in order to infiltrate various enemy bases and fulfill his mission. The game supports the standard NES controller, as well as the NES Zapper light gun and the LaserScope, a voice-activated headset controller Konami released for the NES that was compatible with all light gun games released for the system. The American version of the game featured a rebate for the LaserScope in the instruction booklet.

LaserScope
The Konami LaserScope is a head-mounted light gun used with and licensed for the Nintendo Entertainment System. By speaking into an attached microphone, players can "fire" the device from a scope that hangs in front of the player's right eye. A transparent eyepiece with a crosshair aids aiming. The LaserScope also features switches that allow players to channel game audio through attached earpieces.

The LaserScope was originally designed for the game Laser Invasion and also works with any game compatible with the NES Zapper. In addition, players could detach the LaserScope's "scope module" and use the headphones with any stereo system.

Intended to evoke pilots' headgear and provide an immersive experience, the LaserScope received mediocre reviews on release and is now considered an example of the glut of low-quality peripherals for the NES.
Máel Coluim I, Earl of Fife
Mormaer Máel Coluim of Fife (1204–1228), or Maol Choluim anglicised as Malcolm, was one of the mormaers of Fife.

He married Matilda, the daughter of Gille Brigte, the mormaer of Strathearn. He is credited with the foundation of Culross Abbey. Upon the death of Máel Coluim I, probably in 1228, he was succeeded by his nephew Máel Coluim II, son of Máel Coluim I's brother Donnchadh, son of Donnchadh II.

Earl of Fife
The Earl of Fife or Mormaer of Fife was the ruler of the province of Fife in medieval Scotland, which encompassed the modern counties of Fife and Kinross.  Due to their royal ancestry, the earls of Fife were the highest ranking nobles in the realm, and had the right to crown the king of Scots.

Held by the MacDuff family until it passed by resignation to the Stewarts, the earldom ended on the forfeiture and execution of Murdoch Stewart in 1425. The earldom  was revived in 1759 with the style of Earl Fife for William Duff, a descendant of the MacDuffs. His great-great-grandson, the 6th Earl Fife, was made Earl of Fife in 1885 and Duke of Fife in 1889.
Air Development Squadron 51 (JMSDF)
Air Development Squadron 51 (第51航空隊, daigojuuichikoukuutai) (which is also referred to as Fleet Air Squadron 51 or VX-51)  is a unit in the Japanese Maritime Self-Defence Force. It is a part of the Fleet Air Force and is based at Naval Air Facility Atsugi in Kanagawa prefecture.

Mitsubishi H-60
The Mitsubishi H-60 series is a twin-turboshaft engine helicopter based on the Sikorsky UH-60 helicopter family for use by the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF).

The SH-60J/K/L are anti-submarine patrol versions for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF). The UH-60J is a search and rescue version for the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) and JMSDF. The UH-60JA is a utility version for the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF).
Žabljak
Žabljak (Cyrillic: Жабљак, pronounced [ʒâbʎaːk]) is a small town in the northern region of Montenegro. It has a population of 1,723.

Žabljak is the seat of Žabljak Municipality (2011 population: 3,569). The town is in the centre of the Durmitor mountain region and with an altitude of 1,456 metres, it is the highest situated Balkan town.

Black Lake (Montenegro)
Black Lake (Montenegrin: Црно језеро, Crno jezero) is a lake in the Municipality of Žabljak in northern Montenegro. It is a glacial lake, located on Mount Durmitor, at an elevation of 1,416 m. It is 3 km from the town of Žabljak.
Mongol invasion of Sindh
In 1298–99, a Mongol army (possibly Neguderi fugitives) invaded the Sindh region of the Delhi Sultanate, and occupied the fort of Sivistan in present-day Pakistan. The Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khalji dispatched his general Zafar Khan to evict the Mongols. Zafar Khan recaptured the fort, and imprisoned the Mongol leader Saldi and his companions.

Ulugh Khan
Almas Beg (died c. 1302), better known by his title Ulugh Khan, was a brother and a general of the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji. He held the iqta' of Bayana in present-day India.

Ulugh Khan played an important role in Alauddin's ascension to the throne of Delhi in 1296. He lured the former Sultan Jalaluddin to Kara, where Alauddin assassinated Jalaluddin. He successfully besieged Multan, governed by Jalaluddin's eldest son Arkali Khan, and subjugated the surviving members of Jalaluddin's family.

In 1298, Ulugh Khan repulsed a Mongol invasion from the Chagatai Khanate, which greatly increased Alauddin's prestige. The next year, he and Nusrat Khan raided the wealthy province of Gujarat, obtaining a huge amount of wealth for Alauddin's treasury. He led the reinforcement unit in the Battle of Kili (1299) against the Mongols, and held command in the initial phases of the Siege of Ranthambore (1301). He died a few months after the Ranthambore campaign ended.
Dahlgren system
One of the modern systems of plant taxonomy, the Dahlgren system was published by monocot specialist Rolf Dahlgren in 1975 and revised in 1977, and  1980. However, he is best known for his two treatises on monocotyledons in 1982  and revised in 1985. His wife Gertrud Dahlgren continued the work after his death.

Dahlgren ranked the dicotyledons and monocotyledons as subclasses of the class of flowering plants (angiosperms) and further divided them into superorders. Originally (1975) he used the suffix -anae, as did Cronquist, to designate these, but in 1980 changed this to -florae in accordance with Thorne. In the 1989 revision, published by his wife, the alternate names Magnoliidae and Liliidae were dropped in favour of Dicotyledon and Monocotyledon, and  the suffix -florae reverted to -anae (e.g. Alismatanae for Alismatiflorae).

Reveal provides an extensive listing of Dahlgren's classification. (Note the synonyms, both nomenclatural and taxonomic, for each name in the system.)

Arecales
Arecales is an order of flowering plants. The order has been widely named as such only for the past few decades; until then, the accepted name for the order including these plants was Principes. The order includes palms and relatives.
Helgeland
Helgeland is the most southerly district in Northern Norway. Generally speaking, Helgeland refers to the part of Nordland county that is located south of the Arctic Circle. It is bordered in the north by the Saltfjellet mountains and Svartisen glacier, which form a natural border with the Salten district. In the south, Helgeland borders Trøndelag county.

The district covers an area of about 18,832 square kilometres (7,271 sq mi), with nearly 79,000 inhabitants. There are four towns in the district: from south to north these are Brønnøysund, Mosjøen, Sandnessjøen, and Mo i Rana.

Salten
Salten is a traditional district in Nordland county, Norway. It includes the municipalities of Gildeskål, Bodø, Beiarn, Saltdal, Fauske, Sørfold, Steigen, and Hamarøy. Salten covers an area of about 9,354 square kilometres (3,612 sq mi) and has a population (2016) of about 73,375 people.

The district borders Helgeland in the south (see Saltfjellet), Ofoten in the north, Sweden in the east, and Vestfjorden (and Lofoten) in the west. The geology in Salten is known in Norway for having the country's largest areas with marble. There are many fjords, and mountains often reaching to the sea. The town of Bodø is the main population center of the district, while the town of Fauske is a secondary center.
Ekuma River
The Ekuma River is one of three rivers that supply most of water to the pan in the Etosha National Park in Namibia, the other two being the Oshigambo River and the Omurambo Ovambo River. The Ekumo is an ephemeral river that occasionally flows, or forms pools, during the rainy season. It originates from the southern shores of Lake Oponono and is 250 kilometres (160 mi) long.

Etosha Pan
The Etosha Pan is a large endorheic salt pan, forming part of the Cuvelai-Etosha Basin in the north of Namibia. It is a vast hollow in the ground in which water may collect or in which a deposit of salt remains after water has evaporated. The 120-kilometre-long (75-mile-long) dry lakebed and its surroundings are protected as Etosha National Park, Namibia's second-largest wildlife park, covering 22,270 square kilometres (8,600 mi2). The pan is mostly dry, but after heavy rains, it is flooded with a thin layer of water, which is heavily salted by the mineral deposits on the surface.
Jelsi
Jelsi (or Jevze in local Molisan dialect) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Campobasso in the Italian region Molise, located about 12 kilometres (7 mi) southeast of Campobasso.

Jelsi borders the following municipalities: Campodipietra, Cercemaggiore, Gildone, Pietracatella, Riccia, Toro.

Each year, the feast of Saint Anne is held here. It is also referred to as the feast of grain. Villagers are free to enter the float competition, in which case they must create a float out of grain, which can or cannot have to do with Saint Anne. If it is pulled by a cow, it is a traglia, but if it is pulled by a small tractor, it is a carro.

Toro, Molise
Toro (Molisan: Ture) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Campobasso in the Italian region Molise, located about 8 kilometres (5 mi) east of Campobasso.

Toro borders the following municipalities: Campodipietra, Jelsi, Monacilioni, Pietracatella, San Giovanni in Galdo.
Air Tahoma
Air Tahoma was an American cargo airline (Part 121)  based in Columbus, Ohio, United States. It was established and started operations in 1996 in San Diego then later moved to Indianapolis in 1998 and to its last location at Rickenbacker International Airport, Columbus. Air Tahoma operated contract cargo flights internationally to the Caribbean, Mexico, Vietnam, Philippines, and the United States. Air Tahoma ceased operations in 2009.

Convair CV-240 family
The Convair CV-240 is an American airliner that Convair manufactured from 1947 to 1954, initially as a possible replacement for the ubiquitous Douglas DC-3. Featuring a more modern design with cabin pressurization, the low-wing, primarily piston-driven 240 series made some inroads as a commercial airliner, spawning nearly a dozen civil variants, and five for the military, including turboprop versions for both. Though reduced in numbers by attrition, various forms of the "Convairliners" continue to fly in the 21st century.
Credential
A credential is a piece of any document that details a qualification, competence, or authority issued to an individual by a third party with a relevant or de facto authority or assumed competence to do so.

Examples of credentials include academic diplomas, academic degrees, certifications, security clearances, identification documents, badges, passwords, user names, keys, powers of attorney, and so on. Sometimes publications, such as scientific papers or books, may be viewed as similar to credentials by some people, especially if the publication was peer reviewed or made in a well-known journal or reputable publisher.

User (computing)
A user is a person who uses a computer or network service. A user typically has a user account and is recognized by the system through a username. Some software products provide services to other systems and have no direct end users.
Alterity
In philosophy and anthropology, alterity is the state of being "other" or different (Latin alter). It describes the experience of encountering something or someone perceived as distinct from oneself or one's own group.  The concept of alterity explores how we understand and relate to those who are seen as different, and how this "otherness" shapes identity and social relations. While rooted in academic discourse, the term is also increasingly used more broadly to describe anything outside of established norms or conventions.

Emmanuel Levinas
Emmanuel Levinas (born Emanuelis Levinas /ˈlɛvɪnɑːs/; French: [ɛmanɥɛl levinas]; 12 January 1906 – 25 December 1995) was a French philosopher of Lithuanian Jewish ancestry who is known for his work within Jewish philosophy, existentialism, and phenomenology, focusing on the relationship of ethics to metaphysics and ontology.
Kırıkkale Province
Kırıkkale Province (Turkish: Kırıkkale ili) is a province of Turkey. It is located on the crossroads of major highways east of Ankara leading east to the Black Sea region. Its area is 4,791 km2, and its population is 277,046 (2022). With its rapid population growth it has become an industrial center. The province was established in 1989 from part of Ankara Province. The provincial capital is Kırıkkale.

Kırıkkale is a rapidly growing town in central Turkey, on the Ankara-Kayseri railway near the Kızılırmak River. Formerly a village, it owes its rapid rise in population mainly to the establishment of steel mills in the 1950s. These works, among the largest in the country, specialize in high-quality alloy steel and machinery. In the 1960s chemical plants were added.

Provinces of Turkey
Turkey is divided into 81 provinces (Turkish: il). Each province is divided into a number of districts (ilçe). Each provincial government is seated in the central district (merkez ilçe). For non-metropolitan municipality designated provinces, the central district bears the name of the province (e.g. the city/district of Rize is the central district of Rize Province). In the Ottoman Empire, the corresponding unit was the vilayet.

Each province is administered by an appointed governor (vali) from the Ministry of the Interior.
Sandwell Valley RSPB reserve
Sandwell Valley RSPB reserve (grid reference SP017913) is a nature reserve, run by the RSPB, in Sandwell Valley, to the north of West Bromwich, in the Sandwell borough of West Midlands in England. It is adjacent to, and shares its main lake with, Sandwell Valley Country Park and near the settlement of Hamstead.

In March 2010 the visitor centre was destroyed in an arson attack. A new centre has replaced it.

River Tame, West Midlands
The River Tame is a river in the West Midlands of England, and one of the principal tributaries of the River Trent. The Tame is about 95 km (59 mi) long from the source at Oldbury to its confluence with the Trent near Alrewas, but the main river length of the entire catchment, i.e. the Tame and its main tributaries, is about 285 km (177 mi).

It forms part of the Severn-Trent flyway, a route used by migratory birds to cross Great Britain.
Paul Klee
Paul Klee (German: [paʊ̯l ˈkleː]; 18 December 1879 – 29 June 1940) was a Swiss-born German artist. His highly individual style was influenced by movements in art that included expressionism, cubism, and surrealism.

Klee was a natural draftsman who experimented with and eventually deeply explored color theory, writing about it extensively. His lectures Writings on Form and Design Theory (Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre), published in English as the Paul Klee Notebooks, are held to be as important for modern art as Leonardo da Vinci's A Treatise on Painting was for the Renaissance.

He and his colleague, Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky, both taught at the Bauhaus school of art, design and architecture in Germany. His works reflect his dry humor and his sometimes childlike perspective, his personal moods and beliefs, and his musicality.

Der Blaue Reiter
Der Blaue Reiter (English: The Blue Rider) was a group of artists and a designation by Wassily Kandinsky and Franz Marc for their exhibition and publication activities, in which both artists acted as sole editors in the almanac of the same name (first published in mid-May 1912). The editorial team organized two exhibitions in Munich in 1911 and 1912 to demonstrate their art-theoretical ideas based on the works of art exhibited. Traveling exhibitions in German and other European cities followed. The Blue Rider disbanded at the start of World War I in 1914.

The artists associated with Der Blaue Reiter were important pioneers of modern art of the 20th century; they formed a loose network of relationships, but not an art group in the narrower sense like Die Brücke (The Bridge) in Dresden. The work of the affiliated artists is assigned to German Expressionism.