hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Footnotes in Gaza
Footnotes in Gaza is a journalistic graphic narrative by Joe Sacco about acts of violence committed by Israelis against Palestinians in Gaza during the Suez Crisis. It was published in 2009 by Henry Holt and Company in the U.S. and Jonathan Cape in the UK.

The book describes the author's quest to get to the bottom of what happened in Khan Yunis and in Rafah in Gaza in November 1956. According to United Nations figures quoted in the book, Israeli forces killed 275 Palestinians in Khan Yunis on 3 November 1956 and 111 in Rafah on 12 November 1956.

Sacco bases his book on conversations with Palestinians in Rafah and the neighbouring town of Khan Younis, and interweaves the events of 1956 with the events in Rafah at the time of the interviews—the bulldozing of homes, the death of Rachel Corrie and the reactions to the outbreak of the Iraq War.

Khan Yunis massacre
The Khan Yunis massacre took place on 3 November 1956, perpetrated by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) in the Palestinian town of Khan Yunis and the nearby refugee camp of the same name in the Gaza Strip during the Suez Crisis.

According to Benny Morris, during an IDF operation to reopen the Egyptian-blockaded Straits of Tiran, Israeli soldiers shot two hundred Palestinians in Khan Yunis and Rafah. According to Noam Chomsky's The Fateful Triangle, citing Donald Neff, 275 Palestinians were killed in a brutal house-to-house search for fedayeen (while a further 111 were reportedly killed in Rafah).

Israeli authorities say that IDF soldiers ran into local militants and a battle erupted.
Haddiscoe High Level railway station
Haddiscoe High Level was a railway station in Haddiscoe, Norfolk serving the now closed Yarmouth-Beccles Line. It obtained its name due to its close proximity to Haddiscoe railway station which served the Wherry Lines. The station was closed in 1959 at the same time as the line it served.

Yarmouth–Beccles line
The Yarmouth–Beccles line was a railway line which linked the Suffolk market town of Beccles with the Norfolk coastal resort of Yarmouth. Forming part of the East Suffolk Railway, the line was opened in 1859 and closed 100 years later in 1959.
Lake Wairarapa
Lake Wairarapa is a lake at the southern end of the North Island of New Zealand, 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of Wellington. The lake covers an area of 78 km2 (30 sq mi), and its maximum depth is 2.5 m (8.2 ft). It is the third largest lake in the North Island, fractionally smaller than Lake Rotorua (covering 79.8 km2). The nearest town to the lake is Featherston, which is located five kilometres from its northern shore.

The lake forms part of the Wairarapa Moana Wetlands, a regional park administered by Wellington Regional Council, in collaboration with Kahungunu ki Wairarapa, the Department of Conservation, South Wairarapa District Council, and Rangitāne o Wairarapa. The wetland is the largest in the lower North Island, one of the largest in New Zealand, and was recognised as a wetland of international significance under the Ramsar Convention in August 2020.

South Wairarapa District
The South Wairarapa District is a district at the south-east tip of the North Island of New Zealand, governed by the South Wairarapa District Council. The district comprises the southernmost part of the Wairarapa, and is part of the Wellington Region.
Siya Ke Ram
Siya Ke Ram (transl. Sita's Ram) is an Indian television series on Star Plus produced by Nikhil Sinha under the banner of Triangle Film Company. This show presents the epic Ramayana, the story of Sita and from Sita's perspective. The show features Madirakshi Mundle as Sita and Karthik Jayaram as Raavan. It premiered on 16 November 2015 and ended on 4 November 2016.

Dasharatha
Dasharatha (Sanskrit: दशरथ, IAST: Daśaratha; born Nemi) was the king of Kosala, with its capital at Ayodhya, in the Hindu epic Ramayana. Dasharatha married Kausalya, Sumitra and Kaikeyi. He was the father of Rama, the protagonist of the epic Ramayana, Bharata, Lakshmana, and Shatrughna. Dasharatha also finds mention in the Vishnu Purana.
Bigham House
Bigham House located at 655 Pennridge Road in Chatham Village, in the Mount Washington neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was built in 1849.  This was the former house of abolitionist lawyer Thomas James Bigham (1810–1884), and was "purportedly a station on the Underground Railroad."  These days, this Classical Revival house is part of Chatham Village and is used as a community clubhouse known as Chatham Hall. Chatham Village is on the National Register of Historic Places and is a National Landmark District, and this house was individually added to the List of Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmarks in 1990.

Bigham, known as "the Sage of Mt. Washington," served for many years as representative and senator in the Pennsylvania legislature. Also a newspaperman, he headed for a time the Commercial Journal and helped found the Pittsburgh Commercial.

Chatham Village
Chatham Village is a community within the larger Mount Washington neighborhood of the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and an internationally acclaimed model of community design. It is roughly bounded by Virginia Avenue, Bigham Street, Woodruff Street, Saw Mill Run Boulevard, and Olympia Road, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2005 as a remarkably well-preserved example of Garden City Movement design.

The village is owned and operated as a cooperative by its residents.
Marguerite Duras
Marguerite Germaine Marie Donnadieu (French: [maʁɡ(ə)ʁit ʒɛʁmɛn maʁi dɔnadjø], 4 April 1914 – 3 March 1996), known as Marguerite Duras (French: [maʁɡ(ə)ʁit dyʁas]), was a French novelist, playwright, screenwriter, essayist, and experimental filmmaker. Her script for the film Hiroshima mon amour (1959) earned her a nomination for Best Original Screenplay at the Academy Awards.

Jean-Jacques Annaud
Jean-Jacques Annaud (French: [ʒɑ̃ ʒak ano]; born 1 October 1943) is a French film director, screenwriter and producer. He directed Black and White in Color (1976),Quest for Fire (1981), The Name of the Rose (1986), The Bear (1988), The Lover (1992), Seven Years in Tibet (1997), Enemy at the Gates (2001), Black Gold (2011), and Wolf Totem (2015).

Annaud has received numerous awards for his work, including five César Awards, one David di Donatello Award, and one National Academy of Cinema Award. Annaud's first film, Black and White in Color (1976), received an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

His most recent film is Notre-Dame on Fire, released in 2022.
Stratobates
In Greek mythology, Stratobates (Ancient Greek: Στρατοβάτην) was a Mycenaean prince as son of King Electryon and Anaxo, daughter of Alcaeus. He was the brother of Gorgophonus, Phylonomus, Celaeneus, Amphimachus, Lysinomus, Chirimachus, Anactor, Archelaus and Alcmena, mother of the hero Heracles.

Anactor
In Greek mythology, Anactor (Ancient Greek: Ἀνάκτορα, lit. 'palace') was a Mycenaean prince as son of King Electryon and Anaxo, daughter of Alcaeus. He was the brother of Stratobates, Gorgophonus, Phylonomus, Celaeneus, Amphimachus, Lysinomus, Chirimachus, Archelaus and Alcmena, mother of the hero Heracles.
Clara Mannes
Clara Mannes (née Damrosch; 12 December 1869 – 16 March 1948) was a German-born American musician and music educator. She and her brother Frank Damrosch also taught at the Veltin School for Girls in Manhattan. With her husband, David Mannes, she founded the David Mannes Music School in 1916, now known as the Mannes School of Music at the New School.

Mannes was born in Breslau. Her mother, Helene von Heimburg, was a former opera singer, and her father was conductor Leopold Damrosch. Her siblings were conductors Frank Damrosch and Walter Damrosch. Her parents were Lutheran (her paternal grandfather was Jewish). Her children were musician Leopold Mannes and author Marya Mannes.

Marya Mannes
Marya Mannes (November 14, 1904 – September 13, 1990) was a 20th-century American writer and critic, known for her caustic but insightful observations of American life. Mannes also wrote under the pen name of "Sec."
Tuzly Lagoons
Tuzly Lagoons (Ukrainian: Тузловські лимани; Romanian: Limanele Tuzlei) are a group of marine lagoons (limans) in southern Bessarabia (Budjak), Ukraine. The lagoons are part of the Tuzly Lagoons National Nature Park, proclaimed on January 1, 2010. It is also a Ramsar site since 1996 due to its ecological significance.. The name of the lagoons originates from the Turkish: Tuzlu, which means salty.

The group includes three main lagoons: Shahany, Alibey, and Burnas, and also smaller lagoons: Solone Ozero, Khadzhyder, Karachaus, Budury, Kurudiol, Martaza, Mahala, Malyi Sasyk, and Dzhantshey.

The total area of the lagoons is 206 km2, depth 1.6–2.5 m, averaging 1.0–1.3 m. The lagoons are separated from the Black Sea by a 29-km long sandbar, which is 60–400 m wide and 1–3 m high.

Karachaus Lagoon
Karachaus Lagoon (Ukrainian: Карачаус; Romanian: Caraceauş) is a salty lagoon in the Tuzly Lagoons group in Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion of Odesa Oblast, Ukraine. It was a part of the Alibey Lagoon in past, locating in its south-west part, near the village of Roylianka. Now it is separated from the Alibey Lagoon by the sandbar. The total area of the lagoon - 7.6 km2.

The water body is included to the Tuzly Lagoons National Nature Park.
Howard Clewes
Howard Clewes (27 October 1912 – 29 January 1988) was an English screenwriter and novelist. He wrote for eight films between 1951 and 1974. He also wrote twenty action novels from 1938 to 1979. He was nominated for a BAFTA for Best Screenplay in 1960 for The Day They Robbed the Bank of England.

He was born in York, England. In 1946, he married Renata Faccincani della Torre, a wartime resistance fighter. She was an active (uncredited) editor in his literary and screenwriting projects.

Green Grow the Rushes (novel)
Green Grow the Rushes is a 1949 comedy novel by the British writer Howard Clewes. The title refers to the traditional folk song "Green Grow the Rushes, O". It revolves around a group of officials from a Whitehall government department who travel to the Kent coast for an investigation, only to find themselves encountering a community entirely committed to smuggling.

It was adapted into a 1951 British film of the same title directed by Derek N. Twist and starring Roger Livesey, Honor Blackman and Richard Burton.
MacLellan's Castle
MacLellan's Castle in the town of Kirkcudbright,  in Galloway, Scotland, was built in the late 16th century.  It stands in the centre of Kirkcudbright, on the south side of the River Dee which flows into the Solway Firth. The L-plan castle was the residence of the MacLellan family from whom it derived its name. The family sold the castle in 1752, and from 1782 to 1912 it was held by the Earls of Selkirk. Today, the site is in the care of Historic Environment Scotland.

Kirkcudbright
Kirkcudbright (/kərˈkuːbri/ kur-KOO-bree; Scottish Gaelic: Cille Chùithbeirt) is a town at the mouth of the River Dee in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, southwest of Castle Douglas and Dalbeattie. A former royal burgh, it is the traditional county town of Kirkcudbrightshire.
Modular Common Spacecraft Bus
The Modular Common Spacecraft Bus (MCSB) is a fast-development, low-cost, general purpose spacecraft platform. Its modular design is intended to reduce the cost, complexity, and lead time on missions by providing a reliable, well-characterized system that can carry a variety of payloads. According to NASA, "the spacecraft is roughly one tenth the price of a conventional uncrewed mission and could be used to land on the Moon, orbit Earth, or rendezvous with near-Earth objects."

LADEE
The Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE; /ˈlædi/) was a NASA lunar exploration and technology demonstration mission. It was launched on a Minotaur V rocket from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport on September 7, 2013. During its seven-month mission, LADEE orbited the Moon's equator, using its instruments to study the lunar exosphere and dust in the Moon's vicinity. Instruments included a dust detector, neutral mass spectrometer, and ultraviolet-visible spectrometer, as well as a technology demonstration consisting of a laser communications terminal. The mission ended on April 18, 2014, when the spacecraft's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the far side of the Moon, which, later, was determined to be near the eastern rim of Sundman V crater.
Antigua Workers' Union
The Antigua Workers' Union (AWU) or (ABWU) is a national trade union centre of Antigua and Barbuda. It was formed in 1967 after a split from the ATLU. The AWU created the Progressive Labour Movement (UPP) in 1970.

The AWU is led by Senator David Massiah as general secretary. Senator Chester Hughes is president of the union.

The first president of the Antigua Workers' Union was Malcolm Daniel.

Antigua Trades and Labour Union
The Antigua Trades and Labour Union (ATLU) is the national trade union of Antigua and Barbuda. It was formed in 1939 and is closely related to the Antigua Labour Party. It has a membership of 7,000 and is led by Wigley George as president.
Gustav Sobottka Jr.
Gustav Sobottka Jr. (10 April 1915 – 22 September 1940) was a German communist and the son of Communist Party functionary and trade unionist Gustav Sobottka. He spent several months in Nazi concentration camps, then left Germany, eventually living in exile in the Soviet Union. He was arrested by the Soviet secret police at the age of 23 and accused of being part of the so-called Hitler Youth Conspiracy. Sobottka died in a Soviet prison.

Gustav Sobottka
Gustav Sobottka (12 July 1886 – 6 March 1953) was a German politician, a member of the Communist Party of Germany in exile during the Nazi era who returned in 1945 as head of the Sobottka Group and later worked in the East German government.
Sula Municipality
Sula (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈsʉ̀ːɽɑ] ⓘ) is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is part of the Sunnmøre district. The administrative centre is the village of Langevåg. Other villages include Solevåg, Fiskarstrand, Veibust, Leirvågen, and Mauseidvåg. Sula is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Møre og Romsdal county, and it is part of the Ålesund Region since it is just south of the city of Ålesund. The municipality encompasses the island of Sula and the many small surrounding islets.

The 59-square-kilometre (23 sq mi) municipality is the 347th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Sula Municipality is the 118th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 9,720. The municipality's population density is 166.1 inhabitants per square kilometre (430/sq mi) and its population has increased by 12.4% over the previous 10-year period.

Mauseidvåg
Mauseidvåg or Mauseidvågen is a village in Sula Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is part of the Ålesund Region and is located about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) southeast of the municipal center of Langevåg and about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) south of the town of Ålesund.  The Indre Sula Church is located about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) east of the village of Mauseidvåg. The European route E39 highway runs just east of the village too.
Postage stamps and postal history of the German colonies
This is a survey of postage stamps and postal history of the German colonies and part of  the postage stamps and postal history of Germany, as well as those of the individual countries and territories concerned.

Yacht issue
The Yacht issue was a series of postage stamps, bearing the image of German Kaiser's yacht, SMY Hohenzollern II, that were used in all of Germany's overseas colonies. Millions of stamps were produced and they were the principal means of postage for all German imperial overseas possessions in the years 1900–1915. German colonies at that time were German Samoa, Kiautschou Bay, Togoland, Kamerun, German New Guinea, German South-West Africa, and German East Africa.
Sandy Hess
Sandra Kay "Sandy" Hess-Gerathy (born 1949) is an American Olympian figure skating coach. From 1988 to 1996 she was the Ice Dance Director of the Broadmoor Skating Club in Colorado Springs, Colorado, a leading center for figure skating.

Notable figure skaters coached by Hess:

Peter Breen

Christina Chitwood

Richard Dalley

Joseph Druar

Carol Fox

Melissa Gregory

Mark Hanretty

Rachel Mayer

Denis Petukhov

Elizabeth Punsalan

Renée Roca

Gorsha Sur

Jerod Swallow

Garrett Swasey

Susan Wynne

Hess is married to Albert Joseph "Bud" Gerathy, Jr, who worked as a dentist in Monument, Colorado until retirement in 2016.

Garrett Swasey
Garrett Preston Russell Swasey (November 16, 1971 – November 27, 2015) was an American competitive ice skater, figure skating coach, and police officer. As an ice dancer, he won the 1992 U.S. junior ice dance title at the U.S. Figure Skating Championships and went on to participate twice more at the senior level. He coached along with Doreen Denny. Swasey was shot and killed in the line of duty during the Colorado Springs Planned Parenthood shooting in 2015.
Swarag Se Sunder
Swarag Se Sunder (transl. More Beautiful than Heaven) is a 1986 Indian Hindi-language drama film, produced by  A. Krishna Murthy under the Tinu International Films banner and directed  by K. Bapaiah. It stars Jeetendra, Mithun Chakraborty, Jaya Prada, Padmini Kolhapure, and music composed by Laxmikant–Pyarelal. The primary plot of the movie is similar to Meri Bhabhi (1969) directed by Khalid Akhtar. The film is a remake of the Telugu film Thalli Prema. It was one of the highest grossing movies of Hindi films in 1986. It was remakes again in 1991 Telugu as " naa ille na swargam" with casting Super Star Krishna, Rupa gangooli, Ramesh Babu and Divya Bharathi.

Thalli Prema
Thalli Prema (transl. Mother's Love) is a 1968 Telugu-language drama film, written and produced by M. Azam under the Azam Arts banner and directed by Srikanth. It stars N. T. Rama Rao, Savitri, and Ram Mohan with music composed by Sudarshanam. The film was remade in Tamil as Kulama Gunama (1971), in Hindi as Swarag Se Sunder (1986) and again in Telugu as Naa Ille Naa Swargam (1991).

Original movie is Kudumbam (1967), M Assam produced and written by Thoppil Bhasi. The background is the emergence of cooperative service societies in communist movement in Kerala. This operates in the villages to rescue farmers from the clutches of traders. Protagonist in the movie is the cooperative society president. After the success of this movie M Asam remade this movie in Telugu and Kulamo gulanoin Tamil.
Brachydactyly type D
Brachydactyly type D, also known as murderer's thumb, stubbed thumb, spoon thumb, power thumb or short thumb, is a genetic trait recognised by a thumb being relatively short and round with an accompanying wider nail bed. The distal phalanx of such thumbs is approximately two-thirds the length of full-length thumbs. It is the most common type of shortness of digits (brachydactyly), affecting approximately 2% of the population. It is associated with the HOXD13 gene, located on chromosome 2q31.1.

Thumb
The thumb is the first digit of the hand, next to the index finger. When a person is standing in the medical anatomical position (where the palm is facing to the front), the thumb is the outermost digit. The Medical Latin English noun for thumb is pollex (compare hallux for big toe), and the corresponding adjective for thumb is pollical.
UND College of Business and Public Administration
The UND Nistler College of Business and Public Administration (NCoBPA) is an American public business school located in Nistler Hall at the University of North Dakota. As of 2025, NCoBPA served 1,850 students and 300 graduate students per year and was the largest business school in the state of North Dakota.

It offers the most business related programs in the North Dakota University Systems. The NCoBPA is the first accredited business college in North Dakota and is one of only 968 accredited business schools world wide.

University of North Dakota
The University of North Dakota (UND) is a public research university in Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States. It was established by the Dakota Territorial Assembly in 1883, six years before the establishment of the state of North Dakota.

The university has the only schools of law and medicine in the state of North Dakota. The John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences was the first in the country to offer a degree in unmanned aircraft systems operation. Several national research institutions are on the university's campus including the Energy and Environmental Research Center, the School of Medicine and Health Sciences, and the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral universities – very high research activity".
2014 Alberta Scotties Tournament of Hearts
The 2014 Alberta Scotties Tournament of Hearts, the provincial women's curling championship for Alberta, was held from January 8 to 12 at the Sylvan Lake Curling Club in Sylvan Lake. The winning Val Sweeting team represented Alberta at the 2014 Scotties Tournament of Hearts in Montreal.

2014 Scotties Tournament of Hearts
The 2014 Scotties Tournament of Hearts was held from February 1 to 9 at the Maurice Richard Arena in Montreal, Quebec. The defending champion Rachel Homan rink won their second straight title, with Homan becoming the youngest skip to ever win back-to-back championships. The team went undefeated throughout the tournament, with the team never even being forced to throw their final rock in any of their games.
Guardian Angels Church (Chaska, Minnesota)
Guardian Angels Catholic Church is a historic church located in Chaska, Minnesota founded in 1858.  A Roman Catholic church, Guardian Angels is part of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis.

Guardian Angels School (School District 112), a pre-K to 8th grade private school, is affiliated with this church.

Chaska, Minnesota
Chaska (/ˈtʃæskə/ CHASS-kə) is a city in and the county seat of Carver County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 27,810 at the 2020 census. An outer ring suburb of the Twin Cities located 21 miles (34 km) southwest of Minneapolis, Chaska is home to the Hazeltine National Golf Club, which has hosted two PGA Championships and the Ryder Cup. The City of Chaska merged with Chaska Township in 2006.
Franklin Institute Awards
The Franklin Institute Awards (or Benjamin Franklin Medal) is an American science and engineering award presented by the Franklin Institute, a science museum in Philadelphia. The Franklin Institute awards comprises the Benjamin Franklin Medals in seven areas of science and engineering, the Bower Awards and Prize for Achievement in Science, and the Bower Award for Business Leadership. Since 1824, the institute has recognized "world-changing scientists, engineers, inventors, and industrialists—all of whom reflect Benjamin Franklin's spirit of curiosity, ingenuity, and innovation". Some of the noted past laureates include Nikola Tesla, Thomas Edison, Marie Curie, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Stephen Hawking.  Some of the 21st century laureates of the institute awards are Bill Gates, James P. Allison, Indra Nooyi, Jane Goodall, Elizabeth Blackburn, George Church, Robert S. Langer, and Alex Gorsky.

Elizabeth Blackburn
Elizabeth Helen Blackburn (born 26 November 1948) is an Australian–American Nobel laureate who is the former president of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies.  In 1984, Blackburn co-discovered telomerase, the enzyme that replenishes the telomere, with Carol W. Greider. For this work, she was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, sharing it with Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak, becoming the first Australian woman Nobel laureate.

She also worked in medical ethics, and was controversially dismissed from the Bush administration's President's Council on Bioethics. 170 scientists signed an open letter to the president in her support, maintaining that she was fired because of political opposition to her advice.