hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Markov model
In probability theory, a Markov model is a stochastic model used to model pseudo-randomly changing systems. It is assumed that future states depend only on the current state, not on the events that occurred before it (that is, it assumes the Markov property). Generally, this assumption enables reasoning and computation with the model that would otherwise be intractable. For this reason, in the fields of predictive modelling and probabilistic forecasting, it is desirable for a given model to exhibit the Markov property.

Markov property
In probability theory and statistics, the term Markov property refers to the memoryless property of a stochastic process, which means that its future evolution is independent of its history. It is named after the Russian mathematician Andrey Markov. The term strong Markov property is similar to the Markov property, except that the meaning of "present" is defined in terms of a random variable known as a stopping time.

The term Markov assumption is used to describe a model where the Markov property is assumed to hold, such as a hidden Markov model.

A Markov random field extends this property to two or more dimensions or to random variables defined for an interconnected network of items. An example of a model for such a field is the Ising model.

A discrete-time stochastic process satisfying the Markov property is known as a Markov chain.
Ilhéu de Sal Rei
Ilhéu de Sal Rei is an uninhabited islet near the coast of Boa Vista Island, Cape Verde. It is located 1 km (0.6 miles) southwest of the island capital Sal Rei. Its area is 89 ha (0.34 sq mi) and its highest point is 27 m (88.6 ft).

The islet has exposed basaltic and limestone rock, and there are sandy beaches in sheltered areas. The entire islet is a natural monument. The headland Ponta de Escuma is the islet's westernmost point. A narrow strait to its northeast separates it from Boa Vista island by 500 to 600 meters. On the southern tip of the island, the ruined Portuguese fort Duque de Bragança is situated.

Forte Duque de Bragança
Forte Duque de Bragança is a ruined fort located on the islet Ilhéu de Sal Rei off the northwestern coast of the island of Boa Vista, Cape Verde. The fort was named after the Duke of Bragança. The fort overlooks a stretch of coast where the anchorage required defending from piracy and coastal raiding, which were common in the Atlantic Ocean at the time. The island produced salt, which attracted international trade and wealth. It was sacked in 1815 and 1817; this led to the construction of a fort in 1818. Today in ruins, the fort has been partly excavated archaeologically by the University of Cambridge.
Grant County, Oklahoma
Grant County is a county located on the northern border of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2020 census, the population was 4,169. Its county seat is Medford. Originally designated as part of the Cherokee Outlet, it was named County L in Oklahoma Territory at the time of its opening to non-Indian settlement. A county election renamed it for U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant.

Oklahoma State Highway 11
State Highway 11 (abbreviated SH-11) is a state highway in Oklahoma. It runs in an irregular west-to-east path 204.9 miles (329.8 km) across the northern part of the state, from U.S. Highway 281 (US-281) seven miles (11 km) north of Alva to Interstate 244 (I-244) / US-412 in Tulsa. There is one letter-suffixed spur highway branching from SH-11, SH-11A.
Straw hat
A straw hat is a wide-brimmed hat that is woven out of straw or straw-like synthetic materials. Straw hats are a type of sun hat designed to shade the head and face from direct sunlight, but are also used in fashion as a decorative element or a uniform.

Sun hat
A sun hat (also known as the floppy hat, harvest hat or field hat) is any hat or headgear specifically designed to shade the head, face, neck and shoulders from direct sunlight, usually with a circumferentially-protruding semi-rigid brim that can range from small to large, but as a general guideline around 4 to 7 in (10 to 18 cm) in width.
Newbridge College
Newbridge College (Irish: Coláiste Dhroichead Nua), the Dominican College Newbridge, is a co-educational private fee-paying voluntary secondary school in Newbridge, County Kildare, Ireland, run by the Roman Catholic Dominican Order. The Dominican Friars founded Newbridge Dominican College in 1852 as a boarding school for boys. Today, still run by the Dominican Fathers, Newbridge College is a mixed day school with a student population of almost 1,000 pupils. It is also the home of a resident Community of Dominican Friars - the Priory and Church being centred between the two wings of the College buildings.

Leinster Schools Rugby Senior Cup
The Leinster Schools Senior Challenge Cup is the premier rugby union competition for secondary schools affiliated to the Leinster Branch of the Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU), and was first held in 1887.

Attendances are high for a schoolboy competition, with up to 25000 present at the final. This match traditionally took place on Saint Patrick's Day at Lansdowne Road. In 2008, the final was played at the Royal Dublin Society Grounds (RDS) after Donnybrook proved to be too small for the 2007 final, (Lansdowne Road was closed for redevelopment) and has been the home since. Since the move to the RDS and live television coverage, the attendance has decreased and is now typically 10,000 to 14,000.. Due to the redevelopment of the RDS finals are currently played in Tallaght Stadium

Blackrock College are the most successful school in the cup's history, having won 72 times, more than all other teams combined.
Belmont, Roanoke, Virginia
Belmont is a Roanoke, Virginia neighborhood located in southeast Roanoke. It borders the neighborhoods of Hollins and Williamson Road on the north, Morningside and South Jefferson to the south, Downtown on the west and Fallon on the east. Today the neighborhood is bisected by Virginia State Route 24 (Bullitt/Jamison Avenue) and is bordered by Interstate 581 to the west.

Downtown Roanoke
Downtown is the central business district of Roanoke, Virginia, United States. Developed after the completion of the Shenandoah Valley Railroad in 1882, the Downtown core forms the geographic center of the city and the center of business for the Roanoke Valley and Southwest Virginia, the Roanoke City Market, the Roanoke Downtown Historic District and many other attractions and amenities.
Uzbekistan Air and Air Defence Forces
The Air and Air Defence Forces (Uzbek: Havo hujumidan mudofaa qoʻshinlari va Harbiy havo kuchlari; Russian: Войска противовоздушной обороны и Военно-воздушные силы) are the aerial arm of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It was formed following the collapse of the Soviet Union, in 1991, though the military was not created by the Uzbek government until 1992. The Air Force consisted of 10,000 to 15,000 personnel as of 2006, with most of them being Russians as of 1995.

Military Aviation Institute
The Military Aviation Institute (Uzbek: O'zbekiston Respublikasi Harbiy aviatsiya instituti) is the military academy of the Uzbek Air Force, located in the city of Qarshi. It is one of 8 military colleges in Uzbekistan. The schools is responsible for preparing highly qualified military personnel with advanced knowledge and specialties.
Yat Tung Estate
Yat Tung Estate (Chinese: 逸東邨; Jyutping: jat6 dung1 cyun1) is a public housing estate in the western part of Tung Chung, Lantau Island, Hong Kong. It is divided into Yat Tung (I) Estate and Yat Tung (II) Estate, which collectively have a population of 36,913.

Yu Tai Court (Chinese: 裕泰苑) is a Home Ownership Scheme court in Tung Chung, near Yat Tung Estate and North Lantau Hospital. It has two residential blocks completed in 2020.

Tung Chung
Tung Chung (lit. "eastern stream") is an area on the northwestern coast of Lantau Island, Hong Kong. One of the most recent new towns, it was formerly a rural fishing village beside Tung Chung Bay, and along the delta and lower courses of Tung Chung River and Ma Wan Chung in the north-western coast of Lantau Island. The area was once an important defence stronghold against pirates and foreign military during the Ming and the Qing dynasties.

Developed as part of the Airport Core Programme, the North Lantau New Town is the first new town on an outlying island of Hong Kong, with the first phases built on reclaimed land to the north, east and northeast of the original Tung Chung Town. Administratively, Tung Chung is part of Islands District.
Bořeň
Bořeň (German: Borschen) is a phonolite hill in the Central Bohemian Uplands in the Czech Republic. It has an elevation of 539 m (1,768 ft) and is located in the territory of Bílina in the Ústí nad Labem Region. When seen from the northwest side, the hill has the shape of a lying lion. It is a structure similar to the Devils Tower in Wyoming, and is the largest phonolite structure of its kind in Europe.

There are also mineral water springs which are the source of Bílinská Kyselka water.

Central Bohemian Uplands
The Central Bohemian Uplands (also known as Central Bohemian Highlands; Czech: České středohoří, Czech pronunciation: [ˈtʃɛskɛː ˈstr̝̊ɛdoɦor̝iː] ⓘ) is a highland and geomorphological mesoregion of the Czech Republic. It is located mostly in the Ústí nad Labem Region.
Gozo Football League Second Division
The Gozo Football League Second Division, known as BOV GFL Second Division for sponsorship reasons, is the second and lowest level in the Gozo Football League. The league was first competed in 1948.

The Second Division is played in the same manner as the First Division: based on three rounds, each club plays three games against every other team for a total of 15 games. The season is usually held between September and April, and at the end of the season, the champion is automatically promoted to next season's First Division season and replaces the bottom-placed club from the First Division. The second-placed club plays a promotion and relegation play-off against the seventh-placed team in the First Division, with the winner earning the right to play in the top tier the following season.

The majority of the matches are played at the Kercem Ground, with the occasional use of the Gozo Stadium. Current top form player is Julian Camilleri playing for Xaghra United F.C.

Kerċem Ajax Stadium
The Kerċem Ajax Stadium (Maltese: il-Grawnd ta' Kerċem) is a stadium located in Kerċem, Gozo, Malta. The stadium is believed to seat around 1,000 people and hosts the Gozo Football League Second Division and domestic cup matches.
Inifos
Inifos (Haitian Creole: Inifòs), is a political party in Haiti founded on 10 May 2019 following claims that its predecessor party, Inite, had dissolved. It is led by former 2006 presidential candidate and Minister of Justice Paul Denis.

Inite
Patriotic Unity (Haitian Creole: Inite Patriyotik, INITE) is a political party in Haiti founded on 28 November 2009. Its dissolution had been claimed by former leading members on 30 April 2019 but was then disputed by the current leadership. Its founder and leader was René Préval, who served as President of Haiti from 2006 to 2011.
King of the Goths
The title of King of the Goths (Swedish: Götes konung; Danish: Goternes konge; Latin: gothorum rex) was for many centuries borne by both the kings of Sweden and the kings of Denmark.

In the Swedish case, the reference is to Götaland (land of the Geats); in the Danish case, to the island of Gotland (land of the Gutes).

Geats
The Geats (/ɡiːts, ˈɡeɪəts, jæts/ GHEETS, GAY-əts, YATS), sometimes called Goths, were a large North Germanic tribe who inhabited Götaland ("land of the Geats") in modern southern Sweden from antiquity until the Late Middle Ages. They are one of the progenitor groups of modern Swedes, along with the tribes of Swedes and Gutes. The name of the Geats also lives on in the Swedish provinces of Västergötland and Östergötland, the western and eastern lands of the Geats, and in many other toponyms.

The Swedish dialects spoken in the areas that used to be inhabited by Geats form a distinct group, Götamål.
Proceratophrys
Proceratophrys is a genus of frogs in the family Odontophrynidae. They are found in eastern and southern Brazil, northeastern Argentina, and Paraguay, possibly into Bolivia adjacent to the Brazilian border.

Odontophrynidae
The Odontophrynidae are a family of frogs from southern and eastern South America. This family was first established in 1969 as the tribe Odontophrynini within the (then) very large family Leptodactylidae. Molecular phylogenetics analyses prompted the move of this group to the Cycloramphidae in 2006, before they became recognized as their own family Odontophrynidae in 2011.
Isauro Gabaldón
Isauro Gabaldón y González (born Isauro González; December 8, 1875 – December 21, 1942) was a Filipino politician who served as a resident commissioner of the Philippines to the United States House of Representatives, serving from 1920 until 1928.

Gabaldon School Buildings
The Gabaldon School Buildings, or simply the Gabaldons, were built during the American colonial era in the Philippines. They were inspired by the bahay kubo and bahay na bato, traditional houses of the Philippines. As of about 2024, there were 2,045 Gabaldon Schoolhouses in the country.
Trembling Bells
Trembling Bells were a Scottish folk rock group formed in 2008 by drummer Alex Neilson, a musician with a history of free and improvised playing with several artists. Based in Glasgow, the group released three albums through Honest Jon's Records. A fourth, The Sovereign Self, was released on 29 June 2015, followed by an EP in 2016, both on Tin Angel Records. Their last album, Dungeness, was released in March 2018. In September 2018, frontwoman Lavinia Blackwall announced she was leaving the band after 10 years. Following a further run of gigs, the band announced they were to split, with members focusing on their individual projects.

The Incredible String Band
The Incredible String Band (sometimes abbreviated as ISB) were a Scottish folk rock band formed by Clive Palmer, Robin Williamson, and Mike Heron in Edinburgh in 1966. Following Palmer's early departure, Williamson and Heron continued as a duo and were eventually augmented by other musicians such as Licorice McKechnie, Rose Simpson, and Malcolm Le Maistre.  The band split up in 1974.  They reformed in 1999 and continued to perform with changing lineups until 2006.

The band built a considerable following in the British 1960s counterculture, notably with their albums The 5000 Spirits or the Layers of the Onion (1967), The Hangman's Beautiful Daughter (1968), and Wee Tam and the Big Huge (1968).  They became pioneers in psychedelic folk and, through integrating a wide variety of traditional music forms and instruments, in the development of world music.
Epigeal germination
Epigeal germination (Ancient Greek ἐπίγαιος [epígaios] 'above ground', from ἐπί [epí] 'on' and γῆ [gê] 'earth, ground') is a botanical term indicating that the germination of a plant takes place above the ground. An example of a plant with epigeal germination is the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The opposite of epigeal is hypogeal (underground germination).

| Epi: Above + Geo: Earth | + Germination

Hypogeal germination
Hypogeal germination (from Ancient Greek ὑπόγειος [hupógeios] 'below ground', from ὑπό [hupó] 'below' and γῆ [gê] 'earth, ground') is a botanical term indicating that the germination of a plant takes place below the ground. An example of a plant with hypogeal germination is the pea (Pisum sativum). The opposite of hypogeal is epigeal (above-ground germination).
Theodoric II, Count of Montbéliard
Theodoric II  (ca. 1080 – January 1163) was Count of Montbéliard (1105–1163). He was the son of Theodoric I, Count of Montbéliard, Bar and Verdun, and Ermentrude of Burgundy.

He received first possessions of the family, but they were chased by his subjects because of his bad temper. After the death of his father in 1105, he received the county of Montbéliard, becoming its count that same year. He played an important role with emperors, participating in the Concordat of Worms. He had also founded several monasteries.

His wife is unknown. He had the following issue:

Theodoric III, who died between 1155 and 1160. Married to Gertrude Habsburg, the daughter of Werner II, Count of Habsburg

Sophie († 1148), married in 1128 to Richard II, Count of Montfaucon. It was their son, Amadeus II of Montfaucon, who succeeded his grandfather.

Stephanie, married to Folmar, Count of Sarrewerden

Ermentrude, married to Eudes, Count of la Roche

Amadeus II of Montfaucon
Amadeus II of Montfaucon (c. 1130–1195)  a member of the House of Montfaucon, Count of Montbéliard and Lord of Montfaucon from 1163 until his death. He was the son of Richard II of Montfaucon and Sophie of Montbéliard, daughter of Theodoric II, Count of Montbéliard. He was ultimately succeeded by his son Richard III of Montfaucon.

He first married to Beatrice Grandson-Joinville, then Osilie of Faucogney, and had the following issue:

Walter I of Montbéliard who was Regent of the Kingdom of Cyprus (1206-1210).

Richard III who succeed his father

Agnès of Montfaucon
Ford EcoBoost engine
EcoBoost is a series of turbocharged, direct-injection gasoline engines produced by Ford and originally co-developed by FEV Inc. (now FEV North America Inc.). EcoBoost engines are designed to deliver power and torque consistent with those of larger-displacement (cylinder volume) naturally aspirated engines, while achieving up to 20% better fuel efficiency and 15% fewer greenhouse emissions, according to Ford. The manufacturer sees the EcoBoost technology as less costly and more versatile than further developing or expanding the use of hybrid and diesel engine technologies. EcoBoost engines are broadly available across the Ford vehicle lineup.

Ford Edge
The Ford Edge is a crossover SUV manufactured and marketed by the Ford Motor Company introduced for the 2007 model year as the first mid-size CUV marketed by Ford in North America. Deriving its name from a trim package of the Ford Ranger, the Ford Edge is positioned between the Ford Escape and the Ford Explorer within the Ford product line.

Production of the North American Edge ended in April 2024, with the third generation Edge (dubbed the Edge L), launched in 2023, being produced and sold exclusively in China.

Sharing its underpinnings with the Ford Fusion sedan, Ford also marketed a rebadged variant as the Lincoln MKX (since 2019, the Lincoln Nautilus). The second generation is also marketed by Ford of Europe, positioned between the Kuga (Escape) and the Explorer PHEV.

Manufacturing of the first two generations took place at Oakville Assembly (Oakville, Ontario) alongside the Nautilus.
Génération sans futur
Génération sans futur (French: Generation without a future) is the third album by Art Zoyd, released in 1980 through Atem Records. In 1992, Génération sans futur would be reissued as a double compact disc with Symphonie pour le jour où brûleront les cités, Musique pour l'Odyssée and Archives 1.

Symphonie pour le jour où brûleront les cités
Symphonie pour le jour où brûleront les cités (French: Symphony for the day when the cities will burn; originally released as Art Zoyd 3) is the debut album of Art Zoyd, released in 1976 through AZ Production Michel Besset. In 1981, the entire album was re-recorded and released on Atem Records. Re-issues of both versions of the album in 2008 contain different bonus tracks.

In 1992, the 1981 re-recording would be reissued as a double compact disc with Musique pour l'Odyssée, Génération sans futur and Archives 1.
Reynato Puno
Reynato Serrano Puno, KGCR (born May 17, 1940) is a Filipino jurist. He served as the 22nd chief justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines from December 8, 2006, by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo until his mandatory retirement on May 17, 2010. Puno had initially been appointed to the Supreme Court as an associate justice on June 28, 1993.

Puno was appointed on January 23, 2018, as the chairperson of the Consultative Committee to Review the 1987 Constitution by virtue of Executive Order No. 10.

Puno is also the chairman of the solar energy company named "GenWATT".

University of the Philippines College of Law
The University of the Philippines College of Law (often referred to as UP Law) is the law school of the University of the Philippines Diliman. Formally established in 1911 in UP Manila, it is the third oldest continually-operating law school in the Philippines. Since 1948, it has been based in UP Diliman in Quezon City, the flagship of the UP System's eight constituent universities. The college also holds extension classes at the Bonifacio Global City campus of UP Diliman in Taguig and the Iloilo City campus of UP Visayas.

UP Law is noted for having produced the largest number of bar topnotchers and maintaining one of the highest bar passing rates among law schools in the Philippines.
Lhasa
Lhasa, officially the Chengguan District of Lhasa City, is the inner urban district of Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region, Southwestern China.

Lhasa is the second most populous urban area on the Tibetan Plateau after Xining and, at an altitude of 3,656 metres (11,990 ft), Lhasa is one of the highest cities in the world. The city has been the religious and administrative capital of Tibet since the mid-17th century. It contains many culturally significant Tibetan Buddhist sites such as the Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple and Norbulingka Palaces. According to the census, the total resident population of the city by the end of 2024 will be 876,400.

Princess Wencheng
Princess Wencheng (Chinese: 文成公主; pinyin: Wénchéng Gōngzhǔ; Tibetan: མུན་ཆང་ཀོང་ཅོ, Wylie: mun chang kong co) was a princess and member of a minor branch of the imperial clan of the Tang dynasty, who married King Songtsen Gampo of the Tibetan Empire in 641. She is also known by the name Gyasa or "Chinese wife" in Tibet. Both Wencheng and Songtsen Gampo's first wife, Nepali princess Bhrikuti, are considered to be physical manifestations of the bodhisattvas White Tara and Green Tara respectively.
Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person Act 1997
The Non-Fatal Offences against the Person Act 1997 is an Act of the Oireachtas which virtually codified the criminal law on offences against the person in Ireland. The Act replaced the greater part of the Offences against the Person Act 1861, scrapping such concepts as actual bodily harm and grievous bodily harm, and recognised the use of modern technology as a weapon:

"force" includes...application of heat, light, electric current, noise or any other form of energy -Section 2.2(a)

The Act also made it an offence to use a syringe as a weapon, particularly where it is used to make the victim "...believe that he or she may become infected with disease".

Assault occasioning actual bodily harm
Assault occasioning actual bodily harm (often abbreviated to Assault OABH, AOABH or simply ABH) is a statutory offence of aggravated assault in England and Wales, Northern Ireland, the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Hong Kong and the Solomon Islands. It has been abolished in Ireland and South Australia, but replaced with a similar offence.