hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mumbai Suburban Railway
The Mumbai Suburban Railway (colloquially called local trains or simply locals) consists of exclusive inner suburban railway lines, augmented by commuter rail on main lines serving outlying suburbs to serve the Mumbai Metropolitan Region in India. Spread over 450 kilometres (280 mi), the suburban railway operates 2,342 train services and carries more than 7.5 million commuters daily.

The daily commuters constitute around 40% of the daily commuters of Indian Railways. By annual ridership (2.64 billion), the Mumbai Suburban Railway is one of the busiest commuter rail systems in the world.

Central Railway zone
The Central Railway (abbreviated CR) is one of the 17 zones of Indian Railways. Its headquarters are located at Mumbai. It has the distinction of operating the first passenger railway line in India, which opened from Mumbai to Thane on 16 April 1853 (1853-04-16).
Lie group decomposition
In mathematics, Lie group decompositions are used to analyse the structure of Lie groups and associated objects, by showing how they are built up out of subgroups. They are essential technical tools in the representation theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras; they can also be used to study the algebraic topology of such groups and associated homogeneous spaces. Since the use of Lie group methods became one of the standard techniques in twentieth century mathematics, many phenomena can now be referred back to decompositions.

The same ideas are often applied to Lie groups, Lie algebras, algebraic groups and p-adic number analogues, making it harder to summarise the facts into a unified theory.

Cartan decomposition
In mathematics, the Cartan decomposition is a decomposition of a semisimple Lie group or Lie algebra, which plays an important role in their structure theory and representation theory.  It generalizes the polar decomposition or singular value decomposition of matrices.  Its history can be traced to the 1880s work of Élie Cartan and Wilhelm Killing.
International Judge of Chess Compositions
International Judge of Chess Compositions is a title award by FIDE via the World Federation for Chess Composition (WFCC; until 2010 Permanent Commission of the FIDE for Chess Compositions, PCCC) to individuals who have judged several chess problem or study tournaments and who are considered capable of judging such awards at the highest level.

The title was first awarded in 1956. In the past, a number of famous over-the-board players have also been International Judges, including Mikhail Botvinnik, Vasily Smyslov, David Bronstein, Paul Keres, Yuri Averbakh and Wolfgang Unzicker, though in modern times the title is generally held by individuals largely unknown outside the world of problems. Many notable problem and study composers are also International Judges, including Genrikh Kasparyan.

Chess problem
A chess problem, also called a chess composition, is a puzzle created by the composer using chess pieces on a chessboard, which presents the solver with a particular task. For instance, a position may be given with the instruction that White is to move first, and checkmate Black in two moves against any possible defence. A chess problem fundamentally differs from over-the-board play in that the latter involves a struggle between Black and White, whereas the former involves a competition between the composer and the solver. Most positions which occur in a chess problem are unrealistic in the sense that they are very unlikely to occur in over-the-board play. There is a substantial amount of specialized jargon used in connection with chess problems.
Sollitt, Illinois
Sollitt is an unincorporated community located in Kankakee County, Illinois, United States. It was founded by John Sollitt, who purchased the land from the United States Government in 1853. The town is located off Illinois Route 1 and County Line Road and is north of Grant Park and south of Beecher. Sollitt has fewer than 100 people within the town.

Kankakee County, Illinois
Kankakee County is a county located in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 107,502. Its county seat is Kankakee. Kankakee County comprises the Kankakee, IL Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Maudite
Maudite is a Belgian-style strong dark ale that has been brewed by Unibroue since 1992.  It is an ale that is conditioned in the bottle. Maudite or maudit used to be a strong expletive (meaning "damned"), a binding oath, among  French-speaking Quebecers, while the younger generation's view of the word is derisive.

The beer's style is a strong red-ale, with an ABV of 8%. The taste is said to be one of wheat, citrus and spice. Maudite's name is reminiscent of the legend of the Chasse-galerie (the legend of the Flying Canoe). Legend has it that a group of Voyageurs (fur traders) who were stuck by frozen rivers in the northern woods, made a deal with the devil to fly the traders to Montreal in their canoes in time for the Christmas holidays.  Satan made it clear that no man could utter the name of God during the flight, but one man could not hold his tongue and yelled "oh my God," at which point the canoe pummeled to the ground  and they were never heard from again.

Unibroue
Unibroue is a brewery in Chambly, Quebec, Canada, that was started by Serge Racine and Quebec native André Dion. The company was purchased by Sleeman Breweries Ltd. in 2004, which was itself taken over by Sapporo in 2006.
Morris Communications
Morris Communications is an American privately-held media company headquartered in Augusta, Georgia. It owns magazine publishing, outdoor advertising, book publishing and distribution, visitor publications, and online services.

Morris Communications is the parent company of Morris Media Network. Morris Media Network consists of city magazines and special-interest magazines including travel. Morris brands include Alaska Magazine, American Angler, Skirt!, The Milepost, Western Horseman, and the Where series for travelers.

Morris Communications is separate from Morris Multimedia, which was founded by Charles H. Morris, a member of the same family that founded Morris Communications.

Alaska (magazine)
Alaska  is a periodical devoted to news and discussion of issues and features related to Alaska. Most of its readership consists of persons outside of Alaska who are interested in the Alaskan way of life.
Deborah Greenspan
Deborah Greenspan is a British-American scholar in dentistry, having been Professor and the Leland and Gladys Barber Distinguished Professor at UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco.

She and her spouse and colleague John S. Greenspan were jointly the recipients of the UCSF Faculty Senate Campuswide Research Lecture Award in Translational Science in 2014, the first time in the history of UCSF that this honor was bestowed on School of Dentistry faculty members. She and John S. Greenspan also discovered hairy leukoplakia, which is a lesion, and in 1985 they identified a connection between it and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV).

John S. Greenspan
John S. Greenspan (January 7, 1938 – March 31, 2023) was an academic dentist/scientist and university administrator. His degrees and diplomas include BSc, BDS, Ph.D., FRCPath, FDSRCS (Eng). He was the Director-Emeritus of the AIDS Research Institute at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). He was also the founding Director of the UCSF AIDS Specimen Bank (1982-2017) and of the UCSF Oral AIDS Center (1986–2005).
Peter Loudon
Peter Loudon (born 17 November 1966 in Perth, Scotland) is a Scottish curler and world champion. He is the alternate player on the David Murdoch team.

He won a gold medal (with skip Hammy McMillan) at the 1999 Ford World Curling Championships in Saint John, New Brunswick. He has received three gold medals at the European Curling Championships.

Loudon competed for Great Britain at the 2002 Winter Olympics.

Loudon is on the board of directors at Scottish football club St Johnstone, for whom his grandfather, Peter Gavigan, played during the 1920s.

He is a brother of Edith Loudon and Katie Loudon.

Peter Gavigan
Peter Gavigan (11 December 1897 – 2 March 1977) was a Scottish footballer who played in the Football League for Clapton Orient and Fulham as an outside right.

After three seasons in Scottish Division One with St Johnstone, two years at Dundee and a short period at Montrose, his final spell was with Dundee United in Division Two, signing on 9 December 1932 and making his debut against Brechin City the following day. He made 13 league appearances for the club in 1932–33 and was released at the end of the season.

Gavigan's grandson, Peter Loudon, is on the board of directors at St Johnstone.
Irvin Mayfield
Irvin Mayfield Jr. (born December 23, 1977) is an American trumpeter, composer, bandleader and educator.  On November 3, 2021, Mayfield was sentenced to 18 months in prison for defrauding the New Orleans public library system for over one million dollars.

Basin Street Records
Basin Street Records is a Grammy Award-winning independent record label based in New Orleans which specializes in jazz, funk, and rhythm and blues (R&B).

Basin Street Records was founded in 1997 by Mark Samuels and Tom Thompson. The label arose out of an agreement to release a live album for New Orleans jazz trumpeter and vocalist Kermit Ruffins, who was managed by Thompson. In mid-1998 Samuels bought Thompson's interest in the company. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina flooded the Basin Street Records office and Mark Samuels' home. Samuels continued to operate the company from "computers in coffee shops" while rebuilding his home and office in New Orleans.

Basin Street concentrates on jazz, funk, rhythm and blues, and blues. The roster includes Kermit Ruffins, Los Hombres Calientes, Jason Marsalis, Irvin Mayfield, Michael White, The Headhunters, Henry Butler, Jon Cleary, Theresa Andersson, Jeremy Davenport, Rebirth Brass Band, and Davell Crawford.
Bulgogi
Bulgogi (/bʊlˈɡoʊɡi/ buul-GOH-ghee, UK also /ˈbʊlɡɒɡi/ BUUL-gog-ee, US also /ˈbuːlɡoʊɡi/ BOOL-goh-ghee; Korean: 불고기 [puɭɡoɡi], lit. 'fire meat') is a gui (Korean-style grilled or roasted dish) made of thin, marinated slices of meat, most commonly beef, grilled on a barbecue or on a stove-top griddle. It is also often stir-fried in a pan in home cooking. Sirloin and rib eye are frequently used cuts of beef for the dish. Bulgogi is a very popular dish in South Korea, where it can be found anywhere from upscale restaurants to local supermarkets as pan-ready kits.

Gui (food)
Gui (Korean: 구이; pronounced [kuː.i]) refers to grilled dishes in Korean cuisine. Gui most commonly has meat or fish as the primary ingredient, but may, in some cases also have grilled vegetables or other vegetarian ingredients. The term derives from the verb gupda (굽다), which literally means "grill". At traditional restaurants, meats are cooked at the center of the table over a charcoal grill, surrounded by various banchan and individual rice bowls. The cooked meat is then cut into small pieces and wrapped with fresh lettuce leaves, rice, thinly sliced garlic, ssamjang (a mixture of gochujang and dwenjang), and other seasonings. The suffix gui is often omitted in the names of meat-based gui such as galbi, originally named galbi gui.
Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps
The United States Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps is one of four premier musical organizations of the United States Army. Members perform using musical instruments and wearing uniforms similar to those used by military musicians of the Continental Army during the American Revolution.

It is the only unit of its kind in the United States' armed forces, and is part of the 3rd U.S. Infantry ("The Old Guard"). The Fife and Drum Corps has been stationed at Fort Myer, Virginia, since its founding on February 23, 1960.

Corps of drums
A corps of drums, sometimes known as a fife and drum corps or simply field music, is a traditional European military music formation. Historically, a Corps of Drums' primary role was communication. Today, the primary role of a Corps of Drums is ceremonial, performing in parades and military ceremonies. Besides drums, this formation may contain a variety of instruments, including trumpets, bugles, and fifes.
Illinois Public Interest Research Group
Illinois Public Interest Research Group (Illinois PIRG) is a non-profit organization that is part of the state PIRG organizations. It works on a variety of political activities, including childhood obesity, reducing the interest on student loans, and closing tax loopholes.

In the United States, Public Interest Research Groups (PIRGs) are non-profit organizations that employ grassroots organizing, direct advocacy, investigative journalism, and litigation to affect public policy.

Public Interest Research Group
Public Interest Research Groups (PIRGs) are U.S. and Canadian non-profit organizations that employ grassroots organizing and direct advocacy on issues such as consumer protection, public health and transportation. Many of the PIRGs are closely affiliated with the Fund for the Public Interest, which conducts fundraising and canvassing on their behalf.
Theodora Angelina Palaiologina
Theodora Angelina Palaiologina (Greek: Θεοδώρα Άγγελίνα Παλαιολογίνα) was a Byzantine noblewoman and mother of the future Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, the founder of the Palaiologan dynasty. She was the daughter of the despotes Alexios Palaiologos and Irene Komnene Angelina, the daughter of Alexios III Angelos and Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera.

Alexios Palaiologos (despot)
Alexios Palaiologos (Greek: Ἀλέξιος Παλαιολόγος; died 1203) was a Byzantine nobleman, the son-in-law of Emperor Alexios III Angelos (r. 1195–1203) and his heir apparent from 1199 until his death. Throughout this time, he was actively involved in the suppression of several revolts and riots against the emperor. Through his daughter, he became one of the progenitors of the Palaiologan dynasty (1261–1453).
Lanyu Airport
The Lanyu Airport (Chinese: 蘭嶼機場; pinyin: Lányǔ Jīchǎng; Tao: Seyseykedan No Sikoki No Irala (IATA: KYD, ICAO: RCLY)) is an airport on Orchid Island, Taitung County, Taiwan. The airport does not support night time flying except for emergency medical services flights.

Civil Aviation Administration (Taiwan)
The Civil Aviation Administration (CAA; Chinese: 民用航空局; pinyin: Mínyòng Hángkōng Jú; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Bîn-iōng Hâng-khong-kio̍k) is the government agency of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications of the Republic of China (Taiwan) that is responsible for the regulation of all civil aviation activities. CAA operates the passenger terminals in 18 airports, of which 9 airports are owned by CAA, with the rest owned by the Republic of China Air Force.
IBM AIX
AIX (pronounced /ˌeɪ.aɪ.ˈɛks/ ay-eye-EKS) is a series of proprietary Unix operating systems developed and sold by IBM since 1986. The name stands for "Advanced Interactive eXecutive". Current versions are designed to work with Power ISA based server and workstation computers such as IBM's Power line.

VM (operating system)
VM, often written VM/CMS, is a family of virtual machine operating systems used on IBM mainframes including the System/370, System/390, IBM Z and compatible systems. It replaced the older CP-67 that formed the basis of the CP/CMS operating system. It was first released as the free Virtual Machine Facility/370 for the S/370 in 1972, followed by chargeable upgrades and versions that added support for new hardware.

VM creates virtual machines into which a conventional operating system may be loaded to allow user programs to run. Originally, that operating system was CMS, a simple single-user system similar to DOS. VM can also be used with a number of other IBM operating systems, including large systems like MVS or VSE, which are often run on their own without VM. In other cases, VM is used with a more specialized operating system or even programs that provided many OS features. These include RSCS and MUMPS, among others.
Cindy Sheehan
Cindy Lee Sheehan (née Miller; born July 10, 1957) is an American anti-war activist, whose son, U.S. Army Specialist Casey Sheehan, was killed by enemy action during the Iraq War. She attracted national and international media attention in August 2005 for her extended antiwar protest at a makeshift camp outside President George W. Bush's Texas ranch—a stand that drew both passionate support and criticism. Sheehan ran unsuccessfully for Congress in 2008. She was a vocal critic of President Barack Obama's foreign policy. Her memoir, Peace Mom: A Mother's Journey Through Heartache to Activism, was published in 2006. In an interview with The Daily Beast in 2017, Sheehan continued to hold her critical views towards George W. Bush, while also criticizing the militarism of Donald Trump.

Sheehan was the 2012 vice presidential nominee of the Peace and Freedom Party alongside Roseanne Barr, and received 1.2% of the statewide vote in the 2014 California gubernatorial primary election.

Vacaville, California
Vacaville is a city in Solano County, California, United States.  It is located 35 miles (56 km) from Sacramento and 55 miles (89 km) from San Francisco, on the edge of the Sacramento Valley in Northern California. The city was founded in 1851 and is named after Juan Manuel Vaca.

As of the 2020 census, Vacaville had a population of 102,386, making it the third-largest city in Solano County.
4th Dental Battalion
The 4th Dental Battalion is a unit of the United States Marine Corps Reserve, staffed by personnel from both the United States Marine Corps and the United States Navy that provides dental support to United States Marine Corps forces. The unit is a reserve battalion based out of the Navy Operational Support Center Atlanta in Marietta, Georgia and is part of the 4th Marine Logistics Group. It is one of four dental Marine Corps battalions and the only reserve dental battalion.

The battalion provides overseas support for Marines as well as domestic non-combat joint operations dental clinics. The battalion also provides dental services for civilians during operations and training exercises.

4th Marine Logistics Group
The 4th Marine Logistics Group (4th MLG) is a reserve logistics unit of the United States Marine Corps.  The group is headquartered at New Orleans, Louisiana while its subordinate units are spread across the United States.
Info-gap decision theory
Info-gap decision theory seeks to optimize robustness to failure under severe uncertainty, in particular applying sensitivity analysis of the stability radius type to perturbations in the value of a given estimate of the parameter of interest. It has some connections with Wald's maximin model; some authors distinguish them, others consider them instances of the same principle.

It was developed by Yakov Ben-Haim, and has found many applications and described as a theory for decision-making under "severe uncertainty".  It has been criticized as unsuited for this purpose, and alternatives proposed, including such classical approaches as robust optimization.

Decision theory
Decision theory or the theory of rational choice is a branch of probability, economics, and analytic philosophy that uses expected utility and probability to model how individuals would behave rationally under uncertainty. It differs from the cognitive and behavioral sciences in that it is mainly prescriptive and concerned with identifying optimal decisions for a rational agent, rather than describing how people actually make decisions. Despite this, the field is important to the study of real human behavior by social scientists, as it lays the foundations to mathematically model and analyze individuals in fields such as sociology, economics, criminology, cognitive science, moral philosophy and political science.
Recall election
A recall election (also called a recall referendum, recall petition or representative recall) is a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office through a referendum before that official's term of office has ended. Recalls appear in the constitution in ancient Athenian democracy. Even where they are legally available, recall elections are only commonly held in a small number of countries including Peru, Ecuador, Taiwan, and Japan. They are considered by groups such as ACE Electoral Knowledge Network as the most rarely used form of direct democracy.

2011 Wisconsin Senate recall elections
The 2011 Wisconsin Senate recall elections were a series of recall elections for nine Wisconsin state senators held on July 19, 2011, August 9, 2011, and August 16, 2011. Nine of the 33 seats in the Wisconsin Senate were up for election—all even-numbered districts. were held during the summer of 2011; one was held on July 19, and six on August 9, with two more held on August 16. Before the elections, six seats were held by Republicans, while three were held by Democrats. The primary election was held in July.
Ádám Nagy
Ádám Nagy (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈaːdaːm ˈnɒɟ]; born 17 June 1995) is a Hungarian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Italian Serie B club Spezia and the Hungary national team.

He began his career at Ferencváros, making his professional debut for the reserves in August 2013 and for the first team in May 2015. Nagy won eight caps and scored one goal for Hungary at youth level. He made his full international debut against Northern Ireland on 7 September 2015 coming on as a substitute, and has represented the nation at the 2016, 2020 and 2024 UEFA European Championships.

2015–16 Nemzeti Bajnokság I
The 2015–16 Nemzeti Bajnokság I, also known as NB I, is the 117th season of top-tier football in Hungary. The league is officially named OTP Bank Liga for sponsorship reasons. The season began 17 July 2015 and will conclude on 8 May 2016. Videoton are the defending champions having won their second Hungarian championship last season.

Last season an extra four teams were relegated to the Nemzeti Bajnokság III. Győr had financial and licensing issues. Kecskemét, Pécs and Nyíregyháza all had licensing issues. Therefore, from this season twelve teams compete for the championship title, playing 33 rounds. This season was played with 12 teams after reduced from 16 in 2014–15.
That Dog
That Dog (stylized as that dog.) is a Los Angeles-based rock band that formed in 1992 and disbanded in 1997, reuniting in 2011. The band originally consisted of Anna Waronker on lead vocals and guitar, Rachel Haden on bass guitar and vocals, her sister Petra Haden on violin and vocals, and Tony Maxwell on drums.

The band's original work drew critical comparisons with the output of Redd Kross, Wednesday Week, Dolly Mixture and Buzzcocks.

That Dog (album)
That Dog (stylized as that dog.) is the debut studio album by American alternative rock band that dog. The album was released on November 8, 1993, in the United Kingdom on the 4AD imprint Guernica, and on March 1, 1994, in the United States on DGC Records. Several of the album's tracks had previously been issued on the EP that dog. on Magnatone Products, released earlier in 1993.

"Old Timer" was released as the album's only single, and featured a music video directed by Spike Jonze.
Orange Kloof
Orange Kloof is an area of Table Mountain National Park in Cape Town, South Africa.

It is located at the northern end of the Hout Bay valley, just to the west of Cecilia Park. It is a conservation area with highly restricted access, vegetated by indigenous Afro-temperate forest and endangered Peninsula Granite Fynbos.

Orange Kloof is believed to have derived its name from the bark of the orange-coloured saffron trees that were prevalent in Hout Bay at the time.

Southern Afrotemperate Forest
Southern Afrotemperate Forest (the Southern Cape Forests) is a kind of tall, shady, multilayered indigenous South African forest.
This is the main forest-type in the south-western part of South Africa, naturally extending from the Cape Peninsula in the west, as far as Port Elizabeth in the east. In this range (apart from the massive Knysna-Tsitsikamma forest complex), it usually occurs in small forest pockets, surrounded by fynbos vegetation.