hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The WELL
The Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link, normally shortened to The WELL or The Well, is a virtual community founded in 1985. It is one of the oldest continuously operating virtual communities. By 1993 it had 7,000 members, a staff of 12, and gross annual income of $2 million. A 1997 feature in Wired magazine called it "The world's most influential online community." In 2012, when it was last publicly offered for sale, it had 2,693 members. It is best known for its Internet forums, but also provides email, shell accounts, and web pages. Discussion topics are organized into conferences that cover broad areas of interest. User anonymity is prohibited.

Cliff Figallo
Cliff Figallo (January 12, 1949 – September 11, 2022) was an American planner, designer and manager of social media platforms. He was a member of The Farm, an intentional community founded in 1971, and helped create The WELL, one of the earliest online communities in America, the Table Talk online discussion forum for Salon.com and the Electronic Frontier Foundation.

He wrote two books and a number of articles on managing online communities and maximizing free speech online. "The Figallo effect" was used by Jonathan Bishop of Swansea University to describe organic growth in an online community due to trust among non-anonymous members.
Edmonton Alberta Temple
The Edmonton Alberta Temple is the 67th operating temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the second in the province of Alberta, following the one in Cardston. Located in Edmonton, the temple serves about 15,700 members in the area.  The intent to construct the temple was announced on August 11, 1998, by church president Gordon B. Hinckley. It was dedicated on December 11 and 12, 1999 and was the first in Alberta in a major metropolitan area. The temple serves seven stakes across central and northern Alberta.

Designed by Robert Bennett, the building uses a classic modern architectural style, with a single spire that has a statue of the angel Moroni on top, and light gray granite quarried in Quebec on the exterior. The interior include symbolic elements such as wheat and the wild rose—honoring Alberta’s agricultural roots and provincial flower.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Canada
Since its organization in New York in 1830, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) has had a presence in Canada. Several church-related items that were the first of their kind outside the United States include: missionaries preaching (Upper Canada), establishment of a stake (Alberta Stake), and construction of a temple (Cardston Alberta Temple).

With the church reporting more than 200,000 members at year-end 2024, Canada ranks as having the 4th largest body of LDS Church members in North America and the 12th worldwide.  The 2021 Canadian Census survey reported approximately 0.2% of the population (about 87,725 people) identified themselves as church members.
Botswana women's national football team
The Botswana women's national football team  is the women's national football team of Botswana and is controlled by the Botswana Football Association. They qualified for their maiden Women's Africa Cup of Nations tournament 2022 in Morocco where they made it to the quarterfinals.

Zambia women's national football team
The Zambia women's national association football team represents Zambia in association football, participating in qualifying tournaments for the FIFA Women's World Cup and other African-based competitions. Nicknamed Copper Queens. It made its debut in the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup, becoming the first landlocked nation in Africa to qualify for a senior World Cup in either men's or women's soccer.
Variational inequality
In mathematics, a variational inequality is an inequality involving a functional, which has to be solved for all possible values of a given variable, belonging usually to a convex set. The mathematical theory of variational inequalities was initially developed to deal with equilibrium problems, precisely the Signorini problem: in that model problem, the functional involved was obtained as the first variation of the involved potential energy. Therefore, it has a variational origin, recalled by the name of the general abstract problem. The applicability of the theory has since been expanded to include problems from economics, finance, optimization and game theory.

Jacques-Louis Lions
Jacques-Louis Lions (French: [ʒak lwi ljɔ̃ːs]; 2 May 1928 – 17 May 2001) was a French mathematician who made contributions to the theory of partial differential equations and to stochastic control, among other areas.  He received the SIAM's John von Neumann Lecture prize in 1986 and numerous other distinctions. Lions is listed as an ISI highly cited researcher.

He has successively taught at several universities, including the prestigious École Polytechnique and Collège de France. He is also the father of mathematician Pierre-Louis Lions, a professor at the Collège de France and recipient of the Fields Medal in 1994.
Bactrocera dorsalis
Bactrocera dorsalis, previously known as Dacus dorsalis and commonly referred to as the oriental fruit fly, is a species of tephritid fruit fly that is endemic to Southeast Asia. It is one of the major pest species in the genus Bactrocera with a broad host range of cultivated and wild fruits. Male B. dorsalis respond strongly to methyl eugenol, which is used to monitor and estimate populations, as well as to annihilate males as a form of pest control. They are also important pollinators and visitors of wild orchids, Bulbophyllum cheiri and Bulbophyllum vinaceum in Southeast Asia, which lure the flies using methyl eugenol.

The fly is similar to the closely related species B. carambolae and B. occipitalis. The species name B. dorsalis is identical to other synonyms B. papayae, B. invadens and B. philippinensis.

Bactrocera carambolae
Bactrocera carambolae, also known as the carambola fruit fly, is a fruit fly species in the family Tephritidae, and is native to Asia. This species was described by Drew and Hancock in 1994.

Bactrocera carambolae are specifically native to Malaysia, southern Thailand and western Indonesia. In past years, this species has invaded South America via the trade of fruits from Indonesia. This species is known as a major exotic pest, labelled as high priority in the Tropical Fruit Industry Biosecurity Plan and a quarantine pest in Brazil.
Pseudohydnum gelatinosum
Pseudohydnum gelatinosum, commonly known as the toothed jelly fungus, cat's tongue, or jelly tooth, is a species of fungus in the order Auriculariales. Its common names refer to its gelatinous consistency and hydnoid (toothed) undersurface. Found in Eurasia, the mushroom is edible.

Auriculariales
The Auriculariales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. Species within the order were formerly referred to the "heterobasidiomycetes" or "jelly fungi", since many have gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that produce spores on septate basidia. Around 200 species are known worldwide, placed in six or more families, though the status of these families is currently uncertain. All species in the Auriculariales are believed to be saprotrophic, most growing on dead wood. Fruit bodies of several Auricularia species are cultivated for food on a commercial scale, especially in China.
Sashiki Castle
Sashiki Castle (佐敷城, Sashiki jō; Okinawan: Sashichi Gushiku) is a Ryūkyūan gusuku fortification located in the city of Nanjō, Okinawa.  It has been protected by the central government as a National Historic Site since 2013.

Gusuku
Gusuku (グスク, 御城; Okinawan: gushiku) often refers to castles or fortresses in the Ryukyu Islands that feature stone walls. However, the origin and essence of gusuku remain controversial. In the archaeology of the Ryukyu Islands, the Gusuku period refers to an archaeological epoch of the Okinawa Islands that follows the shell-mound period and precedes the Sanzan period, when most gusuku are thought to have been built. Many gusuku and related cultural remains on Okinawa Island have been listed by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites under the title Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu.
Romanowsky stain
Romanowsky staining is a prototypical staining technique that was the forerunner of several distinct but similar stains widely used in hematology (the study of blood) and cytopathology (the study of diseased cells). Romanowsky-type stains are used to differentiate cells for microscopic examination in pathological specimens, especially blood and bone marrow films, and to detect parasites such as malaria within the blood.

The staining technique is named after the Russian physician Dmitri Leonidovich Romanowsky (1861–1921), who was one of the first to recognize its potential for use as a blood stain.

Stains that are related to or derived from the Romanowsky-type stains include Giemsa, Jenner, Wright, Field, May–Grünwald, Pappenheim and Leishman stains. They differ in protocols and additives and their names are often confused with one another in practice.

Leishman stain
Leishman stain, also known as Leishman's stain, is used in microscopy for staining blood smears. It is generally used to differentiate between and identify white blood cells, malaria parasites, and trypanosomas. It is based on a methanolic mixture of "polychromed" methylene blue (i.e. demethylated into various azures) and eosin. The methanolic stock solution is stable and also serves the purpose of directly fixing the smear eliminating a prefixing step. If a working solution is made by dilution with an aqueous buffer, the resulting mixture is very unstable and cannot be used for long. Leishman stain is named after its inventor, the Scottish pathologist William Boog Leishman. It is a version of the Romanowsky stain, and is thus similar to and partially replaceable by Giemsa stain, Jenner's stain, and Wright's stain.
Pigment Yellow 12
Pigment Yellow 12 is an organic compound and an azo compound.  It is a widely used yellow pigment.  It is also classified as a diarylide pigment, being derived from 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine.  It is closely related to Pigment Yellow 13, wherein the two phenyl groups are replaced by 2,4-xylyl. According to X-ray crystallography, the molecule is nearly planar and exists as the keto-hydrazide tautomer.

3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine is a chlorinated aromatic amine derived from benzidine. It is widely used in the production of diarylide yellow pigments used in the production of printing inks. Its use in the production of dyes has been largely discontinued because of concerns about carcinogenicity.
Bukit Bintang
Bukit Bintang (Malay: [ˈbu.ket̚ ˈbin.taŋ]; stylised as Bintang Walk or Starhill, the latter being a translation of the Malay name) is the shopping and entertainment district of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It encompasses Jalan Bukit Bintang (Bukit Bintang Road in English) and its immediate surrounding areas. The area has long been Kuala Lumpur's most prominent retail belt that is home to many landmark shopping centres, al-fresco cafés, bars, night markets, food street, mamak stalls as well as hawker-type eateries. This area is popular among tourists and locals, especially among the youths.

Since June 2021, the local municipal and authority, Kuala Lumpur City Hall (DBKL), has created a scramble crossing at the junction of Bukit Bintang, located in front of the iconic McDonald's Bukit Bintang outlet, just below the KL Monorail Line. This was done to increase the walkability in the area.

Sungei Wang Plaza
Sungei Wang Plaza (Malay: Plaza Sungei Wang) is a strata title shopping centre in Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

The mall has an aggregate retail floor area of approximately 800,000 square feet (sq. ft.) and key anchor tenant includes Cold Storage (Formerly Giant Supermarket), JUMPA @ Sungei Wang, Blastacars, Camp5, Daiso and MR. DIY. The shopping center is accessible from Bukit Bintang MRT/Monorail.
Noto fonts
Noto is a free font family comprising over 100 individual computer fonts, which are together designed to cover all the scripts encoded in the Unicode standard. As of November 2024, Noto covers around 1,000 languages and 162 writing systems. As of October 2016, Noto fonts cover all 93 scripts defined in Unicode version 6.1 (April 2012), although fewer than 30,000 of the nearly 75,000 CJK unified ideographs in version 6.0 are covered. In total, Noto fonts cover over 77,000 characters, which is around half of the 149,186 characters defined in Unicode 15.0 (released in September 2022).

The Noto family is designed with the goal of achieving visual harmony (e.g., compatible heights and stroke thicknesses) across multiple languages/scripts. Commissioned by Google, the font is licensed under the SIL Open Font License. Until September 2015, the fonts were under the Apache License 2.0.

Open Sans
Open Sans is an open source humanist sans-serif typeface that was designed by Steve Matteson under commission from Google. It was released in 2011 and is based on his earlier design called Droid Sans, which was specifically created for Android mobile devices but with slight modifications to its width.

The typeface is characterized by its wide apertures on many letters and a large x-height, making it highly legible on screens and at small sizes. Being part of the humanist genre of sans-serif typefaces, it also features a true italic style. As of July 2018, Open Sans is the second most widely used font on Google Fonts, serving over four billion views per day across more than 20 million websites.

In March 2021, the Open Sans font family was updated to include a variable font version, which now also supports Hebrew characters.
John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford
John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford, KG, PC, JP (c. 1485 – 14 March 1555) was an English royal minister in the Tudor era. He served variously as Lord High Admiral and Lord Privy Seal. Among the lands and property he was given by Henry VIII after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, were the Abbey and town of Tavistock, and the area that is now Covent Garden. Russell is the ancestor of all subsequent Earls and Dukes of Bedford and Earls Russell, including John Russell, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1865-6), and Bertrand Russell, the philosopher (1872-1970).

Lord Lieutenant of Devon
The Office of the Lord Lieutenant was created during the reign of Henry VIII (1509–1547), taking over the military duties of the Sheriffs and control of the military forces of the Crown. From 1569 there was provision for the appointment of Deputy Lieutenants, and in 1662 the Lord-Lieutenant was given entire control of the militia. The Regulation of the Forces Act 1871 transferred this function back to the Crown, and in 1921, the office lost its power to call upon men of the county to fight in case of need. Since 1711 all the Lord Lieutenants have also been Custos Rotulorum of Devon.
Ashwin Adhin
Michael Ashwin Satyandre Adhin (born 10 June 1980) is a Surinamese educator, politician, and was the Vice President of Suriname between 2015 and 2020. He is a member of the National Democratic Party. At the age of 35, he became the youngest vice president in the history of Suriname to lead the Council of Ministers. Adhin is a Hindu of Indian descent.

In July 2013, Adhin became Minister of Education in the cabinet of President Dési Bouterse, replacing Shirley Sitaldin. After the 2015 Surinamese general election, in which Adhin was elected to the National Assembly for the electoral district of Paramaribo, he was inaugurated as vice president on 12 August 2015, and served until 16 July 2020. Adhin was succeeded by Ronnie Brunswijk.

Indo-Surinamese
Indo-Surinamese, Indian-Surinamese,  or Hindustani Surinamese are nationals of Suriname who trace their ancestry to the Indian subcontinent. Their ancestors were indentured labourers brought by the Dutch and the British to the Dutch colony of Suriname, beginning in 1873 and continuing during the British Raj. Per the 2012 Census of Suriname, 148,443 citizens of Suriname are of Indo-Surinamese origin,  constituting 27.4% of the total population, making them the largest ethnic group in Suriname on an individual level. They are a subgroup of Asian Surinamese and Indo-Caribbean people.
Roslyn Grist Mill
The Roslyn Grist Mill is a historic gristmill and future museum, located along Old Northern Boulevard within the Incorporated Village of Roslyn, in Nassau County, New York, United States. It was built at some point before the mid-18th century and is one of the few surviving Dutch colonial commercial frame buildings in the United States.

Listed on both the National Register of Historic Places and the New York State Register of Historic Places in 1986, the historic structure is currently being restored by the Roslyn Landmark Society, for use as a museum.

Old Northern Boulevard
Old Northern Boulevard (commonly referred to as Old Northern) is a major, 2.4-mile (3.9 km) road in Nassau County, on Long Island, New York. It is a bypassed section of Northern Boulevard (NY 25A) between Middle Neck Road in Flower Hill & The Locusts in Roslyn Estates, east through Roslyn, with NY 25A being the termini for both ends of the road.

Formerly part of NY 25A, the road is today owned by Nassau County and maintained by the Nassau County Department of Public Works; it now serves as portions of the alignments of three unsigned county routes: Nassau County Route 7A, Nassau County Route C65, and Nassau County Route D71.
John Wogan (MP died 1557)
Sir John Wogan (c. 1480 – 24 August 1557) was a Welsh politician.

He was the son of John Wogan of Wiston, Pembrokeshire and his wife Ann, daughter of Sir Thomas Vaughan, succeeded his father in 1483 and was knighted c. 1547.

He was a Gentleman Usher by 1513 (when he fought in France) to 1530. He was appointed High Sheriff of Cardiganshire for 1541–42 and 1555–56 and High Sheriff of Pembrokeshire for 1542–43 and 1553–54. He was elected MP for Pembrokeshire in 1545 and October 1553.

He married Jane, the daughter and heiress of William Philip ap Gwilym of Stone Hall, with whom he had four sons and twelve daughters. He was succeeded by his grandson John Wogan.

High Sheriff of Cardiganshire
The office of High Sheriff of Cardiganshire was established in 1541, since when a high sheriff was appointed annually until 1974 when the office was transformed into that of High Sheriff of Dyfed as part of the creation of Dyfed from the amalgamation of Cardiganshire, Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire. Between the Edwardian Conquest of Wales in 1282 and the establishment of the High Sheriff of Cardiganshire, the sheriff's duties were mainly the responsibility of the coroner and the Custos Rotulorum of Cardiganshire. The office of High Sheriff remained first in precedence in the county until the reign of Edward VII when an Order in Council in 1908 gave the Lord Lieutenant of Cardiganshire the prime office under the Crown as the sovereign's personal representative.
Short-bearded honeyeater
The short-bearded honeyeater (Melionyx nouhuysi) is a species of bird in the honeyeater family Meliphagidae. It is found mainly in West Papua.  Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

This species was formerly placed in the genus Melidectes. It was moved to the resurrected genus Melionyx based on the results of a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2019. At the same time the common name was changed from "short-bearded melidectes" to "short-bearded honeyeater".

Melionyx
Melionyx is a genus of bird in the family Meliphagidae.

These species were formerly placed in the genus Melidectes. They were moved to the resurrected genus Melionyx  based on the results of a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2019. At the same time, the common names were changed from "melidectes" to "honeyeater".

The genus contains three species:

Sooty honeyeater (Melionyx fuscus)

Short-bearded honeyeater (Melionyx nouhuysi)

Long-bearded honeyeater (Melionyx princeps)
Talmudical Yeshiva of Philadelphia
The Talmudical Yeshiva of Philadelphia (Hebrew: פילאדעלפיע ישיבה) is a Haredi Litvish yeshiva in the Overbrook neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Its heads of school are Rabbi Shmuel Kamenetsky, Rabbi Shimon Yehudah Svei and Rabbi Sholom Kaminetsky.

Overbrook, Philadelphia
Overbrook is a historic neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is situated in the northwest of West Philadelphia.

The area's housing ranges from large, old homes to rowhouses to three- and four-story apartment buildings.
Malalbergo
Malalbergo (Bolognese: Malalbêrg) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Bologna in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northeast of Bologna.

Malalbergo borders the following municipalities: Baricella, Bentivoglio, Galliera, Minerbio, Poggio Renatico, San Pietro in Casale.

Minerbio
Minerbio (Eastern Bolognese: Mnirbi or Mnérbi) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Bologna in the northern-central Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 15 kilometres (9 mi) northeast of Bologna.

Minerbio borders the following municipalities: Baricella, Bentivoglio, Budrio, Granarolo dell'Emilia and Malalbergo.
William S. Hart
William Surrey Hart (December 6, 1864 – June 23, 1946) was an American silent film actor, screenwriter, director and producer. He is remembered as a foremost Western star of the silent era who "imbued all of his characters with honor and integrity." During the late 1910s and early 1920s, he was one of the most consistently popular movie stars, frequently ranking high among male actors in popularity contests held by movie fan magazines.

Newhall, Santa Clarita, California
Newhall  is the southernmost and oldest community in the city of Santa Clarita, California.  Prior to the 1987 consolidation of Canyon Country, Saugus, Newhall, and Valencia into the city of Santa Clarita, it was an unincorporated area.  It was the first permanent town in the Santa Clarita Valley.
Battle of Mount Falernus
The Battle of Mount Falernus was a battle during the early stages of the Social War. It was a victory for the Italian rebels causing the Roman army under Pompey Strabo to retreat. The rebels pursued them and besieged them at Firmum. Some have argued that the different accounts of the battle are instead two separate Roman defeats.

Battle of Firmum
The Battle of Firmum was fought between a Roman force under Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo and a rebel force led by Lafrenius. It took place during the Social War and was a Roman victory.

Having been defeated by a much larger rebel force at Mount Falernus and then besieged, Strabo was in a precarious situation. When he heard more rebels were approaching he launched two sallies. One was to attack the rebels head on while the other, led by Sulpicius, attacked their rear. Despite successfully pulling off the manoeuvre the battle didn't turn in the Romans favour, the result remaining up in the air until some Romans managed to set fire to the rebel camp. Seeing their camp burning the rebels lost heart and fled in disorder. During the battle the rebel commander, Lafrenius, was killed. The remainder of the rebel army fled to Asculum, where Strabo would besiege the city for two years.
Odo I of Champlitte
Odo/Eudes I de Champlitte the so-called Champenois, (1123 - d. 1187) of the House of Blois and its cadet branch, the house of Champlitte. was Lord of Champlitte, Viscount of Dijon, and also a claimant to the title of Count of Champagne. He was the son of Hugh, Count of Champagne, Count of Champagne and Isabella of Burgundy, daughter of Stephen I, Count of Burgundy.

House of Blois
The House of Blois (French: [blwa]) was a noble family that arose in the Kingdom of West Francia in the early 10th century, and whose prominent members were often named Theobald (Thibaud, Thibault, Thibaut in French).