hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ōkura school
The Ōkura school (大蔵流, -ryū) is, as are the Izumi school and the Sagi school, a school of kyogen, a form of traditional Japanese comic theater. Kyogen of Ōkura school uses an older form of Japanese language than does Izumi. Their kyogen preserves the sarugaku tradition.

Kyōgen
Kyōgen (狂言; Japanese pronunciation: [kʲoː.ɡeꜜɴ, -ŋeꜜɴ]) is a form of traditional Japanese comic theater. It developed alongside Noh, was performed along with Noh as an intermission of sorts between Noh acts on the same stage, and retains close links to Noh in the modern day; therefore, it is sometimes designated Noh-kyōgen.  Its contents are nevertheless not at all similar to the formal, symbolic, and solemn Noh theater; kyōgen is a comic form, and its primary goal is to make its audience laugh.

Kyōgen together with Noh is part of Nōgaku theatre.

Kyōgen is sometimes compared to the Italian comic form of commedia dell'arte, which developed in the early 17th century, and likewise features stock characters. It also has parallels with the Greek satyr play, a short, comical play performed between tragedies.
Samuel Ongley (died 1726)
Sir Samuel Ongley (1647–1726), of Old Warden, Bedfordshire and Mincing Lane, London, was an English politician.

Born in Maidstone, Kent, he became a London merchant. In 1698 he purchased the Old Warden Estate from Paulet St John, Earl of Bolingbroke. He was appointed High Sheriff of Bedfordshire for 1703.

He was a member (MP) of the parliament of Great Britain for Maidstone 1713 to 1715 and was knighted in 1713.

He died unmarried in 1726, leaving his estate to his nephew, also Samuel Ongley, who became MP for Bedford.

He is buried in St Leonard's church in Old Warden in Bedfordshire.

Samuel Ongley (died 1747)
Samuel Ongley (1697 – 15 June 1747), of Old Warden, Bedfordshire, was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1729 to 1747.

Ongley was born in London, the son of draper Samuel Ongley and nephew and heir of Sir Samuel Ongley, MP of Old Warden Park, Bedfordshire. He matriculated at  St John's College, Oxford in 1716. In 1726, he inherited the Old Warden estate on his uncle's death. He also married Anne Harvey, the daughter of John Harvey of Northill, Bedfordshire on 19 September 1726.

Ongley was returned as Member of Parliament (MP)  for New Shoreham at a by-election on 29 January 1729. At the 1734 British general election he changed seats and was returned for Bedford. He was returned again for Bedford in  1741.

Ongley died childless on 15 June 1747. His estate was inherited by his relative Robert Henley, who then took the additional surname Ongley and was later created Baron Ongley in the Irish Peerage.
Whitechapel Boys
The Whitechapel Boys were a loosely-knit group of Anglo-Jewish writers and artists of the early 20th century.  It is named after Whitechapel, which contained one of London's main Jewish settlements and from which many of its members came.  These members included Mark Gertler, Isaac Rosenberg, David Bomberg, Joseph Leftwich, Jacob Kramer, Morris Goldstein, Stephen Winsten, John Rodker, Lazarus Aaronson and its only female member, Clara Birnberg.

The name originates later in the 20th century, and was not used at the time the group was active.

Several of the Whitechapel Boys, such as Rodker, Rosenberg, Leftwich, Winsten and Bomberg, were also politically active and members of the radical Young Socialist League.

Clara Birnberg
Clara Birnberg (1892 or 1894–1989) was a British artist, illustrator, portraitist and sculptor. After her marriage to the artist Stephen Weinstein, they changed their surname to Winsten (with her becoming Clare Winsten) and both became Quaker humanists.
Kvalpynten
Kvalpynten (Whale Point) is a headland at Edgeøya, Svalbard. It is the most southwestern point of Edgeøya. The headland contains the mountain Kvalpyntfjellet, and the summit of the glacier Kvalpyntfonna further east is the highest point on Edgeøya. The bay Tjuvfjorden is located between Kvalpynten and Svarthuken further southeast.

Kvalpyntfonna
Kvalpyntfonna (Whale Point Glacier) is a glacier at Edgeøya, Svalbard. It covers a mountain area northeast of Kvalpynten. Its summit at 551 m.a.s.l. is the highest point on Edgeøya (while the Müllerberget mountain is the highest bare summit).
Landing craft tank
The Landing Craft, Tank (LCT) (or tank landing craft, TLC) was an amphibious assault craft for landing tanks on beachheads. They were initially developed by the Royal Navy and later by the United States Navy during World War II in a series of versions. Initially known as the "tank landing craft" (TLC) by the British, they later adopted the U.S. nomenclature "landing craft, tank" (LCT). The United States continued to build LCTs post-war, and used them under different designations in the Korean and Vietnam Wars.

Landing craft utility
A landing craft utility (LCU) is a type of boat used by amphibious forces to transport equipment and troops to the shore. They are capable of transporting tracked or wheeled vehicles and troops from amphibious assault ships to beachheads or piers.
Fetter Lane Society
The Fetter Lane Society was the first flowering of the Moravian Church in Britain, and an important precursor to Methodism. It was founded in 1738. Although the original meeting house was destroyed in the mid-20th century, the society still meets in London, and is part of the British Province of the Moravian Church.

Moravian Church of the British Province
The Moravian Church of the British Province (formally The Moravian Church in Great Britain and Ireland) is part of the worldwide Moravian Church Unity. The Moravian Church in Britain has bishops in apostolic succession.

English Moravian worship uses prayers taken from Anglican, Scottish and Free Church texts, but some practices are distinctive to the Moravian Church.
Hampden, Massachusetts
Hampden /ˈhæmdən/ is a town in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 4,966 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. The namesake of Hampden is John Hampden, an English patriot.

Hampden County, Massachusetts
Hampden County is a non-governmental county located in the Pioneer Valley of the U.S. state of Massachusetts, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, Hampden County's population was 465,825. Its traditional county seat is Springfield, the Connecticut River Valley's largest city, and economic and cultural capital; with an estimated population of 154,758, approximately one-third of Hampden County residents  live in Springfield.
42°08′N 72°38′W﻿ / ﻿42.14°N 72.63°W﻿ / 42.14; -72.63
Security: A New Framework for Analysis
Security: A New Framework for Analysis is a book by Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver and Jaap de Wilde. It is considered to be the leading text outlining the views of the Copenhagen School of security studies. The work addresses two important conceptual developments: Buzan's notion of sectoral analysis and Ole Wæver's concept of 'securitization'. The book advocates for an intersubjective conceptualization of security, positing that the understanding of security should be broadened beyond its traditional scope. It contends that security should encompass a wider array of issues, such as environmental threats and challenges to societal identities.

Authors of this book come up with constructive ideas about international security, culture, economics.

This book contains 9 chapters:

Introduction

Security Analysis: Conceptual Apparatus

The Military Sector

The Environmental Sector

The Economic Sector

The Societal Sector

The Political Sector

How Sectors Are Synthesized

Conclusions

Barry Buzan
Barry Gordon Buzan, FBA, FAcSS (born 28 April 1946) is a British political scientist. He is an emeritus Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics and an honorary professor at the University of Copenhagen and Jilin University. Until 2012 he was Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at the LSE. Buzan sketched the Regional Security Complex Theory and is therefore together with Ole Wæver a central figure of the Copenhagen School.
Princess Ana of Kartli
Ana or Anuka (Georgian: ანა; ანუკა) (1698–1746) was a Georgian royal princess (batonishvili) of the royal Bagrationi dynasty of House of Mukhrani.

She was a daughter of King Vakhtang VI of Kartli by his wife Rusudan of Circassia.

She married  Prince Vakhushti Abashidze (died 1751) and had 2 children, Levan and Nikoloz.

Vakhtang VI
Vakhtang VI (Georgian: ვახტანგ VI, 15 September 1675 – 26 March 1737) was a Georgian monarch (mepe) of the royal Bagrationi dynasty. He ruled the East Georgian Kingdom of Kartli as a vassal of Safavid Persia from 1716 to 1724. One of the most important and extraordinary statesman of early 18th-century Georgia, he is known as a notable legislator, scholar, critic, translator and poet. His reign was eventually terminated by the Ottoman invasion following the disintegration of Safavid Persia, which forced Vakhtang into exile in the Russian Empire. Vakhtang was unable to get the tsar's support for his kingdom and instead had to permanently stay with his northern neighbors for his own safety. On his way to a diplomatic mission sanctioned by Empress Anna, he fell ill and died in southern Russia in 1737, never reaching Georgia.
Pitchy Patchy
Pitchy Patchy is a costume character in Jamaican Jankunu festival figure. Other characters include:  King and Queen, Cow Head, Horse Head, Red Indians and Belly Woman.

One of the original figures of Jamaican Jankunu character, Pitchy Patchy is usually represented by a suit made of tattered, colorful pieces of cloth. Pitchy Patchy's role in the carnival is to keep masqueraders and the surrounding crowd in order by cracking a cattle whip. According to Edward Long, the character originated from Akan festivals in celebration of John Canoe; the Ashanti commander became Pitchy Patchy, wearing battledress with what would resemble charms, referred to as a "Batakari".

John Canoe
John Canoe, also known as January Conny (died circa 1725), was the European name given to an Akan warrior from Princess Town, Ghana. 
He was a chief of the Ahanta people in the early 18th century, who established a stronghold in the defunct Fort Fredericksburg and fought multiple wars with European traders for twenty years. The stronghold finally fell in 1725, though Canoe's fate is unknown. He is commemorated in the Junkanoo festival held in the Caribbean each December.
FK Ibar
FK Ibar is a football club from Rožaje, Montenegro. They currently compete in the Montenegrin Third League. FK Ibar is a part of the Ibar sport society from Rožaje. The club is named after the river Ibar, longest river from Montenegro, which originates in Rožaje. Founded in 1938, FK Ibar is the oldest sports club from Rožaje.

KK Ibar
KK Ibar is a professional basketball club from Rožaje, Montenegro. The team currently competes in the Erste Basketball League. They gained their status of a first division team by winning the second division league Prva B Liga in 2011/12. The club also competes in all leagues for younger players.
Unit of selection
A unit of selection is a biological entity within the hierarchy of biological organization (for example, an entity such as: a self-replicating molecule, a gene, a cell, an organism, a group, or a  species) that is subject to natural selection. There is debate among evolutionary biologists about the extent to which evolution has been shaped by selective pressures acting at these different levels.

There is debate over the relative importance of the units themselves. For instance, is it group or individual selection that has driven the evolution of altruism? Where altruism reduces the fitness of individuals, individual-centered explanations for the evolution of altruism become complex and rely on the use of game theory, for instance; see kin selection and group selection. There also is debate over the definition of the units themselves, and the roles for selection and replication, and whether these roles may change in the course of evolution.

Richard Lewontin
Richard Charles Lewontin (March 29, 1929 – July 4, 2021) was an American evolutionary biologist, mathematician, geneticist, and social commentator. A leader in developing the mathematical basis of population genetics and evolutionary theory, he applied techniques from molecular biology, such as gel electrophoresis, to questions of genetic variation and evolution. He was a self-described Marxist.

In a pair of seminal 1966 papers co-authored with J. L. Hubby in the journal Genetics, Lewontin helped set the stage for the modern field of molecular evolution. In 1979, he and Stephen Jay Gould introduced the term "spandrel" into evolutionary theory. From 1973 to 1998, he held an endowed chair in zoology and biology at Harvard University, and from 2003 until his death in 2021 he was a research professor there.

From a sociological perspective, Lewontin strongly opposed genetic determinism.
Cubitermitinae
The Cubitermitinae are an Afrotropical subfamily of higher termites with 28 known genera and 147 species. The nests of most species are either subterranean or found within the mounds of other termite species. The most well known genus of this subfamily is Cubitermes, which commonly build epigeal nests with one or more caps used to shield the nest against rainfall, giving them a characteristic mushroom shape. Most members of this subfamily feed on soil humus. Due to their feeding habits, many species have a high pH within their digestive system, with Noditermes indoensis in particular exhibiting a pH around 12.28 within their anterior proctodeum; amongst the most alkaline environments known in a biological system.

Termitidae
Termitidae is the largest family of termites consisting of 2,125 described species of which are commonly known as the higher termites. They are evolutionarily the most specialised termite group, with their highly compartmentalized hindgut lacking the flagellated protozoans common to "lower termites", which are instead replaced by bacteria and archaea. Whereas lower termites are restricted mostly to woody tissue, higher termites have diverse diets consisting of wood, grass, leaf litter, fungi, lichen, faeces, humus and soil. Around 60% of species rely on soil-feeding alone.
Seraina Piubel
Seraina Piubel (Swiss Standard German: [seˈraɪna ˈpi̯uːbl̩]; born 2 June 2000) is a Swiss professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Women's Super League club West Ham United and the Switzerland national team.

FC Zürich Frauen
FC Zürich Frauen is a women's association football club from Zürich, Switzerland. Its first team plays since the founding of the Swiss national league in 1970 in the first division. It is the most successful women's football club in the country, with a total of 24 league titles and 16 Cup titles.
Tuen Mun Road
Tuen Mun Road (Chinese: 屯門公路) is a major expressway in Hong Kong which connects Tuen Mun with Tsuen Wan, within the New Territories. It is part of Hong Kong's Route 9, which circumnavigates the New Territories. Opened in 1978, it was once the major trunk route linking the northwest New Territories to urban Kowloon and is known for its frequent traffic jams and road accidents owing to its early design and heavy usage. As a result, speed limits have been enforced to 70–80 km/h (45–50 mph) due to geometric constraints.

Route 9 (Hong Kong)
Route 9 (Chinese: 九號幹綫), Hong Kong is one of the strategic trunk roads, mostly in the form of a motorway, circumnavigating the New Territories. The route is also known as the New Territories Circular Road (新界環迴公路). Starting from the Shing Mun Tunnels, Route 9 links (moving in an anti-clockwise direction) Sha Tin, Tai Po, Fanling, Sheung Shui, Yuen Long, Tuen Mun and Tsuen Wan. The section between Exit 10 in Kwu Tung and Exit 16 in Lam Tei is part of  Asian Highway 1, although the Asian Highway Network is not signed in Hong Kong.
Inter-regional Deputies Group
The Inter-Regional Deputies' Group (Russian: Межрегиональная депутатская группа, МДГ) was the first legal parliamentary opposition in the Soviet Union, a faction formed in 1989 within the 1st Congress of People's Deputies. It was the base of the formation of the Democratic Russia Election Bloc whose main political goal, suggested by Andrei Sakharov, was to remove the Communist Party from power, in particular to remove the declaration of its leading role from the constitution. The Inter-Regional Group operated until 1991. It was dissolved due to lack of the common constructive programme.

The first meeting took place on June 7, 1989. The first general conference took place from June 29 to June 30, where the group's leadership was solidified and elected. 316 deputies attended the conference.

The Inter-Regional Deputies' Group advocated for freedom of the press and democracy.

Andrei Sakharov
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (Russian: Андрей Дмитриевич Сахаров; 21 May 1921 – 14 December 1989) was a Soviet physicist and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, which he was awarded in 1975 for emphasizing human rights around the world.

Although he spent his career in physics in the Soviet program of nuclear weapons, overseeing the development of thermonuclear weapons, Sakharov also did fundamental work in understanding particle physics, magnetism, and physical cosmology. Sakharov is mostly known for his political activism for individual freedom, human rights, civil liberties and reforms in the Soviet Union, for which he was deemed a dissident and faced persecution from the Soviet establishment.

In his memory, the Sakharov Prize was established and is awarded annually by the European Parliament for people and organizations dedicated to human rights and freedoms.
Asaro (food)
Asaro, also known as yam porridge or yam pottage, is a traditional dish originating from the Yoruba of Nigeria, Benin Republic and Togo. It is a one-pot meal made from yam, a starchy tuber, and a variety of other ingredients. It can be eaten as a main course or a side dish.

Pottage
Pottage or potage (/pɒˈ-, pəˈ-/, French: [potaʒ] ⓘ; from Old French  pottage 'food cooked in a pot') is a thick soup or stew made by boiling vegetables, grains, and, if available, meat or fish. It was a staple food for many centuries. The word pottage comes from the same Old French root as potage, which is a dish of more recent origin.

Pottage ordinarily consisted of  various ingredients, sometimes those easily available to peasants. It could be kept over the fire for a period of days, during which time some of it could be eaten, and more ingredients added. The result was a dish that was constantly changing. Pottage consistently remained a staple of poor people's diet throughout most of 9th to 17th-century Europe. The pottage that these people ate was much like modern-day soups. When wealthier people ate pottage, they would add more expensive ingredients such as meats.
Shahdol district
Shahdol district (Hindi pronunciation: [ʃɛʱ.ɖoːl]) is a district of Madhya Pradesh state in east central India. Its old name was Matsya raj or Virat kingdom in the name of great king Maharaja Virata. With a total area of 6,205 km2 (2,396 sq mi) and a population of 10,66,063. Shahdol is an important district of Madhya Pradesh. The town of Shahdol is the district headquarters. The district formerly comprised Shahdol division.

The Virateshwara Temple in Sohagpur Vangana is the most important tourist destination of Shahdol and a structural masterpiece. The district extends 110 km (68 mi) from east to west and 170 km (110 mi) from north to south.

Sohagpur (Shahdol)
Sohagpur is a Town and Tehsil in Shahdol District of Madhya Pradesh. It is one of 4 Tehsils of Shahdol district. There are 318 villages in Sohagpur Tehsil. Rewa State Gazetteer refers to a tradition which connects Sohagpur with King Virata of
the epic Mahabharata.
CyberSource Corp. v. Retail Decisions, Inc.
CyberSource Corp. v. Retail Decisions, Inc., 654 F.3d 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2011), is a United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit case that disputed patent eligibility for the '154 patent, which describes a method and system for detecting fraud of credit card transactions through the internet. This court affirmed the decision of United States District Court for the Northern District of California which ruled that the patent is actually unpatentable.

Gottschalk v. Benson
Gottschalk v. Benson, 409 U.S. 63 (1972), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that a process claim directed to a numerical algorithm, as such, was not patentable because "the patent would wholly pre-empt the mathematical formula and in practical effect would be a patent on the algorithm itself." That would be tantamount to allowing a patent on an abstract idea, contrary to precedent dating back to the middle of the 19th century.  The ruling stated "Direct attempts to patent programs have been rejected [and] indirect attempts to obtain patents and avoid the rejection ... have confused the issue further and should not be permitted." The case was argued on October 16, 1972, and was decided November 20, 1972.
Bestune
FAW Bestune Automobile Co., Ltd., commonly referred to as Bestune (Chinese: 一汽奔腾; pinyin: Yīqì Bēnténg), formerly known as Besturn, is an automotive marque owned by the Chinese automaker FAW Group.

Bestune currently produces budget passenger vehicles for the FAW Group.

Bestune B50
The Bestune B50 (formerly Besturn B50) is a mid-size sedan produced by the Chinese car manufacturer Bestune from 2009 to 2019. Bestune began to sell its vehicles in the Russian market in 2012 with the B50 as the first model to be sold there, which debuted at the 2012 Moscow International Automobile Salon.
Scott Howell (footballer)
Scott Howell (born 10 May 1958) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton in the VFL during the early 1980s.

Howell debuted for Carlton in the 1980 finals series and played in Carlton's premiership team the following season. This created history by completing three premierships in successive generations for the Howells with his father 'Chooka' Howell and grandfather Jack P. Howell both being premiership players.

He played with Sandringham after leaving Carlton.

Jack P. Howell
John Patrick "Chooka" Howell (16 March 1895 – 2 August 1971) was an Australian rules footballer who played with South Melbourne in the VFL. He is the father of Carlton Hall of Famer and premiership player Jack Howell.

Howell was a tireless ruckman who played his first game for South Melbourne in 1915. The club didn't play in the following season due to the war but he returned to the club in 1917. The 1918 season was his finest, his final game in the VFL being that year's grand final win over Collingwood. He then joined Footscray who were competing in the VFA. He played for Footscray from 1919 to 1924, moving to Prahran, as captain-coach, in 1925. He was replaced as coach before the end of the season.
Water volleyball
Water volleyball (also called pool and acqua volleyball) is a competitive middle-court oriented water game. It can be played between two teams, each team consisting of 1 to 4 players, depending on the area of water in which the game is being played.

Biribol
Biribol is a sport, which resembles an aquatic variation of volleyball. It has originated in Brazil, in the city of Birigüi, in the 1960s by Prof. Dario Miguel Pedro. It showed up as a group game and as an alternative to the practice and the learning of swimming.