hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
44th Rifle Corps
The 44th Rifle Corps was a corps of the Red Army of the Soviet Union. It took part in the Great Patriotic War in 1941 and 1943-45.

On 22 June 1941, the corps consisted of the 64th Rifle Division and the 108th Rifle Division (General Major Alexander Mavrichev on 22 June 1941). Sources are unclear whether the corps was assigned to the 13th Army that day or directly responsible to the Western Special Military District. Two days later the WSMD became the Western Front.

Alexander Mavrichev
Alexander Ivanovich Mavrichev (Russian: Александр Иванович  Мавричев; 21 July 1901 – 12 September 1974) was a Soviet Army major general.

Drafted into the Red Army during the Russian Civil War, Mavrichev fought on the Eastern Front and after the end of the war spent several years in command positions with the Internal Troops. He returned to army units in the mid-1920s and held battalion commands in the late 1920s and 1930s. During the late 1930s he quickly advanced from regimental to division command and upon the outbreak of Operation Barbarossa commanded a rifle division in Belarus. Mavrichev and his division were encircled in the first weeks of the war, and he spent several months making his way back to Soviet lines. He never held another combat command and spent the rest of the war in army and front staff positions. Postwar, he served as chief of officer training courses and retired in 1951.
10 December Martyrs Park
10 December Martyrs Park (Turkish: 10 Aralık Şehitleri Parkı) is a park in Beyoğlu, Istanbul, Turkey.

The park commemorates the victims of the December 2016 Istanbul bombings, which killed 48 people and wounded 166 others. The park overlooks the Beşiktaş Stadium.

December 2016 Istanbul bombings
On the evening of 10 December 2016, two explosions caused by a car bombing and suicide bombing in Istanbul's Beşiktaş municipality killed 48 people and injured 166 others. 39 of those killed were police officers, 7 were civilians and 2 were perpetrators. The Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (TAK) assumed responsibility, claiming that their members killed more than 100 police officers.
Shahin Tehran F.C.
Shahin Tehran Football Club (Persian: باشگاه فوتبال شاهین تهران, romanized: Shāhīn meaning Falcon), also spelled Shaahin or Shaheen, from 1973 to 1979 known as Shahbaz (Persian: شهباز, romanized: Shahbāz, meaning Shahbaz),
is an Iranian football club based in Tehran, Iran. Shahin A.C. is located in the eastern part of Tehran in the Narmak neighborhood (Golestan Street).  Shahin F.C. was dissolved in 1967 for political reasons. The club was revived after the Iranian Revolution in 1979. Due to the Iran–Iraq War, the national league was not held during the 1980s.

They currently compete in the Tehran provincial league.

Shahin Ahvaz F.C.
Shahin Ahvaz Football Club (Persian: باشگاه فوتبال شاهین اهواز), commonly known as Shahin Ahvaz, is an Iranian football club based in Ahvaz, Khuzestan, that competes in the Khuzestan Premier League. The club was founded in 1948.

The football team plays their home games at the Takhti Ahvaz which has a seating capacity of 15,000. The club also consists of various other departments including a basketball team.
Monumental brasses of Gloucestershire
About 80 ancient monumental brasses survive in Gloucestershire, many in the parish churches at Cirencester and Northleach. Many have been lost to theft over the ages. The first complete listing of brasses in Gloucestershire was made by Cecil T Davis who stated that they may be divided into three categories: ecclesiastical, military and civil.

Monumental brass
A monumental brass is a type of engraved sepulchral memorial once found through Western Europe, which in the 13th century began to partially take the place of three-dimensional monuments and effigies carved in stone or wood. Made of hard latten or sheet brass, let into the pavement, and thus forming no obstruction in the space required for the services of the church, they speedily came into general use, and continued to be a favourite style of sepulchral memorial for three centuries.
Thief's Theme
"Thief's Theme" is a single from Nas' double album Street's Disciple, released through Columbia Records, Sony Urban Music, and Nas' Ill Will Records. The single contains vocals from Nas' song "The World Is Yours" from his first album Illmatic:

The song featured an interpolation of the famous riff from Iron Butterfly's "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" performed by Incredible Bongo Band. Nas would again use the same sample on the 2006 single "Hip Hop is Dead".

Nas sponsored a contest in the United Kingdom in 2004, encouraging entrants to record a verse using the instrumental version of the song. The winner would perform a verse on the song, which appears on the UK version of Street's Disciple. Rising Son won the competition.

The song was featured in Martin Scorsese's Academy Award-winning film The Departed but was not featured on the soundtrack.

In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida
"In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" (derived from "In the Garden of Eden") is a song recorded by Iron Butterfly, written by band member Doug Ingle and released on their 1968 album of the same name.

At slightly over 17 minutes, it occupies the entire second side of the album. The middle of the song features a two-and-a-half-minute Ron Bushy drum solo.

A 2-minute-52-second 45-rpm version of "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" was Iron Butterfly's only song to reach the top 40, reaching number 30, while the album itself reached number four on the album chart and has sold over 30 million copies. An 8-minute-20-second edit of the song was included in the soundtrack to the 1986 film Manhunter. In 2009, it was named the 24th-greatest hard rock song of all time by VH1. It is also often regarded as an influence on heavy metal music and one of the first recordings of the genre.
2022 Copa Ecuador
The 2022 Copa Ecuador (officially known as the Copa Ecuador Ecuabet 2022 for sponsorship purposes) was the third edition of the Copa Ecuador, Ecuador's domestic football cup. It began on 6 May 2022 and ended with the single-legged final on 8 November 2022.

Independiente del Valle won their first title in the competition, defeating 9 de Octubre in the final by a 3–1 score. LDU Quito were the defending champions, having won the previous edition of the competition in 2019, but were knocked out by Imbabura in the round of 16.

Copa Ecuador
The Copa Ecuador, officially known as Copa FEF Ecuador, is a knockout football competition in men's domestic Ecuadorian football organized by the Ecuadorian Football Federation that started in 1970 and was reinstated in 2018.

The winners qualify for the first stage of the following year's Copa Libertadores and the Supercopa Ecuador against the Serie A champions.
Granite Hills High School (Apple Valley, California)
Granite Hills High School is a public high school located in Apple Valley, California and is part of the  Apple Valley Unified School District. The school was established in 1999 to relieve pressure on the crowded Apple Valley High School.

Apple Valley, California
Apple Valley is an incorporated town in the Victor Valley of San Bernardino County, California, United States. Its population was 75,791 as of the 2020 United States census. The town is east of and adjoining to the neighboring cities of Victorville and Hesperia, 35 miles (56 km) south of Barstow, and 49 miles (79 km) north of San Bernardino through the Cajon Pass. It was incorporated on November 14, 1988, and is one of the 22 incorporated municipalities in California that use "town" in their names instead of "city".
Hansie Cronje
Wessel Johannes "Hansie" Cronje (25 September 1969 – 1 June 2002) was a South African international cricketer and captain of the South Africa national cricket team in the 1990s. A right-handed all-rounder, as captain Cronje led his team to victory in 27 Test matches and 99 One Day Internationals. Cronje also led South Africa to win the 1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy, the first major ICC title the country has won in international cricket. In the 1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy Final, Cronje played a major role with the bat with his 61 not out, leading the team to victory by 4 wickets. He was voted the 11th-greatest South African in 2004 despite having been banned from cricket for life due to his role in a match-fixing scandal. He died in a plane crash in 2002.

Bob Woolmer
Robert Andrew Woolmer (14 May 1948 – 18 March 2007) was an English cricket coach, cricketer, and a commentator. He played in 19 Test matches and six One Day Internationals for the England cricket team and later coached South Africa, Warwickshire and Pakistan. During his coaching career with South Africa, he led the team to being the winners of the 1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy, first of the only two ICC titles the country has won to date.

On 18 March 2007, Woolmer died suddenly in Jamaica, just a few hours after the Pakistan team's unexpected elimination at the hands of Ireland in the 2007 Cricket World Cup. Shortly afterwards, Jamaican police announced that they were opening a murder investigation into Woolmer's death. In November 2007, a jury in Jamaica recorded an open verdict on Woolmer's death.
Harvard Graduate School of Education
The Harvard Graduate School of Education (HGSE) is the education school of Harvard University, a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1920, it was the first school to grant the EdD degree and the first Harvard school to award degrees to women. HGSE enrolls around 800 students between its master of education (Ed.M.) and three-year doctor of education leadership (Ed.L.D.) programs.

It is associated with the Harvard Education Publishing Group whose imprint is the Harvard Education Press and publishes the Harvard Educational Review.

Harvard Educational Review
The Harvard Educational Review is an academic journal of opinion and research dealing with education, associated with the Harvard Graduate School of Education, and published by the Harvard Education Publishing Group. The journal was established in 1930.

Since 1945, editorial decisions have been carried out by an autonomous graduate student editorial board. This student board works together to bring to publication manuscripts on a wide range of topics and from a number of disciplines.

In June 2025, the publisher abruptly cancelled an entire special issue of the journal on "education and Palestine" shortly before publication, without involving the editorial board. Over 115 education scholars condemned the cancellation in an open letter.
Maclean's
Maclean's is a Canadian magazine founded in 1905 which reports on Canadian issues such as politics, pop culture, trends and current events. Its founder, publisher John Bayne Maclean, established the magazine to provide a uniquely Canadian perspective on current affairs and to "entertain but also inspire its readers". Rogers Media, the magazine's publisher since 1994 (after the company acquired Maclean-Hunter Publishing), announced in September 2016 that Maclean's would become a monthly beginning January 2017, while continuing to produce a weekly issue on the Texture app. In 2019, the magazine was bought by its current publisher, St. Joseph Communications.

Charles Templeton
Charles Bradley Templeton (October 7, 1915 – June 7, 2001) was a Canadian broadcaster, journalist, and novelist who was previously a Christian evangelist. Known in the 1940s and 1950s as a leading preacher, he became an agnostic and later embraced atheism after struggling with doubt. Afterwards, having become an atheist, he worked at various times in journalism, radio and writing.
Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department
The Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department (TMPD) (警視庁, Keishichō), known locally as simply the Metropolitan Police Department (MPD), is the prefectural police of Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. Founded in 1874, the TMPD is the largest police force in Japan by number of officers, with a staff of more than 40,000 police officers and over 2,800 civilian personnel.

The TMPD is headed by a Superintendent-General, who is appointed by the National Public Safety Commission and approved by the prime minister. It manages 10 divisions and 102 stations across the Metropolis.

The TMPD's headquarters are located in Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda, Tokyo. Built in 1980, it is 18 stories tall, and is a large wedge-shaped building with a cylindrical tower. The HQ building is located opposite of Sakurada Gate of Tokyo Imperial Palace, which is the reason why it is metonymically called "Sakurada Gate".

Kasumigaseki
Kasumigaseki (霞が関, 霞ヶ関 or 霞ケ関) is a district in Chiyoda, Tokyo. Most government ministries are located in the neighbourhood, making its name a metonym for the Japanese bureaucracy, while Nagatachō refers to the elected government or legislative branch. It faces the Imperial Palace to the north, Hibiya Park to the east, and Nagatachō to the west.
Anna Cope Hartshorne
Anna Cope Hartshorne (January 8, 1860 – October 2, 1957) was an American educator and writer based in Japan. A member of a prominent Philadelphia Quaker family, she was a founder and faculty member of Tsuda University, with her close friend Tsuda Umeko.

Tsuda University
Tsuda University (津田塾大学, Tsudajuku daigaku) is a private women's university based at Kodaira, Tokyo. It is one of the oldest and most prestigious higher educational institutions for women in Japan, contributing to the advancement of women in society for more than a century.
Horatio Admiral Nelson
Horatio Admiral Nelson (October 22, 1816 – December 24, 1882) was an American-born merchant, manufacturer and political figure in Quebec. He represented Montréal-Centre in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1878 to 1881 as a Liberal.

He was born in Richmond, New Hampshire, the son of Ezekiel Nelson and Ruth Harkins, and was educated in the United States. Nelson was a travelling salesman until 1841, when he settled in Montreal. In 1841, he married Maria D. Davison. He was co-owner of Nelson and Butters, which manufactured brooms and other articles made from wood; the company became Nelson Wood & Co. in 1861 and H.A. Nelson and Sons in 1874. Nelson was a director for the Molson Bank, president of the Loan and Investment Association and vice-president of the Provincial Loan Association. He served on Montreal city council from 1867 to 1881 and was president of the finance committee. He died in Montreal at the age of 66.

Montréal-Centre (provincial electoral district)
Montréal-Centre was a former provincial electoral district in the Montreal region of Quebec, Canada that elected members to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.

It was created for the 1867 election.  Its final general election was in 1886 (and there was a by-election in 1887).  It disappeared in the 1890 election and its successor electoral districts were Montréal division no. 2 and Montréal division no. 6.
The Legend of Hercules
The Legend of Hercules is a 2014 American 3D action fantasy film directed by Renny Harlin, written by Daniel Giat and Sean Hood, and starring Kellan Lutz, Gaia Weiss, Scott Adkins, Roxanne McKee, and Liam Garrigan. It was distributed by Lionsgate and released on January 10, 2014, six months before another Hercules film, Paramount Pictures' and MGM's co-production Hercules. The Legend of Hercules was a box-office bomb and received universally negative reviews from critics.

Renny Harlin
Renny Harlin (born Renny Lauri Mauritz Harjola; 15 March 1959) is a Finnish filmmaker who has worked in America, Europe, and Asia. He is known for directing films such as Die Hard 2, Cliffhanger, Deep Blue Sea and Cutthroat Island, the latter of has the distinction of being one of the biggest box office bombs of all time.

Harlin's films have grossed over $520 million in the United States and over $1.2 billion in the worldwide aggregate box office, making him the 151st highest-grossing director in the global film market as of October 2022, and the most internationally successful Finnish filmmaker in terms of revenue.
Citizen Publishing Company Building
The Citizen Publishing Company Building is a historic building in Culver City, California, US. It was built in 1929. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since February 12, 1987. It was constructed by Eugene and Kitty Donovan as the headquarters for their publishing company and The Citizen, a local newspaper.

In 2020 it became home to Citizen Public Market, a food hall.

Culver City, California
Culver City is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 40,779. It is mostly surrounded by Los Angeles, but also shares a border with the unincorporated area of Ladera Heights to the east. The city was named after Harry Culver who incorporated it in 1917.

In the 1920s, Culver City became a center for film and later television production. It was best known as the home of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios from 1924 to 1986. From 1932 to 1986, it was the headquarters for the Hughes Aircraft Company. National Public Radio West and Sony Pictures Entertainment have headquarters in the city. It has been described as a "largely idyllic...peaceful, semi-suburban community with a relatively low crime rate and high quality of life" best known for its "parks, studio lots, and breakfast burritos".
Laura Henderson
Laura Henderson (6 December 1863 – 29 November 1944) born Laura Forster, rose to prominence during the 1930s when, as a wealthy and eccentric widow, she founded the Windmill Theatre in London's Great Windmill Street, in partnership with Vivian van Damm. Under the leadership of Henderson, as owner, and van Damm as manager, the theatre became a British institution, famed for its pioneering tableaux vivants of motionless female nudity, and for having "never closed" during the Blitz.

At the time of her death in 1944, newspapers described her as "the mother of non-stop variety in London."

Great Windmill Street
Great Windmill Street is a thoroughfare running north–south in Soho, London, crossed by Shaftesbury Avenue.
The street has had a long association with music and entertainment, most notably the Windmill Theatre, and stage door of the Lyric Theatre. It was formerly home to the Ripley's Believe It or Not! museum and the Trocadero shopping centre.
Facebook, Inc. v. Power Ventures, Inc.
Facebook, Inc. v. Power Ventures, Inc. is a lawsuit brought by Facebook in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California alleging that Power Ventures Inc., a third-party platform, collected user information from Facebook and displayed it on their own website. Facebook claimed violations of the CAN-SPAM Act, the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act ("CFAA"), and the California Comprehensive Computer Data Access and Fraud Act. According to Facebook, Power Ventures Inc. made copies of Facebook's website during the process of extracting user information. Facebook argued that this process causes both direct and indirect copyright infringement. In addition, Facebook alleged this process constitutes a violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act ("DMCA"). Finally, Facebook also asserted claims of both state and federal trademark infringement, as well as a claim under California's Unfair Competition Law ("UCL").

California Comprehensive Computer Data Access and Fraud Act
The California Comprehensive Computer Data Access and Fraud Act is in §502 of the California Penal Code.

According to the State Administrative Manual of California, the Act

affords protection to individuals, businesses, and governmental agencies from tampering, interference, damage, and unauthorized access to lawfully created computer data and computer systems. It allows for civil action against any person convicted of violating the criminal provisions for compensatory damages.
Monte Estância
Monte Estância is a mountain in the southeastern part of the island Boa Vista in Cape Verde. At 387 m elevation, it is the island's highest point. It is located 4 km from the Atlantic coast and 23 km southeast of the island capital Sal Rei. It is part of a protected natural space under the statute of natural monument, which covers 739 ha.

Boa Vista, Cape Verde
Boa Vista (Portuguese for "good view"), sometimes spelled Boavista, is a desert-like island that belongs to the Cape Verde Islands. At 631 km2 (244 sq mi), it is the third largest island of the Cape Verde archipelago.

The island of Boa Vista is closer to the African continent than all the other islands in Cape Verde, being the easternmost island of all. The distance between Boa Vista and Senegal is only 450 km. The capital of Boa Vista, Sal Rei, is located in the north-western part of the island. Boa Vista is mainly known for its beaches, turtles and traditional music.
On Intelligence
On Intelligence: How a New Understanding of the Brain will Lead to the Creation of Truly Intelligent Machines is a 2004 book by Jeff Hawkins and Sandra Blakeslee. The book explains Hawkins' memory-prediction framework theory of the brain and describes some of its consequences.

Sandra Blakeslee
Sandra Blakeslee (born 1943) is an American science correspondent of over four decades for The New York Times and science writer, specializing in neuroscience. Together with neuroscientist V. S. Ramachandran, she authored the 1998 popular science book Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind.
Postage meter
A postage meter or franking machine is a mechanical device used to create and apply physical evidence of postage (or franking) to mailed items.  Postage meters are regulated by a country's postal authority. A postage meter imprints an amount of postage, functioning as a postage stamp, a cancellation and a dated postmark all in one. The meter stamp serves as proof of payment and eliminates the need for adhesive stamps.

Cancellation (mail)
A cancellation (or cancel for short; French: oblitération) is a postal marking applied on a postage stamp or postal stationery to deface the stamp and to prevent its reuse. Cancellations come in a huge variety of designs, shapes, sizes, and colors. Modern cancellations commonly include the date and post office location where the stamps were mailed, in addition to lines or bars designed to cover the stamp itself. The term "postmark" refers specifically to the part that contains the date and posting location, but the term is often used interchangeably with "cancellation" as it may serve that purpose. The portion of a cancellation that is designed to deface the stamp and does not contain writing is also called the "obliteration"  or killer. Some stamps are issued  pre-cancelled with a printed or stamped cancellation and do not need to have a cancellation added.
George H. Mealy
George H. Mealy (December 31, 1927 – June 21, 2010, in Scituate, Massachusetts) was an American mathematician and computer scientist who invented the namesake Mealy machine, a type of finite state transducer. He was also a pioneer of modular programming, one of the lead designers of the IPL-V programming language, and an early advocate of macro processors in assembly language programming.

Mealy went to Harvard University, where he was active in radio as business manager for WHRB. He graduated in 1951 with an A.B., and at that time began working for Bell Laboratories. He later worked at the RAND Corporation then IBM and taught at Harvard.

Mealy machine
In the theory of computation, a Mealy machine is a finite-state machine whose output values are determined both by its current state and the current inputs. This is in contrast to a Moore machine, whose output values are determined solely by its current state. A Mealy machine is a deterministic finite-state transducer: for each state and input, at most one transition is possible.
Mézières, Vaud
Mézières (French pronunciation: [mezjɛʁ] ⓘ) is a former municipality in the district of Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2016, the former municipalities of Mézières, Carrouge, and Ferlens merged into the new municipality of Jorat-Mézières.

Jorat-Mézières
Jorat-Mézières (French pronunciation: [ʒɔʁa mezjɛʁ] ⓘ) is a municipality in the district of Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2016 the former municipalities of Mézières (VD), Ferlens (VD) and Carrouge (VD) merged to form the new municipality of Jorat-Mézières.