hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Unified Medical Language System
The Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) is a compendium of many controlled vocabularies in the biomedical sciences (created 1986). It provides a mapping structure among these vocabularies and thus allows one to translate among the various terminology systems; it may also be viewed as a comprehensive thesaurus and ontology of biomedical concepts. UMLS further provides facilities for natural language processing. It is intended to be used mainly by developers of systems in medical informatics.

UMLS consists of Knowledge Sources (databases) and a set of software tools.

The UMLS was designed and is maintained by the US National Library of Medicine, is updated quarterly and may be used for free. The project was initiated in 1986 by Donald A.B. Lindberg, M.D., then Director of the Library of Medicine, and directed by Betsy Humphreys.

Betsy Humphreys
Betsy L. Humphreys (born April 26, 1947) is an American medical librarian and health informatician known for leading the cross-institutional efforts to establish biomedical terminology standards such as SNOMED CT and the Unified Medical Language System. She was the deputy director of the National Library of Medicine from 2005 until her retirement in 2017, serving as acting director from 2015 to 2016.
Ridin' The Tiger
Ridin' The Tiger is the debut album of Norwegian hard rock band Gluecifer. The album was released in May 1997. The songwriting credits on the album refers to several well-known musicians, however these artists did not actually participate in the songwriting for this album and the credits are tributes to musicians that inspired the band.

Gluecifer
Gluecifer is a Norwegian hard rock band based in Oslo. Formed in 1994, the band gained fame as a part of the Scandinavian hard rock wave in the late 1990s and early 2000s alongside Turbonegro and The Hellacopters. Gluecifer released five studio albums before disbanding in 2005 and later reuniting in 2017.
Take a Back Road
Take a Back Road is the fourth studio album by American country music artist Rodney Atkins. It was released on October 4, 2011, by Curb Records. The album's first single, its title track", is the fastest-rising and sixth number one hit of Atkins' career. The second single, "He's Mine," was previously recorded by Billy Ray Cyrus on his 2009 album Back to Tennessee. "Just Wanna Rock N' Roll" was released as the album's third single in June 2012.

Back to Tennessee
Back to Tennessee is the eleventh studio album released from country music singer Billy Ray Cyrus. The album was released on April 7, 2009, on Lyric Street Records. It is also the follow-up album to 2007s Home at Last. Originally planned to be released in July 2008, the album was pushed to new release dates five times. "Somebody Said a Prayer" was released as the album's lead-off single, and was a top 40 hit on the country charts in late 2008. The title track and "A Good Day" followed it as the second and third singles, reaching number 47 and number #59, respectively. Also on the album is "Butterfly Fly Away", a duet with daughter Miley Cyrus. The song is also on the Hannah Montana: The Movie soundtrack. Cyrus and Lyric Street Records parted ways shortly after the chart debut of "A Good Day".
Rule Independent School District
Rule Independent School District is a public school district based in Rule, Texas (USA).  Located in western Haskell County, a small portion of the district extends into Stonewall County.

Rule ISD has one school Rule School that serves students in grades pre-kindergarten through twelve.

In 2009, the school district was rated "academically acceptable" by the Texas Education Agency.

Stonewall County, Texas
Stonewall County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 1,245. Its county seat is Aspermont. The county was created in 1876 and organized in 1888. It is named for Stonewall Jackson, a general of the Confederate States Army.
John George Lennon
John George Lennon (September 2, 1858 – September 7, 1919) was an American businessman and politician.

Lennon was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota and graduated from Owatonna Senior High School in Owatonna, Minnesota. He lived in Minneapolis with his wife and family and was a traveling salesman. Lennon served as the postmaster of Blooming Prairie, Minnesota and also served on the Blooming Prairie Village Council. Lennon served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1905 to 1914 and then in 1919 when he died from a long illness, while still in office. He was buried in Lakewood Cemetery.

Blooming Prairie, Minnesota
Blooming Prairie is a city in Dodge and Steele counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota.  The population was 1,974 at the 2020 census. Most of the city is located within Steele County; only a small part of the city extends into Dodge County.
European Foundation Project
As a European Commission proposal, the European Foundation Statute was a legal framework for non-profit foundations, which would have been additional and complementary to existing national legislations in constituent States. The European Foundation would have been legally recognised in all European Union member states, and would have operated under the same set of conditions across the European Union.

Foundation (nonprofit)
A foundation (also referred to as a charitable foundation) is a type of nonprofit organization or charitable trust that usually provides funding and support to other charitable organizations through grants, while also potentially participating directly in charitable activities. Foundations encompass public charitable foundations, like community foundations, and private foundations, which are often endowed by an individual or family. Nevertheless, the term "foundation" might also be adopted by organizations not primarily engaged in public grantmaking.
Udai Singh of Marwar
Udai Singh (Udai Singh Rathore; 13 January 1538 – 10 July 1595) was the Rathore ruler (r.  1583 – 95) of Marwar, which was later known as Jodhpur (in the present-day Rajasthan state of India). He was also the maternal grandfather of Shah Jahan, the fifth Mughal Emperor, and an ancestor of all subsequent emperors.

Siwana
Siwana is a Municipality & Tehsil in Balotra district in Indian state of Rajasthan, located 151 km from Barmer. The place is known for its fort which is locally known as Gadh Siwana, Gadh means Fort. Siwana contains 130 villages and has a total population of 213,648, 111,155 male and 102,493 female.

The closest large city to Siwana is Balotra, 35 km from Siwana.
Love's Victory
Love's Victory is a Jacobean era pastoral closet drama written circa 1620 by English Renaissance writer Lady Mary Wroth. The play is the first known original pastoral drama and the first original dramatic comedy written by a woman. It is written primarily in rhyming couplets. There are only two known manuscripts of Love's Victory, one of which is an incomplete version located in the Huntington Library in San Marino, California. The other version is complete, and is the Penshurst Manuscript which is owned by Viscount De L'Isle, indicating continued ownership by the Sidney family since its creation.

The play is not as widely read as Wroth's prose romance Urania or her romantic sonnet sequence Pamphilia to Amphilanthus, but has been receiving more attention with the increasing interest in early modern women writers. Love's Victory received its first professional performance on 16 September 2018 at Penshurst Place in Kent, where it is thought that Wroth wrote the play in 1618.

Lady Mary Wroth
Lady Mary Wroth (née Sidney; 18 October 1587 – 1651/3) was an English noblewoman and a poet of the English Renaissance. A member of a distinguished literary family, Lady Wroth was among the first female English writers to have achieved an enduring reputation. Mary Wroth was niece to Mary Herbert née Sidney (Countess of Pembroke and one of the most distinguished women writers and patrons of the 16th century), and to Sir Philip Sidney, a famous Elizabethan poet-courtier.
MacDella Cooper
MacDella Cooper (born March 13, 1977) is a Liberian politician and philanthropist. She is the Political Leader of The Movement for One Liberia (MOL) political party.

Born in Monrovia, MacDella Cooper was exiled to Côte d'Ivoire during the outbreak of the First Liberian Civil War before being reunited with her family in the United States.

She graduated from Barringer High School in Newark, New Jersey, where she was one of the top-ranked students in her class, and subsequently earned a full academic scholarship to The College of New Jersey, where she earned a degree in Electronic Communications.

Cooper worked as an international businesswoman for several years before founding the MacDella Cooper Foundation, the MacDella Cooper Academy, and the Movement for One Liberia political party.

In October 2016, Cooper announced her intention to run for the Presidency of Liberia in the 2017 Liberian National Elections.

2017 Liberian general election
General elections were held in Liberia on 10 October 2017 to elect the President and House of Representatives. No candidate won a majority in the first round of the presidential vote, so the top two finishers – CDC standard-bearer Amb. George Weah and UP standard-bearer Vice President Joseph Boakai – competed in a run-off on 26 December. The second round was originally scheduled for 7 November, but was postponed after LP standard-bearer Cllr. Charles Brumskine, in third place, challenged the result in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court dismissed the challenge, which would have forced a re-run of the first round had it been successful, and the second round was held on 26 December. Weah emerged victorious with 60% of the vote.

The elections were overseen by the National Elections Commission (NEC) and were the first elections to be run entirely by the Government of Liberia and security forces since the conclusion of the civil wars in 2003.
Abel Buell
Abel Buell (1742–1822), born in Killingworth, Connecticut, was a goldsmith, silversmith, jewelry designer, engraver, surveyor, printer, type manufacturer, mint master, textile miller, and counterfeiter in the American colonies. In 1784, Buell published A New and Correct Map of the United States of North America Layd down from the latest Observations and best Authorities agreeable to the Peace of 1783; it was the first map of the new United States created by an American. He was also an inventor.  He invented a lapidary machine to cut and polish gems, a minting machine that could product 120 coins per minute, and machines for planting onions and corn.  He was the first man to design and cast type in the United States.

Killingworth, Connecticut
Killingworth is a town in Middlesex County, Connecticut, United States. The town is part of the Lower Connecticut River Valley Planning Region. The population was 6,174 at the 2020 United States census.
Craveman
Craveman is the twelfth studio album by American rock musician Ted Nugent, released on September 24, 2002.

The album continues the trend, started in the mid-1990s, of Nugent returning to the rawer, harder-rocking sound that made him famous in the 1970s. This stands in sharp contrast to the synth-pop of his 1980s work, and the romantic AOR power-ballads of his early 1990s band Damn Yankees. This album also contains some material from an unreleased Damn Yankees album, Bravo.

Marco Mendoza
Marco Mendoza (born 3 May 1963) is an American bass guitarist who has worked in diverse genres. He became a professional rock musician in 1989 and debuted on Black Sabbath drummer Bill Ward's solo album Along the Way. He has performed on a number of notable releases throughout his career, including Live... in the Still of the Night by Whitesnake, One Night Only by Thin Lizzy and Live in Concert at Lollapalooza by Journey.
Çam, Kukës
Çam (Albanian pronunciation: [tʃam]; Albanian definite form: Çami) is a village in the former municipality of Malzi in Kukës County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Kukës.

Malzi
Malzi (Albanian pronunciation: [malzi]; Albanian definite form: Malziu) is a former municipality in Kukës County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Kukës. The population at the 2023 census was 1,616.

The region is mentioned by Albanologist Robert Elsie in a 2015 book by him as one of the 69 different tribes in northern Albania.
Alison Chadwick-Onyszkiewicz
Alison Chadwick-Onyszkiewicz (1942 – 17 October 1978) was a British mountaineer, painter, and lithography lecturer. She made the first ascent of Gasherbrum III, at the time the highest unclimbed mountain in the world. Chadwick-Onyszkiewicz died along with her climbing partner, Vera Watson, during an attempt on Annapurna I Central.

Janusz Onyszkiewicz
Janusz Adam Onyszkiewicz (Polish pronunciation: [ˈjanuʂ ɔnɨʂˈkʲɛvʲitʂ], born 18 December 1937) is a Polish mathematician, alpinist and politician, who served as Minister of Defence twice, in the cabinets of Hanna Suchocka (1992–1993) and Jerzy Buzek (1997–2000).

Later in his career, Onyszkiewicz was a Member of the European Parliament.
Lane's End Farm
Lane's End Farm is a Thoroughbred horse breeding farm in Versailles, Kentucky established in 1979. The original land was part of Bosque Bonita Farm and was originally owned by Abraham Buford, a Confederate Army general. The land was later bought by horseman John H. Morris.

Now owned and operated by the Farish family, Lane's End Farm has become one of the major breeding farms in North America.

Versailles, Kentucky
Versailles is a home rule-class city in Woodford County, Kentucky, United States. It lies 13 miles (21 kilometers) by road west of Lexington and is part of the Lexington-Fayette Metropolitan Statistical Area. Versailles has a population of 10,534 according to 2024 census estimates. It is the county seat of Woodford County. The city's name is pronounced /vərˈseɪlz/ vər-SAYLZ, an anglicization different from the French pronunciation of the royal city of the same name near Paris.
Hani Mulki's cabinet
The Prime Minister of Jordan, Hani Al-Mulki, was tasked with forming a cabinet on 29 May 2016. The new cabinet was sworn in by King Abdullah II on 1 June 2016. After the September 2016 general election, Mulki formed a new cabinet. The Cabinet consisted of 28 members, three of them also serving as Deputy Prime Ministers. 11 Ministers returned from the latest formation of the previous cabinet of Abdullah Ensour, while 9 others had served in earlier cabinets. 8 Ministers had no previous experience in cabinet. Four women obtained a position as Minister. Three university presidents were appointed to Mulki's cabinet: Rida Khawaldeh, Wajih Owais and Mahmoud Sheyyab. The cabinet reformed the Ministry of Youth, which had been abandoned in 2012.

Majd Shweikeh
Majd Shweikeh (Arabic: مجد شويكة; born 8 March 1966) is a Jordanian businesswoman and politician. From March 2015 to June 2018 she was  Minister of information and communications technology. She previously was CEO at Orange Mobile and VTEL.
José Bové
Joseph "José" Bové (French pronunciation: [ʒoze bɔve]; born 11 June 1953) is a French farmer, labor leader and alter-globalization activist, and spokesman for Via Campesina. He was one of the twelve official candidates in the 2007 French presidential election. He served in the European Parliament as a member of the European Green Party in 2009–2014 and 2014–2019.

Larzac
Larzac (French pronunciation: [laʁzak], Occitan: [laɾˈzak]), also known as the Causse of Larzac (French: Causse du Larzac; Occitan: Causa de Larzac), is a limestone karst plateau in the south of the Massif Central, France, situated between Millau (in the department of Aveyron) and Lodève (in the department of Hérault). It is an agricultural area, where traditionally sheep produce milk for Roquefort cheese. Since the early 2010s, agricultural production has diversified.
Roland Garros (aviator)
Eugène Adrien Roland Georges Garros (French: [ʁɔlɑ̃ ɡaʁos]; 6 October 1888 – 5 October 1918) was a French aviation pioneer and fighter pilot. Garros began a career in aviation in 1909 and performed many early feats such as the first-ever airplane crossing of the Mediterranean Sea in 1913. He joined the French army and became one of the earliest fighter pilots during World War I.  Garros was shot down and died on 5 October 1918. In 1928, the Roland Garros tennis stadium was named in his memory; the French Open tennis tournament officially takes the name of Roland Garros, which is held in this stadium.

Morane-Saulnier
Aéroplanes Morane-Saulnier was a French aircraft manufacturing company formed in October 1911 by Raymond Saulnier and the Morane brothers, Léon and Robert. The company was taken over and diversified in the 1960s.
2016 Dockerty Cup
The 2016 Dockerty Cup was a football (soccer) knockout-cup competition held between men's clubs in Victoria, Australia in 2016, the annual edition of the Dockerty Cup.  Victorian soccer clubs from the 5 State League Divisions, regional, metros and masters leagues - plus the 12 Clubs from the National Premier Leagues Victoria - competed for the Dockerty Cup trophy.

This knockout competition was won by Bentleigh Greens, their first title.

The competition also served as Qualifying Rounds for the 2016 FFA Cup. In addition to the two Victorian A-League clubs, the four semi-finalists qualified for the final rounds of the 2016 FFA Cup, entering at the Round of 32.

2016 FFA Cup preliminary rounds
The 2016 FFA Cup preliminary rounds were the qualifying competition in Australia to decide 21 of the 32 teams which took part in the 2016 FFA Cup Round of 32, along with the 10 A-League clubs and reigning National Premier Leagues champion (Blacktown City FC). The preliminary rounds operated within a consistent national structure whereby club entry into the competition was staggered in each state/territory, with the winning clubs from Round 7 of the preliminary rounds in each member federation gaining entry into the Round of 32. All Australian clubs were eligible to enter the qualifying process through their respective FFA member federation, however only one team per club was permitted entry in the competition.
Akira Makino
Akira Makino (牧野 明, Makino Akira) (November 1922 – May 2007) was a former medic in the Imperial Japanese Navy who, in 2006, became the first Japanese ex-soldier to admit to the experiments conducted on human beings in the Philippines during World War II.

Unethical human experimentation
Unethical human experimentation is human experimentation that violates the principles of medical ethics. Such practices have included denying patients the right to informed consent, using pseudoscientific frameworks such as race science, and torturing people under the guise of research. Around World War II, Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany carried out brutal experiments on prisoners and civilians through groups like Unit 731 or individuals like Josef Mengele; the Nuremberg Code was developed after the war in response to the Nazi experiments. Countries have carried out brutal experiments on marginalized populations. Examples include American abuses during Project MKUltra and the Tuskegee syphilis experiments, and the mistreatment of indigenous populations in Canada and Australia. The Declaration of Helsinki, developed by the World Medical Association, is widely regarded as the cornerstone document on human research ethics.
Sinusoidal spiral
In algebraic geometry, the sinusoidal spirals are a family of curves defined by the equation in polar coordinates

where a is a nonzero constant and n is a rational number other than 0. With a rotation about the origin, this can also be written

The term "spiral" is a misnomer, because they are not actually spirals, and often have a flower-like shape. Many well known curves are sinusoidal spirals including:

Rectangular hyperbola (n = −2)

Line (n = −1)

Parabola (n = −1/2)

Tschirnhausen cubic (n = −1/3)

Cayley's sextic (n = 1/3)

Cardioid (n = 1/2)

Circle (n = 1)

Lemniscate of Bernoulli (n = 2)

The curves were first studied by Colin Maclaurin.

Cayley's sextic
In geometry, Cayley's sextic (sextic of Cayley, Cayley's sextet) is a plane curve, a member of the sinusoidal spiral family, first discussed by Colin Maclaurin in 1718.  Arthur Cayley was the first to study the curve in detail and Raymond Clare Archibald named the curve after him.

The curve is symmetric about the x-axis (y = 0) and self-intersects at y = 0, x = −a/8. Other intercepts are at the origin, at (a, 0) and with the y-axis at ±3⁄8√3a

The curve is the pedal curve (or roulette) of a cardioid with respect to its cusp.
Rot an der Rot
Rot an der Rot (German pronunciation: [ˈʁoːt ʔan deːɐ̯ ˈʁoːt], lit. 'Rot on the Rot') is a town in the district of Biberach in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. The town developed out of Rot an der Rot Abbey.

Rot an der Rot Abbey
Rot an der Rot Abbey (also referred to as Roth, Münchroth, Münchenroth, Mönchroth or Mönchsroth) was a Premonstratensian monastery in Rot an der Rot in Upper Swabia, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It was the first Premonstratensian monastery in the whole of Swabia. The imposing structure of the former monastery is situated on a hill between the valleys of the rivers Rot and Haslach. The monastery church, dedicated to St Verena, and the convent buildings are an important part of the Upper Swabian Baroque Route. Apart from the actual monastic buildings, a number of other structures have been preserved among which are the gates and the economy building.
Rudraksh (film)
Rudraksh is a 2004 Indian Hindi-language science fantasy action film directed by Mani Shankar. The film stars Sanjay Dutt, Suniel Shetty, Bipasha Basu, Isha Koppikar and Kabir Bedi. The film has many references to the epic poem Ramayana ("The Path of Rāma"). The film released on 13 February 2004 to negative reviews by critics and was declared as a disaster at the box office.

Mani Shankar
Mani Shankar is an Indian film director, screenwriter and editor known for his works in Hindi cinema. He directed works such as 16 December, one of the highest-grossing films of 2002, and Tango Charlie, which was screened in several International Film Festivals and was named a permanent part of the UN's "anti-war" movies. Over his long career, Mani Shankar has worked on many films, advertisements and political campaigns.
Soumitra Banerjee
Soumitra Bannerjee (1954 – 8 January 2000) was an Indian actor who worked mainly in Bengali cinema. Some of his notable films are Amar Prem, Troyee, Guru Dakshina, IndrajIt, Bhoy, and Badnam. He is best known for playing villainous roles.  He is famous for the quote Maaltake Garite Tol from Nawab.

Bhoy (film)
Bhoy (transl. fear) is a 1996 Bengali-language psychological thriller film written and directed by Chiranjeet Chakraborty. This movie was released in 1996 in the banner of Dipabali Chitram. This film was loosely based on the English movie Sleeping with the Enemy. Music direction was made by Anupam Dutta and Kabir Suman. The songs of the movie were written by Shibdas Bandyopadhyay and Lakshmikanta Roy.
Hiroshi Shimizu (professor)
Hiroshi Shimizu (born May 29, 1973) is a Japanese management scholar, specializing in innovation and entrepreneurship research. He is currently a professor at the School of Commerce, Waseda University.

Hitotsubashi University
Hitotsubashi University (一橋大学, Hitotsubashi daigaku), formerly known as Tokyo University of Commerce (東京商科大学, Tokyo shōka daigaku), is a public research university in Tokyo, Japan. The university has campuses in Kunitachi, Kodaira, and Chiyoda.

In 1920, Hitotsubashi was granted university status as Tokyo University of Commerce, becoming Japan’s first national college specialising in commercial studies. It underwent another name change in 1949, adopting its modern name, Hitotsubashi. In 1962, the legal name was formally changed to Hitotsubashi University.

The university specialises in the study of the social sciences, particularly commerce, economics, law, political science, sociology, social data science, and the humanities. The university has produced numerous senior bureaucrats and politicians for the Japanese government, including Masayoshi Ōhira, who served as the prime minister of Japan.