hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Private health services plan
A Private Health Services Plan in Canada is Health and/or Dental Care, as part of an insured Group Insurance Plan or a self-insured plan, such as a Health Spending Account, Cost-Plus Plan or one of the three options under a Health and Welfare Trust.

Health and welfare trust
A Health and welfare trust (HAWT) or Health and welfare plan (HAWP) is a tax-free vehicle for financing a corporation's healthcare costs for their employees.  They were introduced in 1986 by Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) in their interpretation bulletin entitled IT-85R2.  Many companies offer this product to Canadian employers.
Ajay Rohera
Ajay Rohera (born 4 June 1997) is an Indian cricketer. He made his List A debut for Madhya Pradesh in the 2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 19 September 2018. He made his first-class debut for Madhya Pradesh in the 2018–19 Ranji Trophy on 6 December 2018. He scored 267 not out, and broke the record for highest score on debut in a first-class innings. He broke the record of Amol Muzumdar who scored 260 against Haryana in the 1993–1994 season.

Amol Muzumdar
Amol Anil Muzumdar (born 11 November 1974) is an Indian cricket coach and former cricketer who previously played for the cricket teams of Mumbai and Assam. He was primarily a right-handed batsman. He held the record for the most runs scored in the Ranji Trophy, India's premier domestic first-class cricket competition, beating the record previously held by Amarjit Kaypee. In October 2023, BCCI appointed Amol as the head coach of the India women's national cricket team. In 2025, under his coaching, the Indian women's cricket team won their maiden ICC Women's ODI World Cup.
Griffonia
Griffonia is a genus of central African flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Cercidoideae. Griffonia is known to have a high concentration of 5-HTP in its seeds.

The genus includes four species of scandent shrubs and lianas native to west and west-central tropical Africa, ranging from Liberia to DR Congo and Angola. They grow in humid tropical forests, swamp forests, and thickets in coastal wooded grassland.

G. physocarpa, G. speciosa, and G. tessmannii are native to west-central Africa, with G. physocarpa having the widest distribution. G. simplicifolia ranges from Gabon to Liberia.

Cercidoideae
Cercidoideae is a subfamily in the pea family, Fabaceae. Well-known members include Cercis (redbuds), including species widely cultivated as ornamental trees in the United States and Europe, Bauhinia, widely cultivated as an ornamental tree in tropical Asia, and Tylosema , a semi-woody genus of Africa. The subfamily occupies a basal position within the Fabaceae and is supported as monophyletic in many molecular phylogenies. At the 6th International Legume Conference, the Legume Phylogeny Working Group proposed elevating the tribe Cercidae to the level of subfamily within the Leguminosae (Fabaceae). The consensus agreed to the change, which was fully implemented in 2017. It has the following clade-based definition:

The most inclusive crown clade containing Cercis canadensis L. and Bauhinia divaricata L. but not Poeppigia procera C.Presl, Duparquetia orchidacea Baill., or Bobgunnia fistuloides (Harms) J.H.Kirkbr. & Wiersema.

Many genera show unique palynology.
Poomaram
Poomaram is a 2018 Indian Malayalam-language musical drama film written, co-produced and directed by Abrid Shine. The film stars Kalidas Jayaram and Neeta Pillai in the lead roles.  The film marks the debut of Kalidas Jayaram as a lead actor in Malayalam cinema. The film received mixed reviews.

Maharaja's College, Kochi
Maharaja's College is a government college located in the city of Kochi in Kerala, India. Established in 1875, it is one of the oldest colleges in India. Located in the heart of the city, the college campus is spread over 100,000 square metres (25 acres) on the banks of Vembanad Lake. The infrastructure of the campus is a mix of old and modern architecture.

The college is ranked 53rd among colleges in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2024.
Ghirone
Ghirone was a municipality in the district of Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 25 January 2005, the cantonal authorities announced that Ghirone would merge with Aquila, Campo Blenio, Olivone and Torre to form a new municipality to be called Blenio. This union was carried through on 22 October 2006.

Olivone
Olivone was a municipality in the district of Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 25 January 2005, the cantonal authorities announced that Olivone would merge with Aquila, Campo Blenio, Ghirone and Torre to form a new municipality to be called Blenio. This union was carried through on 22 October 2006.
Traralgon Olympians SC
Traralgon Olympians SC is a soccer club based in Traralgon, Victoria, Australia. The club was founded in 1980, currently competes in Latrobe Valley Soccer League and is regularly referred to as Olympians.

They are among the most successful club in the history of the Latrobe Valley Soccer League, winning eight men's league championships and eight Battle of Britain Cup titles.

The club regularly competes in the Hellenic Cup, a competition for Australian soccer clubs backed by the Greek community.

Traralgon
Traralgon (/trərælɡən/ trəh-RAL-gən, locally /təˈrælɡən/ tə-RAL-gən) is a city located in the east of the Latrobe Valley in the Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia and the most populous city in the City of Latrobe and the region. The urban population of Traralgon at the 2021 census was 26,907. It is the largest and fastest growing city in the greater Latrobe Valley area, which has a population of 77,168 at the 2021 Census and is administered by the City of Latrobe.
Timeline of Grampian Television
This is a timeline of the history of the British broadcaster Grampian Television.  It provided the ITV network service for the north of Scotland between 1960 and 2006.

The timeline continues until digital switchover is completed as this is the final Grampian-related 'event'.

History of ITV
The history of ITV, the United Kingdom and Crown Dependencies "Independent Television" commercial network, goes back to 1955.

Independent Television began as a network of independently owned regional companies that were both broadcasters and programme makers, beginning with four companies operating six stations in three large regions in 1955–1956, and gradually expanding to 17 stations in 14 regions by 1962. Each regional station was responsible for its own branding, scheduling and advertising, with many peak-time programmes shared simultaneously across the whole network.

By 29 February 2016, 12 regions in England and Wales, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man shared national ITV branding and scheduling, and, together with a 13th region UTV in Northern Ireland, were owned by a single company, ITV plc. A further two regions in Scotland carry STV branding and are owned by the STV Group.
2012 NBA playoffs
The 2012 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association's 2011–12 season. The tournament concluded with the Eastern Conference champion Miami Heat defeating the Western Conference champion Oklahoma City Thunder, 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals. LeBron James was named NBA Finals MVP.

2005 NBA playoffs
The 2005 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association's 2004–05 season. The tournament concluded with the Western Conference champion San Antonio Spurs defeating the Eastern Conference champion Detroit Pistons 4 games to 3 in the NBA Finals. Tim Duncan was named Finals MVP.
RV Petrel
RV Petrel, or R/V Petrel (IMO: 9268629, MMSI: 235102789), is a 76.45 m (250.8 ft) research vessel sailing under the UK flag and owned by the United States Navy and once owned by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen. The ship is named after the petrel, a sea bird. The ship was completed by Brattvaag Skipsverft, Norway in 2003 as the deepwater offshore inspection vessel Seaway Petrel for service with Stolt Offshore. She was later renamed Acergy Petrel, then Seven Petrel with Subsea 7.

In 2016, the ship was purchased by Allen, renamed Petrel and converted for deep-submergence research and archeology. Over two dozen wrecks were explored and recorded between 2017 and 2020, when the ship was laid up. In October 2022, she was purchased by the United States Navy's Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command, for operation under Oceaneering International management.

Japanese destroyer Shimakaze (1942)
Shimakaze (島風, Island Wind) was an experimental destroyer of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II, and intended as the lead ship in a projected new "Type C" of destroyers. She was the only destroyer to be armed with 15 torpedo tubes, each capable of firing the 610 mm (24 in) Type 93 "Long Lance" torpedo. The ship also served as a testbed for a powerful, high-temperature, high-pressure steam turbine that was able to develop 79,240 shp (59,090 kW). This made her one of the fastest destroyers in the world: her design speed was 39 knots (72 km/h; 45 mph), but on trials she made 40.9 knots (75.7 km/h; 47.1 mph).
Dioscorea aesculifolia
Dioscorea aesculifolia is a herbaceous vine in the genus Dioscorea. The type specimen was collected in Brazil in 1994. The type specimen is damaged, but it appears to have palmate leaves with leaflets arranged in groups of five – a feature which is in contrast to the simple leaves of most well-known species of the genus Dioscorea.

Dioscorea
Dioscorea is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending into temperate climates. It was named by the monk Charles Plumier after the ancient Greek physician and botanist Dioscorides.
Power Pivot
Power Pivot, formerly known as PowerPivot (without spacing), is a self-service business intelligence feature of Microsoft Excel which facilitates the creation of a tabular model to import, relate, and analyze data from a variety of sources.

Power Pivot extends a local instance of Microsoft Analysis Services tabular that is embedded directly into an Excel workbook, facilitating the creation of a ROLAP model inside the workbook. Power Pivot supports the use of expression languages to query the model and calculate advanced measures. Pivot tables or pivot charts may be used to explore the model once built.

It is available as an add-in in Excel 2010, as a separate download for Excel 2013, and is included by default since Excel 2016. The data modelling engine inside Power Pivot is shared across Microsoft Power BI and SQL Server Analysis Server (SSAS), and may be referred to as xVelocity, VertiPaq, SSAS Tabular, and Power Pivot.

Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet editor developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android, iOS and iPadOS. It features calculation or computation capabilities, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications (VBA).

Excel forms part of the Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Office suites of software and has been developed since 1985.
Kaufman County, Texas
Kaufman County is a county in the northeastern area of the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 145,310. Its county seat is Kaufman. Both the county, established in 1848, and the city were named for David S. Kaufman, a U.S. Representative and diplomat from Texas. Kaufman County is part of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. Western artist Frank Reaugh moved from Illinois to Kaufman County in 1876, where he was directly inspired for such paintings as The Approaching Herd (1902).

David S. Kaufman
David Spangler Kaufman (December 18, 1813 – January 31, 1851) was an attorney, politician, and diplomat, serving as U.S. Representative from Texas. When the Republic of Texas was independent, he served in both houses of its legislature, and as chargé d'affaires of Texas to the United States.
Grand Rapids, Minnesota
Grand Rapids is a city in, and the county seat of, Itasca County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 11,126 at the 2020 census. The city is named for the 3.5-mile (5.6 km) long rapids in the Mississippi River which was the uppermost limit of practical steamboat travel during the late 19th century. Today the rapids are hidden below the dam of UPM Paper Company.

U.S. Route 169 in Minnesota
U.S. Highway 169 (US 169) is a major north–south United States Numbered Highway in the state of Minnesota, connecting the Minnesota River valley with the Twin Cities and the Iron Range. Much of the route is built to expressway or freeway standards.
Colonia (Roman)
A Roman colonia (pl.: coloniae) was originally a settlement of Roman citizens, establishing a Roman outpost in federated or conquered territory, for the purpose of securing it. Eventually, however, the term came to denote the highest status of a Roman city. It is also the origin of the modern term "colony".

Terracina
Terracina is an Italian city and comune of the province of Latina, located on the coast 56 km (35 mi) southeast of Rome on the Via Appia (76 km (47 mi) by rail). The site has been continuously occupied since antiquity.
Delhi Ganesh
Ganesan Mahadevan (1 August 1944 – 9 November 2024), known by his stage name Delhi Ganesh, was an Indian actor who mostly acted in supporting roles in Tamil cinema and serials. He was well known for the versatility of roles he played during his illustrious career. He acted in more than 400 films. He was given the stage name Delhi Ganesh by K. Balachander. He was introduced to Tamil film industry by K. Balachander through the film Pattina Pravesam (1976).

Kalaimamani
The Kalaimamani (lit. 'Jewel of Arts') is the highest civilian award in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. These awards are given by the Tamil Nadu Iyal Isai Nataka Mandram (literature, music and theatre), a unit of the Directorate of Art and Culture, Government of Tamil Nadu, to recognise artists in the state for their achievements.

The Tamil Nadu government has appointed dancer Chitra Visweswaran as the secretary of Tamil Nadu Iyal Isai Nataka Manram. Film music director Deva is its chairman.
Life sciences industry in Switzerland
The life sciences industry in Switzerland directly and indirectly employs about 135,000 people. It contributes 5.7% of the gross domestic product of Switzerland and 30% of the country's exports. In 2017 about 30% of Swiss exports (worth $84.8 billion) were chemical products. In the same year Switzerland was the second largest exporter of packaged medicine in the world, with about 11% of the global total, worth $36.5 billion.

Switzerland is home to many pharmaceutical companies, including very large groups, such as Novartis and Hoffmann-La Roche. In 2013, 41 life science companies had their international headquarters (and 29 more their regional headquarters) in Switzerland.

Sandoz
Sandoz Group AG is a Swiss company that focuses on generic pharmaceuticals and biosimilars. Prior to October 2023, it was part of a division of Novartis that was established in 2003, when Novartis united all of its generics businesses under the name Sandoz. Before this, the company existed as an independent pharmaceutical manufacturer until 1996, when it was merged with Ciba-Geigy to form Novartis. Prior to the merger, it specialized in medicines used in organ transplants, such as Sandimmune, and various antipsychotics and migraine medicines. Its headquarters were in Holzkirchen, Germany and after the spin-off from Novartis, the headquarters moved to Basel, Switzerland, with most of global functions operating from Holzkirchen in Germany, Prague in Czechia, and Barcelona in Spain. Sandoz is the global leader in generic pharmaceuticals and biosimilars.
Nelder–Mead method
The Nelder–Mead method (also downhill simplex method, amoeba method, or polytope method) is a numerical method used to find a local minimum or maximum of an objective function in a multidimensional space. It is a direct search method (based on function comparison) and is often applied to nonlinear optimization problems for which derivatives may not be known. However, the Nelder–Mead technique is a heuristic search method that can converge to non-stationary points on problems that can be solved by alternative methods.

The Nelder–Mead technique was proposed by John Nelder and Roger Mead in 1965, as a development of the method of Spendley et al.

Pattern search (optimization)
Pattern search (also known as direct search, derivative-free search, or black-box search) is a family of numerical optimization methods that does not require a gradient. As a result, it can be used on functions that are not continuous or differentiable. One such pattern search method is "convergence" (see below), which is based on the theory of positive bases. Optimization attempts to find the best match (the solution that has the lowest error value) in a multidimensional analysis space of possibilities.
Acanthosaura
Acanthosaura is a genus of lizards, commonly known as mountain horned dragons or pricklenape agamas, in the family Agamidae.  The common name "pricklenape" refers to a row of dorsal spines which runs down the back of the neck. They are arboreal lizards found in Southeast Asia.  They are medium-sized, their total length (including tail) ranging from about 7.5 to 15 in (19 to 38 cm), depending on species and individual. As the common name "mountain horned dragons" implies, they tend to prefer higher elevation areas with dense vegetation.

Agamidae
Agamidae is a family containing 582 species in 64 genera of iguanian lizards indigenous to Africa, Asia, Australia, and a few locations in Southern Europe. Many species are commonly called dragons or dragon lizards.
Barbara Blondeau
Barbara Blondeau (May 6, 1938 – December 24, 1974) was an American experimental photographer active in the mid-1960s through the early 1970s. In her career as a photographer, she worked in a wide variety of materials, process and formats, although she is best known for her strip prints which she stumbled upon while shooting with a malfunctioning camera.

David Lebe
David Lebe (born 1948) is an American photographer. He is best known for his experimental images using techniques such as pinhole cameras, hand-painted photographs, photograms, and light drawings. Many of his photographs explore issues of gay identity, homoeroticism, and living with AIDS, linking his work to that of contemporaries such as Robert Mapplethorpe, Peter Hujar, and David Wojnarowicz. Though his style and approach set him apart from these contemporaries, "Lebe is now incontrovertibly part of the history of twentieth-century queer artists."
Mohamed Nasir
Mohamed bin Nasir (Jawi: محمد بن ناصر; 1916 – 21 February 1997) was a Malaysian politician. He served as the Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of Kelantan from 1973 to 1978.

Mohamed founded Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA) in 1977 under the persuasion and endorsement of United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) who were dissatisfied with the demands of and in squabbles for the lump share in controlling the Barisan Nasional (BN) state of Kelantan with the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS).

1977 Kelantan Emergency
The 1977 Kelantan Emergency took place in the state of Kelantan in Malaysia. The state of emergency was declared by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Sultan Yahya Petra, who was also the Sultan of Kelantan at the time, on 8 November 1977, upon the request of the federal government following a political impasse and street violence in Kelantan. This was the fifth declaration of emergency in Malaya and Malaysia after the 1948–1960 Malayan Emergency, the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation, the 1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis, and the 13 May Incident.
Issued shares
In economics and law, issued shares are the shares of a corporation which have been allocated (allotted) and are subsequently held by shareholders. The act of creating new issued shares is called issuance.  Allotment is simply the transfer of shares to a subscriber. After allotment, a subscriber becomes a shareholder, though usually that also requires formal entry in a share registry.

Share (finance)
A share (sometimes someone can refer to as stock or equity) is a unit of equity ownership in the capital stock of a corporation. It can refer to units of mutual funds, limited partnerships, and real estate investment trusts. Share capital refers to all of the shares of an enterprise. The owner of shares in a company is a shareholder (or stockholder) of the corporation. A share expresses the ownership relationship between the company and the shareholder. The denominated value of a share is its face value, and the total of the face value of issued shares represent the capital of a company, which may not reflect the market value of those shares.

The income received from the ownership of shares is a dividend. There are different types of shares such as equity shares, preference shares, deferred shares, redeemable shares, bonus shares, right shares, and employee stock option plan shares.
Columbia Pike–Federal Triangle Line
The Columbia Pike–Federal Triangle Line, designated Route 16F, or Route 16X, was a rush hour-only MetroExtra bus route that was operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority between Federal Triangle station of the Blue, Orange and Silver lines of the Washington Metro and the neighborhood of Culmore. This line was part of the Pike Ride service, which served through Columbia Pike. This line provides service from Federal Triangle in Washington, D.C., to the neighborhood of Culmore in Fairfax County. The line was merged with the 16C on June 24, 2018.

Columbia Pike–Pentagon Line
The Columbia Pike–Pentagon Line, designated as Route F44, is a daily bus route operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority between the neighborhood of  Annandale and Pentagon station of the Yellow and Blue lines of the Washington Metro. This line is part of the Pike Ride service, which runs through Columbia Pike. This line provides service to Annandale and the Pentagon Transit Center from the neighborhoods of Fairfax County and Arlington County. Alongside the neighborhoods, it also brings service through the marketplace, business, and offices through Columbia Pike.
Allegheny Observatory
The Allegheny Observatory is an American astronomical research institution, a part of the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Pittsburgh.  The facility is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (ref. # 79002157, added June 22, 1979) and is designated as a Pennsylvania state and Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation historic landmark.

Allegheny, Pennsylvania
Allegheny City was a municipality that existed in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania from 1788 until it was annexed by Pittsburgh in 1907. It was located north across the Allegheny River from downtown Pittsburgh, with its southwest border formed by the Ohio River, and is known as the North Side. The city's waterfront district, along the Allegheny and Ohio rivers, became Pittsburgh's North Shore neighborhood.

The boundary of Allegheny City encompassed the modern Pittsburgh neighborhoods of Allegheny Center, Allegheny West, Brighton Heights, California-Kirkbride, Central Northside, Chateau, East Allegheny, Fineview, Manchester, Marshall-Shadeland, North Shore, Perry South, Spring Hill–City View, and Troy Hill; most of Perry North; and parts of Northview Heights and Spring Garden.