hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Isaac N. Carleton
Isaac Newton Carleton (June 10, 1832 – August 8, 1902) was an educator.  He taught at Phillips Academy and was the principal of State Normal School in New Britain, Connecticut for twelve years. He was the founder of Carleton School in Massachusetts.  He was the president of the American Institute of Instruction for two years.

Bradford, Massachusetts
Bradford is a village and former town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States.  Eastern Bradford is the current town of Groveland, while western Bradford was annexed by the city of Haverhill, and today consists of the part of Haverhill on the south bank of the Merrimack River.  While its separate existence from Haverhill has been largely obscured, the names of many locations in the area still bear the Bradford name.
Cycle Sluts from Hell
The Cycle Sluts from Hell were an American heavy metal band, active from 1986 to 1992. The band was made up of four women, singing under the stage names Queen Vixen, She-Fire of Ice, Honey One Percenter, and Venus Penis Crusher, with a group of backing musicians including Pete Lisa, Christopher Moffett, Tom Von Doom, Fernando Rosario, Brian Smith, Scott Duboys, Bobby Gustafson, and Eddie Coen. They released one self-titled album in 1991.

Warrior Soul
Warrior Soul is an American rock band formed by lead singer and producer Kory Clarke. Clarke started the band following a bet from a promoter at New York City's Pyramid Club after a solo performance art show titled "Kory Clarke/Warrior Soul". He was determined to have the best band in the city within six months. Nine months later, he signed a multi-album deal with Geffen Records.
Fermat number
In mathematics, a Fermat number, named after Pierre de Fermat (1601–1665), the first known to have studied them, is a positive integer of the form:  where n is a non-negative integer. The first few Fermat numbers are: 3, 5, 17, 257, 65537, 4294967297, 18446744073709551617, 340282366920938463463374607431768211457, ... (sequence A000215 in the OEIS).

If 2k + 1 is prime and k > 0, then k itself must be a power of 2, so 2k + 1 is a Fermat number; such primes are called Fermat primes. As of January 2025, the only known Fermat primes are F0 = 3, F1 = 5, F2 = 17, F3 = 257, and F4 = 65537 (sequence A019434 in the OEIS).

Coprime integers
In number theory, two integers a and b are coprime, relatively prime or mutually prime if the only positive integer that is a divisor of both of them is 1. Consequently, any prime number that divides a does not divide b, and vice versa. This is equivalent to their greatest common divisor (GCD) being 1. One says also a is prime to b or a is coprime with b.

The numbers 8 and 9 are coprime, despite the fact that neither—considered individually—is a prime number, since 1 is their only common divisor. On the other hand, 6 and 9 are not coprime, because they are both divisible by 3. The numerator and denominator of a reduced fraction are coprime, by definition.
Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring
FORUM (Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring) is a European Earth observing satellite that is scheduled to launch in 2027. The FORUM mission is led by the European Space Agency (ESA) and has as its main goal the study of the Earth's radiation budget. It is expected that FORUM's measurements will be improving climate models and offer new insights into the way climate change is affecting the planet. The mission is expected to cost a maximum of 260 million euros.

SKIM
Sea surface kinematics multiscale monitoring (SKIM) was one of the two candidate missions for the 9th Earth Explorer mission of in the FutureEO programme of the European Space Agency (ESA). SKIM and the other candidate (FORUM) were pre-selected for a detailed study in November 2017. Only one of the two candidates was to be selected in 2019 for immediate implementation and a possible launch by the year 2025, and FORUM was chosen.
Open-source artificial intelligence
Open-source artificial intelligence, as defined by the Open Source Initiative, is an AI system that is freely available to use, study, modify, and share. This includes datasets used to train the model, its code, and model parameters, promoting a collaborative and transparent approach to AI development so someone could create a substantially similar result.

The debate over what should count as ‘open-source’ given a range of openness among AI projects has been significant. Some large language models touted as open-sourced that only release model-weights (but not training data and code) have been criticized as "openwashing" systems that are mostly closed.

Popular open-source artificial intelligence project categories include large language models, machine translation tools, and chatbots. Debate over the benefits and risks of open-sourced AI involve a range of factors like security, privacy and technological advancement.

Llama (language model)
Llama ("Large Language Model Meta AI" serving as a backronym) is a family of large language models (LLMs) released by Meta AI starting in February 2023.

Llama models come in different sizes, ranging from 1 billion to 2 trillion parameters. Initially only a foundation model, starting with Llama 2, Meta AI released instruction fine-tuned versions alongside foundation models.

Model weights for the first version of Llama were only available to researchers on a case-by-case basis, under a non-commercial license. Unauthorized copies of the first model were shared via BitTorrent. Subsequent versions of Llama were made accessible outside academia and released under licenses that permitted some commercial use.

Alongside the release of Llama 3, Meta rolled out Meta AI, an AI assistant built on Llama. Meta AI has a dedicated website and is available on Facebook and WhatsApp. The latest version is Llama 4, released in April 2025.
Manner of articulation
In articulatory phonetics, the manner of articulation is the configuration and interaction of the articulators (speech organs such as the tongue, lips, and palate) when making a speech sound. One parameter of manner is stricture, that is, how closely the speech organs approach one another. Others include those involved in the r-like sounds (taps and trills), and the sibilancy of fricatives.

The concept of manner is mainly used in the discussion of consonants, although the movement of the articulators will also greatly alter the resonant properties of the vocal tract, thereby changing the formant structure of speech sounds that is crucial for the identification of vowel of articulation. Often nasality and laterality are included in manner, but some phoneticians, such as Peter Ladefoged, consider them to be independent.

Phonation
The term phonation has slightly different meanings depending on the subfield of phonetics.  Among some phoneticians, phonation or phonating is the process by which the vocal cords, or vocal folds, produce certain sounds through quasi-periodic vibration. This is the definition used among those who study laryngeal anatomy and physiology and speech production in general. Phoneticians in other subfields, such as linguistic phonetics, call this process voicing, and use the term phonation to refer to any oscillatory state of any part of the larynx that modifies the airstream, of which voicing is just one example. Voiceless and supra-glottal phonations are included under this definition.
Macleod railway station
Macleod station is a railway station operated by Metro Trains Melbourne on the Hurstbridge line, which is part of the Melbourne rail network. It serves the north-eastern suburb of Macleod, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Macleod station is a ground level premium station, featuring three platforms, an island platform with two faces and one side platform. It opened on 1 March 1911, with the current station provided in 1979.

Mont Park railway line
The Mont Park railway is a former branch line from the Hurstbridge line in Melbourne, Australia. The main line connection was at the up (Melbourne) end of Macleod station, with the line operating between 1911 and 1964.
Flag of Mexico
The national flag of Mexico (Spanish: bandera nacional de México) is a vertical tricolor of  green, white, and red with the national coat of arms charged in the center of the white stripe. While the meaning of the colors has changed over time, these three colors were adopted by Mexico following independence from Spain during the country's War of Independence, and subsequent First Mexican Empire.

Red, white, and green are the colors of the national army in Mexico. The central emblem is the Mexican coat of arms, based on the Aztec symbol for Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), the center of the Aztec Empire. It recalls the legend of a golden eagle sitting on a  cactus while devouring a serpent that signaled to the Aztecs where to found their city, Tenochtitlan.

Agustín de Iturbide
Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu (Spanish pronunciation: [aɣusˈtin de ituɾˈbiðe] ⓘ; 27 September 1783 – 19 July 1824), commonly known as Agustín de Iturbide and later by his regnal name Agustín I, was the first Emperor of Mexico from 1822 until his abdication in 1823. An officer in the royal Spanish army, during the Mexican War of Independence he initially fought insurgent forces rebelling against the Spanish crown before changing sides in 1820 and leading a coalition of former royalists and long-time insurgents under his Plan of Iguala. The combined forces under Iturbide brought about Mexican independence in September 1821.  After securing the secession of Mexico from Spain, Iturbide was proclaimed president of the Regency in 1821; a year later, he was proclaimed Emperor, reigning from 19 May 1822 to 19 March 1823, when he abdicated. In May 1823 he went into exile in Europe. When he returned to Mexico in July 1824, he was arrested and executed.
Palatka Heights
Palatka Heights is a neighborhood southwest of downtown Palatka, Florida in the United States. The area is bordered by St. Johns Avenue to the north, Westover Drive to the west, and the Ravine Gardens State Park to the south. The neighborhood houses the Palatka Water Works, which provided citizens with water from 1886 until the end of the 1980s. The City of Palatka Heights was incorporated July 23, 1886 and existed until its annexation by Palatka in 1921.

Downtown Palatka
Downtown Palatka is the central business district of Palatka, Florida.  According to the Palatka Community Redevelopment Agency, the district is bounded by Main Street to the north, Laural Street to the south, the St. Johns River to the east, and Eleventh Street to the west,  Historical Fort Shannon was located at the east end of downtown on the river, near what is today City Hall. Area transportation is conducted by Ride Solution and connects downtown passengers to other core areas in Putnam County.

Public offices and services located in the downtown area:

Palatka City Hall

Palatka Gas Authority

Palatka Housing Authority

Palatka Police Department

Palatka Post Office

Palatka Union Depot

Putnam County Chamber of Commerce

Putnam County Courthouse

Putnam County School Board
Francis Kenrick
Francis Patrick Kenrick (December 3, 1796 or 1797 – July 8, 1863) was an Irish-born Catholic prelate who served as bishop of Philadelphia (1842–1851) and archbishop of Baltimore (1851–1863).

Kenrick grew up in Ireland, where he received his early education. He then attended the Pontifical Urbaniana University in Rome, where he built a reputation as a theologian and scholar. After his ordination, he went to teach theology in the Diocese of Bardstown in the United States, where he became president of its seminary. Starting in 1830, Kenrick served as Coadjutor Bishop and later Bishop of Philadelphia, dealing with rebellious parish trustees and anti-Catholic riots in the city. He became Archbishop of Baltimore in 1851, serving there until his death in 1863.

Kenrick is known for his contributions to the American Catholic Church as a theologian and canon law scholar as well as for his introducing free parochial schools in the Diocese of Philadelphia and the Archdiocese of Baltimore.

St. Augustine Church (Philadelphia)
St. Augustine Catholic Church, also called Olde St. Augustine's, is an historic Catholic church in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Consecrated in 1848, the Palladian-style church was designed by Napoleon LeBrun.  It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The church was built to replace the Old St. Augustine Church which was completed in 1801. The first Augustinian church founded in the United States, the original St Augustine housed the Liberty Bell's "Sister Bell". The church was burned down in the anti-Catholic Philadelphia Nativist Riots on May 8, 1844. The church sued the city of Philadelphia for not providing it with adequate protection. The money awarded to the church went to rebuilding the current church, which broke ground on May 27, 1847. Organizations founded by the church led to the creation of both Villanova University and the Philadelphia Orchestra.
Heinkel
Heinkel Flugzeugwerke (German pronunciation: [ˈhaɪŋkəl ˈfluːktsɔʏkˌvɛʁkə]) was a German aircraft manufacturing company founded by and named after Ernst Heinkel. It is noted for producing bomber aircraft for the Luftwaffe in World War II and for important contributions to high-speed flight, with the pioneering examples of a successful liquid-fueled rocket and a turbojet-powered aircraft in aviation history, with both Heinkel designs' first flights occurring shortly before the outbreak of World War II in Europe.

Tricycle landing gear
Tricycle gear is a type of aircraft undercarriage (i.e. landing gear) that is arranged in the fashion of a tricycle, with a single one/two-wheeled front undercarriage (i.e. the nose gear) under the cockpit and two multi-wheeled main gears slightly aft of the center of gravity, usually just behind the wings. This is in contrast to the conventional landing gear (a.k.a. "taildragger") that is arranged with two front gears and one tail gear, more commonly seen in early aircraft but rare nowadays except among propeller-powered light aircraft and some amphibious aircraft.

Tricycle gears are the most ubiquitous undercarriage arrangements for modern aircraft due to the convenience of takeoff, landing and taxiing, especially among the heavier jet aircraft where the engines and wings (and thus the aircraft's center of mass) tend to be more rearwards than conventional gear aircraft and a tail-down flare is typically performed when landing.
United States Constabulary
The United States Constabulary was a United States Army military gendarmerie force. From 1946 to 1952, in the aftermath of World War II, it acted as an occupation and security force in the U.S. Occupation Zone of West Germany and Austria.

4th Armored Division (United States)
The 4th Armored Division was an armored division of the United States Army that earned distinction while spearheading General Patton's Third Army in the European theater of World War II.

The 4th Armored Division, unlike most other U.S. armored divisions during World War II, did not officially adopt a nickname for the division during the war. However, their unofficial nickname "Name Enough" came into use postwar; the division commander having said, "Fourth Armored Division was name enough"; "They shall be known by their deeds alone." The 4th was named the "Breakthrough" division in 1954, but that name was eventually discontinued.
Cyathostemon
Cyathostemon is a genus of flowering plants in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. The genus is endemic to southwestern Western Australia. It was first described by Nikolai Turczaninow in 1852.
Species include:

Cyathostemon ambiguus (F.Muell.) Rye & Trudgen

Cyathostemon blackettii (F.Muell.) Rye & Trudgen

Cyathostemon divaricatus Rye & Trudgen

Cyathostemon gracilis Rye & Trudgen

Cyathostemon heterantherus (C.A.Gardner) Rye & Trudgen

Cyathostemon sp. Dowak

Cyathostemon sp. Lake King

Cyathostemon sp. Red Roo Rock

Cyathostemon sp. Salmon Gums

Cyathostemon tenuifolius  Turcz.

Cyathostemon verrucosus Rye & Trudgen

Cyathostemon ambiguus
Cyathostemon ambiguus is a member of the family Myrtaceae endemic to Western Australia.

It is found in an area along the south coast extending from the Great Southern and into the south western Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia.
East Grinstead Hockey Club
East Grinstead Hockey Club is a professional field hockey club based in East Grinstead, West Sussex, England. It is one of the most successful clubs in the United Kingdom with National League Outdoor and Indoor honours. It was founded in 1897. The home ground is at EGSC, near Saint Hill. The club has a water-based pitch with seats for the spectators as well as a 3G Hockey/Football pitch and clubhouse. The stadium is named Saint Hill.

The Men's 1st XI play in the Men's England Hockey League and the Women's 1st XI play in the Women's England Hockey League. The club currently fields five men's teams, four women's teams and respective youth development teams. The men's team have been champions of England on four occasions (1984–85, 1985–86, 2008–09, 2009–10) and the women's team have been champions of England on one occasion.

Every three years, the club hosts the Jacques Paloume tournament.

East Grinstead
East Grinstead (/ˈɡrɪnstɛd, -stɪd/) is a town in West Sussex, England, near the East Sussex, Surrey, and Kent borders, 27 miles (43 km) south of London, 21 miles (34 km) northeast of Brighton, and 38 miles (61 km) northeast of the county town of Chichester. Situated in the northeast corner of the county, bordering Surrey, the civil parish has an area of 2,443.45 hectares (6,037.9 acres). The population at the 2011 Census was 26,383.

Nearby towns include Crawley and Horley to the west, Tunbridge Wells to the east and Redhill and Reigate to the northwest. The town is contiguous with the village of Felbridge to the northwest. Until 1974 East Grinstead was in East Sussex, before joining with Haywards Heath and Burgess Hill as the Mid-Sussex district of West Sussex.

The town is on the Greenwich Meridian. It has many historic buildings, and the Weald and Ashdown Forest lie to the south-east.

The name Grinstead derives from the Old English grēnestede meaning 'green place'.
Niyodo, Kōchi
Niyodo (仁淀村, Niyodo-mura) was a village located in Takaoka District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 2,533 and a density of 23.86 persons per km2. The total area was 106.16 km2.

On August 1, 2005, Niyodo, along with the town of Ikegawa, and the village of Agawa (both from Agawa District), was merged to create the town of Niyodogawa (in Agawa District), and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Agawa District, Kōchi
Agawa (吾川郡, Agawa-gun) is a district located in Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.
As of October 10, 2018, the district has an estimated population of 26,601 and a density of 33.09 persons per km2. The total area is 803.67 km2.
Gore-Tex
Gore-Tex is  W. L. Gore & Associates's trade name for waterproof, breathable fabric membrane. It was invented in 1969. Gore-Tex blocks liquid water while allowing water vapor to pass through and is designed to be a lightweight, waterproof fabric for all-weather use. It is composed of expanded PTFE (ePTFE), a stretched out form of the PFAS compound polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

Waterproof fabric
Waterproof fabrics are fabrics that are inherently, or have been treated to become, resistant to penetration by water and wetting. The term "waterproof" refers to conformance to a governing specification and specific conditions of a laboratory test method. They are usually natural or synthetic fabrics that are laminated or coated with a waterproofing material such as wax, rubber, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PU), silicone elastomer, or fluoropolymers. Treatment could be either of the fabric during manufacture or of completed products after manufacture, for instance by a waterproofing spray. Examples include the rubberized fabric used in Mackintosh jackets, sauna suits, and inflatable boats.

Waterproof fabrics may also include waterproof-breathable fabrics, which are fabrics that allow water vapor to move across the fabric while still resisting liquid water and wetting.
KM-Markit
Daisuke Kawai (川合大介 / だいすけ・かわい, December 16, 1976, in Tokyo), is a Japanese singer, better known by his stage name KM-Markit (stylized as KM-MARKIT).

In 1998, he was initially part of the Urbarian Gym (URBARIAN GYM / UBG), a Japanese hip-hop group, which also featured popular Japanese rapper Zeebra beginning in 1997. He went on to sign with the Pony Canyon label in 2004, releasing his first album, Vivid, in April the following year. He released one more album under label before parting ways to do his own projects.

UBG later disbanded in 2010.

After UBG's disbandment, in 2010, he co-founded the Raider Music Record and helped create the underground hip-hop group The Raiders, becoming the executive producer. The group released one album, The Raiders, along with several singles. KM-Markit also collaborated with other artists, though they were under different labels.

Be the Naked
"Be the Naked" is the thirtieth single by the Japanese hip-hop group Lead, released on January 30, 2019. The single was announced in December 2018, two weeks before the release of their concert DVD Lead Upturn 2018: Milestone. It debuted in the top ten on the Oricon charts at No. 7.

The single is their first release following their album Milestone, and released eight months after their previous single "Bumblebee".

The single was released in four formats: a standard CD, two CD+DVD editions, and a CD+booklet edition. Each edition also received a limited edition version that held concert tickets to their upcoming live.
Kanji of the Year
The kanji of the year (今年の漢字, Kotoshi no kanji) is a character chosen by the Japanese Kanji Proficiency Society (財団法人日本漢字能力検定協会, Zaidan hōjin Nihon Kanji Nōryoku kentei kyōkai) through a national ballot in Japan, starting in 1995. The character with the most votes, selected to represent the events of that year, is announced in a ceremony on December 12 (Kanji Day) at Kiyomizu Temple.

Japan also holds an annual word of the year contest called "the New Word/Trendy Phrase Award" (Shingo ryūkōgo taishō), sponsored by the Jiyu Kokuminsha publisher (by U-CAN since 2004).

Word of the year
The word(s) of the year, sometimes capitalized as "Word(s) of the Year" and abbreviated "WOTY" (or "WotY"), refers to any of various assessments as to the most important word(s) or expression(s) in the public sphere during a specific year.

The German tradition Wort des Jahres was started in 1971. In 1999 it was supplemented with the Austrian word of the year to express the pluricentric nature of German and its multiple standards varieties.

The American Dialect Society's Word of the Year is the oldest English-language version, and the only one that is announced after the end of the calendar year, determined by a vote of independent linguists, and not tied to commercial interest. However, various other organizations also announce Words of the Year for a variety of purposes.