hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dahlgren system
One of the modern systems of plant taxonomy, the Dahlgren system was published by monocot specialist Rolf Dahlgren in 1975 and revised in 1977, and  1980. However, he is best known for his two treatises on monocotyledons in 1982  and revised in 1985. His wife Gertrud Dahlgren continued the work after his death.

Dahlgren ranked the dicotyledons and monocotyledons as subclasses of the class of flowering plants (angiosperms) and further divided them into superorders. Originally (1975) he used the suffix -anae, as did Cronquist, to designate these, but in 1980 changed this to -florae in accordance with Thorne. In the 1989 revision, published by his wife, the alternate names Magnoliidae and Liliidae were dropped in favour of Dicotyledon and Monocotyledon, and  the suffix -florae reverted to -anae (e.g. Alismatanae for Alismatiflorae).

Reveal provides an extensive listing of Dahlgren's classification. (Note the synonyms, both nomenclatural and taxonomic, for each name in the system.)

Solanales
The Solanales are an order of flowering plants, included in the asterid group of the eudicots. Well-known members of Solanales include potatoes, sweet potatoes, eggplants, tomatoes, chili peppers, tobacco, petunias, nightshades, and morning glory. Some older sources used the name Polemoniales for this order.
Kittanning (village)
Kittanning (Lenape Kithanink; pronounced [kitˈhaːniŋ]) was an 18th-century Native American village in the Ohio Country, located on the Allegheny River at present-day Kittanning, Pennsylvania. The village was at the western terminus of the Kittanning Path, an Indian trail that provided a route across the Alleghenies between the Ohio and Susquehanna river basins.: 183

Together with Logstown, Pickawillany, Sandusky, and Lower Shawneetown, Kittanning was one of several large multiethnic and autonomous "Indian republics" made up of a variety of smaller disparate social groups: village fragments, extended families, or individuals, often survivors of epidemics and refugees from conflicts with other Native Americans or with Europeans.

Kittanning served as a staging area for Delaware and Shawnee raids on British colonial settlements during the French and Indian War, until Pennsylvania provincial troops under the command of Colonel John Armstrong destroyed the village on 8 September 1756.

Fort Lyttleton (Pennsylvania)
Fort Lyttleton (also spelled Lyttelton and Littleton)  was a militia stockade located in the colonial Province of Pennsylvania.  Its site was about a mile from Fort Littleton, Pennsylvania, near Dublin Township, in what is now Fulton County, Pennsylvania.  Active from 1755 until 1763, the stockade was initially garrisoned by 75 Pennsylvania troops but at times had as many as 225. It was in use until 1759, then abandoned and reoccupied briefly in 1763 during Pontiac's War.
Carol Howe
Carol Elizabeth Howe was a former informant for the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). Howe became a key figure in Oklahoma City bombing conspiracy theories when she said that she informed authorities of a right-wing extremist plan to blow up a federal building in Oklahoma a few months before the Oklahoma City bombing.

Elohim City, Oklahoma
Elohim City (also known as Elohim City Inc. and Elohim Village) is a private community in Adair County, Oklahoma, United States. The 400 acres (1.6 km2) rural retreat was founded in 1973 by Robert G. Millar, a Canadian immigrant, former Mennonite, and "one of the most important leaders" in America's Christian Identity movement, a theology common to an assortment of right-wing extremist groups. The community gained national attention for its ties to members of The Order in the 1980s, as well as with convicted Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh in the 1990s.

The enclave consists of approximately one dozen structures, some of them mobile homes and others modernistic dome houses. The center of activity is the church-community center, where residents meet for hour-long sessions each morning.

Robert G. Millar died on May 28, 2001. After his death, his second-oldest son, John Millar, became the leader of Elohim City. John Millar died on February 28, 2019.
Arthur Salmon
Edwin Arthur Salmon (b Clifton 20 November 1832 – d Brent Knoll 20 September 1899) was a British Church of England priest, most notably Archdeacon of Wells from March 1898 until his death.

Salmon was educated at Wadham College, Oxford, matriculating in 1851 and graduating B.A. in 1855. He was ordained as deacon in 1855,  and priest in 1856. After a curacy at Christian Malford he was Vicar of Martock until 1888 when he became Rector of Weston-Super-Mare, a post he held until his death.

Archdeacon of Wells
The Archdeacon of Wells has been a senior clergy position in the Church of England Diocese of Bath and Wells since the English reformation, before which it was part of the Roman Catholic Church. The post, having oversight over the archdeaconry of Wells in Somerset has existed since the twelfth century. The archdeaconry includes seven deaneries.
Barkly Highway
The Barkly Highway is a national highway in Queensland and the Northern Territory in Australia. It is the only sealed road between Queensland and the Northern Territory. The highway is named after the Barkly Tableland, which in turn was named by explorer William Landsborough in December 1861 after Henry Barkly, the then Governor of Victoria.

Camooweal
Camooweal is an outback town and locality in the City of Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia. The locality is on the Queensland border with the Northern Territory. In the 2021 census, the locality of Camooweal had a population of 236 people.
South Rosemary, North Carolina
South Rosemary is an unincorporated area and census-designated place (CDP) in Halifax County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 2,836 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Roanoke Rapids micropolitan area
The Roanoke Rapids, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area (μSA) as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of two counties in North Carolina, anchored by the city of Roanoke Rapids.

As of the 2000 census, the μSA had a population of 79,456 (though a July 1, 2009 estimate placed the population at 74,716).
Delhi–Moradabad line
The Delhi–Moradabad line is a railway line connecting Delhi and Moradabad the latter in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The Gajraula–Najibabad branch line is included in this line. The line is under the administrative jurisdiction of Northern Railway.

Moradabad Junction railway station
Moradabad railway station is located in Moradabad district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and serves Moradabad, which is known for its brassware industries. Moradabad is a major railway station of Western Uttar Pradesh and is located just 157 kilometres (98 mi) from national capital New Delhi. Moradabad also has the divisional headquarters of the Northern Railway. Rajdhani, Shatabdi, Garib Rath Express, Double Decker Express and many Superfast Express trains pass through and stop at Moradabad Junction.
Persian Gulf (missile)
Khalij-e Fars (Persian: موشک خلیج فارس, "Persian Gulf") is an Iranian single-stage solid-propellant, supersonic anti-ship quasi ballistic missile with a range of 300 km based on the Fateh-110 missile. It is equipped with a 650 kg explosive warhead and an interception evading guidance system.

The missile was unveiled in February 2011 when the Commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps, Major General Mohammad Ali Jafari, announced that it is being mass-produced. The Iranian Fars News Agency released a footage of the missile hitting a target ship successfully. The missile was first tested during the Great Prophet III naval wargames in 2008.

There have been two other publicized tests of the missile. One occurred in July 2011 and the other in July 2012. The latter test also showed footage taken by the missile's electro-optical seeker locked onto its target.

Anti-ship ballistic missile
An anti-ship ballistic missile (ASBM) is a military ballistic missile system designed to hit a warship at sea.

Due to the high flight speed of ballistic missiles, an ASBM's kinetic energy alone may be sufficient to cripple or outright destroy a target with a single conventional warhead impact. Unlike a nuclear warhead, however, this would require a direct hit to be effective; therefore unlike a land attack ballistic missile, which typically strikes fixed targets in known positions, an ASBM requires a dedicated sensor chain to detect and identify its target, combined with a precise and high-performance terminal guidance system with advanced sensors and in-flight calibrations in order to successfully hit a moving target.
Alluvion (Roman law)
Alluvion, is a Roman law method of acquisition of heritable property (land). The typical cause is sediment (alluvium) deposited by a river. This sediment, legally termed the accessory, accreses (i.e., merges with) a piece of land, the principal (operating a subtype of the Roman mode of acquisition by accession) and thus accedes to the ownership of the principal land over time.

It continues to have relevance in the modern age from adopting Roman property law by modern legal systems, primarily civil law jurisdictions. Scots law is a notable example of the usage of alluvion within the law of accession (accesio). Public international law also recognises the acquisition of sovereignty of virgin territory by operation of nature, such as sediment deposits, again following the Roman law principles of alluvion.

Acquisition of sovereignty
A number of methods of acquisition of sovereignty are or have been recognised by international law as lawful methods by which a state may acquire sovereignty over territory. International law adopts much of Roman property law in regards to acquisition of sovereignty due to the underlying European civil law at the time of early discovery voyages such as Christopher Columbus. The basis of acquisition of states ownership of vacant territory therefore continues to apply, (and was often applied historically to land already possessed by indigenous populations).
United States Antarctic Service Expedition
The United States Antarctic Service Expedition (1939–1941), often referred to as Byrd's Third Antarctic Expedition, was an expedition jointly sponsored by the United States Navy, State Department, Department of the Interior and The Treasury. Although a U.S.-government sponsored expedition, additional support came from donations and gifts by private citizens, corporations and institutions.

United States Antarctic Expedition Medal
The United States Antarctic Expedition Medal is a combined military-civilian award that was authorized by the United States Congress on September 24, 1945 under Public Law 185 of the 79th Congress (59 Stat. 536). The award recognizes members of the United States Antarctic Expedition of 1939–1941. There were gold, silver, and bronze versions. It is unclear if the gold version is considered a Congressional Gold Medal, as was the case with the 1st Byrd expedition.
Xaviersobased
Xavier Lopez (born October 23, 2003), known professionally as Xaviersobased (stylized in lowercase), is an American rapper and record producer known for his eccentric rapping and production style.

He has been credited, alongside his collective 1c34 and Californian producer kashpaint, as pioneering the Internet microgenre, "jerk", while his discography spans a number of other genres including trap, plugg and digicore.

Internet rap
Internet rap (originally known as blog rap or online rap) is a style of hip-hop that emerged in the late 2000s, initially spreading through the online blogosphere, and early social media platforms like Myspace and later Tumblr, as well as mixtape-sharing site DatPiff.

Internet rap encompasses various online styles and aesthetics deeply intertwined with internet culture, memes, and digital communities. Unlike traditional hip-hop, internet rap is characterized by music primarily influenced by the internet and born out of online communities. Artists often favor online music distribution platforms such as SoundCloud, with songs frequently promoted and shared through streaming services like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram.

Though many internet rappers achieve mainstream success, artists within this label have been described as alternative or underground rap. The scene was originally based primarily on trap music but later gave rise to several microgenres and internet subcultures.
Gwonbeon
Gwonbeon (Korean: 권번) were institutions set up for the training and oversight of kisaeng and other entertainers in the early 20th century.  They were the successors of the gyobang, government-supported institutions which had provided such education and oversight in the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties.

Kyobang
The gyobang (Korean: 교방) were the principal buildings associated with kisaeng during the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties. They provided instruction in music including Hyangak (lit. "village music) and dance, and by the late Joseon dynasty they were also the administrative center of kisaeng society.

Gyobang first appear in historical records in the early 11th century, in the reign of King Hyeonjong. However, since that record describes the king releasing 1,000 kisaeng from the gyobang, it is likely that they date to the 10th century and the formation of the kisaeng class.

When Korea came under Japanese rule in the early 20th century, the gyobang were replaced by gwonbeon.  No gyobang survive today, although a handful of pictorial depictions do.
Newport, New Hampshire
Newport is a town in and the county seat of Sullivan County, New Hampshire, United States. It is 43 miles (69 km) west-northwest of Concord, the state capital. The population of Newport was 6,299 at the 2020 census. A covered bridge is in the northwest. The area is noted for maple sugar and apple orchards. Prior to county division in 1827, Newport was in Cheshire County. The central part of town, where 4,735 people resided at the 2020 census, is defined as the Newport census-designated place (CDP) and is located next to the Sugar River at the junction of New Hampshire routes 10 and 11. The town also includes the villages of Kelleyville, Guild, and North Newport.

Sarah Josepha Hale
Sarah Josepha Buell Hale (October 24, 1788 – April 30, 1879) was an American writer, activist, and editor of the most widely circulated magazine in the period before the Civil War, Godey's Lady's Book. She was the author of the nursery rhyme "Mary Had a Little Lamb". Hale famously campaigned for the creation of the American Thanksgiving holiday and for the completion of the Bunker Hill Monument.
Mildly context-sensitive grammar formalism
In computational linguistics, the term mildly context-sensitive grammar formalisms refers to several grammar formalisms that have been developed in an effort to provide adequate descriptions of the syntactic structure of natural language.

Every mildly context-sensitive grammar formalism defines a class of mildly context-sensitive grammars (the grammars that can be specified in the formalism), and therefore also a class of mildly context-sensitive languages (the formal languages generated by the grammars).

Embedded pushdown automaton
An embedded pushdown automaton or EPDA is a computational model for parsing languages generated by tree-adjoining grammars (TAGs). It is similar to the context-free grammar-parsing pushdown automaton, but instead of using a plain stack to store symbols, it has a stack of iterated stacks that store symbols, giving TAGs a generative capacity between context-free and context-sensitive grammars, or a subset of mildly context-sensitive grammars.
Embedded pushdown automata should not be confused with nested stack automata  which have more computational power.
Seven of Cups
The Seven of Cups is a Minor Arcana tarot card in the suit of cups. This single card is a part of the popularized tarot deck used for the practice of tarot card readings, often seen under the practice of occult and fortune telling. One of the more well-known illustrations, encapsulating a variety of symbols, is by the artist Pamela Colman Smith. What the card represents is subjective to the individual, but has a speculative meaning that has been agreed upon by the generalized tarot community.

Suit of cups
The suit of cups is one of four suits of tarot which, collectively, make up the Minor Arcana. They are sometimes referred to as goblets and chalices. Like the other suits of the Minor Arcana, it contains fourteen cards: ace (one), two through ten, page, knight, queen and king. Historically, the suit represented the First Estate (the Clergy). Tarot cards were originally designed for card play and are still used throughout much of Europe to play various Tarot card games. However, in English-speaking countries, where the games are largely unknown, Tarot cards came to be utilized primarily for divinatory purposes. In modern card games, the equivalent suits (depending on deck type and origin) are Hearts or Cups.
Charles Fremont Dight
Charles Fremont Dight (1856–1938) was an American medical professor and promoter of the human eugenics movement in the U.S. state of Minnesota. Dight Avenue, a street in Minneapolis, was named for him until the city re-designated it as Cheatham Avenue in 2022.

Eugenics in Minnesota
In Minnesota, developmentally disabled people, most of whom were women, were involuntarily committed to state guardianship and sterilized, By current standards, many of those who were either committed to state guardianship or sterilized would not be considered disabled. Eugenic ideals were popular in the state during much of the early to mid 20th century.

Minnesota was the 17th state in the United States that enacted laws which legalized eugenic practices. The practice of eugenics aims to improve the genetic quality of a population which has historically occurred through selective breeding, forced sterilization, and genocide.
Kemmerer High School
Kemmerer Junior Senior High School is a high school in rural Kemmerer, Lincoln County, Wyoming, United States. It is the only high school in its school district, Lincoln County School District Number 1. Kemmerer, Cokeville High School, and Star Valley High School are the only high schools in Lincoln County

The high school has a number of athletic teams and activities.  The school's wrestling program won their first state wrestling title in 2021.

In academics, the school ranks (8 out of 10).

Lincoln County School District Number 1
The Lincoln County School District No. 1 is a public school district in Lincoln County, Wyoming, United States, based in Diamondville, Wyoming.

The district includes the municipalities of Diamondville, Kemmerer, and Opal, as well as the census-designated place of Oakley, and most of the Fontenelle CDP.
Beenleigh State School
Beenleigh State School is a public co-educational primary school located in the Logan City suburb of Beenleigh, Queensland, Australia. It is administered by the Queensland Department of Education, with an enrolment of 448 students and a teaching staff of 35, as of 2023. The school caters to students from Prep to Year 6.

Beenleigh, Queensland
Beenleigh is a town and suburb in the City of Logan, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, the suburb of Beenleigh had a population of 8,425 people.

A government survey for the new town was conducted in 1866. The town is the terminus for the Beenleigh railway line, which first opened in 1885 and a stop on the South Coast railway line, which reached Southport in 1889.  Beenleigh was the administrative centre of the former Shire of Albert.  It is known for the heritage-listed tourist attraction called the Beenleigh Artisan Distillery. In recent years it has seen many high rise developments.
Simonswood Brook
Simonswood Brook is a minor, 12-kilometre-long (7.5 mi) river (brook) in Merseyside, England, that is a tributary to the River Alt in the Alt catchment. As the stream enters Kirkby, it is known as the Kirkby Brook.

River Alt
The River Alt is an urban river that flows across Merseyside in England. The river has suffered from heavy pollution from industry and sewage upstream and run-off from farmland in its lower reaches. It empties into the River Mersey, near to where the Mersey itself flows into the Irish Sea. The river has benefited from clean-up schemes and a de-culverting process to improve its water quality and provide a better environment for wildlife.
Loxospora
Loxospora is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Sarrameanaceae. The genus was established in 1852 by the Italian lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo and originally included species now placed in other genera. Molecular phylogenetics studies have revealed that several species previously assigned to Loxospora actually belong to a separate lineage, leading to the creation of the new genus Chicitaea in 2024. These lichens form crusty growths on bark and rock surfaces, with some species producing powdery reproductive structures whilst others develop disc-shaped fruiting bodies.

Sarrameanaceae
Sarrameanaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi in the monotypic order Sarrameanales. The family was established in 1984 by Josef Hafellner and contains three genera. These lichens form crust-like growths that often produce powdery reproductive structures for spreading to new locations. They have brown to black fruiting bodies and show remarkable diversity in ascospore shapes, with some species coiling their spores in tight spirals within their reproductive structures.
David Brower
David Ross Brower (/ˈbraʊ.ər/ BROW-ər; July 1, 1912 – November 5, 2000) was a prominent environmentalist and the founder of many environmental organizations, including the John Muir Institute for Environmental Studies (1997), Friends of the Earth (1969), Earth Island Institute (1982), North Cascades Conservation Council, and Fate of the Earth Conferences. From 1952 to 1969, he served as the first Executive Director of the Sierra Club, and served on its board three times: from 1941–1953; 1983–1988; and 1995–2000 as a petition candidate enlisted by reform-activists known as the John Muir Sierrans. As a younger man, he was a prominent mountaineer.

John McPhee
John Angus McPhee (born March 8, 1931) is an American author. He is considered one of the pioneers of creative nonfiction. He is a four-time finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in the category General Nonfiction, and he won that award on the fourth occasion in 1999 for Annals of the Former World (a collection of five books, including two of his previous Pulitzer finalists). In 2008, he received the George Polk Career Award for his "indelible mark on American journalism during his nearly half-century career". Since 1974, McPhee has been the Ferris Professor of Journalism at Princeton University.
Aweer people
The Aweer (also known as the Boni, Waboni, Wa-Boni, and Sanye) are a Cushitic ethnic group inhabiting the Coast Province in southeastern Kenya. Some members are also found in southern Somalia. They are indigenous foragers, traditionally subsisting on hunting, gathering, and collecting honey.

Cushitic-speaking peoples
Cushitic-speaking peoples are the ethnolinguistic groups who speak Cushitic languages natively. Cushitic languages are spoken as a mother tongue primarily in the Horn of Africa, with minorities speaking Cushitic languages in southeastern Egypt, Sudan, Kenya, and Tanzania.