hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
R. W. Davies
Robert William Davies (23 April 1925 – 13 April 2021), better known as R. W. Davies or Bob Davies, was a British historian, writer and professor of Soviet economic studies at the University of Birmingham.

Obtaining his PhD in 1954, Davies was promoted to full professor and made chair of the Centre for Russian and East European Studies (CREES) at the University of Birmingham in 1965. He retired from active teaching in 1988.

A collaborator and co-author with historian E. H. Carr on two volumes of his 14-volume History of Soviet Russia, Davies is best known for having carried Carr's work forward into the 1930s with seven additional volumes of economic history under the general title The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia.

Stephen G. Wheatcroft
Stephen George Wheatcroft FASSA (born 1 June 1947) is a Professorial Fellow of the School of Historical Studies at the University of Melbourne. His research interests include Russian pre-revolutionary and Soviet social, economic and demographic history, as well as  famine and food supply problems in modern world history, the impact of media on history, and in recent developments in Russian and Ukrainian society. Wheatcroft speaks Russian fluently and has spent a good portion of his career researching in the Soviet archives, and he played a major role in publishing materials from the archives.

Wheatcroft was named a fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia in 2005.
José Guadalupe Gallegos
José Guadalupe Gallegos (April 13, 1828 – May 18, 1867) was a Hispano New Mexican military leader, county sheriff, rancher and politician. In 1854 he served as brigadier general in the volunteer Mounted Militia of New Mexico (Territory) formed for the purpose of protecting communities against Native American attacks. Prior to the Battle of Glorieta Pass, he was a Union field and staff Colonel in the Civil War, serving as commander of the 3rd New Mexico Volunteer Infantry and as commander of the Hatch's Ranch military post. He represented San Miguel County in four of the six Assemblies of the Territorial Legislature between 1855-1861 and served as House Speaker and as Council President. José was one of the founding members of the Historical Society of New Mexico and was a founding associate in the incorporation of the Montezuma Copper Mining Company of Santa Fé, New Mexico the New Mexican Railway Company and the New Mexico Wool Manufacturing Company.

Battle of Valverde
The Battle of Valverde, also known as the Battle of Valverde Ford, was fought from February 20 to 21, 1862, near the town of Val Verde at a ford of the Rio Grande in Union-held New Mexico Territory, in what is today the state of New Mexico. It is considered a major Confederate success in the New Mexico Campaign of the American Civil War, despite the invading force abandoning the field. The belligerents were Confederate cavalry from Texas and several companies of Arizona militia versus U.S. Army regulars and Union volunteers from northern New Mexico Territory and the Colorado Territory.
Satyendra Nath Bose
Satyendra Nath Bose (/ˈboʊs/; 1 January 1894 – 4 February 1974) was an Indian theoretical physicist and mathematician. He is best known for his work on quantum mechanics in the early 1920s, in developing the foundation for Bose–Einstein statistics, and the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate. A Fellow of the Royal Society, he was awarded India's second highest civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan, in 1954 by the Government of India.

The eponymous particles class described by Bose's statistics, bosons, were named by Paul Dirac.

A polymath, he had a wide range of interests in varied fields, including physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, mineralogy, philosophy, arts, literature, and music. He served on many research and development committees in India after independence.

Old quantum theory
The old quantum theory is a collection of results from the years 1900–1925, which predate modern quantum mechanics. The theory was never complete or self-consistent, but was instead a set of heuristic corrections to classical mechanics. The theory has come to be understood as the semi-classical approximation to modern quantum mechanics. The main and final accomplishments of the old quantum theory were the determination of the modern form of the periodic table by Edmund Stoner and the Pauli exclusion principle, both of which were premised on Arnold Sommerfeld's enhancements to the Bohr model of the atom.

The main tool of the old quantum theory was the Bohr–Sommerfeld quantization condition, a procedure for selection of certain allowed states of a classical system: the system can then only exist in one of the allowed states and not in any other state.
Combat sport
A combat sport, or fighting sport, is a contact sport that usually involves one-on-one combat. In many combat sports, a contestant wins by scoring more points than the opponent, submitting the opponent with a hold, disabling the opponent (knockout, KO), or attacking the opponent in a specific or designated technique. Combat sports share a long history with the martial arts.

Some combat sports (and their national origin) include boxing (Greek-British), Brazilian jiu-jitsu (Japanese-Brazilian), catch wrestling (British-American), jujutsu (Japanese), judo (Japanese), freestyle wrestling (British-American), Greco-Roman wrestling (French), karate (Chinese-Okinawan-Japanese), kickboxing (numerous origins, mainly Southeast Asian), Lethwei (Burmese), mixed martial arts (numerous origins), Muay Thai (Thai), sambo (Soviet/Russian), sanda (Chinese), savate (French), taekwondo (Korean), Vale Tudo (Brazilian), pankration (Ancient Greek), luta livre (Brazilian), and folk wrestling (various).

Combat
Combat is a purposeful violent conflict between multiple combatants with the intent to harm the opposition. Combat may be armed (using weapons) or unarmed (not using weapons). Combat is resorted to either as a method of self-defense or to impose one's will upon others. An instance of combat can be a standalone confrontation or part of a wider conflict, and its scale can range from a fight between individuals to a war between organized groups. Combat may also be benign and recreational, as in the cases of combat sports and mock combat.

Combat may comply with, or be in violation of, local or international laws regarding conflict. Examples of rules include the Geneva Conventions (covering the treatment of people in war), medieval chivalry, the Marquess of Queensberry Rules (covering boxing), and the individual rulesets of various combat sports.
Context menu
A context menu (also called contextual, shortcut, and pop up or pop-up menu) is a menu in a graphical user interface (GUI) that appears upon user interaction, such as a right-click mouse operation. A context menu offers a limited set of choices that are available in the current state, or context, of the operating system or application to which the menu belongs. Usually the available choices are actions related to the selected object. From a technical point of view, such a context menu is a graphical control element.

Menu key
In computing, the menu key (≣ Menu), or application key, is a key with the primary function to launch a context menu with the keyboard rather than with the usual right-mouse button. It was previously found on Microsoft Windows-oriented computer keyboards and was introduced in 1994, at the same time as the Windows logo key. The menu key was sometimes omitted on smaller keyboards.

In 2024, Microsoft announced that the button would be replaced with a Microsoft Copilot key on computers promoted as "AI PCs".

In October 2024, Apple added the "Contextual Menu key" to its USB-C Magic Keyboard with Touch ID and Numeric Keypad models.
Yorii Station
Yorii Station (寄居駅, Yorii-eki) is a joint-use passenger railway station in the town of Yorii, Saitama, Japan, jointly operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and the private railway operators Tōbu Railway and Chichibu Railway. The station premises are managed by Chichibu Railway.

Yorii, Saitama
Yorii (寄居町, Yorii-machi) is a town in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 March 2021, the town had an estimated population of 32,851 in 14,689 households and a population density of 510 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 64.25 square kilometres (24.81 sq mi).
Conviction (Angel)
"Conviction" is the first episode of the fifth season of the American television series Angel, originally broadcast on The WB network. In this episode, Wolfram & Hart C.E.O. Angel and the rest of the group cope with their new, morally ambiguous lifestyle. Their client - an unsavory, violent gangster - threatens to unleash a virus if they fail to keep him out of jail. Biological warfare is averted when Gunn uses the knowledge of the law that Wolfram & Hart mystically bestowed upon him to prevent the gangster from being incarcerated.

Angel season 5
The fifth and final season of the television series Angel, the spin-off of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, premiered on October 1, 2003 on The WB and concluded its 22-episode season and its television run on May 19, 2004. The season aired on Wednesdays at 9:00 pm ET. This is the only season of Angel to air following the finale of Buffy the Vampire Slayer.
City Park Cross Country Course
The City Park Cross Country Course is a cross country course in City Park in New Orleans. The 2.00 mile/3.22 km grass loop cross country course is all flat and starts near the corner of Wisner Boulevard and Harrison Avenue.

The course is the home course for the Xavier Gold Rush and Gold Nuggets men's and women's cross country teams.

Xavier Gold Rush and Gold Nuggets
The Xavier Gold Rush and Gold Nuggets are the athletic teams that represent Xavier University of Louisiana, located in New Orleans, Louisiana, in intercollegiate sports as a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Red River Athletic Conference (RRAC) since the 2021–22 academic year. The Gold Rush and Gold Nuggets previously competed in the Gulf Coast Athletic Conference (GCAC) from 1981–82 to 2020–21. As early as 1917, when Xavier University was still only a high school, organized sports were held on the "Old Southern" campus. As described in the 1917 Xavier Bulletin, "An athletic association has been organized by the students, under the direction of the Faculty. The football and baseball teams are able contestants with those of the standard colleges of the South. Pole-vault contests and track meets are additional sports. Excellent physical training for girls is provided in basket-ball, volley-ball, and kindred sports."
Pyrus pyraster
Pyrus pyraster (syn. Pyrus communis subsp. pyraster), also called European wild pear, is a species of pear of the family Rosaceae.

This wild pear and Pyrus caucasica (syn. P. communis subsp. caucasica) are thought to be the ancestors of the cultivated European pear (Pyrus communis subsp. communis). Both the wild pears are interfertile with domesticated pears.

It is sometimes difficult to distinguish Pyrus pyraster  from a common pear. Pyrus pyraster  can reach an age of 100 to 150 years.

Pear
Pears are fruits produced and consumed around the world, growing on a tree and are harvested in late summer into mid-autumn. The pear tree and shrub are a species of genus Pyrus /ˈpaɪrəs/, in the family Rosaceae, bearing the pomaceous fruit of the same name. Several species of pears are valued for their edible fruit and juices, while others are cultivated as trees.

The tree is medium-sized and native to coastal and mildly temperate regions of Europe, North Africa, and Asia. Pear wood is one of the preferred materials in the manufacture of high-quality woodwind instruments and furniture.

About 3,000 known varieties of pears are grown worldwide, which vary in both shape and taste. The fruit is consumed fresh, canned, as juice, dried, or fermented as perry.
Lanthanide trifluoromethanesulfonates
Lanthanide triflates are triflate salts of the lanthanides. These salts have been investigated for application in organic synthesis as Lewis acid catalysts. These catalysts function similarly to aluminium chloride or ferric chloride, but they are water-tolerant (stable in water). Commonly written as Ln(OTf)3·(H2O)9 the nine waters are bound to the lanthanide, and the triflates are counteranions, so more accurately lanthanide triflate nonahydrate is written as [Ln(H2O)9](OTf)3.

Triflate
In organic chemistry, triflate (systematic name: trifluoromethanesulfonate), is a functional group with the formula R−OSO2CF3 and structure R−O−S(=O)2−CF3. The triflate group is often represented by −OTf, as opposed to −Tf, which is the triflyl group, R−SO2CF3. For example, n-butyl triflate can be written as CH3CH2CH2CH2OTf.

The corresponding triflate anion, CF3SO−3, is an extremely stable polyatomic ion; this comes from the fact that triflic acid (CF3SO3H) is a superacid; i.e. it is more acidic than pure sulfuric acid, already one of the strongest acids known.
2018 AVC Men's Challenge Cup
The 2018 AVC Men's Challenge Cup was the inaugural edition of the AVC Challenge Cup, a biennial international volleyball tournament organised by the Asian Volleyball Confederation (AVC) and that year with the Sri Lanka Volleyball Federation (SLVF). The tournament was held in Colombo, Sri Lanka from 15 to 21 September 2018.

AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup
The AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup (previously known as the AVC Men's Challenge Cup), is an annual international volleyball competition in Asia and Oceania contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of Asian Volleyball Confederation (AVC), one of the sport's continent governing body.

From 2023 to 2024, the winner will qualify for the FIVB Challenger Cup.

This event should not be confused with the other, more prestigious continental competition for Asian national volleyball teams, the Asian Volleyball Championship and the Asian Volleyball Cup.

The five AVC Men's Nations Cup tournaments has been won by five different national teams. Bahrain, Iraq, Kyrgyzstan, Qatar and Thailand have won once each.
NINJA 2009 Tour Sampler
NINJA 2009 Tour Sampler (stylized as NIN|JA on the cover) is a free compilation EP by Nine Inch Nails, Jane's Addiction and Street Sweeper Social Club as part of the Nine Inch Nails and Jane's Addiction 2009 NINJA tour. It was released on March 20, 2009, for free, on the tour's official website. Both of Street Sweeper Social Club's songs that appeared on the album, "Clap for The Killers" & "The Oath", later appeared on their self-titled album. The two Nine Inch Nails tracks, "Not So Pretty Now" and "Non-Entity" were both originally recorded during the With Teeth sessions, but did not make it onto the final record. The two Jane's Addiction's songs are re-recorded versions of songs that had originally only live versions, from the band's first official record.

Street Sweeper Social Club
Street Sweeper Social Club is an American rap rock supergroup, formed in Los Angeles, California in 2006. The band primarily consists of guitarist Tom Morello of Rage Against the Machine and vocalist and emcee Boots Riley of the Coup. The band had been testing songs out during Tom Morello's Nightwatchman tour and released an album on June 16, 2009. Stanton Moore drummed for the group for the recording of the album although he did not join the band for the following tour. Street Sweeper Social Club opened for Nine Inch Nails and Jane's Addiction in May 2009. Street Sweeper Social Club describes itself as  "more than a band, it's a social club." Their 2010 EP The Ghetto Blaster EP  includes covers of M.I.A.'s "Paper Planes" and LL Cool J's "Mama Said Knock You Out".
First Step Act
The First Step Act, formally known as the Formerly Incarcerated Reenter Society Transformed Safely Transitioning Every Person Act, is a bipartisan criminal justice bill passed by the 115th U.S. Congress and signed by President Donald Trump in December 2018. The act enacted several changes in U.S. federal criminal law aimed at reforming federal prisons and sentencing laws in order to reduce recidivism, decreasing the federal inmate population, and maintaining public safety.

Second Chance Act (2007)
The Second Chance Act of 2007 (H.R. 1593), titled "To reauthorize the grant program for reentry of offenders into the community in the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, to improve reentry planning and implementation, and for other purposes," was submitted to the House by Representative Danny Davis (D-IL) to amend the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 to reauthorize, rewrite, and expand provisions for adult and juvenile offender state and local reentry demonstration projects to provide expanded services to offenders and their families for reentry into society.  H.R. 1593 was signed into law April 9, 2008.
Kamas, Utah
Kamas (/ˈkæməs/ KAM-əs) is a city in southwestern Summit County, Utah, United States. The population was 2,092 at the 2020 census. It is 42 miles (68 km) east of downtown Salt Lake City. Its main industries are cattle ranching and lumber. The town is known as "The Gateway to the Uinta Mountains".

Summit County, Utah
Summit County is a county in the U.S. state of Utah, occupying a rugged and mountainous area. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 42,357. Its county seat is Coalville, and the largest city is Park City.
Maropati
Maropati (Calabrian: Maropàtri; Greek: Monopation) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Reggio Calabria in the Italian region Calabria, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southwest of Catanzaro and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of Reggio Calabria. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,655 and an area of 10.3 square kilometres (4.0 sq mi).

The municipality of Maropati contains the frazione (subdivision) Tritanti.

Maropati borders the following municipalities: Anoia, Feroleto della Chiesa, Galatro, Giffone.

Feroleto della Chiesa
Feroleto della Chiesa (Calabrian: Ferlitù) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Reggio Calabria in the Italian region Calabria, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southwest of Catanzaro and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of Reggio Calabria. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,849 and an area of 7.6 square kilometres (2.9 sq mi).
Protea pudens
Protea pudens, also known as the bashful sugarbush, is a low-growing, groundcover-like, flowering shrub in the genus Protea. It is only found growing in the wild in a small area in the Western Cape province of South Africa.

In Afrikaans this species is known by the vernacular name of aardroos suikerbos.

Protea
Protea (/ˈproʊtiːə/) is a genus of South African flowering plants, also called sugarbushes (Afrikaans: suikerbos). It is the type genus of the Proteaceae family.

About 92% of the species occur only in the Cape Floristic Region, a narrow belt of mountainous coastal land from Clanwilliam to Grahamstown, South Africa. Most protea species are found south of the Limpopo River. Protea madiensis grows in Afromontane enclaves across tropical Africa, from Guinea to Sudan, Mozambique, and Angola. Protea afra ranges from the Cape region to Uganda and Kenya, including in the chaparral zone of Mount Kenya National Park. The extraordinary richness and diversity of species characteristic of the Cape flora are thought to be caused in part by the diverse landscape, where populations can become isolated from each other and in time develop into separate species.
Marshall Allen
Marshall Belford Allen (born May 25, 1924) is an American free jazz and avant-garde jazz alto saxophone player. He also performs on flute, oboe, piccolo, and the EWI.

Allen is best known for his work with Sun Ra, having recorded and performed mostly in this context since the late 1950s, and having led The Sun Ra Arkestra since 1995, after Sun Ra's death in 1993 and John Gilmore's death two years later. Critic Jason Ankeny describes Marshall as "one of the most distinctive and original saxophonists of the postwar era."

Terry Adams (musician)
Terry Adams (born August 14, 1948) is an American musician and composer. He is a founding member of the band NRBQ (New Rhythm and Blues Quintet/Quartet), which was formed in 1965.

Adams was born in Louisville, Kentucky, where he met fellow resident Steve Ferguson, a singer and guitarist who also became a charter member of NRBQ. His younger brother, Donn Adams, has served the band in various support roles, including originally coining the NRBQ name, playing the trombone (as part of the "Whole Wheat Horn" section), and writing liner notes.

The Los Angeles Times once attempted to sum up his musical approach: "If Adams has often been likened to a cross between Jerry Lee Lewis and Thelonious Monk, it is only because the image is so apt. He perfectly combines Lewis’ fiery recklessness with the spare freedom and novel chordings of Monk's work."
City of Dunedin (New Zealand electorate)
City of Dunedin, during the first two parliaments called Town of Dunedin, was a parliamentary electorate in Dunedin in Otago, New Zealand. It was one of the original electorates created in 1853 and existed, with two breaks, until 1905. The first break, from 1862 to 1866, was caused by an influx of people through the Otago gold rush, when many new electorates were formed in Otago. The second break occurred from 1881 to 1890. It was the only New Zealand electorate that was created as a single-member, two-member and three member electorate.

James Gordon Stuart Grant
James Gordon Stuart Grant (c. 1834 – 27 February 1902) was a New Zealand demagogue, journalist and eccentric. He was born in Glenlivet, Banffshire, Scotland in circa 1834.

He unsuccessfully stood in the 1859 Town of Dunedin by-election against James Macandrew. He won election to the Otago Provincial Council in an October 1865 by-election and was a member until 1867 when he did not stand for re-election. Instead, he stood for superintendent of the Otago Province but only received 2 of the 3,653 votes cast.

From 1866, he stood in numerous parliamentary elections, including the 1866 election in the Caversham electorate, and the 1867 by-election, 1869 by-election and 1874 by-election for the City of Dunedin electorate.

The last election in which he stood was the 1884 election. when he received one vote (presumably his own).

He died penniless in 1902.
Havlicek stole the ball
"Havlicek stole the ball" is a quote by radio broadcaster Johnny Most, as a jubilant reaction to a steal made by the Boston Celtics' John Havlicek against the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1965 NBA Eastern Division championship game seven.  Most's call of the play has been dubbed by the NBA as "the most famous radio call in basketball history".

1965 NBA playoffs
The 1965 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association's 1964–65 season. The tournament concluded with the Eastern Division champion Boston Celtics defeating the Western Division champion Los Angeles Lakers 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals.

Boston won its seventh consecutive NBA title and eighth overall while handing the Lakers their fourth straight Finals loss in the process.

This was the first playoff appearance for the Baltimore Bullets, who had begun play in the 1961–62 season as the Chicago Packers.