hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Christmas in Scotland
Prior to the Reformation of 1560, Christmas in Scotland, then called "Yule" (alternative spellings include Yhoill, Yuil, Ȝule and Ȝoull; see Yogh) or in Gaelic-speaking areas "Nollaig", was celebrated in a similar fashion to the rest of Catholic Europe. Calderwood recorded that in 1545, a few months before his murder, Cardinal Beaton had "passed over the Christmasse dayes with games and feasting". However, the Reformation transformed attitudes to traditional Christian feasting days, including Christmas, and led in practice to the abolition of festival days and other church holidays, the Kirk and the state being closely linked in Scotland during the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. A 1640 act of the Parliament of Scotland abolished the "Yule vacation and all observation thereof in time coming".

Hogmanay
Hogmanay (/ˈhɒɡməneɪ, ˌhɒɡməˈneɪ/ HOG-mə-nay, -⁠NAY, Scots: [ˌhɔɡməˈneː]) is the Scots word for the last day of the old year and is synonymous with the celebration of the New Year in the Scottish manner. It is normally followed by further celebration on the morning of New Year's Day (1 January) and, in some cases, 2 January—a Scottish bank holiday. In a few contexts, the word Hogmanay is used more loosely to describe the entire period consisting of the last few days of the old year and the first few days of the new year. For instance, not all events held under the banner of Edinburgh's Hogmanay take place on 31st of December.

Customs vary throughout Scotland and usually include gift-giving and visiting the homes of friends and neighbours, with particular attention given to the first-foot, the first guest of the new year.
Cuthbert Hurd
Cuthbert Corwin Hurd (April 5, 1911 – May 22, 1996) was an American computer scientist and entrepreneur, who was instrumental in helping the International Business Machines Corporation develop its first general-purpose computers.

IT History Society
The IT History Society (ITHS) is an organization that supports the history and scholarship of information technology by encouraging, fostering, and facilitating archival and historical research. Formerly known as the Charles Babbage Foundation, it advises historians, promotes collaboration among academic organizations and museums, and assists IT corporations in preparing and archiving their histories for future studies.
KSE 100 Index
The KSE-100 Index is a total return stock index acting as a benchmark to compare prices on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) over a period.

In determining representative companies to compute the index on, companies with the highest market capitalization are selected. However, to ensure full market representation, the company with the highest market capitalization from each sector is also included.

Stock market index
In finance, a stock market index or stock index is an index that measures the performance of a stock market, or of a subset of a stock market. It helps investors compare current stock price levels with past prices to calculate market performance.

Two of the primary criteria of an index are that it is investable and transparent: The methods of its construction are specified. Investors may be able to invest in a stock market index by buying an index fund, which is structured as either a mutual fund or an exchange-traded fund, and "tracks" an index. The difference between an index fund's performance and the index, if any, is called tracking error.
Tai Wo Estate
Tai Wo Estate (Chinese: 太和邨) is a mixed TPS and public housing estate in Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong, near MTR Tai Wo station. It is one of the public housing estates in Tai Po that is not built on the reclaimed land. The estate consists of nine residential buildings completed in 1989. Some of the flats were sold to tenants through Tenants Purchase Scheme Phase 3 in 2000.

Po Nga Court (寶雅苑) is a Home Ownership Scheme court in Tai Po, near Tai Wo Estate. It consists of three residential buildings built in 1989.

Tai Wo station
Tai Wo (Chinese: 太和; Cantonese Yale: Taaiwò; pronounced: [tʰaj˧wɔ˩]) is a MTR station in the western part of Tai Po New Town, in New Territories, Hong Kong. The station is located on the East Rail line, between Fanling and Tai Po Market stations.
Epoch Game Pocket Computer
The Epoch Game Pocket Computer (Japanese: ゲームポケコン, Hepburn: Gēmupokekon) is a second-generation handheld game console released by Epoch Co. in Japan in 1984 for 12,800 Japanese yen. It is also known as Pokekon.

The system was a commercial failure in Japan, and as a result, only 7 games were made for it. A puzzle game and a paint program were built into the system. It was powered by 4 AA batteries, and screen's contrast could be adjusted by the user. Input and output controls included four buttons, an 8-way joypad, a contrast dial, and a sound on-off switch.

D-pad
The D-pad (short for directional pad) is a compact input method developed for video games, designed to translate thumb movement into directional control through a flat, cross-shaped surface that rests on four internal switches. Each switch corresponds to a cardinal direction (up, down, left, and right), while diagonal inputs engage two switches simultaneously, enabling eight-directional control at 45-degree intervals. Beneath the center, a pivot mechanism tilts the pad, preventing all four switches from being pressed at once and enhancing tactile feedback.

When introduced, the D-pad offered a space-saving, precise input method at a time when bulky joysticks dominated the market. Although analog sticks have largely superseded D-pads as the primary directional input in modern gamepads, the D-pad's compact, intuitive, and versatile design has led to its adoption in a wide range of devices, including remote controls, calculators, PDAs, mobile phones, and car stereos.
Treaty of Taastrup
The Treaty of Taastrup (Freden i Høje Taastrup Præstegård) was a preliminary accord signed on 11 February 1658 between King Charles X Gustav of Sweden and King Frederick III of Denmark and Norway. The treaty was signed at the Høje Taastrup Church in Taastrup, Denmark. Individuals including Count Corfitz Ulfeldt participated in the peace negotiations after Denmark-Norway lost in the Second Northern War. The agreement was finalized through the Treaty of Roskilde. The original copy of the treaty is at the National Museum of Denmark (Nationalmuseet) in Copenhagen.

Corfitz Ulfeldt
Count Corfits Ulfeldt (10 July 1606 – 20 February 1664) was a Danish statesman known for his collaboration with Sweden during and after the 1657-1658 Dano-Swedish War, for which he is often considered traitorous.
Swin Hadley
Swinbourne Hadley (19 September 1904 – 29 April 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Hadley represented Auckland at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, on their 1928 tour to South Africa. He played 11 matches for the All Blacks on that tour, including all four Test matches.

On 30 March 1929, Hadley married Susan Cosnett at Sacred Heart Church, Ponsonby. During World War II, he served as a corporal with 24 Infantry Battalion, 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force, and was taken prisoner of war in Greece on 13 December 1941. He was later invalided home.  Hadley died in Auckland on 29 April 1970, and he was buried at Waikumete Cemetery.

1928 New Zealand rugby union tour of South Africa
In 1928, the New Zealand national rugby union team (the All Blacks) undertook a three-month tour of South Africa.
The series of four Test matches was drawn 2–2 and the overall tour record was sixteen wins, five losses and one draw.
Choi Young-joon
Choi Young-joon (Korean: 최영준; born July 7, 1980) is a South Korean actor and singer. He began his acting career as a supporting character in the television series Arthdal Chronicles (2019) and Flower of Evil (2020). He is known for his roles in Hospital Playlist (2020–2021), Vincenzo (2021), Our Blues (2022), and Gyeongseong Creature (2023–present).

Gyeongseong Creature
Gyeongseong Creature (Korean: 경성크리처) is a South Korean historical mystery-horror television series written by Kang Eun-kyung, directed by Jung Dong-yoon, Roh Young-sub and Jo Yeong-min, and starring Park Seo-joon, Han So-hee, Claudia Kim, Lee Moo-saeng and Bae Hyun-sung.

Set in 1945, during the occupation of Gyeongseong (the old name for Seoul) by the Imperial Japanese Army, the story depicts the brutality inflicted on civilians by the Japanese forces, subjecting men and women to secret biological experiments, the rebels who rise against them, and the monster creature produced from human experimentation. The story was inspired by the real-life Unit 731, a covert Japanese military unit that tested biological and chemical weapons on civilians during World War II.

The first season was released on Netflix from December 22, 2023 to January 5, 2024. The second season was released on September 27, 2024.
CLX Motorsport
CLX Motorsport, formerly known as Cool Racing, is a French-based Swiss sports car racing team which currently competes in the European Le Mans Series, fielding entries in the LMP2 and LMP3 classes, as well as the Le Mans Cup.

Founded in 2017 by Patrick Barbier and Alexandre Coigny, owner of Cool Aviation, the team initially partnered with Racing Spirit of Léman to run their operations. At the end of 2020, a restructuring occurred, during which Nicolas Lapierre became the team principal and the outfit was rebranded to Cool Racing / CLX Motorsport; the C and L standing for Coigny and Lapierre respectively. CLX fully absorbed the team in 2025.

Nicolas Lapierre
Nicolas Camile Bernard Lapierre (born 2 April 1984) is a retired French professional racing driver and team principal. Notable for winning the LMP2 class four times at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, Lapierre was a factory driver at Toyota during the early days of the WEC before becoming a staple of the Alpine team until his retirement in 2024. He is also a two-time winner of the 12 Hours of Sebring and the 2003 champion at the Macau Grand Prix. Nicolas is married and has 3 children.
The Ramsay Scallop
Children's literature portal

The Ramsay Scallop is a young adult historical romance written by Frances Temple. It is set around 1300 AD, and involves a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. James of Compostella. The novel was first published in 1994.

Frances Temple
Frances Temple (August 15, 1945 – July 5, 1995) was a primary school teacher, a writer of award-winning children's stories and young adult novels and illustrator. Her carefully researched novels focus on the political and economic travails of young people across the globe. Her works have dealt with poverty and oppression in contemporary El Salvador, two novels cover strife in contemporary Haiti, one is a retelling of a folk tale from Jamaica and two novels — part of a projected trilogy — are set in the Middle Ages, in Spain and Morocco.
Catch the Wind: Songs of a Generation
Catch the Wind: Songs of a Generation is the second studio album (first cover album) by Australian Idol 2006 winner Damien Leith. It was released on 26 April 2008.

The album features 18 songs of Leith's interpretations from the 1960s and 1970s that inspired and captured his spirit at a young age. "The great songwriters of the 60s and 70s have always been a major influence on my own original material. In many ways the songs of that generation are as relevant today as they were back then. I've chosen songs that either mean a great deal to me on a personal level or those that I'd just love people to hear."

The album debuted at number three on the Australian ARIA Albums Chart, selling 9,688 copies in its first week. In the following week, in the lead up to Mother's Day, the album rose to number two. Selling over 17,000 units, the album lost the top position by less than 300 copies.

Damien Leith
Damien Leo Leith (born 18 January 1976, in Dublin) is an Irish-Australian singer–songwriter. He was the winner of the Network Ten music contest Australian Idol in 2006. Since winning the title, Leith has released nine studio albums, four of which peaked in the top two of the ARIA Charts, including two number ones. He has been awarded seven platinum and one gold certification for albums and singles by ARIA, which equates to sales of just over half a million.
Frank Sheed
Francis Joseph Sheed (20 March 1897 – 20 November 1981) was an Australian-born lawyer, Catholic writer, publisher, speaker, and lay theologian. He and his wife Maisie Ward were the names behind the imprint Sheed & Ward and as forceful public lecturers in the Catholic Evidence Guild.

Sheed and Ward
Sheed and Ward is a publishing house founded in London in 1926 by Catholic activists Frank Sheed and Maisie Ward. The head office was moved to New York in 1933. The United States assets of Sheed and Ward have been owned by Rowman & Littlefield since 2002, and those in the United Kingdom are owned by Bloomsbury Publishing. In 2022 Rowman & Littlefield began acquiring books under the Sheed & Ward brand again.
Rajiv Swarup
Rajiv Swarup is the founding president of Shiv Nadar University.

An electrical engineer from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, he has nearly four decades of experience behind him in incubating, managing and developing both the strategic & operational aspects of large sized businesses, Rajiv recently superannuated from HCL Technologies as Senior Corporate Vice President and Chief Customer Officer – Strategic Accounts based out of Rochester New York.

Swarup graduated from Christ Church Boys Senior Secondary School in Madhya Pradesh, India, 1967.  He received his Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur in Kanpur in May 1973 and his MBA from University of Delhi in 2001.

Shiv Nadar University
Shiv Nadar University (Institute of Eminence) is a private university located near Greater Noida, in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It was founded in 2011 by Shiv Nadar, the founder and chairman of HCL.
F. and M. Riesz theorem
In mathematics, the F. and M. Riesz theorem is a result of the brothers Frigyes Riesz and Marcel Riesz, on analytic measures. It states that for a measure μ on the circle, any part of μ that is not absolutely continuous with respect to the Lebesgue measure dθ can be detected by means of Fourier coefficients. 
More precisely, it states that if the Fourier–Stieltjes coefficients of 
satisfy

for all , 
then μ is absolutely continuous with respect to dθ.

The original statements are rather different (see Zygmund, Trigonometric Series, VII.8). The formulation here is as in Walter Rudin, Real and Complex Analysis, p. 335. The proof given uses the Poisson kernel and the existence of boundary values for the Hardy space H1.

Expansions to this theorem were made by James E. Weatherbee in his 1968 dissertation: Some Extensions Of The F. And M. Riesz Theorem On Absolutely Continuous Measures.

Frigyes Riesz
Frigyes Riesz (Hungarian: Riesz Frigyes, pronounced [ˈriːs ˈfriɟɛʃ], sometimes known in English and French as Frederic Riesz; 22 January 1880 – 28 February 1956) was a Hungarian mathematician who made fundamental contributions to functional analysis, as did his younger brother Marcel Riesz.
Thando Mngomeni
Thando Mngomeni (born 11 February 1983 in Cape Town, Western Cape) is a South African football (soccer) midfielder.

Thando is a pure example of South Africa's unorthodox style of play.

He hails from Gugulethu on the Cape Flats and is the younger brother of former Orlando Pirates player and South African international Thabo Mngomeni.

Gugulethu
Gugulethu is a township in Western Cape, South Africa and is around 20km from Cape Town. Its name is a contraction of igugu lethu, which is Xhosa for our pride / our hope. The area was the third township to be established in Cape Town, after Nyanga and Langa.
Umbonulidae
Umbonulidae is a family of bryozoans belonging to the order Cheilostomatida.

Genera:

Aegyptopora Ziko, 1988

Astochoporella Hayward & Thorpe, 1988

Desmacystis Osburn, 1950

Escharopsis Verrill, 1879

Oshurkovia Grischenko & Mawatari, 2005

Posterula Jullien, 1903

Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886

Scorpiodina Jullien, 1886

Trigonopora Maplestone, 1902

Umbonula Hincks, 1880

Escharopsis
Escharopsis is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Umbonulidae.

The species of this genus are found in northern Atlantic Ocean.

Species:

Escharopsis kurilensis Gontar, 2019

Escharopsis lobata (Lamouroux, 1821)

Escharopsis tatarica Androsova, 1958
Railway and Canal Commission
The Railway and Canal Commission was a British court of record, established by the Railway and Canal Traffic Act 1888 (51 & 52 Vict. c. 25) and abolished by the Railway and Canal Commission (Abolition) Act 1949 (12, 13 & 14 Geo. 6. c. 11).

The Regulation of Railways Act 1873 (36 & 37 Vict. c. 48) established the Railway Commissioners, created to carry into effect the provisions of the Railway and Canal Traffic Act 1854. When the 1873 act expired, Parliament established the Railway and Canal Commission in 1888. It originally consisted of five commissioners.

The jurisdiction of the commission having been progressively whittled down, it was abolished in 1949. Its last member, Sir Francis Taylor, was elevated to the peerage as Baron Maenan shortly before its abolition.

Railway and Canal Traffic Act 1854
The Railway and Canal Traffic Act 1854 (17 & 18 Vict. c. 31), also known as Cardwell's Act, was an act of the United Kingdom Parliament regulating the operation of railways. The railways were already considered to be common carriers and thus subject to the Carriers Act 1830, but the 1854 act placed additional obligations on the railways due to their monopoly status. Each railway company was now required to take all trade offered and to set and publish the same levels of fares to all in respect of any particular service.

The act marked a milestone in English law and has also served as the foundation of similar legislation in the United States.

It is one of the Railway and Canal Traffic Acts 1854 to 1894.
Bangladesh women's national under-19 cricket team
The Bangladesh women's under-19 cricket team represents Bangladesh in international under-19 women's cricket. The team is administered by the Bangladesh Cricket Board (BCB).

The team played their first official matches at the 2023 ICC Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup, the first ever international women's under-19 T20 World Cup, in which they reached the Super Six stage.

Bangladesh Cricket Board
The Bangladesh Cricket Board (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ ক্রিকেট বোর্ড, romanized: Bāṅlādēś Krikēṭ Bōrḍ; abbreviated as BCB), formerly known as Bangladesh Cricket Control Board, is the governing body of cricket in Bangladesh. It became an associate member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) in 1977, and a full member on 26 June 2000. BCB has three teams which represent Bangladesh in international cricket: the Bangladesh men's national cricket team, Bangladesh women's national cricket team and Bangladesh under-19 cricket team.

The board's headquarters are located at the Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium in Mirpur, Dhaka.
Penny of Top Hill Trail
Penny of Top Hill Trail is a 1921 American silent Western comedy film based on the 1919 novel by Belle Kanaris Maniates. It was directed by Arthur Berthelet and stars Bessie Love. The film was produced by Andrew J. Callaghan Productions and distributed by Federated Film Exchanges of America. The film is presumed lost.

Belle K. Maniates
Belle K. Maniates (September 1861 – November 13, 1931) was an American novelist and short story writer. At least three silent films were made based on works by Maniates:  Amarilly of Clothes-Line Alley (1918), Mirandy Smiles (1918), and Penny of Top Hill Trail (1921).
The Phone (film)
The Phone (Korean: 더 폰) is a 2015 South Korean sci-fi action thriller film directed by Kim Bong-ju. The film is the directorial debut of the director. It was released on October 22, 2015. This film is not to be confused with another South Korean film of similar title but released in 2002 or with the American TV series and the Dutch TV reality show both of which have the same title as this film.

Uhm Ji-won
Uhm Ji-won (Korean: 엄지원; born December 25, 1977) is a South Korean actress. She is best known for her leading roles in the films Tale of Cinema (2005), Hope (2013), The Silenced (2015), Missing (2016), and the television dramas Birthcare Center (2020), and Little Women (2022).
Yvon Corriveau
Yvon Rene Corriveau (born February 8, 1967) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger.

Corriveau was born in Welland, Ontario. Selected by the Washington Capitals in the 1985 NHL Entry Draft, Corriveau also played for the Hartford Whalers and San Jose Sharks.  He retired from active professional play in 2005. Yvon is now the head coach of multiple teams in the Connecticut Chiefs Hockey Organization.

Welland
Welland is a city in the Regional Municipality of Niagara in Southern Ontario, Canada. As of 2021, it had a population of 55,750.

The city is in the centre of Niagara and located within a half-hour driving distance to Niagara Falls, Niagara-on-the-Lake, St. Catharines, and Port Colborne. It has been traditionally known as the place where rails and water meet, referring to the railways from Buffalo to Toronto and Southwestern Ontario, and the waterways of Welland Canal and Welland River, which played a great role in the city's development. The city has developed on both sides of the Welland River and Welland Canal, which connects Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.
Desperados (beer)
Desperados is an agave spirit flavoured pale lager beer with 5.9% alcohol by volume (ABV) originally created and produced by the French brewing company Fischer Brewery but now is produced by Zlatý Bažant Brewery, a Heineken N.V. subsidiary.

Desperados has a 5.9% ABV. The beer is now sold in over fifty countries. The beer was reformulated and cheapened, away from its original recipe using tequila. The new recipe also raised 
the ABV up from 5.6% to 5.9%.

Desperados' listed ingredients were water, malted barley, glucose syrup, corn, sugar, aromatic compound (agave spirit), citric acid, and hop extract.

Heineken N.V.
Heineken N.V. (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦɛinəkə(n)]), branded as The Heineken Company is a Dutch multinational brewing company, founded in 1864 by Gerard Adriaan Heineken in Amsterdam. As of 2019, Heineken owns over 165 breweries in more than 70 countries. It produces 348 international, regional, local and speciality beers and ciders and employs approximately 85,000 people.

With an annual beer production of 24.14 billion litres in 2019, and global revenues of 23.894 billion euro in 2019, Heineken N.V. is the number one brewer in Europe and one of the largest brewers by volume in the world. Heineken's Dutch breweries are located in Zoeterwoude, 's-Hertogenbosch and Wijlre. The original brewery in Amsterdam, closed in 1988, is preserved as a museum called the Heineken Experience.

Since the merger between the two largest brewing empires in the world, Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller, in October 2016, Heineken has been the second-largest brewer in the world.
MMC-2
Mobile Module Connector 2 (MMC-2) is Intel's 400-pin processor cartridge used with Pentium II, Celeron and Pentium III mobile processors. It contains CPU, 443BX (Pentium II) Northbridge, off-die L2 cache (early Pentium II only) and voltage regulator. It is the successor of MMC-1, main differences being AGP interface and 100 MHz FSB for the Pentium III. This processor cartridge was widely used on laptops from the late 1990s to early 2000s.

Fastest processors in the MMC-2 form factor are:

Pentium II 400/256

Pentium III 850/256

Celeron 700/128

Unofficially Pentium III 1000/256, this was achieved by removing the chip off an MMC-2 socket card and soldering a Pentium III 1000 processor on the board

Intel Mobile Pentium III 650 MHz 256kB L2 Cache

Intel 440BX
The Intel 440BX (codenamed Seattle) is a chipset from Intel, supporting Pentium II, Pentium III, and Celeron processors. It is also known as the i440BX and was released in April 1998. The official part number is 82443BX.