hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ummulisani
Ummulisani is an extinct genus of bothremydid pleurodiran turtle that was discovered in the Eocene of Morocco. The genus consists solely of type species U. rutgersensis.

Ummulisani was discovered in the Mrah Iaresh locality, Morocco, which dates to the Ypresian stage of the Eocene. The holotype consists of a skull, lacking the palate, and is curated in the American Museum of Natural History. Two other skulls are known, both also from the Ypresian of Morocco.
This turtle is notable for the hornlike protuberances on its prefrontal bones, which may have played a role in burrowing or in mating battles.

Bothremydidae
Bothremydidae is an extinct family of side-necked turtles (Pleurodira) known from the Cretaceous and Cenozoic. They are closely related to Podocnemididae, and are amongst the most widely distributed pleurodire groups, with their fossils having been found in Africa, India, the Middle East, Europe, North America and South America. Bothremydids were aquatic turtles with a high morphological diversity, indicative of generalist, molluscivorous, piscivorous and possibly herbivorous grazing diets, with some probably capable of suction feeding. Unlike modern pleurodires, which are exclusively freshwater, bothremydids inhabited freshwater, marine and coastal environments. Their marine habits allowed bothremydids to disperse across oceanic barriers into Europe and North America during the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian). The youngest records of the group are indeterminate remains from Saudi Arabia and Oman, dating to the Miocene.
Quart de Poblet
Quart de Poblet (Valencian: [ˈkwaɾd de poˈblet]; Spanish and unofficially: Cuart de Poblet [ˈkwaɾ(ð) ðe poˈβlet]), or simply Quart (Valencian: [ˈkwaɾt]; Spanish: Cuart [ˈkwaɾ(t)]), is a municipality in the comarca of Horta Sud in the Valencian Community, Spain. It has 25,499 inhabitants (NSI 2009).

Valencia Airport
Valencia Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto de Valencia, Valencian: Aeroport de València) (IATA: VLC, ICAO: LEVC), also known as Manises Airport, is the tenth-busiest Spanish airport in terms of passengers and second in the Valencian Community after Alicante. It is situated 8 km (5.0 mi) west of the city of Valencia, in Manises. The airport has flight connections to about 20 European countries and 8.53 million passengers passed through the airport in 2019.
Percy Street
Percy Street is a street in the London Borough of Camden that runs from Rathbone Street in the west to Tottenham Court Road in the east. At its western end it is joined by Rathbone Place and Charlotte Street. Nearby Percy Mews is off Rathbone Place. The street was built in the 1760s and is known for the number of artists that have lived there.

Rathbone Street
Rathbone Street is a street in London that runs between Charlotte Street in the north and the junction of Rathbone Place and Percy Street in the south. The street is partly in the London Borough of Camden (northern side) and partly in the City of Westminster.

In the north, the pedestrianised Charlotte Place (formerly Little Charlotte Street) joins the street to Goodge Street. Rathbone Street is additionally joined to Charlotte Street by Percy Passage, an alleyway halfway down the street. On the west side of the street a passage next to the Newman Arms links Rathbone Street to Newman Passage.

Another Rathbone Street is in Canning Town in east London.
Eastphalia
Eastphalia (German: Ostfalen [ɔstˈfaːlən] ⓘ; Eastphalian: Oostfalen) is a historical region in northern Germany, encompassing the eastern Gaue (shires) of the historic stem duchy of Saxony, roughly confined by the River Leine in the west and the Elbe and Saale in the east. The territory corresponds with modern southeastern Lower Saxony, western Saxony-Anhalt, and northern Thuringia. Together with Westphalia, Angria, and Nordalbingia, it was one of the four main Saxon administrative regions.

Altmark
See German tanker Altmark for the ship named after Altmark and Stary Targ for the Polish village named Altmark in German.

The Altmark (German pronunciation: [ˈaltˌmaʁk] ⓘ; English: Old March) is a historic region in Germany, comprising the northern third of Saxony-Anhalt. As the initial territory of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, it is sometimes referred to as the "Cradle of Prussia", as by Otto von Bismarck, a native of Schönhausen near Stendal.
Macao Giant Panda Pavilion
The Macao Giant Panda Pavilion (Chinese: 澳門大熊貓館; Portuguese: Pavilhão do Panda Gigante de Macau) is a zoo in Seac Pai Van Park, Coloane, Macau. The Panda Pavilion is a nature park containing multiple animal species ranging from gibbons, flamingos, monkeys, and of course the famous pandas. Admission is free to see the animals. The pavilion is shaped like a giant fan in an area of 3,000 square metres (32,000 sq ft). It consists of indoor activity quarters, outdoor yard and indoor exhibition area. The pavilion is equipped with a gift shop.

Seac Pai Van Park
22°7′36.8″N 113°33′31.1″E﻿ / ﻿22.126889°N 113.558639°E﻿ / 22.126889; 113.558639

The Seac Pai Van Park (Chinese: 石排灣郊野公園; Portuguese: Parque de Seac Pai Van) is a park in Coloane, Macau, China. It is the largest natural green area in Macau and is administered by the Civil and Municipal Affairs Bureau.
Westport, County Mayo
Westport (Irish: Cathair na Mart, meaning 'the stone fort of the beeves', historically anglicised as Cahernamart) is a town in County Mayo in Ireland. It is at the south-east corner of Clew Bay, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean on the west coast of Ireland. Westport is a tourist destination and scores highly for quality of life. It won the Irish Tidy Towns Competition three times in 2001, 2006 and 2008. In 2012 it won the Best Place to Live in Ireland competition run by The Irish Times.

Westport is designated as a heritage town, and is one of only a few planned towns in Ireland. The town centre was laid-out in the Georgian architectural style, and incorporates the Carrow Beg river into the design composition. This provides for tree lined promenades (known as The Mall) and several stone bridges.

The pilgrimage mountain of Croagh Patrick, known locally as "the Reek", lies some 10 km west of the town near the villages of Murrisk and Lecanvey. The mountain forms the backdrop to the town.

Achill Island
Achill Island (/ˈækəl/; Irish: Acaill, Oileán Acla) is located off the west coast of Ireland in the historical barony of Burrishoole, County Mayo. It is the largest of the Irish isles and has an area of approximately 148 km2 (57 sq mi). Achill had a population of 2,345 in the 2022 census. The island, which has been connected to the mainland by a bridge since 1887, is served by Michael Davitt Bridge, between the villages of Achill Sound and Polranny. Other centres of population include the villages of Keel, Dooagh, Dooega, Dooniver, and Dugort. There are a number of peat bogs on the island.

Roughly half of the island, including the villages of Achill Sound and Bun an Churraigh, are in the Gaeltacht (traditional Irish-speaking region) of Ireland, although the vast majority of the island's population speaks English as their daily language.

The island is within a civil parish, also called Achill, that includes Achillbeg, Inishbiggle and the Corraun Peninsula.
Hugh Tyrrel
Hugh Tyrrel (Anglo-Norman: Huge Tyrel), 1st Baron of Castleknock (died 1199) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman and crusader who played a prominent part in the Norman invasion of Ireland and took part in the Third Crusade.

He was born in Hampshire, England, the son of Hugh Tyrrel the elder, who held substantial lands in England and was also lord of Poix-de-Picardie in France. Their ancestor Walter Tirel (died after 1100) is notorious as the killer (although whether the killing was murder or an accident is still a matter of debate) of King William Rufus. On the death of his elder brother Walter, in about the year 1170, Hugh succeeded to all his father's estates.

Castleknock (barony)
The barony of Castleknock (Irish: Caisleán Cnucha meaning "Cnucha's Castle") is one of the baronies of Ireland. Originally part of the Lordship of Meath, it was then constituted as part of County Dublin. Today, it is in the modern county of Fingal, Ireland. The barony was originally also a feudal title, which became one of the subsidiary titles of the Viscounts Gormanston.
2-Methyl-1-butanol
2-Methyl-1-butanol (IUPAC name, also called active amyl alcohol) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2OH.  It is one of several isomers of amyl alcohol. This colorless liquid occurs naturally in trace amounts and has attracted some attention as a potential biofuel, exploiting its hydrophobic (gasoline-like) and branched structure.  It is chiral.

Fusel alcohol
Fusel alcohols or fuselol, also sometimes called fusel oils in Europe, are mixtures of several higher alcohols (those with more than two carbons, chiefly amyl alcohol) produced as a by-product of alcoholic fermentation. The word Fusel [ˈfuːzl̩] is German for "bad liquor".

Whether fusel alcohol contributes to hangover symptoms is a matter of scientific debate. A Japanese study in 2003 concluded that "the fusel oil in whisky had no effect on the ethanol-induced emetic response" in the Asian house shrew. Additionally, consumption of fusel oils with ethanol suppressed subjects' subsequent taste aversion to alcohol, which suggested subjects' hangover symptoms were lessened, according to the journal.
Big Shell, Saskatchewan
Big Shell (2016 population: 48) is a resort village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 16. It is on the shores of Shell Lake in the Rural Municipality of Spiritwood No. 496.

Division No. 16, Saskatchewan
Division No. 16 is one of eighteen census divisions in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada, as defined by Statistics Canada. It is located in the north-central part of the province. The most populous community in this division is North Battleford.
Ali Ahmed Mullah
Ali Ahmed Mullah (born 5 July 1947), is a veteran muazzin (caller for prayer) at the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. He has served in this role for over four decades, making him the longest-serving muazzin at Islam's holiest mosque. Mullah has continued a family tradition in the profession since 1975.

He is widely respected throughout the Muslim world, and recordings of his adhan (call to prayer) are widely distributed and appreciated. Outside his role at the mosque, Mullah has stated he is also involved in his self-owned business. He has reportedly married four times, and has many children. His son, Atef bin Ali Ahmed Mullah, is now carrying on his legacy and he made his debut as a muazzin at the Masjid al-Haram on 4 April 2022.

Muezzin
The muezzin (/m(j)uˈɛzɪn/; Arabic: مُؤَذِّن, romanized: Muʾaḏḏin), also spelled mu'azzin, is the person who proclaims the call to the daily prayer (ṣalāt) five times a day (Fajr prayer, Zuhr prayer, Asr prayer, Maghrib prayer and Isha prayer) at a mosque from the minaret. The muezzin plays an important role in ensuring an accurate prayer schedule for the Muslim community.
United States Senate Special Committee on Aging
The United States Senate Special Committee on Aging is a special committee in the United States Senate established on 1961. Initially established as a temporary committee, it became a permanent Senate committee in 1977. As a special committee, it has no legislative authority, but it studies issues related to older Americans, particularly Medicare and Social Security.

Before the passage of Medicare, the committee was studying healthcare insurance coverage for elderly American citizens. The committee conducts oversight of the Medicare program, Social Security and the Older Americans Act. Some of the issues that have been examined by the committee include unacceptable conditions in nursing homes, protection from age discrimination, and pricing practices for prescription drugs.

Older Americans Act of 1965
The Older Americans Act of 1965 (Pub. L. 89–73, 79 Stat. 218) was the first federal level initiative aimed at providing comprehensive services for older adults in the United States. It created the National Aging Network comprising the Administration on Aging on the federal level, State Units on Aging at the state level, and Area Agencies on Aging at the local level. The network provides funding—based primarily on the percentage of an area's population 60 and older—for nutrition and supportive home and community-based services, disease prevention/health promotion services, elder rights programs, the National Family Caregiver Support Program, and the Native American Caregiver Support Program.

The Act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 14, 1965.

In 2016, Congress reauthorized the Act in its entirety, effective through FY 2019. In March 2020, the Act was reauthorized through 2024.
Battle of Tarawa
1°25′37″N 172°58′32″E﻿ / ﻿1.42694°N 172.97556°E﻿ / 1.42694; 172.97556

The Battle of Tarawa was fought on 20–23 November 1943 between the United States and Japan on Tarawa Atoll in the Gilbert Islands, and was part of Operation Galvanic, the U.S. invasion of the Gilberts. Nearly 6,400 Japanese, Koreans, and Americans died during the battle, mostly on and around the small island of Betio, in the extreme southwest of Tarawa Atoll. At the time, Betio was only 118 hectares (290 acres).

The Battle of Tarawa was the first American offensive in the critical Central Pacific region. It was also the first time in the Pacific War that the United States faced serious Japanese opposition to an amphibious landing. Previous landings had met little to no initial resistance, but on Tarawa the 4,500 Japanese defenders were well supplied and well prepared, and they fought almost to the last man, exacting a heavy toll on the United States Marine Corps.

Richmond K. Turner
Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner (May 27, 1885 – February 12, 1961), commonly known as Kelly Turner, was an admiral of the United States Navy during the Second World War, where he commanded the Amphibious Force in the Pacific theater. Turner was also responsible for the creation of the Underwater Demolition Teams (UDT) in 1942 that were an early precursor to the United States Navy SEALs.
Coat of arms of Pomerania
The coat of arms of Pomerania, also known as the Pomeranian Griffin, is the symbol of Pomerania, a historical region on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in Central Europe, split between Poland and Germany. It depicts a red griffin with yellow (golden) beak and claws, placed within a white (silver) shield. It originates from the late 12th century.

Sea-griffin
The sea-griffin (German: Fischgreif; Polish: rybogryf, gryf morski) is a heraldic charge in form of an aquatic griffin with the head, upper half, wings, and talons of an eagle and the lower half of a fish.
Police forces of Nazi Germany
There were two main Police forces of Nazi Germany under the Reichsführer-SS, Heinrich Himmler from 1936:

Ordnungspolizei (Orpo; order police) consisting of the regular uniformed police
Gemeindepolizei (GemPo; municipal protection police)
Schutzpolizei (SchuPo; state protection police)

Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo; security police) consisting of two sub-departments
Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo; secret state police)
Kriminalpolizei (Kripo; criminal police)

In September 1939, the SiPo and the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) were folded into the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA; Reich Security Main Office) where they were made separate departments.

Sicherheitspolizei
The Sicherheitspolizei often abbreviated as SiPo, is a German term meaning "security police". In the Nazi era, it referred to the state political and criminal investigation security agencies. It was made up by the combined forces of the Gestapo (secret state police) and the Kriminalpolizei (criminal police; Kripo) between 1936 and 1939. As a formal agency, the SiPo was incorporated into the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) in 1939, but the term continued to be used informally until the end of World War II in Europe.
Philosophy of language
Philosophy of language is the philosophical study of the nature of language. It investigates the relationship between language, language users, and the world. Investigations may include inquiry into the nature of meaning, indexicality, intentionality, reference, the constitution of sentences, concepts, learning, and thought.

Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell were pivotal figures in analytic philosophy's "linguistic turn". These writers were followed by Ludwig Wittgenstein (Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus), the Vienna Circle, logical positivists, and Willard Van Orman Quine.

Pragmatism
Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that views language and thought as tools for prediction, problem solving, and action, rather than describing, representing, or mirroring reality. Pragmatists contend that most philosophical topics—such as the nature of knowledge, language, concepts, meaning, belief, and science—are best viewed in terms of their practical uses and successes.

Pragmatism began in the United States in the 1870s. Its origins are often attributed to philosophers Charles Sanders Peirce, William James and John Dewey. In 1878, Peirce described it in his pragmatic maxim: "Consider the practical effects of the objects of your conception. Then, your conception of those effects is the whole of your conception of the object."
South African type XM2 tender
The South African type XM2 tender was a steam locomotive tender from the pre-Union era in Transvaal.

The Type XM2 tender entered service in 1904, as tenders to the Class 10 4-6-2 Pacific type and Class 11 2-8-2 Mikado type steam locomotives which were acquired by the Central South African Railways in that year. In 1912, both locomotive types retained their Class designations on the South African Railways.

South African Class 11 2-8-2
The South African Railways Class 11 2-8-2 of 1904 was a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in Transvaal Colony.

In 1904, the Central South African Railways placed 36 Class 11 steam locomotives with a 2-8-2 Mikado type wheel arrangement in service. When these locomotives were assimilated into the South African Railways in 1912, they were renumbered but retained their Class 11 classification.
Flowers and Trees
Flowers and Trees is a Silly Symphonies animated short film produced by Walt Disney, directed by Burt Gillett, and released to theatres by United Artists on July 30, 1932. It was the first commercially released film to be produced in the full-color three-strip Technicolor process after several years of two-color Technicolor films. The film was a commercial and critical success, winning the first Academy Award for Best Cartoon Short Subject.

In 2021, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

National Film Registry
The National Film Registry (NFR) is the United States National Film Preservation Board's (NFPB) collection of films selected for preservation, each for its cultural, historical and aesthetic contributions since the NFPB's inception in 1988.
Diocese of Artik
Diocese  of Artik (Armenian: Արթիկի թեմ Artiki t'em), is a diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church covering the southern part of Shirak Province of Armenia, including the towns of Artik, Maralik, and their surrounding villages.

The diocese is based in the historical Armenian town of Artik, within the historic Shirak canton of Ayrarat province of ancient Greater Armenia.

The Diocese of Artik was officially founded on 2 December 2012, when it was separated from the Diocese of Shirak, upon a kontakion issued by Catholicos Karekin II. The seat of the diocese is the 7th-century Saint Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral, currently being entirely reconstructed. The prelacy is based in the nearby Varagatun religious complex, consecrated in 2012.

Shirak Province
Shirak (Armenian: Շիրակ, Armenian pronunciation: [ʃiˈɾɑk] ⓘ) is a province (marz) of Armenia. It is located in the north-west of the country, bordering the provinces of Lori to the east and Aragatsotn to the south and southeast, and the countries of Turkey to the west and Georgia to the north. Its capital and largest city is Gyumri, which is the second largest city in Armenia. It is as much semi-desert as it is mountain meadow or high alpine. In the south, the high steppes merge into mountain terrain, being verdant green in the spring, with hues of reddish brown in the summer. The province is served by the Shirak International Airport of Gyumri.
Obinkita
Obinkitalistenⓘ is one of 19 villages of Arochukwu Local Government Area of Abia State.  It is in Abia North Senatorial District of the state. It is thought to have been the capital of the northern Ibibio kingdom of Ibom before its supposed conquest by Igbo and Akpa invaders in 1690–1720. However, evidence suggests that it is simply a small town inhabited by descendants of assimilated Akpa peoples and that the actual capital of the old northern Ibibio kingdom alluded to remains within the confines of Ibibio territory in Ini local government of Akwa Ibom state. Nevertheless, Obinkita remains significant in Aro History. Usually, all Aro villages assemble at Obinkita during the Ikeji festival. The Ikeji Festival is the New Yam Festival of the Aro people, celebrated annually in the month of September.

Mbot Abasi Kingdom
The Ibom or Mbot Abasi Kingdom was a kingdom by the Ibibio people with its seat of government in Obot Okon Ita. The Mbot Abasi kingdom was located at the boundary between Akwa Ibom and, Abia State in Nigeria. Around 1630, a group of Igbo from Abiriba known as the Eze Agwu arrived in Ibom. This caused long term conflict and a stalemate known as the Aro-Ibibio Wars.
Granary Square
Granary Square is a large open space in the London Borough of Camden. Comparable in size to Trafalgar Square, it is part of the larger King's Cross Central development. It has been cited as an example of a privately owned public space in London. The new Central Saint Martins complex is adjacent. Visitor attractions in the square include Queer Britain, the UK's first dedicated museum of LGBT history and culture.

The square incorporates a fountain consisting of 1,080 individual jets  rising from the flush paved surface of the plaza. Each jet has its own independently controlled pump and multi-color illumination. As of March 2015, visitors to the square can interact with the fountains to play a mobile version of the Snake game.

Other squares in the development will include Station Square, Pancras Square, Cubitt Square, and North Square.

Queer Britain
Queer Britain is a museum of British LGBTQ history and culture located in Kings Cross, London. It is the first dedicated LGBTQ museum in the UK. The museum consists of three connected galleries plus a shop and occupies the ground floor of 2 Granary Square, a building owned by the Art Fund, with office and studio space on lower ground. Admission is free.
António de Gouveia
António de Gouveia (c.1505 – March 1566) was a Portuguese humanist and educator during the Renaissance.

Gouveia was born in Beja.  After graduating in Paris he taught at the Collège de Guyenne in Bordeaux, and then at Toulouse, Avignon, Lyon, Cahors, Valence, Grenoble, Turin and Mondovi. His controversy with Pierre de la Ramée about Aristotle became famous. He wrote literary and philosophical works, having correspondeded with most of the writers of his time. He was brother to André de Gouveia and nephew of Diogo de Gouveia the elder.

Petrus Ramus
Petrus Ramus (French: Pierre de La Ramée; Anglicized as Peter Ramus /ˈreɪməs/; 1515 – 26 August 1572) was a French humanist, logician, and educational reformer. A Protestant convert, he was a victim of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre.