hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Reflectance
The reflectance of the surface of a material is its effectiveness in reflecting radiant energy. It is the fraction of incident electromagnetic power that is reflected at the boundary. Reflectance is a component of the response of the electronic structure of the material to the electromagnetic field of light, and is in general a function of the frequency, or wavelength, of the light, its polarization, and the angle of incidence. The dependence of reflectance on the wavelength is called a reflectance spectrum or spectral reflectance curve.

Bidirectional reflectance distribution function
The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), symbol , is a function of four real variables that defines how light from a source is reflected off an opaque surface. It is employed in the optics of real-world light, in computer graphics algorithms, and in computer vision algorithms. The function takes an incoming light direction, , and outgoing direction,  (taken in a coordinate system where the surface normal  lies along the z-axis), and returns the ratio of reflected radiance exiting along  to the irradiance incident on the surface from direction . Each direction  is itself parameterized by azimuth angle  and zenith angle , therefore the BRDF as a whole is a function of  4 variables. The BRDF has units sr−1, with steradians (sr) being a unit of solid angle.
Paul Jeffrey
Paul Jeffrey (April 8, 1933 – March 20, 2015) was an American jazz tenor saxophonist, arranger, and educator. He was a member of Thelonious Monk's regular group from 1970–1975, and also worked extensively with other musicians such as Charles Mingus, Dizzy Gillespie, Clark Terry, Lionel Hampton and B.B. King.

Lionel Hampton
Lionel Leo Hampton (April 20, 1908 – August 31, 2002) was an American jazz vibraphonist, percussionist, and bandleader. He worked with jazz musicians from Teddy Wilson, Benny Goodman, and Buddy Rich, to Charlie Parker, Charles Mingus, and Quincy Jones. In 1992, he was inducted into the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame, and he was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1996.

Hampton was a member of the executive committee of the Writers and Artists for Peace in the Middle East, a pro-Israel group. In 1984, he signed a letter protesting German arms sales to Saudi Arabia.
Central series
In mathematics, especially in the fields of group theory and Lie theory, a central series is a kind of normal series of subgroups or Lie subalgebras, expressing the idea that the commutator is nearly trivial. For groups, the existence of a central series means it is a nilpotent group; for matrix rings (considered as Lie algebras), it means that in some basis the ring consists entirely of upper triangular matrices with constant diagonal.

This article uses the language of group theory; analogous terms are used for Lie algebras.

A general group possesses a lower central series and upper central series (also called the descending central series and ascending central series, respectively), but these are central series in the strict sense (terminating in the trivial subgroup) if and only if the group is nilpotent. A related but distinct construction is the derived series, which terminates in the trivial subgroup whenever the group is solvable.

Free group
In mathematics, the free group  over a given set  consists of all words that can be built from members of , considering two words to be different unless their equality follows from the group axioms (e.g.  but  for ). The members of  are called generators of , and the number of generators is the rank of the free group.
An arbitrary group  is called free if it is isomorphic to  for some subset  of , that is, if there is a subset  of  such that every element of  can be written in exactly one way as a product of finitely many elements of  and their inverses (disregarding trivial variations such as ).

A related but different notion is a free abelian group; both notions are particular instances of a free object from universal algebra. As such, free groups are defined by their universal property.
Neurotrichini
Neurotrichini is a tribe within the subfamily Talpinae of the mole family. It includes the living genus Neurotrichus with a single living species, the American shrew-mole (Neurotrichus gibbsii). While today restricted to the New World, fossils are known from Eurasia.

Talpinae
The subfamily Talpinae, sometimes called "Old World moles" or "Old World moles and relatives", is one of three subfamilies of the mole family Talpidae, the others being the Scalopinae, or New World moles, and the Uropsilinae, or shrew-like moles.

These mammals in the order Eulipotyphla mainly live under ground. The species in this group are all found in Eurasia, except Neurotrichus gibbsii. Most species have front paws specialized for tunneling which are clawed and face outwards from the body. They mainly eat insects and other small invertebrates.
Karlshamn Municipality
Karlshamn Municipality (Swedish: Karlshamns kommun) is a municipality in Blekinge County in South Sweden in southern Sweden. It borders to Olofström Municipality, Sölvesborg Municipality, Ronneby Municipality and Tingsryd Municipality. The city of Karlshamn is the seat of the municipality.

Sölvesborg Municipality
Sölvesborg Municipality (Swedish: Sölvesborgs kommun) is a municipality in Blekinge County in South Sweden in southern Sweden. It borders to Bromölla Municipality, Olofström Municipality and Karlshamn Municipality. The town Sölvesborg is the seat of the municipality.

The present municipality was formed in 1971 when the City of Sölvesborg was amalgamated with the rural municipalities Gammalstorp and Mjällby.
Cabiropidae
The Cabiropidae  are a family of isopod crustaceans in the suborder Cymothoida. The original description was made by Giard and Bonnier in 1887. Members of the family are hyperparasites of other parasitic isopods in the order and some are parasites on other free-living isopods.

The family contains these genera:

Aegoniscus Barnard, 1925

Ancyroniscus Caullery & Mesnil, 1919

Arcturocheres Hansen, 1916

Astacilloechus Hansen, 1916

Bourdonia Rybakov, 1990

Cabirops Kossmann, 1884

Cirolanoniscus Pillai, 1966

Cironiscus Nielsen, 1967

Clypeoniscus Giard & Bonnier, 1895

Gnomoniscus Giard & Bonnier, 1895

Munnoniscus Giard & Bonnier, 1895

Podoniscus Bourdon, 1981

Seroloniscus Giard & Bonnier, 1895

Bourdonia
For the plant genus, see Chaetopappa.

Bourdonia is a genus of isopod crustaceans in the family Cabiropidae.

Bourdonia tridentata is a hyperparasite of Bopyroides hippolytes from the shrimp Pandalus borealis.
Kyllakh Range
The Kyllakh Range (Russian: Кыллахский хребет; Yakut: Кыыллаах) is a range of mountains in the Russian Federation. Administratively the mountain chain belongs to the Sakha Republic. It is the smallest of the ranges which are part of the southern prolongation of the Verkhoyansk Range, East Siberian System.

Verkhoyansk Range
The Verkhoyansk Range (Russian: Верхоянский хребет, Verhoyanskiy Khrebet; Yakut: Үөһээ Дьааҥы сис хайата, romanized: Üöhee Caañı sis xayata) is a mountain range in the Sakha Republic, Russia, near the settlement of Verkhoyansk, known for its frigid climate. It is part of the East Siberian Mountains.

The range lies just west of the boundary of the Eurasian and the North American tectonic plates. The mountains were formed by folding, and represent an anticline.

The Verkhoyansk Range was covered by glaciers during the Last Glacial Period, and the mountains in the northern section, such as the Orulgan Range, display a typical Alpine relief.

There are coal, silver, lead, tin, and zinc deposits in the mountains.
General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants
The F-16 Fighting Falcon was manufactured from General Dynamics  from 1974 to 1993, Lockheed Corporation from 1993 to 1995, and since 1995, it has been manufactured by Lockheed Martin. The F-16 variants, along with major modification programs and derivative designs significantly influenced by the F-16, are detailed below.

AGM-88 HARM
The AGM-88 HARM (High-speed Anti-Radiation Missile) is a tactical, air-to-surface anti-radiation missile designed to home in on electronic transmissions coming from surface-to-air radar systems. It was originally developed by Texas Instruments as a replacement for the AGM-45 Shrike and AGM-78 Standard ARM system. Production was later taken over by Raytheon Corporation when it purchased the defense production business of Texas Instruments.
Eltham College
Eltham College is a private day school situated in Mottingham, southeast London. Eltham and Mottingham once formed part of the same parish, hence its name. It is a member of The Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference (HMC).

Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference
The Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference (HMC), formerly known as the Headmasters' Conference and now branded HMC (The Heads' Conference), is an association of the head teachers of 351 private fee-charging schools (both boarding schools and day schools), traditionally described as public schools. 302 members are based in the United Kingdom, Crown dependencies and Ireland. There are 72 international members (mostly from the Commonwealth) and also 28 associate or affiliate members who are head teachers of state schools or other influential individuals in the world of education, who endorse and support the work of HMC.
Lista
Lista is a former municipality located in the old Vest-Agder county in Norway.  The 193-square-kilometre (75 sq mi) municipality existed from 1838 until its dissolution in 1965. The administrative centre was the village of Vanse where Vanse Church is located. Lista municipality was historically known as the municipality of Vanse until 1911.  The former municipality's land is now located in the present-day municipality of Farsund in Agder county.

Farsund Airport, Lista is located here, but it has not had any regularly scheduled commercial flights since 1999; however, there are discussions to use it as a base for offshore operations. Lista is located on a large peninsula along the Listafjorden and is home to the villages of Vestbygd and Vanse and the town of Farsund.

Listafjorden
Listafjorden is a widely shaped fjord (or bay) between the island of Hidra and the Lista peninsula in Agder county, Norway. The fjord is located in the municipalities Farsund and Flekkefjord.  The 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) long and about the same distance wide at its mouth.  The fjord heads inland and right after it passes the island of Andabeløya, it splits in two branches: the Fedafjorden and the Stolsfjorden.
Fort Bliss shooting
The Fort Bliss shooting occurred on January 6, 2015, when Jerry Serrato, a 48-year-old U.S. Army veteran, fatally shot Dr. Timothy Fjordbak, a psychologist, at the Veteran's Affairs clinic located on the grounds of William Beaumont Army Medical Center of Fort Bliss, Texas. No further casualties were reported during the shooting. However, the shooting and the subsequent emergency response resulted in the lock-down of the hospital and two nearby schools for nearly two hours while law enforcement officials worked to resolve the situation.

Fort Bliss
Fort Bliss is a United States Army post in New Mexico and Texas, with its headquarters in El Paso, Texas. Established in 1848, the fort was renamed in 1854 to honor Bvt.Lieut.Colonel William W.S. Bliss. It is the largest installation in the United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) and second-largest in the Army overall, the largest being the adjacent White Sands Missile Range. Fort Bliss provides the largest contiguous tract (1,500 sq mi or 3,900 km2) of restricted airspace in the Continental United States, used for missile and artillery training and testing, and at 992,000 acres (401,000 ha) has the largest maneuver area, ahead of the National Training Center, which has 642,000 acres (260,000 ha).
In August 2025 Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) opened a detention facility named  Camp East Montana with a capacity of 1,000, eventually 5,000, detainees on Fort Bliss.
Tomaž Humar
Tomaž Humar (February 18, 1969 – c. November 10, 2009), nicknamed Gozdni Joža (akin to Hillbilly), was a Slovenian mountaineer. A father of two, Humar lived in Kamnik, Slovenia. He completed over 1500 ascents, and won a number of mountaineering and other awards, including the Piolet d'Or in 1997 for his Ama Dablam ascent.

Piolets d'Or
The Piolets d'Or ([pjɔ.lɛ dɔʁ], "Golden Ice Axes") is an annual mountaineering and alpine climbing award organized by the Groupe de Haute Montagne (GHM), and previously with co-founder Montagnes Magazine, since its founding in 1992.  Golden ice axes are presented to the annual winners at a weekend awards festival based on their achievements in the previous year. It is considered mountaineering's highest honor and is referred to as the "Oscars of mountaineering".

The Piolets have progressed from being a competition-like single-award event (Le Piolet d'Or) into a broader celebration of mountaineering and alpinism, with several awards made (Les Piolets d'Or).  After a crisis in 2008, the Charter for the awards was rewritten to focus on the style and innovation of the nominations, respect for the mountain, environment, and future climbing generations, and to increase the independence and transparency of the award process; the official name was also changed to the plural.
The Westleigh School
The Westleigh School (formerly Westleigh High School) is a co-educational secondary school located in Leigh in the English county of Greater Manchester.

It was first established by Lancashire County Council and became a comprehensive school in 1976. Later the school also gained a specialism in technology. Previously a community school administered by Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council, in August 2018 Westleigh High School converted to academy status and was renamed The Westleigh School. The school is now sponsored by the Shaw Education Trust.

The Westleigh School offers GCSEs, BTECs and the CiDA as programmes of study for pupils.

Shaw Trust
Shaw Trust is a charitable organisation in the United Kingdom which supports people with complex needs into good work. It was founded in the village of Shaw in Wiltshire in 1982.

Shaw Trust surpluses are reinvested through its charitable Shaw Trust Foundation into programmes to improve prospects for individuals and communities.

In 2017, Shaw Trust acquired Ixion and Prospects, making it the 14th largest charity in the UK. It has 3,000 employees supported by 850 volunteers, and delivers contracts for major funding agencies including the European Social Fund, Department for Work and Pensions, Big Lottery Fund, Education and Skills Funding Agency, Department for Education, Ministry of Justice and local government and employers.

Since 2019, the CEO has been Chris Luck.
Unahi
Unahi is a small settlement in the Far North District of New Zealand. It is located on the southern shore of Rangaunu Harbour between the mouths of Awanui River and Waipapakauri Creek, on the isthmus of the Aupōuri Peninsula. The larger settlement of Awanui lies to the south. Unahi is about 13 kilometres to the north of Kaitaia, the nearest town.

The name means "to scale fish".

Rangaunu Harbour
Rangaunu Harbour is a shallow harbour in the far north of New Zealand. It is situated on the east coast at the base of the Aupouri Peninsula. The name in Māori means "To pull out a shoal of fish". With an area of 115 square kilometres (44 sq mi) it is the fifth-largest harbour in New Zealand.
Alzano Scrivia
Alzano Scrivia (Piedmontese: Alsan) is a municipality (Italian: comune) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) east of Turin and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northeast of Alessandria. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 409 and an area of 2.1 square kilometres (0.81 sq mi).

Alzano Scrivia borders the following municipalities: Castelnuovo Scrivia, Guazzora, Isola Sant'Antonio, and Molino dei Torti.

The 18th-century Church of the Nativity of Mary host paintings of Giovani Marcello Zampollini (1888-1948), Pietro Mietta, Alessandro silla and Domenico Fossati.

Molino dei Torti
Molino dei Torti is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) east of Turin and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northeast of Alessandria. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 685 and an area of 2.7 square kilometres (1.0 sq mi). Molino dei Torti borders the following municipalities: Alzano Scrivia, Casei Gerola, Castelnuovo Scrivia, Guazzora, and Isola Sant'Antonio.
Rural Municipality of Humboldt No. 370
The Rural Municipality of Humboldt No. 370 (2016 population: 935) is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 15 and SARM Division No. 5. Located in the central portion of the province, it is along Highway 5 and Highway 20 north of Regina and east of Saskatoon.

Division No. 15, Saskatchewan
Division No. 15 is one of eighteen census divisions in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada, as defined by Statistics Canada. It is located in the north-central part of the province. The most populous community in this division is Prince Albert.
E. W. Pugin
Edward Welby Pugin (11 March 1834 – 5 June 1875) was an English architect, the eldest son of architect Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin and Louisa Barton. His father was an architect in the Gothic Revival style, and after his early death in 1852 Edward continued his practice. At the time of his own early death in 1875, Pugin had designed and completed more than one hundred Catholic churches. His brothers Cuthbert and Peter continued the practice as Pugin & Pugin.

John's Lane Church
The Church of St. Augustine and St. John, commonly known as John's Lane Church, is a large  Catholic church located on Thomas Street, Dublin, Ireland. It was opened in 1874 on the site of the medieval St. John's Hospital, founded c. 1180.  It is served by the Augustinian Order of friars.
Time and the Wind (musical)
Time and the Wind is a musical revue by composer Galt MacDermot and lyricist by Norman Matlock. Directed and choreographed by Louis Johnson with musical direction by MacDermot, the show premiered Off-Broadway at the John Houseman Studio Theater on July 27, 1995, with costumes by Bernard Johnson and lighting by Deborah Constantine. The show was produced by Eric Krebs and AMAS Musical Theater Inc. It starred  Christopher Jackson, Carol Denise, Russell Joel Brown, Suzanne Griffin, Johnetta Alston, and Carl Hall. In his review in The New York Times, Stephen Holden wrote, "The show calls itself "a New York musical revue," but aside from "Gentle Rain," which compares people to cockroaches, the lyrics include few references to urban life. The predominant musical style is the gospel-flavored pop-soul that flourished 25 years ago but has long since been usurped by funk, rap and hip-hop."

Galt MacDermot
Arthur Terence Galt MacDermot (December 18, 1928 – December 17, 2018) was a Canadian-American composer, pianist and writer of musical theater. He won a Grammy Award for the song "African Waltz" in 1961. His most successful musicals were Hair (1967; its Broadway cast album also won a Grammy) and Two Gentlemen of Verona (1971). MacDermot also composed film soundtracks, jazz and funk albums, and Western classical music. His music has been sampled in numerous hip-hop songs and albums. He is best known for his work on Hair, which produced three number-one singles in 1969: "Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In", "Good Morning Starshine", and the title song "Hair".
Tetrahedrane
Tetrahedrane is a hypothetical platonic hydrocarbon with chemical formula C4H4 and a tetrahedral structure. The molecule would be subject to considerable angle strain and has not been synthesized as of 2023.  However, a number of derivatives have been prepared.  In a more general sense, the term tetrahedranes is used to describe a class of molecules and ions with related structure, e.g. white phosphorus.

Trimethylsilyl group
The trimethylsilyl group (–Si(CH3)3, abbreviated TMS) is a functional group in organic chemistry. This group consists of three methyl groups bonded to a silicon atom, which is in turn bonded to the rest of a molecule. This structural group is characterized by chemical inertness and a large molecular volume.  
Compounds with trimethylsilyl groups are not normally found in nature, but have applications in chemical synthesis and analysis.
Rincon bleachers
The Rincon Big Four is a famous skate spot in Escondido, California, USA that has shown up numerous times in skateboard media outlets, such as videos and magazines. It is located at Rincon Middle School, which has been a popular landmark for skateboarding for over a decade. In 1997, Jamie Thomas found a newly built bleacher set for shaded basketball.

Escondido, California
Escondido (Spanish for "hidden") is a city in San Diego County, California, United States.  Located in the North County region, it was incorporated in 1888, and is one of the oldest cities in San Diego County. It has a population of 151,038 as of the 2020 census.
Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (French: Industrie minière de la République Démocratique du Congo) is a major global supplier of minerals including cobalt, copper, diamonds, gold, tantalum, and tin. The DRC supplies over 60% of global cobalt, and mineral exports account for more than 95% of the country's export revenues.

Mining includes large-scale industrial projects, semi-industrial ventures, and widespread artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM), often under dangerous and exploitative conditions.

Dan Gertler
Dan Gertler (Hebrew: דן גרטלר; born 23 December 1973) is an Israeli billionaire businessman in natural resources and the founder and president of the DGI (Dan Gertler International) group of companies. Until 2022, his group had mining and oil interests in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and has invested in diamonds, iron ore, gold, cobalt, copper, agriculture, and banking. As of 2025 his fortune was estimated at $1.5 billion by Forbes.
George MacDonald
George MacDonald  (10 December 1824 – 18 September 1905) was a Scottish author, poet and Congregational minister. He became a pioneering figure in the field of modern fantasy literature and the mentor of fellow-writer Lewis Carroll. In addition to his fairy tales, MacDonald wrote several works of Christian theology, including several collections of sermons.

Phantastes
Phantastes: A Faerie Romance for Men and Women is a fantasy novel  by Scottish writer George MacDonald published in London in 1858.

The story centres on the character Anodos ("pathless" in Greek) and takes its inspiration from German Romanticism, particularly Novalis. The story concerns a young man who is pulled into a dreamlike world and there hunts for his ideal of female beauty, embodied by the "Marble Lady". Anodos lives through many adventures and temptations while in the other world, until he is finally ready to give up his ideals.

The book influenced the fantasy authors C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, and G. K. Chesterton and also the poet W. H. Auden.