hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure prediction
Crystal structure prediction (CSP) is the calculation of the crystal structures of solids from first principles. Reliable methods of predicting the crystal structure of a compound, based only on its composition, has been a goal of the physical sciences since the 1950s. Computational methods employed include simulated annealing, evolutionary algorithms, distributed multipole analysis, random sampling, basin-hopping, data mining, density functional theory and molecular mechanics.

Crystal polymorphism
In crystallography, polymorphism is the phenomenon where a compound or element can crystallize into more than one crystal structure.

The preceding definition has evolved over many years and is still under discussion today. Discussion of the defining characteristics of polymorphism involves distinguishing among types of transitions and structural changes occurring in polymorphism versus those in other phenomena.
The Horse that Lost its Liberty
The fable of how the horse lost its liberty in the course of settling a petty conflict exists in two versions involving either a stag or a boar and is numbered 269 in the Perry Index. When the story is told in a political context, it warns against seeking a remedy that leaves one worse off than before. Where economic circumstances are involved, it teaches that independence is always better than compromised plenty.

Perry Index
The Perry Index is a widely used index of "Aesop's Fables" or "Aesopica", the fables credited to Aesop, the storyteller who lived in ancient Greece between 620 and 560 BC. The index was created by Ben Edwin Perry, a professor of classics at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.

Modern scholarship takes the view that Aesop probably did not compose all of the fables attributed to him; indeed, a few are known to have first been used before Aesop lived, while the first record of many others is from well over a millennium after his time. Traditionally, Aesop's fables were arranged alphabetically, which is not helpful to the reader. Perry listed them by language (Greek then Latin), chronologically, by source, and then alphabetically; the Spanish scholar Francisco Rodríguez Adrados created a similar system. This system also does not help the casual reader, but is the best for scholarly purposes.
Henry Paget, 2nd Earl of Uxbridge
Henry Paget, 2nd Earl of Uxbridge (22 January 1719 – 16 November 1769) was a British nobleman, styled Lord Paget from 1742 to 1743.

The only son of Thomas Paget, Lord Paget, and his wife Lady Elizabeth, he was commissioned a cornet in the 1st (Royal) Regiment of Dragoons on 23 April 1742, shortly after the death of his father. He succeeded his grandfather as Earl of Uxbridge in 1743. He was appointed a deputy lieutenant for Staffordshire on 7 July 1757, and died, unmarried, on 16 November 1769. He was buried on 24 November at West Drayton.

Thomas Paget, Lord Paget
Thomas Catesby Paget or Pagett (1689 – 4 February 1742) styled Hon. Thomas Catesby Paget from 1712 to 1714, and subsequently with the courtesy title Lord Paget, was an English writer and politician, who sat in the House of Commons from 1715 to 1727. He served in the household of King George II for nearly 17 years, until ill-health intervened.
Metofluthrin
Metofluthrin is a pyrethroid used as an insect repellent.   The vapors of metofluthrin are highly effective and capable of repelling up to 97% of mosquitoes in field tests.  Metofluthrin is used in a variety of consumer products, called emanators, for indoor and outdoor use.  These products produce a vapor that protects an individual or area. Effectiveness is reduced by air movement. Metofluthrin is neurotoxic, and is not meant to be applied directly to human skin.

Although metofluthrin has insecticidal properties against the sand fly, Phlebotomus sergenti, it is not an effective repellent of this insect.

Insect repellent
An insect repellent (also commonly called "bug spray" or "bug deterrent") is a substance applied to the skin, clothing, or other surfaces to discourage insects (and arthropods in general) from landing or climbing on that surface. Insect repellents help prevent and control the outbreak of insect-borne (and other arthropod-bourne) diseases such as malaria, Lyme disease, dengue fever, bubonic plague, river blindness, and West Nile fever. Pest animals commonly serving as vectors for disease include insects such as flea, fly, and mosquito; and ticks (arachnids).

Some insect repellents are insecticides (bug killers), but most simply discourage insects and send them flying or crawling away.
Segrate
Segrate (Milanese: Segraa [seˈɡraː]) is a town and comune (municipality) located in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Lombardy region of Northern Italy.

An eastern suburb of Milan, in its area lies the airport of Milan Linate, the lake Idroscalo, the fair center of Novegro and the famous residential area Milano Due. Europark Idroscalo Milano (originally Lunapark Milano) is a popular amusement park that has been in existence since 1965.

Although it is a small town, Segrate hosts large structures such as the CILEA Interuniversity Consortium, among the most advanced supercomputing centers in Europe, and the San Raffaele Hospital. Segrate received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on 23 June 1989.

Milan Linate Airport
Milan Linate Airport (IATA: LIN, ICAO: LIML) is a city airport located in Milan, the second-largest city and largest urban area of Italy. It served 10.6 million passengers and recorded 118,060 aircraft movements in 2024, making it one of the busiest airports in Italy. It is the third-busiest airport in the Milan metropolitan area in terms of passenger numbers, after Malpensa and Bergamo, and the second busiest in terms of aircraft movements.

Together with Milan Malpensa Airport and Milan Bergamo Airport, they form the Milan airport system with 56.9 million passengers in 2024, the largest airport system in Italy by number of passengers.
Marino Dandolo
Marino Dandolo (Greek: Μαρίνος Δάνδολος; died before 1243) was a Venetian nobleman and first Latin ruler of the island of Andros following the Fourth Crusade. He was a member of the prominent Dandolo family. He accompanied Marco Sanudo on the conquest of the Aegean Islands in 1207, and was awarded the island of Andros as a sub-fief. He was expelled from his island around 1239 by Geremia Ghisi, and died in exile before August 1243.

Dandolo
The House of Dandolo (Italian: [ˈdandolo]) was a patrician family of the Republic of Venice, which produced four Doges of Venice. The progenitor of the family was a merchant named Domenico. The family became more successful by the beginning of the 12th century.
CFM International
CFM International is a Franco-American aircraft engine manufacturer. The company is a joint venture between GE Aerospace and Safran Aircraft Engines (formerly known as Snecma) and is headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio. It was founded in 1974 to build and support the CFM56 series of turbofan engines. CFM is the world's largest commercial aircraft engine manufacturer, with a 39% market share as of 2020. It has delivered more than 37,500 of its engines to more than 570 operators. The name CFM is derived from the two parent companies' commercial engine designations: GE's CF series and Snecma's M series.

CFM International RISE
The CFM International RISE ("Revolutionary Innovation for Sustainable Engines") is an open rotor engine currently under development by CFM International, a 50–50 joint venture between American GE Aerospace and French Safran Aircraft Engines. The engine is planned to support both hydrogen and sustainable aviation fuels, and plans are to achieve a 20% reduction in fuel burn and carbon dioxide emissions compared to similar earlier experimental designs by the two CFM parent companies SAFRAN and GE Aviation (now GE Aerospace), and others.
Reinhardswald
The Reinhardswald (German pronunciation: [ˈʁaɪnhaʁtsˌvalt] ⓘ) is a range of hills up to 472.2 m above sea level (NN) and covering an area of over 200 km² in the Weser Uplands in the district of Kassel, Hesse (Germany). Of this, 183 km² are part of the unincorporated area known as Gutsbezirk Reinhardswald.

The area is known for its myths and legends, such as Grimms' Fairy Tales, and the "Sleeping Beauty" castle of Sababurg is internationally known.

Immenhausen
Immenhausen (German: [ɪmənˈhaʊzn̩] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Kassel, in Hesse, Germany. It is located 12 km north of Kassel on the German Timber-Frame Road. The town has 7,098 inhabitants as of July 2020, including the northern village of Mariendorf and eastern village of Holzhausen.
Birney
A Birney or Birney Safety Car is a type of streetcar that was manufactured in the United States in the 1910s and 1920s.  The design was small and light and was intended to be an economical means of providing frequent service at a lower infrastructure and labor cost than conventional streetcars. Production of Birney cars lasted from 1915 until 1930, and more than 6,000 of the original, single-truck version were built. Several different manufacturers built Birney cars.  The design was "the first mass-produced standard streetcar (albeit with minor variations)" in North America.

Gomaco Trolley Company
The Gomaco Trolley Company is a manufacturer of vintage-style streetcars (alternatively called trolleys in the US, or trams in much of the world), located in Ida Grove, Iowa, United States.  The company has supplied replica-vintage streetcars to several transit systems in the US, and has also restored and rebuilt authentic vintage streetcars for some systems.
Amalgamated Lithographers of America
The Amalgamated Lithographers of America (ALA) is a labor union formed in 1915 to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of workers in the craft of lithography. The ALA was established through the amalgamation of several small unions already existing in the lithographic industry, one of which dated back to 1886.

The union remained in independent existence for nearly half a century as part of the American Federation of Labor and its successor federation, the AFL-CIO, until combining with the International Photo-Engravers Union (IPEU) to establish the Lithographers and Photoengravers International Union (LPIU) in 1964.

After a series of subsequent organizational mergers, the core of the ALA remains in existence in the 21st Century as Local One-L of the Graphic Communications Conference of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. Headquarters of the organization are located in New York City.

Lithographers' and Photoengravers' International Union
The Lithographers' and Photoengravers' International Union (LPIU) was a labor union representing printing workers in the United States and Canada.

The union was founded on September 7, 1964, when the Amalgamated Lithographers of America merged with the International Photo-Engravers Union of North America. Like the Photo-Engravers, it was chartered by the AFL–CIO.  On September 4, 1972, the union merged with the International Brotherhood of Bookbinders, to form the Graphic Arts International Union.

On formation, the union had 50,000 members. Throughout its existence, the union was led by president Kenneth J. Brown.
Diocese of Kalamazoo
The Diocese of Kalamazoo (Latin: Dioecesis Kalamazuensis) is a diocese of the Catholic Church in southwestern Michigan in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Detroit. The mother church is the Cathedral of Saint Augustine in Kalamazoo. The current bishop is Edward M. Lohse.

Paul J. Bradley
Paul Joseph Bradley (born October 18, 1945) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Kalamazoo in Michigan from 2009 to 2023. He was an auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania from 2004 to 2009.
Rayʽan
Rayʽan (Arabic: رَيْعَان Rayʿān) is a village in Hamdan District of Sanaa Governorate, Yemen. It is located a short distance from the head of the Wadi Dahr near Bayt Naʽam, so that all the water coming down to the wadi from Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb passes through a steep, narrow valley, just north of Rayʽan.

Hamdan district
Hamdan District (Arabic: مديرية همدان) is a district of the Sana'a Governorate, Yemen. As of 2003, the district had a population of 85,370 inhabitants. It is named after the ancient Yemeni tribe of Hamdan.
Neusas
Neusas is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Tornidae within the superfamily Truncatelloidea.

The systematic position of this genus is uncertain. It is probably not in Tornidae.

Tornidae
Tornidae is a family of very small and minute sea snails with an operculum, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha. This family used to be known as the Vitrinellidae. Iredale has shown that the family Adeorbidae Monterosato, 1884 should be called Tornidae

Family names cited with two dates (the second one in parentheses) are those ruled by Article 40(2) of ICZN. "If ... a family-group name was replaced before 1961 because of the synonymy of the type genus, the replacement name is to be maintained if it is in prevailing usage. A name maintained by virtue of this Article retains its own author [and date, the first date cited] but takes the priority of the replaced name [the date cited in parentheses, here alluding to Adeorbidae Monterosato, 1884]
Jewels of Mary, Queen of Scots
The jewels of Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–1587) are mainly known through the evidence of inventories held by the National Records of Scotland. She was bought jewels during her childhood in France, adding to those she inherited. She gave gifts of jewels to her friends and to reward diplomats. When she abdicated and went to England many of the jewels she left behind in Scotland were sold or pledged for loans, first by her enemies and later by her allies. Mary continued to buy new jewels, some from France, and use them to reward her supporters. In Scotland her remaining jewels were worn by her son James VI and his favourites.

James Gray (goldsmith)
James Gray was a Scottish goldsmith working in Edinburgh during the reigns of Mary, Queen of Scots and James VI of Scotland. Gray is known for the "Galloway mazer", a gilt cup now held by the National Museums of Scotland. He also engraved the brass plate for the tomb of Regent Moray (died 1570) in St Giles, Edinburgh.
Fennant Road Halt railway station
Fennant Road Halt railway station served the Fennant Road area of Ponciau, a village that lies within the community of Rhosllanerchrugog. Opened in 1905 it had closed by 1915, partly as a result of WWI and also through road transport competition. On 1 August 1861 the GWR had opened a mineral branch from just north of Ruabon to serve the blast furnaces of the iron works at Aberderfyn and Ponciau. This line was extended to Legacy on 27 August 1876.

Ponciau
Ponciau is a village within the community of Rhosllanerchrugog, Wrexham County Borough, Wales. It is close to the villages of Legacy, Pentre Bychan, and Johnstown and is overlooked by Ruabon Mountain.

The village name is also applied to a larger electoral ward, whose population at the 2011 Census was 4,842.
Giardino Botanico di Oropa
The Giardino Botanico di Oropa is a nature preserve and botanical garden located at an altitude of 1200 m in Oropa about 12 km northwest of Biella, Piedmont, Italy. Situated near the Black Virgin Sanctuary, it is open daily except Mondays in the warmer months.

Sanctuary of Oropa
The Sanctuary of Oropa (Italian: santuario di Oropa) is a group of Roman Catholic buildings and structures in Oropa, frazione of the municipality of Biella, Italy. It is located at a height of 1,159 metres in a small valley of the Alpi Biellesi.
Stockholm County (Riksdag constituency)
Stockholm County (Swedish: Stockholms Län) is one of the 29 multi-member constituencies of the Riksdag, the national legislature of Sweden. The constituency was established in 1970 when the Riksdag changed from a bicameral legislature to a unicameral legislature. It is conterminous with the county of Stockholm but excludes Stockholm Municipality which has its own constituency. The constituency currently elects 40 of the 349 members of the Riksdag using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2022 general election it had 1,006,456 registered electors.

Stockholm County
Stockholm County (Swedish: Stockholms län [ˈstɔ̂kː(h)ɔlms ˈlɛːn]) is a county (Swedish: län) on the Baltic Sea coast of Sweden. It borders Uppsala County and Södermanland County. It also borders Mälaren and the Baltic Sea. The city of Stockholm is the capital of Sweden. Stockholm County is divided by the historic provinces of Uppland (Roslagen) and Södermanland (Södertörn). More than one fifth of the Swedish population lives in the county. Stockholm County is also one of the statistical riksområden (national areas) according to NUTS:SE, Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics within the EU. With more than two million inhabitants, Stockholm is the most densely populated county of Sweden.
Monthly Review
The Monthly Review is an independent socialist magazine published monthly in New York City. Founded in 1949, it is the longest continuously published socialist magazine in the U.S. From its beginning, Monthly Review was characterized as having "a nondoctrinaire approach to socialism" that became increasingly critical of the Soviet Union. The magazine was most closely linked to Third World socialism and national liberation struggles, and consequently saw its popularity grow among the New Left during the Vietnam War.

Samir Amin
Samir Amin (Arabic: سمير أمين) (3 September 1931 – 12 August 2018) was an Egyptian-French Marxian economist, political scientist and world-systems analyst. He is noted for his introduction of the term Eurocentrism in 1988 and considered a pioneer of dependency theory.
Tulo
Tulo is one of the Aanaas in Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia. Part of the West Hararghe Zone, Tulo is bordered on to the north by Doba, to the south by Masela, to the east by the East haraghe Zone, and to the west by Nannawa Chiro. Towns in Tulo include Debeso and Hirna.

Coffee is an important cash crop of this woreda, with over 50 square kilometers being planted with the crop. Circa 2000, a team of workers sponsored by Chinese aid built most of a new all-weather road between Awash and Hirna.

Masela (Aanaa)
Mesela (officially: Shanan dhugo) is a woreda in Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Part of the West Hararghe Zone, Mesela is bordered on the southwest by the Galetti River which separates it from Chiro, on the northwest by Tulo, and on the east by the East Hararghe Zone. Towns in Mesela include Goro Reye and Mesela.

Coffee is an important cash crop of this woreda; over 50 square kilometers are planted with this crop. Coffee grown in Mesela is well known for its high quality.
Wau, Papua New Guinea
Wau is a town in Papua New Guinea, in the province of Morobe. It has a population of approx 5,000 and is situated at an altitude of around 1100 metres. Wau was the site of a gold rush during the 1920s and 30s when prospective gold diggers arrived at the coast at Salamaua and struggled inland along the Black Cat Track.

At the Battle of Wau in January 1943, the Australian Army stopped an advance by the Japanese. A road was established soon after World War II to Lae and this fostered the further development of local timber and agricultural industries that were originally established in support of the mining industry. While much of the mineral reserves have been extracted, industrial gold mining continues at Edie Creek and at the newly established Hidden Valley Gold Mine operated by Morobe Goldfields (a subsidiary of Harmony Gold - South Africa).

The Wau Ecology Institute is a biological research station situated near Wau.

Lae
Lae (/ˈlɑːeɪ, ˈleɪi/, German: Preußen-Reede, later Lehe) is the capital of Morobe Province and is the second-largest city in Papua New Guinea. It is located near the delta of the Markham River on the northern coast of Huon Gulf. It is at the start of the Highlands Highway, which is the main land transport corridor between the Highlands Region and the coast. Lae is the largest cargo port of the country and is the industrial hub of Papua New Guinea. The city is known as the Garden City and home of the Papua New Guinea University of Technology.
Alo!
Alo! is a daily tabloid newspaper published in Belgrade, Serbia. In 2024, Alo published over 321 biased and unfounded articles in its newspaper. In 2025, it published 2107 manipulative news in its newspaper. During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Alo has published disinformation on events related to the war. It has also published disinformation regarding the 2024–present Serbian anti-corruption protests.

Blic
Blic (Cyrillic: Блиц, [ˈbliːt͡s]) is a Serbian web portal covering politics, economy, entertainment, and current events. The first printed edition of Blic was published in 1996, its online portal was launched in 1998, and Blic TV began broadcasting in 2022. Blic is part of Ringier Serbia's portfolio, which belongs to the international media company Ringier, headquartered in Switzerland.
Richard William Timm
Richard William Timm (March 2, 1923 – September 11, 2020) was a Catholic Priest, educator, zoologist, and development worker. He was the Superior of the Congregation of Holy Cross in Dhaka and a member of the Sacred Heart of Jesus Province. He was also one of the founders of Notre Dame College in Dhaka, Bangladesh. He was the 6th principal (1970 to 1972) of Notre Dame College.

Congregation of Holy Cross
The Congregation of Holy Cross (Latin: Congregatio a Sancta Cruce), abbreviated CSC, is a Catholic clerical religious congregation of pontifical right for men founded in Le Mans, France, in 1837 by Basil Moreau.

Moreau also founded the Marianites of Holy Cross for women, now divided into three independent congregations of sisters: the Marianites of Holy Cross (Le Mans, France), the Sisters of the Holy Cross (Notre Dame, Indiana), and the Sisters of Holy Cross (Montreal, Quebec, Canada).
Illini Media
The Illini Media Company is a nonprofit, student media company based in Champaign, Illinois.  The company owns several student-run media outlets associated with the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign: the general newspaper, the Daily Illini; the entertainment paper, Buzz Magazine; the engineering quarterly, Technograph; the U of I yearbook, the Illio; and the commercial radio station, WPGU.

The Illini Publishing Company was chartered by the State of Illinois in 1911. In 1984, it became the Illini Media Company. The company helps students prepare for and careers in print media and broadcasting and to inform and entertain the University of Illinois community. Revenues exceed $2.5 million.

In 2012, the Illini Media sought support to keep its business running. Prominent alumni, such as film critic Roger Ebert, urged alumni to donate to the corporation.  Additionally, a referendum passed to allow a fee on student's tuition to go towards the company.

Champaign, Illinois
Champaign (/ˌʃæmˈpeɪn/ sham-PAYN) is a city in Champaign County, Illinois, United States. The population was 88,302 at the 2020 census. It is the tenth-most populous municipality in Illinois and the fourth most populous city in the state outside the Chicago metropolitan area. It is a principal city of the Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area, which had 236,000 residents in 2020.

Champaign shares the main campus of the University of Illinois with its twin city of Urbana, and is also home to Parkland College, which gives the city a large student population during the academic year. Due to the university and a number of technology startup companies, it is often referred to as a hub of the Illinois Silicon Prairie. Champaign houses offices for the Fortune 500 companies Abbott, Archer Daniels Midland (ADM), Caterpillar, John Deere, Dow Chemical Company, IBM, and State Farm. Champaign also serves as the headquarters for several companies, including Jimmy John's.