hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Citadel of Qaitbay
The Citadel of Qaitbay (or the Fort of Qaitbay; Arabic: قلعة قايتباي) is a 15th-century defensive fortress located on the Mediterranean sea coast, in Alexandria, Egypt. It was built from 1477 to 1479 AD (882–884 AH) by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qaitbay. The Citadel is situated on the eastern side of the northern tip of Pharos Island at the mouth of the Eastern Harbour.

Qaitbay
Sultan Abu Al-Nasr Sayf ad-Din Al-Ashraf Qaitbay (Arabic: السلطان أبو النصر سيف الدين الأشرف قايتباي; c. 1416/1418 – 7 August 1496) ruled the Mamluk Sultanate from 1468 to 1496 (872 – 901 AH in the Islamic calendar).

As the eighteenth Sultan of Egypt of the Burji dynasty, Qaitbay stabilized the Mamluk state and economy. He consolidated the northern boundaries of the Sultanate with the Ottoman Empire after a series of wars between 1485 and 1491, and engaged in trade with other contemporaneous polities.

Qaitbay was Circassian by birth, and was purchased by sultan Barsbay (1422 – 1438) before being freed by Barsbay's successor Jaqmaq (1438 – 1453).

A veteran of sixteen campaigns, Qaitbay was also a great patron of architecture. He commissioned building projects in Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, Damascus, Aleppo, Alexandria, and in every quarter of Cairo and endowed the religious works with waqfs. He was also known for his piety.
Swarth Group
Swarth Group is a private equity company, owned by Israeli investor Shaul Shani.  In 2007, it purchased Israeli ECI Telecom for $1.24 billion. The company headquarters are in Petah Tikva, Israel. The company specialises in Telecoms. In 2008, it acquired a 16.44% share of GVT Holding, which owns GVT Holland, and itself owns 22.9% of Brazilian telecom firm Global Village Telecom. The stake was purchased from Nochi Dankner's Discount Investment Corporation Ltd. In 2009 Swarth group sold its holding in GVT to Vivendi the deal reflects a 15.8% premium on the price paid for it by Swarth in 2008.

ECI Telecom
ECI Telecom Ltd is an Israel-based manufacturer of telecommunications equipment that provides packet optical transport products,  software-defined networking applications, cybersecurity and professional services.
Paul Leopold Haffner
Paul Leopold Haffner (21 January 1829, Horb am Neckar – 2 November 1899, Mainz) was a German Roman Catholic clergyman. From 1866 until his death he served as Bishop of Mainz. Along with Johann Baptist Heinrich, he was one of the pioneers of German neo-scholasticism.

Diocese of Mainz
The Diocese of Mainz, (Latin: Diœcesis Moguntina, German: Bistum Mainz) historically known in English as Mentz as well as by its French name Mayence, is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Germany. It was founded in 304, promoted in 780 to Metropolitan Archbishopric of Mainz and demoted back in 1802 to bishopric. The diocese is suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Freiburg. Its district is located in the states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse. The seat of the diocese is in Mainz at the Cathedral dedicated to Saints Martin and Stephen.
Ahavath Torah (Stoughton, Massachusetts)
Ahavath Torah is a Conservative synagogue located at 1179 Central Street, Stoughton, Massachusetts, in the United States. Formed as a merger of two older congregations founded in the 1890s, it is the oldest synagogue in Stoughton.

Stoughton, Massachusetts
Stoughton /ˈstoʊtən/ (official name: Town of Stoughton) is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 29,281 at the 2020 census. The town is located approximately 17 miles (27 km) from Boston, 31 miles (50 km) from Providence, Rhode Island, and 35 miles (56 km) from Cape Cod.
NGC 1222
NGC 1222 is an early-type lenticular galaxy located in the constellation of Eridanus. The galaxy was discovered on 5 December 1883 by the French astronomer Édouard Stephan. John Louis Emil Dreyer, the compiler of the New General Catalogue, described it as a "pretty faint, small, round nebula" and noted the presence of a "very faint star" superposed on the galaxy.

NGC 1222's morphological type of S0− would suggest that it should have a mostly smooth profile and a very dull appearance. However, the galaxy was imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2016, and the image showed that there were several bright blue star forming regions, as well as dark reddish areas of interstellar dust.

Lenticular galaxy
A lenticular galaxy (denoted S0) is a type of galaxy intermediate between an elliptical (denoted E) and a spiral galaxy in galaxy morphological classification schemes. It contains a large-scale disc but does not have large-scale spiral arms.  Lenticular galaxies are disc galaxies that have used up or lost most of their interstellar matter and therefore have very little ongoing star formation. They may, however, retain significant dust in their disks. As a result, they consist mainly of aging stars (like elliptical galaxies).  Despite the morphological differences, lenticular and elliptical galaxies share common properties like spectral features and scaling relations. Both can be considered early-type galaxies that are passively evolving, at least in the local part of the Universe.  Connecting the E galaxies with the S0 galaxies are the ES galaxies with intermediate-scale discs.
Siege of Belaya
The siege of Belaya was the final military episode of the Smolensk War. The defense of the fortress by its small Russian garrison against a large Polish-Lithuanian army of King Władysław IV Vasa thwarted the king's plan to march against Moscow and made him sign the Treaty of Polyanovka in which he relinquished his claims to the Russian throne.

Smolensk War
The Smolensk War (1632–1634) was fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Muscovy.

Hostilities began in October 1632 when Muscovite forces tried to capture the city of Smolensk. Small military engagements produced mixed results for both sides, but the surrender of the main Muscovite force in February 1634 led to the Treaty of Polyanovka. Russia accepted Polish–Lithuanian control over the Smolensk region, which lasted for another 20 years.
Mayerthorpe tragedy
The Mayerthorpe tragedy occurred on March 3, 2005, on the farm of James Roszko, approximately 11 km (6.8 mi) north of Rochfort Bridge near the town of Mayerthorpe in the Canadian province of Alberta.

Roszko shot and killed four Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) constables: Anthony Gordon, Lionide "Leo" Johnston, Brock Myrol and Peter Schiemann. He then committed suicide. The attack occurred as the officers were executing a search warrant for stolen property and a marijuana-growing operation on the farm. Two individuals who were not present at the shooting, Shawn Hennessey and Dennis Cheeseman, pled guilty to manslaughter for assisting Roszko to return to his farm.

The incident was the worst one-day loss of life for the RCMP since five officers drowned on June 7, 1958, and the worst multiple-officer killing in contemporary Canadian history.

Rochfort Bridge
Rochfort Bridge is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within Lac Ste. Anne County. It is located approximately 105 kilometres (65 mi) northwest of Edmonton and 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) east of Mayerthorpe.  Rochfort Bridge is named for Cooper (Cowper) Rochfort, who with his associate, Percy Michaelson, homesteaded on the Paddle River at the point where the old trail from Lac Ste. Anne to the MacLeod River crossed the Paddle River.

One of North America’s longest wooden train trestles is located just east of the hamlet, which crosses over the Paddle River valley and Highway 43. Rochfort Bridge Trestle was built in 1919 by Canadian Northern Railway.
Radovanje, Serbia
Radovanje (Serbian Cyrillic: Радовање) is a village in the municipality of Velika Plana, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 689 people. Radovanjski Lug was the site of the assassination of Karađorđe Petrović, leader of the First Serbian Uprising, in 1817.

Velika Plana
Velika Plana (Serbian Cyrillic: Велика Плана, pronounced [ʋêlikaː plǎːna] ⓘ) is a town and municipality located in the Podunavlje District of Serbia. As of 2022, the town has 14,609 inhabitants, while the municipality has 35,451. Velika Plana lies on the left bank of Velika Morava.
Shatian dialect
Satinese (Saatinwaa in Satinese, Shatianhua in Guoyu) is a dialect of Yue Chinese. It is spoken by roughly half of the population of Chungsan (Zhongshan), Guangdong, in Namtau, Wongpo, Fausa, Manchung, Gonghau, Tungsing, Tungfung, Siulaam, Wanglan, Salong, Panfu, Sanwan and Tanchau.

It differs from Standard Cantonese. Some subdialects among the Satin dialect are similar to Suntak dialect. Satin Regions in Chungsan are populated with Tanka people and the language is one of the major branches of Tanka dialect.

Minzhong
Minzhong is a subdistrict situated at the northeastern periphery of the city of Zhongshan, in the Pearl River Delta region of Guangdong province.  At the 2020 census, the population of Minzhong was 112,345. The total area of the subdistrict is 125.4 square kilometres (48.4 sq mi).
Irene Mawer
Irene Mawer (13 March 1893 – 1 December 1962), was an English exponent of mime; drama; voice; and mime in education. She was later known as Irene Dale and Irene Perugini.

Mawer was a co-founder of the Ginner-Mawer School of Dance and Drama (1916-1954) together with Ruby Ginner, and sole founder of the Institute of Mime.

Elsie Fogerty
Anne Elizabeth "Elsie" Fogerty CBE (16 December 1865 – 4 July 1945) was a British teacher who departed from the customary practice of "voice and diction" also called elocution.  At that time "Voice and Diction" focused entirely on the mouth and nasal cavity to produce speech sounds.  Fogerty's technique ended up focusing on the entire body and voice to produce speech.  At first, she used just the lungs to resonate the sound, but soon included the whole body, because she discovered that posture and movement also affected speech. It ultimately became known as the "Body and Voice" technique.  She was founder and principal of the Central School of Speech and Drama in London from 1906 to 1942.
Arc length
Arc length is the distance between two points along a curve.
It can be formalized mathematically for smooth curves using vector calculus and differential geometry, or for curves that might not necessarily be smooth as a limit of lengths of polygonal chains. The curves for which this limit exists are called rectifiable curves, and the process of determining their arc length in this way is called curve rectification.

Cycloid
In geometry, a cycloid is the curve traced by a point on a circle as it rolls along a straight line without slipping. A cycloid is a specific form of trochoid and is an example of a roulette, a curve generated by a curve rolling on another curve.

The cycloid, with the cusps pointing upward, is the curve of fastest descent under uniform gravity (the brachistochrone curve). It is also the form of a curve for which the period of an object in simple harmonic motion (rolling up and down repetitively) along the curve does not depend on the object's starting position (the tautochrone curve). In physics, when a charged particle at rest is put under a uniform electric and magnetic field perpendicular to one another, the particle’s trajectory draws out a cycloid.
Sparbu
Sparbu is a village in Steinkjer Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway.  The village is located about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) south of the town of Steinkjer. The European route E6 highway runs through the village as does the Nordlandsbanen railway line which stops at the Sparbu Station. The village of Mære lies about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the north, the village of Røra (in neighboring Inderøy Municipality) lies about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the south, and the lake Leksdalsvatnet lies about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the east.

The 0.4-square-kilometre (99-acre) village has a population (2024) of 595 and a population density of 1,488 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,850/sq mi).

The village was the administrative centre of the old Sparbu Municipality from 1838 until the dissolution of the municipality in 1964.

Steinkjer Municipality
Steinkjerⓘ (Norwegian) or Stïentje (Southern Sami) is a municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Innherad region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Steinkjer which is located on the inner part of the Trondheimsfjord. The town is also the administrative centre for Trøndelag county. Other populated areas in Steinkjer include the villages of Bartnes, Beitstad, Binde, Byafossen, Follafoss, Følling, Gaulstad, Henning, Hyllbrua, Kvam, Lerkehaug, Malm, Mære, Sela, Skei, Sparbu, Stod, Sunnan, Vassaunet, Vellamelen, and Verrastranda.

The 2,122-square-kilometre (819 sq mi) municipality is the 31st largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Steinkjer Municipality is the 54th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 24,032. The municipality's population density is 11.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (29/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 0.4% over the previous 10-year period.
Iset (daughter of Thutmose III)
Iset or Isis was a princess of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, a daughter of Pharaoh Thutmose III and his Great Royal Wife Merytre-Hatshepsut.

She is one of six known children of Thutmose and Merytre; her siblings are Pharaoh Amenhotep II, Prince Menkheperre and princesses Nebetiunet, Meritamen and the second Meritamen. She is depicted together with her sisters and Menkheperre on a statue of their maternal grandmother Hui (now in the British Museum); she is depicted as smaller than her siblings, so she is likely to have been the youngest of them.

Hui (priestess)
Hui or Huy was an ancient Egyptian priestess during the Eighteenth Dynasty. She was the mother of Merytre-Hatshepsut, the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Thutmose III.

Hui played an important role in the cults of Amun, Ra and Atum. One of her statues was found, it names her as the possible mother of the Great Royal Wife. This might prove that Merytre was not the daughter of Queen Hatshepsut, as she was thought to be. The statue, which is now in the British Museum, also depicts the children of Thutmose and Merytre, except for Amenhotep II. Princess Nebetiunet is sitting on her grandmother's lap, Prince Menkheperre and princesses Meritamen, the other Meritamen and Iset can be seen on the side of the statue. Iset was probably the youngest, as her figure is much smaller than that of the others.
1995 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior women's race
The Junior women's race at the 1995 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Durham, England, at the University of Durham on March 25, 1995. A report on the event was given in The New York Times and in the Glasgow Herald.

Complete results, medallists, 
 and the results of British athletes were published.

1995 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
The 1995 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Durham, United Kingdom, at the University of Durham on 25 March 1995. A report on the event was given in The New York Times and in the Herald.

Complete results for senior men, junior men, senior women, junior women, medallists, 
 and the results of British athletes were published.
More plains
More plains, originally called Kiang Chu Thang in the local language, is a plateau on the Leh–Manali Highway. Kiang Chu Thang means a plain where the kiang (Tibetan wild ass) does not find water. It occupies 40 km of the highway between Leh and Pang. The plateau has an average elevation of 4,800 metres. The road is flanked by beautiful mountains on both sides. At some places, it runs along the Sumkhel Lungpa River, featuring stunning sand and rock natural formations.

Salt Valley
The Salt Valley is a wide open area in the Rupshu region, a valley in southeast Ladakh, India. The valley has a length of about 20 km and a maximum width of about 7 km. Its average elevation is 5,000 m. It can be approached from Leh across the Tanglang La pass.
Censorship
Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient". Censorship can be conducted by governments and private institutions. When an individual such as an author or other creator engages in censorship of their own works or speech, it is referred to as self-censorship. General censorship occurs in a variety of different media, including speech, books, music, films, and other arts, the press, radio, television, and the Internet for a variety of claimed reasons including national security, to control obscenity, pornography, and hate speech, to protect children or other vulnerable groups, to promote or restrict political or religious views, and to prevent slander and libel. Specific rules and regulations regarding censorship vary between legal jurisdictions and/or private organizations.

Redaction
Redaction or sanitization is the process of removing sensitive information from a document so that it may be distributed to a broader audience. It is intended to allow the selective disclosure of information. Typically, the result is a document that is suitable for publication or for dissemination to others rather than the intended audience of the original document.

When the intent is secrecy protection, such as in dealing with classified information, redaction attempts to reduce the document's classification level, possibly yielding an unclassified document. When the intent is privacy protection, it is often called data anonymization. Originally, the term sanitization was applied to printed documents; it has since been extended to apply to computer files and the problem of data remanence.
Basset force
In a body submerged in a fluid, unsteady forces due to acceleration of that body with respect to the fluid, can be divided into two parts: the virtual mass effect and the Basset force.

The Basset force term describes the force due to the lagging boundary layer development with changing relative velocity (acceleration) of bodies moving through a fluid.
The Basset term accounts for viscous effects and addresses the temporal delay in boundary layer development as the relative velocity changes with time.  It is also known as the "history" term.
The Basset force is difficult to implement and is commonly neglected for practical reasons; however, it can be substantially large when the body is accelerated at a high rate.

This force in an accelerating Stokes flow has been proposed by Joseph Valentin Boussinesq in 1885 and Alfred Barnard Basset in 1888. Consequently, it is also referred to as the Boussinesq–Basset force.

Added mass
In fluid mechanics, added mass or virtual mass is the inertia added to a system because an accelerating or decelerating body must move (or deflect) some volume of surrounding fluid as it moves through it. Added mass is a common issue because the object and surrounding fluid cannot occupy the same physical space simultaneously.  For simplicity this can be modeled as some volume of fluid moving with the object, though in reality "all" the fluid will be accelerated, to various degrees.

The dimensionless added mass coefficient is the added mass divided by the displaced fluid mass – i.e. divided by the fluid density times the volume of the body. In general, the added mass is a second-order tensor, relating the fluid acceleration vector to the resulting force vector on the body.
Meeker, Oklahoma
Meeker is a town in Lincoln County, Oklahoma, United States. As of the 2020 census, the community had 1,004 residents.  The locale is old enough to appear on a 1911 Rand McNally map of the county.  It was prominently featured in the documentary Will & Harper.

Lincoln County, Oklahoma
Lincoln County is a county in eastern Central Oklahoma, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 33,458. Its county seat is Chandler. Lincoln County is part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. In 2010, the center of population of Oklahoma was in Lincoln County, near the town of Sparks.
Yan'an
Yan'an is a prefecture-level city in the Shaanbei region of Shaanxi province, China, bordering Shanxi to the east and Gansu to the west. It administers several counties, including Zhidan (formerly Bao'an), which served as the headquarters of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) before the city of Yan'an proper took that role.

Yan'an was near the endpoint of the Long March, and became the center of the Chinese Communist Revolution from late 1935 to early 1947. Chinese communists celebrate Yan'an as the birthplace of the revolution.

As of 2019, Yan'an has approximately 2,255,700 permanent residents.: 4–5

Ansai District
Ansai (simplified Chinese: 安塞区; traditional Chinese: 安塞區; pinyin: Ānsāi Qū) is a district of the city of Yan'an, Shaanxi province, China. It has a total area of 2,951.3 km2 (1,139.5 sq mi) and a population of 172,900 people. Part of the Loess Plateau, the district has an average elevation of 1,371.9 metres (4,501 ft).  Its postal code is 717400, and its Serial Number is 610624.
Steven Jacobs (television presenter)
Steven Jacobs (born 8 January 1967) is an Australian actor, comedian, TV and radio presenter and writer.

Jacobs is best known as weather presenter on the Nine Network's breakfast program Today and Weekend Today and has previously been a radio presenter with Nine Radio.

Sky News Weather Channel
Sky News Weather Channel is an Australian television channel owned by Australian News Channel, a subsidiary of News Corp Australia. Launched on 1 January 1999, the channel broadcasts weather forecasts and weather-related news and analysis 24 hours a day.

Programing runs on a 15-minute loop of local, national, regional, dam level and rainfall forecasts, as well as continuous coverage of extreme weather if required & seasonal reports.

Sky News Weather Channel also runs live weekdays the Sky News Regional-produced breakfast program Sky News Breakfast from 6am to 8:30am.
Richfield High School (Minnesota)
Richfield High School is the only public traditional high school in Richfield, Minnesota, United States. The school serves grades 9-12 for the Richfield Public Schools. It was named to the 2023 AP School Honor Roll, which recognizes schools with AP programs that are delivering results and broadening access for students. Richfield High School was also awarded a place on the "Best Public High Schools 2023-24" list by U.S. News and World Report.

Athletics: Richfield High School is a member of the Tri-Metro Conference in the Minnesota State High School League.

Richfield, Minnesota
Richfield is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota. An inner-ring suburb of Minneapolis, Richfield is bordered by Minneapolis to the north, Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport and Fort Snelling to the east, Bloomington to the south, and Edina to the west. The population was 36,994 at the 2020 census.

Best Buy, the U.S.'s largest electronics retailer, is headquartered in Richfield.
Caesar (dog)
Caesar (1898–1914) was a Wire Fox Terrier owned by King Edward VII. He was bred in the kennels of Kathleen, Duchess of Newcastle, and became the constant companion of the King. After the King's death in 1910, the dog attended the funeral and walked in the procession in a prominent position ahead of nine kings and other heads of state. Caesar has been the subject of paintings, and a hand crafted hardstone model created by the House of Fabergé.

Death and state funeral of Edward VII
Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Emperor of India, died on Friday 6 May 1910 at the age of 68. His state funeral occurred two weeks later, on 20 May 1910. He was succeeded by his only living son, George V.

The funeral was the largest gathering of European royalty ever to take place, and the last before many royal families were deposed in the First World War and its aftermath.