hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Baby farming
Baby farming is the historical practice of accepting custody of an infant or child in exchange for payment in late-Victorian Britain and, less commonly, in Australia, New Zealand and the United States.  If the infant was young, this usually included wet-nursing (breast-feeding by a woman not the mother). Some baby farmers "adopted" children for lump-sum payments, while others cared for infants for periodic payments.

Daniel Cooper (murderer)
Daniel Richard Cooper (18 October 1881 – 16 June 1923) of New Zealand was a convicted baby farmer, suspected serial killer, and illegal abortionist. In 1922, he was apprehended at a Wellington suburban property and in 1923 found guilty of murder and executed. His wife, Martha Elizabeth Cooper, was acquitted.
Gauliga Mittelrhein
The Gauliga Mittelrhein was the highest football league in the central and southern part of the Prussian Rhine Province from 1933 to 1945. Shortly after the formation of the league, the Nazis reorganised the administrative regions in Germany, and the Gaue Köln-Aachen  and Moselland replaced the Prussian province in the Middle Rhine (German: Mittelrhein) region.

From 1941, the Gauliga Mittelrhein was split into two separate leagues, the Gauliga Köln-Aachen and the Gauliga Moselland. From this time, it also included clubs from the occupied Luxembourg and the Belgian region of Eupen-Malmedy.

SV Eintracht Trier 05
SV Eintracht-Trier 05 e. V., commonly known as Eintracht Trier (German pronunciation: [ˈaɪntʁaxt ˈtʁiːɐ̯]), is a German association football club based in Trier, Rhineland-Palatinate. The club was established on 11 March 1948 through the merger of Westmark 05 Trier and Eintracht Trier 06, coinciding with the 43rd anniversary of the founding of its predecessor, Trier Fußball Club 05. The team's badge prominently features the Porta Nigra, an ancient Roman city gate and iconic symbol of Trier, considered Germany's oldest city.

The club has competed in various levels of German football, including the 2. Bundesliga and Regionalliga Südwest, and has achieved notable successes such as winning the German Amateur Championship multiple times and reaching the semi-finals of the DFB-Pokal in 1998.
Montegrotto Terme
Montegrotto Terme (Venetian: Montegròto) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Padua in the Italian region Veneto, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) west of Venice and about 11 kilometres (7 mi) southwest of Padua.

Montegrotto Terme is a  spa resort, part of the Terme Euganee spas.  The Euganean Hills (Colli Euganei) are located nearby.

Montegrotto Terme borders the following municipalities: Abano Terme, Battaglia Terme, Due Carrare, Galzignano Terme, Torreglia.

The Hotel Terme Millepini, which is a Guinness World Record holder for containing the world's deepest pool is located in Montegrotto Terme.

Due Carrare
Due Carrare is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Padua in the Italian region Veneto, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Venice and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) south of Padua.

This municipality  is the result of the merging of two different municipalities (Carrara San Giorgio and Carrara Santo Stefano), voted by the inhabitants on 26 February 1995 and allowed by the consequent regional law on 21 March 1995.

Due Carrare borders the following municipalities: Abano Terme, Battaglia Terme, Cartura, Maserà di Padova, Montegrotto Terme, Pernumia.

The city is the birthplace of the Carraresi family, who ruled Padua in the late Middle Ages.
Pyrroloquinoline quinone
Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), also called methoxatin, is a redox cofactor and antioxidant.

Quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase is used as a glucose sensor in bacteria. PQQ stimulates growth in bacteria.

Quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase
In enzymology, quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.5.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

The two substrates of this enzyme are D-glucose and the cofactor ubiquinone. Its products are glucono-δ-lactone and ubiquinol.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with a quinone or similar compound as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is D-glucose:ubiquinone oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include D-glucose:(pyrroloquinoline-quinone) 1-oxidoreductase, glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-dependent), glucose dehydrogenase (pyrroloquinoline-quinone), and quinoprotein D-glucose dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in pentose phosphate pathway. It employs one cofactor, PQQ.
Margaret Mitchell (Atlanta neighborhood)
Margaret Mitchell is a neighborhood in the Buckhead Community, in the northwest part of the city of Atlanta, Georgia. It is bounded by Moore's Mill Road on the south, I-75 on the east, and the Paces neighborhood on the west.

Buckhead
Buckhead is the uptown commercial and residential district of the city of Atlanta, Georgia, comprising approximately the northernmost fifth of the city. Buckhead is the third-largest business district within the Atlanta city limits, behind Downtown and Midtown, and a major commercial and financial center of the Southern U.S.

Buckhead is anchored by a core of high-rise office buildings, hotels, shopping centers, restaurants and condominiums centered around the intersection of Peachtree Road and Piedmont Road near Georgia State Route 400, the Buckhead MARTA station, and Lenox Square.
A. M. Tracey Woodward
Alphonse Marie Tracey Woodward (Réunion, 1876–1938) was a philatelist who was a specialist in the stamps of Japan. In 1929, he was awarded the Crawford Medal by the Royal Philatelic Society London for his work The postage stamps of Japan and dependencies. He was also awarded the Lindenberg Medal.

The Japan collection of F.J. Peplow was acquired by Woodward after Peplow's death.

Woodward died on board ship on his way home from Shanghai. His collection of Japanese stamps was subsequently sold by H.R. Harmer in 1939.

Lindenberg Medal
The Lindenberg Medal is an award given to those who provide “conspicuous service to philately” because of their investigations and contributions to philatelic literature.

It is considered by some as the Nobel Prize of Philately.
Tnúthgal mac Donngaile
Tnúthgal mac Donngaile (or Tnúthgal mac Donngusa) (died 820) was a supposed King of Munster from the Eóganacht Chaisil branch of the Eoganachta. He was a fifth generation descendant of Colgú mac Faílbe Flaind (died 678), a previous king.

Tnúthgal appears in some king lists but this is suspect. He is not mentioned in the Irish annals and his death date of 820 is based on the accession of Feidlimid mac Cremthanin (died 847) in that year. A confusion between him and Tnúthgal mac Artrach (died circa 807) may have occurred.

His grandsons Áilgenán mac Donngaile (died 853) and Máel Gualae mac Donngaile(died 859) were Kings of Munster.

Eóganachta
The Eóganachta (Modern Irish: Eoghanachta, pronounced [ˈoːnˠəxt̪ˠə]) were an Irish dynasty centred on Cashel which dominated southern Ireland (namely the Kingdom of Munster) from the 6/7th to the 10th centuries, and following that, in a restricted form, the Kingdom of Desmond, and its offshoot Carbery, to the late 16th century. By tradition the dynasty was founded by Conall Corc but named after his ancestor Éogan, the firstborn son of the semi-mythological 3rd-century king Ailill Aulom. This dynastic clan-name, for it was never in any sense a 'surname,' should more accurately be restricted to those branches of the royal house which descended from Conall Corc, who established Cashel as his royal seat in the late 5th century.
Kokoshnik architecture
Kokoshnik is a semicircular or keel-like exterior decorative element in the Old Russian architecture, a type of corbel zakomara (that is an arch-like semicircular top of the church wall). Unlike zakomara that continues the curvature of the vault behind and carries a part of the vault's weight, kokoshnik is pure decoration and does not carry any weight. Kokoshnik shares its name with the traditional Russian headdress worn by women and girls. The word itself derives from the Old Slavic word kokosh, which refers to a hen or a cockerel.

Kokoshniks were used in the Russian church architecture from the 16th century, and they were especially popular in the 17th century. They were placed on walls, at the basement of tented roofs or tholobates, over the window frames, or in rows above the vaults.

Architecture of Russia
The architecture of Russia refers to the architecture of modern Russia as well as historical states, including Kievan Rus', the Russian principalities, the Tsardom of Russia, and the Russian Empire.

The vernacular architecture stems from wooden construction traditions, and monumental masonry construction started to appear during the Kievan period. After the Mongol invasions, the Russian architectural trajectory continued in succeeding feudal Russian states, including Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal, Pskov, and Moscow, until they were united into a centralized state at the dawn of the modern era.

Much of the early standing architectural tradition in Russia stems from foreign influences and styles. Among the characteristic styles present in Russian architecture are the Byzantine revival style of Kievan Rus' and succeeding principalities' churches, the Muscovite style, baroque, neoclassical, eclecticism, art nouveau, as well as the signature styles of the Soviet period.
Thrombospondin 3
Thrombospondin-3 (TSP3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the THBS3 gene.

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the thrombospondin family. Thrombospondin family members are adhesive glycoproteins that mediate cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions. TSP3 has been found to be involved in the regulation of skeletal maturation. This protein forms a pentameric molecule linked by a single disulfide bond. This gene shares a common promoter with metaxin 1. Identified as the gene on chromosome 1 responsible for mediating an associated with genetic susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Thrombospondin
Thrombospondins (TSPs) are a family of secreted glycoproteins with antiangiogenic functions. Due to their dynamic role within the extracellular matrix they are considered matricellular proteins. The first member of the family, thrombospondin 1 (THBS1), was discovered in 1971 by Nancy L. Baenziger.
PRO 2000
PRO 2000 is an experimental vaginal microbicide which has been proposed as a preventive medicine for reducing the risk of contracting HIV. It has never been recommended as an effective medicine to be used for any purpose. Some clinical trials have shown that under some conditions it may provide some protection against HIV.

Vaginal microbicide
A vaginal microbicide is a microbicide for vaginal use, generally as protection against the contraction of a sexually transmitted infection during vaginal sexual intercourse. Vaginal microbicides are topical gels or creams inserted into the vagina.
Cape Cod National Seashore
The Cape Cod National Seashore (CCNS) encompasses 43,607 acres (68.1 sq mi; 176.5 km2) on Cape Cod, in Massachusetts. CCNS was created on August 7, 1961, by President John F. Kennedy, when he signed a bill enacting the legislation he first co-sponsored as a Senator a few years prior. It includes ponds, woods and beachfront of the Atlantic coastal pine barrens ecoregion.  The CCNS includes nearly 40 miles (64 km) of seashore along the Atlantic-facing eastern shore of Cape Cod, in the towns of Provincetown, Truro, Wellfleet, Eastham, Orleans and Chatham. It is administered by the National Park Service.

Chatham, Massachusetts
Chatham (/ˈtʃætəm/) is a town on Cape Cod in Massachusetts. Chatham is located at the southeastern tip of Cape Cod and has historically been a fishing community. First settled by the English in 1664, the township was originally called Monomoit based on the indigenous population's term for the region.  Chatham was incorporated as a town on June 11, 1712, and has become a summer resort area. The population was 6,594 at the 2020 census and can swell to 25,000 during the summer months. There are four villages that comprise the town, those being Chatham (CDP), South Chatham, North Chatham, and West Chatham. Chatham is home to the Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge and the decommissioned Monomoy Point Light, both located on Monomoy Island. A popular attraction is the Chatham Light, which is an operational lighthouse that is operated by the United States Coast Guard.
Pericardium
The pericardium (pl. pericardia), also called pericardial sac, is a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels.  It has two layers, an outer layer made of strong inelastic connective tissue (fibrous pericardium), and an inner layer made of serous membrane (serous pericardium). It encloses the pericardial cavity, which contains pericardial fluid, and defines the middle mediastinum.  It separates the heart from interference of other structures, protects it against infection and blunt trauma, and lubricates the heart's movements.

Phrenic nerve
The phrenic nerve is a mixed nerve that originates from the C3–C5 spinal nerves in the neck. The nerve is important for breathing because it provides exclusive motor control of the diaphragm, the primary muscle of respiration. In humans, the right and left phrenic nerves are primarily supplied by the C4 spinal nerve, but there is also a contribution from the C3 and C5 spinal nerves. From its origin in the neck, the nerve travels downward into the chest to pass between the heart and lungs towards the diaphragm.

In addition to motor fibers, the phrenic nerve contains sensory fibers, which receive input from the central tendon of the diaphragm and the mediastinal pleura, as well as some sympathetic nerve fibers. Although the nerve receives contributions from nerve roots of the cervical plexus and the brachial plexus, it is usually considered separate from either plexus.

The name of the nerve comes from Ancient Greek phren 'diaphragm'.
Thomas Bayly (bishop)
Thomas Bayly (died 20 July 1670) was a seventeenth century Anglican bishop in Ireland.

Bayly, a native of Rutland was educated at the University of Oxford (he was awarded an Oxford Master of Arts {MA Oxon} and a Doctor of Divinity {DD}), and became Chaplain to Augustine Lindsell, Bishop of Peterborough, until his appointment as Dean of Down (1661–1663).Cotton, Henry. He was Archdeacon of Dromore from 1663 to 1664. He was consecrated Bishop of Killala and Achonry on 5 June 1664 and died in post on 20 July 1670

Dean of Down
The Dean of Down is based in The Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, Downpatrick within the Diocese of Down and Dromore of the Church of Ireland.

The current incumbent is T. Henry Hull.
Liquid rocket propellant
The highest specific impulse chemical rockets use liquid propellants (liquid-propellant rockets). They can consist of a single chemical (a monopropellant) or a mix of two chemicals, called bipropellants. Bipropellants can further be divided into two categories; hypergolic propellants, which ignite when the fuel and oxidizer make contact, and non-hypergolic propellants which require an ignition source.

About 170 different propellants made of liquid fuel have been tested, excluding minor changes to a specific propellant such as propellant additives, corrosion inhibitors, or stabilizers. In the U.S. alone at least 25 different propellant combinations have been flown.

Many factors go into choosing a propellant for a liquid-propellant rocket engine. The primary factors include ease of operation, cost, hazards/environment and performance.

Dinitrogen tetroxide
Dinitrogen tetroxide, commonly referred to as nitrogen tetroxide (NTO), and occasionally (usually among ex-USSR/Russian rocket engineers) as amyl, is the chemical compound N2O4. It is a useful reagent in chemical synthesis. It forms an equilibrium mixture with nitrogen dioxide. Its molar mass is 92.011 g/mol.

Dinitrogen tetroxide is a powerful oxidizer that is hypergolic (spontaneously reacts) upon contact with various forms of hydrazine, which has made the pair a common bipropellant for rockets.
Pilgrims Hatch
Pilgrims Hatch is a residential suburb of Brentwood, Essex, in the east of England. There is a borough council ward bearing the name 'Pilgrims Hatch' which covers the Bishops Hall and Flower estates (the urban area north of the A12 road) and a small rural area to the north up to Ashwells Road and Days Lane. Pilgrims Hatch usually elects Liberal Democrat councillors. It has a population of around 6,000 people.

Brentwood, Essex
Brentwood is a town in Essex, England. It forms part of the London commuter belt, lying 20 miles (32 km) north-east of Charing Cross in central London, and just outside the M25 London Orbital Motorway. Its suburbs include Shenfield, Warley, Brook Street and Hutton. It gives its name to the wider Borough of Brentwood which also covers surrounding rural areas. The population of the Brentwood built up area was 55,340 at the 2021 census.

It has a shopping area along the High Street, a Roman road which became one of the main roads between London and East Anglia. Beyond the town centre are residential developments surrounded by open countryside and woodland; some of this countryside lies within only a few hundred yards of the town centre. Brentwood Cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Brentwood.
Manitou Springs, Colorado
Manitou Springs is a home rule municipality located at the foot of Pikes Peak in western El Paso County, Colorado, United States. The town was founded for its natural mineral springs. The downtown area continues to be of interest to travelers, particularly in the summer, with many shops and restaurants, as well as a creekside city park. The main road through the center of town was one of the direct paths to the base of Pikes Peak. Barr Trail, which winds its way up Pikes Peak, is accessible from town. The subdivision Crystal Hills was added to the municipality in the 1960s.

The city population was 4,858 at the 2020 United States census. Students are served by Manitou Springs School District 14 and Manitou Springs High School.

Manitou Springs High School
Manitou Springs High School (MSHS) is a public high school in Manitou Springs, Colorado, United States. It is the only high school in the Manitou Springs School District 14. The high school has the highest graduation rate in the Pikes Peak Region and one of the lowest remediation rates for students entering college. Manitou teachers give students the option to prepare for the Advanced Placement testing in multiple subjects.
Dmitry Troubetskoy
Prince Dmitry Timofeyevich Troubetzkoy (died June 24, 1625) was a Russian military and political figure during the Time of Troubles, one of the leaders in a rebellion against the Polish occupation and the leader of the Zemsky Sobor's provisional government.

Together with Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin, he directed the release of the capital from the Poles, and for the time after the expulsion of the Poles and before the election of Mikhail Romanov, he was elected ruler of the Russian state. For his activities, he received the title of "Savior of the Fatherland" and was one of the contenders for the royal throne at the Zemsky Sobor of 1613.

Dmitry Pozharsky
Dmitry Mikhaylovich Pozharsky (Russian: Дми́трий Миха́йлович Пожа́рский, IPA: [ˈdmʲitrʲɪj mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪtɕ pɐˈʐarskʲɪj]; 17 October 1577 – 30 April 1642) was a Russian prince known for his military leadership during the Polish–Russian War from 1611 to 1612. Pozharsky formed the Second Volunteer Army with Kuzma Minin in Nizhny Novgorod against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's occupation of Russia during the Time of Troubles, resulting in Polish withdrawal after Russian victory at the Battle of Moscow in 1612. Pozharsky received the unprecedented title of Saviour of the Fatherland from Mikhail I of Russia, becoming a folk hero in Russian culture and honored in the Monument to Minin and Pozharsky in Moscow's Red Square.
Prostate biopsy
Prostate biopsy is a procedure in which small hollow needle-core samples are removed from a man's prostate gland to be examined for the presence of prostate cancer. It is typically performed when the result from a PSA blood test is high. It may also be considered advisable after a digital rectal exam (DRE) finds possible abnormality. PSA screening is controversial as PSA may become elevated due to non-cancerous conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), by infection, or by manipulation of the prostate during surgery or catheterization. Additionally many prostate cancers detected by screening develop so slowly that they would not cause problems during a man's lifetime, making the complications due to treatment unnecessary.

The most frequent side effect of the procedure is blood in the urine (31%). Other side effects may include infection (0.9%) and death (0.2%).

Prostate-specific antigen
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), also known as gamma-seminoprotein or kallikrein-3 (KLK3), P-30 antigen, is a glycoprotein enzyme encoded in humans by the KLK3 gene. PSA is a member of the kallikrein-related peptidase family and is secreted by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland in men and the paraurethral glands in women.

PSA is produced for the ejaculate, where it liquefies semen in the seminal coagulum and allows sperm to swim freely. It is also believed to be instrumental in dissolving cervical mucus, allowing the entry of sperm into the uterus.

PSA is present in small quantities in the serum of men with healthy prostates, but is often elevated in the presence of prostate cancer or other prostate disorders. PSA is not uniquely an indicator of prostate cancer, but may also detect prostatitis or benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Ilhéu das Rolas
Ilhéu das Rolas (also: Ilheu Gago Coutinho) is an islet in the African island nation of São Tomé and Príncipe.  It lies on the Equator, off the southern tip of São Tomé Island, separated by Canal das Rolas. Its maximum elevation is 96 m (315 ft). Its population was 76 at the 2012 census. It is part of the Caué District. Access to the island is only by ferry from Ponta Baleia on São Tomé Island. There is a lighthouse on the islet, built in 1929, whose focal height is 106 metres (348 ft) and range is 12 nmi (22 km; 14 mi). The island is home to a small resort, the Pestana Equador.

São Tomé (island)
São Tomé, at 854 km2 (330 sq mi), is the largest island of São Tomé and Príncipe and is home in May 2018 to about 193,380 or 96% of the nation's population. The island is divided into six districts. It is located 2 km (1¼ miles) north of the equator.
Geinitzinoidea
The Geinitzinoidea comprises a superfamily of Upper Devonian to Upper Permian uniserial fusulinids (microgranular foraminifera with chambers aligned in a single row), the chamber walls consisting of a dark microgranular inner layer and  radially fibrous outer layer.  Advanced forms show secondary lateral thickening

The Geinitzinoidea differs from the Nodosinelloidea in that in the Nodosinelloidea the inner layer is fibrous.

Two families are included, the Geinitzinidae and Pachyphloiidae.

Pachyphloiidae
Pachyphloiidae is a family of uniserial Permian Foraminifera included in the fusulinid superfamily Geinitzinoidea along with the Geinitzinidae. Three genera are recognized. They are: 
Pachyphloia, type
Robustopachyphloia, 
Maichelina

Pachyphloiid genera are characterized by their free, compressed, uniserial tests with broad low chambers recurved laterally and microgranular calcareous walls with secondary lamellar thickening on both sides which distinguishes them from the ancestral Geinitzinidae.