hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wave–particle duality
Wave–particle duality is the concept in quantum mechanics that fundamental entities of the universe, like photons and electrons, exhibit particle or wave properties according to the experimental circumstances.: 59  It expresses the inability of the classical concepts such as particle or wave to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects.: III:1-1  During the 19th and early 20th centuries, light was found to behave as a wave, then later was discovered to have a particle-like behavior, whereas electrons behaved like particles in early experiments, then later were discovered to have wave-like behavior. The concept of duality arose to name these seeming contradictions.

Particle
In the physical sciences, a particle (or corpuscle in older texts) is a small localized object which can be described by several physical or chemical properties, such as volume, density, or mass. They vary greatly in size or quantity, from subatomic particles like the electron, to microscopic particles like atoms and molecules, to macroscopic particles like powders and other granular materials. Particles can also be used to create scientific models of even larger objects depending on their density, such as humans moving in a crowd or celestial bodies in motion.

The term particle is rather general in meaning, and is refined as needed by various scientific fields. Anything that is composed of particles may be referred to as being particulate. However, the noun particulate is most frequently used to refer to pollutants in the Earth's atmosphere, which are a suspension of unconnected particles, rather than a connected particle aggregation.
Rivels
Rivels are an ingredient in some types of soup, often a chicken-based soup (archetypically chicken corn soup) or potato soup.  Rivels are common in Pennsylvania Dutch cooking. They are composed primarily of egg and wheat flour, which is cut together to create small dumpling-like pieces.

Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch
Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine is the typical and traditional fare of the Pennsylvania Dutch.

Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine reflects influences of the Pennsylvania Dutch's German heritage, agrarian society, and rejection of rapid change.

It is common to find Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine throughout the Philadelphia, Allentown and Lancaster regions of Pennsylvania.
Alpine galaxias
The alpine river galaxias (Galaxias paucispondylus) is a galaxiid of the genus Galaxias, found only in mid to high elevation streams flowing from the Southern Alps of New Zealand. It grows to a length of up to 11 cm.

Alpine galaxias are speckled olive-green over a light brown base.  The single large dorsal fin is rounded, and set back two thirds of the body length, the anal fin a little further back. The caudal fin is large and slightly forked. Like all galaxiids it lacks scales and has a thick, leathery skin covered with mucus.

They are non-diadromous and therefore do not have a marine phase and are not part of the whitebait catch.

Galaxias
Galaxias is a genus of small freshwater fish in the family Galaxiidae, and are frequently referred to as the galaxiids. These highly adaptable fish are typically found at temperate latitudes across the Southern Hemisphere.

Galaxiids are scaleless and somewhat tubular in body form, ranging from very slender to quite bulky. They are somewhat torpedo-shaped, with the dorsal and anal fins positioned close to the tail. They are generally small, with typical adults ranging between 4–15 cm (1.6–5.9 in) in total length, with some stocky species attaining around 25 cm (10 in). The largest, Galaxias argenteus, has been recorded at 58 cm (22.8 in; 1.9 ft), although 30–40 cm (12–16 in) is a more typical adult length.
211 series
The 211 series (211系, 211-kei) is a suburban electric multiple unit (EMU) train type introduced in 1985 by Japanese National Railways (JNR).

The trains are still being used by East Japan Railway Company (JR East). They were also formerly used by West Japan Railway Company (JR West) until 2010 and Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central) until 2025 in Japan.

Sangi Railway will operate a total of eight former 211-5000 series 3-car sets (24 cars)  with the first entering service in May, 2025, and Ryutetsu acquired four 211-6000 series 2-car sets (8 cars) on 9 July, 2025.

Shin'etsu Main Line
The Shinetsu Main Line (Japanese: 信越本線, Hepburn: Shin'etsu-honsen) is a railway line, consisting of three geographically separated sections, operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) in Japan. It was originally one continuous line connecting Takasaki and Niigata via Nagano. Since the opening and later extension of the Hokuriku Shinkansen, sections running in parallel have either been discontinued or transferred to third-sector railway companies.

The name of the line refers to the old names for Nagano and Niigata prefectures, Shinano (Japanese: 信濃), and Echigo (Japanese: 越後).

The discontinued section through the Usui Pass was famous for its steep 66.7‰ (6.67%) gradient.
Ekebergia
Ekebergia is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Meliaceae. They are dioecious trees or shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves.

Its native range is tropical and southern Africa.

Its genus name of Ekebergia is in honour of Carl Gustaf Ekeberg (1716–1784), Swedish physician, chemist and explorer. It was published and described in Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. Vol.1779 on page 282 in 1779.

Known species:

Ekebergia benguelensis Welw. ex C.DC.

Ekebergia capensis Sparrm.

Ekebergia pterophylla (C.DC.) Hofmeyr

Ekebergia pumila I.M.Johnst.

Meliaceae
Meliaceae, the mahogany family, is a flowering plant family of mostly trees and shrubs (and a few herbaceous plants, mangroves) in the order Sapindales.

They are characterised by alternate, usually pinnate leaves without stipules, and by syncarpous, apparently cryptically unisexual flowers borne in panicles, cymes, spikes or clusters. Most species are evergreen, but some are deciduous, either in the dry season or in winter.

The family includes about 53 genera and about 600 known species, with a pantropical distribution; one genus (Toona) extends north into temperate China and south into southeast Australia, another (Synoum) into southeast Australia, and another (Melia) nearly as far north. They most commonly grow as understory trees in rainforests, but are also found in mangroves and arid regions.

The fossil record of the family extends back into the Late Cretaceous.
Homer Bone
Homer Truett Bone (January 25, 1883 – March 11, 1970) was an American attorney and politician in Washington state, where he settled in Tacoma as a youth with his family from Indiana. He ran as a candidate for a variety of parties and was elected to the State House. In 1932, he was elected as a Democrat as United States Senator from Washington, and re-elected to a second term.

In 1944, Bone was appointed as a United States circuit judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. He served until his death, the last years in senior status.

Farmer–Labor Party
The first modern Farmer–Labor Party in the United States emerged in Minnesota in 1918. The American entry into World War I caused agricultural prices and workers' wages to fall, while retail prices rose sharply during the war years.  Consequently, farmers and workers made common cause in the political sphere to redress their grievances.

The party dissolved in 1936 on a federal level with the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party surviving on the state level until 1944, when it merged with the local affiliate of the Democratic Party; the resulting merger, the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party, still exists today.
Arrhenia chlorocyanea
Arrhenia chlorocyanea, commonly known as the verdigris navel, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hygrophoraceae. Originally named as a species of Agaricus in 1885, and later classified as a member of Omphalina, the species was transferred to the genus Arrhenia in 2002.

The blue mushroom's caps are under 2 centimetres (3⁄4 in) wide and the stems are 1–4 cm (3⁄8–1+5⁄8 in) tall. The spore print is white. Entoloma species such as E. incarnatofuscescens may appear somewhat similar, but have a pink spore print.

It can be found in association with mosses in Europe and North America.

Arrhenia
Arrhenia is a genus of fungi in the family Hygrophoraceae. Arrhenia also includes species formerly placed in the genera Leptoglossum and Phaeotellus and the lectotype species itself has an unusual growth form that would not normally be called agaricoid. All of the species grow in association with photosynthetic organisms such as mosses and the alga found on decaying wood and soil biocrusts. Typically the fruitbodies of Arrhenia species are grey to black or blackish brown, due to high concentrations of fungal melanin.
Supermalt
Supermalt is a non-alcoholic, caffeine-free malt drink that was originally developed for the Nigerian Army in 1972. It has a high content of B vitamins, minerals and nutrients, and carbohydrates. Supermalt is now produced by Royal Unibrew A/S in Denmark. It is most popular among the African and Afro-Caribbean community.

Malt drink
A malt drink is a fermented drink in which the primary ingredient is the grain or seed of the barley plant, which has been allowed to sprout slightly in a traditional way called "malting" before it is processed.

By far the most predominant malt drink is beer (naturally fermented barley sugars flavoured with hops), of which there are two main styles: ale and lager. A low alcohol level drink brewed in this fashion is technically identical to "non-alcoholic beer". Such a drink may be prepared by using a slightly altered brewing process that yields negligible alcohol by volume (technically less than 0.5% by volume). These are called low-alcohol beers or "near beers".
Paradeisia, Arcadia
Paradeisia (Greek: Παραδείσια, before 1924: Κούρταγα - Kourtaga) is a village and a community in Arcadia, Greece, and a part of the municipality of Megalopoli. The community consists of the villages Paradeisia and Fanaiti. Paradeisia is 4 km east of Chranoi, 4 km west of Veligosti, 4 km north of Chirades and 11 km southwest of Megalopoli.

Veligosti
Veligosti (Greek: Βελιγοστή, before 1918: Σαμαρά - Samara) is a settlement in the municipal unit of Falaisia, Arcadia, Greece. It is situated on a low hill, on the left bank of a tributary of the river Alfeios. It is 2 km west of Leontari, 3 km north of Ellinitsa, 4 km east of Paradeisia and 9 km south of Megalopoli.
Combi aircraft
Combi aircraft in commercial aviation are aircraft that can be used to carry either passengers as an airliner, or cargo as a freighter, and may have a partition in the aircraft cabin to allow both uses at the same time in a mixed passenger/freight combination. The name combi comes from the word combination. The concept originated in railroading with the combine car, a passenger car that contains a separate compartment for mail or baggage.

Combi aircraft typically feature an oversized cargo door, as well as tracks on the cabin floor to allow the seats to be added or removed quickly.

Typically, configured for both passenger and cargo duty, the passenger compartment is pressurized to a higher pressure, to prevent potential fumes from cargo entering the passenger area.

Fairchild F-27
The Fairchild F-27 and Fairchild Hiller FH-227 are versions of the Fokker F27 Friendship twin-engined, turboprop, passenger aircraft formerly manufactured under license by Fairchild Hiller in the United States. The Fairchild F-27 was similar to the standard Fokker F27, while the FH-227 was an independently developed, stretched version.
2001–02 Macedonian First Football League
The 2001–02 Macedonian First League was the 10th season of the Macedonian First Football League, the highest football league of Macedonia. The first matches of the season were played on 12 August 2001 and the last on 29 May 2002. Sloga Jugomagnat were the defending champions, having won their third title in a row. The 2001–02 champions were Vardar who had won their fourth title, first since 1995. That was the first season in which the league consisted of 12 teams and only season (until the 2014–15 season) which contained the league play-off/play-out system.

2001–02 Macedonian Football Cup
The 2001–02 Macedonian Football Cup was the 10th season of Macedonia's football knockout competition. Pelister were the defending champions, having won their first title. The 2001–02 champions were Pobeda who won their first title as well.
Gulfstream Park Oaks
The Gulfstream Park Oaks is a Grade II American Thoroughbred horse race for three year old fillies, over a distance of one and one-eighth miles on the dirt held annually in March at Gulfstream Park, Hallandale Beach, Florida.  The event currently carries a purse of $250,000.

Gulfstream Park
Gulfstream Park  is a Thoroughbred horse race track, casino and outdoor entertainment and shopping destination in Hallandale Beach, Florida, United States. It is among the most important venues for horse racing in the United States, and is open 365 days a year.

The venue is owned by The Stronach Group. Thoroughbred horse racing occurs year-round, defined by three distinct race meets and one invitational:

Championship Meet (December - March)

Pegasus World Cup

Royal Palm Meet (April - September)

Flamingo Festival Meet (October - November)
The Woman Who Ran
The Woman Who Ran (Korean: 도망친 여자; RR: Domangchin yeoja) is a 2020 South Korean drama film written, produced, directed, edited and scored by Hong Sang-soo. It was selected to compete for the Golden Bear in the main competition section at the 70th Berlin International Film Festival. At Berlin, Hong Sang-soo won the Silver Bear for Best Director.

Hong Sang-soo
Hong Sang-soo (Korean: 홍상수; born 25 October 1960) is a South Korean film director and screenwriter. He is one of the most prominent exponents of slow cinema, often dealing in love affairs and everyday dilemmas in contemporary South Korea. His work has been widely-acclaimed and received numerous international accolades.
Giennadij Jerszow
Giennadij Jerszow (Polish pronunciation: [ɡʲɛnˈnadij ˈjɛrʂɔf]; born 12 July 1967) is a Polish–Ukrainian sculptor, jewelry designer and art teacher. He is a member of the National Union of Artists of Ukraine, and the National Association of Polish Artists and Designers. He is known for the production of monumental works, easel compositions and portraits, represented in different countries.

Vaslav Nijinsky
Vaslav or Vatslav Nijinsky (12 March 1889/1890 – 8 April 1950) was a Russian ballet dancer and choreographer of Polish ancestry. He is regarded as the greatest male dancer of the early 20th century. He is often associated with the Ballets Russes and its impresario Sergei Diaghilev, for which he choreographed such influential ballets as L'après-midi d'un faune (1912), Le Sacre du Printemps (1913), Jeux (1913), and Till Eulenspiegel (1916). He was celebrated for his virtuosity and for the depth and intensity of his characterizations. He could dance en pointe, a rare skill among male dancers at the time, and was admired for his seemingly gravity-defying leaps.
Tapellariopsis
Tapellariopsis is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Ectolechiaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Tapellariopsis octomera. Both the genus and species were described as new in 1999 by the lichenologist Robert Lücking.

Ectolechiaceae
The Ectolechiaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Lecanorales. The species of this family have a cosmopolitan distribution and have been found in a variety of climatic regions. The family was first described by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1905, originally for a group of tropical, leaf-dwelling lichens. Its scope has since expanded considerably, and the family now encompasses both tropical genera such as Byssoloma and Calopadia and the large, predominantly temperate-to-arctic genus Micarea. As of 2026, the family contains more than 30 genera and an estimated 470 species.
Nuke (software)
Nuke is a node-based digital compositing and visual effects application first developed by Digital Domain and used for television and film post-production. Nuke is available for Windows, macOS (up to Monterey natively), and RHEL/CentOS. Foundry has further developed the software since Nuke was sold in 2007.

Nuke's users include Digital Domain, Walt Disney Animation Studios, Blizzard Entertainment, DreamWorks Animation, Illumination Mac Guff, Sony Pictures Imageworks, Sony Pictures Animation, Light Chaser Animation Studios, Framestore, Weta Digital, Double Negative, and Industrial Light & Magic.

Digital compositing
Digital compositing is the process of digitally assembling multiple images to make a final image, typically for print, motion pictures or screen display. It is the digital analogue of optical film compositing. It is a part of VFX processing.
Rivenhall
Rivenhall is a village and civil parish near Witham in the Braintree district of Essex, England. As well as the small village of Rivenhall itself, the parish also includes Rivenhall End and surrounding rural areas. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 757.

It has a primary school called Rivenhall Church of England School. For transport there is the busy A12 nearby and Witham railway station.

Rivenhall End
Rivenhall End is a hamlet in the civil parish of Rivenhall, near Witham, in the Braintree District in the county of Essex, England. It is near the village of Rivenhall. For transport there is the A12 nearby and Witham railway station.
Minion (cannon)
The minion (from the French mignon or "dainty") was a type of smoothbore cannon used during the Tudor period and into the late 17th century. It was of a smaller bore diameter - typically 75 millimetres (3.0 in) - than larger cannons such as sakers and culverins, and usually fired round shot weighing 2.5 kilograms (5.5 lb).

Culverin
A culverin was initially an ancestor of the hand-held arquebus, but the term was later used to describe a type of medieval and Renaissance cannon. The word is derived from the antiquated "culuering" and the French couleuvrine (from couleuvre "grass snake", following Latin: colubrinus, lit. 'of the nature of a snake').  From its origin as a hand-held weapon it was adapted for use as artillery by the French in the 15th century and for naval use by the English in the 16th century. The culverin as an artillery piece had a long smoothbore gun barrel with a relatively long range and flat trajectory, using solid round shot projectiles with high muzzle velocity.
Investment club
An investment club is a group of individuals who meet for the purpose of pooling money and investing; members typically meet periodically to make investment decisions as a group through a voting process and recording of minutes, or gather information and perform investment transactions outside the group. In the US the upper limit for the value of an investment club's worth is $25m. There is no lower limit. Investment clubs provide members a means to learn about markets, while meeting and working with people who have similar interests.

General partnership
A general partnership, the basic form of partnership under common law, is in most countries an association of persons or an unincorporated company with the following major features:

Must be created by agreement, proof of existence and estoppel.

Formed by two or more persons

The owners are jointly and severally liable for any legal actions and debts the company may face, unless otherwise provided by law or in the agreement.

It is a partnership in which partners share equally in both responsibility and liability.
Wiesbaden High School
Wiesbaden High School (formerly General H. H. Arnold High School) is an American high school located in Wiesbaden, Germany, and is a part of the Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA), the 9th largest United States School System. Although located in Germany, the school follows a traditional U.S. curriculum and traditional U.S. school activities.

DODDS European Championships
DODDS European Championships are a series of sports competitions taking place in Europe and are organized by the DODDS (Department of Defense Dependents Schools) system. The term "Europeans" is a nickname that collectively refers to the three seasonal championships (autumn, winter and spring respectively) that take place every school year. Both DODDS and other international schools around Europe are invited to compete.
Nova Scotia Curling Association
The Nova Scotia Curling Association (NSCA) is the regional governing body for the sport of curling in Nova Scotia. The organization is one of 14 regional associations within Curling Canada and as such determines who will represent the province in national championships.

Curling Canada
Curling Canada (formerly the Canadian Curling Association (CCA)) is a sanctioning body for the sport of curling in Canada. It is associated with more than a dozen provincial and territorial curling associations across the country, and organizes Canada's national championships in the sport. It was formed in 1990 by the merger of the two previous sanctioning bodies, Curl Canada (men's) and the Canadian Ladies' Curling Association (women's).
Air Kazakhstan
Air Kazakhstan, stylised as Air Kazakstan (Kazakh: Эйр Қазақстан / Eir Qazaqstan), was a Kazakh airline and its national carrier. After its bankruptcy, the airline was shut down. It was headquartered in Almaty.

Yakovlev Yak-40
The Yakovlev Yak-40 (Russian: Яковлев Як-40; NATO reporting name: Codling) is a regional jet designed in Soviet Union by Yakovlev. The trijet's maiden flight was in 1966, and it was in production from 1967 to 1981. It was introduced to service in 1968, with export models following in 1970.
Calvary Cemetery (Los Angeles)
Calvary Cemetery and Mortuary is a Catholic cemetery and funeral home operated by the Archdiocese of Los Angeles in East Los Angeles, California. It is also called New Calvary Cemetery because it succeeded the original Calvary Cemetery (on north Broadway), over which Cathedral High School was built.

East Los Angeles, California
East Los Angeles (Spanish: Este de Los Ángeles), or East L.A., is an unincorporated community and census designated place (CDP) situated within Los Angeles County, California, United States. According to the United States Census Bureau, East Los Angeles is designated as a census-designated place (CDP) for statistical purposes. The most recent data from the 2020 census reports a population of 118,786, reflecting a 6.1% decrease compared to the 2010 population of 126,496.

The concentration of Hispanic/Latino Americans is 95.16 percent, the highest of any large city or census-designated place in the United States outside of Puerto Rico.
West Riding County Amateur Football League
The West Riding County Amateur Football League was a football competition based in Yorkshire, England. Formed in 1922, it had one division when it closed in 2019 due to a lack of participating clubs.

The Premier Division sat at level 11 of the English football league system. Silsden, Brighouse Town, Hemsworth Miners Welfare, Campion and Steeton were the most recent teams to move up from the league. Silsden were promoted in 2004 after winning the Premier Division in successive seasons but chose to play their football in the North West Counties League, as did neighbouring Steeton in 2018, whereas Brighouse Town, Hemsworth Miners Welfare and Campion went up to the Northern Counties East League.

The league operated with only one division until the 1953–54 season, then gradually expanded to reach five divisions for a while.

Hemsworth Miners Welfare F.C.
Hemsworth Miners Welfare Football Club is a football club based in Hemsworth, West Yorkshire, England. They are currently members of the Sheffield & Hallamshire County Senior League Premier Division and play at the Just Football MDC Stadium in Fitzwilliam.