hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Corticobasal degeneration
Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a rare neurodegenerative disease involving the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia. CBD symptoms typically begin in people from 50 to 70 years of age, and typical survival before death is eight years. It is characterized by marked disorders in movement and cognition, and is classified as one of the Parkinson plus syndromes. Diagnosis is difficult, as symptoms are often similar to those of other disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and dementia with Lewy bodies, and a definitive diagnosis of CBD can only be made upon neuropathologic examination.

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a pathological process that occurs in frontotemporal dementia. It is characterized by atrophy in the frontal lobe and temporal lobe of the brain, with sparing of the parietal and occipital lobes.

Common proteinopathies that are found in FTLD include the accumulation of tau proteins and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43). Mutations in the C9orf72 gene have been established as a major genetic contribution of FTLD, although defects in the granulin (GRN) and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are also associated with it.
Bangladesh Administrative Service Association
The Bangladesh Administrative Service Association is the association of the Bangladesh Civil Service administration cadre. Md. Mostafa Kamal is the president of the association and S.M. Alam is the general secretary.

Bangladesh Police Service Association
Bangladesh Police Service Association (BPSA) is the association of the BCS cadre police officers of Bangladesh.Ex. Gazipur Metropolitan Police Commissioner Nazmul Karim Khan is the President and Dhaka District Superintendent of Police. Anisuzzaman is the general secretary of the organisation.
Kalai Kafirnigan
Kalai Kafirnigan, also Kala-i Kafirnigan was a Buddhist temple in the region of Tokharistan (Classical Bactria), dated to the 7th-8th century CE. Buddhism in Tokharistan is said to have enjoyed a revival under the Western Turks (known as Tokhara Yabghus in Tokharistan). Several monasteries of Tokharistan dated to the 7th-8th centuries display beautiful Buddhist works of art, such as Kalai Kafirnigan, Ajina Tepe, Khisht Tepe or Kafyr Kala, around which Turkic nobility and populations followed Hinayana Buddhism.

Buddhist mural from Kalai Kafirnigan, Museum of National Antiquities, Dushanbe, Tajikistan. 7th-early 8th century.

Female devotee in Kalai Kafirnigan.  7th-early 8th century.

Mural of a male figure

Tokharistan
Tokharistan (also spelled Tocharistan or Tukharistan;  Classical Persian: تخارستان Tukhāristān or طخارستان Ṭukhāristān; lit. 'land of the Tochari') is a historical name used by Islamic sources in the early Middle Ages to refer to the area which was known as Bactria in Ancient Greek sources. The name appears before Islam in Bactrian as Τοχοαραστανο (Toxoarastano) on the 2nd-century silver dish of Nukunzuk and on two 5th-century Bactrian documents, a name which the Tochari gave to the areas they settled but which was likely limited initially to Bactria's eastern parts.

By the 6th century CE, Tokharistan came under rule of the First Turkic Khaganate, and in the 7th and 8th centuries, it was incorporated into the Tang dynasty, administered by the Protectorate General to Pacify the West. Today, Tokharistan is fragmented between Afghanistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.
Griffith J. Griffith
Griffith Jenkins Griffith (January 4, 1850 – July 6, 1919) was a Welsh-born American industrialist and philanthropist. After amassing a significant fortune from a mining syndicate in the 1880s, Griffith donated 3,015 acres (1,220 ha) to the City of Los Angeles that became Griffith Park, and he bequeathed the money to build the park's Greek Theatre and Griffith Observatory. Griffith's legacy was marred by his notorious shooting of his wife in 1903, a crime for which he served a year and nine months in prison.

Griffith Park
Griffith Park is a large municipal park at the eastern end of the Santa Monica Mountains, ranging from the Los Feliz neighborhood of Los Angeles, California to the San Fernando Valley. The park includes popular attractions such as the Los Angeles Zoo, the Autry Museum of the American West, the Griffith Observatory, and the Hollywood Sign. Due to its appearance in many films, the park is among the most famous municipal parks in North America.

It has been compared to Central Park in New York City and Golden Gate Park in San Francisco, but it is much larger, less tamed, and more rugged than either of those parks. The Los Angeles Recreation and Parks Commission adopted the characterization of the park as an "urban wilderness" on January 8, 2014. The park covers 4,310 acres (1,740 ha) of land, making it "the largest municipal park with urban wilderness area in the United States."
Raqqada
Raqqāda (Arabic: رقّادة) is the site of the second capital of the 9th-century dynasty of Aghlabids, located about ten kilometers southwest of Kairouan, Tunisia. The site now houses the National Museum of Islamic Art.

Aghlabid dynasty
The Aghlabid dynasty (Arabic: الأغالبة) was an Arab dynasty that ruled Ifriqiya from 800 to 909, nominally as vassals of the Abbasid Caliphate. During this time, they also conquered Sicily, Malta, parts of southern Italy, and possibly Sardinia. The dynasty originated from the tribe of Banu Tamim and was founded by Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab, who was appointed by the Abbasid caliph in 800 to rule this province.

The Aghlabids adhered to the Mu'tazilite rationalist doctrine within Hanafi Sunni Islam, which they imposed as the state doctrine of Ifriqiya.: 57  They sponsored the construction of mosques and civic infrastructure, major examples of which have survived to the present day as some of the oldest Islamic-era monuments in the region. Their rule ended when they were conquered by the new power of the Fatimids in 909.
Harrison, Australian Capital Territory
Harrison  is a suburb of the district of Gungahlin in Canberra, Australia. The suburb is named after the former city planner Peter Harrison, who was instrumental in reviving Walter Burley Griffin's plan for the National Capital. The suburb is adjacent to the suburbs of Franklin, Gungahlin, Throsby, Kenny and the industrial estate Mitchell. Harrison's place names reflects those of "natural features, waterfalls, plains, tablelands and plateaux". The suburb is located approximately 2 km east of the Gungahlin Town Centre and about 10 km from the centre of Canberra.

Following the launch of Light Rail on 20 April by the ACT government, Harrison residents now have access to Light Rail services from any of the stops along Flemington Road.

Kenny, Australian Capital Territory
Kenny is a designated suburb in the Canberra, Australia district of Gungahlin. The suburb is named in honour of Elizabeth Kenny, an Australian who pioneered muscle rehabilitation practices which serve as the foundation of physiotherapy. It is adjacent to the suburbs of Watson, Lyneham, the Mitchell industrial estate, Harrison and Throsby and bounded by the Federal Highway to the east and Horse Park Drive to the north. The suburb Kenny is situated about 4 km from the Gungahlin Towncentre and 8 km from the centre of Canberra.
Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate
The Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate (Turkish: İdlib Harekâtı), code-named Idlib De-escalation Control Force activities (Turkish: İdlib Gerginliği Azaltma Kontrol Gücü faaliyetleri) by Turkey, was an operation by the Turkish Armed Forces which started in October 2017, following the earlier Operation Euphrates Shield. It was the third cross-border operation by the Turkish military, following Operation Euphrates Shield and Operation Shah Euphrates.

Idlib Governorate
Idlib Governorate (Arabic: مُحافظة ادلب, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat Idlib) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is situated in northwestern Syria, bordering Turkey's Hatay province to the north, Aleppo Governorate to the east, Hama Governorate to the south, and Latakia Governorate to the west. Reports of its area vary, depending on the source, from 5,933 square kilometres (2,291 sq mi)2 to 6,097 square kilometres (2,354 sq mi)2. The provincial capital is Idlib.
Jubilee Hotel
Jubilee Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at 464–468 St Pauls Terrace, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Richard Gailey and built from 1887 to 1888. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

Fortitude Valley, Queensland
Fortitude Valley (often called "The Valley" by local residents) is an inner suburb of the City of Brisbane, the state capital of Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Fortitude Valley had a population of 9,708 people. The suburb features two pedestrian malls at Brunswick Street Mall and Chinatown, and is one of the hubs of Brisbane's nightlife, known for its nightclubs, bars and adult entertainment.
Philippi, West Virginia
Philippi ('FILL-uh-pea') is a city in and the county seat of Barbour County, West Virginia, United States, along the Tygart Valley River. The population was 2,929 at the 2020 census. In 1861, the city was the site of the Battle of Philippi, known as the "Philippi Races". Although a minor skirmish, this is considered the earliest notable land action of the American Civil War. The city has a weekly newspaper, The Barbour Democrat.

Battle of Philippi (1861)
The Battle of Philippi formed part of the Western Virginia Campaign of the American Civil War and was fought in and around Philippi, Virginia (now West Virginia), on June 3, 1861. A Union Army victory, it was the first organized land action of the war but is generally viewed as a skirmish rather than a battle.

The Northern press, however, celebrated it as an epic triumph, which encouraged Congress to call for the drive on Richmond that ended with the Union defeat at First Bull Run in July. It brought overnight fame to Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan and was notable for the first battlefield amputations. As the first of a series of victories that pushed Confederate forces out of northwest Virginia, it strengthened the Union government in exile, which would soon create the new state of West Virginia.

As the largely-untrained Confederates had fled the battlefield with barely any resistance, the Union jokingly referred to the engagement as the Philippi Races.
Kyle Crutchmer
Kyle Crutchmer (born May 5, 1993) is an American professional mixed martial artist, freestyle wrestler and graduated collegiate wrestler, who competes in the welterweight division. He has previously competed inBellator MMA. As a folkstyle wrestler, he was a two-time NCAA All-American and two-time Big 12 champion.

Oklahoma State Cowboys wrestling
The Oklahoma State Cowboys wrestling team is the most successful NCAA Division I athletic program of all time in any sport. As of 2024–25, Oklahoma State wrestling has won 34 team NCAA national championships, 145 individual NCAA national championships, and 494 All-American honors. The Cowboys have also won 56 conference titles, coming in the Southwest, Missouri Valley, Big Eight and Big 12 conferences. The all-time dual record for the program is 1185–140–23.
Señorita Panamá 2010
Señorita Panamá 2010 was the 27th edition of the Señorita Panamá pageant and 44th Miss Panamá pageant selected to the Miss Universe. It was held at the Sheraton Hotel, Panama City, Panama on Thursday 8, July 2010.

About 10 contestants from all over Panamá competed for the prestigious crown. Señorita Panamá 2009, Diana Broce of Los Santos crowned Anyolí Ábrego of Veraguas at the end of the event as the new Señorita Panamá.

Ábrego represented Panama in the 59th Miss Universe 2010 which was held in the Mandalay Bay Events Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, on August 23, 2010.

Anyolí Ábrego
Anyoli Amorette Abrego Sanjur, (born 16 November 1987) is a Panamanian model and beauty pageant titleholder who was the winner of the Señorita Panamá 2010 contest on 8 July 2010. She represented Panama in the 59th Miss Universe 2010 which was held in the Mandalay Bay Events Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, on 23 August 2010.
Josiah Burr Plumb
Josiah Burr Plumb (25 March 1816 – 12 March 1888) was an American-born Canadian businessman and parliamentarian.

Born in East Haven, Connecticut, Plumb immigrated to Canada in 1865 and settled near Niagara Falls, Ontario.

Soon thereafter he became active in the Conservative Party of Canada.  He was elected three times as a member of parliament for Niagara in the House of Commons of Canada. He was first elected in the Canadian federal election of 1874, but this result was voided, although he successfully defended the seat in a by-election held on 22 December 1874. Although defeated in the 1878 election, he regained his seat in a contested election in 1879.

Following a defeat in 1882 election, he was appointed to the Senate of Canada on 8 February 1883 on the recommendation of Sir John A. Macdonald. He served as Speaker of the Senate from 4 April 1887 – 12 March 1888, upon his death.

Speaker of the Senate of Canada
The speaker of the Senate of Canada (French: président du Sénat du Canada) is the presiding officer of the Senate of Canada. The speaker represents the Senate at official functions, rules on questions of parliamentary procedure and parliamentary privilege, and presides over debates and voting in the chamber. The office of the speaker is held by Raymonde Gagné who has held the position since May 16, 2023.
USNS Dutton
USNS Dutton (T-AGS-22) was an oceanographic survey ship for the United States Navy from the late 1950s through the 1980s. She was launched as SS Tuskegee Victory in 1945, Maritime Commission hull number MCV 682, a type VC2-S-AP3 Victory ship.  In her U.S. Navy service, she was named after Captain Benjamin Dutton, Jr., and was the second U.S. Navy ship named in his honor.

Victory ship
The Victory ship is a ship class of cargo ship produced in large numbers by American shipyards during World War II. They were a more modern design compared to the earlier Liberty ship, were slightly larger and had more powerful steam turbine engines, giving higher speed to allow participation in high-speed convoys and make them more difficult targets for German U-boats.  A total of 534 Victory ships were built in between 1944 and 1946.
2022–23 CSA Women's Provincial Programme
The 2022–23 CSA Women's Provincial Programme was the 27th edition of South Africa's provincial one-day cricket tournament. The tournament ran from September 2022 to April 2023, with 16 teams competing in three divisions. North West were the defending champions.

Western Province won the competition, their ninth one-day title.

CSA Women's One-Day Cup
The CSA Women's One-Day Cup, previously known as the CSA Women's Provincial Programme, is a women's domestic one-day cricket competition organised by Cricket South Africa. The competition currently sees sixteen provincial teams competing in 50-over matches, and has existed, under various names, since the 1995–96 season.

The most successful side in the history of the competition, and current holders, are Western Province, with nine recorded title wins.
Augustus De Morgan
Augustus De Morgan (27 June 1806 – 18 March 1871) was a British mathematician and logician. He is best known for De Morgan's laws, relating logical conjunction, disjunction, and negation, and for coining the term "mathematical induction", the underlying principles of which he formalized. De Morgan's contributions to logic are heavily used in many branches of mathematics, including set theory and probability theory, as well as other related fields such as computer science.

Algebraic logic
In mathematical logic, algebraic logic is the reasoning obtained by manipulating equations with free variables.

What is now usually called classical algebraic logic focuses on the identification and algebraic description of models appropriate for the study of various logics (in the form of classes of algebras that constitute the algebraic semantics for these deductive systems) and connected problems like representation and duality. Well known results like the representation theorem for Boolean algebras and Stone duality fall under the umbrella of classical algebraic logic (Czelakowski 2003).

Works in the more recent abstract algebraic logic (AAL) focus on the process of algebraization itself, like classifying various forms of algebraizability using the Leibniz operator (Czelakowski 2003).
Bliss-Leavitt torpedo
The Bliss-Leavitt torpedo was a torpedo designed by Frank McDowell Leavitt and manufactured by the E. W. Bliss Company of Brooklyn, New York. It was put into service by the United States Navy in 1904 and variants of the design would remain in its inventory until the end of World War II.

Howell torpedo
The Howell Automobile Torpedo was the first self-propelled torpedo produced in quantity by the United States Navy, which referred to it as the Howell Mark I torpedo. It was conceived by Lieutenant Commander John A. Howell, United States Navy, in 1870, using a 60 kg (130 lb) flywheel spun at a very high speed (10,000 to 12,000 rpm) to store energy and drive propellers.
Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana
Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana (Valencian pronunciation: [ˌfɛrokaˈrilz ðe la dʒeneɾaliˈtad valensiˈana], "Valencian Government Railways") or FGV is a Valencian public railway company which operates several 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge lines, in the autonomous community of Valencia, Spain.

The company currently operates the metro and tram systems of the cities of Valencia (Valencia Metro) and Alicante (Alicante Tram).

It also operates a non-electrified 62 km (39 mi) long line, between Benidorm and Dénia, in Alicante province.

The company is owned by the Generalitat Valenciana (i.e. the autonomous government body of the Valencian Community).

Alicante Tram
The Alicante Tram, trademarked as Alicante Metropolitan TRAM (Valencian: TRAM Metropolità d'Alacant,  Spanish: TRAM Metropolitano de Alicante), is a rail transport network operating in the  city of Alicante, and its surrounding area, in the Valencian Community of Spain. It was inaugurated on 15 August 2003 replacing narrow-gauge diesel trains between Alicante and El Campello.

Like other narrow gauge railways in the Valencian Community, it is run by Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana (FGV). The Alicante Metropolitan Tram network combines different modes of rail services: a partially underground light rail through Alicante city centre, a tram-train from Alicante to Benidorm, and conventional commuter rail from Benidorm to Altea, Calp and Dénia.
Mount Rendu
Mount Rendu (67°26′S 67°4′W﻿ / ﻿67.433°S 67.067°W﻿ / -67.433; -67.067) is a mountain between Reid Glacier and Heim Glacier on Arrowsmith Peninsula in Graham Land. Mapped by Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) from surveys and air photos, 1948–59. Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) for Louis Rendu (1789–1859), French Bishop and scientist, author of Theorie des glaciers de la Savoie, an important book on the mechanism of glacier flow.

Bauer Buttress is a projecting rock buttress on the northeast side of Mount Rendu. It was named by UK-APC following geological work by the British Antarctic Survey, 1980–81, after Albert Bauer, French engineer and glaciologist.

Arrowsmith Peninsula
Arrowsmith Peninsula (67°15′S 67°15′W﻿ / ﻿67.250°S 67.250°W﻿ / -67.250; -67.250) is a cape about 40 miles (64 km) long on the west coast of Graham Land, west of Forel Glacier, Sharp Glacier and Lallemand Fjord, and northwest of Bourgeois Fjord, with Hanusse Bay lying to the northwest. It was surveyed by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1955-58 and named for Edwin Porter Arrowsmith, Governor of the Falkland Islands.
Craspedophysa
Craspedophysa monteithi is a moss bug, the only confirmed, extant species in the genus Craspedophysa. Craspedophysa monteithi is found in northern Queensland, Australia. It lacks the ancestral cephalic areolae (raised spots on the head) found in some Peloridiidae.

Peloridiidae
The Peloridiidae or moss bugs are a family of true bugs, comprising eighteen genera and thirty-four species. They are small, ranging in length from 2 to 4 mm, rarely seen, peculiarly lumpy, flattened bugs found in Patagonia (Argentina and Chile), New Zealand, eastern Australia, Lord Howe Island, and New Caledonia. Peloridiids are found amongst mosses and liverworts, commonly in association with southern beech forests. They have become known as moss bugs for their habit of feeding on mosses. They mostly feed on moss rhizoids, and also on wood-destroying fungi and lichens. Except for Peloridium hammoniorum, all Peloridiidae species are flightless. Their present distribution suggests they have existed since before the breakup of Gondwana. They are the only living members of the suborder Coleorrhyncha, which first appeared in the Upper Permian, over 250 million years ago.
Jean-Baptiste Brondel
Jean-Baptiste Brondel (23 February 1842 – 3 November 1903) was a Belgian-born prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Vancouver Island in British Columbia and Alaska (1879–1883) and as vicar apostolic and bishop of the Diocese of Helena in Montana (1884–1903).

Diocese of Victoria in Canada
The Diocese of Victoria (Latin: Dioecesis Victoriensis in Insula Vancouver) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Its episcopal see is in Victoria. The diocese encompasses all of Vancouver Island and several nearby British Columbia islands. A suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Vancouver, the diocese's cathedral is St. Andrew's Cathedral and its present diocesan bishop is Gary Gordon.

This is the oldest Canadian diocese west of Toronto.
Falling Free
Falling Free is a science fiction novel by American writer Lois McMaster Bujold, part of her Vorkosigan Saga. It was first published as four installments in Analog from December 1987 to February 1988, and was included in the 2007 omnibus Miles, Mutants and Microbes.

Lois McMaster Bujold
Lois McMaster Bujold (/buːˈʒoʊld/ ⓘ boo-ZHOHLD; born November 2, 1949) is an American speculative fiction writer. She has won the Hugo Award for best novel four times, matching Robert A. Heinlein's record (not counting his Retro Hugos). Her novella The Mountains of Mourning won both the Hugo Award and Nebula Award. In the fantasy genre, The Curse of Chalion won the Mythopoeic Award for Adult Literature and was nominated for the 2002 World Fantasy Award for best novel, and both her fourth Hugo Award and second Nebula Award were for Paladin of Souls. In 2011 she was awarded the Skylark Award. She has won two Hugo Awards for Best Series, in 2017 for the Vorkosigan Saga and in 2018 for the World of the Five Gods. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers Association named her its 36th SFWA Grand Master in 2019.

The bulk of Bujold's works comprises three series: the Vorkosigan Saga, the World of the Five Gods, and the Sharing Knife series.