hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Homotopy
In topology, two continuous functions from one topological space to another are called homotopic (from Ancient Greek: ὁμός homós 'same, similar' and τόπος tópos 'place') if one can be "continuously deformed" into the other, such a deformation being called a homotopy (/həˈmɒtəpiː/ hə-MOT-ə-pee; /ˈhoʊmoʊˌtoʊpiː/ HOH-moh-toh-pee) between the two functions. A notable use of homotopy is the definition of homotopy groups and cohomotopy groups, important invariants in algebraic topology.

In practice, there are technical difficulties in using homotopies with certain spaces. Algebraic topologists work with compactly generated spaces, CW complexes, or spectra.

Simply connected space
In topology, a topological space is called simply connected (or 1-connected, or 1-simply connected) if it is path-connected and every path between two points can be continuously transformed into any other such path while preserving the two endpoints in question. Intuitively, this corresponds to a space that has no disjoint parts and no holes that go completely through it, because two paths going around different sides of such a hole cannot be continuously transformed into each other. The fundamental group of a topological space is an indicator of the failure for the space to be simply connected: a path-connected topological space is simply connected if and only if its fundamental group is trivial.
Glycocystis
Glycocystis is a  genus of flowering plants in the family Scrophulariaceae. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species Glycocystis beckeri which is endemic to the south west of Western Australia. It is a shrub, similar to others in the genera Eremophila and Myoporum but is unusual in that it produces very large amounts of sticky, sweet-smelling resin produced by raised glands which cover the entire plant, except for the petals. It has been suggested that the resin traps insects which the plant uses as a source of nitrogen.

Eremophila (plant)
Eremophila is a genus of more than 270 species of plants in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae, all of which are endemic to mainland Australia. Some species have common names including emu bush, poverty bush or fuchsia bush, reflecting the belief that emus eat the fruit, their arid environment or a superficial resemblance to the flowers of plants in the genus Fuchsia. Eremophilas are widespread in the arid areas of Australia, and range in size from low-growing shrubs to small trees. Although they are found in every mainland state, species richness peaks in Western Australia. The petals are joined, at least at their bases, into a tube with the upper petals different in size and shape from the lower ones.
The NeuroGenderings Network
The NeuroGenderings Network is an international group of researchers in neuroscience and gender studies. Members of the network study how the complexities of social norms, varied life experiences, details of laboratory conditions and biology interact to affect the results of neuroscientific research. Working under the label of "neurofeminism", they aim to critically analyze how the field of neuroscience operates, and to build an understanding of brain and gender that goes beyond gender essentialism while still treating the brain as fundamentally material. Its founding was part of a period of increased interest and activity in interdisciplinary research connecting neuroscience and the social sciences.

Isabelle Dussauge
Isabelle Dussauge is a science, technology and society (STS) researcher at the Department of History of Science and Ideas, Uppsala University, Sweden and former assistant professor at the Department of Thematic Studies (technology and social change), Linköping University, Sweden. She is also the co-founder, with Anelis Kaiser, of The NeuroGenderings Network, and acted as guest editor, again with Kaiser on the journal Neuroethics.
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Isle of Man)
The Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Manx: Rheynn Eirinys, Eeastaght as Keylljyn) or DAFF is a former department of the Isle of Man Government.

In April 2010, the Department was broken up and most functions absorbed by Department of Environment, Food and Agriculture

Department of Environment, Food and Agriculture (Isle of Man)
The Department of Environment, Food and Agriculture is one of nine departments of the Isle of Man Government.  It was created on 1 April 2010, taking over the former Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry along with the environment functions from the former Department of Local Government and the Environment.

The current Minister for Environment, Food and Agriculture is Clare Barber MHK.
Richmond H. Hilton
Richmond Hobson Hilton (October 8, 1898 – August 13, 1933) was a South Carolina National Guard, 118th Infantry Regiment, 30th Infantry Division, U.S. Army Sergeant during World War I, and a Medal of Honor recipient–the first of two from Kershaw County, South Carolina to be awarded the medal during that war. He was also awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal by Great Britain, the Médaille militaire and Croix de Guerre with bronze palm by France, the Croce al Merito di Guerre by Italy, the Medalha da Cruz de Guerra, Third Class by Portugal, and the Medal for Military Bravery by Montenegro. All were awarded for bravery in the face of the enemy.

War Merit Cross (Italy)
The War Merit Cross (Italian: Croce al Merito di Guerra) is an Italian military decoration. It was instituted by King Victor Emmanuel III during World War I on 19 January 1918. The award received major changes during World War II and currently is issued by the Italian Republic as well.
Gourmet Makes
Gourmet Makes is a video series produced by Bon Appétit, aired primarily on the video sharing platform YouTube. In the series, Senior Food Editor Claire Saffitz attempts to recreate gourmet versions of classic American snack foods. Each episode is broken up into three parts: what is it, how to make it, and how to make it gourmet. The first episode aired on July 18, 2017, as Saffitz recreated a Twinkie. A total of 44 episodes aired, with the last episode airing on May 28, 2020, the second part of Saffitz recreating a gourmet Choco Taco.

Bon Appétit
Bon Appétit is a monthly American food and entertaining magazine, that typically contains recipes, entertaining ideas, restaurant recommendations, and wine reviews. Owned by Condé Nast, it is headquartered at the One World Trade Center in Manhattan, New York, and has been in publication since 1956. Bon Appétit has been recognized for increasing its online presence in recent years through the use of social media, publishing recipes on their website, and maintaining a popular YouTube channel.
National Register of Historic Places listings in Bartow County, Georgia
This is a list of properties and districts in Bartow County, Georgia that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted September 26, 2025.

Bartow County, Georgia
Bartow County is in the Northwest region of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 108,901, up from 100,157 in 2010. The county seat is Cartersville. Traditionally considered part of northwest Georgia, Bartow County is now included in the Atlanta metropolitan area, mainly in the southeastern part near Cartersville, which has become an exurb more than 40 miles (64 km) from downtown Atlanta on I-75. It has a sole commissioner government, and is the largest county by population of the few remaining in Georgia with a sole commissioner.
Commission des écoles catholiques de Verdun
Commission des écoles catholiques de Verdun was a Roman Catholic school district headquartered in Verdun, Quebec.

It was dissolved after 1998. Currently Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys operates secular Francophone schools in Verdun, while Lester B. Pearson School Board operates secular Anglophone schools in Verdun.

Verdun, Quebec
Verdun (/vərˈdʌn/ vər-DUN, Quebec French: [vaɛ̯ʁdœ̃˞]) is a borough (arrondissement) of the city of Montreal, Quebec, located in the southeastern part of the island.

Long known as a working class neighbourhood, it has experienced significant gentrification and social change in the 21st century.
Photodynamic therapy
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a form of phototherapy involving light and a photosensitizing chemical substance used in conjunction with molecular oxygen to elicit cell death (phototoxicity).

PDT is used in treating acne, wet age-related macular degeneration, psoriasis, and herpes. It is used to treat malignant cancers, including head and neck, lung, bladder and skin.

Advantages lessen the need for delicate surgery and lengthy recuperation and minimal formation of scar tissue and disfigurement. A side effect is the associated photosensitisation of skin tissue.

Temoporfin
Temoporfin (INN) is a photosensitizer (based on chlorin) used in photodynamic therapy for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. 
It is marketed in the European Union under the brand name Foscan.  The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) declined to approve Foscan in 2000.  The EU approved its use in June 2001.

Good results were obtained in 21 of 35 patients treated in Germany.

It is photoactivated at 652 nm by red light.

Patients can remain photosensitive for several weeks after treatment.
Princess Augusta of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
Princess Augusta of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (27 June 1633 – 26 May 1701) was a Danish-German princess of the senior Glücksburg line of the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein. She was the first Duchess of Augustenburg by marriage. Augustenborg Palace, and as a consequence the nearby town, were named in honor of her.

House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
The House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (Danish: Slesvig-Holsten-Sønderborg-Augustenborg) was a branch of the dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg of the House of Oldenburg. The line descended from Alexander, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg. Like all of the secondary lines from the Sonderburg branch, the heads of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg were first known as Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein and Dukes of Sonderburg. The family took its name from its ancestral home, Augustenborg Palace in Augustenborg, Denmark.
Kensington Cricket Club
The Kensington District Cricket Club ("The Browns") is a semi-professional cricket club in Adelaide, South Australia. It competes in the South Australian Grade Cricket League, which is administered by the South Australian Cricket Association (SACA).

South Australian Cricket Association
The South Australian Cricket Association (SACA) is the peak body for the sport of cricket in South Australia. The association administers the South Australian men's and women's teams based in Adelaide. SACA is the controlling body for the South Australian Grade Cricket League. The chairman is Will Rayner.
Alas language
Alas-Kluet, Alas, or Batak Alas is an Austronesian language of Sumatra. The three dialects, Alas, Kluet, and Singkil (Kade-Kade), may not constitute a single language; Alas may be closer to Karo, and the others closer to Dairi. By linguistic affiliation, Alas–Kluet belongs to the Batak subgroup. Ethnically, however, its speakers generally do not identify as Batak, mostly because of their religion, and also due to political reasons.

Batak Karo language
Karo, referred to in Indonesia as Bahasa Karo (Karo language), is an Austronesian language that is spoken by the Karo people of Indonesia. It is used by around 600,000 people in North Sumatra. It is mainly spoken in Karo Regency, southern parts of Deli Serdang Regency and northern parts of Dairi Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia. It was historically written using the Batak script which is descended from the Brahmi script of ancient India by way of the Pallava and Old Kawi scripts, but nowadays only a tiny number of Karo can write or understand the script, and instead the Latin script is used.
Rigoletto
Rigoletto is an opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi. The Italian libretto was written by Francesco Maria Piave based on the 1832 play Le roi s'amuse by Victor Hugo. Despite serious initial problems with the Austrian censors who had control over northern Italian theatres at the time, the opera had a triumphant premiere at La Fenice in Venice on 11 March 1851.

The work, Verdi's sixteenth in the genre, is widely considered to be the first of the operatic masterpieces of Verdi's middle-to-late career. Its tragic story revolves around the licentious Duke of Mantua, his hunch-backed court jester Rigoletto, and Rigoletto's daughter Gilda. The opera's original title, La maledizione (The Curse), refers to a curse placed on both the Duke and Rigoletto by the Count Monterone, whose daughter the Duke has seduced with Rigoletto's encouragement. The curse comes to fruition when Gilda falls in love with the Duke and sacrifices her life to save him from the assassin hired by her father.

Bella figlia dell'amore
"Bella figlia dell'amore" ("Beautiful daughter of love") is a vocal quartet from the last act of Giuseppe Verdi's 1851 opera Rigoletto.

It has been described as a "masterful quartet that is an intricate musical depiction of four personalities and their overlapping agendas", and has been performed and recorded by many notable artists.

The plot of the 2012 film Quartet revolves around a performance of this quartet.

Rigoletto Paraphrase (1859, S. 434) is a virtuoso piano arrangement of the quartet by Franz Liszt. Another paraphrase was written by German composer Wilhelm Krüger (1820–1883) as his Op. 61.
Bistrița ghetto
The Bistrița ghetto was one of the Nazi-era ghettos for European Jews during World War II. It was located outside the city of Beszterce, Beszterce-Naszód County, Kingdom of Hungary (now Bistrița, Bistrița-Năsăud County, Romania) as the territory became part of Hungary again from the 1940 Second Vienna Award's grant of Northern Transylvania until late the end of World War II. It was active in the spring of 1944, following Operation Margarethe.

Bistrița
Bistrița (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈbistritsa] ⓘ; German: Bistritz, archaic Nösen; Transylvanian Saxon: Bästerts; Hungarian: Beszterce) is the capital city of Bistrița-Năsăud County, in northern Transylvania, Romania. It is situated on the Bistrița River. The city has a population of 78,877 inhabitants as of 2021 and administers six villages: Ghinda (Windau; Vinda), Sărata (Salz; Sófalva), Sigmir (Schönbirk; Szépnyír), Slătinița (Pintak; Pinták), Unirea (until 1950 Aldorf; Wallendorf; Aldorf) and Viișoara (Heidendorf; Besenyő). There is a project for the creation of a metropolitan area that will contain the municipality of Bistrița and 3 surrounding localities (Șieu-Măgheruș, Budacu de Jos, and Livezile), whose combined population would be over 91,600 inhabitants.
Cutbank, Saskatchewan
Cutbank is an unincorporated hamlet in the Rural Municipality of Loreburn No. 254, Saskatchewan, Canada. It is accessed from Highway 44 and is north of the Gardiner Dam and north-east of Danielson Provincial Park.

Rural Municipality of Loreburn No. 254
The Rural Municipality of Loreburn No. 254 (2016 population: 327) is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 11 and SARM Division No. 5. It is located in the south-central portion of the province.
Dundela F.C.
Dundela Football Club, nicknamed "The Duns" is a semi-professional, Northern Irish football club from Belfast, currently playing in the NIFL Championship, and plays its home matches at Wilgar Park. The club's colours are green and white. The home kit has green shirts, green shorts and green socks, whilst the away kit is all red.

1954–55 Irish Cup
The 1954–55 Irish Cup was the 75th edition of the Irish Cup, the premier knock-out cup competition in Northern Irish football. It began on 5 February 1955, and concluded on 23 April with the final.

The trophy was won by junior side Dundela, who pulled off one of the biggest shocks in Irish Cup history by defeating Irish League side Glenavon in the final, who had already won three senior trophies that season: the City Cup, Gold Cup and Ulster Cup. The defending champions were Derry City, who were defeated 3–2 in the first round by Linfield.
1990 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race
The Senior women's race at the 1990 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Aix-les-Bains, France, at the Hippodrome de Marlioz on March 25, 1990.   A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald.

Complete results, medallists, 
 and the results of British athletes were published.

1990 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
The 1990 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Aix-les-Bains, France, at the Hippodrome de Marlioz on March 25, 1990.   A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald.

Complete results for senior men, junior men, senior women, junior women, medallists, 
 and the results of British athletes were published.
Megliadino San Fidenzio
Megliadino San Fidenzio was a comune (municipality) in the Province of Padua in the Italian region of Veneto, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southwest of Venice and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southwest of Padua.

Megliadino San Fidenzio bordered the following former and current municipalities: Casale di Scodosia, Megliadino San Vitale, Montagnana, Saletto (former), Santa Margherita d'Adige (former).

It is named for the legendary bishop Saint Fidentius of Padua.

Since 17 February 2018 Megliadino San Fidenzio is part of Borgo Veneto municipality.

Santa Margherita d'Adige
Santa Margherita d'Adige was a comune (municipality) in the Province of Padua in the Italian region Veneto, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of Venice and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southwest of Padua. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,308 and an area of 12.7 square kilometres (4.9 sq mi).

Santa Margherita d'Adige bordered the following former and current municipalities: Megliadino San Fidenzio (former), Megliadino San Vitale, Ospedaletto Euganeo, Piacenza d'Adige, Ponso, Saletto (former).

Since 17 February 2018 Santa Margherita d'Adige is part of Borgo Veneto municipality.
4544 Xanthus
4544 Xanthus /ˈzænθəs/, provisional designation 1989 FB, is an asteroid, classified as near-Earth object of the Apollo group, approximately 1.3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 31 March 1989, by astronomers Henry Holt and Norman Thomas at the Palomar Observatory in California.

Henry E. Holt
Henry E. Holt (September 27, 1929 – May 5, 2019) was an American astronomer and prolific discoverer of minor planets and comets, who has worked as a planetary geologist at the United States Geological Survey and Northern Arizona University.
Robert Pike (bishop)
Robert Bonsall Pike was Bishop of Meath from 1959 until his death on 27 December 1973.

Born on 19 October 1905, educated at Trinity College, Dublin and ordained in 1930 he began his career with a curacy at Drumcree.

He was then  Curate-in-charge of Aghavilly. He married H. K. Joan Moffat Wilson (1917-2005) on 21 April 1938 at St Brigid's Church, Stillorgan. He held incumbencies at Maryborough, Ballyfin, and Dysart Enos, was Rural Dean of Aghade and then Dean of Ossory (1957–1959) before his ordination to the episcopate.

Dean of Ossory
The Dean of Ossory or Dean of Kilkenny is based at The Cathedral Church of St Canice, Kilkenny in the united Diocese of Cashel and Ossory within the Church of Ireland.

The current dean is the Very Reverend Stephen Farrell, formerly Rector of Zion parish, Rathgar, Dublin, and provincial and diocesan registrar for the Diocese of Dublin and Glendalough.
Amendment of the Constitution of India
Amending the Constitution of India is the process of making changes to the nation's fundamental law or supreme law. The procedure of amendment in the constitution is laid down in Part XX (Article 368) of the Constitution of India. This procedure  ensures the sanctity of the Constitution of India and keeps a check on arbitrary power of the Parliament of India.

However, there is another limitation imposed on the amending power of the constitution of India, which developed during conflicts between the Supreme Court and Parliament, where Parliament wants to exercise discretionary use of power to amend the constitution while the Supreme Court wants to restrict that power.
This has led to the laying down of various doctrines or rules in regard to checking the validity/legality of an amendment, the most famous among them is the Basic structure doctrine as laid down by the Supreme Court in the case of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala.

Supermajority
A supermajority is a requirement for a proposal to gain a specified level of support which is greater than the threshold of one-half used for a simple majority, the latter sometimes expressed as a "50% + 1 vote". Supermajority rules in a democracy can help to prevent a majority from eroding fundamental rights of a minority, but can also hamper efforts to respond to problems and encourage corrupt compromises at times when action is taken. Changes to constitutions, especially those with entrenched clauses, commonly require supermajority support in a legislature. In consensus democracy, the supermajority rule is applied in most cases.
Ottón Solís
Ottón Solís Fallas (born 31 May 1954 near Pérez Zeledón) is a Costa Rican politician. He graduated with a Bachelor of Economics from the University of Costa Rica in 1976 and gained a master's degree in economics from the University of Manchester in 1978. He is currently serving his second term as congressman. He was a founding member of the Citizens' Action Party (PAC for its Spanish initials) and ran as its three-time presidential candidate. As an academic, he has taught at several universities in the United States and Costa Rica.

National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)
The National Liberation Party (Spanish: Partido Liberación Nacional, PLN), nicknamed the verdiblancos (lit. 'green and whites'), is a political party in Costa Rica. The party is a member of the Socialist International. Social democratic by statute, the party has a few internal factions, including liberals, Third Way supporters, centrists, and social conservatives.
Guaymas
Guaymas (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈgwaj.mas]) is a city in Guaymas Municipality, in the southwest part of the state of Sonora, in northwestern Mexico. The city is 134 kilometres (83 mi) south of the state capital of Hermosillo, and 389 kilometres (242 mi) from the U.S. border. The municipality's formal name is Guaymas de Zaragoza and the city's formal name is the Heroica Ciudad de Guaymas.

The city proper is mostly an industrial port and is the principal port for the state of Sonora. The city has a well-attended annual carnival, which has been held since 1888. Nearby, San Carlos and its beaches are major tourist attractions.

Gulf of California
The Gulf of California (Spanish: Golfo de California), also known as the Sea of Cortés (Mar de Cortés) or Sea of Cortez, or less commonly as the Vermilion Sea (Mar Vermejo), is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean that separates the Baja California peninsula from the Mexican mainland. It is bordered by the states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, and Sinaloa with a coastline of approximately 4,000 km (2,500 mi). Rivers that flow into the Gulf of California include the Colorado, Fuerte, Mayo, Sinaloa, Sonora, and the Yaqui. The surface of the gulf is about 160,000 km2 (62,000 sq mi). Maximum depths exceed 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) because of the complex geology, linked to plate tectonics.

The gulf is thought to be one of the most diverse seas on Earth and is home to more than 5,000 species of micro-invertebrates. Parts of the Gulf of California are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.