hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Symmetrization
In mathematics, symmetrization is a process that converts any function in  variables to a symmetric function in  variables.
Similarly, antisymmetrization converts any function in  variables into an antisymmetric function.

Alternating multilinear map
In mathematics, more specifically in multilinear algebra, an alternating multilinear map is a multilinear map with all arguments belonging to the same vector space (for example, a bilinear form or a multilinear form) that is zero whenever any pair of its arguments is equal.  This generalizes directly to a module over a commutative ring.

The notion of alternatization (or alternatisation) is used to derive an alternating multilinear map from any multilinear map of which all arguments belong to the same space.
Weighted Airman Promotion System
The Weighted Airman Promotion System (WAPS) is a United States Air Force program that determines promotions to the ranks of Staff Sergeant (E-5) through Technical Sergeant (E-6). It provides feedback score sheets to enlisted members considered for promotion, which help members to focus on specific professional development needs. Selections for promotion to Master Sergeant (E-7), Senior Master Sergeant (E-8), and Chief Master Sergeant (E-9) utilize an integrated weighted and central selection board system. In addition to the weighted score, the central selection board evaluates each individual using the whole person concept. Board scores are determined by considering performance, leadership, breadth of experience, job responsibility, professional competence, specific achievements, and education. The board score is added to the weighted score to determine order of merit for promotion.

Enlisted Performance Report
An Enlisted Performance Report (EPR) is an evaluation form used by the United States Air Force.  Instructions for constructing an EPR appear in chapter 3 of Air Force Instruction 36-2406: Officer and Enlisted Evaluation Systems.  The EPR replaced the Airman Performance Report (APR) in the late 1980s.  The EPR was replaced by the Enlisted Performance Brief (EPB) in 2023.

The USAF commissioned officer equivalent is the Officer Performance Report (OPR).  The United States Navy equivalent is the Fitness Report (FITREP).  The United States Army equivalent is the Enlisted Evaluation Report (EER).
Walker King (priest)
Walker King (born Marylebone 24 May 1798 –  died Stone, Kent 20 March 1859) was Archdeacon of Rochester from 6 July 1827 until his death.

The son of Walker King, Bishop of Rochester, he was educated at Oriel College, Oxford and served as Vicar of Holy Trinity Church, Dartford, and Rector of Stone, Kent. His son was Bishop of Lincoln.

Archdeacon of Rochester
The archdeacon of Rochester is a senior office-holder in the Diocese of Rochester, a division of the Church of England Province of Canterbury. Like other archdeacons, they are administrators in the diocese at large (having oversight of parishes in roughly one-third of the diocese).
150th Infantry
The 150th Infantry was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army.  It was formed in Mesopotamia in May 1918, saw service in the First World War and the Third Anglo-Afghan War, and was disbanded in June 1921.

16th Indian Division
The 16th Indian Division was an infantry division of the Indian Army during the First World War. It was formed in December 1916, during the First World War. It was the only war formed division of the British Indian Army that was not sent overseas, instead it was sent to guard the North West Frontier. The division took over the responsibilities of the 3rd Lahore Divisional Area when it was disbanded in May 1917.

The 16th Division was called into action for the Waziristan Campaign in 1917, the 45th (Jullundur) Brigade under command of Brigadier Reginald Dyer were responsible for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. In 1919, they were sent into Afghanistan during the Third Afghan War.

The division was not reformed for the Second World War.
Stade du Tivoli
The Stade Communal du Tivoli is a multi-use stadium in La Louvière, Belgium. It is currently used mostly for football matches. It was the former home ground of R.A.A. Louviéroise and RAAL La Louvière. The stadium holds 12,500 people  and was built in 1972. UR La Louvière Centre are its current tenants.

RAAL La Louvière
Royal Association Athlétique Louviéroise La Louvière (known by its abbreviation RAAL La Louvière) is a Belgian professional football club based in La Louvière, in the province of Hainaut. The club was founded in 2009. It competes in the Belgian Pro League, the top tier of Belgian football, after being promoted from the Challenger Pro League in 2025.
2022 Mexican Baseball League season
The 2022 Mexican League season was the 97th season in the history of the Mexican League. It was contested by 18 teams, evenly divided in North and South zones. The season started on 21 April with the series between the defending champions Toros de Tijuana and Diablos Rojos del México and ended on 19 September with the last game of the Serie del Rey, where Leones de Yucatán defeated Sultanes de Monterrey to win the championship.

Leones de Yucatán
The Leones de Yucatán (English: Yucatán Lions) are a professional baseball team in the Mexican League. The team plays its home games at Parque Kukulcán Alamo in Mérida, Yucatán. The Leones have won the Mexican League title five times in 1957, 1984, 2006, 2018, and most recently in 2022.
Alexander Livingston of Callendar
Alexander Livingston of Callendar (c. 1375 - 1451) was a Scottish nobleman who played a significant political role during the minority of King James II. He served most notably as Justiciar of Scotland, and also acted as guardian to the king in his role as custodian of Stirling Castle. Livingston rose to power by imprisoning Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots, James II's mother, in 1439, and enjoyed extensive prestige and influence in Scotland during the next decade. Livingston's alliance with the Douglas family, particularly William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas, contributed to a period of civil war in Scotland during the 1440s. Livingston's political power collapsed in 1449, with the executions of several of his influential relatives, leaving him in exile outside Scotland. Despite these circumstances, Livingston ultimately became the progenitor of the Earls of Linlithgow through his eldest son, James.

James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas
James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas, 1st Earl of Avondale (1371 – 24 March 1443), latterly known as James the Gross, and prior to his ennoblement as James of Balvenie, was a late mediaeval Scottish magnate. He was the second son of Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Douglas, and Joan Moray of Bothwell and Drumsargard (now Cambuslang), d. after 1408.
Headlands Preparatory School
Headlands Preparatory School, originally known as Tilden Preparatory School Marin, is a WASC-accredited alternative private school for grades 6 to 12 located in Sausalito, California. It has approximately 40 students enrolled as of 2026.

Sausalito, California
Sausalito (Spanish for "small willow grove") is a city in Marin County, California, United States, located 1.5 miles (2.4 kilometers) southeast of Marin City, 8 miles (13 km) south-southeast of San Rafael, and about 4 miles (6 km) north of San Francisco from the Golden Gate Bridge.

Sausalito's population was 7,269 as of the 2020 census. The community is situated near the northern end of the Golden Gate Bridge, and prior to the building of that bridge served as a terminus for rail, car, and ferry traffic.

Sausalito developed rapidly as a shipbuilding center in World War II, with its industrial character giving way in postwar years to a reputation as a wealthy and artistic enclave, a picturesque residential community (incorporating large numbers of houseboats), and a tourist destination. The city is adjacent to, and largely bounded by, the protected spaces of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area as well as the San Francisco Bay.
Kitzbühel
Kitzbühel (German: [ˈkɪtsbyːl] ⓘ, also: [ˈkɪtsbyːəl] ⓘ; Bavarian: [ˈkxɪtsb̥ɪxɪ]) is a medieval town situated in the Kitzbühel Alps along the river Kitzbüheler Ache in Tyrol, Austria, about 100 km (62 mi) east of the state capital Innsbruck and is the administrative centre of the Kitzbühel district (Bezirk). Kitzbühel is one of the most famous and exclusive ski resorts in the world and is frequented by the international high society. The world's hardest ski race Hahnenkamm Races is a yearly event that attracts the attention of ski fans around the world. Kitzbühel real estate continuously ranks among the world's most expensive. The proximity to Munich has made it a preferred location for vacation homes among the German elite.

County of Tyrol
The (Princely) County of Tyrol was an estate of the Holy Roman Empire established about 1140. After 1253, it was ruled by the House of Gorizia and from 1363 by the House of Habsburg. In 1804, the County of Tyrol, unified with the secularised prince-bishoprics of Trent and Brixen, became a crown land of the Austrian Empire, then was part of Bavaria from 1805 to 1814 when it returned to Austrian rule. From 1867, it was a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary.

Today the territory of the historic crown land is divided between the Italian autonomous region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and the Austrian state of Tyrol. The two parts are today associated again in the Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino Euroregion.
Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)
In physics, absorption of electromagnetic radiation is how matter (typically electrons bound in atoms) takes up a photon's energy—and so transforms electromagnetic energy into internal energy of the absorber (for example, thermal energy).

A notable effect of the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is attenuation of the radiation; attenuation is the gradual reduction of the intensity of light waves as they propagate through a medium.

Although the absorption of waves does not usually depend on their intensity (linear absorption), in certain conditions (optics) the medium's transparency changes by a factor that varies as a function of wave intensity, and saturable absorption (or nonlinear absorption) occurs.

Radiant energy
In physics, and in particular as measured by radiometry, radiant energy is the energy of electromagnetic and gravitational radiation. As energy, its SI unit is the joule (J). The quantity of radiant energy may be calculated by integrating radiant flux (or power) with respect to time. The symbol Qe is often used throughout literature to denote radiant energy ("e" for "energetic", to avoid confusion with photometric quantities). In branches of physics other than radiometry, electromagnetic energy is referred to using E or W. The term is used particularly when electromagnetic radiation is emitted by a source into the surrounding environment. This radiation may be visible or invisible to the human eye.
TNA Bound for Glory
Bound for Glory is a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced annually in October by the American Total Nonstop Action Wrestling promotion. It is one of TNA's “Big Four” PPV events (along with Hard To Kill, Rebellion, and Slammiversary). The event was created in 2005 to serve as the company's flagship PPV event, similar to WWE's WrestleMania, in which wrestlers competed in various professional wrestling match types in what was the culmination of many feuds and storylines that occurred during the calendar year. As of February 2026, twenty-one events have occurred under the chronology, with the latest being the 2025 event taking place on October 12.

Card (sports)
In sports, a card lists the matches taking place in a title match combat-sport event. Cards include a main event match and the undercard listing the rest of the matches. The undercard may be divided into a midcard and a lower card, according to the perceived importance of the matches.  Promoters schedule matches to occur in ascending order of importance.
Osaka Ohtani University
Osaka Ohtani University (大阪大谷大学, Ōsaka ōtani daigaku) is a private university in Tondabayashi, Osaka, Japan. The school was established in 1966 as a junior women's college. In 2006 it became coeducational, adopting the present name.

Tondabayashi
Tondabayashi (富田林市, Tondabayashi-shi) is a city located in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 January 2022, the city had an estimated population of 108,803, in 51,632 households and a population density of 1200 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 39.72 square kilometres (15.34 sq mi).
Srikakulam Municipal Corporation
Srikakulam Municipal Corporation (SMC) is the civic body that governs the city of Srikakulam in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It was formed as a municipality in the year 1856 and was upgraded to corporation on 9 December 2015. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras (Chennai) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata) by 1762. Srikakulam Municipal Corporation Municipal Corporation is headed by Mayor of city and governed by Commissioner.

Srikakulam
Srikakulam is a city and the headquarters of Srikakulam district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. As of 2011 census, it has a population of 165,735. There are many other places of Buddhist Tourism such as Salihundam, Kalinga Patnam, Dabbaka Vaani Peta, Nagari Peta, Jagati Metta, Singupuram etc. in Srikakulam District. The Buddhist heritage site of Salihundam has some unique features. It has a beautiful star atop a stupa, rock cut massive stupas inside chaitya grihas, brick stupas with wheel pattern plan, votive stupas, inscriptions on the steps leading to the stupas and museum housing over two dozen sculpted statue and figurines of Buddha, Jain Teerthankars and other deities.
1993 Davis Cup World Group
The World Group was the highest level of Davis Cup competition in 1993. The first-round losers went into the Davis Cup World Group qualifying round, and the winners progressed to the quarterfinals and were guaranteed a World Group spot for 1994.

The United States were the defending champions, but were eliminated in the first round.

Germany won the title, defeating Australia in the final, 4–1. The final was held at the Messe Düsseldorf Exhibition Hall in Düsseldorf, Germany, from 3 to 5 December. It was the German team's 3rd Davis Cup title overall.

1993 Davis Cup World Group qualifying round
The 1993 Davis Cup World Group qualifying round was held from 22 to 27 September. They were the main play-offs of the 1993 Davis Cup. The winners of the playoffs advanced to the 1994 Davis Cup World Group, and the losers were relegated to their respective Zonal Regions I.
Mississippi Creek
Mississippi Creek is a tributary stream to Pacheco Creek in Santa Clara County, California.

Its mouth is located at an elevation of 866 feet (264 meters) at its confluence with the North Fork Pacheco Creek. Its source is located at 37°13′39″N 121°26′20″W﻿ / ﻿37.22750°N 121.43889°W﻿ / 37.22750; -121.43889 on the south flank of Bear Mountain in the Diablo Range in Santa Clara County.

The upper part of the creek, at the Valle Atravesado was subsequently flooded when Mississippi Creek, that runs southward through it, was dammed in the 20th century on the valleys south side. It is now a reservoir, originally named Murray Lake, on the upper reach of Mississippi Creek. The lake was originally named after its builder Murray Hopkins who not only built the reservoir, but the 40 miles of County Line Road along the crest of the Diablo Range between San Antonio Valley and Fifield Ranch. Today the reservoir is called Mississippi Lake and the dam Mississippi Dam.: 433, 443

Valle Atravesado
Valle Atravesado, (Crossed Valley), a small, east–west running valley that crosses the north–south running valley of the upper reach of Mississippi Creek in the Diablo Range, in Santa Clara County, California.
Trinovantes
The Trinovantes or Trinobantes were one of the Celtic tribes of Pre-Roman Britain.  Their territory was on the north side of the Thames estuary in current Essex, Hertfordshire and Suffolk, and included lands now located in Greater London. They were bordered to the north by the Iceni, and to the west by the Catuvellauni. Their name possibly derives from the Celtic intensive prefix "tri-" and a second element which was either "nowio" – new, so meaning "very new" in the sense of "newcomers", but possibly with an applied sense of vigor or liveliness ultimately meaning "the very vigorous people". Their capital was Camulodunum (modern Colchester), one proposed site of the legendary Camelot.

Iron Age tribes in Britain
The names of the Celtic Iron Age tribes in Britain were recorded by Roman and Greek historians and geographers, especially Ptolemy. Information from the distribution of Celtic coins has also shed light on the extents of the territories of the various groups that occupied the island.
Castaways of the Flying Dutchman
Castaways of the Flying Dutchman is the first novel in the Castaways series by Brian Jacques and was published in 2001. It is based on the legend of the cursed ship known as the Flying Dutchman. A young boy, Nebuchadnezzar (later Neb (shortened) and Ben (reversed)), and his dog, Denmark (named after the country in which he was found and later Den (shortened) and Ned (reversed)), are the lone survivors of the Flying Dutchman, fated to wander the earth forever immortal and youthful, helping those who need aid.

The cover art was illustrated by Michael Koelsch. The second and third books in the series, The Angel's Command and Voyage of Slaves, were published in 2003 and 2006, respectively. Koelsch also illustrated the cover art of the third novel.

Flying Dutchman
The Flying Dutchman (Dutch: De Vliegende Hollander) is a legendary ghost ship, allegedly never able to make port and doomed to sail the sea forever. The myths and ghost stories are likely to have originated from the 17th-century Golden Age of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and of Dutch maritime power. The oldest known extant version of the legend dates from the late 18th century. According to the legend, if hailed by another ship, the crew of the Flying Dutchman might try to send messages to land, or to people long dead. Reported sightings in the 19th and 20th centuries claimed that the ship glowed with a ghostly light. In ocean lore, the sight of this phantom ship functions as a portent of doom. It was commonly believed that the Flying Dutchman was a 17th-century cargo vessel known as a fluyt.
College (The Sopranos)
"College" is the fifth episode of the first season of the HBO television drama series The Sopranos, and originally aired on February 7, 1999. It was written by co-producer James Manos Jr. and series creator and executive producer David Chase. The episode was directed by Allen Coulter. The episode was ranked second on TV Guide's list of "100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time", published in 2009.

Carmela Soprano
Carmela Soprano (née DeAngelis), played by Edie Falco, is a fictional character on the HBO TV series The Sopranos. She is married to Mafia boss Tony Soprano. A young Carmela, portrayed by Lauren DiMario, appears in the 2021 prequel film, The Many Saints of Newark. She is known for her strength, intelligence, and conflicted feelings about her marriage and lifestyle.

Falco's performance as Carmela was universally lauded. She won three Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1999, 2001 and 2003, and received six nominations for her role in the series. Falco has also won two Golden Globe Awards and three Screen Actors Guild Awards.
Laurel, Maryland
Laurel is a city in  Prince George's County, Maryland United States. It is located between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore on the banks of the Patuxent River. Its population was 30,060 at the 2020 census. Founded as a mill town in the early 19th century, Laurel expanded local industry and was later able to become an early commuter town for Washington and Baltimore workers following the arrival of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1835.  Largely residential today, the city maintains a historic district centered on its Main Street.

Laurel Park (race track)
Laurel Park, formerly Laurel Race Course, is an American thoroughbred racetrack located just outside Laurel, Maryland which opened in 1911.  The track is 1+1⁄8 miles in circumference. Its name was changed to "Laurel Race Course" for several decades until returning to the "Laurel Park" designation in 1994.

In April 2024 the Maryland General Assembly approved a bill that would consolidate thoroughbred racing in Maryland to Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore. Laurel Park is expected to host the 2026 Preakness Stakes, and was then to permanently close for racing once renovations at Pimlico were completed. In January 2026, Maryland officials announced that they had reached an agreement to purchase Laurel Park from the Stronach Group for $50 million, with plans to convert it into a horse training center.
WWRD Holdings Limited
WWRD Holdings Limited was a company created by KPS Capital Partners in 2009 out of the remains of Irish firm Waterford Wedgwood plc, and in 2015 became part of Finnish home products maker Fiskars. The company owned Waterford Crystal, Wedgwood and Royal Doulton, among other brands, and the name WWRD was formed from the initials of these brands.

Waterford Crystal
Waterford Crystal is an Irish manufacturer of crystal glassware, especially cut glass products. It is named after the city of Waterford in Ireland. In January 2009, the main Waterford Crystal manufacturing base on the edge of Waterford was closed due to the insolvency of Waterford Wedgwood plc, and in June 2010, Waterford Crystal relocated almost back to the roots of glass-making in the city centre. The Mall location holds both a manufacturing facility that melts over 750 tonnes of crystal a year – although most Waterford Crystal is now produced outside Ireland – and a visitor centre with the world's largest collection of Waterford Crystal. Since 2015, the brand has been owned by Fiskars Corporation.
Dassault nEUROn
The Dassault nEUROn is an experimental unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) being developed with international cooperation, led by the French company Dassault Aviation. Countries involved in this project include France, Greece, Italy, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. The design goal is to create a stealthy, autonomous UAV that can function in medium-to-high threat combat zones.

The industrial goal is to give European firms experience designing and building high-end UAVs and associated technologies, in order to keep them competitive in the global marketplace. The first flight took place on December 1, 2012.

Alenia Aeronautica
Alenia Aeronautica was an Italian aerospace company. Its subsidiaries included Alenia Aermacchi and Alenia Aeronavali.

Alenia Aeronautica was also the part-owner of ATR, a joint venture with European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS).

During January 2012, the company was reorganized as Alenia Aermacchi. Three years later, it was fully merged into Finmeccanica, which has since reorganised itself as a more integrated business, adopting the Leonardo name for the group
Jacqueline de Montbel d'Entremont
Jacqueline de Montbel d'Entremont (16 February 1541 – 17 December 1599) was a French courtier, possible artistic muse and Huguenot, known for her experiences during the French wars of religion. After her first husband's death, she converted to Protestantism and married Gaspard II de Coligny, who was later killed in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

Margaret of Valois, Duchess of Berry
Margaret of Valois, Duchess of Berry (French: Marguerite de Valois) (5 June 1523 – 15 September 1574) was Duchess of Savoy by marriage to Duke Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy. She was the daughter of King Francis I of France and Claude, Duchess of Brittany.