hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Topological degree theory
In mathematics, topological degree theory is a generalization of the winding number of a curve in the complex plane. It can be used to estimate the number of solutions of an equation, and is closely connected to fixed-point theory. When one solution of an equation is easily found, degree theory can often be used to prove existence of a second, nontrivial, solution. There are different types of degree for different types of maps: e.g.  for maps between Banach spaces there is the Brouwer degree in Rn, the Leray-Schauder degree for compact mappings in normed spaces, the coincidence degree and various other types. There is also a degree for continuous maps between manifolds.

Topological degree theory has applications in complementarity problems, differential equations, differential inclusions and dynamical systems.

Complementarity theory
A complementarity problem is a type of mathematical optimization problem. It is the problem of optimizing (minimizing or maximizing) a function of two vector variables subject to certain requirements (constraints) which include: that the inner product of the two vectors must equal zero, i.e. they are orthogonal. In particular for finite-dimensional real vector spaces this means that, if one has vectors X and Y with all nonnegative components (xi ≥ 0 and yi ≥ 0 for all : in the first quadrant if 2-dimensional, in the first octant if 3-dimensional), then for each pair of components xi and yi one of the pair must be zero, hence the name complementarity. e.g. X = (1, 0) and Y = (0, 2) are complementary, but X = (1, 1) and Y = (2, 0) are not. A complementarity problem is a special case of a variational inequality.
Carleton Free Press
The Carleton Free Press is a defunct Canadian weekly newspaper that was published twice a week in Woodstock, New Brunswick.

It covered Carleton County and the upper Saint John River valley and was owned by local entrepreneur Dwight Fraser and its publisher was Ken Langdon.

The first weekly edition was released on October 31, 2007, and its last edition was released on October 28, 2008.

The Carleton Free Press was available free of charge until December 31, 2007. The price of its final edition was $1.25 per issue.

The paper ceased publication allegedly due to 'unfair competition' by its competitor Brunswick News publication the Bugle-Observer which was selling at $.25 an issue through the use of coupons.

Bugle-Observer
The Bugle-Observer is a newspaper based in Woodstock, New Brunswick, which provides local news to Carleton and York Counties. The paper publishes twice weekly, on Tuesday and a weekend edition on Friday.
Cranbrook, Kent
Cranbrook is a town in the civil parish of Cranbrook and Sissinghurst, in the Weald of Kent in South East England. It lies roughly half-way between Maidstone and Hastings, about 38 miles (61 km) southeast of central London.

The smaller settlements of Sissinghurst, Swattenden, Colliers Green and Hartley lie within the civil parish. The population of the parish was 6,717 in 2011.

Hartley, Tunbridge Wells
Hartley is a village one mile southwest of Cranbrook, in the civil parish of Cranbrook and Sissinghurst, in the Tunbridge Wells district, in Kent, England. The only retailer in the area is a local farmshop, which has a cafe and fishmongers. Hartley lies on the A229.

Hartley Badgers are the local football team. Traditionally, only Hartley natives are eligible for selection.
Ahlawat
Ahlawat is an Indian Jat surname. They are mostly found in the northern India.

Notable people bearing the surname include:

Jaideep Ahlawat (born 1980), Indian actor

Mohit Ahlawat (actor) (born 1962), Indian actor

Mohit Ahlawat (cricketer) (born 1995), Indian sportsman

Mukesh Kumar Ahlawat, Indian politician

Narender Singh Ahlawat (born 1951), Indian Army officer

Jats
The Jat people (Hindi: [dʒaːʈ], Punjabi: [dʒəʈː]), also spelt Jaat and Jatt, are a traditionally agricultural caste in Northern India and Pakistan. Originally pastoralists in the lower Indus river-valley of Sindh, many Jats migrated north into the Punjab region in late medieval times, and subsequently into the Delhi Territory, northeastern Rajputana, and the western Gangetic Plain in the 17th and 18th centuries. Of Hindu, Muslim and Sikh faiths, they are now found mostly in the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan and the Pakistani regions of Sindh, Punjab and AJK.

By the 20th century, the landowning Jats became an influential group in several parts of North India, including Punjab, Western Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Delhi. Over the years, several Jats abandoned agriculture in favour of urban jobs, and used their dominant economic and political status to claim higher social status.
2017 ASB Classic
36°51′13″S 174°46′25″E﻿ / ﻿36.853742°S 174.773507°E﻿ / -36.853742; 174.773507

The 2017 Auckland Open, also known by its sponsored name ASB Classic, was a joint 2017 ATP World Tour and 2017 WTA Tour tennis tournament, played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 32nd edition of the women's event, and the 41st edition of the men's event. It took place at the ASB Tennis Centre in Auckland, New Zealand, from 2 to 7 January 2017 for the women, and from 9 to 14 January 2017 for the men.

2017 WTA Tour
The 2017 WTA Tour was the elite professional tennis circuit organised by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for the 2017 tennis season. The 2017 WTA Tour calendar comprises the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF), the WTA Premier tournaments (Premier Mandatory, Premier 5, and regular Premier), the WTA International tournaments, the Fed Cup (organized by the ITF), the year-end championships (the WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Elite Trophy). Also included in the 2017 calendar is the Hopman Cup, which is organized by the ITF and does not distribute ranking points.
Mun River
The Mun River (Thai: แม่น้ำมูล, RTGS: Maenam Mun, pronounced [mɛ̂ː.náːm mūːn]; Northeastern Thai: แม่น้ำมูล, pronounced [mɛ̄ː.nȁːm mûːn]), sometimes spelled Moon River, is a tributary of the Mekong River. It carries approximately 26 cubic kilometres (6.2 mi3) of water per year.

Sisaket province
Sisaket province (Thai: ศรีสะเกษ, RTGS: Si Sa Ket, pronounced [sǐː sàʔ kèːt]; Northern Khmer: ซีซะเกด) is one of Thailand's seventy-six  provinces (changwat). It lies in lower northeastern Thailand, a region called Isan. Neighboring provinces are (from west clockwise): Surin, Roi Et, Yasothon, and Ubon Ratchathani. To the south it borders Oddar Meancheay and Preah Vihear of Cambodia.
William Lonsdale
William Lonsdale (9 September 1794 in Bath – 11 November 1871 in Bristol), English geologist and palaeontologist, won the Wollaston medal in 1846 for his research on the various kinds of fossil corals.

Wollaston Medal
The Wollaston Medal is a scientific award for geology and the highest award granted by the Geological Society of London, the oldest geological society in the world. It is considered to be the most prestigious award in geology, and is given for outstanding contributions to geoscience. The medal is named after English chemist William Hyde Wollaston, and was first awarded in 1831.

The Wollaston Medal was originally made of gold (1831–1845), and then palladium, which was the metal discovered by Wollaston (1846–1860). It was switched to gold again from 1861 to 1929, and then back to palladium from 1930 to present.
Meadowvale, Mississauga
Meadowvale is a large suburban district located in the northwestern part of Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, just west of Toronto. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Meadowvale Village in Toronto Township was established nearby and named for the meadows along the Credit River. In the 1970s the area to the west of the village (actually a hamlet) was selected to be the site of a "new town" for the newly (1974) incorporated City of Mississauga and took the Meadowvale name, while "Village" was added to the historic community. This newer section comprises the bulk of the district today. Meadowvale borders the neighbourhoods of Lisgar to the west, Streetsville and Erin Mills to the south, Churchill Meadows to the southwest, and the City of Brampton to the north.

Lisgar, Mississauga
Lisgar is a residential neighbourhood in the city of Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. It is located in the extreme northwestern corner of the city, bordering the larger Meadowvale district to the east and the Churchill Meadows neighbourhood to the south. It is named after the former hamlet located at the corner of Winston Churchill Boulevard and Derry Road, which is actually outside the present neighbourhood in Meadowvale.
Rudolf Petersen
Rudolf Hieronymus Petersen (30 December 1878 in Hamburg – 10 September 1962 in Wentorf bei Hamburg) was a German businessman, politician (CDU) and First Mayor of Hamburg (1945–46).

Petersen's brother Carl Wilhelm Petersen was head of Hamburg's government (first mayor) between 1924 and 1929 and again from 1932 to 1933. Their grandfather Carl Friedrich Petersen had officiated as first mayor several terms, last until his death in 1892. In 1911, Rudolf Petersen founded the business Rudolf Petersen und Co. — after several mergers today MPC Capital AG. In May 1945 after the World War II, Brigadier General Sir George Armytage — Military Governor of Hamburg — appointed Petersen mayor of Hamburg. Petersen joined the CDU. In 1946, he was followed by Max Brauer, who was elected as the First Mayor, and Petersen remained member of the Hamburg Parliament until 1949.

Carl Friedrich Petersen
Carl Friedrich Petersen (6 July 1809 in Hamburg – 14 November 1892 in Hamburg) was a Hamburg lawyer and politician, who served several terms as First Mayor of Hamburg. He was a Hamburg senator from 1855 until his death.
John D. Imboden
John Daniel Imboden (/ɪmˈboʊdɛn/; February 16, 1823 – August 15, 1895) was an American lawyer, Virginia state legislator, and Confederate army general. During the American Civil War, he commanded an irregular cavalry force. After the war, he resumed practicing law, became a writer, and was active in land development founding the town of Damascus, Virginia.

Imboden, Virginia
Imboden is an unincorporated community and coal town in Wise County, Virginia, United States.  The town exists between Appalachia and Keokee, Virginia on State Route 606.  It was named after Confederate General John Daniel Imboden.
Guy Boyd (actor)
Guy Boyd (born April 15, 1943) is an American actor, who has appeared in over 150 stage and screen productions since the late 1970s. He is best known to film audiences for his character roles. He won the Volpi Cup for Best Actor for his performance in Robert Altman's adaptation of David Rabe's play Streamers (1983), and was nominated for the Genie Award for Best Performance by a Foreign Actor for Ticket to Heaven (1981).

I'm Thinking of Ending Things
I'm Thinking of Ending Things (stylized as i'm thinking of ending things) is a 2020 American surrealist psychological thriller film written and directed by Charlie Kaufman, loosely adapted from the 2016 novel by Iain Reid. The plot follows a young woman (Jessie Buckley) who goes on a trip with her boyfriend (Jesse Plemons) to meet his parents (Toni Collette and David Thewlis). Throughout the film, the main narrative is intercut with footage of a school janitor (Guy Boyd) going to work, with both stories intersecting by the third act.

I'm Thinking of Ending Things was released in select theaters on August 28, 2020, and on Netflix on September 4, 2020. It received positive reviews from critics, who praised the two lead performances and the cinematography.
Saint Jacob of Nsibin Syriac Orthodox Cathedral
The Saint Jacob of Nsibin Syriac Orthodox Cathedral is a Syriac Orthodox cathedral in Södertälje, Sweden, located at Hovsjö Industrial Park and governed by the Syriac-Orthodox Archdiocese of Scandinavia. Metropolitan Youhanon Lahdo, successor to Mor Julius Abdulahad Gallo Shabo, resides there. Construction begun in October 2007, and the church was opened on 17 May 2009.

Julius Abdulahad Gallo Shabo
Julius Abdulahad Gallo Shabo (born 1951) is an Oriental Orthodox archbishop of the Syriac Orthodox Church for Sweden and Scandinavia. Since 1987, he leads the Syriac Orthodox Archdiocese of Sweden and Scandinavia, whose cathedral is the Saint Jacob of Nsibin Syriac Orthodox Cathedral in Södertälje.
Luigi Fagioli
Luigi Cristiano Fagioli (Italian pronunciation: [luˈiːdʒi faˈdʒɔːli]; 9 June 1898 – 20 June 1952) was an Italian racing driver, who competed in Grand Prix motor racing from 1928 to 1949, and Formula One from 1950 to 1951. Nicknamed "the Abruzzi Robber", Fagioli won the 1951 French Grand Prix with Alfa Romeo aged 53, and remains the oldest driver to win a Formula One Grand Prix. Fagioli was runner-up in the European Drivers' Championship in 1935 with Mercedes.

Fagioli is the only Formula One Grand Prix winner born in the 19th century, and the only Grand Prix racing driver to have won a championship race in both the AIACR European Championship and the World Drivers' Championship.

AVUS
The Automobil-Verkehrs- und Übungsstraße ('Automobile traffic and training road'), known as AVUS (German pronunciation: [ˈaːvʊs] ⓘ), is a public road in Berlin, Germany. Opened in 1921, it was also used as a motor racing circuit until 1998. Today, the AVUS forms the northern part of the Bundesautobahn 115. It hosted several pre-World War II races and one Formula One World Championship race - the 1959 German Grand Prix.
Mid-major
Mid-major conferences in American college sports at the NCAA Division I level are athletic conferences that are not among the power conferences. The grouping is most commonly used in men's college basketball to describe conferences outside of the Big Ten, Big 12, SEC, ACC and Big East which have also been referred to as "high majors".

The term "mid-major" was coined in 1977 by Jack Kvancz, the head coach of men's basketball team at Catholic University of America. The NCAA neither acknowledges nor uses the terms "major" or "mid-major" to differentiate between Division I athletic conferences. Some schools and fans consider it offensive and derogatory, while others embrace the term.

Typically, the title of "mid-major" is not used when discussing College Football. Instead, Division I football conferences and teams are grouped into the FCS, the Group of Six, or the Power Four.

West Coast Conference
The West Coast Conference (WCC) — known as the California Basketball Association from 1952 to 1956 and then as the West Coast Athletic Conference until 1989 — is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with NCAA Division I consisting of nine member schools across the states of California, Oregon, and Washington.

All of the current full members are private, faith-based institutions. Seven members are Catholic Church affiliates, with five of these schools being Jesuit institutions, including the newest member of the conference, Seattle. Pepperdine is an affiliate of the Churches of Christ. The conference's second-newest member, the University of the Pacific (which rejoined in 2013 after a 42-year absence), is affiliated with the United Methodist Church, although it has been financially independent of the church since 1969.
Indecomposable continuum
In point-set topology, an indecomposable continuum is a continuum that is indecomposable, i.e. that cannot be expressed as the union of any two of its proper subcontinua. In 1910, L. E. J. Brouwer was the first to describe an indecomposable continuum.

Indecomposable continua have been used by topologists as a source of counterexamples. They also occur in dynamical systems.

Continuum (topology)
In the mathematical field of point-set topology, a continuum (plural: "continua") is a nonempty compact connected metric space, or, less frequently, a compact connected Hausdorff space. Continuum theory is the branch of topology devoted to the study of continua.
Kresniške Poljane
Kresniške Poljane (pronounced [kɾɛˈsniːʃkɛ pɔˈljaːnɛ]; German: Kreßnitzpolane) is a settlement on the right bank of the Sava River in the Municipality of Litija in central Slovenia. It lies between Jevnica and Kresnice. The railway line from Ljubljana to Zidani Most runs through the settlement. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Sava Statistical Region; until January 2014 the municipality was part of the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.

Jevnica
Jevnica (pronounced [ˈjeːu̯nitsa]) is a settlement on the right bank of the Sava River in the Municipality of Litija in central Slovenia. The railway line from Ljubljana to Zidani Most runs through the settlement. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Sava Statistical Region; until January 2014 the municipality was part of the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.
Autonomous regions of China
The autonomous regions (Chinese: 自治区; pinyin: Zìzhìqū; lit. 'self-governing area') are one of the four types of province-level divisions in the People's Republic of China. Like provinces, an autonomous region has its own local government, but under the law of the People's Republic of China, an autonomous region has more legislative rights, such as the right to "formulate self-government regulations and other separate regulations." An autonomous region is the highest level of minority autonomous entity in China, which has a comparably higher population of a particular minority ethnic group.

There are five autonomous regions in China: Guangxi, Inner Mongolia (Nei Menggu), Ningxia, Tibet (Xizang), and Xinjiang.

Autonomous administrative divisions of China
Chinese autonomous administrative divisions are associated with one or more ethnic minorities that are designated as autonomous within the People's Republic of China. These areas are recognized in the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and are nominally given a number of rights not accorded to other administrative divisions of China. For example, Tibetan minorities in autonomous regions are granted rights and support not given to the Han Chinese, such as fiscal and medical subsidies.
The Fly in the Soup
The story of the fly that fell into the soup while it was cooking was a Greek fable recorded in both verse and prose and is numbered 167 in the Perry Index. Its lesson was to meet adverse circumstances with equanimity, but it was little recorded after Classical times.

Perry Index
The Perry Index is a widely used index of "Aesop's Fables" or "Aesopica", the fables credited to Aesop, the storyteller who lived in ancient Greece between 620 and 560 BC. The index was created by Ben Edwin Perry, a professor of classics at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.

Modern scholarship takes the view that Aesop probably did not compose all of the fables attributed to him; indeed, a few are known to have first been used before Aesop lived, while the first record of many others is from well over a millennium after his time. Traditionally, Aesop's fables were arranged alphabetically, which is not helpful to the reader. Perry listed them by language (Greek then Latin), chronologically, by source, and then alphabetically; the Spanish scholar Francisco Rodríguez Adrados created a similar system. This system also does not help the casual reader, but is the best for scholarly purposes.
Trompowsky Attack
The Trompowsky Attack is a chess opening that begins with the moves:

1. d4 Nf6

2. Bg5

White prepares to exchange the bishop for Black's knight, inflicting doubled pawns upon Black in the process. This is not a lethal threat; Black can choose to fall in with White's plan.

The Trompowsky is a popular alternative to the more common lines after 1.d4 Nf6 beginning 2.c4 or 2.Nf3. By playing 2.Bg5, White sidesteps immense bodies of opening theory of various Indian Defences like the Queen's Indian, King's Indian, Nimzo-Indian, as well as the Grünfeld Defence.

Torre Attack
The Torre Attack is a chess opening characterized by the moves:

1. d4 Nf6

2. Nf3 e6

3. Bg5 (ECO code A46)

or the Tartakower Variation in the Queen's Pawn Game (ECO code D03):

2... d5

3. Bg5

or the Torre Attack in the East Indian Defence (ECO code A48):

2... g6

3. Bg5

or the Torre Attack in the Indian Defence (ECO code A47):

2... b6

3. Bg5
Mudawi Ibrahim Adam
Mudawi Ibrahim Adam (born 1956) is a Sudanese human rights activist and engineer known for his role in exposing human rights violations in Darfur. He is the founder and former director of the Sudan Social Development Organization (SUDO) and has been repeatedly jailed for charges related to his human rights work.

Front Line Defenders
Front Line Defenders, or The International Foundation for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders, is an Irish-based human rights organisation founded in Dublin, Ireland in 2001 to protect those who work non-violently to uphold the human rights of others as outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Sergei Semak
Sergei Bogdanovich Semak (Russian: Серге́й Богда́нович Сема́к [sʲɪrˈɡʲej bɐɡˈdanəvʲɪtɕ sʲɪˈmak]; born 27 February 1976) is a Russian football manager and a former international midfielder who manages Russian Premier League side Zenit Saint Petersburg.

2018–19 Russian Premier League
The 2018–19 Russian Premier League was the 27th season of the premier football competition in Russia since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the 17th under the current Russian Premier League name. Lokomotiv Moscow came into the season as the defending champions.

The new logo was presented on 24 July 2018, there was no title sponsor announced for the season.
Arcadia Charter School
Arcadia Charter School (formally referred to as ARTech Charter School) is a project-based 6–12th grade charter school located in Northfield, Minnesota, United States. The school has previously been known as South-Eastern Minnesota School of Arts and Technology prior to 2003, and Northfield School of Arts and Technology from 2003 to 2012.

Northfield, Minnesota
Northfield is a city in Rice County, Minnesota, United States. A small portion lies in the adjacent Dakota County. The population was 20,790 at the 2020 census. Northfield is 40 mi (64 km) south of the downtowns of Minneapolis and St. Paul and is an exurb of the Minneapolis–St. Paul metropolitan area. It is home to two private liberal arts colleges, Carleton College and St. Olaf College.
2024 Women's T20 World Cup knockout stage
The 2024 ICC Women's T20 World Cup knockout stage was played between the top 4 teams from the Group Stage. It consisted of two semi-finals, played at Dubai International Cricket Stadium in Dubai on 17 October and Sharjah Cricket Stadium in Sharjah on 18 October, and the final played in Dubai on 20 October.

2024 Women's T20 World Cup final
The 2024 ICC Women's T20 World Cup final was a Women's Twenty20 International cricket match that was played at the Dubai International Cricket Stadium in Dubai, United Arab Emirates on 20 October 2024 to determine the winner of the 2024 ICC Women's T20 World Cup. It was played between New Zealand and South Africa.

New Zealand defeated South Africa by 32 runs to win their maiden T20 World Cup title. Amelia Kerr was named as the Player of the Match for her all round performance of 43 (38) and 3/24 as well as the Player of the Tournament for taking 15 wickets and scoring 135 runs.
Dino Campana
Dino Campana (20 August 1885 – 1 March 1932) was an Italian visionary poet.  His fame rests on his only published book of poetry, the Canti Orfici ("Orphic Songs"), as well as his wild and erratic personality, including his ill-fated love affair with Sibilla Aleramo. He is often seen as an Italian example of a poète maudit.

Poète maudit
A poète maudit is a poet living a life outside or against society. Insanity, crime, violence, abuse of alcohol or other drugs, and in general any societal sin, often resulting in an early death, are typical elements of the biography of a poète maudit.