hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hamming distance
In information theory, the Hamming distance between two strings or vectors of equal length is the number of positions at which the corresponding symbols are different. In other words, it measures the minimum number of substitutions required to change one string into the other, or equivalently, the minimum number of errors that could have transformed one string into the other. In a more general context, the Hamming distance is one of several string metrics for measuring the edit distance between two sequences. It is named after the American mathematician Richard Hamming.

A major application is in coding theory, more specifically to block codes, in which the equal-length strings are vectors over a finite field.

Edit distance
In computational linguistics and computer science, edit distance is a string metric, i.e. a way of quantifying how dissimilar two strings (e.g., words) are to one another, that is measured by counting the minimum number of operations required to transform one string into the other. Edit distances find applications in natural language processing, where automatic spelling correction can determine candidate corrections for a misspelled word by selecting words from a dictionary that have a low distance to the word in question. In bioinformatics, it can be used to quantify the similarity of DNA sequences, which can be viewed as strings of the letters A, C, G and T.

Different definitions of an edit distance use different sets of like operations. Levenshtein distance operations are the removal, insertion, or substitution of a character in the string. Being the most common metric, the term Levenshtein distance is often used interchangeably with edit distance.
Comparison of file archivers
This article compares several notable file archiver utilities. Unless otherwise noted, comparisons are for full release versions (not prerelease) and for installations without extra aspects such as add-ons, extensions or external programs.

File archiver
A file archiver is utility software that combines files into a single archive file – or in less common cases, multiple files. A relatively simple implementation might include the content of each file plus its name. A more advanced implementation stores additional metadata, such as the timestamps, file attributes and access control information. An archiver might compress input file content to reduce the size of the resulting archive.

In addition to creating an archive, the same utility may also support extracting the contained file content to recreate the original files.
Blue-capped ifrit
The blue-capped ifrit (Ifrita kowaldi), is a species of small passerine bird in the monotypic family, Ifritidae, native to the montane rainforests of New Guinea. These birds are insectivorous and are notable for their distinctive blue crown and presence of batrachotoxin, a potent neurotoxin, in their feathers and skin. This chemical defense is believed to come from their diet, particularly Choresine beetles. Despite their toxicity, blue-capped ifrits are non-aggressive and typically found in small groups within high altitude forest habitats. Although they are currently listed as Least concern by the IUCN, their population is slowly declining due to habitat disturbance and limited conservation measures.

Batrachotoxin
Batrachotoxin (BTX) is an extremely potent cardiotoxic and neurotoxic steroidal alkaloid found in certain species of beetles, birds, and frogs. The name is from the Greek word βάτραχος, bátrachos, 'frog'. Structurally-related chemical compounds are often referred to collectively as batrachotoxins. In certain frogs, this alkaloid is present mostly on the skin. Such frogs are among those used for poisoning darts. Batrachotoxin binds to and irreversibly opens the sodium channels of nerve cells and prevents them from closing, resulting in paralysis and death. No antidote is known.
Goethe Awards
The Goethe Award, later known as the Comic Fan Art Award, was a series of fan awards for comic book creators in the United States from 1971 to 2010. The award originated in the fanzine Newfangles and was also associated with The Buyer's Guide to Comics Fandom.

Its name comes from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who encouraged  "the father of comic strips," Rodolphe Töpffer, to publish his stories.

The Comic Art Convention (CAC) twice hosted the presentation of the awards, at the 1972 and 1974 CACs. The format and balloting of the Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Awards, presented by the Comics Buyer's Guide from 1982 to circa 2010, were in many ways derived from the Goethe Award/Comic Fan Art Award.

Richard Corben
Richard Corben (November 1, 1940 – December 2, 2020) was an American illustrator and comic book artist best known for his comics featured in Heavy Metal magazine, especially the Den series which was featured in the magazine's first film adaptation in 1981. He was the winner of the 2009 Spectrum Grand Master Award and the 2018 Grand Prix at Angoulême. In 2012 he was elected to the Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame.
Saint John Sea Dogs
The Saint John Sea Dogs are a Canadian junior ice hockey team in the Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) based in Saint John, New Brunswick. Founded as an expansion team in 2005, the Sea Dogs play their home games at TD Station and became the first team from Atlantic Canada to win a Memorial Cup championship in 2011. The Sea Dogs won the 2022 Memorial Cup as the host team, and have three President's Cup championships in franchise history: 2011, 2012, and 2017.

Chris DiDomenico
Christopher DiDomenico (born February 20, 1989) is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward for HC Ambrì-Piotta of the National League (NL). DiDomenico was selected by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the sixth round (164th overall) of the 2007 NHL Entry Draft and sporadically played in the National Hockey League with the Ottawa Senators about a decade later.
Bruno Rezende
Bruno Mossa de Rezende (born 2 July 1986) is a Brazilian professional volleyball He was once captain of the National Team, where he stayed until the Paris Olympics Brazil men's national volleyball team and brazil club Renata Volley.

The son of the legendary Brazilian coach Bernardo Rezende, he is one of the world's most accomplished setters and volleyball players. His accomplishments include: 2016 Olympic Champion, double silver medalist of the Olympic Games (Beijing 2008, London 2012), 2010 World Champion, double gold medalist of the World Grand Champions Cup (2009, 2013), South American Champion (2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2021), multimedalist of the World League, Pan American Games, Brazilian Champion (2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013), Italian Champion (2016, 2019).

Modena Volley
Modena Volley is a professional volleyball team based in Modena, Italy.  It has played in the highest level of the Italian Volleyball League without interruption since 1968. It is the most successful Italian club, having won both the national league and the national cup twelve times each. The club is one of the most prominent and prestigious in Europe too, having won thirteen European trophies including four CEV Champions League.
Isabel of Viseu
Isabel of Viseu (1459–1521) was a daughter of Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu and his wife and cousin Infanta Beatrice, Duchess of Viseu. She was a member of the House of Aviz and later, House of Braganza.

Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu
Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu and Beja (or Fernando, Portuguese pronunciation: [fɨɾˈnɐ̃du], 17 November 1433 – 18 September 1470) was the third son of Edward, King of Portugal and his wife Eleanor of Aragon.
Jamesville-DeWitt High School
Jamesville-DeWitt High School (JDHS) is a New York state public education facility located in the town of DeWitt, serving high school students (grades 9–12) in the Jamesville-Dewitt Central School District.

Jamesville-DeWitt Central School District
Jamesville-DeWitt Central School District is a public school district that serves Jamesville, New York, and the town of DeWitt, New York. The school district consists of 2786 students in 5 schools (three K-4 elementary schools, one 5-8 middle school, and one 9-12 high school). As of 2025, the superintendent is Darcy Woodcock (Jan 2019). The Jamesville-DeWitt Central School District offices are located in DeWitt, New York.

The district was founded in 1950 by combining other school districts.

Jamesville-DeWitt student test scores are listed in a New York Times article reporting New York State test scores by county.
Dichlorophenol
Dichlorophenols (DCPs) are any of several chemical compounds which are derivatives of phenol containing two chlorine atoms.  There are six isomers:

2,3-Dichlorophenol

2,4-Dichlorophenol

2,5-Dichlorophenol

2,6-Dichlorophenol

3,4-Dichlorophenol

3,5-Dichlorophenol

Dichlorophenols are used as intermediates in the manufacture of more complex chemical compounds, including the common herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D).

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula C8H6Cl2O3. It is usually referred to by its ISO common name 2,4-D. It is a systemic herbicide that kills most broadleaf weeds by causing uncontrolled growth, but most grasses such as cereals, lawn turf, and grassland are relatively unaffected.

2,4-D is one of the oldest and most widely available herbicides and defoliants in the world, having been commercially available since 1945, and is now produced by many chemical companies since the patent on it has long since expired. It can be found in numerous commercial lawn herbicide mixtures, and is widely used as a weedkiller on cereal crops, pastures, and orchards. Over 1,500 herbicide products contain 2,4-D as an active ingredient.
Nasser al-Dhaibani
Nasser Ali Abdullah al-Dhaibani (1968 – 3 December 2021) was a Yemeni army major general who served as head of the Military Operations Authority of the Yemeni Army. In 2021 he was killed during battles with the Houthis.

Military regions (Yemen)
The military regions of Yemen are 7 regions in which the Yemeni army is distributed. Each military region shares joint military units and formations, in addition to local military academies and installations.

The theater of military operations is represented in seven military regions with the 75th military brigades (including the 13th military brigades in the Defense Reserve and Strategic Reserve). The forces and combat units of the military regions consist of 11 operational axes, 9 mechanized infantry brigades, 11 armored brigades, two border guard brigades, and 23 brigades. Infantry, 2 marine infantry brigades, 3 naval bases, 6 air defense brigades, 5 air bases, 2 mountain infantry brigades, 3 aviation brigades, an artillery brigade, and 2 (artillery/missile) brigades.
1990–91 UEFA Cup
The 1990–91 UEFA Cup was the 20th season of the UEFA Cup, the secondary club football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). The final was played over two legs at San Siro, Milan, Italy, and at the Stadio Olimpico, Rome, Italy. The competition was won by Internazionale, who defeated fellow Italian team Roma by an aggregate result of 2–1 to claim their first UEFA Cup title.

For the second consecutive year, two Italian teams reached the final of the UEFA Cup, This was the first European title for Internazionale in 26 years, after their two consecutive European Cup triumphs in 1964 and 1965. This tournament also marked the return of English clubs, after a five-year ban resulting from the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985.

1991 UEFA Cup final
The 1991 UEFA Cup final was a football tie played on 8 May 1991 and 22 May 1991 to determine the champion of the 1990–91 UEFA Cup. It was contested across two legs between Italian sides Internazionale and Roma. Inter won 2–1 on aggregate after winning the first leg 2–0 but losing the second 1–0.
Sander, Norway
Sander is a village in Sør-Odal Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The village is located along the river Glomma, about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) southeast of the village of Skarnes. The village has a train station, a kindergarten, an elementary school and a grocery store. The area around the village is dominated by agriculture. Strøm Church lies about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) northwest of Sander. The local sports club is Sander IL.

The 0.26-square-kilometre (64-acre) village has a population (2024) of 294 and a population density of 1,131 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,930/sq mi).

The Kongsvingerbanen railway line runs through the village. There is a bridge over the river Glomma at Sander, which connects the village to the European route E16 highway that runs along the other side of the river.

Sander IL
Sander Idrettslag is a Norwegian multi-sports club from Sander in Sør-Odal Municipality in Innlandet county. It has sections for association football and Nordic skiing. The club was founded in 1920.

The men's football team plays in the 4. divisjon, the fifth tier of Norwegian football. It was a mainstay in the 3. divisjon from 1998 to 2010 and later had two shorter stints in 2012–2014 and 2016. Sander's proximity to the city of Kongsvinger meant that several players featured for Sander before or after playing for Kongsvinger IL, including Norway international Martin Linnes.
Chino cloth
Chino cloth (/ˈtʃiːnoʊ/ CHEE-noh) is a twill fabric originally made from pure cotton. The most common items made from it, trousers, are widely called chinos. Today it is also found in cotton-synthetic blends.

Developed in the mid-19th century for British and French military uniforms, it has since migrated into civilian wear. Trousers of such a fabric gained popularity in the U.S. when Spanish–American War veterans returned from the Philippines with their twill military trousers.

Twill
Twill is a type of textile weave with a pattern of parallel, diagonal ribs. It is one of three fundamental types of weave, along with plain weave and satin. It is made by passing the weft thread over one or more warp threads then under two or more warp threads and so on, with a "step", or offset, between rows to create the characteristic diagonal pattern. Due to this structure, twill generally drapes well.
Eloise Greenfield
Eloise Greenfield (May 17, 1929 – August 5, 2021) was an American children's book and biography author and poet famous for her descriptive, rhythmic style and positive portrayal of the African-American experience.

After college, Greenfield began writing poetry and songs in the 1950s while working in a civil service job. In 1962, after years of submitting her work, her first poem was finally accepted for publication. In 1972, she published the first of her 48 children's books, including picture books, novels, poetry and biographies. She focused her work on realistic but positive portrayals of African-American communities, families and friendships. She also worked to encourage the writing and publishing of African-American literature and taught creative writing.

Childtimes
Childtimes: A Three-Generation Memoir is a 1979 book by children's author Eloise Greenfield, her mother Lessie Jones Little and her grandmother Pattie Ridley Jones that contains the three authors' remembrances of their childhoods from the late 19th century through the 20th century:
Haslingden railway station
Haslingden railway station served the town of Haslingden, Rossendale, Lancashire. The station was built by the East Lancashire Railway (ELR) on their Bury to Accrington line and opened on 17 August 1848.

In 1859, the ELR was incorporated into the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, who operated it until 1923 when it became part of the London Midland and Scottish Railway. Owned by the London Midland Region of British Railways from 1948, it was closed on 7 November 1960. The route through the station closed on 5 December 1966 and the tracks were subsequently lifted.

Bury Bolton Street railway station
Bury Bolton Street is a heritage railway station in Bury, Greater Manchester, England. It formerly served the town on the national railway network between 1846 and 1980; it is now a stop on the East Lancashire Railway.
Southern Army (Syria)
The Southern Army (Arabic: "جيش الجنوب") was an Israeli-proposed paramilitary force in southern Syria, aimed at establishing an Israeli friendly force at a buffer zone along the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights and to deter Iranian and Hezbollah influence in the region.

Syrian Revolutionaries Front
The Syrian Revolutionaries Front (Arabic: جبهة ثوار سوريا, Jabhat Thowar Suriya, SRF, also translated Syrian Rebel Front) was an alliance of 14 relatively moderate religious and some secular armed groups fighting under the banner of the Free Syrian Army, formed in December 2013, thus according to Arutz Sheva (an Israeli media network) further sidelining the FSA and its leadership Supreme Military Council. It was established as a response to the merger of Islamist Syrian rebels into the Islamic Front.

The group was known to receive Israeli support alongside several other Syrian opposition factions such as Fursan al-Joulan, Firqat Ahrar Nawa, Jaysh al-Ababil, Jaydour Horan Brigade, Al-Ezz bin Abdul Salam Brigade, Omar Bin Al-Khattab Brigade, Al-Haramein Battalion, Alwiya al-Furqan, Saif al-Sham Brigade, Jabhat Ansar al-Islam, Ahrar Gathering and others.
Steve McMahon
Stephen Joseph McMahon (born 20 August 1961) is an English football manager, former professional footballer and current television pundit.

As a player, he was a midfielder from 1979 to 1998, most notably playing for Liverpool in the late 1980s. McMahon was placed in 42nd position in the '100 Players Who Shook The Kop' poll, which asked Red supporters to name the best 100 Liverpool players of all time. He also played for Everton, Aston Villa and Manchester City, playing in the Premier League for the latter. He was capped 17 times by England.

After his playing career ended, he began his coaching and managing career with Swindon Town, and later managed Blackpool, winning promotion with both of these clubs. He later had a brief spell as manager of Perth Glory in Australia.

Anfield Rap
"Anfield Rap (Red Machine in Full Effect)" was a song released by members of Liverpool F.C. before the 1988 FA Cup Final against Wimbledon F.C. The song reached number 3 in the UK Singles Chart. The song was co-written by Paul Gainford, Liverpool midfielder Craig Johnston, rapper Derek B and Mary Byker from Gaye Bykers on Acid. The song was met with mixed reviews; the tune has become a cult classic among Liverpool fans, but critics often cite it as one of the worst sports songs of all time. Liverpool would go on to lose the final in one of the biggest upsets in the history of the competition.
Kentwood (Reading ward)
Kentwood is an electoral ward of the Borough of Reading, in the English county of Berkshire. It consists of the northern part of the suburb of Tilehurst, in the west of Reading, south of the River Thames. The ward is bordered by Caversham Heights and Battle wards to the east, and Norcot and Tilehurst wards to the south. To the west the ward is bordered by the reduced civil parish of Tilehurst in the district of West Berkshire which is the remainder of the larger ancient parish, before the expansion of the Borough of Reading.  The ward has schools and churches bearing a Tilehurst, rather than Reading name.

As with all wards, it elects three councillors to Reading Borough Council. Elections since 2004 are held by thirds, with elections in three years out of four.

These Councillors are currently, in order of election: Raj Singh (Conservative), Mark Keeping (Labour) and Glenn Dennis (Labour). Singh and Dennis have represented the ward for at least 13 and 10 years respectively.

Tilehurst (Reading ward)
Tilehurst is an electoral ward of the Borough of Reading, in the English county of Berkshire. It forms part of the larger Reading suburb of Tilehurst, which also includes parts of other borough wards, together with the civil parish of Tilehurst Without that is outside the borough boundary in the district of West Berkshire.
Comparison of vector graphics editors
A number of vector graphics editors exist for various platforms. Potential users of these editors will make comparisons based on factors such as the availability for the user's platform, the software license, the feature set, the merits of the user interface (UI) and the focus of the program. Some programs are more suitable for artistic work while others are better for technical drawings. Another important factor is the application's support of various vector and bitmap image formats for import and export.

The tables in this article compare general and technical information for a number of vector graphics editors. See the article on each editor for further information. This article is neither all-inclusive nor necessarily up-to-date.

Affinity Designer
Affinity Designer is a discontinued vector graphics editor developed by Serif for macOS, Microsoft Windows and iPadOS.

Developed as a successor to Serif’s DrawPlus and first released in 2014, Affinity Designer was part of a suite alongside Affinity Photo and Affinity Publisher, respectively a raster graphics editor and desktop publishing application.

Affinity used a perpetual license model. In 2025, following the purchase of Serif by Canva in 2024, it was replaced by the freemium Affinity application, bundling vector, raster and layout features together.
British T-class submarine
The Royal Navy's T class (or Triton class) of diesel-electric submarines was designed in the 1930s to replace the O, P, and R classes. Fifty-three members of the class were built just before and during the Second World War, where they played a major role in the Royal Navy's submarine operations. Four boats in service with the Royal Netherlands Navy were known as the Zwaardvisch class.

At the start of the Second World War the T class was, with the British S and U class, Dutch O 21 class and German Type VII, one of the most advanced submarine classes in service.

In the decade following the war, the oldest surviving boats were scrapped and the remainder converted to anti-submarine vessels to counter the growing Soviet submarine threat. The Royal Navy disposed of its last operational boat in 1969, although it retained one permanently moored as a static training submarine until 1974. The last surviving boat, serving in the Israel Sea Corps, was scrapped in 1977.

HMS Turpin
HMS Turpin (pennant number P354) was one a group three T-class submarines of the Royal Navy which entered service in the last few months of World War II. So far she has been the only ship of the Royal Navy to be named Turpin.  She was sold to Israel in 1965 and commissioned into the Israeli Sea Corps in 1967 as INS Leviathan.
Arkham House
Arkham House was an American publishing house specializing in weird fiction. It was founded in Sauk City, Wisconsin, in 1939 by August Derleth and Donald Wandrei to publish hardcover collections of H. P. Lovecraft's best works, which had previously been published only in pulp magazines. The company's name is derived from Lovecraft's fictional New England city, Arkham, Massachusetts. Arkham House editions are noted for the quality of their printing and binding. The printer's mark for Arkham House was designed by Frank Utpatel.

Frank Belknap Long
Frank Belknap Long Jr. (April 27, 1901 – January 3, 1994) was an American writer of horror fiction, fantasy, science fiction, poetry, gothic romance, comic books, and non-fiction. Though his writing career spanned seven decades, he is best known for his horror and science fiction short stories, including contributions to the Cthulhu Mythos alongside his friend, H. P. Lovecraft. During his life, Long received the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement (at the 1978 World Fantasy Convention), the Bram Stoker Award for Lifetime Achievement (in 1987, from the Horror Writers Association), and the First Fandom Hall of Fame Award (1977).