hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Anna Wierzbicka
Anna Wierzbicka FAHA FASSA [ˈanna vʲɛʐˈbʲitska] (born 10 March 1938 in Warsaw) is a Polish linguist who is Emeritus Professor at the Australian National University, Canberra. Brought up in Poland, she graduated from Warsaw University and emigrated to Australia in 1972, where she has lived since. With over twenty published books, many of which have been translated into other languages, she is a prolific writer.

Wierzbicka is known for her work in semantics, pragmatics and cross-cultural linguistics, especially for the natural semantic metalanguage and the concept of semantic primes. Her research agenda resembles Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's original "alphabet of human thought". Wierzbicka credits her colleague, linguist Andrzej Bogusławski, with reviving it in the late 1960s.

Andrzej Bogusławski
Andrzej Stanisław Bogusławski (1 December 1931 – 6 January 2026) was a Polish philologist, semanticist, semioticist and philosopher of language of international repute. Originally a specialist in Russian language, his interests broadened into the epistemology of language and linguistics.

During martial law in Poland he was interned for refusing to sign an oath of loyalty which led to international protests. He was a professor emeritus at Warsaw University.
International Christian University
International Christian University (国際基督教大学, Kokusai Kirisutokyō Daigaku; ICU)  is a non-denominational private university located in Mitaka, Tokyo. With the efforts of Prince Takamatsu, General Douglas MacArthur, and BOJ Governor Hisato Ichimada, ICU was established in 1949 as the first liberal arts college in Japan. Currently the university offers 31 undergraduate majors and a graduate school. The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology selected ICU as one of the 37 schools for The Top Global University Project in 2014.

ICU is known for being a fully bilingual campus, the classes are held in either English or Japanese, with all faculty required to have strong command in both languages. ICU is a member of the Alliance of Asian Liberal Arts Universities.

Alliance of Asian Liberal Arts Universities
The Alliance of Asian Liberal Arts Universities (AALAU) is as a consortium of leading liberal arts universities located in countries and regions in East, South and Southeast Asia. Formed in November 2017, AALAU enable member universities to renew and reinvigorate the liberal arts education traditions and development. Its Alliance Secretariat located in Lingnan University in Hong Kong.
Plainfield, Iowa
Plainfield is a city in Bremer County, Iowa, United States. The population was 393 at the 2020 census, a decrease of 45, or 10.3%, from 438 in 2000. It is part of the Waterloo–Cedar Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area. The Plainfield post office was established in 1868.

Bremer County, Iowa
Bremer County (/ˈbriːmər/) is a county in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 24,988. Its county seat is Waverly. The county was named for Fredrika Bremer, a Swedish feminist writer.

Bremer County is included in the Waterloo-Cedar Falls metropolitan area.
Automotive industry in India
The automotive industry in India in 2025 is the world's third-largest by annual production worth US$250 billion, behind the United States (US$880 billion) and China (US$530 billion). The growth of automotive industry in India is fueled by the country's GDP growth (world's 3rd largest in PPP and 4th largest nominally) and rapid highway construction. In 2022, the industry accounted for 8% of the country's total exports and 7.1% of overall GDP.

According to a 2021 National Family Health Survey, only 8% of Indian households own a car, while 54% own motorcycles or scooters. In 2025, India had 44 cars per 1,000 people, markedly lower than in other major economies.

Mahindra & Mahindra
Mahindra and Mahindra is an Indian automobile manufacturing company headquartered in Mumbai. It was established in 1945 as Mahindra & Mohammed and later renamed Mahindra & Mahindra. Part of the Mahindra Group, M&M is one of the largest SUV manufacturers by production in India and the Mahindra Tractors subsidiary is the largest manufacturer of tractors in the world by volume. It was ranked 17th on a list of top companies in India by Fortune India 500 in 2018. Its major competitors in the Indian vehicular market include Maruti Suzuki and Tata Motors. Anish Shah is the current CEO and Managing Director of Mahindra & Mahindra.
Indiana State Road 105
State Road 105 (SR 105) is a north–south state road in the US state of Indiana. The highway runs for about 32 miles (51 km) through Huntington and Whitley counties. The highway passes through mostly agricultural areas and short east–west section with U.S. Route 24 (US 24) near Andrews. SR 105 was first designated in early 1932 and the entire original route was paved in the early 1960s. A small reroute of SR 105 north of Andrews happened in the late 1960s.

U.S. Route 24 in Indiana
U.S. Route 24 (US 24) in Indiana runs east from the Illinois state line to Huntington. At Huntington, US 24 turns northeast and runs to Fort Wayne; it then runs concurrently with Interstate 69 (I-69) and I-469 to bypass the city before entering Ohio at the state line east of Fort Wayne. The segment of US 24 between Logansport and Toledo, Ohio, is part of the Hoosier Heartland Industrial Corridor project of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act.
Texpark site
The Texpark site is a prominent vacant lot in Downtown Halifax, Nova Scotia. The Coast, a weekly newspaper, has called it "downtown's biggest gaping hole" and an "embarrassing missing tooth" in the urban fabric. Much of the site was once home to the Texpark, a city-owned parking garage, demolished in 2004.

The lot was sold to United Gulf Developments, who have formally put forward three development proposals for the site. Two of the proposals were approved by the city, but as of 2020 no construction has ever taken place.

Downtown Halifax
Downtown Halifax is the primary central business district of the Municipality of Halifax. Located on the central-eastern portion of the Halifax Peninsula, on Halifax Harbour. Along with Downtown Dartmouth, and other de facto central business districts within the Municipality (e.g. Cole Harbour, Lower Sackville, Spryfield), Downtown Halifax serves as the business, entertainment, and tourism hub of the region.
Denfeld High School
Duluth Denfeld High School, also known as Denfeld High School, is one of two high schools in Duluth, Minnesota along with Duluth East after the closure of Duluth Central in 2011 and the previous closing of Morgan Park High School in 1982. Serving over 1000 students from grades nine to twelve, Denfeld High School has become a West Duluth landmark.  The school is known for its architecture, including a historic auditorium and a 120-foot clock tower visible from Grand Avenue.

Central High School (Duluth, Minnesota)
Duluth Central High School, also referred to as Central High School, was a secondary school in Duluth, Minnesota. The original building at the intersection of Lake Avenue and Second Street first opened in 1893 and closed in 1971, being used as office space until it was converted to apartments in 2024. On October 19, 2004, this building was given the official name Historic Old Central High School.

In 1971, a new Central High School building was erected near the Central Entrance and Pecan Avenue. At the end of the 2010-2011 school year, the new Duluth Central High School closed its doors. This building was demolished in 2022, with the site planned to become a large housing development.
William Gadsby
William Gadsby (1773–1844) was an English Strict Baptist pastor, hymn writer and church planter. He is often seen of a father of the Strict and Particular Baptist movement in England. Although he was not formally educated, Gadsby was regarded by his contemporaries as an excellent preacher and pastor who championed the cause of social justice and opposed the established Elizabethan Church.

Originally pastoring in Leicestershire, in 1805 he left to become pastor of Black Lane Strict and Particular Baptist Chapel in Manchester, England, and held that position until he died. Due to reconstructions and changes in street names, that same congregation was variously known as St George's Road Baptist Chapel, and Rochdale Road Particular Baptist Chapel.

A Selection of Hymns for Public Worship
A Selection of Hymns for Public Worship is a hymn book compiled by William Gadsby, a minister of the Gospel Standard Strict Baptists in England. First published in the 19th century, it is still in current use.
Minamo Island
Minamo Island is the largest of several small islands which lie in the narrow inlet between the Skallen Hills and Skallen Glacier, along the coast of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was mapped from surveys and air photos by the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE), 1957–62, and was named by JARE Headquarters in 1972.

Lützow-Holm Bay
Lützow-Holm Bay is a large bay, about 220 kilometres (120 nmi) wide, indenting the coast of Queen Maud Land in Antarctica between Riiser-Larsen Peninsula and the coastal angle immediately east of the Flatvaer Islands. It was discovered by Captain Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen in two airplane flights from his expedition vessel, the Norvegia, on February 21 and 23, 1931. The name honours Commander Finn Lützow-Holm of the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service, a pilot for Captain Riiser-Larsen on the Aagaard in 1935.
Sandoval County, New Mexico
Sandoval County (Spanish: Condado de Sandoval) is a county located in the U.S. state of New Mexico. As of the 2020 census, the population was 148,834, making it the fourth-most populous county in New Mexico. The county seat is Bernalillo.

Sandoval County is part of the Albuquerque metropolitan area.

San Felipe Indian Reservation
The San Felipe Pueblo (Eastern Keres: Katishtya) is the homeland of a branch of the Native American Pueblo people. It lies in Sandoval County, New Mexico, United States, just north of the city of Albuquerque. It has a land area of 205.852 km² (79.48 sq mi), and reported a resident population of 3,686 persons as of the 2020 census. It two largest communities are San Felipe Pueblo and Algodones.
Time in South Korea
South Korea has one time zone, Korea Standard Time (UTC+9), which is abbreviated KST. South Korea currently does not observe daylight saving time.

From May 8 to October 9, 1988, daylight saving time was tested to better accommodate the calendar of competitions held during the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.

UTC+09:00
UTC+09:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +09:00.

During the Japanese occupations of British Borneo, Burma, Hong Kong, Dutch East Indies, Malaya, Philippines, Singapore, and French Indochina, it was used as a common time with Tokyo until the fall of the Empire of Japan.
Belgrade, Minnesota
Belgrade is a city in Stearns County, Minnesota, United States. As of the 2020 census, Belgrade had a population of 738. It is part of the St. Cloud Metropolitan Statistical Area. Belgrade is home to the world's largest black Crow.

St. Cloud metropolitan area
The St. Cloud Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, consists of two counties in central Minnesota, anchored by the city of St. Cloud. In the 2010 census, the MSA had a population of 201,093; a July 1, 2012, Census Bureau estimate placed the population at 190,014. As of the 2020 census, the population was 199,671, in 2022, 201,868.

The St. Cloud Metropolitan Statistical Area is part of the Minneapolis-Saint Paul, MN-WI Combined Statistical Area.
Psychiatric pharmacy
Psychiatric pharmacy, also known as mental health pharmacy, is the area of clinical pharmacy specializing in the treatment of people with psychiatric illnesses through the use of psychotropic medications. It is a branch of neuropsychiatric pharmacy, which includes neurologic pharmacy. Areas where psychiatric pharmacists are found most abundantly are in chemical dependency, developmental disabilities, long-term care facilities, adherence clinics, mental health clinics, and within the prison system. However, psychiatry and neurology are not the only areas where psychiatric pharmacists require comprehensive knowledge. They must also be proficient in clinical problem solving, interprofessionalism, and communication with understanding and empathy for the patient population they serve, as they are a sensitive group.

Clinical pharmacy
Clinical pharmacy is the branch of pharmacy in which clinical pharmacists provide direct patient care that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention. Clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings, but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics. Clinical pharmacists often work in collaboration with physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and other healthcare professionals. Clinical pharmacists can enter into a formal collaborative practice agreement with another healthcare provider, generally one or more physicians, that allows pharmacists to prescribe medications and order laboratory tests.
Lila: An Inquiry into Morals
Lila: An Inquiry into Morals (1991) is the second philosophical novel by Robert M. Pirsig, who is best known for  Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance. Lila: An Inquiry into Morals was a nominated finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1992. This semi-autobiographical story takes place in the autumn as the author sails his boat down the Hudson River. Phaedrus, the author's alter ego, is jarred out of his solitary routine by an encounter with Lila, a straightforward but troubled woman who is nearing a mental breakdown.

Pirsig's Metaphysics of Quality
The Metaphysics of Quality (MOQ) is a theory of reality introduced in Robert M. Pirsig's philosophical novel Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance (1974) and expanded in Lila: An Inquiry into Morals (1991). The MOQ incorporates facets of Sophistry, East Asian philosophy, pragmatism, the work of F. S. C. Northrop, and Indigenous American philosophy. Pirsig argues that the MOQ is a better lens through which to view reality than the subjective/objective mindset that Pirsig attributes to Aristotle. Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance references the Sanskrit doctrine of Tat Tvam Asi ("Thou art that"), which asserts an existential monism as opposed to the subject–object dualism.
Robert Montgomery Martin
Robert Montgomery Martin (c. 1801 – 6 September 1868) was an Anglo-Irish author and civil servant. He served as Colonial Treasurer of Hong Kong from 1844 to 1845. He was a founding member of the Statistical Society of London (1834), the Colonial Society (1837), and the East India Association (1867).

Statistics of the Colonies of the British Empire
Statistics of the Colonies of the British Empire (or more completely, Statistics of the Colonies of the British Empire in the West Indies, South America, North America, Asia, Austral-Asia, Africa, and Europe) is a work by Robert Montgomery Martin which comprises a number of different statistics to measure the well-being of the British Colonies in the late 18th until mid 19th century. It was first published in 1839 by W. H. Allen & Co. roughly a year after it was commenced in February 1838.

The book was published in Royal Octavo (10" by 6¼") and contains roughly 1000 pages, arranged in double columns. In 1839, the book costed £2. 2s. which is approximately £233 in 2018.
Citizens Cemetery
Citizens Cemetery is located on Hamar Street in Beaufort, South Carolina, United States. Sited adjacent to Beaufort National Cemetery, Citizens Cemetery is the "garden" referred to in the title of John Berendt's 1994 novel Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil. In the subsequent movie, directed by Clint Eastwood, Bonaventure Cemetery in Savannah, Georgia, was used to represent "the colored cemetery down the road", as described by Kevin Spacey's character, Jim Williams.

Minerva, the root doctor in Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil (portrayed by Irma P. Hall in the movie), is based on Valerie Boles. Boles's common-law partner Percy Washington (1890–1973) is interred in Citizens Cemetery. Also a root doctor, he was known as Dr. Eagle (renamed Dr. Buzzard in the book and movie). Boles and Washington lived at 1408 Congress Street in Beaufort, two blocks east of the cemetery. After Washington's death in 1973, his widow married Edward Boles.

Beaufort, South Carolina
Beaufort (/ˈbjuːfərt/ BEW-fərt) is a city in Beaufort County, South Carolina, United States, and its county seat. Chartered in 1711, it is the second-oldest city in South Carolina, behind Charleston. The city's population was 13,607 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Hilton Head Island metropolitan area.

Beaufort is located on Port Royal Island, in the heart of the Sea Islands and South Carolina Lowcountry. The city is renowned for its scenic location and for maintaining a historic character by preservation of its antebellum architecture. The prominent role of Beaufort and the surrounding Sea Islands during the Reconstruction era after the U.S. Civil War is memorialized by the Reconstruction Era National Monument, established in 2017. The city is also known for its military establishments, being located in close proximity to Parris Island, a U.S. naval hospital, and the Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort.
Vonitsa-Xiromero
Vonitsa-Xiromero was one of the provinces of the Aetolia-Acarnania Prefecture, Greece. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipalities Aktio-Vonitsa and Xiromero, and part of the municipal unit Oiniades. It was abolished in 2006.

Provinces of Greece
The provinces of Greece (Greek: επαρχία, "eparchy") were sub-divisions of some the country's prefectures. From 1887, the provinces were abolished as actual administrative units, but were retained for some state services, especially financial and educational services, as well as for electoral purposes. Before the Second World War, there were 139 provinces, and after the war, with the addition of the Dodecanese Islands, their number grew to 148. According to the Article 7 of the Code of Prefectural Self-Government (Presidential Decree 30/1996), the provinces constituted a "particular administrative district" within the wider "administrative district" of the prefectures. The provinces were finally abolished after the 2006 local elections, in line with Law 2539/1997, as part of the wide-ranging administrative reform known as the "Kapodistrias Project", and replaced by enlarged municipalities (demoi).
Poribacteria
Poribacteria are a candidate phylum of bacteria originally discovered in the microbiome of marine sponges (Porifera). Poribacteria are Gram-negative primarily aerobic mixotrophs with the ability for oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and autotrophic carbon fixation via the Wood – Ljungdahl pathway. Poribacterial heterotrophy is characterised by an enriched set of glycoside hydrolases, uronic acid degradation, as well as several specific sulfatases. This heterotrophic repertoire of poribacteria was suggested to be involved in the degradation of the extracellular sponge host matrix.

Candidate phylum
A candidate division, candidate phylum or candidate division-level is a lineage of prokaryotic organisms for which until recently no cultured representatives have been found, but evidence of the existence of the clade has been obtained by 16S rRNA and metagenomic analysis of environmental samples. The term Candidatus in fact means a taxon for which there is insufficient information to call it a new species according to the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria.
Bjørnsund
Bjørnsund is an island group located about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) west of the village of Bud in Hustadvika Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. Located north of the island of Gossa in the Hustadvika coastal area, the main islands are connected via bridges and viaducts. The Bjørnsund Lighthouse is located on the northern island of Moøya.

Hustadvika Municipality
Hustadvika is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located in the traditional districts of Nordmøre and Romsdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Elnesvågen. Other villages in the municipality include Hustad, Bud, Tornes, Sylte, Malme, Aureosen, Eide, Lyngstad, Vevang, and Visnes.

The 522-square-kilometre (202 sq mi) municipality is the 202nd largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Hustadvika Municipality is the 92nd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 13,437. The municipality's population density is 25.7 inhabitants per square kilometre (67/sq mi) and its population has increased by 1.9% over the previous 10-year period.
Hopewell Valley Central High School
Hopewell Valley Central High School is a four-year comprehensive public high school operating as part of the Hopewell Valley Regional School District that serves students in ninth through twelfth grades from Hopewell Borough, Hopewell Township and Pennington Borough, three communities in Mercer County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Although the high school has a Pennington mailing address, it is located within the political boundaries of Hopewell Township, just outside Pennington Borough.

As of the 2024–25 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,068 students and 105.4 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.1:1. There were 55 students (5.1% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 10 (0.9% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

Pennington, New Jersey
Pennington is a borough in Mercer County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The borough is located at the cross-roads between the Delaware Valley region to the southwest and the Raritan Valley region to the northeast. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 2,802, its highest decennial count ever and an increase of 217 (+8.4%) from the 2010 census count of 2,585, which in turn had reflected a decline of 111 (−4.1%) from the 2,696 counted in the 2000 census.
Apa, Lagos
Apa is a historic community in Badagry Division of Lagos State, Nigeria. It is one of the oldest settlements in Badagry. The community has an Oba, the Alapa of Apa. The majority of people from Apa are of Awori and Ogu heritage.

Located in the Northwest of Badagry Division, the settlement is bordered to the north by the Badagry creek and in the east by Badagry town and to the south are Ewe settlements close to the Atlantic.

Founded around the fifteenth century by Awori migrants, the community along with Ekpe grew in the early 1700s  when both settlements became the major centers of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade along the Porto-Novo and Badagry creeks. Circa 1730, Hontokonu (Hendrik Hertog), a European slave trader originally settled at Apa before moving to Badagry. Badagry soon eclipsed Apa as a center of commerce in the region.

In the eighteenth century, migrants in the west from Gbe communities fleeing King Agaja later assimilated with the Yoruba speaking people of Apa.

Badagry Division
Badagry Division is an administrative division of Lagos State in Nigeria. It is one of five administrative divisions of Lagos State (the others being Ikorodu, Ikeja, Epe, and Lagos Island), and is further divided into four Local Government Areas (Badagry, Ojo, Amuwo-Odofin, and Ajeromi-Ifelodun).
1946 VFA season
The 1946 Victorian Football Association season was the 65th season of the Australian rules football competition. The premiership was won by the Sandringham Football Club, which defeated Camberwell by seven points in the Grand Final on 5 October. It was the first premiership in the club's history.

Camberwell Football Club
The Camberwell Football Club, nicknamed the Cobras, was an Australian rules football club based in the Melbourne suburb of Camberwell. The club competed in the Victorian Football Association (VFA) from 1926 until 1990, which was followed by three seasons in the Victorian Amateur Football Association (VAFA) before going into recess in 1995.