hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Edward Garbett
Edward Garbett (1817–1887), was a religious figure and writer of the 19th century.

Garbett was born in Hereford on 10 December 1817, the sixth son of the Reverend James Garbett (1775–1857), custos rotulorum and prebendary of Hereford Cathedral. He was educated at Hereford Cathedral School, and then Brasenose College, Oxford. He obtained a B.A. in 1841 and M.A. in 1847.

Hereford Cathedral School
Hereford Cathedral School is a private, co-educational boarding and day school for pupils of ages 3 to 18 years, from nursery to sixth form. Its headmaster is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference. The school's premises are next to Hereford Cathedral in Hereford.
Spartacist League/U.S.
The Spartacist League/U.S. (SL, SLUS, or SL/US) is a Trotskyist political grouping which is the United States section of the International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist), formerly the International Spartacist Tendency. This Spartacist League named themselves after the original Spartacus League of Weimar Republic in Germany, but has no formal descent from it. The League self-identifies as a "revolutionary communist" organization.

In the United States, the group is small but very vocal, and its activities within leftist-activist coalitions and wide-scale social justice protest movements usually focus on presenting a pole for regroupment and recruitment of subjective revolutionaries on the basis of an internationalist, Bolshevik-Leninist program.

James Robertson (Trotskyist)
James Robertson (1928–2019) was the long-time and founding National Chairman of the Spartacist League (US), the original national section of the International Communist League. In his later years, Robertson was consultative member of the ICL's international executive committee.
Ireland–United States relations
According to the governments of the United States and Ireland, relations have long been based on common ancestral ties and shared values. Besides regular dialogue on political and economic issues, the U.S. and Irish governments have official exchanges in areas such as medical research and education.

Ireland pursues a policy of neutrality through non-alignment and is consequently not a member of NATO, although it does participate in Partnership for Peace.

Embassy of the United States, Dublin
The Embassy of the United States of America in Dublin is the diplomatic mission of the United States of America to Ireland.

The chancery is located at 42 Elgin Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4. The Ambassador's Official Residence is located at the Deerfield Residence, Phoenix Park, Dublin 8.
Troopship
A troopship (also troop ship or troop transport or trooper) is a ship used to carry soldiers, either in peacetime or wartime. Troopships were often drafted from commercial shipping fleets, and were unable to land troops directly on shore, typically loading and unloading at a seaport or onto smaller vessels, either tenders or barges.

Attack transports, a variant of ocean-going troopship adapted to transporting invasion forces ashore, carry their own fleet of landing craft. Landing ships beach themselves and bring their troops directly ashore.

Victory ship
The Victory ship is a ship class of cargo ship produced in large numbers by American shipyards during World War II. They were a more modern design compared to the earlier Liberty ship, were slightly larger and had more powerful steam turbine engines, giving higher speed to allow participation in high-speed convoys and make them more difficult targets for German U-boats.  A total of 534 Victory ships were built in between 1944 and 1946.
Coining (mint)
Minting, coining or coinage is the process of manufacturing coins using a kind of stamping, the process used in both hammered coinage and milled coinage. This "stamping" process is different from the method used in cast coinage.

A coin die (archaically spelt dye) is one of the two metallic pieces that are used to strike a coin, one per each side of the coin. A die contains an inverse version of the image to be struck on the coin. Striking a coin refers to pressing an image into the blank metal disc, or planchet, and is a term descended from the days when the dies were struck with hammers to deform the metal into the image of the dies.

Modern dies made out of hardened steel are capable of producing hundreds of thousands of coins before they are retired and defaced. Scissel is the scrap produced in the punching of coin blanks from a continuous strip of metal.

Die (manufacturing)
A die is a specialized machine tool used in manufacturing industries to cut and/or form material to a desired shape or profile. Stamping dies are used with a press, as opposed to drawing dies (used in the manufacture of wire) and casting dies (used in molding) which are not. Like molds, dies are generally customized to the item they are used to create.

Products made with dies range from simple paper clips to complex pieces used in advanced technology. Continuous-feed laser cutting may displace the analogous die-based process in the automotive industry, among others.
Saxon Renaissance
The Saxon Renaissance (in German: Sächsische Renaissance) is a regional type of architecture from the Renaissance particularly in the area of the Electorate of Saxony on the middle Elbe. Influences that formed the style came primarily from Bohemia, Italy and Poland. There were Italian artist families involved by wandering around and roaming the Saxon cultural area in search of commissions. Thus ensured a mixture of styles as well as the own Saxon style development.

Dresden Castle
Dresden Castle or Royal Palace (German: Dresdner Residenzschloss or Dresdner Schloss) is one of the oldest buildings in Dresden, Germany. For almost 400 years, it was the residence of the electors (1547–1806) and kings (1806–1918) of Saxony from the Albertine House of Wettin as well as Kings of Poland (1697–1763). It is known for the different architectural styles employed, from Baroque to Neo-Renaissance.

Today, the residential castle is a museum complex that contains the Historic and New Green Vault, the Numismatic Cabinet, the Collection of Prints, Drawings and Photographs and the Dresden Armory with the Turkish Chamber. It also houses an art library and the management of the Dresden State Art Collections.
Jackson National Life
Jackson National Life Insurance Company (often referred to as simply Jackson) is a U.S. company that provides annuities for retail investors and fixed income products for institutional investors. Jackson subsidiaries and affiliates provide specialized asset management and retail brokerage services. Prior to being spun off in 2021, Jackson was a subsidiary of the British insurer, Prudential plc, which acquired the company for $608 million in 1986. The company is unrelated to the American insurance conglomerate, Prudential Financial.

Founded in 1961, Jackson is headquartered in Alaiedon Township, Michigan, near Lansing.

Prudential plc
Prudential plc is a British-domiciled multinational insurance and asset management company headquartered in London and Hong Kong. It was founded in London in May 1848 to provide loans to professional and working people.

Prudential has dual primary listings on the London Stock Exchange and Hong Kong Stock Exchange, and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It also has secondary listings on the New York Stock Exchange and Singapore Exchange.
Rish Point
Rish Point (Bulgarian: нос Риш, ‘Nos Rish’ \'nos 'rish\) is an ice-free point projecting 300 m from the south coast of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is situated at the east extremity of South Beaches, Byers Peninsula, 2.3 km northwest of Amadok Point, 1.3 km southwest of Clark Nunatak, and 1 km northeast of Stackpole Rocks. Juturna Lake is centred 320 m northeast of the point.

The feature is named after the settlement of Rish in the eastern Balkan Mountains, Bulgaria.

Juturna Lake
Juturna Lake (Bulgarian: езеро Ютурна, romanized: ezero Yuturna, IPA: [ˈɛzɛro juˈturnɐ]) is the roughly triangular lake extending 220 m (720 ft) in west–east direction and 150 m (490 ft) in north–south direction at the east extremity of South Beaches on Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Its surface area is 1.9 ha (4.7 acres). The lake is separated from sea by a to 40-to-57 m-wide (131-to-187 ft) strip of land, and drains by way of a 260 m-long (850 ft) stream flowing into the sea west of Rish Point. It is surmounted by Ritli Hill on the east. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.

The feature is named after Juturna, a Roman deity of springs and streams, daughter of Volturnus.
Oryol Front
The Oryol Front was very briefly a front of the Red Army during the Second World War.

By a Stavka order of March 24, 1943 it was set up on March 27 by renaming the Kursk Front, while most of the forces of that Front were reassigned elsewhere. It was intended that the Front would consist of the 61st Army from Western Front and 3rd Army from Central Front, plus one additional army. The command staff remained as for Kursk Front, with Col. Gen. Maks Andreevich Reiter in command.

Following yet another Stavka command in the early hours of March 28 Oryol Front was renamed Bryansk Front.

Kursk Front
The Kursk Front was a front of the Red Army during the Second World War.

It was set up on March 23, 1943, following a Stavka directive of March 19 by re-purposing the command cadre of Reserve Front to defend the westernmost sector of the Kursk Salient. It consisted of 38th Army, 60th Army, and 15th Air Army, with another field army to be assigned, probably either the 63rd or 66th. Col. Gen. M.A. Reiter was appointed to command, with Maj. Gen. I.Z. Susaikov as member of the military council and Lt. Gen. L.M. Sandalov as chief of staff.

The new Front was very short lived. Another Stavka directive on March 24 transformed Kursk Front into the new Oryol Front, to be established by March 27. At the same time, 60th Army was transferred to Central Front, and 38th to Voronezh Front. Finally, on March 28, Oryol Front was ordered to be renamed as the new Bryansk Front.
Trams in Sydney
The Sydney tramway network served the inner suburbs of Sydney, Australia, from 1879 until 1961. In its heyday, it was the largest in Australia, the second largest in the Commonwealth of Nations after London, and one of the largest in the world.

The network was heavily used, with about 1,600 cars in service at any one time at its peak during the 1930s. In comparison, there are about 500 trams in Melbourne today.
Patronage peaked in 1945 at 405 million passenger journeys. Its maximum street trackage totalled 291 km (181 miles) in 1923.

A new era of light rail in Sydney began in 1997.

Elizabeth Street, Sydney
Elizabeth Street is a major street in the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. The street continues south of the central business district (CBD), through the inner city suburbs of Surry Hills, Redfern and Waterloo, before terminating in Zetland. Elizabeth Street lies within the City of Sydney local government area.
Washout (aeronautics)
Washout is a characteristic of aircraft wing design which deliberately changes the lift distribution across the span of an aircraft’s wing.  The wing is designed so that the angle of incidence is greater at the wing roots and decreases across the span, becoming lowest at the wing tip.  This is usually to ensure that at stall speed the wing root stalls before the wing tips, providing the aircraft with continued aileron control and some resistance to spinning. Washout may also be used to modify the spanwise lift distribution to reduce lift-induced drag.

Lift-induced drag
Lift-induced drag, induced drag, vortex drag, or sometimes drag due to lift, in aerodynamics, is an aerodynamic drag force that occurs whenever a moving object redirects the airflow coming at it. This drag force occurs in airplanes due to wings or a lifting body redirecting air to cause lift and also in cars with airfoil wings that redirect air to cause a downforce. It is symbolized as , and the lift-induced drag coefficient as .

For a constant amount of lift, induced drag can be reduced by increasing airspeed. A counter-intuitive effect of this is that, up to the speed-for-minimum-drag, aircraft need less power to fly faster. Induced drag is also reduced when the wingspan is higher, or for wings with wingtip devices.
Shining Rock Wilderness
Named for Shining Rock, the Shining Rock Wilderness is a protected Wilderness Area in Haywood County, North Carolina. Its first 13,400 acres (54 km2) have been part of the National Wilderness Preservation System since the System was created in 1964. It now includes 18,483 acres (74.80 km2), and is managed by the United States Forest Service as part of the Pisgah National Forest. It is separated from Middle Prong Wilderness to the southwest, by NC 215.

Within the wilderness, the Art Loeb Trail can be followed to the base of Cold Mountain, where a spur trail leads to the summit. Cold Mountain is the namesake of a historical fiction novel by Charles Frazier, and its film adaptation; both are set in the time of the American Civil War.

Due to conflicts with black bears, in 2015 the Forest Service implemented a requirement for all overnight campers to carry bear-resistant canisters.  Canisters are required year-round in the Wilderness Area and south of it to the Blue Ridge Parkway.

Shining Rock
Shining Rock is a mountain in western North Carolina, United States.  The mountain is one of the Great Balsam Mountains which are a part of the Blue Ridge Mountains within the Appalachian Mountains. It is the 38th tallest mountain in the eastern United States.

Shining Rock is in the Shining Rock Wilderness near milepost 420 of the Blue Ridge Parkway. The Art Loeb Trail passes just below the summit.

Shining Rock is named for the large white quartzite rock outcropping near its summit.
Porsa, Estonia
Porsa is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County, Estonia. Until the 2017 administrative reform of Estonian municipalities the village was located in Tarvastu Parish. Porsa is located 21 km (13 miles) southeast of the town of Viljandi, 1.4 km (0.9 miles) north of the small borough of Mustla, near the western shore of Lake Võrtsjärv. Other neighboring villages include Tarvastu, Ülensi and Villa. As of 2011, the population of Porsa was 63, a decrease in population from 73 in the 2000 census.

Tarvastu
Tarvastu (German: Tarwast) is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County, Estonia. It's located about a kilometer east of Mustla. Tarvastu has a population of 99 (as of 2006). The village is passed by the Tarvastu River and the Viljandi–Rõngu road (no. 52). Estonian second largest lake Võrtsjärv also shares a small border with the village's territory.

Tarvastu is the birthplace of the Estonian wrestler Martin Klein (1884–1947), who won a silver medal at the 1912 Summer Olympics.
Seat Sandal
Seat Sandal is a fell in the English Lake District, situated four kilometres (2+1⁄2 miles) north of the village of Grasmere from where it is very well seen. Nevertheless, it tends to be overshadowed by its higher neighbours in the Eastern Fells, Helvellyn and Fairfield.

Eastern Fells
The Eastern Fells  are a part of the Cumbrian Mountains in the Lake District of England. Centred on Helvellyn they primarily comprise a north–south ridge running between Ullswater and Lakeland's Central Valley.
Alliance for Labor Action
The Alliance for Labor Action (ALA) was an American and Canadian national trade union center which existed from July 1968 until January 1972. Its two main members were the United Auto Workers (UAW) and the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, although it had some smaller affiliates.

International Brotherhood of Teamsters
The International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) is a labor union in the United States and Canada. Formed in 1903 by the merger of the Team Drivers International Union and the Teamsters National Union, the union now represents a diverse membership of blue- and white-collar workers in both the public and private sectors, totalling about 1.3 million members in 2015. The union was formerly called the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of America.
Rough and Ready Island Naval Supply Depot
Rough and Ready Island Naval Supply Depot  or Ruff and Ready Island is a former United States Navy installation on the San Joaquin River in Stockton, California in San Joaquin County, near the Stockton Channel and was 3 miles (4.8 km) west of Stockton. The Supply Depot was built during World War II as part of the San Joaquin Depot that operated the nearby Tracy Depot Facility and the Sharpe Depot Facility. It was named in honor of President Zachary Taylor.

Port of Stockton
The Port of Stockton is a major deepwater port on the Stockton Ship Channel of the Pacific Ocean and an inland port located more than seventy nautical miles from the ocean, in Stockton, California on the Stockton Channel and San Joaquin River-Stockton Deepwater Shipping Channel (before it joins the Sacramento River to empty into Suisun Bay). By land acreage, the Port of Stockton is the 2nd largest port in the State of California and sits on about 4,200 acres (17 km2), and occupies an island in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, and a portion of a neighborhood known as Boggs Tract. The day-to-day is run by the Port Director (CEO) and it is governed by a commission appointed by the City of Stockton and San Joaquin County. The Port of Stockton is a self-sustaining economic powerhouse in the Central Valley and in 2024, contributed over $78 million in state and local tax funds.
Team Tango Foxtrot
The Team Tango Foxtrot, or Foxtrot 4, is an American amateur-built aircraft, designed and produced by Team Tango of Williston, Florida. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction, with or without factory builder assistance.

Team Tango
Team Tango is an American aircraft manufacturer based in Williston, Florida and owned by Revolution Aviation Inc. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of light aircraft in the form of kits for amateur construction.

The company's first offering was the two-seats in side-by-side configuration Tango 2, a composite aircraft with a cruise speed of 182 kn (337 km/h). The company also offers a four-seater, the Team Tango Foxtrot, which has a cruise speed of 188 kn (348 km/h).
Agnes Broun
Agnes Broun, Agnes Brown or Agnes Burnes (17 March 1732 – 14 January 1820), was the mother of Scotland's national poet, Robert Burns. Agnes's father, Gilbert (1708–1774), was the tenant of the 300-acre (120 ha) farm of Craigenton, in Kirkoswald parish, South Ayrshire, Scotland.

Bolton, East Lothian
Bolton is a hamlet and the third smallest parish in East Lothian, Scotland. It lies approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Haddington and 20 miles (32 km) east of Edinburgh, and is an entirely agricultural parish, 6 miles (9.7 km) long by about 1.25 miles (2.01 km) wide. The most notable buildings in the hamlet are the Parish Church, an 18th-century dovecote or "doo'cot" and the former Bolton Primary School, which now serves as the village hall.
Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression
The Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression (FIRE), formerly called the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, is a 501(c)(3) non-profit civil liberties group founded in 1999 with the mission of protecting freedom of speech on college campuses in the United States. FIRE changed its name in June 2022, when it broadened its focus from colleges to freedom of speech throughout American society. The New York Times describes FIRE as an "increasingly prominent free-speech organization".

FIRE is nonpartisan and has challenged Democratic and Republican politicians for threatening First Amendment rights. FIRE also rates academic institutions based on their free speech policies, adjudicates free speech controversies on college campuses, and educates the public in other ways. FIRE's president and CEO is attorney Greg Lukianoff, a regular commentator on First Amendment-related issues. The group has 120 employees, including a litigation department of about 20 lawyers.

Heterodox Academy
Heterodox Academy (HxA) is a nonprofit advocacy group of academics working to counteract what they see as a lack of viewpoint diversity on college campuses, specifically political diversity. The organization was founded in 2015 by Jonathan Haidt, Nicholas Quinn Rosenkranz, and Chris Martin, who each cited a lack of politically conservative viewpoints in their academic disciplines. As of 2025, the organization had approximately 7,000 members in both faculty and non-faculty positions across 22 countries.
Velodrome
A velodrome is an arena for track cycling. Modern velodromes feature steeply banked oval tracks, consisting of two 180-degree circular bends connected by two straights. The straights transition to the circular turn through a moderate easement curve.

Sprint (track cycling)
The sprint or match sprint is a track cycling event involving between two and four riders, though it is usually run as a one-on-one match race between opponents who, unlike in the individual pursuit, start next to each other. Men's sprint has been an Olympic event at every games except 1904 (which had races at seven different distances) and 1912 (which had no track cycling events). Women's sprints have been contested at every Olympics since 1988.
Estoril
Estoril (Portuguese pronunciation: [ɨʃtuˈɾil]) is a town in the civil parish of Cascais e Estoril of the Portuguese Municipality of Cascais, on the Portuguese Riviera.  It is a popular tourist destination known for its hotels, beaches, and the Casino Estoril, and has historically been home to numerous royal families and celebrities. The town has also hosted high-profile events, including the Estoril Open and the Lisbon & Estoril Film Festival.

Estoril is considered one of the most expensive places to live in Portugal and the Iberian Peninsula. It is home to a sizable foreign community and known for its luxury restaurants, hotels, and entertainment. Cascais is consistently ranked for its high quality of living, making it one of the most livable places in Portugal.

Museum of Portuguese Music
The Museum of Portuguese Music (Portuguese: Museu da Música Portuguesa) is a small museum housed in the Casa Verdades de Faria in Estoril, municipality of Cascais, Portugal, on the Portuguese Riviera. It contains a collection of Portuguese musical instruments and other items, as well as a music documentation centre, and is also used for recitals.
Military history of the Wolastoqiyik
The Wolastoqey militia was made up of warriors from the Wolastoqiyik of northeastern North America. Along with the Wabanaki Confederacy (particularly the Mi'kmaw militia), the French and Acadian militia, the Wolastoqiyik fought the British through six wars over a period of 75 years. They also mobilized against the British in the American Revolution. After confederation, Wolastoqey warriors eventually joined Canada's war efforts in World War I and World War II.

Siege of Fort Nashwaak
The siege of Fort Nashwaak  occurred during King William's War when New England forces from Boston attacked the capital of Acadia, Fort Nashwaak, at present-day Fredericton, New Brunswick. The siege was in retaliation for the French and Indian Siege of Pemaquid (1696) at present day Bristol, Maine.  In the English Province of Massachusetts Bay. Colonel John Hathorne and Major Benjamin Church were the leaders of the New England force of 400 men. The siege lasted two days, between October 18–20, 1696, and formed part of a larger expedition by Church against a number of other Acadian communities.