hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
TSE buffer
TSE or Tris/Saline/EDTA, is a buffer solution containing a mixture of Tris base, Sodium chloride and EDTA.

In molecular biology, TSE buffers are often used in procedures involving nucleic acids. Tris-acid solutions are effective buffers for slightly basic conditions, which keep DNA deprotonated and soluble in water. The concentration of tris in the solution is kept near 25 mM. EDTA is a chelator of divalent cations, particularly of magnesium (Mg2+). As these ions are necessary co-factors for many enzymes, including contaminant nucleases, the role of the EDTA is to protect the nucleic acids against enzymatic degradation. But since Mg2+ is also a co-factor for many useful DNA-modifying enzymes such as restriction enzymes and DNA polymerases, its concentration in TSE buffers is generally kept low (typically at around 2.5 mM). The sodium chloride is generally kept at a concentration of 0.05 M.

Buffer solution
A buffer solution is a solution where the pH does not change significantly on dilution or if an acid or base is added at constant temperature. Its pH changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications. In nature, there are many living systems that use buffering for pH regulation. For example, the bicarbonate buffering system is used to regulate the pH of blood, and bicarbonate also acts as a buffer in the ocean.
Taningia danae
Taningia danae, the Dana octopus squid, is a species of squid in the family Octopoteuthidae, the octopus squids. It is one of the largest known squid species, and it has one of the largest photophores (light organs) known in any organism, useful in the deep-sea environments that the species inhabits.

Octopoteuthidae
The Octopoteuthidae are a family of squid comprising two genera. The family is characterized by tentacles which cease to grow after the paralarval stage which leads to the adult having eight arms; thus, members of this family are commonly named as octopus squids.
Shakudō
Shakudō (赤銅) is a Japanese billon of gold and copper (typically 4–10% gold, 96–90% copper), one of the irogane class of colored metals, which can be treated to develop a black, or sometimes indigo, patina, resembling lacquer. Unpatinated shakudō visually resembles bronze; the dark color is induced by the niiro artificial patination process, involving boiling in a solution, generally including rokushō.

Irogane
Irogane (色金 "coloured metals") is the term for a set of Japanese metals – forms of copper (with natural impurities), and copper alloys – treated in niiro patination processes, traditionally used in sword-making, catches for sliding doors, and luxury highlights on larger objects, and in modern times, in jewellery. The alloys contain two to five metals. Some scholars believe that methods similar to those involved in irogane production may also have been used in ancient Egypt and the Roman world, as well as China (wu tan) and Tibet (dzne-ksim).: p. 125
Saltmarket
The Saltmarket is a thoroughfare in the City of Glasgow, Scotland. It is a southward continuation of the High Street, running south from Glasgow Cross to the junction with Clyde Street and Crown Street by the River Clyde. It runs past the High Court of Glasgow and also Glasgow Green.  Along with the High Street and Crown Street it forms part of the A8.

Glasgow Green
Glasgow Green is a park in the east end of Glasgow, Scotland, on the north bank of the River Clyde. Established in the 15th century, it is the oldest park in the city. It connects to the south via the St Andrew's Suspension Bridge.
2006 Big West Conference men's basketball tournament
The 2006 Big West Conference men's basketball tournament was held March 8–11 at Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim, California.

Pacific defeated Long Beach State in the championship game, 78–70, to obtain the fourth Big West Conference men's basketball tournament championship in school history.

The Tigers earned the conference's automatic bid to the 2006 NCAA tournament as the #14 seed in the Minneapolis region.

2005–06 Pacific Tigers men's basketball team
The 2005–06 Pacific Tigers men's basketball team represented the University of the Pacific during the 2005–06 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Tigers were led by 18th-year head coach Bob Thomason and played their home games at the Alex G. Spanos Center in Stockton, California as members of the Big West Conference. Pacific won the Big West regular season, finishing with a 12–2 record in conference play. The Tigers lost to Utah State in the championship game of the Big West tournament, but did receive an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament. Playing as the No. 13 seed in the Minneapolis region, the team was beaten by No. 4 seed Boston College to end their season at 24–8 (12–2 Big West).
Treatise
A treatise is a formal and systematic written discourse on some subjects concerned with investigating or exposing the main principles of the subject and its conclusions. A monograph is a treatise on a specialized topic.

Thesis as a collection of articles
A thesis as a collection of articles or series of papers, also known as thesis by published works, or article thesis, is a doctoral dissertation that, as opposed to a coherent monograph, is a collection of research papers with an introductory section consisting of summary chapters. Other less used terms are "sandwich thesis" and "stapler thesis". It is composed of already-published journal articles, conference papers and book chapters; and, occasionally, not-yet-published manuscripts. A thesis by publication is a form of compilation thesis (a term used in Nordic countries). Another form of compilation thesis is the essay thesis, which is composed of previously unpublished independent essays.
Needham, Massachusetts
Needham (/ˈniːdəm/ NEED-əm) is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. A suburb of Boston, its population was 32,091 in the 2020 U.S. Census. It is the home of Olin College of Engineering. It’s also home to 4 commuter rail stations along the Needham Line.

History of Dedham, Massachusetts, 1700–1799
Between 1700 to 1799, Dedham become one of the largest and most influential country towns in Massachusetts. As the population grew and residents moved to outlying areas, battles for political power took place. Similar battles were taking place within the churches, as liberal and conservative factions bristled at paying for ministers with whom they had differences of theological opinion. New parishes and precincts were formed, and eventually several new towns broke away. In 1793, Dedham became the shiretown of the newly created Norfolk County.

The town became less insular and less homogeneous as available land was used up and contact with other communities grew. Though more economically and socially equal than other communities, a lower class of residents began to emerge and depend on charity. Nearly every able man took part in the American Revolution. The population at the time was between 1,500 and 2,000 people, of which 672 men fought in the Revolution and 47 did not return.
725 Naval Air Squadron
725 Naval Air Squadron (725 NAS) was a Fleet Air Arm (FAA) naval air squadron of the United Kingdom’s Royal Navy (RN), which was disbanded following the conclusion of the Second World War. The squadron was established at HMS Gannet at RNAS Eglinton in 1943, serving as a Fleet Requirements Unit with Blackburn Roc and later Miles Martinet. In 1944, a limited number of aircraft were assigned to facilitate target-towing operations. By August 1945, a diverse array of aircraft, including Grumman Hellcat, Stinson Reliant, Beech Traveller and Avro Anson, were operated. It relocated to HMS Vulture, RNAS St Merryn to function as an air target towing unit.

The squadron was reformed for the Royal Australian Navy's Fleet Air Arm as 725 Squadron RAN on 13 January 1958.

RAF Ballyhalbert
Royal Air Force Ballyhalbert or more simply RAF Ballyhalbert is a former Royal Air Force sector station at Ballyhalbert on the Ards Peninsula, County Down, Northern Ireland.

RAF Kirkistown was a satellite to the larger Ballyhalbert.

Construction began in 1940.
Hungen
Hungen (German pronunciation: [ˈhʊŋən] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Gießen, in Hesse, Germany. It is situated 20 km southeast of Gießen, and 18 km northeast of Friedberg.  Surrounding towns are Laubach to the north, Nidda to the east, Wölfersheim to the south, and Münzenberg and Lich to the west.

The history of Hungen dates back to 782. In 1806 it came under the sovereignty of the Grand Duchy of Hesse.

Buildings of interest include the Hungen Castle, the Evangelical Church, parts of the medieval city wall and Hungen station.

Laubach
Laubach (German pronunciation: [ˈlaʊbax] ⓘ) is a town of approximately 10,000 people in the Gießen region of Hesse, Germany. Laubach is known as a Luftkurort, a climatic health resort. It is situated 23 kilometres (14 mi) east of Gießen. Surrounding Laubach are the towns of Hungen, Grünberg, Schotten and Lich.
Territorial Prelature of Loreto
The Territorial Prelature of Loreto (Latin: Praelatura Territorialis ab Alma Domo Lauretana) is a Latin Church territorial prelature of the Catholic Church which was elevated to this status on 24 June 1965. The Holy House of Loreto is located in it. The metropolitan see is the Archdiocese of Ancona-Osimo and the rite is Latin (or Roman). It covers 17 square kilometers (6.6 sq mi) with an address at: Piazza della Madonna 1, 60025 Loreto [Ancona], Italia. The total population is 11,537 of which 96.2% are Catholic. Serving Loreto are two secular priests, 48 religious priests for a total 50. There is approximately one priest for every 222 persons.

Basilica della Santa Casa
The Basilica della Santa Casa (English: Basilica of the Holy House) is a Marian shrine in Loreto, in the Marches, Italy. The shrine is widely known for preserving the house of the Holy Family. Pious legends claim the same house was supernaturally flown over by angelic beings from Nazareth to Tersatto (Trsat in Croatia), then to Recanati, before arriving at the current site. The shrine is designated a basilica by the privilege of immemorial status.

The basilica is also known for enshrining the Madonna and Child image of "Our Lady of Loreto". Pope Benedict XV designated her under this title as patroness of air passengers and auspicious travel on 24 March 1920. Pope Pius XI granted a Canonical Coronation to the venerated image made of Cedar of Lebanon wood on 5 September 1922, replacing the original Marian image consumed in fire on 23 February 1921.
AJ Pritchard
Alex Joseph Pritchard (born 5 November 1994) is a British dancer and choreographer. In 2013, he auditioned for the seventh series of Britain's Got Talent along with professional partner Chloe Hewitt, where they reached the semi-finals. From 2016 to 2019, Pritchard appeared as a professional dancer on the BBC One dance series Strictly Come Dancing. In 2020, he participated in the twentieth series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!

Strictly Come Dancing series 14
Strictly Come Dancing returned for its fourteenth series with a launch show on 3 September on BBC One, while the live shows began on 23 September 2016. Tess Daly and Claudia Winkleman returned as hosts, while Zoe Ball returned to host Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two on BBC Two. Darcey Bussell, Len Goodman, Craig Revel Horwood, and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges. This was Goodman's final series as head judge.

BBC Sport presenter Ore Oduba and Joanne Clifton were announced as the winners on 17 December 2016, while Louise Redknapp and Kevin Clifton, and Danny Mac and Oti Mabuse were the runners-up.
Leiner's disease
Leiner's disease is a systemic disease, a skin disorder and extends to erythroderma, typically diagnosed in early infancy. Leiner's disease is characterized by a long-lasting seborrhea dermatitis associated with increased likelihood to infection. Other characterizations found on newborns with Leiner's disease are a patch or a large patch of red skin normally on the bottom and spreads to the rest of the body.
This disease is also listed as a "rare disease", meaning that a small percent of the population, fewer than  200,000 people in the United States, will have this disorder.

Complement component 5
Complement component 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C5 gene.

Complement component 5 is involved in the complement system. It is cleaved into C5a and C5b:

C5a plays an important role in chemotaxis.

C5b forms the first part of the complement membrane attack complex.

Deficiency is thought to cause Leiner's disease.
Émile Zurlinden
Émile Auguste François Thomas Zurlinden (3 November 1837 – 9 March 1929) was a French Army general and politician. An Alsatian by birth, he distinguished himself on the battlefield during the Franco-Prussian War, and participated in the suppression of the Paris Commune. He was Minister of War twice, in 1895 and again in 1898, during which he was involved with the Dreyfus affair.

Military governor of Paris
The military governor of Paris is a post within the French Army. He commands the garrison of Paris and represents all the military based in Paris at high state occasions. He is also responsible (subordinate to the President of France) for organizing major national ceremonies such as the Bastille Day military parade down the Champs-Élysées.

The foundation of the post is blurred, but it has subsequently evolved in two phases. Under the Ancien Régime, its role was limited in comparison to his colleagues in the provinces, who represented the King of France in his absence, whereas in Paris the King was present. The post was dispensed with at the time of the French Revolution before being re-established by Napoleon in 1804, when it was reinforced by becoming a military-command role.
Bell 505 Jet Ranger X
The Bell 505 Jet Ranger X (JRX) is an American/Canadian light helicopter developed and manufactured by Bell Helicopter. The Bell 505 was unveiled at the 2013 Paris Airshow in June 2013 as the Bell SLS (Short Light Single). The Bell 505 designation was officially announced in February 2014. Its first flight occurred on November 11, 2014. The helicopter was certified by Transport Canada in December 2016. By 2023 about 500 have been sold, popular uses so far include for personal, sightseeing, law enforcement, and training.

Vietnam Helicopters
Vietnam Helicopters (VNH), formally the Vietnam Helicopter Corporation (VNH Corp or VHC; Vietnamese: Tổng công ty Trực thăng Việt Nam - Công ty TNHH, lit. 'Vietnam Helicopter Corporation - LLC'), also known by its military designation Corps 18 (Vietnamese: Binh đoàn 18), is a transportation business owned by the Vietnam Ministry of National Defense. It operates helicopters to transport cargo, train pilots and export/import devices in the aviation industry as well as providing aircraft maintenance while offering commercial services such as tourist transportation. Being a state-owned enterprise and a formally a combat unit under the People's Army of Vietnam, VNH also operates government-sponsored flights serving civil defense purposes including medical evacuation as well as search and rescue missions.
FEMESA
Ferrocarriles Metropolitanos S.A. (also known for its acronym FEMESA) was a company set up by the Argentine government in 1991, during the presidency of Carlos Menem, to oversee the privatisation of commuter rail services within the city of Buenos Aires in Argentina. The company granted concessions to Metropolitano, Ferrovías, Metrovías, and Trenes de Buenos Aires for the operation of services which had previously been run by state-owned companies since the nationalisation of the railways in 1948. With its task complete, FEMESA was wound up in 1997.

Metropolitano
Metropolitano S.A. was a privately owned consortium formed in 1994 to take over concessions granted by the Argentine government as part of railway privatisation during the presidency of Carlos Menem for the operation of commuter rail services in the Buenos Aires Province. Metropolitano operated the San Martín, Roca and Belgrano Sur lines until 2007.
Nick Wilton
Nicholas Wilton (born 8 March 1957) is a British actor and scriptwriter. He has appeared as Mr Lister in the BBC soap opera EastEnders as a recurring character; he has also appeared in Carrott's Lib and Jackanory.

Pantomime dame
A pantomime dame is a traditional role in British pantomime. It is part of the theatrical tradition of travesti portrayal of female characters by male actors in drag. Dame characters are often played either in an extremely camp style, or else by men acting butch in women's clothing. They usually wear heavy make up and big hair, have exaggerated physical features, and perform in an over-the-top style.
The Maiden Tsar
The Maiden Tsar (Russian: Царь-девица, romanized: Tsar-devitsa, Tsar-Maiden, Tsar-Maid) is a character in East Slavic folktales. It is best known from Alexander Afanasyev's eight-volume collection Narodnye russkie skazki (1855—1863), folktale "Царь-девица"; variants recorded in Orenburg Governorate (number 232) and Perm Governorate (number 233).

The tale is classified - and gives its name - to tale type SUS 400/2, "Russian: Царь-девица, romanized: Tsar-devitsa, lit. 'Tsar-Maiden'", of the East Slavic Folktale Catalogue (Russian: СУС, romanized: SUS). The East Slavic type corresponds, in the international catalogue of the Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index, to tale type ATU 400, "The Quest for the Lost Wife".

Russian Fairy Tales
Russian Fairy Tales (Russian: Народные русские сказки, variously translated; English titles include also Russian Folk Tales) is a collection of nearly 600 fairy and folktales, collected and published by Alexander Afanasyev between 1855 and 1863.  The collection contained fairy and folk tales from Ukraine and Belarus alongside Russian stories.  In compiling the work, Afanasyev's editing was informed by the German Grimm's Fairy Tales, Slovak tales collected by Pavol Dobšinský, Božena Němcová's work, Vuk Karadžić's Serbian tales, and other Norwegian, French, and Romanian research.

Vladimir Propp drew heavily on this collection for his analyses in his Morphology of the Folktale.
Head of the Ohio
The Head of the Ohio, also known as HOTO, is a rowing head race held on the first full weekend of October of each year on the Ohio River and Allegheny River, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  It is the largest two-day regatta on the Inland Rivers System, with more than 2,000 athletes rowing from over 75 universities, colleges, and high schools. The regatta was the seventh-largest in both 2006 and 2007.

The last races of the Regatta are generally the most prestigious:  Championship 4s, and Championship 8s (both men and women). Championship sculling events (1x/single and 2x/double) race on Saturday afternoon. The Championship events usually include current U.S. National Team athletes.

Head race
A head race is a time-trial competition in the sport of rowing. Head races are typically held in the fall, winter and spring seasons. These events draw many athletes as well as observers. In this form of racing, rowers race against the clock where the crew or rower completing the course in the shortest time in their age, ability and boat-class category is deemed the winner.
Grace Arents
Grace Evelyn Arents (1848 – June 20, 1926) was an heiress, Christian activist and philanthropist in Richmond, Virginia. She inherited $1.2 million from her uncle Lewis Ginter, a tobacco magnate, and she continued his philanthropic efforts in the Richmond area.

St. Andrew's Church (Richmond, Virginia)
St. Andrew's Church is an historic Episcopal church complex in Richmond, Virginia, United States.  The complex consists of the church (1901), school (1901), parish hall (1904), Instructive Nurse Association Building (1904), and William Byrd Community House or Arents Free Library (1908). The church is a rough-faced Virginia granite, cruciform Gothic Revival style structure dominated by a 115-foot corner tower.  The school and parish hall are three-story, brick buildings on a stone basements.

The woodwork for the structures was provided by Richmond Wood Working Company. A.H. Ellwood and Noland & Baskerville are credited as the architects. The Gothic Revival architecture site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
BMW M3
The BMW M3 is a high-performance version of the BMW 3 Series, developed by BMW's in-house motorsport division, BMW M GmbH. M3 models have been produced for every generation of 3 Series since the E30 M3 was introduced in 1986.

The initial model was available in a coupé body style, with a convertible body style made available soon after. M3 saloons were offered initially during the E36 (1994–1999) and E90 (2008–2012) generations. Since 2014, the coupé and convertible models have been rebranded as the 4 Series range, making the high-performance variant the M4. Variants of the 3 Series since then have seen the M3 produced as a saloon, until 2020, when the M3 was produced as an estate (Touring) for the first time, alongside the saloon variant.

Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters
The Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, commonly abbreviated as the DTM, is a sports car racing series sanctioned by ADAC. The series is based in Germany, with rounds elsewhere in Europe. The series currently races a modified version of Group GT3 grand touring cars, replacing Class 1 Touring Cars in 2021.

From 2000 to 2020, the "new DTM" continued the former Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft (German Touring Car Championship) and ITC (International Touring Car Championship) which had been discontinued after 1996 due to high costs. The series raced prototype silhouette racing cars based on a mass-production road car in the same period.

The second iteration went by the full name during its first five years. Since 2005, all official documents have only referred to the series using the abbreviated name.
Foster Place
Foster Place (Irish: Plás Foster) is a Georgian street in Dublin, Ireland, laid out by the Wide Streets Commissioners in the 1780s to coincide with the new western wing and extension of Parliament House and a new entrance for the House of Commons. It replaced a narrow lane named Turnstile Alley which had been in the same location and connected at the rear of Parliament house to Parliament Row and ultimately to Fleet Street.

The lane was also intersected to its west by Blackmore Yard which connected with Anglesea Street and extended to Cope Street. This was later blocked off entirely in the early 19th century.

As of 2025, the street is a cul-de-sac and connects only with Dame Street and College Green.

Parliament House, Dublin
Parliament House (Irish: Tithe na Parlaiminte) is a building on College Green in Dublin which housed the Parliament of Ireland from the building's completion in the 1730s until the parliament's abolition under the Acts of Union 1800. The building has been owned by the Bank of Ireland since 1803 and served as its head office until the 1970s.

It was architecturally influential as the world's first purpose-built bicameral parliament house.
Amondawa dialect
Amondawa is one of the 8 living varieties of the Kagwahiva language, a Tupi–Guarani language of the state of Rondônia in Brazil. It is spoken by 81 of the Amondawa people, who numbered 130 in 2017. There are also 10 passive bilingual speakers who can only understand the language but not speak it. Amondawa children are no longer learning the language, resulting in its endangerment and possible future extinction. Other sources report that Amondawa is being taught in schools in the region, however. The Amondawa language lacks numerals above four and its speakers do not have an abstract sense of time, leading to media outlets reporting the Amondawa as "the tribe without time".

Tupi–Guarani languages
Tupi–Guarani (/tuːˈpiː ɡwɑˈrɑːni/ /ɡwɑˈɾɑ-/; Tupi-Guarani: [tuˈpi ɡwaɾaˈni]; pronunciationⓘ) is the most widely distributed subfamily of the Tupian languages of South America. It consists of about fifty languages, including Guarani and Old Tupi. The most widely spoken in modern times by far is Guarani, which is one of the two official languages of Paraguay.