hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Quadro Tracker
The Quadro Tracker, also known as the Positive Molecular Locator, was a fake "detection device" sold by Quadro Corp. of Harleyville, South Carolina between 1993 and 1996. Around 1,000 were sold to police departments and school districts around the United States on the basis that it could detect hidden drugs, explosives, weapons and lost golf balls. In 1996, the FBI declared it to be a fake and obtained a permanent injunction barring the device from being manufactured or sold. Three principals of Quadro Corp. were charged with mail fraud and conspiracy to commit mail fraud, but were acquitted in a trial held in January 1997.

GT200
The GT200 is a fraudulent "remote substance detector" that was claimed by its manufacturer, UK-based Global Technical Ltd, to be able to detect, from a distance, various substances including explosives and drugs. The GT200 was sold to a number of countries for a cost of up to £22,000 per unit, but the device has been described as little more than "divining rods" which lack any scientific explanation for why they should work. After the similar ADE 651 was exposed as a fraud, the UK Government banned the export of such devices to Iraq and Afghanistan in January 2010 and warned foreign governments that the GT200 and ADE 651 are "wholly ineffective" at detecting bombs and explosives. The owner of Global Technical, Gary Bolton, was convicted on 26 July 2013 on two charges of fraud relating to the sale and manufacture of the GT200 and sentenced to seven years in prison.
Spin quantum number
In chemistry and quantum mechanics, the spin quantum number is a quantum number (designated s) that describes the intrinsic angular momentum (or spin angular momentum, or simply spin) of an electron or other particle. It has the same value for all particles of the same type, such as s = ⁠1/2⁠ for all electrons. It is an integer for all bosons, such as photons, and a half-odd-integer for all fermions, such as electrons and protons.

The component of the spin along a specified axis is given by the spin magnetic quantum number, conventionally written ms. The value of ms is the component of spin angular momentum, in units of the reduced Planck constant ħ, parallel to a given direction (conventionally labelled the z–axis). It can take values ranging from +s to −s in integer increments. For an electron, ms can be either ⁠++1/2⁠ or ⁠−+1/2⁠ .

Electron paramagnetic resonance
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is a method for studying materials that have unpaired electrons. The basic concepts of EPR are analogous to those of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), but the spins excited are those of the electrons instead of the atomic nuclei. EPR spectroscopy is useful for analyzing metal ions and organic radicals (compounds with unpaired electrons). The technique reveals some structural information but often simply provides a characteristic "finger print".  The measurement requires a large magnet into which the sample is placed.  Signals are detected using microwaves.  In contrast to NMR and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, EPR spectroscopy is less common.  For a given sample, some of the parameters of interest are g-values (analogous to chemical shift), anisotropy (asymmetry), hyperfine coupling constants (analogous to coupling constant J), and relaxation times.
Börßum–Kreiensen railway
The Börßum–Kreiensen railway (also known in German as the Braunschweigische Südbahn—"Brunswick Southern Railway") was built by the Duchy of Brunswick State Railway as a link from its Brunswick–Bad Harzburg railway to the Hanoverian Southern Railway. It ran through the northwestern Harz Foreland from Börßum via Salzgitter, Ringelheim and Seesen to Kreiensen. It opened on 5 August 1856 and is one of the oldest railways in Germany.

In 1956 a shorter link to Brunswick was built in the shape of the Brunswick–Salzgitter Bad railway.

Duchy of Brunswick State Railway
The Duchy of Brunswick State Railway (Herzoglich Braunschweigische Staatseisenbahn) was the first state railway in Germany. The first section of its Brunswick–Bad Harzburg railway line between Brunswick and Wolfenbüttel opened on 1 December 1838.
Tinsmiths' Tower
The Tinsmiths' Tower (Romanian: Turnul Cositorarilor, German: Zinngießerturm) is one of the nine towers located in the citadel of Sighișoara, belonging to  Mureș County in Romania. It has the most expressive architecture: 25 meters high, the tower starts with a square base (part of the old tower), right after the brick trunk stands in pentagonal shape and above suddenly widens and becomes octagonal. The roof, slightly unbalanced, has a hexagonal plan and the woodwork inside is a veritable masterpiece of carpenters of Sighisoara. The Tin Tower, together with the Clock Tower, has an exceptional defensive position.

Sighișoara
Sighișoara (Romanian pronunciation: [siɡiˈʃo̯ara] ⓘ; Hungarian: Segesvár [ˈʃɛɡɛʃvaːr] ⓘ; German: Schäßburg [ˈʃɛsbʊʁk]; Transylvanian Saxon: Schäsbrich, Šesburχ, or Scheeßprich; Yiddish: שעסבורג, romanized: Shesburg; Latin: Castrum Sex or Saxoburgum) is a city on the Târnava Mare River in Mureș County, central Romania. Located in the historic region of Transylvania, Sighișoara had a population of 23,927 according to the 2021 census. It is a popular tourist destination for its well-preserved old town, which is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site since 1999. The town administers seven villages: Angofa, Aurel Vlaicu, Hetiur, Rora, Șoromiclea, Venchi, and Viilor.
Minuscule 326
Minuscule 326 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), α 257 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 10th century. 
Formerly it was labelled by 33a and 39p (Scrivener, Gregory).
It was prepared for liturgical use.

Minuscule 451
Minuscule 451 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), α 178 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century. 
Formerly it was labelled by 79a and 90p. The manuscript has not survived in complete condition.
Yanta, Xi'an
Yanta District (simplified Chinese: 雁塔区; traditional Chinese: 雁塔區; pinyin: Yàntǎ Qū) is one of 11 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Xi'an, the capital of Shaanxi Province, Northwest China. The district borders the districts of Weiyang to the north, Lianhu, Beilin and Xincheng to the northeast, and Chang'an to the south.

Chang'an, Xi'an
Chang'an District (Chinese: 长安区; pinyin: Cháng'ān Qū; lit. 'long peace') is the second-most populous of 11 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Xi'an, the capital of Shaanxi Province, in Northwest China. The district borders the prefecture-level cities of Shangluo to the southeast and Ankang to the southwest, Weiyang and Yanta Districts to the north, Baqiao District to the northeast, Lantian County to the east, and Huyi District to the west.
Liga Perdana 1
The Liga Perdana 1 or Liga Perdana Satu (English: Premier League 1) was the top-tier professional football league in Malaysia that operated from 1998 to 2003.

The league was established to succeed the Liga Perdana. It was then succeeded in 2004 by the formation of the Liga Super. The first game was played on 4 April 1998. The last champions of Liga Perdana 1 is Perak, which won the league for the second straight season.

Liga Perdana (1994–1997)
The Liga Perdana (English: Premier League) was the top-tier football league in Malaysia that operated from 1994 to 1997. It was established to succeed the Liga Semi-Pro and become the fully professional league. At the time it was interchangeably referred as the Malaysian League. The inaugural season started on 5 April 1994. From 1998, its role was replaced by the Liga Perdana 1.
Bickley jet
In fluid dynamics, Bickley jet is a steady two-dimensional laminar plane jet with large jet Reynolds number emerging into the fluid at rest, named after W. G. Bickley, who gave the analytical solution in 1937, to the problem derived by Schlichting in 1933 and the corresponding problem in axisymmetric coordinates is called as Schlichting jet. The solution is valid only for distances far away from the jet origin.

Jet (fluid)
A jet is a stream of fluid that is projected into a surrounding medium, usually from some kind of a nozzle, aperture or orifice. Jets can travel long distances without dissipating.

Jet fluid has higher speed compared to the surrounding fluid medium. In the case that the surrounding medium is assumed to be made up of the same fluid as the jet, and this fluid has viscosity, some of the surrounding fluid is carried along with the jet in a process called entrainment.

Some animals, notably cephalopods, move by jet propulsion, as do rocket engines and jet engines.
JioPhone
JioPhone is a feature phone marketed by Jio which runs the KaiOS operating system. It supports 4G LTE network and comes with KaiOS. It was announced on 21 July 2017 during Reliance Industries' annual general meeting of that year and released in August 2017. It was succeeded by the JioPhone 2 in August 2018.

Jio
Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited (d/b/a Jio) is an Indian telecommunications company and a subsidiary of Jio Platforms, headquartered in Navi Mumbai. It operates a national LTE network with coverage across all 22 telecom circles. Jio offers 4G, 4G+ and 5G NR services all over India. Its 6G service is in the works.

Jio was soft launched on 27 December 2015 with a beta for partners and employees, and became publicly available on 5 September 2016. It is the largest mobile network operator in India and the third largest mobile network operator in the world with over 50.6 crore (506 million) subscribers.
Houston Cougars football
The Houston Cougars football program is an NCAA Division I FBS football team that represents the University of Houston. The team is commonly referred to as "Houston" or "U of H". The UH football program is a member of the Big 12 Conference. Since the 2014 season, the Cougars have played their home games on campus at TDECU Stadium, which was built on the site formerly occupied by Robertson Stadium, where they played home games from 1941 to 1950 and from 1994 to 2012. Over the history of the program, the Cougars have won 11 conference championships and have had several players elected to the College Football Hall of Fame, including a Heisman Trophy winner.

Tulsa Golden Hurricane football
The Tulsa Golden Hurricane football program represents the University of Tulsa in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) level.  Tulsa has competed in the American Athletic Conference (The American) since the 2014 season and was previously a member of Conference USA (C-USA). The team is led by head coach Tre Lamb. Tulsa plays its home games at Skelly Field at H. A. Chapman Stadium in Tulsa, Oklahoma.  The University of Tulsa has the smallest undergraduate enrollment of all schools that participate at the FBS level.
Leslie, Arkansas
Leslie is a city in Searcy County, Arkansas, United States. Located within the Boston Mountains, the most rugged subset of The Ozarks, the city was founded as a railroad and lumber town. Renamed from the original Wiley's Cove in 1887, the city saw prosperity relating to these industries through the 1920s. Several properties in Leslie are listed on the National Register of Historic Places throughout the city. As of the 2020 census, Leslie had a population of 375.

Searcy County School District
Searcy County School District No. 17 (SCSD), formerly Marshall School District #17 (MSD), is a public school district headquartered in Marshall, Arkansas. The school district encompasses 538.90 square miles (1,395.7 km2) of land in Searcy, Van Buren and Marion counties. Prior to the 2004 merger with the Leslie School District, the Marshall school district served portions of Searcy and Marion counties.

The district serves all of Marshall and Leslie, the unincorporated area of Witts Spring, a small section of Dennard, and the Searcy County portion of Big Flat. It also serves Harriet.
Indigo carmine
Indigo carmine, or 5,5′-indigodisulfonic acid sodium salt, is an organic salt derived from indigo by aromatic sulfonation, which renders the compound soluble in water. Like indigo, it produces a blue color, and is used in food and other consumables, cosmetics, and as a medical contrast agent and staining agent; it also acts as a pH indicator. It is approved for human consumption in the United States and European Union. It has the E number E132, and is named Blue No. 2 by the US Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

Indigo dye
Indigo dye is an organic compound with a distinctive blue color. Indigo is a natural dye obtained from the leaves of some plants of the Indigofera genus, in particular Indigofera tinctoria. Dye-bearing Indigofera plants were once common throughout the world. Blue colorants are relatively rare.  Since indigo is insoluble, it is also referred to as a pigment (C.I. Pigment Blue 66, C.I.).

Most indigo dye produced today is synthetic, constituting  around 80,000 tonnes each year, as of 2023. It is most commonly associated with the production of denim cloth and blue jeans, where its properties allow for effects such as stone washing and acid washing to be applied quickly.
Sohail Castle
Sohail Castle (Spanish: Castillo Sohail) is a castle in Fuengirola, Spain. It is a historic fortress located in the coastal town of Fuengirola, situated along the Costa del Sol in the province of Málaga, Andalusia, Spain. The castle sits atop a hill overlooking the Mediterranean Sea, providing a strategic vantage point for controlling the surrounding area. Throughout its history, the castle has played a significant role in various historical events, and today it is a popular tourist attraction and cultural venue in the region.

Fuengirola
Fuengirola (pronounced [fweŋxiˈɾola]) is a city on the Costa del Sol in the province of Málaga in the autonomous community of Andalusia in southern Spain. It is located on the central coast of the province and integrated into the region of the Costa del Sol and the Commonwealth of Municipalities of the Costa del Sol Occidental.

It is a major tourist resort, with  more than 8 km (5 mi) of beaches and a medieval Moorish fortress. In common with much of this coast, it has been the subject of considerable urban development.

The area has a subtropical Mediterranean climate, with annual average temperatures of 18 °C (65 °F) and average summer temperatures of over 30 °C (86 °F).
Francis Asbury
Francis Asbury (August 20 or 21, 1745 – March 31, 1816) was a British-American Methodist minister who became one of the first two bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States. During his 45 years in the colonies and the newly independent United States, he devoted his life to ministry, traveling on horseback and by carriage thousands of miles to those living on the frontier.

Asbury spread Methodism in British colonial America and the United States as part of the Second Great Awakening. He also founded several schools during his lifetime, although his own formal education was limited. His journal is valuable to scholars for its account of frontier society, with references to many towns and villages in Colonial America.  Along with John and Charles Wesley, Asbury is often celebrated as one of the founders of the Methodist Church in the USA.

Circuit rider (religious)
Circuit riders, also known as horse preachers, were clergy assigned to travel around specific geographic territories to minister to settlers and organize congregations. Circuit riders were clergy in the Methodist Episcopal Church and related denominations, although similar itinerant preachers could be found in other faiths as well, particularly among minority faith groups.  They were most prominent during the early years of the United States, from 1784–1830, and were part of the Second Great Awakening revival movement.
Harrison HPER Complex
R.W. Harrison HPER Complex is a 5,000-seat multi-purpose arena in Itta Bena, Mississippi. Constructed in 1977, it is home to the Mississippi Valley State University Delta Devils basketball and women's volleyball teams.

In 2016, $17.5 million worth of upgrades were completed to further modernize the facility and add technology classrooms.

Mississippi Valley State University
Mississippi Valley State University (MVSU, The Valley or Valley) is a public historically black university in Mississippi Valley State, Mississippi, adjacent to Itta Bena, Mississippi. MVSU is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund.
Characteristic X-ray
Characteristic X-rays are emitted when outer-shell electrons fill a vacancy in the inner shell of an atom, releasing X-rays in a pattern that is "characteristic" to each element. Characteristic X-rays were discovered by Charles Glover Barkla in 1909, who later won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery in 1917.

Spectral line
A spectral line is a weaker or stronger region in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum. It may result from emission or absorption of light in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to identify atoms and molecules. These "fingerprints" can be compared to the previously collected ones of atoms and molecules, and are thus used to identify the atomic and molecular components of stars and planets, which would otherwise be impossible.
Adam Kubert
Adam Kubert (/ˈkjuːbərt/; born 1959) is an American comics artist known for his work for publishers such as Marvel Comics and DC Comics, including work on Action Comics, Astonishing Spider-Man & Wolverine, The Incredible Hulk, Ultimate Fantastic Four, Ultimate X-Men, and Wolverine.

Kubert was rated by Wizard magazine as one of the "Hot 10 Writers and Artists" in the industry in 2008. He is the son of Joe Kubert and brother of Andy Kubert, both comic book artists as well, and the uncle of comics editor Katie Kubert. Born in Dover, New Jersey he is an instructor at the Joe Kubert School located there, which Joe Kubert founded, and at which he and Andy studied.

The Avengers (comic book)
The Avengers is an American comic book series published by Marvel Comics that features the superhero team Avengers. The series first appeared in The Avengers no. 1 in September 1963, created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby. It was developed as a team title that brought together established Marvel characters. It has since become one of the publisher’s longest-running and most prominent franchises.

The series has been relaunched and renumbered multiple times, reflecting changes in creative direction, continuity and publishing strategy. Its roster has included various characters, including Iron Man, Thor, the Hulk, Ant-Man, the Wasp, and Captain America, along with many others added over time. Stories usually focus on large-scale threats which individual heroes cannot face alone, a structure that helped define the team’s role in the larger Marvel Universe.
Theodard
Theodard was also the murdered bishop Theodard of Maastricht.

Saint Theodard (French: Théodard) (ca. 840–1 May, ca. 893) was an archbishop of Narbonne.  He may have been born to the nobility and served as a subdeacon at a church council at Toulouse.

He was appointed archdeacon by Archbishop Sigebod of Narbonne (873-855).  After Sigebod's death in 885, Theodard succeeded him and was consecrated on 15 August 885.  In 886 he went to Rome to obtain the pallium, the symbol of his office, from Stephen VI.

During his episcopate, Theodard protected the rights of his diocese, repaired the damages caused by Moorish incursions, restored the cathedral of Narbonne, and worked to release captive Christians.

He was buried at the Benedictine Montauriol Abbey, initially dedicated to Saint Martin, which was later renamed after Theodard.

Ancient Diocese of Narbonne
The former Catholic diocese of Narbonne existed from early Christian times until the French Revolution. It was an archdiocese, with its see at Narbonne, from the year 445, and its influence ran over much of south-western France and into Catalonia.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the ecclesiastical province of Narbonne included the dioceses of: Agde, Alais, Béziers, Carcassonne, Alet, Lodève, Montpellier, Nimes, Elne, Saint-Pons, and Uzès.
Old wives' tale
"Old wives' tale" is a colloquial expression referring to spurious or superstitious claims. They can be said sometimes to be a type of urban legend, said to be passed down by older women to a younger generation. Such tales are considered superstition, folklore or unverified claims with exaggerated and/or inaccurate details. Old wives' tales often centre on women's traditional concerns, such as pregnancy, puberty, social relations, health, herbalism and nutrition.

Urban legend
Urban legend (sometimes modern legend, urban myth, or simply legend) is a genre of folklore concerning stories about an unusual (usually scary) or humorous event that many people believe to be true but largely are not.

These legends can be entertaining but often concern mysterious and troubling events, such as disappearances and strange objects or entities. Urban legends may confirm moral standards, reflect prejudices, or be a way to make sense of societal anxieties.

In the past, urban legends were most often circulated orally, at gatherings and around the campfire for instance. Now, they can be spread by any media, including newspapers, mobile news apps, e-mail, and most often, social media.  Some urban legends have passed through the years/decades with only minor changes, in where the time period takes place. Generic urban legends are often altered to suit regional variations, but the lesson or moral generally remains the same.
Equine estrogen
Equine estrogens, or horse estrogens, are estrogens found in horses. They include the following:

Estradiol

Estrone

Equilin (Δ7-estrone)

Equilenin (Δ6,8-estrone)

17α-Dihydroequilin (Δ7-17α-estradiol)

17β-Dihydroequilin (Δ7-17β-estradiol)

17α-Dihydroequilenin (Δ6,8-17α-estradiol)

17β-Dihydroequilenin (Δ6,8-17β-estradiol)

8,9-Dehydroestrone (Δ8-estrone)

8,9-Dehydroestradiol (Δ8-17β-estradiol)

Hippulin (Δ8-14-isoestrone)

As well as their conjugates, such as estrone sulfate.

Equine estrogens are found in the human medications conjugated estrogens (Premarin) and esterified estrogens (Estratab, Menest).

17β-Dihydroequilin
17β-Dihydroequilin is a naturally occurring estrogen sex hormone found in horses as well as a medication. As the C3 sulfate ester sodium salt, it is a minor constituent (1.7%) of conjugated estrogens (CEEs; brand name Premarin). However, as equilin, with equilin sulfate being a major component of CEEs, is transformed into 17β-dihydroequilin in the body, analogously to the conversion of estrone into estradiol, 17β-dihydroequilin is, along with estradiol, the most important estrogen responsible for the effects of CEEs.
Brian Warner (astronomer)
Brian Warner (25 May 1939 – 5 May 2023) Hon. FRSSAf was a British South African optical astronomer who was Emeritus Distinguished Professor of natural philosophy at the University of Cape Town. Warner's research included cataclysmic variable stars, pulsars, degenerate stars and binary stars. He also researched and published on the history of astronomy in South Africa.

Astronomical Society of Southern Africa
The Astronomical Society of Southern Africa (ASSA), formed in 1922, is a widespread body consisting of both amateur and professional astronomers. There are eight autonomous centres throughout Southern Africa.