hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jo van Heutsz
Joannes Benedictus "Jo" van Heutsz (Dutch pronunciation: [joːˈɑnəz beːnəˈdɪktʏs fɑn ˈɦøːts, ˈjoː vɑn ˈɦøːts]; 3 February 1851 – 11 July 1924) was a Dutch military officer who was appointed governor general of the Dutch East Indies in 1904, years after he had become famous for bringing to an end the long Aceh War.

Aceh War
The Aceh War (Indonesian: Perang Aceh; Acehnese: Prang Acèh; 1873–1904), was an armed military conflict between the Sultanate of Aceh and the Kingdom of the Netherlands which was triggered by discussions between representatives of Aceh and the United States in Singapore during early 1873. The war was part of a series of conflicts in the late 19th century that consolidated Dutch rule over modern-day Indonesia.

The campaign drew controversy in the Netherlands and Aceh as photographs and accounts of the death toll were reported. After early 20th century (1904), Aceh surrendered.
Frankenberg, Saxony
Frankenberg (German pronunciation: [ˈfʁaŋkn̩ˌbɛʁk] ⓘ; also: Frankenberg/Sa.) is a town in the district of Mittelsachsen, in Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the river Zschopau, 12 km (7.46 mi) northeast of Chemnitz, and some 40 km (24.85 mi) north of the border to the Czech Republic.

It was the site of the Nazi concentration camp Sachsenburg.

Sachsenburg concentration camp
Sachsenburg was a Nazi concentration camp in eastern Germany, located in Frankenberg, Saxony, near Chemnitz. Along with Lichtenburg, it was among the first to be built by the Nazis, and operated by the SS from 1933 to 1937. The camp was an abandoned four-story textile mill which was renovated in May 1933 to serve as a "protective custody" facility for dissidents such as Jehovah's Witnesses, who opposed the Nazi regime.

Sachsenburg was the first concentration camp in which SS used colored triangles sewn onto clothing, as well as armbands, to identify categories of prisoners. Details about the operation of Sachsenburg, held in 17 files (each containing several hundred SS reports) by the International Tracing Service, only became available to researchers in late 2006.
St Peter's Church, Edensor
St Peter's Church, Edensor, is a Grade I listed Anglican church in Edensor, Derbyshire. St Peter's is the closest parish church in the Church of England to Chatsworth House, home of the Dukes of Devonshire, most of whom are buried in the churchyard. St Peter's is in a joint parish with St Anne's Church, Beeley.

The historic listing summary for the church states that it was built in the 12th century, modified in the 15th and "rebuilt in 1867 by Sir George Gilbert Scott".

Joseph Paxton
Sir Joseph Paxton (3 August 1803 – 8 June 1865) was an English gardener, architect, engineer and Liberal Member of Parliament. He is best known for designing the Crystal Palace, which was built in Hyde Park, London to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, the first world's fair, great public parks such as Birkenhead Park, and for cultivating the Cavendish banana, the most consumed banana in the Western world.
Vasil Levski Boulevard
Vasil Levski Boulevard (Bulgarian: Булевард Васил Левски) is a major boulevard in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. It lies between the Freight Station Square at the Slivnitsa and Danail Nikolaev Boulevards and the area of the National Palace of Culture. It is named after Bulgaria's national hero Vasil Levski.

Some of the most prominent landmarks of the capital are situated along the boulevard, including the National Academy of Art, SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library, Sofia University, the State Agency of Youth and Sports, Battenberg Mausoleum, the Monument to Vasil Levski and others.

Vasil Levski Boulevard crosses many of the city's vital transport arteries, such as Georgi Rakovski Street, Tsar Osvoboditel Boulevard at Sofia University, Patriarch Evtimiy Boulevard and Graf Ignatiev Street at Patriarch Evtimiy Square.

The boulevard is served by many public bus and trolley bus lines and also SU St. Kliment Ohridski Metro Station.

Patriarch Evtimiy Boulevard
42°41′20.16″N 23°19′11.48″E﻿ / ﻿42.6889333°N 23.3198556°E﻿ / 42.6889333; 23.3198556

Patriarch Evtimiy Boulevard (Bulgarian: Булевард Патриарх Евтимий) is a central boulevard in the capital of Bulgaria, Sofia. It is named after the 14th century Bulgarian Patriarch Saint Evtimiy of Tarnovo.

It lies between its crossing with the Vasil Levski Boulevard and Graf Ignatiev Street at the Patriarch Evtimiy Square and the boulevards Praga, Hristo Botev and Skobelev at the Pette kyosheta juncture. Among the most important streets it crosses are the Georgi Rakovski Street, Frityov Nansen Street and Vitosha Boulevard.

Its architecture is typical for Sofia during the 1930s and 1940s - mostly six-storey residential edifices with solid facades and relatively high and spacious flats.
North Indian cuisine
North Indian cuisine is collectively the cuisine of North India, which includes the cuisines of Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Delhi, and Uttar Pradesh.

Sub-types of North Indian cuisine include:

Awadhi cuisine

Bhojpuri cuisine

Cuisine of Bihar

Braj cuisine

Chhattisgarhi cuisine

Dogri cuisine

Haryanvi cuisine

Kashmiri cuisine

Kumaoni cuisine

Malvani cuisine

Mughlai cuisine

Punjabi cuisine

Rajasthani cuisine

Saraswat cuisine

Sindhi cuisine

Cuisine of Uttarakhand

Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh

North Indian cuisine has some Central Asian influences introduced during Mughal Empire as compared to its southern or eastern counterparts in the subcontinent.

Punjabi cuisine
Punjabi cuisine is a culinary style originating in the Punjab, a region in South Asia, which is now divided into an Indian part to the east and a Pakistani part to the west. This cuisine has a rich tradition of many distinct and local ways of cooking.
Ulmus americana 'Beebe's Weeping'
The American elm cultivar Ulmus americana 'Beebe's Weeping' was propagated from a tree growing in the wild at Galena, Illinois, by Mr. E. Beebe in the mid-19th century. Thomas Meehan, who had received cuttings and called it 'Weeping Slippery Elm' before the flowers revealed that it was not Ulmus fulva, suggested the name 'Beebe's Weeping Elm', as there were already U. americana clones called 'Pendula'. In the early 20th century it was marketed, however, as Ulmus 'American Galena Weeping', "American Weeping Elm", by the Klehm nursery of Arlington Heights, Illinois.

Ulmus americana
Ulmus americana, generally known as the American elm or, less commonly, as the white elm or water elm, is a species of elm native to eastern North America. The trees can live for several hundred years. It is a very hardy species that can withstand low winter temperatures.  The American elm was once exceptionally common as a street tree, its tolerance of urban conditions making it a popular choice to line American streets in the 19th and early 20th centuries.  The coming of beetles bearing Dutch elm disease devastated the American elm population, starting in the 1920s.  The species still holds out in some locations, but is also no longer nearly as common as during its height.

The wood was seldom utilized until the advent of mechanical sawing. It is the state tree of Massachusetts and North Dakota.
Marc Mitscher
Marc Andrew "Pete" Mitscher (January 26, 1887 – February 3, 1947) was a pioneer in naval aviation who became an admiral in the United States Navy, and served as commander of the Fast Carrier Task Force in the Pacific during   World War II.

Navy Cross
The Navy Cross is the United States naval services' second-highest military decoration awarded for sailors and marines who distinguish themselves for extraordinary heroism in combat with an armed enemy force. The medal is equivalent to the Distinguished Service Cross of the United States Army, the Air Force Cross of the United States Air Force and Space Force, and the Coast Guard Cross of the United States Coast Guard; collectively, these awards are known as the "service crosses".

The Navy Cross is bestowed by the secretary of the Navy and may also be awarded to members of the other armed services, and to foreign military personnel while serving with the U.S. naval services. The Navy Cross was established by Act of Congress (Public Law 65-253) and approved on February 4, 1919.
Krzyki-Partynice
Krzyki-Partynice (Polish pronunciation: [ˈkʂɨkʲi partɨˈɲit͡sɛ]) is a district in Wrocław, Poland, located in the southern part of the city. It was established in the territory of the former Krzyki district.

The district encompasses the area of two former villages, Krzyki and Partynice (formerly German: Krietern and Hartlieb), incorporated into the city on April 1, 1928.

Krzyki
Krzyki (Polish: [ˈkʂɨkʲi]; German: Krietern [ˈkʁiːtɐn]) is a former borough of Wrocław, Poland located in the southern part of the city.

On March 21, 1991, the newly created City Office of Wrocław assumed many of the functions previously carried out within the borough. The name, though, remained in use, mainly for statistical and administrative purposes.
Death of Wolverine
"Death of Wolverine" is a 2014 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics. The story has grown from both volume 5 (Marvel Now!) and volume 6 (All-New Marvel Now!) of the Wolverine main series, and also continued with "Hunt for Wolverine" and "Return of Wolverine".

Return of Wolverine
Return of Wolverine is a 2018 comic book miniseries published by Marvel Comics. This miniseries is a continuation on the events that transpired in the "Death of Wolverine" and "Hunt for Wolverine" storylines, and explains how Wolverine returned from the dead.
Potassium nitrate
Potassium nitrate is a chemical compound with a sharp, salty, bitter taste and the chemical formula KNO3. It is a potassium salt of nitric acid. This salt consists of potassium cations K+ and nitrate anions NO−3, and is therefore an alkali metal nitrate. It occurs in nature as a mineral, niter (or nitre outside the United States). It is a source of nitrogen, and nitrogen was named after niter. Potassium nitrate is one of several nitrogen-containing compounds collectively referred to as saltpetre (or saltpeter in American English).

Major uses of potassium nitrate are in fertilizers, tree stump removal, rocket propellants and fireworks. It is one of the major constituents of traditional gunpowder (black powder). In processed meats, potassium nitrate reacts with hemoglobin and myoglobin generating a red color.

Alkali metal nitrate
Alkali metal nitrates are chemical compounds consisting of an alkali metal (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium) and the nitrate ion. Only two are of major commercial value, the sodium and potassium salts. They are white, water-soluble salts with melting points ranging from 255 °C (LiNO3) to 414 °C (CsNO3) on a relatively narrow span of 159 °C

The melting point of the alkali metal nitrates tends to increase  from 255 °C to 414 °C (with an anomaly for rubidium being not properly aligned in the series) as the atomic mass and the ionic radius (naked cation) of the alkaline metal increases, going down in the column. Similarly, but not presented here in the table, the solubility of these salts in water also decreases with the atomic mass of the metal.
Accessory obturator nerve
In human anatomy, the accessory obturator nerve is an accessory nerve in the lumbar region present in about 29% of cases.

It is of small size, and arises from the ventral divisions of the third and fourth lumbar nerves. Recent evidence support that this nerve arises from dorsal divisions.

It descends along the medial border of the psoas major, crosses the superior ramus of the pubis, and passes under the pectineus, where it divides into numerous branches.

One of these supplies the pectineus, penetrating its deep surface, another is distributed to the hip-joint; while a third communicates with the anterior branch of the obturator nerve.

Occasionally the accessory obturator nerve is very small and is lost in the capsule of the hip-joint.

When it is absent, the hip-joint receives two branches from the obturator nerve.

Anterior branch of obturator nerve
The anterior branch of the obturator nerve is a branch of the obturator nerve found in the pelvis and leg.

It leaves the pelvis in front of the obturator externus and descends anterior to the adductor brevis, and posterior to the pectineus and adductor longus; at the lower border of the latter muscle it communicates with the anterior cutaneous and saphenous branches of the femoral nerve, forming a kind of plexus.

It then descends upon the femoral artery, to which it is finally distributed. Near the obturator foramen the nerve gives off an articular branch to the hip joint.

Behind the pectineus muscle, it distributes branches to the adductor longus and gracilis, and usually to the adductor brevis, and in rare cases to the pectineus; it receives a communicating branch from the accessory obturator nerve when that nerve is present.
Adingningon
Adingningon is an arrondissement in the Zou department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Agbangnizoun. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 4,143.

Arrondissements of Benin
Arrondissements are administrative units of Benin, after departments and communes. In turn they contain villages and may often have several quartiers or city districts/urban neighborhoods. There are currently 545 arrondissements.

The arrondissements, ordered by department and commune, are as follows:
47th (Oldham) Royal Tank Regiment
The 47th (Oldham) Royal Tank Regiment (47 RTR) was an armoured regiment of the British Army during the Second World War. It was part of the Royal Tank Regiment, itself part of the Royal Armoured Corps.

It was formed as a duplicate of the 41st (Oldham) Royal Tank Regiment, a newly mobilised Territorial Army unit.

Royal Tank Regiment
The Royal Tank Regiment (RTR) is the oldest tank unit in the world, being formed by the British Army in 1916 during the First World War. Today, it is an armoured regiment equipped with Challenger 2 main battle tanks and structured under 12th Armoured Brigade Combat Team. Formerly known as the Tank Corps and the Royal Tank Corps, it is part of the Royal Armoured Corps.
Globicephalinae
Globicephalinae is a subfamily of oceanic dolphins that includes the pilot whales (Globicephala spp.), the pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata), the rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis), the false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens), the melon-headed whale (Peponocephala electra), Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus), and the snubfin dolphins (Orcaella spp.).

Rough-toothed dolphin
The rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis) is a species of dolphin that lives in deep warm and tropical waters around the world. It was first described by Georges Cuvier in 1823. The genus name Steno, of which it is the only member, comes from the Greek for 'narrow', referring to the animal's beak, which is a diagnostic characteristic of this dolphin. Its specific name honours van Breda, who studied Cuvier's writings. There are no recognised subspecies.
Carbondale, Colorado
The Town of Carbondale is a home rule municipality located in Garfield County, Colorado, United States. The town population was 6,434 at the 2020 United States census. Carbondale is a part of the Rifle, CO Micropolitan Statistical Area.

The town is located in the Roaring Fork Valley, downstream from Aspen and upstream from the mouth of the Roaring Fork River at Glenwood Springs. The town proper sits on the south bank of the river, near its confluence with the Crystal River. Carbondale's horizon is dominated by the 12,953 ft (3,952 m) tall Mount Sopris several miles to the south of town. Carbondale is the northern terminus of the West Elk Loop Scenic and Historic Byway.

Garfield County, Colorado
Garfield County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 61,685. The county seat is Glenwood Springs, and the largest community is Rifle. The county is named in honor of United States President James A. Garfield.

Garfield County is included in the Rifle-Glenwood Springs Micropolitan Statistical Area, which also includes neighboring Pitkin County and is home to nearly 80,000 residents. The county is also included in the Glenwood Springs-Edwards combined statistical area.
Cypro-Minoan script
The Cypro-Minoan script (CM) or Cypro-Minoan syllabary, is an undeciphered syllabary used on the island of Cyprus and at its trading partners during the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age (c. 1550 – c. 1050 BC). The term "Cypro-Minoan" was coined by Arthur Evans in 1909 based on its visual similarity to Linear A on Minoan Crete, from which CM is thought to be derived. Approximately 250 objects—such as clay balls, cylinders, and tablets which bear Cypro-Minoan inscriptions, have been found. Discoveries have been made at various sites around Cyprus, as well as in the ancient city of Ugarit on the Syrian coast. It is thought to be somehow related to the later Cypriot syllabary.

The Cypro-Minoan script was in use during the Late Cypriot period from the LC IA:2 period until the LC IIIA period or roughly from 1500 BC until 1150 BC. This is mainly based with the stratigraphy of the Kourion site but is in line with examples excavated at other sites.

Syllabary
In the linguistic study of written languages, a syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent the syllables or (more frequently) morae which make up words.

A symbol in a syllabary, called a syllabogram, typically represents an (optional) consonant sound (simple onset) followed by a vowel sound (nucleus)—that is, a CV (consonant+vowel) or V syllable—but other phonographic mappings, such as CVC, CV- tone, and C (normally nasals at the end of syllables), are also found in syllabaries.
145th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF
The 145th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF was a unit of about 600 men in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Moncton, New Brunswick, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Kent, Albert and Westmorland counties. After sailing to England in September 1916, most members of the battalion were absorbed into the 9th Reserve Battalion on October 6, 1916. The 145th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF, had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. W. E. Forbes.

The 145th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF is perpetuated by the Royal New Brunswick Regiment.

Royal New Brunswick Regiment
The Royal New Brunswick Regiment (Carleton & York) (RNBR) is a reserve infantry regiment of the Canadian Army based in New Brunswick. It was formed in 1954 by amalgamation of the Carleton and York Regiment, the New Brunswick Scottish and the North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment as the New Brunswick Regiment. The "Royal" designation was added in 1956. The Royal New Brunswick Regiment is part of 37 Canadian Brigade Group, 5th Canadian Division. The RNBR holds 65 battle honours, mostly by perpetuation of the regiments it was formed from.
Artificial urinary sphincter
An artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) is an implanted device to treat moderate to severe stress urinary incontinence, most commonly in men. The AUS is designed to supplement the function of the natural urinary sphincter that restricts urine flow out of the bladder.

Stress incontinence
Stress incontinence, also known as stress urinary incontinence (SUI) or effort incontinence is a form of urinary incontinence. It is due to inadequate closure of the bladder outlet by the urethral sphincter.
Timiș County
Timiș (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈtimiʃ]) is a county (județ) of western Romania on the border with Hungary and Serbia, in the historical region of Banat, with the county seat at Timișoara. It is the westernmost and the largest county in Romania in terms of land area. The county is also part of the Danube–Criș–Mureș–Tisa Euroregion.

Recaș
Recaș (archaically Armag; Hungarian: Temesrékas; German: Rekasch; Serbian: Рекаш, romanized: Rekaš) is a town in Timiș County, Romania. Six villages are administered by the town: Bazoș, Herneacova, Izvin, Nadăș, Petrovaselo, and Stanciova. It received town status in April 2004. Recaș is best known for the wine produced in the surrounding hills.
Tower and Stockade
Tower and Stockade (Hebrew: חוֹמָה וּמִגְדָּל, romanized: Ḥoma u'migdal, lit. 'wall and tower') was a settlement method used by Zionist settlers in Mandatory Palestine during the 1936–39 Arab Revolt. The establishment of new Jewish settlements was legally restricted by the Mandatory authorities, but the British generally gave their tacit accord to the Tower and Stockade actions as a means of countering Arab rioters. During the course of the Tower and Stockade campaign, some 57 Jewish settlements including 52 kibbutzim and several moshavim were established throughout the country. The legal base was a Turkish Ottoman law that was still in effect during the Mandate period, which stated that buildings erected in one night didn't require a building permit and couldn't be demolished by authorities.

Ginosar
Ginosar (Hebrew: גִּנּוֹסַר) is a kibbutz in the Plain of Ginosar on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee in Israel. Located north of Tiberias on Highway 90, it falls under the jurisdiction of Emek HaYarden Regional Council. In 2023 it had a population of 784.
Mahesh Rangarajan
Mahesh Rangarajan (born 22 April 1964) is a researcher, author and historian with a special interest in environmental history and colonial history of British and contemporary India. He has taught Environmental Studies and History at Ashoka University and Krea University, and served as the Vice Chancellor of Krea University. He appears frequently on Indian television as a political analyst. He is also a columnist in the print media writing on wildlife conservation, political and environmental issues. In 2010, he chaired the Elephant Task Force (Gajah) of the Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests. The Task Force was formed to formulate measures for the protection of elephants in India.

Prime Ministers' Museum and Library
Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya (lit. 'Prime Ministers' Museum') or the Prime Ministers' Museum and Library, is a public museum and library in the Teen Murti Bhavan complex in New Delhi, India. It is curated and managed by the Prime Ministers' Museum and Library Society, an autonomous institution under the under the aegis of the Ministry of Culture, and is dedicated to chronicling the lives, contributions, and legacies of all prime ministers of India since Independence in 1947.

It was previously known as the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML) and was run by the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library Society before being renamed and expanded in April 2022 by the Modi government. It was originally founded in 1964 to preserve and reconstruct the history of the Indian independence movement, after the death of India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, and to foster academic research on modern and contemporary Indian history.
Ilercavonia
Ilercavonia (Catalan: Ilercavònia, Spanish: Ilercavonia) is an ancient comarca of Spain formerly populated by the ancient Iberian tribe known as Ilercavones. It is a greater comarca made up of smaller ones. The ties between the people of the region transcend ancient kingdom and later provincial borders.

Diocese of Tortosa
The Diocese of Tortosa (Latin: Dioecesis Dertosensis) is a Latin church diocese of the Catholic Church covering the south of Catalonia and the north of the Valencian Community. It is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Tarragona.