hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Medley Footbridge
Medley Footbridge is a pedestrian bridge across the River Thames near the village of Binsey in Oxford, England. It is also known as Rainbow Bridge, although there is another bridge of that name in the University Parks in Oxford.

The bridge bears a plaque with a misspelling which apparently gave rise to a third name, the 'Subscription Bridge':

This bridge was erected by public subs[c]ription through the exertion and during the shrievalty of Henry Grant Esquire. A.D. 1865.

A second plaque, using the name Rainbow Bridge, records its restoration in 1997.

The bridge joins the west bank of the river to Fiddler's Island in the stream. There is another bridge linking the island to the east bank, just above the point at which the Castle Mill Stream diverges to the east of the navigable channel. The name Medley for the west bank of the Thames at this point designates the 'middle island' between Osney and Binsey.

Castle Mill Stream
Castle Mill Stream is a 5.5-kilometre (3.4 mi) long backwater of the River Thames in the west of Oxford, England.  It has its own secondary backwater, known as the Wareham Stream, that is 0.5 kilometres (0.31 mi) long.
Kat Kinkade
Kathleen "Kat" Kinkade (December 6, 1930 – July 3, 2008) was one of the eight co-founders of Twin Oaks, an intentional community in Virginia inspired by the behaviorist utopia depicted in B.F. Skinner's book Walden Two. Kinkade was the only founder to remain a community member for most of the community's history. Her daughter, Josie, was also a member of Twin Oaks as an adolescent and young adult.

Walden Two
Walden Two is a utopian novel written by behavioral psychologist B. F. Skinner, first published in 1948. At that time, it was considered as science fiction since science-based methods for altering human behavior were not widespread. Such methods are now known as applied behavior analysis. In this book B. F. Skinner is essentially putting forward his ideas as applied to practical everyday and communal problems, for instance how to raise children, balance work and life, or help people have happy and meaningful lives.

The book is controversial because its characters speak of a rejection of free will, including a rejection of the proposition that human behavior is controlled by a non-corporeal entity, such as a spirit or a soul. It embraces the proposition that the behavior of organisms, including humans, is determined by environmental variables, and that systematically altering environmental variables can generate a sociocultural system that very closely approximates utopia.
So Hee-jung
So Hee-jung (Korean: 소희정; born May 28, 1973) is a South Korean actress. She made her acting debut in 1994 in theater, since then, she has appeared in number of plays, films and television series. She got recognition for her supporting roles in The K2 (2016), Bossam: Steal the Fate (2021), Twenty-Five Twenty-One and Shooting Stars (2022). She has acted in films such as: Sunny (2011) and Intruder (2020) among others.

Bossam: Steal the Fate
Bossam: Steal the Fate (Korean: 보쌈–운명을 훔치다) is a South Korean television series directed by Kwon Seok-jang and starring Jung Il-woo, Kwon Yu-ri, Shin Hyun-soo and Kim Tae-woo. Set in the Joseon period under Gwanghaegun, it depicts the change of fate of a bossam-man Ba-woo, when he mistakenly kidnaps the widowed daughter of the King. MBN's 10th anniversary special drama premiered on May 1, 2021, and aired every Saturday and Sunday from 21:40 (KST) till July 4, 2021. It is available for streaming on Wavve streaming media.

Bossam: Steal the Fate ended by recording an average viewership of 9.8% nationwide in its last episode, therefore becoming the highest-rated drama in the network's history, a record which was previously held by Graceful Family.
Weber Inlet
Weber Inlet (71°56′S 73°28′W﻿ / ﻿71.933°S 73.467°W﻿ / -71.933; -73.467) is a broad ice-filled inlet, which indents the south part of the Beethoven Peninsula, lying southwest of Bennett Dome, forming the northwest arm of Bach Ice Shelf in the southwest portion of Alexander Island, Antarctica. The inlet was first mapped from air photos taken by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition in 1947–48, by Searle of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1960, and named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Carl Maria von Weber (1786–1826), a German composer.

Bennett Dome
Bennett Dome (71°48′S 73°3′W﻿ / ﻿71.800°S 73.050°W﻿ / -71.800; -73.050) is a rounded snow-covered peninsula on the south side of Beethoven Peninsula, Alexander Island, Antarctica. rising to about 460 metres (1,500 ft) between Weber Inlet and Boccherini Inlet. It was photographed from the air by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition in 1947 and roughly mapped from the photographs by D. Searle of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1960. It was mapped definitively by the United States Geological Survey from U.S. Navy aerial photographs taken 1967–68 and from Landsat imagery taken 1972–73, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Joseph E. Bennett, the head of the Polar Coordination and Information Section, Division of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation, 1976–86. Bennett Dome is one of the eight peninsulas of Alexander Island.
Undersåker
Undersåker is a locality situated in Åre Municipality, Jämtland County, Sweden with 438 inhabitants in 2010. Edsåsdalen lies within the Undersåker locality approximately 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from the railway station.

Edsåsdalen
Edsåsdalen is an alpine ski area in the Åre Municipality in Jämtland County, Sweden. The ski area has 10 runs and 5 lifts for downhill skiing on the southern slope of Renfjället. There are three prepared cross-country tracks with lengths of 3.5 km (2.2 mi), 6.5 km (4.0 mi) and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi); of which the 3.5 kilometres track is a lighted track for nightskiing. An outdoor shooting range is adjacent to the cross-country tracks for biathletes with a capacity of 40 persons.

The Edsåsdalen ski area is accessible by the approximately 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) long paved road from Undersåker. European route E14 passes Undersåker a few kilometres to the north, and connects with Östersund to the east and Trondheim, Norway, to the west. In Undersåker, there are also connections by railway to Östersund and Trondheim via the Central Line. Åre Östersund Airport and Trondheim Airport, Værnes, are the closest international airports.
Fagin's theorem
Fagin's theorem is the oldest result of descriptive complexity theory, a branch of computational complexity theory that characterizes complexity classes in terms of logic-based descriptions of their problems rather than by the behavior of algorithms for solving those problems.
The theorem states that the set of all properties expressible in existential second-order logic is precisely the complexity class NP.

It was proven by Ronald Fagin in 1973 in his doctoral thesis, and appears in his 1974 paper.  The arity required by the second-order formula was improved (in one direction) by James Lynch in 1981, and several results of Étienne Grandjean have provided tighter bounds on nondeterministic random-access machines.

Second-order logic
In logic and mathematics, second-order logic is an extension of first-order logic, which itself is an extension of propositional logic. Second-order logic is in turn extended by higher-order logic and type theory.

First-order logic quantifies only variables that range over individuals (elements of the domain of discourse); second-order logic, in addition, quantifies over relations. For example, the second-order sentence  says that for every formula P, and every individual x, either Px is true or not(Px) is true (this is the law of excluded middle). Second-order logic also includes quantification over sets, functions, and other variables (see section below). Both first-order and second-order logic use the idea of a domain of discourse (often called simply the "domain" or the "universe"). The domain is a set over which individual elements may be quantified.
Bardelys the Magnificent (novel)
Bardelys the Magnificent is a 1906 historical adventure novel by the Italian-born British writer Rafael Sabatini. It is set in France during the reign of Louis XIII.

In 1926 the story was adapted into a film version Bardelys the Magnificent by the Hollywood studio MGM, with John Gilbert playing the title role.

Rafael Sabatini
Rafael Sabatini (29 April 1875 – 13 February 1950) was an Italian-born British writer of romance and adventure novels.

He is best known for his worldwide bestsellers: The Sea Hawk (1915), Scaramouche (1921), Captain Blood (a.k.a. Captain Blood: His Odyssey) (1922), and Bellarion the Fortunate (1926). Several of his novels have been made into films, both silent and sound.

In all, Sabatini produced 34 novels, eight short story collections, six non-fiction books, numerous uncollected short stories, and several plays.
Tommy Smyth (rugby union)
Thomas Smyth (1 December 1884 – 19 May 1928) was an Irish international, rugby union prop forward who played club rugby for Newport and Malone and invitational rugby with the Barbarians. He won fourteen caps for Ireland and was selected to captain the British Isles 1910 tour of South Africa, and played in two of the test games.

Malone RFC
Malone RFC (Malone Rugby Football Club) is a rugby union club based in Belfast, in Northern Ireland playing in the Division 2B of the All-Ireland League. The club is affiliated with the Ulster Branch, itself part of the Irish Rugby Football Union. It is one of the last remaining Belfast rugby clubs not to have amalgamated and still plays at its original ground. As well as its successful Senior teams, it has a thriving Youth and Mini structure, and was the first Mini rugby team from Ireland to play in the renowned Fundacion Cisneros International rugby tournament in Madrid.
Floriano Ambrosini
Floriano Ambrosini (1557–1621) was an Italian architect and engineer, active in late-Renaissance or Mannerist style, mainly in his native Bologna.

He helped design the Palazzo Magnani and the chapel of St Dominic, containing the Arca di San Domenico, in the church of San Domenico, Bologna. He also designed the Palazzo Zani and the church of San Pietro Martire, Bologna. He also created the Oratorio dei Battuti adjacent to Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Vita, Bologna.

Ambrosini was also a hydraulic engineer, creating locks for the Canale Navile. He wrote a book about the canals of Bologna, and on architecture. Among his disciples was Bonifazio Socchi.

San Domenico, Bologna
The Basilica of San Domenico is one of the major churches in Bologna, Italy. The remains of Saint Dominic, founder of the Order of Preachers (Dominicans), are buried inside the exquisite shrine Arca di San Domenico, made by Nicola Pisano and his workshop, Arnolfo di Cambio and with later additions by Niccolò dell'Arca and the young Michelangelo.
Johannes Eckhoff
Johannes Nicolai Eckhoff (26 April 1919 – 26 October 2007) was a Norwegian actor. He made his stage debut at Trøndelag Teater in 1939, and had later worked for Centralteatret, Det Nye Teater and Riksteatret. He participated in the film Englandsfarere in 1946, and in Kampen om tungtvannet from 1948. He contributed to several radio and television series for children at the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation.

Det Nye Teater
Det Nye Teater was a theatre that opened in Oslo, Norway, in 1929, and operated independently until 1959, when it merged with Folketeatret to form Oslo Nye Teater. Its original purpose was to support contemporary Norwegian drama.
Viviers Cathedral
Viviers Cathedral (French: Cathédrale Saint-Vincent de Viviers) is a Roman Catholic church, dedicated to Saint Vincent, in the town of Viviers in the department of Ardèche, France. It is the seat of the Bishop of Viviers.

The construction of the tower dates from the 11th century, and the greater part of the rest of the building from the 12th century. The vaulted ceiling was destroyed during the Wars of Religion of the 16th century, and was not reconstructed until the 18th century, when the work was carried out by Jean-Baptiste Franque.

The cathedral has been protected as a monument historique since 9 August 1906.

On the night of 25–26 September 2021 lightning struck and destroyed one of the spires of the cathedral, which was already undergoing restoration after the earthquake of November 2019.

Diocese of Viviers
The Diocese of Viviers (Latin: Dioecesis Vivariensis; French: Diocèse de Viviers [djɔsɛz də vivje]) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in France. Erected in the 4th century, the diocese was restored in the Concordat of 1822, and comprises the department of Ardèche, in the Region of Rhône-Alpes. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Lyon. The city of Viviers is located on the west (left) bank of the Rhône River, just south of the confluence of the River L'Escoulay and the Rhône, about 52 km. north of Orange.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam
Charles William Wentworth Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam in the peerage of Ireland and 3rd Earl Fitzwilliam in the peerage of Great Britain, (4 May 1786 – 4 October 1857) was a British nobleman and politician. He was president three times of the Royal Statistical Society in 1838–1840, 1847–1849, and 1853–1855; and president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in its inaugural year (1831–2).

British Science Association
The British Science Association (BSA) is a charity and learned society founded in 1831 to aid in the promotion and development of science. Until 2009 it was known as the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BA). The current Chief Executive is Hannah Russell. The BSA's mission is to get more people engaged in the field of science by coordinating, delivering, and overseeing different projects that are suited to achieve these goals. The BSA "envisions a society in which a diverse group of people can learn and apply the sciences in which they learn." and is managed by a professional staff located at their Head Office in the Wellcome Wolfson Building. The BSA offers a wide variety of activities and events that both recognise and encourage people to be involved in science. These include the British Science Festival, British Science Week, the CREST Awards, For Thought, The Ideas Fund, along with regional and local events.
Colle Santa Lucia
Colle Santa Lucia (Italian pronunciation: [ˈkɔlle ˈsanta luˈtʃiːa]; Ladin language: Col) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Belluno in the Italian region of Veneto, located about 120 kilometres (75 mi) north of Venice and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of Belluno. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 408 and an area of 15.3 square kilometres (5.9 sq mi). The population speaks a Venetian dialect called Ladin Venetian that is heavily influenced by the Ladin language.

Colle Santa Lucia borders the following municipalities: Alleghe, Cortina d'Ampezzo, Livinallongo del Col di Lana, Rocca Pietore, San Vito di Cadore, Selva di Cadore.

Province of Belluno
The province of Belluno (Italian: provincia di Belluno; Austrian German: provinz Belluno; Ladin: provinzia de Belum) is a province in the region of Veneto in Italy. Its capital is the city of Belluno.

It has a population of 197,708 in an area of 3,610 square kilometres (1,390 mi2) across its 61 municipalities.
Wait (The Polyphonic Spree EP)
Wait EP is an EP release by The Polyphonic Spree. "Sonic Bloom" is a cover of a song by Tripping Daisy, the former band of three Polyphonic Spree members, Tim DeLaughter, Mark Pirro, and Bryan Wakeland. The EP also features covers of Nirvana's "Lithium" and The Psychedelic Furs' "Love My Way".

The Polyphonic Spree
The Polyphonic Spree is an American choral rock band from Dallas, Texas, that was formed in 2000 by singer/songwriter Tim DeLaughter, formerly of Tripping Daisy. The band's pop and rock songs are augmented by a large vocal choir, and instruments such as flute, trumpet, french horn, trombone, violin, viola, cello, percussion, piano, guitars, bass, drums, electronic keyboards, and EWI.
Ilmari Juutilainen
Eino Ilmari "Illu" Juutilainen (21 February 1914 – 21 February 1999) was a fighter pilot of the Ilmavoimat (Finnish Air Force), and the top scoring non-German fighter pilot of all time. The top flying ace of the Finnish Air Force, he led all Finnish pilots in score against Soviet aircraft in World War II (1939–40 and 1941–44), with 94 confirmed aerial combat victories (he himself claimed further kills for a total of 126 victories, but these were unconfirmed) in 437 sorties. He achieved 58 of his victories  while flying a Messerschmitt Bf 109G and 34 with a Brewster Buffalo.

One of the four double recipients of the Mannerheim Cross 2nd Class, Juutilainen was born in Lieksa, and died in Tuusula. His brother was the Finnish Army Captain Aarne Juutilainen, nicknamed "The Terror of Morocco".

Lieksa
Lieksa (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈlie̯ksɑ]) is a town and municipality of Finland. It is located in the North Karelia region. The municipality has a population of 10,002 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 4,067.60 square kilometres (1,570.51 sq mi) of which 649.14 km2 (250.63 sq mi) is water. The population density is 2.93 inhabitants per square kilometre (7.6/sq mi).

The municipality is unilingually Finnish.

The town of Lieksa was established in 1973 when the Market town of Lieksa and the Municipality of Pielisjärvi were consolidated.
Lóxoro
Lóxoro or húngaro is an argot derived from Spanish and used by a number of trans people, the gay community, and sex workers in Peru. The language uses cryptolalisation to make the language unrecognisable and secret.

Cant (language)
A cant is the jargon or language of a group, often employed to exclude or mislead people outside the group. It may also be called a cryptolect, argot, pseudo-language, anti-language or secret language. Each term differs slightly in meaning; their uses are inconsistent.
Reserva Limoy
The biological Limoy Reserve is located in the district of Hernandarias Alto Paraná Department Paraguay, on the right bank of the river Paraná, and is one of the 8 sites for ecological reserve by the Itaipu, the largest dam in production in the world, located between Paraguay and Brazil. It is located at 160 km north of the city of Hernandarias, in the district of St. Albert. It was created in 1984 and has 14,828 hectares.

Alto Paraná Department
Alto Paraná (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈalto paɾaˈna]; Upper Paraná) is a department in Paraguay. The capital is Ciudad del Este (formerly known as Puerto Presidente Stroessner, originally Puerto Flor de Lis).

The Alto Paraná department has experienced tremendous economic and population growth in the past 50 years. Most of this growth has been concentrated in the department capital of Ciudad del Este, and mainly occurred after the construction of the Puente de la Amistad bridge in 1961, which connects Paraguay and Brazil. This department is home to the Itaipu power plant, which supplies 95% of the energy consumed by Paraguay, and the Acaray Dam. Several ecological reserves, a zoo and the Taiwanese-Paraguayan Technology Park are situated in this department.

The city of Presidente Franco was the first city founded in this department. Several important agricultural establishments are centered in the region of Minga Guazú which is home of the Guarani International Airport.
Omer Reingold
Omer Reingold (Hebrew: עומר ריינגולד) is an Israeli computer scientist. He is the Rajeev Motwani professor of computer science in the Computer Science Department at Stanford University and the director of the Simons Collaboration on the Theory of Algorithmic Fairness. He received a PhD in computer science at Weizmann in 1998 under Moni Naor. He received the 2005 Grace Murray Hopper Award for his work in finding a deterministic logarithmic-space algorithm for st-connectivity in undirected graphs. He, along with Avi Wigderson and Salil Vadhan, won the Gödel Prize (2009) for their work on the zig-zag product. He became a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery in 2014 "For contributions to the study of pseudorandomness, derandomization, and cryptography."

L (complexity)
In computational complexity theory, L (also known as LSPACE, LOGSPACE or DLOGSPACE) is the complexity class containing decision problems that can be solved by a deterministic Turing machine using a logarithmic amount of writable memory space. Formally, the Turing machine has two tapes, one of which encodes the input and can only be read, whereas the other tape has logarithmic size but can be written as well as read. Logarithmic space is sufficient to hold a constant number of pointers into the input and a logarithmic number of Boolean flags, and many basic logspace algorithms use the memory in this way.
Nørre Gymnasium
Nørre Gymnasium is one of Copenhagen’s largest gymnasiums offering both Danish instruction as well as the International Baccalaureate curriculum. It was founded in 1818 by Caroline Wroblewsky as a school for young girls, and since 1972 it has been located in Husum, Denmark.

Husum (Copenhagen)
Husum is a predominantly residential neighbourhood in the  Brønshøj-Husum  district of  Copenhagen, Denmark. Located approximately 7 km to the northwest of the city centre, between Vestvolden and Utterslev Mose, it is centred on Frederikssundsvej and Husum Torv. The area to the north of Frederikssundsvej is dominated by Housing estates while the area to the south of the street consists mainly of single-family detached home and terraced houses.
Limnology and Oceanography Letters
Limnology and Oceanography Letters (L&O Letters) is a bimonthly, online open access, and peer-reviewed scientific journal focused on publishing innovative and trend-setting studies in all aspects of limnology and oceanography. It was established in 2016 and publishes four types of articles; Letters, Essays, Current Evidence, and Data Articles. L&O Letters is published through the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography in partnership with John Wiley and Sons. Occasionally, L&O Letters publishes special issues focused on a specific topic in aquatic systems in addition to the six regular issues published each year.

Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography
The Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO), formerly known as the Limnological Society of America and the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, is a scientific society established in 1936 with the goal of advancing the sciences of limnology and oceanography. With approximately 4,000 members in nearly 60 countries, ASLO is the largest scientific society, worldwide, devoted to either limnology or oceanography or both.
Laurence Luckinbill
Laurence George Luckinbill (born November 21, 1934) is an American actor, playwright and director. He has worked in film, television and theatre, doing triple duty in the theatre by writing, directing and starring in stage productions. He is known for penning and starring in one-man shows based upon the lives of U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt, author Ernest Hemingway, and American defense attorney Clarence Darrow; starring in a one-man show based upon the life of U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson; and for his portrayal of Spock's half-brother Sybok in the film Star Trek V: The Final Frontier.

Clarence Darrow
Clarence Seward Darrow (April 18, 1857 – March 13, 1938) was an American lawyer and politician who became famous in the 19th century for high-profile representations of trade union causes, and in the 20th century for several criminal matters, including the Leopold and Loeb murder trial, the Scopes "monkey" trial, and the Ossian Sweet defense. He was a leading member of the American Civil Liberties Union and a prominent advocate for Georgist economic reform. Darrow was also a well-known public speaker, debater, and writer.

Darrow is considered by some legal analysts and lawyers to be the greatest lawyer of the 20th century. He was posthumously inducted into the Trial Lawyer Hall of Fame. Called a "sophisticated country lawyer", Darrow's wit and eloquence made him one of the most prominent attorneys and civil libertarians in the nation.