hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
George Vasey (botanist)
George Vasey (February 28, 1822 – March 4, 1893) was an English-born American physician, botanist, and agrostologist. He practiced medicine in Illinois for nearly two decades before being appointed Chief Botanist at the United States Department of Agriculture in 1872, a position he held for the remainder of his life. In 1889 the Smithsonian Institution named him Honorary Curator of the United States National Herbarium, the crowning achievement of his career.

The alias George S. Vasey is often used to avoid confusion with his son George Richard Vasey. However, the father never used a middle initial in the 19th century. On letters and publications, he signed his name as George Vasey, Geo. Vasey, or Dr. Geo. Vasey. Most of his herbarium specimens are labeled with the name G. Vasey or one of the previous names. The source of the middle initial is unknown.

Agrostology
Agrostology (from Greek ἄγρωστις, agrōstis, "type of grass"; and -λογία, -logia), sometimes graminology, is the scientific study of the grasses (the family Poaceae, or Gramineae). The grasslike species of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), the rush family (Juncaceae), and the bulrush or cattail family (Typhaceae) are often included with the true grasses in the category of graminoid, although strictly speaking these are not included within the study of agrostology. In contrast to the word graminoid, the words gramineous and graminaceous are normally used to mean "of, or relating to, the true grasses (Poaceae)".

Agrostology has importance in the maintenance of wild and grazed grasslands, agriculture (crop plants such as rice, maize, sugarcane, and wheat are grasses, and many types of animal fodder are grasses), urban and environmental horticulture, turfgrass management and sod production, ecology, and conservation.
James Snow
James Wilfred Snow (July 12, 1929 – September 13, 2008) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Progressive Conservative Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1967 to 1985 who represented the GTA ridings of Halton East and Oakville. He served as a cabinet minister in the governments of Bill Davis and Frank Miller.

Milton, Ontario
Milton (2021 census population 132,979) is a town in Southern Ontario, Canada, and part of the Halton Region in the Greater Toronto Area. Between 2001 and 2011, Milton was the fastest growing municipality in Canada, with a 71.4% increase in population from 2001 to 2006 and another 56.5% increase from 2006 to 2011. In 2016, Milton's census population was 110,128 with an estimated growth to 228,000 by 2031. It remained the fastest growing community in Ontario but was deemed to be the sixth fastest growing in Canada at that time.

Milton is located 54 km (34 mi) west of Downtown Toronto on Highway 401, and is the western terminus for the Milton line commuter train and bus corridor operated by GO Transit. Milton is situated on the Niagara Escarpment, a UNESCO world biosphere reserve and the Bruce Trail.
Matrix congruence
In mathematics, two square matrices A and B over a field are called congruent if there exists an invertible matrix P  over the same field such that

PTAP = B

where "T" denotes the matrix transpose.  Matrix congruence is an equivalence relation.

Matrix congruence arises when considering the effect of change of basis on the Gram matrix attached to a bilinear form or quadratic form on a finite-dimensional vector space: two matrices are congruent if and only if they represent the same bilinear form with respect to different bases.

Note that Halmos defines congruence in terms of conjugate transpose (with respect to a complex inner product space) rather than transpose, but this definition has not been adopted by most other authors.

Bilinear form
In mathematics, a bilinear form is a bilinear map V × V → K on a vector space V (the elements of which are called vectors) over a field K (the elements of which are called scalars). In other words, a bilinear form is a function B : V × V → K that is linear in each argument separately:

B(u + v, w) = B(u, w) + B(v, w)     and     B(λu, v) = λB(u, v)

B(u, v + w) = B(u, v) + B(u, w)     and     B(u, λv) = λB(u, v)

The dot product on  is an example of a bilinear form which is also an inner product. An example of a bilinear form that is not an inner product would be the four-vector product.

The definition of a bilinear form can be extended to include modules over a ring, with linear maps replaced by module homomorphisms.

When K is the field of complex numbers C, one is often more interested in sesquilinear forms, which are similar to bilinear forms but are conjugate linear in one argument.
Le Castella
Le Castella, also known as Punta Le Castella is a village in Calabria, southern Italy, administratively a frazione of the comuni of Isola di Capo Rizzuto, province of Crotone.

It is located on the Ionian coast of Calabria, at the eastern end of the Gulf of Squillace, 20 km from Crotone and 40 km from Catanzaro.

A coastal village best known for its sea-surrounded fortress and a shoreline of varied beaches and cliffs. Its rich marine flora and fauna are protected within the Marine Protected Area Capo Rizzuto, the largest in Italy.

Crotone
Crotone (/kroʊˈtoʊneɪ, krəˈ-/; Italian: [kroˈtoːne] ⓘ; Crotonese: Cutrone or Cutruni) is a city and comune in Calabria, Italy.

Founded c. 710 BC as the Achaean colony of Croton/Kroton (Ancient Greek: Κρότων or Ϙρότων; Latin: Crotona), it became a great Greek city, home of the renowned mathematician-philosopher Pythagoras amongst other famous citizens, and one of the most important centres of Magna Graecia.

It was known as Cotrone from the Middle Ages until 1928, when its name was changed to the current one. In 1992, it became the capital of the newly established Province of Crotone.
Miller's Bridge railway station
Miller's Bridge railway station was a station in Bootle, Lancashire, England, which opened in 1851 and closed in 1876.

The line through the site of the station opened on 1 October 1850 when the Liverpool, Crosby and Southport Railway extended its line from Waterloo south into Liverpool.

The station was opened at the end of 1850 or during 1851.

The station was situated on the southern side of Balliol Road where it crossed the railway on a bridge, there were two platforms, one each side of the double-track with a station building located on the east side.

The station closed on 1 May 1876 when it, and Bootle Village station, were replaced by Bootle Oriel Road which was built between them.

Bootle Oriel Road railway station
Bootle Oriel Road railway station is a railway station in Bootle, Merseyside, England. It is situated near the town's Victorian civic centre, opposite Bootle Town Hall, although the surrounding area is now largely residential. It is located on the Northern Line of the Merseyrail network.
Longfellow (neighborhood), Minneapolis
Longfellow is a neighborhood within the larger Longfellow community in Minneapolis, United States. It is bounded by Seward to the North, Cooper to the East, Howe to the South, and Corcoran and East Phillips to the West. It is part of Minneapolis City Council Ward 12, represented by Aurin Chowdhury.

Corcoran, Minneapolis
Corcoran is a neighborhood in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The neighborhood is bordered by Longfellow and Howe neighborhoods to the east, Phillips to the north, Powderhorn Park to the west and Standish to the south. Its official boundaries are East Lake Street to the north, Hiawatha Avenue to the east, East 36th Street to the south, and Cedar Avenue to the west. It is entirely located within Minneapolis City Council Ward 9 and legislative district 63A.

Corcoran is home to Minneapolis South High School. The seasonal Midtown Farmers' Market, a project of the Corcoran Neighborhood Organization, operates weekly on a site in the neighborhood.
44°56′33″N 93°14′27″W﻿ / ﻿44.9425°N 93.2407°W﻿ / 44.9425; -93.2407

The Corcoran neighborhood is  known for its public art and strong sense of community among neighbors.
ASCL1
Achaete-scute homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASCL1 gene. Because it was discovered subsequent to studies on its homolog in Drosophila, the Achaete-scute complex, it was originally named MASH-1 for mammalian achaete scute homolog-1.

Achaete-scute complex
The achaete-scute complex (AS-C) is a group of four genes (achaete, scute, lethal of scute, and asense) in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. These genes encode basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that have been best studied in their regulation of nervous system development. Because of their role in specifying neuroblast fate, the genes of the AS-C are called proneural genes. However, the AS-C has non-proneural functions, such as specifying muscle and gut progenitors. Homologues of AS-C in other animals, including humans and other vertebrates, have similar functions.

Genes of the AS-C interact with the Notch pathway in both their proneural functions as well as their specification of gut and muscle cells.
Real life
Real life is a phrase used originally in literature to distinguish between the real world and fictional, virtual or idealized worlds, and in acting to distinguish between actors and the characters they portray. It may also be called reality. It has become a common term on the internet to describe events, people, activities, and interactions occurring offline, or otherwise not primarily through the medium of the Internet. It is also used as a metaphor to distinguish life in a vocational setting as opposed to an academic one, or adulthood and the adult world as opposed to childhood or adolescence.

Reality
Reality is the state of everything that exists, not how they might be imagined. Different cultures and academic disciplines conceptualize it in various ways.

Philosophical questions about the nature of reality, existence, or being are considered under the rubric of ontology, a major branch of metaphysics in the Western intellectual tradition. Ontological questions also feature in diverse branches of philosophy, including the philosophy of science, religion, mathematics, and logic. These include questions about whether only physical objects are real (e.g., physicalism), whether reality is fundamentally immaterial (e.g., idealism), whether hypothetical unobservable entities posited by scientific theories exist (e.g., scientific realism), whether God exists, whether numbers and other abstract objects exist, and whether possible worlds exist. Skeptics question whether any of those claims is true, and suggest more extreme postulates.
Siamak
Siamak (Persian: سیامک [sɪjɑˈmæk], sometimes transliterated as Siyamak or Siamac) is a character in Shahnameh, the national epic of Greater Iran.

Ferdowsi's great epic poem begins with the story of Keyumars, the first king to arise among humans, who at that time lived in mountain caves and wore the skins of leopards. God (Hormazd) granted him the supernatural radiance called farr reserved for kings. His son was Siāmak and was beloved by all, except the destructive spirit Ahriman, who raised an army under the command of his own demonic son. When the divine figure Sorush warned Keyumars, Siāmak led an army of his own. Siāmak accepted a challenge to single combat and died at the hands of the demon.

Keyumars mourned for a year, and then Sorush advised him to fight Ahriman once more. Siāmak's son Hushang led the army that defeated Ahriman's son, whom he bound and beheaded.

Keyumars died after a thirty-year reign, leaving his throne to Hushang.

Hushang
Hūshang (Persian: هوشنگ, romanized: Hōšang; Middle Persian: Hōšang, Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀, romanized: Haošyaŋha), also spelled Hōshang, is an early hero-king in Iranian mythical history. He is known from Avestan, Middle Persian, and Sasanian-based Persian and Arabic sources. He appears to have been one of several 'first man/king' figures in different Iranian traditions, along with Jamshid, Keyumars, and Tahmuras. In the Avesta, he is called Haoshyangha and is given the epithet Paradhāta, whence Persian pishdad. While this title is given only to Hushang in the Avesta, in later tradition the first Iranian dynasty (the Pishdadians), including Hushang's predecessor and successors, are called by this title. According to Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, which drew from the traditional history developed in the late Sasanian period, Hushang was the second king of the Pishdadian dynasty and the grandson of the first man and king Keyumars.
National Hero of Azerbaijan
The National Hero of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan milli qəhrəmanı) is the highest national title in the Republic of Azerbaijan. The title was named on 25 March 1992, and the "Qizil Ulduz" Medal awarded as a sign of receiving this title was established by a separate law on 15 July 1992. The law on the title has been in effect since 25 December 1995. It can only be awarded once to the same person.

The title is awarded for outstanding services of national importance to Azerbaijan in defence and strengthening of the state system and creation of important national values.

Hero (title)
The title of Hero is presented by various governments in recognition of acts of self-sacrifice to the state, and great achievements in combat or labor. It is originally a Soviet-type honor, and is continued by several nations including Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. It was also awarded to cities and fortresses for collective efforts in heroic feats. Each hero receives a medal for public display, special privileges and rights for life, and the admiration and respect of the nation. Some countries without Soviet connections also award Hero honours.
Fuchsia × bacillaris
Fuchsia × bacillaris is a natural hybrid between F. microphylla subsp. microphylla and F. thymifolia subsp. thymifolia. It was originally described by John Lindley in 1832. It is native to Mexico, including the states of Mexico, Oaxaca, and Puebla.

Fuchsia microphylla
Fuchsia microphylla, also known as small leaf fuchsia and small-leaved fuchsia, is a flowering shrub in the family Onagraceae. The specific epithet (microphylla) was named for the plant's small (micro) leaves (phylla).
Young Glacier
Young Glacier (78°4′S 84°49′W﻿ / ﻿78.067°S 84.817°W﻿ / -78.067; -84.817) is a glacier which flows from Mount Gozur and Ichera Peak in Maglenik Heights eastwards for 8 miles (13 km) and terminates at the north end of Barnes Ridge on the east side of Sentinel Range, Ellsworth Mountains in Antarctica. It was first mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos from 1957–59. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for First Lieutenant Dale L. Young of the United States Air Force (USAF), who participated in establishing the South Pole Station in the 1956–57 season.

Mount Gozur
Mount Gozur (78°7′S 85°30′W﻿ / ﻿78.117°S 85.500°W﻿ / -78.117; -85.500) is a mountain, 2,980 metres (9,780 ft) high, in the Maglenik Heights of the central Sentinel Range, in the Ellsworth Mountains of Antarctica, situated just northwest of the head of Young Glacier and 9 nautical miles (17 km) east of Mount Bentley. It was first mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, from 1957 to 1959, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Captain Alexander Gozur of the United States Air Force, who participated in establishing the South Pole Station in the 1956–57 season.
Daniel Boone Native Gardens
Daniel Boone Native Gardens, located in Boone, North Carolina, United States, has a collection of North Carolina native plants in an informal landscaped design. The gardens are open daily from May to October.

Boone, North Carolina
Boone is a town in and the county seat of Watauga County, North Carolina, United States. Located in the Blue Ridge Mountains of western North Carolina, Boone is the home of Appalachian State University and the headquarters of the disaster and medical relief organization Samaritan's Purse. The population was 19,092 at the 2020 census.

The town is named for famous American pioneer and explorer Daniel Boone, and every summer from 1952 has hosted an outdoor amphitheatre drama, Horn in the West, portraying the British settlement of the area during the American Revolutionary War and featuring the contributions of its namesake. It is the largest community and the economic hub of the seven-county region of Western North Carolina known as the High Country.
Fifth (chord)
In a chord, the fifth factor is the note five scale degrees above the root (including the root itself in the count). For instance, in a C major triad, G is the third factor.

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When the fifth is the bass note (i.e., the lowest note) of the triad or seventh chord, the chord is in second inversion.

Conventionally, the fifth is second in importance to the root, with the fifth being perfect in all primary triads (I, IV, V and i, iv, v). In jazz chords and theory, however, the fifth is often omitted in preference for the chord quality determining third and chord extensions and additions.

The fifth in a major and minor chord is perfect (G♮ in C). When the fifth of a major chord is raised it is an augmented chord (G♯ in C) Playⓘ. When the fifth of a minor chord is lowered it is a diminished chord (G♭ in C) Playⓘ.

The open fifth and power chord consists of only the root, fifth and their octave doublings.

Root (chord)
In music theory, the root of a chord is the note that names and typifies the chord. Tertian chords are named based on (1) their root, (2) their quality (assumed to be major if no quality is named), and (3) their extensions, if any (assumed to be a triad if no extensions are named). For example, a C chord refers to a C major triad, a major triad built on the note C, which is its root.

The root of a tertian chord is the note on which the subsequent thirds are stacked (though on occasion, some of the notes in the stack may be omitted). For instance, the root of the E minor triad is E, independent of the vertical placement of the three notes that compose it (i.e., E, G, and B).

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The Old Den
The Old Den (known while in use as the Den) was the fifth football stadium occupied by Millwall F.C. in Cold Blow Lane, New Cross, London since their formation in Millwall on the Isle of Dogs in 1885 before moving to the New Den (now called the Den), in May 1993. The ground opened in 1910 and was the home of Millwall for 83 years. It boasted a record attendance of 48,672 (v Derby County in 1937). Millwall played a total of 1788 games at the Den in all competitions, winning 976, losing 360 and with 452 drawn.

New Cross
New Cross  is an area in south-east London, England, 4.5 miles (7.2 km) south-east of Charing Cross in the London Borough of Lewisham and the SE14 postcode district. New Cross is near St Johns, Telegraph Hill, Nunhead, Peckham, Brockley, Deptford and Greenwich. It is home to Goldsmiths, University of London; Haberdashers' Hatcham College, and Addey and Stanhope School.

New Cross Gate, on the west of New Cross, is named after the New Cross tollgate, established in 1718 by the New Cross Turnpike Trust. It is the location of New Cross station and New Cross Gate station. New Cross Gate corresponds to the manor and district formerly known as Hatcham.
Huntsdale, Missouri
Huntsdale is a village in Boone County, Missouri, United States. It is part of the Columbia, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 31 at the 2010 census. The village was founded on August 1, 1892, and named after William Burch Hunt, a landowner. Huntsdale was first incorporated in 1906, but that status eventually fell into neglect and the last village council election took place in 1929. Due mainly to an influx of residential development in the area, Huntsdale was reincorporated in February 2003 and its first elections were held two months later. A center of activity in Huntsdale was Katfish Katy's, a small trail-side, seasonal restaurant along the Katy Trail State Park, until its closure in 2020.

Boone County, Missouri
Boone County is located in the U.S. state of Missouri. Centrally located the state's Mid-Missouri region, its county seat is in Columbia, which is Missouri's fourth-largest city and location of the University of Missouri. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the county's population was listed as 183,610, making it the state's eighth-most populous county or county equivalent. The county was organized November 16, 1820, removed from the former larger Howard County (now to the northwest) of the old federal Missouri Territory of 1812-1821, and named for the famous Western explorer and settler of Kentucky, then recently deceased Daniel Boone (1734-1820), whose kin largely populated the Boonslick area, having arrived in the 1810s on the Boone's Lick Road.

Boone County comprises the Columbia Metropolitan Area. The towns of Ashland and Centralia are the second and third most populous towns in the county.
Arroes
Arroes is one of 41 parishes (administrative divisions) in Villaviciosa, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

Situated at 100 m (330 ft) above sea level, the parroquia has a population of 422.

On September 4, 2023, the jury of the Princess of Asturias Awards granted Arroes, along with Pion and Candanal, the Exemplary Town of Asturias Award.

Candanal
Candanal is one of 41 parishes (administrative divisions) in Villaviciosa, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The parroquia is 13.11 km2 (5.06 sq mi) in size, with a population of 242 (INE 2005).

On September 4, 2023, the jury of the Princess of Asturias Awards granted Candanal, along with Arroes and Pion, the Exemplary Town of Asturias Award.
Centibots
Centirobots, or simply centibots, were robots created around 2003 and designed to coordinate in large numbers in order to achieve a single goal, an early example of swarm robotics. The $2.2 million project was sponsored by DARPA and had principal investigator SRI International along with other investigators University of Washington's Robotics and State Estimation Lab, Stanford University and ActivMedia Robotics. SRI's Artificial Intelligence Center was known for previous work in robotics, in particular Shakey the robot and related research.

There were a total of 100 robots, 80 of which were ActivMedia Robotics Amigobots and the remaining 20 were ActivMedia Pioneer 2 AT bots. The robots were used to map out an area or locate an object of interest.

Shakey the robot
Shakey the Robot was the first general-purpose mobile robot able to reason about its own actions. While other robots would have to be instructed on each individual step of completing a larger task, Shakey could analyze commands and break them down into basic chunks by itself.

Due to its nature, the project combined research in robotics, computer vision, and natural language processing. Because of this, it was the first project that melded logical reasoning and physical action. Shakey was developed at the Artificial Intelligence Center of Stanford Research Institute (now called SRI International).

Some of the most notable results of the project include the A* search algorithm, the Hough transform, and the visibility graph method.
Tootle
Tootle (ISBN 0307020975) is a children's book written by Gertrude Crampton and illustrated by Tibor Gergely in 1945. It is part of Simon & Schuster's Little Golden Books series. As of 2001, it was the all-time third best-selling hardcover children's book in English, in the USA.

Tibor Gergely
Tibor Gergely (August 3, 1900 – January 13, 1978) was a Hungarian-American artist best known for his illustration of popular children's picture books. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1928 Summer Olympics.