hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Knudsen paradox
The Knudsen paradox has been observed in experiments of channel flow with varying channel width or equivalently different pressures. If the normalized mass flux through the channel is plotted over the Knudsen number based on the channel width a distinct minimum is observed around . This is a paradoxical behaviour because, based on the Navier–Stokes equations, one would expect the mass flux to decrease with increasing the Knudsen number. The minimum can be understood intuitively by considering the two extreme cases of very small and very large Knudsen number. For very small Kn the viscosity vanishes and a fully developed steady state channel flow shows infinite flux. On the other hand, the particles stop interacting for large Knudsen numbers. Because of the constant acceleration due to the external force, the steady state again will show infinite flux.

Knudsen number
The Knudsen number (Kn) is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of the molecular mean free path length to a representative physical length scale. This length scale could be, for example, the radius of a body in a fluid. The number is named after Danish physicist Martin Knudsen (1871–1949).

The Knudsen number helps determine whether statistical mechanics or the continuum mechanics formulation of fluid dynamics should be used to model a situation. If the Knudsen number is near or greater than one, the mean free path of a molecule is comparable to a length scale of the problem, and the continuum assumption of fluid mechanics is no longer a good approximation.  In such cases, statistical methods should be used.
Hægeland
Hægeland or Hægelandskrossen is a village in Vennesla municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located along the northeastern shore of the lake Hægelandsvatnet, a short distance south of the Kilefjorden. The Norwegian National Road 9 runs north-south through the village, just past Hægeland Church. The village of Bjelland lies about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) to the east and the villages of Skarpengland and Øvrebø both lie about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) to the south. The village of Øvre Eikeland lies about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) southeast of Hægeland, along the Rv9 highway.

The 0.25-square-kilometre (62-acre) village has a population (2016) of 433 which gives the village a population density of 1,732 inhabitants per square kilometre (4,490/sq mi).  The village was the administrative centre of the old Hægeland Municipality which existed from 1896 until 1964 when the municipality was merged into Vennesla.

Hægeland (municipality)
Hægeland is a former municipality in Vest-Agder county, Norway.  The 194-square-kilometre (75 sq mi) municipality existed from 1896 until its dissolution in 1964.  The municipality was located in the northwestern part of the present-day municipality of Vennesla.  The administrative centre was the village of Hægelandskrossen where Hægeland Church is located.
Walmart NW Arkansas Championship
The Walmart NW Arkansas Championship is an annual women's professional golf tournament on the LPGA Tour in Rogers, Arkansas, north of Fayetteville. First played eighteen years ago in 2007, all editions of the tournament have been played at Pinnacle Country Club.

Procter & Gamble (P&G), a manufacturer of a wide range of consumer goods, became the title sponsor in 2008. The 2008 and 2009 editions were prefaced with "P&G Beauty", with the word "Beauty" dropped starting in 2010. Walmart, based in nearby Bentonville and the world's largest public corporation, became the presenting sponsor in 2010. Walmart became the title sponsor in 2011, with P&G as the presenting sponsor.

Rogers, Arkansas
Rogers is a city in Benton County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 69,908 at the 2020 census, and was estimated at 75,639 in 2024, making it the sixth-most populous city in the state. Located in the Ozarks, it is part of the three-county Northwest Arkansas metropolitan area, which had 546,725 residents in 2020.

Rogers was the location of the first Walmart store, whose corporate headquarters is located in neighboring Bentonville. The city was also the location of the first 7 Brew coffeehouse. Daisy Outdoor Products, known for its air rifles, has both its headquarters and its Airgun Museum in Rogers. The city houses a popular shopping center, the Pinnacle Hills Promenade, and a music venue, the Walmart AMP, that has housed performances by big-name artists and local performers.
Horatia gens
The gens Horatia was a patrician family at ancient Rome.  In legend, the gens dates back to the time of Tullus Hostilius, the third King of Rome. One of its members, Marcus Horatius Pulvillus, was consul suffectus in 509 BC, the first year of the Republic, and again in 507. The most famous of the Horatii was his nephew, Publius Horatius Cocles, who held the Sublician bridge against the army of Lars Porsena circa 508 BC.

Horatii and Curiatii
In the ancient Roman legend of the regal period, the Horatii were three sibling warriors, sons of Publius Horatius (the elder), who lived during the reign of Tullus Hostilius.  The accounts of their epic clash with the Curiatii  appear in the writings of Livy. The story includes Publius Horatius (the younger), the sole survivor of the battle, murdering his sister for mourning the death of a beloved Curiatius.
Central F.C.
Central Football Club is a Trinidad and Tobago professional football club, based in California, that plays in the TT Pro League. Founded in 2012, the Sharks were the 21st team to join the Pro League and plays its home matches in Ato Boldon Stadium located in nearby Couva.

2012–13 Trinidad and Tobago FA Trophy
The 2012–13 Trinidad and Tobago FA Trophy was the 83rd season of the FA Trophy, which is the oldest football competition for teams in Trinidad and Tobago. Caledonia AIA entered as the tournament's defending champion, who defeated Defence Force 1–0 in the 2011–12 final at Manny Ramjohn Stadium. The tournament began on 5 December 2012 with 36 teams competing in single elimination matches and concluded on 1 March 2013 with the crowning of the cup winners.
Wooden Seated Child Manjusri of Sangwonsa Temple
The Wooden Seated Statue of the Child Mañjuśrī of Sangwonsa Temple (Korean: 상원사 목조문수동자좌상; Hanja: 上院寺 木彫文殊童子坐像) is a Korean Buddhist statue located at Sangwonsa on Mount Odae in Pyeongchang, Gangwon Province. Carved from wood and depicting the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī in the form of a child, it has been designated as  as the 221st National Treasure of South Korea.

Pyeongchang County
Pyeongchang (American English: /ˌpjʌŋˈtʃɑːŋ/ pyung-CHAHNG, Korean: [pʰjʌŋtɕʰaŋ]; in full, Pyeongchang-gun [pʰjʌŋtɕʰaŋɡun]) is a county in the state of Gangwon, South Korea, located in the Taebaek Mountains region. It is home to several Buddhist temples, including Woljeongsa. It is about 180 km (110 mi) east southeast of Seoul, the capital of South Korea, and connected by expressways and high-speed passenger railways. Pyeongchang's slogan, "Happy 700 Pyeongchang", is taken from its average elevation of approximately 700 metres (2,300 ft).

Pyeongchang hosted the 2018 Winter Olympics and the 2018 Winter Paralympics. It was officially rebranded as "PyeongChang" (with a capital 'C') for the purposes of the 2018 Games, in order to avoid confusion with Pyongyang in North Korea.
United Nations Mission in Sudan
The United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) was established by the UN Security Council under Resolution 1590 of 24 March 2005, in response to the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the government of the Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement on 9 January 2005.

UNMIS tasks are to support the implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, to perform certain functions relating to humanitarian assistance, protection, promotion of human rights, and to support the African Union Mission in Sudan. The mandate of UNMIS ended on 9 July 2011; the UNSC officially ended the mission on 11 July 2011, with a drawdown by 31 August 2011. Equipment and personnel will be transferred to UNISFA and UNMISS.

Its best-known employee was journalist Lubna al-Hussein, who resigned in order to waive her immunity.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1590
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1590, adopted unanimously on 24 March 2005, after recalling resolutions 1547 (2004), 1556 (2004), 1564 (2004), 1574 (2004), 1585 (2005) and 1588 (2005) on the situation in Sudan, the Council established the United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) for an initial period of six months.

The passage of the resolution created the United Nations' 17th active peacekeeping mission. The vote on the resolution primarily concerning South Sudan was delayed by three weeks due to disagreements over the situation in nearby Darfur.
Tyrrell 022
The Tyrrell 022 was the car with which the Tyrrell team competed in the 1994 Formula One World Championship. The car was powered by the Yamaha OX10B 3.5-litre V10 engine and was driven by Japanese Ukyo Katayama, in his second season with the team, and Briton Mark Blundell, who moved from Ligier.

The 022 was the car with which Tyrrell achieved its final podium finish, courtesy of Blundell at the Spanish Grand Prix.

It was replaced by the 023 for 1995.

Tyrrell 023
The Tyrrell 023 was a Formula One car designed by Harvey Postlethwaite and Mike Gascoyne for use by the Tyrrell team in the 1995 Formula One World Championship. The car was driven by Japanese Ukyo Katayama, in his third season with the team, and Finn Mika Salo, in his first full season of F1 after driving for Lotus in the final two races of 1994. The team's test driver, Italian Gabriele Tarquini, deputised for an injured Katayama at the European Grand Prix. The best finish achieved by the 023 was fifth, by Salo at the Italian and Australian Grands Prix.
Quassia amara
Quassia amara, also known as amargo, bitter-ash, bitterwood, or hombre grande (spanish for big man) is a species in the genus Quassia, with some botanists treating it as the sole species in the genus. The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus who named it after the first botanist to describe it: the Surinamese freedman Graman Quassi.
Q. amara is used as insecticide, in traditional medicine and as additive in the food industry.

Quassin
Quassin is a white, bitter, crystalline substance that is the prototypical example of the family of quassinoids. It can be extracted from the quassia tree, from which it gets its name.  It was first isolated in 1937, and its chemical structure was elucidated in 1961.

It is one of the most bitter substances found in nature, with a bitter threshold of 0.08 ppm and it is 50 times more bitter than quinine.

Extracts of the bitterwood tree (Quassia amara) containing quassin are used as additives in soft drinks.

Although its skeleton possesses 20 carbon atoms, quassin is not a diterpene but rather a triterpene lactone, which derives from euphol by loss of 10 carbon atoms including C4.
Cree language
Cree (/kriː/ KREE; also known as Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi) is a dialect continuum of Algonquian languages spoken by approximately 86,475 people across Canada in 2021, from the Northwest Territories to Alberta to Labrador. If considered one language, it is the aboriginal language with the highest number of speakers in Canada. The only region where Cree has any official status is in the Northwest Territories, alongside eight other aboriginal languages. There, Cree is spoken mainly in Fort Smith and Hay River.

Proto-Algonquian language
Proto-Algonquian (commonly abbreviated PA) is the proto-language from which the various Algonquian languages are descended. It is generally estimated to have been spoken around 2,500 to 3,000 years ago, but there is less agreement on where it was spoken. The Algonquian family, which is a branch of the larger Algic language family, is usually divided into three subgroups: Eastern Algonquian, which is a genetic subgroup spoken in and around New England and the Chesapeake Bay; Central Algonquian, spoken around the Great Lakes in both the United States and Canada; and Plains Algonquian, spoken in the Great Plains of both the United States and Canada. Both Central and Plains Algonquian languages are areal groupings. In the historical linguistics of North America, Proto-Algonquian is one of the best studied and most thoroughly reconstructed proto-languages. It is descended from Proto-Algic.
1949 VFL thirds season
The 1949 VFL thirds season was the 4th season of the VFL thirds,  the Australian rules football competition operating as the junior competition to the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Carlton won their second thirds premiership, defeating minor premiers Geelong by 11 points.

At the end of the previous season, North Essendon withdrew from the competition, and TAA − a side representing Trans Australia Airlines − took its place. However, the side was too heavily beaten and withdrew after round 4.

TAA (football club)
TAA was an Australian rules football club that competed in a single season of the VFL thirds, the junior competition to the Victorian Football League (VFL). The team represented Trans Australia Airlines (TAA).

Following the demise of North Essendon, which competed in the 1947 and 1948 seasons, TAA was brought in to take its place.

However, the side was beaten heavily, and withdrew from the competition following round 4 of the 1949 season. After leaving the thirds competition, TAA played and was defeated by a side representing Australian National Airways in a one-off match in August 1949. TAA disbanded shortly after this time.
Lacerba
Lacerba was an Italian literary journal based in Florence closely associated with the Futurist movement. It published many Futurist manifestos by Filippo Marinetti, Antonio Sant'Elia, and others.

The magazine was started as a fortnightly magazine on 1 January 1913. Its frequency was later changed to weekly.

The paper had no official editor. Ardengo Soffici and Giovanni Papini were two of the principal contributors. Lacerba ceased publication on 22 May 1915.

Antonio Sant'Elia
Antonio Sant'Elia (Italian pronunciation: [anˈtɔːnjo santeˈliːa]; 30 April 1888 – 10 October 1916) was an Italian architect and a key member of the Futurist movement in architecture. He left behind almost no completed works of architecture and is primarily remembered for his bold sketches and influence on modern architecture.
De Arend (locomotive)
De Arend (Dutch pronunciation: [də ˈʔaːrənt]; the eagle) was one of the two first steam locomotives in the Netherlands. It was a 2-2-2 Patentee type built in England by R. B. Longridge and Company of Bedlington, Northumberland to run on the then standard Dutch track gauge of 1,945 mm (6 ft 4+9⁄16 in). On 20 September 1839, together with the Snelheid (Dutch for speed), it hauled the first train of the Hollandsche IJzeren Spoorweg-Maatschappij between Amsterdam and Haarlem. It was withdrawn in 1857.

In 1939 a replica of the De Arend was constructed for the 100th anniversary of the Dutch railways. It is displayed at the Nederlands Spoorwegmuseum (Dutch Railway Museum) in Utrecht.

2-2-2
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-2-2 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, two powered driving wheels on one axle, and two trailing wheels on one axle. The wheel arrangement both provided more stability and enabled a larger firebox than the earlier 0-2-2 and 2-2-0 types. This wheel arrangement is sometimes described as a Single, although this name could be used to describe any kind of locomotive with a single pair of driving wheels.
Santee station
Santee station (also known as Santee Town Center station) is a station on the Copper Line of the San Diego Trolley, in the San Diego suburb of Santee, California. The station currently serves as the Copper Line's northern terminus and serves as a major park and ride station. It is located inside a shopping center on the northeast corner of the intersection of Mission Gorge Road and Cuyamaca Street.

Copper Line (San Diego Trolley)
The Copper Line, officially the Copper Line–East County Connector, is a light rail line in the San Diego Trolley system, operated by San Diego Trolley, Inc. an operating division of the San Diego Metropolitan Transit System (MTS). Located in East County, San Diego, it operates as a shuttle between El Cajon Transit Center and Santee station. It opened on September 29, 2024, making it the system's newest line.

The line is one of five lines in the trolley system, the others being the Blue, Orange, Green, and Silver (operates on select holidays only) lines. MTS created the Copper Line because the section of the line between Gillespie Field station and Santee has a single track, which has been the source of delays that impact both the Green and Orange lines. The Copper Line aims to alleviate these issues by creating a dedicated shuttle service disconnected from the larger Green and Orange lines.
Manabu Soya
Manabu Soya (征矢 学, Soya Manabu; born December 23, 1984) is a Japanese professional wrestler. He is currently signed to Pro Wrestling NOAH. He is best known for his work in All Japan Pro Wrestling, and he previously lived in Canada training at the Can-Am Wrestling School under Scott D'Amore, working regularly for the Maximum Pro Wrestling promotion.

GHC National Championship
The Global Honored Crown (GHC) National Championship (Japanese: GHCナショナル王座, Hepburn: GHC Nashonaru Ōza) is a professional wrestling championship in the Japanese promotion Pro Wrestling Noah. It was created on October 3, 2019 and inaugurated on November 2 when Takashi Sugiura defeated Michael Elgin. The title is defended exclusively in Japan. Rather than being another "heavyweight" championship, Noah classifies the title as an openweight title, with both heavyweight and junior heavyweight wrestlers being eligible to challenge for it.
Cortes de Pallás
Cortes de Pallás is a municipality in the comarca of Valle de Cofrentes in the Valencian Community, Spain. As of 1 January 2022, the population is 733 people.

The Cortes-La Muela Reservoir and associated hydroelectric power plant is located near the municipality.

Valle de Ayora
Valle de Ayora (Spanish: [ˈbaʎe ðe aʝoˈɾa]), also known as Valle de Ayora-Cofrentes ([ˈbaʎe ðe aʝoˈɾa koˈfɾentes]), and in Valencian: Vall de Cofrents ([ˈvaʎ de koˈfɾents]), is a comarca in the province of Valencia, Valencian Community, Spain. It is part of the Spanish-speaking area in the Valencian Community.
Bjerkvik
Bjerkvik (Norwegian) or Rahkka (Northern Sami) is a village in Narvik Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The village is located at the end of Herjangsfjorden, an arm of Ofotfjorden. Bjerkvik sits less than 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of the border of Troms county and about 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) across the fjord from the town of Narvik. The 1.34-square-kilometre (330-acre) village has a population (2023) of 1,088 and a population density of 812 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,100/sq mi).

The European route E6 and European route E10 highways meet in Bjerkvik, a central location on the roads connecting Harstad, Narvik, and Tromsø. Elvegårdsmoen military camp lies on the eastern edge of the village near the lake Hartvikvatnet.

Bjerkvik School is an elementary and secondary school in Bjerkvik. The school has about 200 pupils. The village also has two gas stations and three grocery stores. Bjerkvik Church was built here in 1955 to serve the northern part of the municipality.

Hartvikvatnet
Hartvikvatnet (Norwegian) or Árajávri (Northern Sami) is a lake in Narvik Municipality in Nordland county, Norway.  The 2.3-square-kilometre (0.89 sq mi) lake is located about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) east of the village of Bjerkvik and just less than 20 kilometres (12 mi) with the border with Sweden.  The Elvegårdsmoen military camp lies just west of the lake.

In April 1940, 11 German Junkers Ju 52 planes landed on the frozen lake with supplies for the German forces during the Battle of Narvik. 10 of the planes were not able to take off and were left on the ice. In the 1980s, some of the wrecks were salvaged, and are noe on display in museums in Norway and Germany. Tree plane wrecks are still in Hartvigvatnet.
Wheatbelt (Western Australia)
The Wheatbelt is one of nine regions of Western Australia defined as administrative areas for the state's regional development, and a vernacular term for the area converted to agriculture during colonisation. It partially surrounds the Perth metropolitan area, extending north from Perth to the Mid West region, and east to the Goldfields–Esperance region.  It is bordered to the south by the South West and Great Southern regions, and to the west by the Indian Ocean, the Perth metropolitan area, and the Peel region.  Altogether, it has an area of 154,862 square kilometres (59,793 sq mi) (including islands).

The region has 42 local government authorities, with an estimated population of 75,000 residents. The Wheatbelt accounts for approximately three per cent of Western Australia's population.

Shire of York
The Shire of York is a local government area in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, covering an area of 2,133 square kilometres (824 sq mi) just beyond the eastern fringe of Perth's metropolitan area. The Shire's seat of government is the town of York.
Ragdale
Ragdale is the former summer retreat of Chicago architect Howard Van Doren Shaw, located in Lake Forest, Illinois. It is the home of the Ragdale Foundation, an artist residency program that hosts creators from a number of disciplines: nonfiction and fiction writers, composers, poets, play- and screenwriters, visual artists, choreographers, as well as those from interdisciplinary interests.

Howard Van Doren Shaw
Howard Van Doren Shaw AIA (May 7, 1869 – May 7, 1926) was an architect in  Chicago, Illinois. Shaw was a leader in the American Craftsman movement, best exemplified in his 1900 remodel of Second Presbyterian Church in Chicago. He designed Marktown, Clayton Mark's planned worker community in Northwest Indiana.
AAMI
Australian Associated Motor Insurers Limited (commonly referred to as AAMI) is an Australian general insurance provider offering car, home, CTP and business insurance. AAMI has vehicle assessment centres in Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia. AAMI has been a brand and subsidiary of Suncorp Group since 2007. Its headquarters are in Melbourne, Victoria.

Suncorp Group
Suncorp Group Limited, known simply as Suncorp, is an Australian finance, insurance and banking corporation based in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was formed on 1 December 1996 by the merger of Suncorp, Metway Bank and the Queensland Industry Development Corporation (QIDC), and is one of Australia's mid-sized banks (by combined lending and deposits) and its largest general insurance group.
Bruce Cole
Bruce Milan Cole (August 2, 1938 – January 8, 2018) was a longtime professor of art history at Indiana University, a Senior Fellow at the Ethics and Public Policy Center in Washington, D.C., a member of the Eisenhower Memorial Commission, and the eighth Chair of the National Endowment for the Humanities.

Chair of the National Endowment for the Humanities
The chair of the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is the executive leader of the National Endowment for the Humanities, an independent federal agency created in 1965. The chair directs the NEH and is the sole position in the agency with the legal authority to make grants and awards. The NEH chair is appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. The appointment and term of the chair are statutorily defined in 20 U.S.C. § 956(b), and the chair's authority is defined throughout 20 U.S.C. § 956. The National Council on the Humanities, a board of 26 private citizens who are also appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, advises the chair.