hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
North Pole-1
North Pole-1 (Russian: Северный полюс-1) was the world's first crewed drifting ice station in the Arctic Ocean, primarily used for research.

North Pole-1 was established on 21 May 1937 and officially opened on 6 June, some 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the North Pole by the expedition into the high latitudes Sever-1, led by Otto Schmidt. The expedition had been airlifted by aviation units under the command of Mark Shevelev. "NP-1" operated for 9 months, during which the ice floe travelled 2,850 kilometres (1,770 mi). The commander of the station was Ivan Papanin. On 19 February 1938 the Soviet ice breakers Taimyr and Murman took four polar explorers off the station close to the eastern coast of Greenland.  They arrived in Leningrad on 15 March on board the icebreaker Yermak.

The expedition members, hydrobiologist Pyotr Shirshov, geophysicist Yevgeny Fyodorov, radioman Ernst Krenkel, and the commander Ivan Papanin, were awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union title.

Otto Schmidt
Otto Yulyevich Shmidt (born Otto Friedrich Julius Schmidt; 30 September [O.S. 18 September] 1891 – 7 September 1956), better known as Otto Schmidt, was a Soviet scientist, mathematician, astronomer, geophysicist, statesman, and academician.
Rainer Osselmann
Rainer Osselmann (25 July 1960 – 23 April 2023) was a German water polo player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics and in the 1988 Summer Olympics.

Osselmann was born in Duisburg. His father, Friedhelm Osselmann, played water polo for West Germany at the 1956 and 1960 Olympics, whereas his mother, Birgit Klomp, competed in swimming at the 1956 Games.

Osselmann died in Amtzell on 23 April 2023, at the age of 62.

Birgit Klomp
Birgit Klomp (born 27 April 1940) is a retired German freestyle swimmer who won a bronze medal at the 1954 European Aquatics Championships. She competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics in the 100 m and 4 × 100 m freestyle events and finished fourth in the relay. She won three national titles in the 100 m (1955, 1956) and 400 m freestyle (1955).

Her husband, Friedhelm Osselmann (b. 1934), is a retired German water polo player who competed in the 1956 and 1960 Olympics. Their son, Rainer Osselmann, competed in water polo at the 1984 and 1988 Olympics.
Bowen ratio
The Bowen ratio is used to describe the type of heat transfer for a surface that has moisture.  Heat transfer can either occur as sensible heat (differences in temperature without evapotranspiration) or latent heat (the energy required during a change of state, without a change in temperature).  The Bowen ratio is generally used to calculate heat lost (or gained) in a substance; it is the ratio of sensible heat to latent heat (i.e., energy associated with changes of state), respectively. It is a unitless quantity.

The ratio was named by Harald Sverdrup after Ira Sprague Bowen (1898–1973), an astrophysicist whose theoretical work on evaporation to air from water bodies made first use of it, and it is used most commonly in meteorology and hydrology.

Ira Sprague Bowen
Ira Sprague Bowen (December 21, 1898 – February 6, 1973) was an American physicist and astronomer. In 1927 he discovered that nebulium was not really a chemical element but instead doubly ionized oxygen.
Peter Oskam
Peter Oskam (born 5 January 1960 in The Hague) is a Dutch politician and former football referee and judge. As a member of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) he was an MP between 20 September 2012 and 4 January 2016.

As a referee he refereed 64 football games in the Eredivisie (Honorary Division) between 1998 and 2004. Oskam also officiated in UEFA Euro 2004 qualification, serving as fourth official for the qualifying match between the Faroe Islands and Germany. As a judge he was vice president of the court of Rotterdam and Amsterdam.

In November 2015 it was announced Oskam would leave the House of Representatives to become mayor of Capelle aan den IJssel per January 2016. He was sworn in as mayor on 4 January. He was replaced in the House by Mustafa Amhaouch.

Oskam is married, has four children, and lives in Rijswijk.

Rijswijk
Rijswijk (Dutch: [ˈrɛisʋɛik] ⓘ), formerly known as Ryswick (/ˈrɪzwɪk/ RIZ-wik) in English, is a town and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. Its population was 59.642 in 2024, and it has an area of 14.49 km2 (5.59 sq mi), 0.53 km2 (0.20 sq mi) of which is water.

The municipality also includes the former hamlets of 't Haantje and Sion, currently also known as Rijswijk Buiten.
SpaceX CRS-2
SpaceX CRS-2, also known as SpX-2, was the fourth flight for SpaceX's uncrewed Dragon cargo spacecraft, the fifth and final flight for the company's two-stage Falcon 9 v1.0 launch vehicle, and the second SpaceX operational mission contracted to NASA under a Commercial Resupply Services (CRS-1) contract.

The launch occurred on 1 March 2013. A minor technical issue on the Dragon spacecraft involving the RCS thruster pods occurred upon reaching orbit, but it was recoverable. The vehicle was released from the station on 26 March 2013, at 10:56 UTC and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean at 16:34 UTC.

Commercial Resupply Services
Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) are a series of flights awarded by NASA for the delivery of cargo and supplies to the International Space Station (ISS) on commercially operated spacecraft.

The first phase of CRS contracts (CRS-1) were signed in 2008 and awarded $1.6 billion to SpaceX for twelve Dragon 1 and $1.9 billion to Orbital Sciences for eight Cygnus flights, covering deliveries to 2016. The first operational resupply missions were flown by SpaceX in 2012 (CRS SpX-1) and Orbital in 2014 (CRS Orb-1). In 2015, NASA extended CRS-1 to twenty flights for SpaceX and twelve flights for Orbital ATK.

A second phase of contracts (CRS-2) was solicited in 2014. CRS-2 contracts were awarded in January 2016 to Orbital ATK's continued use of Cygnus, Sierra Nevada Corporation's new Dream Chaser, and SpaceX's new Dragon 2, for cargo transport flights beginning in 2019 and expected to last through 2024.
Kyōto Station
Kyōto Station (京都駅, Kyōto-eki) is a major railway station and transportation hub in Kyōto, Japan. It has Japan's second-largest station building (after Nagoya Station) and is one of the country's largest buildings, incorporating a shopping mall, hotel, movie theater, Isetan department store, and several local government facilities under one 15-story roof.

Nagano Station
Nagano Station (長野駅, Nagano-eki) is a railway station in the city of Nagano in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. The station is operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and the private railway operator Nagano Electric Railway (Nagaden).
Frank Fitzpatrick (footballer)
Frank Fitzpatrick (2 March 1932 – 27 June 2003) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Fitzpatrick was recruited to Geelong on the back of two strong seasons playing for Rochester in the Bendigo Football League. He won the 1956 and 1957 Michelsen Medals. While at Geelong he made nine appearances, all in the 1958 VFL season.

Rochester Football Club
The Rochester Football Netball Club, nicknamed the Tigers, is an Australian rules football and netball club, based in the town of Rochester, Victoria. Its teams currently play in the Goulburn Valley League, where Rochester played for the first time in 1913.
Peace commission
A peace commission is an organization that operates at a local, regional, or national level within a country to reduce, counter, or prevent conflict. Typically, a peace commission will involve local communities and individuals in the peace building process.
A Truth and reconciliation commission is a form of Peace Commission that discovers and reveals past wrongdoings in the hope of resolving conflict left over from the past. The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission is an example.
A commission such as the Southern Sudan Peace Commission is less concerned with the past, and more with finding ways to prevent ongoing ethnic violence from escalating, but instead to move towards a more peaceful society.

Another sense for the term is a commission that represents a country negotiating the terms of a peace during or immediately after a war.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was a court-like restorative justice body assembled in South Africa in 1996 after the end of apartheid. Authorised by Nelson Mandela and chaired by Desmond Tutu, the commission invited witnesses who were identified as victims of gross human rights violations to give statements about their experiences, and selected some for public hearings. Perpetrators of violence could also give testimony and request amnesty from both civil and criminal prosecution.

The Institute for Justice and Reconciliation was established in 2000 as the successor organisation of the TRC.
Tiaa (princess)
Tiaa was an Ancient Egyptian princess of the 18th Dynasty. She was the daughter of Pharaoh Thutmose IV and was named after her paternal grandmother Tiaa.

It is likely that she is the princess shown in the tomb of Sobekhotep (TT63), whose wife Meryt was her nurse. Canopic jars that probably belong to her were found in the Valley of the Queens.

She died during the reign of her brother Amenhotep III. Her original burial place is not known. Her mummy was reburied during the 21st Dynasty in the Sheikh Abd el-Qurna cache, along with the mummies of several other royal princesses: Amenemopet and Petepihu, who were probably her sisters; Nebetia, her niece, and princesses Tatau, Henutiunu, Meritptah, Sithori and Wiay. Her mummy label identifies her as King's Daughter of Menkheperure. The tomb was discovered in 1857.

TT63
The Theban Tomb TT63 is located in Sheikh Abd el-Qurna. It forms part of the Theban Necropolis, situated on the west bank of the Nile opposite to Luxor.

The tomb belongs to an 18th Dynasty ancient Egyptian named Sobekhotep, who was treasurer and the mayor of the Southern Lake and the Land of Sobek (Faiyum) during the reign of Thutmosis IV.

Sobekhotep was the son of an Overseer of the Seal named Min. Sobekhotep's wife Meryt was the Nurse of the King's daughter Tiaa and the Chief of the Harem of Sobek of Shedty.

Fragment of a wall painting from TT63 depicting men carrying papyrus reeds and waterfowl.

A painting probably from TT63 depicting an Asiatic tribute-bearer.

A painting from TT63 depicting Nubians bearing tribute.

West Asiatic tribute bearers depicted on a fragment of a painting from TT63.
2022 Canada Women's Sevens
The 2022 Canada Women's Sevens was rugby sevens tournament for women's national teams that took place between 30 April and 1 May 2022 at Starlight Stadium, Langford, British Columbia, Canada as part of the 2021–22 World Rugby Women's Sevens Series. The defending champions from the 2019 Sevens Series event were New Zealand.

In their third Langford Final appearance, first-time Langford champions Australia beat New Zealand 21–17 in the Final, a rematch of the 2018 and 2019 events. Hosts Canada beat the United States to finish fifth (12–7). It is their third back-to-back fifth placing at home. Ireland finished third, beating France 22–14. It is their first top four placing in Langford, and their first back-to-back top three placing on the World Rugby Women's Sevens Series.

Australia women's national rugby sevens team
The Australia women's national rugby sevens team, are the Australia national rugby sevens team of women. They were champions of the inaugural Women's Sevens World Cup in 2009. The team plays in the World Rugby Women's Sevens Series as one of the "core teams" on the world tour, of which they have been crowned Champions three times. The team also played in the preceding competition to the current world series, the IRB Women's Sevens Challenge Cup. In 2016, they won the inaugural gold medal at the Rio Summer Olympics.
Emily Helen Butterfield
Emily Helen Butterfield (August 4, 1884, Algonac, Michigan – March 22, 1958, Neebish Island) was a pioneer in the Michigan women's movement.

She was Michigan's first licensed female architect, one of the founders of the Alpha Gamma Delta sorority, active in Greek life, and a founding member of the Detroit Business Women's Club, the first professional women's club in the nation.

George Banta
George Riddle Banta Sr. (July 16, 1857 – September 23, 1935) was an American publisher and local politician. He was the founder of the George Banta Company (later the Banta Corporation) and was an influential figure in the development of the collegiate Phi Delta Theta fraternity and Delta Gamma women's fraternity.
Joe Klecko
Joseph Edward Klecko (born October 15, 1953) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL), primarily with the New York Jets. He played college football for the Temple Owls and was a member of the Jets' famed "New York Sack Exchange". Klecko was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2023.

New York Sack Exchange
The New York Sack Exchange were the front four defensive line of the American football team New York Jets of the National Football League during the early 1980s. The line consisted of Mark Gastineau, Joe Klecko, Marty Lyons and Abdul Salaam.
Hay'at al-Arkan
The Hay'at al-Arkan (Arabic: هيئة الأركان العامة, lit. 'General Staff Headquarters') is the General Staff Command Building of the Syrian Armed Forces and the headquarters of Ministry of Defense. It is located in Umayyad Square in central Damascus. It is the main seat of the Chief of the General Staff.

Ministry of Defense (Syria)
The Ministry of Defense (Arabic: وزارة الدفاع, romanized: Wizārat al-Difāʿ) is a cabinet ministry of Syria, responsible for defense affairs and national security. Murhaf Abu Qasra, Minister of Defense holds the position of Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Armed Forces.
Santa Bàrbara Castle
Santa Bàrbara Castle (Valencian: Castell de Santa Bàrbara, Spanish: Castillo de Santa Bárbara) is a fortification in the center of Alicante, Valencian Community, Spain. It stands on Mount Benacantil (166 m) bordering the sea, which gave it enormous strategic value since from it you can see the entire bay of Alicante and its land surroundings. The image of the mountain from the beach resembles a face, which is why it is called "the face of the Moor" and is an icon of the city of Alicante.

There are historians who date the origin of the place name to the words bena, an Arabic transcription of pinna, 'peña' in Latin, and laqanti, an adjective that comes from Laqant, Alicante for the Arabs.

Alicante
Alicante or Alacant (officially: Alacant / Alicante) is a city and municipality in the Valencian Community, Spain. It is the capital of the province of Alicante and a historic Mediterranean port. With a population of 358,608 as of 2024, it is the 2nd-largest city in the Valencian Community and the 10th-largest in Spain.

Together with Elche (Elx) and other municipalities, Alicante forms a conurbation of nearly 1 million inhabitants.
Tolar
The tolar (German: Thaler) or Jáchymovský tolar was a silver coin minted in the Kingdom of Bohemia from 1520 until 1672 in Jáchymov (German: Joachimsthal). The obverse of the coin depicts Saint Joachim with the coat-of-arms of the noble family Schlik, who founded the mint in the Ore Mountains, with the titles of the Schlik brothers in inscription: "STEPHANI:ET:FRATRVM: COMITVM:DE:BASSANO" (without abbreviations). The reverse side depicts the crowned Bohemian lion with the title of the Bohemian King Louis of the Jagiellonian dynasty: "LVDOVICVS DEI GRACIA REX BOHEMIAE" (without abbreviations).

The modern word dollar was derived from the Spanish dollar, so-called in the English-speaking world because they were of similar size and weight to the German Thalers. The German Thalers were so named because they were first minted from a silver mine in 1520 in Joachimsthal.

It was the main silver currency in Bohemia from 1520 to 1750.

Jáchymov
Jáchymov (Czech pronunciation: [ˈjaːxɪmof]; German: Sankt Joachimsthal or Joachimsthal) is a spa town in Karlovy Vary District in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,300 inhabitants.

Jáchymov has a long mining tradition, thanks to which it used to be the second most populous town in the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1534. At first silver was mined here. The silver Joachimsthaler coins minted here since the 16th century gave their name to the Thaler and the dollar. After the Wieliczka Salt Mine ceased industrial exploitation in 2007, the Svornost mine (1525) became the oldest mine still in use in Europe. It was also the first (and for a long time the only) place in the world where radium was mined.

The mining cultural landscape of Jáchymov is a UNESCO World Heritage Site as a part of the Ore Mountain Mining Region. The historic centre of the town is well preserved and protected as an urban monument zone.
2nd New Hampshire Regiment
The 2nd New Hampshire Regiment was formed in early May 1775, as the second of three Continental Army regiments raised by the state of New Hampshire during the American Revolutionary War. Its first commander was Colonel Enoch Poor, with Joseph Cilley as major. Many of the men who served in the unit hailed from southeastern New Hampshire and western Maine (then part of Massachusetts). During the first part of its service, the regiment took part in the siege of Boston, and there is a link below in the reference section to the orderly book of an officer in the unit during that time.

Enoch Poor
Enoch Poor (June 21, 1736 (Old Style) – September 8, 1780) was a brigadier general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He began his life as an apprentice cabinet maker but rose through competence to become a successful ship builder and merchant from Exeter, New Hampshire. Over five years of continuous service, he became one of George Washington's most trusted and reliable brigade commanders.
Virginia State Route 130
Virginia State Route 130 (SR 130) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia.  The state highway runs 34.69 miles (55.83 km) from U.S. Route 11 (US 11) at Natural Bridge east to SR 669 and SR 670 east of US 29 near Madison Heights.  SR 130 runs concurrently with US 501 from Glasgow through the James River gorge through the Blue Ridge Mountains, connecting eastern Rockbridge County with western and southern Amherst County near Lynchburg.

SR 130 is a Virginia Byway west of US 29 Business near Madison Heights.

Amherst County, Virginia
Amherst County is a county, located in the Piedmont region and near the center of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. The county is part of the Lynchburg metropolitan area, and its county seat is also named Amherst.

Amherst County was created in 1761 out of Albemarle County, and it was named in honor of Lord Jeffery Amherst, the so-called "Conqueror of Canada". In 1807 as population increased, the county was reduced in size in order to form Nelson County. Tobacco was the major cash crop of the county during its early years. The labor-intensive crop was worked and processed by enslaved Africans and African Americans before the American Civil War.

As of the 2020 census, the population of the county was 31,307.
Willowdale (federal electoral district)
Willowdale is a federal electoral district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1979. It is the riding with the biggest Korean community in Canada. As per the 2021 census, 9.9% of the population of Willowdale is Korean.

For a long time this riding was considered a Liberal stronghold, having been won by the Liberal Party of Canada in all but one election since 1980. Longtime Liberal MP Jim Peterson was the riding's MP from 1980 to 1984 and from 1988 to 2007, and Martha Hall Findlay was the riding MP from 2008 to 2011. However, Conservative candidate Chungsen Leung won by 932 votes on the May 2, 2011 federal election. In the 2015 federal election, the seat returned to the Liberal Party with Ali Ehsassi unseating Leung. This district is home to some landmarks like Mel Lastman Square, the Toronto Centre for the Arts and the Claude Watson School for the Arts.

Chungsen Leung
Chungsen (C. S.) Leung (Chinese: 梁中心) (born July 14, 1950) is a Taiwanese-born Canadian businessman and Conservative politician who was formerly the MP for Willowdale. After his election in the 2011 federal election, Leung was appointed as the Parliamentary Secretary for Multiculturalism, a role he held until his defeat in the 2015 federal election.
Romance (1930 film)
Romance is a 1930 American pre-Code film directed by Clarence Brown, and starring Greta Garbo, Lewis Stone, and Gavin Gordon. Based on the 1913 play by Edward Sheldon, the film was written by Edwin Justus Mayer and Bess Meredyth, and distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

The play was previously adapted as a 1920 silent film starring Doris Keane, the actress in Sheldon's 1913 play.

Romance (Sheldon play)
Romance is a play by the American dramatist Edward Sheldon. It was first produced in New York in 1913, and a London production followed in 1915, which ran for 1,049 performances. Both productions featured Doris Keane as an opera star who has an intense affair with a young clergyman.
Mauro Codussi
Mauro Codussi (1440–1504) was an Italian architect of the early-Renaissance, active mostly in Venice. The name is also rendered as Coducci. He was one of the first to bring the classical style of the early renaissance to Venice to replace the prevalent Gothic style.

Born near Bergamo about 1440, he is first recorded in Venice in 1469, where he was working on the church of San Michele in Isola on the island between Venice and Murano, where Venice now has its cemetery. Little is known of his early experience and training.

Other works include San Zaccaria, San Giovanni Crisostomo and Santa Maria Formosa, and the residences Ca' Vendramin Calergi and Palazzo Zorzi Galeoni.

The St Mark's Clocktower (Torre dell'Orologio), built in the Piazza San Marco in Venice between 1496 and 1499, is also attributed to him.

St Mark's Clocktower
45°26′05″N 12°20′20″E﻿ / ﻿45.43471°N 12.338912°E﻿ / 45.43471; 12.338912

The Clock Tower (Italian: Torre dell'Orologio) in Venice is an early Renaissance building on the north side of the Piazza San Marco, at the entrance to the Merceria. It comprises a tower, which contains the clock, and lower buildings on each side.  It adjoins the eastern end of the Procuratie Vecchie. Both the tower and the clock date from the last decade of the 15th century, though the mechanism of the clock has subsequently been much altered. It was placed where the clock would be visible from the waters of the lagoon and give notice to everyone of the wealth and glory of Venice. The lower two floors of the tower make a monumental archway into the main street of the city, the Merceria, which linked the political and religious centre (the Piazza) with the commercial and financial centre (the Rialto). Today it is one of the 11 venues managed by the Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia.
Benjamin Hanby
Benjamin Russell (or Russel) Hanby (July 22, 1833 – March 16, 1867) was an American composer, educator, pastor, and abolitionist. He is known for composing approximately 80 songs and hymns, most notably "Darling Nelly Gray" and the Christmas songs "Up on the Housetop", and "Who is He in Yonder Stall?".

Nelly Gray (song)
"Darling Nelly Gray" is a 19th century anti-slavery ballad written and composed by Benjamin Hanby in 1856. It is written as from the point of view of an African-American male slave in Kentucky whose sweetheart has been taken away by slave-owners. The man mourns his beloved, who has been sold South to Georgia (where the slave’s life was conventionally regarded as harsher). He eventually dies and joins her in heaven. The song became popular in the years preceding the Civil War and helped promote support for the abolitionist cause.