hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Variable speed wind turbine
A variable speed wind turbine is one which is specifically designed to operate over a wide range of rotor speeds. It is in direct contrast to fixed speed wind turbine where the rotor speed is approximately constant. The reason to vary the rotor speed is to capture the maximum aerodynamic power in the wind, as the wind speed varies. The aerodynamic efficiency, or coefficient of power,  for a fixed blade pitch angle is obtained by operating the wind turbine at the optimal tip-speed ratio as shown in the following graph.

Tip-speed ratio is given by the following expression,

where  is the rotor speed (in radians per second),  is the radius of the rotor, and  is the wind speed. As the wind speed varies, the rotor speed must be varied to maintain peak efficiency.

Tip-speed ratio
The tip-speed ratio, λ, or TSR for wind turbines is the ratio between the tangential speed of the tip of a blade and the actual speed of the wind, v. The tip-speed ratio is related to efficiency, with the optimum varying with blade design.


 Higher tip speeds result in higher noise levels and require stronger blades due to larger centrifugal forces.

The tip speed of the blade can be calculated as , where  is the rotational speed of the rotor and R is the rotor radius. Therefore, we can also write:

where  is the wind speed at the height of the blade hub.
Northern State (Sudan)
Northern State (Arabic: الولاية الشمالية Aš Šamāliya) is one of the 18 wilayat (states) of Sudan. It has an area of 348,765 km2 and an estimated population of 936,255. Northern Sudan was known in ancient times as Nubia. Jebel Uweinat is a mountain range in the area of the Egyptian-Libyan-Sudanese border. The state has been part of historical Sudanese kingdoms and countries such as the Mahdist State and the Kingdom of Kush. The state is bordering Egypt to the North, River Nile State to the east, Khartoum State to the southeast, North Kordofan to the south, and North Darfur and Libya to the west. The disputed Wadi Halfa Salient is located on the border of the state and Egypt.

Old Dongola
Old Dongola (Old Nubian: ⲧⲩⲛⲅⲩⲗ, Tungul; Arabic: دنقلا العجوز, Dunqulā al-ʿAjūz) is a deserted Nubian town in what is now Northern State, Sudan, located on the east bank of the Nile opposite the Wadi Howar. An important city in medieval Nubia, and the departure point for caravans west to Darfur and Kordofan, from the fourth to the fourteenth century Old Dongola was the capital of the Makurian state. A Polish archaeological team has been excavating the town since 1964.

The urban center of the population moved downstream 80 km (50 miles) to the opposite side of the Nile during the nineteenth century, becoming the modern Dongola.
Alicia, Bohol
Alicia, officially the Municipality of Alicia (Cebuano: Munisipyo sa Alicia; Tagalog: Bayan ng Alicia),  is a  municipality in the province of Bohol, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 24,663 people.

Located 110 kilometres (68 mi) from Tagbilaran, it was formerly part of Mabini and was known as Batuanan (or Batuanon).

Alicia celebrates its town fiesta on 26 July in honor of Saint Joachim.

Mabini, Bohol
Mabini, officially the Municipality of Mabini (Cebuano: Munisipyo sa Mabini; Tagalog: Bayan ng Mabini),  is a  municipality in the province of Bohol, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 28,224 people.

Mabini celebrates its feast on May 4, to honor the town patron Santa Monica.
2016 North American Soccer League season
The 2016 North American Soccer League season is the 49th season of Division II soccer in the United States and Canada, and the 6th season of the modern North American Soccer League.

Three expansion clubs joined the league, with Miami FC and Rayo OKC joining in the Spring season and Puerto Rico FC beginning competition in the Fall season. In December, 2015, the San Antonio Scorpions' home stadium, Toyota Field, was bought by the city of San Antonio for use by Spurs Sports & Entertainment to host a club in the USL, forcing the Scorpions to cease operations. In January, 2016, the NASL suspended its operation of the Atlanta Silverbacks for the 2016 season and possibly beyond.  As a result, the Spring season was contested by 11 clubs and the Fall season by 12. The New York Cosmos are defending Soccer Bowl champions. A split season format was used for the 2016 season.

Rayo OKC
Rayo OKC, also known as Rayo Oklahoma City, was an American professional soccer team based in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. They joined the North American Soccer League (NASL) – the second tier of the American soccer pyramid – beginning with the 2016 season. They played home games at Yukon High School's Miller Stadium in Yukon, Oklahoma. The club permanently ceased operations following the 2016 season, citing huge financial losses, management issues and heavy competition from the nearby Oklahoma City Energy FC of the USL as the main reasons.
Labour battalion
Labour battalions have been a form of alternative service or unfree labour in various countries in lieu of or resembling regular military service. In some cases they were the result of some kind of discriminative segregation of the population, while in some others they have been a conscious choice.

Alternative civilian service
Alternative civilian service, also called alternative services, civilian service, non-military service, and substitute service, is a form of national service performed in lieu of military conscription for various reasons, such as conscientious objection, inadequate health, or political reasons. Alternative service usually involves some kind of labor.
Gmina Brusy
Gmina Brusy is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Chojnice County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the town of Brusy, which lies approximately 24 kilometres (15 mi) north-east of Chojnice and 80 km (50 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

The gmina covers an area of 400.74 square kilometres (154.7 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 13,129, of which the population of Brusy is 4,582, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 8,547.

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Zaborski Landscape Park.

Zaborski Landscape Park
Zaborski Landscape Park (Zaborski Park Krajobrazowy) is a protected area (Landscape Park) in northern Poland, established in 1990, covering an area of 340.26 square kilometres (131.38 sq mi) north of the town of Chojnice. It surrounds Tuchola Forest National Park.

The park lies within Pomeranian Voivodeship, in Chojnice County (Gmina Brusy, Gmina Chojnice). Within the Landscape Park are five nature reserves.

The park (together with the Tuchola, Wda and Wdzydze Landscape Parks) forms the buffer zone of the Tuchola Forest Biosphere Reserve, designated under the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme in 2010. The core area of the Biosphere Reserve consists of Tuchola Forest National Park and the nature reserves, lying within the Landscape Parks of the buffer zone.
2016 Men's Australian Country Championships
The 2016 Men's Australian Country Championships was a field hockey tournament held in Darwin, Northern Territory between 24-31 July 2016.

NSW Country won the tournament by defeating the ADF 4–1 in the final. WA Country won the bronze medal by defeating QLD Country 1–0 in the third and fourth playoff.

Australian Country Championships
The Australian Country Championships are field hockey tournaments hosted annually in Australia. Unlike other National Australian Championships, the Australian Country Championships only comprise teams made up of players from country regions of each Australian state, as well as a team from the Australian Defence Force.

The 2016 edition of the tournament was held in Darwin, Northern Territory. Seven teams competed in both the men's and women's tournaments.

NSW Country were champions in both the men's and women's tournaments, defeating the ADF and QLD Country respectively. WA Country finished third in the men's tournament by defeating QLD Country, while VIC Country defeated the ADF to finish third in the women's tournament.
McIndoes Reservoir
McIndoes Reservoir is a 545-acre (2.21 km2) impoundment on the Connecticut River on the boundary between Vermont and New Hampshire in northern New England. The dam forming the reservoir lies between the communities of McIndoe Falls, Vermont, and Monroe, New Hampshire. Monroe Road (Frazier Road) crosses the reservoir 600 feet (180 m) north (upstream) of the dam, leading west 0.2 miles (0.3 km) to U.S. Route 5 in McIndoe Falls and east the same distance to New Hampshire Route 135 in the center of Monroe. The next river crossing upstream is a bridge carrying the North Monroe Road (Barnet Road), 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north of McIndoe Falls.

McIndoe Falls Dam creating the reservoir was built in 1931 as a project of the New England Electric System, along with the nearby Frank D. Comerford Dam. The McIndoes Station power plant has a capacity of 11 megawatts. Both dams are now owned and operated by TransCanada Corporation.

Frank D. Comerford Dam
Frank D. Comerford Dam is an International Style concrete dam in the Fifteen Mile Falls of the Connecticut River, on the border between the U.S. states of New Hampshire and Vermont. The dam is near Monroe, New Hampshire and Barnet, Vermont. Construction began in 1928 and was completed in 1931. The dam and the power plant were acquired by a subsidiary of Hydro-Québec from Great River Hydro, LLC, in October 2022.

Comerford Reservoir is the reservoir created behind the dam, named after Frank D. Comerford, president of the Connecticut River Power Company and the New England Power Company.

Hydroelectric power plants have the ability to vary the amount of power generated, depending on the demand. Steam turbine power plants are not as easily "throttled" because of the amount of thermodynamic inertia contained in their systems.
Om al-Nasr
Om al-Nasr or Al-Qaraya al-Badawiya was a Bedouin village within the northern Gaza governorate in the Gaza Strip. The population of the village was about 4,737 according to Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) in 2017. The village was established in 1997 on an area of 800 dunums.
The village was entirely destroyed in late March 2025 following the launch of Operation Might and Sword by the Israel Defense Forces during the Gaza War.

North Gaza Governorate
The North Gaza Governorate (Arabic: محافظة شمال غزة) is a governorate of Palestine in the Gaza Strip. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the governorate had a population of 270,245 (7.2% of the Palestinian population) with 40,262 households in mid-year 2007 encompassing three municipalities, two rural districts and one refugee camp.

North Gaza has seen numerous strikes during the Gaza war, including attacks on the Shadia Abu Ghazala School and Beit Lahia.
Rouge Valley Health System
Rouge Valley Health System (RVHS) was a hospital network in the province of Ontario, Canada. It was created in 1998 through the merger of Centenary Health Centre in Toronto and the Ajax and Pickering General Hospital in Ajax, serving the communities of Scarborough, Pickering, Ajax and Whitby. It was part of the Central-East Local Health Integration Network as mandated by the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. The two hospitals were known as the Rouge Valley Centenary and Rouge Valley Ajax and Pickering, respectively.

In 2016, Rouge Valley Health Network was defunct after Rouge Valley Centenary partnered with The Scarborough Hospital to form the Scarborough Health Network while Rouge Valley Ajax and Pickering joined Lakeridge Health.

Lakeridge Health
Lakeridge Health is a health system and hospital network serving Durham Region, Ontario in the eastern part of the Greater Toronto Area. It operates four acute hospitals with emergency departments (Bowmanville, Oshawa, Port Perry, Ajax and Pickering), one specialty hospital with a regional mandate (Whitby) and a variety of offsite locations. Lakeridge Health is part of the Central East Local Health Integration Network (CE LHIN).
Edgar Wallace Mysteries
The Edgar Wallace Mysteries is a British second-feature film series mainly produced at Merton Park Studios for Anglo-Amalgamated. There were 48 films in the series, which were released between 1960 and 1965. The series was screened as The Edgar Wallace Mystery Theatre on television in the United States.

Films based on works by Edgar Wallace
Edgar Wallace (1875–1932) was a British novelist, playwright and screenwriter whose works have been adapted for the screen on many occasions. His films fall into two categories, British adaptations and the German "Krimi" films.
2013 Safeway Championship
The 2013 Safeway Championship was held from February 6 to 10 at the Yellowhead Centre in Neepawa, Manitoba. The winning Jeff Stoughton rink represented Manitoba at the 2013 Tim Hortons Brier in Edmonton, Alberta.

2013 Tim Hortons Brier
The 2013 Tim Hortons Brier, the Canadian men's national curling championship, was held from March 2 to 10 at Rexall Place in Edmonton, Alberta. This edition of the Brier marked the thirteenth time that Alberta has hosted the Brier, and the sixth time that Edmonton has hosted the Brier.

In the final, Brad Jacobs of Northern Ontario defeated three-time Brier champion Jeff Stoughton of Manitoba with a score of 11–4 to win his first Brier title and Northern Ontario's first title since 1985. Jacobs and his team represented Canada at the 2013 Ford World Men's Curling Championship in Victoria, British Columbia.
Cadet Peak
Cadet Peak is a 7,186 ft (2,190 m) mountain summit near the western edge of the North Cascades, in Snohomish County of Washington state. The peak is located southeast of Barlow Pass along the Mountain Loop Highway, and two miles east of the historic Monte Cristo area. It is situated within the Henry M. Jackson Wilderness, on land administered by the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest. The mountain was originally called Foggy Peak, for the Foggy Mine claim on the mountain's north slope, but the name was changed in 1896 to its present name, and the Foggy Peak name was transferred to the peak immediately northwest of Cadet. Back in the old mining days, the long sub-range stretching from Cadet Peak to Sheep Mountain was known as Pride of the Mountains Range. Cadet's nearest higher neighbor is Kyes Peak, 1.59 mi (2.56 km) to the south-southeast. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into tributaries of the Sauk River.

Monte Cristo, Washington
Monte Cristo is a ghost town northwest of Monte Cristo Peak, in eastern Snohomish County in western Washington. The town was active as a mining area for gold and silver from 1889 to 1907, and later became a resort town that operated until 1983.
University College, Bristol
University College, Bristol was an educational institution which existed from 1876 to 1909. It was the predecessor institution to the University of Bristol, which gained a royal charter in 1909. During its time the college mainly served the middle classes of Bristol, and catered for young men who had entered a family business and needed a greater understanding of scientific topics.

Mary Paley Marshall
Mary Marshall (née Paley; 24 October 1850 – 19 March 1944) was a British economist who in 1874 was one of the first women to take the Tripos examination at Cambridge University – although, as a woman, she was excluded from receiving a degree. She was one of a group of five women who were the first to be admitted to study at Newnham College, the second women's college to be founded at the university.
Oswald Hope Robertson
Oswald Hope Robertson (2 June 1886 – 23 March 1966) was an English-born medical scientist who pioneered the idea of blood banks in the "blood depots" he established in 1917 during service in France with the US Army Medical Corps.

Blood bank
A blood bank is a center where blood gathered as a result of blood donation is stored and preserved for later use in blood transfusion. The term "blood bank" typically refers to a department of a hospital usually within a clinical pathology laboratory where the storage of blood product occurs and where pre-transfusion and blood compatibility testing is performed. However, it sometimes refers to a collection center, and some hospitals also perform collection. Blood banking includes tasks related to blood collection, processing, testing, separation, and storage.

For blood donation agencies in various countries, see list of blood donation agencies and list of blood donation agencies in the United States.
Merritt Dam
Merritt Dam is a dam in Cherry County, Nebraska, southwest of Valentine, in the north-central part of the state. The 126-foot (38 m) earthen dam impounds the Snake River as it flows along the southern edge of the Samuel R. McKelvie National Forest in the Sandhills.  It created Merritt Reservoir in 1964 as a project of the United States Bureau of Reclamation.  The reservoir holds almost 75,000 acre⋅ft (93,000,000 m3), with about 44 miles (71 km) of sandy shoreline and 3,000 surface acres (1,200 ha) of water.

Merritt Reservoir State Recreation Area is adjacent to the eastern side of the reservoir and offers boating, fishing, camping, and hunting activities. The area, a noted dark-sky location, is the location of the annual Nebraska Star Party.

Samuel R. McKelvie National Forest
The Samuel R. McKelvie National Forest is a United States national forest in the north-central Sandhills region of the U.S. state of Nebraska. The national forest covers an area of 116,079 acres (181.373 mi2). The forest is managed as part of the U.S. Forest Service's Nebraska National Forests and Grasslands, from ranger district offices in Halsey, Nebraska. The national forest is entirely within Cherry County, Nebraska.
Flint Ridge
Flint Ridge (77°31′S 163°2′E﻿ / ﻿77.517°S 163.033°E﻿ / -77.517; 163.033﻿ (Flint Ridge)) is a north-south trending ridge with a summit elevation of 995 metres (3,264 ft) in the Asgard Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. 
Flint Ridge was named by US-ACAN for Lawrence A. Flint, manager of the USARP Berg Field Center at McMurdo Station in 1972. 
A standard USGS survey tablet stamped "Flint ET 1971-72" was fixed in a rock slab atop this ridge by the USGS Electronic Traverse, 1971-72.

Asgard Range
The Asgard Range (77°37′S 161°30′E﻿ / ﻿77.617°S 161.500°E﻿ / -77.617; 161.500﻿ (Asgard Range)) is a mountain range in Victoria Land, Antarctica. 
It divides Wright Valley from Taylor Glacier and Taylor Valley.
It is south of the Olympus Range and north of the Quartermain Mountains and the Kukri Hills.
2021–22 Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey season
The 2021–22 Michigan Wolverines men's hockey team was the Wolverines' 100th season of play. They represented the University of Michigan in the 2021–22 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season. They were coached by Mel Pearson, in his fifth year, and played their home games at Yost Ice Arena. The Wolverines won the 2022 Big Ten men's ice hockey tournament and received an automatic bid to the 2022 NCAA Tournament, where they reached their NCAA record 26th Frozen Four and were eliminated in the semifinals by eventual national champion Denver.

2021–22 Denver Pioneers men's ice hockey season
The 2021–22 Denver Pioneers men's ice hockey season was the 73rd season of play for the program. They represented the University of Denver in the 2021–22 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season and for the 9th season in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference (NCHC). The Pioneers were coached by David Carle, in his fourth season, and played their home games at Magness Arena.  The team won the 2022 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey tournament for their NCAA record-tying ninth national championship.
Cape Wind
The Cape Wind Project was a proposed offshore wind energy project on Horseshoe Shoal in Nantucket Sound off Cape Cod, Massachusetts, United States. It was projected to generate 1,500 gigawatt hours of electricity a year at a first-dollar cost of $2.6 billion.

Cape Wind had arranged to borrow $2 billion from The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ (BTMU), and Siemens had agreed to supply turbines for the project. Some construction began in 2013, thereby qualifying the project for the federal production tax credit, which was expiring at the end of the year.

It was approved but then lost several key contracts and suffered several licensing and legislative setbacks. National Grid and Northeast Utilities eventually terminated their power purchase agreements in January 2015, making it difficult to obtain the necessary financing for the project to progress.

The developer, Jim Gordon of Energy Management Inc., eventually terminated the lease rights for the site in late 2017.

Bill Koch (businessman)
William Ingraham Koch (/koʊk/ KOHK; born May 3, 1940) is an American billionaire businessman, sailor, and collector. His boat was the winner of the America's Cup in 1992. Forbes estimated Koch's net worth at $1.8 billion in 2019, from oil and other investments.
2004 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee
The 2004 congressional elections in Tennessee was held on November 2, 2004, to determine who will represent the state of Tennessee in the United States House of Representatives. Following the 2004 elections, no seats changed hands, leaving the Tennessee delegation at a 5-4 Democratic majority.

Tennessee was one of four states in which the party that won the state's popular vote did not win a majority of seats in 2004, the other states being Colorado, Connecticut, and New Mexico.

2004 United States House of Representatives elections in New Mexico
The 2004 United States House of Representatives elections in New Mexico were held on November 2, 2004, to determine who will represent the state of New Mexico in the United States House of Representatives. New Mexico has three seats in the House, apportioned according to the 2000 United States census. Representatives are elected for two-year terms.

New Mexico was one of four states in which the party that won the state's popular vote did not win a majority of seats in 2004, the other states being Colorado, Connecticut, and Tennessee.
Bukhara Prison
Bukhara Prison is a fortified building that traditionally served as the prison of the Amir of Bukhara, in Uzbekistan. In the late 18th century, during the reign of the Mangits, it was built and was one of the largest prisons of the Bukhara Emirate. After the Bukhara Revolution, the collapse of the monarchy, and the formation of the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic, it was closed. Currently, it is considered one of the noteworthy places in the city. At the same time, the Museum of Legal and Judicial History of Bukhara is located here.

Bukhara
Bukhara (/bʊˈxɑːrə/ buu-KHAR-ə) is the seventh-largest city in Uzbekistan by population, with 280,187 residents as of 1 January 2020. It is the capital of Bukhara Region.

The Bukhara region has been inhabited for at least five millennia, and the city has existed for half that time. Located on the Silk Road, the city has long served as a center of trade, scholarship, culture, and religion. Bukhara served as the capital of the Uzbek states such as the Khanate of Bukhara, the Emirate of Bukhara and later the Bukhara People’s Soviet Republic. It was the birthplace of the scholar Imam Bukhari. The city has been known as "Noble Bukhara" (Bukhārā-ye sharīf). Bukhara has about 140 architectural monuments. UNESCO has listed the historic center of Bukhara (which contains numerous mosques and madrasas) as a World Heritage Site.
Ghislarengo
Ghislarengo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northeast of Turin and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Vercelli.

Ghislarengo borders the following municipalities: Arborio, Carpignano Sesia, Lenta, Rovasenda, and Sillavengo.

Carpignano Sesia
Carpignano Sesia is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Novara in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) northeast of Turin and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) northwest of Novara.

Carpignano Sesia borders the following municipalities: Briona, Fara Novarese, Ghemme, Ghislarengo, Lenta, Sillavengo, and Sizzano.