hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Admonitions
The Admonitions (Hungarian: Intelmek; Latin: Libellus de institutione morum) is a mirror for princes—a literary work summarizing the principles of government—completed in the 1010s or 1020s for King Stephen I of Hungary's son and heir, Emeric. About a century later, Bishop Hartvik claimed that Stephen I himself wrote the small book. Modern scholarship has concluded that a foreign cleric who was proficient in rhymed Latin prose compiled the text. The cleric has been associated with a Saxon monk, Thangmar; with the Venetian Bishop Gerard of Csanád; and with Archbishop Astrik of Esztergom.

Mirrors for princes
Mirrors for princes or mirrors of princes (Latin: specula principum) constituted a literary genre of didactic political writings that were established in antiquity but increased in popularity throughout the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. It was part of the broader speculum or mirror literature genre.

These texts most frequently take the form of textbooks for the instruction of monarchs on successful governance and behavior. Authors often composed such "mirrors" at the accession of a new king, when a young and inexperienced ruler was about to come to assume royal authority.

Some of the earliest writers on this genre include Aristotle, Plato, and Xenophon. Pre modern examples include Sedulius Scottus (fl. 840–860), the Irish poet associated with the Pangur Bán gloss poem (c. 9th century). Possibly the best known European "mirror" is The Prince (c. 1513) by Niccolò Machiavelli, although this was not the most typical example.
Tooth enamel
Tooth enamel is one of the four major tissues that make up the tooth in humans and many animals, including some species of fish. It makes up the normally visible part of the tooth, covering the crown. The other major tissues are dentin, cementum, and dental pulp. It is a very hard, white to off-white, highly mineralised substance that acts as a barrier to protect the tooth but can become susceptible to degradation, especially by acids from food and drink. In rare circumstances enamel fails to form, leaving the underlying dentin exposed on the surface.

Candy
Candy, also commonly called sweets, is a confection that features sugar as a principal ingredient. The category, also called sugar confectionery, encompasses any sweet confection, including chocolate, chewing gum, and sugar candy. Vegetables, fruit, or nuts which have been glazed and coated with sugar are said to be candied.

Physically, candy is characterized by the use of a significant amount of sugar or sugar substitutes. Unlike a cake or loaf of bread that would be shared among many people, candies are usually made in smaller pieces. However, the definition of candy also depends upon how people treat the food. Unlike sweet pastries served for a dessert course at the end of a meal, candies are normally eaten casually, often with the fingers, as a snack between meals. Each culture has its own ideas of what constitutes candy rather than dessert. The same food may be a candy in one culture and a dessert in another.
Goldridge College
Goldridge College (or Goldridge) is a co-educational, independent, boarding and day senior school in Kwekwe, Zimbabwe. Opened in 2001, the school is located in the low-density suburb of Newtown and is in close proximity to Kwekwe Sports Club. The school is run by the Goldridge Schools Board of Governors, which similarly runs the nearby feeder school, Goldridge Primary.

Goldridge College is a member of the Association of Trust Schools (ATS).The headmaster is a member of the Conference of Heads of Independent Schools in Zimbabwe (CHISZ).

Kwekwe
Kwekwe (/ˈkwɛkwɛ/ KWEH-kweh), formerly known as Que Que, is a city in the Midlands province in central Zimbabwe. The city has a population of 119,863 within the city limits, as of the 2022 census, making it the 7th-largest city in Zimbabwe and the second-most populous city in the Midlands, behind Gweru.
Gruvleflesa Knolls
The Gruvleflesa Knolls (71°44′S 8°50′E﻿ / ﻿71.733°S 8.833°E﻿ / -71.733; 8.833) are two low rock knolls rising above the Antarctic glacial moraine west of the Gruvletindane Crags, in the Kurze Mountains of Queen Maud Land. They were mapped from surveys and air photos by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1956–1960) and named Gruvleflesa.

Gruvletindane Crags
The Gruvletindane Crags (71°44′S 8°59′E﻿ / ﻿71.733°S 8.983°E﻿ / -71.733; 8.983) are rock crags, rising to 2,255 metres (7,400 ft) and forming the north end of the Kurze Mountains of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. They were mapped from surveys and air photos by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1956–60) and named Gruvletindane. The feature is bounded on the western side by a large and prominent glacial moraine.
History of the Armée de l'Air (1909–1942)
The Armée de l'Air (literally, 'army of the air') is the name used for the French Air Force in its native language since it was made independent of the Army in 1933. This article deals exclusively with the history of the French air force from its earliest beginnings until its destruction after the occupation of France. French naval aviation, the Aéronautique Navale is covered elsewhere.

Nieuport 11
The Nieuport 11 (or Nieuport XI C.1 in contemporary sources), nicknamed the Bébé, is a French World War I single seat sesquiplane fighter aircraft, designed by Gustave Delage. It was the primary aircraft that ended the Fokker Scourge in 1916. The type saw service with several of France's allies, and gave rise to the series of "vee-strut" Nieuport fighters that remained in service (latterly as trainers) into the 1920s.
Granada Street
Granada Street (also known as Senator Jose O. Vera Street) is a road in Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines. It runs from Nicanor Domingo Street, as an extension of Gilmore Avenue, to the boundary with San Juan, where it terminates at Bonny Serrano Avenue and becomes Ortigas Avenue. The street is sometimes considered part of Ortigas Avenue by motorists.

Ortigas Avenue
Ortigas Avenue is a 12.1 km (7.5 mi) highway connecting eastern Metro Manila and western Rizal in the Philippines. It is one of the busiest highways in Metro Manila, serving as the main thoroughfare of the metro's east–west corridor, catering mainly to traffic to and from Rizal.

The western terminus of the highway is at the boundary of San Juan and Quezon City. The highway then traverses through Ortigas Center and along the cities of Mandaluyong, Quezon City, and Pasig, followed by the municipality of Cainta, and finally ending in the municipality of Taytay.

The portion of Ortigas Avenue from EDSA–Ortigas Interchange, Quezon City to the Buli Bridge at the Pasig–Cainta boundary is designated as Radial Road 5 (R-5). The highway is also designated as National Route 60 (N60) and National Route 184 (N184) of the Philippine highway network, respectively.
Altan Khan
Altan Khan (2 January 1508 – 13 January 1582; Mongolian: ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠨ, Алтан хан; Chinese: 阿勒坦汗), whose given name was Anda (Mongolian: Аньда; Chinese: 俺答), was the leader of the Tümed Mongols, the de facto ruler of the Right Wing, or western tribes, of the Mongols. He was the grandson of Dayan Khan (1464–1543), a descendant of Kublai Khan (1215–1294). Altan Khan managed to unite a tribal league between the Khalkha Mongols in the north and the Chahars (Tsakhars) to the east. He later swore allegiance to the Ming dynasty of China as the Shunyi prince and became a patron of the Gelug Tibetan Buddhists.

Hohhot
Hohhot, formerly known as Kweisui, is the capital and largest city of the northern Chinese province of Inner Mongolia, serving as the region's administrative, economic and cultural center. Its population was 3,446,100 inhabitants as of the 2020 census, of whom 2,944,889 lived in the metropolitan area consisting of 4 urban districts (including Hohhot Economic and Development Zone) plus the Tumed Left Banner.

The name of the city in Mongolian means "Blue City", although it is also wrongly referred to as the "Green City." The color blue in Mongol culture is associated with the sky, eternity and purity. In Chinese, the name can be translated as Qīng Chéng (Chinese: 青城; lit. 'Blue/Green City') The name has also been variously romanized as Kokotan, Kokutan, Kuku-hoton, Huhohaot'e, Huhehot, Huhhot, Huhot, or Köke qota.

The city is a seat of the Inner Mongolia University, the largest regional comprehensive university and was the only 211 Project University in Inner Mongolia.
Gregory G. Katsas
Gregory George Katsas (born August 6, 1964) is an American lawyer and jurist serving as a United States circuit judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. He was appointed in 2017 by President Donald Trump. Before his appointment to the bench, Katsas served as Deputy White House Counsel in the first Trump administration, as an assistant attorney general in the United States Department of Justice, and as a partner at the law firm Jones Day.

Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy
The Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy (JLPP) is a law review at Harvard Law School published by an independent student group. It has served as the flagship journal of the Federalist Society. Established by Spencer Abraham and Stephen Eberhard in 1977 at Harvard Law School, it is one of the most widely circulated law reviews in the United States.
Theatre Aurora
Theatre Aurora is an entirely volunteer-run community theatre in Aurora, Ontario, that opened in 1958. The company puts on at least five theatrical productions annually, including one musical, and also rents space to other events, including concerts and performances. The theatre is located on Henderson Drive in Aurora.

Aurora, Ontario
Aurora (2021 population: 62,057) is a town in central York Region, in the Greater Toronto Area of Southern Ontario, Canada. It is located 48km (29mi) from Downtown Toronto, north of Richmond Hill partially situated on the Oak Ridges Moraine, and  surrounded by the Greenbelt. In the 2021 Census, the municipal population of Aurora was the 92nd largest in Canada, compared to 95th for the 2016 Census and 97th for the 2006 Census.
Njunis
Njunis is a mountain in the interior of southern Troms county, Norway. The mountain lies in Målselv Municipality. With a peak at 1,713 metres (5,620 ft), it is the highest mountain in this part of the county, and has Norway's thirteenth largest prominence. The tree line (downy birch) reaches to 700 metres (2,300 ft) elevation on the southern slope of the mountain, the highest tree line in Troms. This forest is part of the Øvre Dividal National Park. At the peak, NATO has a radar centre.

Målselv Municipality
Målselv (Northern Sami: Málatvuomi suohkan) is a municipality in Troms county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Moen. The main commercial centre of the municipality is the town of Bardufoss (which includes the neighborhoods of Andselv, Andslimoen, and Heggelia). Other villages in the municipality include Alapmoen, Fossmoen, Holmen, and Skjold.

The 3,324-square-kilometre (1,283 sq mi) municipality is the 11th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Målselv is the 149th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 6,714. The municipality's population density is 2 inhabitants per square kilometre (5.2/sq mi) and its population has increased by 1.2% over the previous 10-year period.
Stenian
The Stenian Period (/ˈstiːni.ən/ STEE-nee-ən, from Ancient Greek: στενός, romanized: stenós, meaning "narrow") is the final geologic period in the Mesoproterozoic Era and lasted from 1200 Mya to 1000 Mya (million years ago). Instead of being based on stratigraphy, these dates are defined chronometrically. The name derives from narrow polymetamorphic belts formed over this period. It is preceded by the Ectasian Period and followed by the Neoproterozoic era and the Tonian period.

The supercontinent Rodinia assembled during the Stenian. It would last into the Tonian period before breaking up in the Cryogenian.

This period includes the formation of the Keweenawan Rift at about 1100 Mya.

Fossils of the oldest known sexually reproducing organism, Bangiomorpha pubescens, first appeared in the Stenian.

Bangiomorpha
Bangiomorpha pubescens is a species of red algae in the order Bangiales.
It is the first known sexually reproducing organism. A multicellular fossil of Bangiomorpha pubescens was recovered from the Hunting Formation in Somerset Island, Canada that strongly resembles the modern red alga Bangia despite occurring in rocks dating to 1,047 million years ago, during the Stenian period.
This species is the oldest example of an organism belonging to an extant phylum. The fossil includes differentiated reproductive cells that are the oldest evidence of sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction increased genetic variation, which led to an increased rate of evolution and the diversification of eukaryotes.
Alan M. Frieze
Alan M. Frieze (born 25 October 1945 in London, England) is a professor in the Department of Mathematical Sciences at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States. He graduated from the University of Oxford in 1966, and obtained his PhD from the University of London in 1975. His research interests lie in combinatorics, discrete optimisation and theoretical computer science. Currently, he focuses on the probabilistic aspects of these areas; in particular, the study of the asymptotic properties of random graphs, the average case analysis of algorithms, and randomised algorithms. His recent work has included approximate counting and volume computation via random walks; finding edge disjoint paths in expander graphs, and exploring anti-Ramsey theory and the stability of routing algorithms.

Ravindran Kannan
Ravindran (Ravi) Kannan (Tamil: ரவீந்திரன் கண்ணன்); born 12 March 1953, is a theoretical computer scientist. His work has mainly focused on efficient algorithms for problems of a mathematical (often geometric) flavor that arise in Computer Science, Machine Learning and Optimization.

Ravi was a Principal Researcher at Microsoft Research Lab, India. Before joining Microsoft, he was William K. Lanman Jr. Professor of Computer Science and Professor of Applied Mathematics at Yale University.  Prior to that he has been on the faculty of CMU and MIT. The ACM Special Interest Group on Algorithms and Computation Theory (SIGACT) presented its 2011 Knuth Prize to Ravi Kannan for developing influential algorithmic techniques aimed at solving long-standing computational problems.

Ravi Kannan did his B.Tech at IIT, Bombay. He received his PhD in 1980 at Cornell University under Leslie Earl Trotter, Jr.
Poemander (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Poemander (Ancient Greek: Ποίμανδρος, romanized: Poímandros) was the son of Chaeresilaus (son of Iasius) and Stratonice. He was also the founder of Tanagra, which he named after the naiad Tanagra, his wife and the daughter of either Aeolus or Asopus. They had two sons, Leucippus and Ephippus, the father of Acestor. Because Tanagra was founded by him, it was called Poemandria.

Tanagra (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Tanagra (/ˈtanəgrə/; Ancient Greek: Τανάγρα or Τάναγραν) was a naiad or nymph and the namesake of the ancient city of Tanagra in Boeotia, Greece.

She was of such great beauty that both the god of war Ares and the god of thieves, Hermes fell for her. To win the right to be her lover they both participated in a boxing match where Hermes won and carried her off to the city of Tanagra, which was named for her, and made her an immortal oread or naiad, depending on versions.
Pir Ali Bayandur
Pir Ali Bayandur was a ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu in the area of Kiğı, where he had his summer encampment in Arminiya.  Pir Ali was a son of the Aq Qoyunlu ruler Fakhr ad-Din Qutlu by his Pontic wife Maria Comnena, sister of Alexios III of Trebizond.

His wife was one of his nieces, a daughter of Ahmad b. Qutlu. He had several sons, and a daughter named Sara Khatun, who married Ali Aq Qoyunlu, and became the mother of Uzun Hasan.

Pir Ali was allied with Timur in the offensive against the Ottomans in 1402–03. Later, his son Piltan was involved in the pillage of Timur's spoils of war, which led to their imprisonment by Timur. Pir Ali was later released, and returned to his dominion in Kiğı, where he died circa 1413.

His son Piltan succeeded him in Kiğı, under the suzerainty of Qara Osman.

Sara Khatun
Sara Khatun (Azerbaijani: Sara Xatun), also Saray Khatun, was an influential woman of the Aq Qoyunlu state, as the political adviser of her son, Uzun Hasan (r. 1457–1478). She was a successful and well-respected diplomatic mediator.During Uzun Hasan’s wars with foreign powers, Sara Khatun served as his envoy. It seems that much of her life was devoted to diplomacy and efforts to establish peace, and she maintained relations with other governments through political correspondence.There is no precise record of Sara Khatun’s birth and death dates, but she is recognized as one of the influential women of the 9th century AH.
Plaid Inc.
Plaid Inc. is an American financial services company based in San Francisco, California. The company builds a data transfer network that powers fintech and digital finance products.

Plaid's product, a technology platform, enables applications to connect with users' bank accounts. It allows consumers and businesses to interact with their bank accounts, check balances, and make payments through different financial technology applications. The company operates in the US, Canada, the UK, France, Spain, Ireland, and the Netherlands.

Spark Capital
Spark Capital Partners, LLC is a multi-stage venture capital firm based in the U.S. with operations in San Francisco, New York, and Boston. Spark is a generalist VC firm with a portfolio that spans verticals such as consumer internet, enterprise software, gaming, infrastructure technologies, hardware, semiconductors, crypto, fintech, and AI.
Matsumoto, Nagano
Matsumoto (松本市, Matsumoto-shi) is a city located in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. Matsumoto is designated as a core city since 1 April 2021. As of 1 March 2019, the city had a population of 239,466 in 105,207 households and a population density of 240 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 978.47 square kilometres (377.79 sq mi).

Kaichi School
The Kaichi School (旧開智学校, kyūkaichi-gakkō) in Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture was one of the first schools in Japan. It opened in a temporary building in May 1873, the year after the first major education reforms were introduced by the new Ministry of Education. The school moved to new premises in April 1876. This western-style building, fused with Japanese elements, was designated an Important Cultural Property in 1961. Relocated two years later during work on the nearby Metoba River, in 1965 the old school building was turned into an education museum.

In 2019 the school was designated as National Treasure of Japan.
National Hotel disease
The National Hotel epidemic was a mysterious sickness that began to afflict persons who stayed at the National Hotel in Washington, D.C., in early January 1857. At the time, the hotel was the largest in the city. By some accounts, as many as 400 people became sick, and nearly three dozen died.

Although there was speculation of an attempt to poison hotel guests, that theory was not proven. The outbreak affected mostly patrons of the hotel's dining room but not those who frequented the bar. It began to spread more noticeably by mid-January 1857. New cases of the illness began to decrease in number by the end of January 1857 and continued to abate until mid-February. When the numbers of guests increased for the presidential inauguration of March 4, 1857, the sickness returned again forcefully.

In the 21st century, medical experts attribute the outbreak to "dysentery because of the hotel’s primitive sewage system."

Inauguration of James Buchanan
The inauguration of James Buchanan as the 15th president of the United States was held on Wednesday, March 4, 1857, at the East Portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. This was the 18th inauguration and marked the commencement of the only four-year term of both James Buchanan as president and John C. Breckinridge as vice president. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney administered the presidential oath of office. This was the first inauguration ceremony known to be photographed.
Verzuz
Verzuz is an American webcast series created by record producers Timbaland and Swizz Beatz. It was introduced during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic as a virtual DJ battle, with Timbaland and Swizz Beatz facing off in its first iteration through an Instagram Live broadcast in March 2020.

The series invites two musicians, predominantly R&B and hip hop, such as Mario and Omarion, to highlight their discographies in two 10-song rounds during a three-hour session.

Episodes have included battles between producers Teddy Riley/Babyface, singers Erykah Badu/Jill Scott, Brandy/Monica, Gladys Knight/Patti LaBelle, and rappers Ludacris/Nelly, as well as Jeezy/Gucci Mane.

The web series won the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Variety Series in 2021.

Verzuz returned for its third season to streaming and the live audience in October 2025, after 3 years of hiatus since 2022.

“Verzuz” is a sensational spelling of the word “versus.”

Bounty Killer
Rodney Basil Price OD (born 12 June 1972), known as Bounty Killer, is a Jamaican reggae and dancehall deejay. AllMusic describes him as  "one of the most aggressive dancehall stars of the '90s, a street-tough rude boy with an unrepentant flair for gun talk". He is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential dancehall lyricists of all time.
Dartmoor, Victoria
Dartmoor /ˈdɑːtmɔː/ is a rural township on the Princes Highway and the Glenelg River between Heywood and the South Australian border, in southwestern Victoria.  At the 2011 census, Dartmoor had a population of 263.

Glenelg River (Victoria)
The Glenelg River, a perennial river of the Glenelg Hopkins catchment, is located in the Australian states of Victoria and South Australia.

The river rises in the Grampian Ranges and flows generally north, then west, then south, for over 350 kilometres (220 mi), making the river the longest river in south-west Victoria and third longest overall. A short stretch of the lower end winds through southeastern South Australia before returning to Victoria to enter Discovery Bay at Nelson. The Glenelg River is a central feature of the Lower Glenelg National Park.

The river was named after Colonial Secretary Baron Glenelg, Charles Grant, by Major Thomas Mitchell in August 1836.

Large amounts of water diverted from the upper reaches of the river for agricultural purposes, including irrigation and town water demands. The estuary is listed under the Heritage Rivers Act, 1992 (VIC) and is a nationally important wetland.
Minor Theater
The Minor Theatre, located at 1001 H Street in Arcata, California, reopened under independent ownership in 2016.  It is the second oldest movie theater in the United States to be built for that purpose. (The oldest movie theater in California is the Cameo Cinema in St Helena, Napa Valley.) It was the first building in Humboldt County to be built as a "true movie theatre."

Arcata, California
Arcata (/ɑːrˈkeɪ.tə/; Wiyot: Goudi’ni; Yurok: Oket'oh) is a city adjacent to the Arcata Bay (northern) portion of Humboldt Bay in Humboldt County, California, United States. At the 2020 census, Arcata's population was 18,857. Arcata was first founded in 1850 as Union, was officially established in 1858, and was renamed Arcata in 1860. It is located 280 miles (450 km) north of San Francisco (via Highway 101), and is home to California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt. Arcata is also the location of the Arcata Field Office of the Federal Bureau of Land Management, which is responsible for the administration of natural resources, lands and mineral programs, including the Headwaters Forest, on approximately 200,000 acres (810 km2) of public land in Northwestern California.