hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Philo Farnsworth
Philo Taylor Farnsworth (August 19, 1906 – March 11, 1971) was an American inventor who was granted the first patent for the television by the United States Government. He also invented a video camera tube and the image dissector. He commercially produced and sold a fully functioning television system—complete with receiver and camera—which he produced commercially through the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation from 1938 to 1951, in Fort Wayne, Indiana.

In later life, Farnsworth invented a small nuclear fusion device, the Farnsworth Fusor, employing inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC). Like many fusion devices, it was not a practical device for generating nuclear power, although it provides a viable source of neutrons.  The design of this device has been the inspiration for other fusion approaches, including the Polywell reactor concept.  Farnsworth held 300 patents, mostly in radio and television.

David Sarnoff
David Sarnoff (February 27, 1891 – December 12, 1971) was a Russian-born American businessman who played an important role in the American history of radio broadcasting and television. He led the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) for most of his career in various capacities from shortly after its founding in 1919 until his retirement in 1970.

He headed a conglomerate of telecommunications and media companies, including RCA and NBC, that became one of the largest in the world. Named a Reserve Brigadier General of the Signal Corps in 1945, Sarnoff thereafter was widely known as "The General".

Congressional investigations concluded that Sarnoff—while head of RCA—artificially inflated the price of RCA stock via market manipulation, leading to public investment losses in excess of $100 million (in 2025 USD).
East Darfur
East Darfur State (Arabic: ولاية شرق دارفور Wilāyat Šarq Dārfūr; Sharq Darfur) is one of the states of Sudan, and one of five comprising the Darfur region. It was created in January 2012 as a result of the ongoing peace process for the wider Darfur region. The state capital is Ed Daein. The state was formed from land that was part of the state of South Darfur.

Darfur
Darfur (/dɑːrˈfʊər/ dar-FOOR; Arabic: دار فور, romanized: Dār Fūr, lit. 'Realm of the Fur') is a region of western Sudan. Dār is an Arabic word meaning "home [of]" – the region was named Dardaju (Arabic: دار داجو, romanized: Dār Dājū) while ruled by the Daju, who migrated from Meroë c. 350 AD, and it was  renamed Dartunjur (Arabic: دار تنجر, romanized: Dār Tunjur) when the Tunjur ruled the area. Darfur was an independent sultanate for hundreds of years until 1874, when it fell to the Sudanese warlord Rabih az-Zubayr. The region was later invaded and incorporated into Sudan by Anglo-Egyptian forces in 1916.

Because of the War in Darfur between Sudanese government forces and the indigenous population, the region has been in a state of humanitarian emergency and genocide since 2003. The factors include religious and ethnic rivalry, and the rivalry between farmers and herders.
Kalanchoe suarezensis
Kalanchoe suarezensis is a species of Kalanchoe (section Bryophyllum) native to northern Madagascar.

It is cultivated as an ornamental plant, but often misidentified as other species like K. gastonis-bonnieri, K. mortagei and K. poincarei. K. gastonis-bonnieri differs by more or less having brownish spots on leaves, while the leaves of K. suarezensis are spotless. K. mortagei differs by having auriculate to peltate leaves, while the leaf base of K. suarezensis is attenuate to truncate. K. poincarei is a sprawling species not known in cultivation, very different from all the species mentioned above.

Another species that may be confused with K. suarezensis is K. laetivirens. Both species have spotless leaves, but K. suarezensis have plantlets usually near the leaf tip, while K. laetivirens have plantlets all along the leaf margin.

Bryophyllum
Bryophyllum (from the Greek βρῦον/βρύειν bryon/bryein = sprout, φύλλον phyllon = leaf) is a group of plant species of the family Crassulaceae native to Madagascar. It is a section or subgenus within the genus Kalanchoe, and was formerly placed at the level of genus. This section is notable for vegetatively growing small plantlets on the fringes of the leaves; these eventually drop off and root. These plantlets arise from mitosis of meristematic-type tissue in notches in the leaves.

Nowadays, bryophyllums are naturalized in many parts of the tropics and subtropics, and deliberately cultivated for their attractiveness or for their interesting reproduction as a vegetative reproductive plant.
Anies Baswedan
Anies Rasyid Baswedan (Indonesian pronunciation: [ˌanɪs ˌraʃɪd baˈswedan], born 7 May 1969) is an Indonesian academic, activist, and politician who served as the Governor of Jakarta from 2017 to 2022. A student activist and political analyst before entering public service, he served as the Rector of Paramadina University before being appointed to be Minister of Education and Culture in Joko Widodo administration. He is also the founder of Indonesia Mengajar, a program that selects, trains, and assigns university graduates to serve in a one-year teaching mission across the country. He is the grandson of nationalist, journalist, and freedom fighter Abdurrahman Baswedan, and the cousin of Novel Baswedan. He was a candidate for President of Indonesia in the 2024 election.

Jakarta MRT
The Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit (Indonesian: Moda Raya Terpadu Jakarta) or Jakarta MRT (MRT Jakarta, stylized as mrt jakarta) is a rapid transit system in Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia.

The system is operated by PT Mass Rapid Transit Jakarta (Perseroda), a municipally owned perseroan terbatas of the city of Jakarta. Phase 1 of the project (Lebak Bulus to Bundaran HI) was officially opened on 24 March 2019.
Ted Nelson
Theodor Holm Nelson (born June 17, 1937) is an American pioneer of information technology, philosopher of computer science, and sociologist. He coined the terms hypertext and hypermedia in 1963 and published them in 1965. According to his profile published in Forbes in 1997, Nelson "sees himself as a literary romantic, like a Cyrano de Bergerac, or 'the Orson Welles of software'."

Peter Schickele
Peter Schickele (/ˈʃɪkəli/; July 17, 1935 – January 16, 2024) was an American composer, musical educator and parodist, best known for comedy albums featuring his music, which he presented as being composed by the fictional P. D. Q. Bach. He also hosted a long-running weekly radio program called Schickele Mix.

From 1990 to 1993, Schickele's P. D. Q. Bach recordings earned him four consecutive wins for the Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album.
Dick Roughsey
Dick Roughsey (c. 1920 – 1985) was an Australian Aboriginal artist from the Lardil language group on Mornington Island in the south-eastern Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland. His tribal name was Goobalathaldin, meaning “the ocean, dancing”, describing a “rough sea”.: 132  He was an active and prominent figure involved in reviving and preserving the cultural life of the Lardil people.  His best known works are a series of children's picture books that retell traditional Aboriginal stories including “The Rainbow Serpent”.

Creative Australia
Creative Australia, formerly known as the Australia Council for the Arts and the Australia Council, is the country's official arts council, serving as an arts funding and advisory body for the Government of Australia.

The council was announced in 1967 as the Australian Council for the Arts, with the first members appointed the following year. It was made a statutory corporation by the passage of the Australia Council Act 1975. It became the Australia Council in 2013, and then Creative Australia, with a new organisational structure, from 24 August 2023.

The organisation has included several boards within its structure over the years, including more than one incarnation of a Visual Arts Board (VAB), in the 1970s–80s and in the early 2000s.
Stepping Stone, Colorado
Stepping Stone is an unincorporated community and a census-designated place (CDP) located in and governed by Douglas County, Colorado, United States. The population was 2,780 at the 2020 census. The CDP is a part of the Denver–Aurora–Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. The unincorporated community lies in ZIP code 80134.

Douglas County, Colorado
Douglas County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 357,978. The county is named in honor of U.S. Senator Stephen A. Douglas. The county seat is Castle Rock.

Douglas County is part of the Denver metropolitan area. It is located midway between Colorado's two largest cities, Denver and Colorado Springs, and contains a portion of Aurora, the state's third-largest city. Douglas County has the highest median household income of any Colorado county or statistical equivalent. It is ranked seventh nationally in that category.
Isolated point
In mathematics, a point x is called an isolated point of a subset S (in a topological space X) if x is an element of S and there exists a neighborhood of x that does not contain any other points of S. This is equivalent to saying that the singleton {x}  is an open set in the topological space S (considered as a subspace of X). Another equivalent formulation is: an element x of S is an isolated point of S if and only if it is not a limit point of S.

If the space X is a metric space, for example a Euclidean space, then an element x of S is an isolated point of S if there exists an open ball around x that contains only finitely many elements of S.
A point set that is made up only of isolated points is called a discrete set or discrete point set (see also discrete space).

Neighbourhood (mathematics)
In topology and related areas of mathematics, a neighbourhood (or neighborhood) is one of the basic concepts in a topological space. It is closely related to the concepts of open set and interior. Intuitively speaking, a neighbourhood of a point is a set of points containing that point where one can move some amount in any direction away from that point without leaving the set.
7th Congress of the Philippines
The 7th Congress of the Philippines (Filipino: Ikapitong Kongreso ng Pilipinas), composed of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives, met from January 26, 1970, until January 17, 1973, during the fifth, sixth, and seventh years of Ferdinand Marcos's presidency.

On September 23, 1972, President Marcos announced to the public that he declared martial law two days prior. Following this, the Congress remained adjourned until it was formally abolished with the ratification of the 1973 Constitution on January 17, 1973. Marcos then exercised legislative powers. In 1976, Congress was replaced by the Batasang Bayan as the Philippines' legislative body until 1978, when it was replaced by the Batasang Pambansa.

One-third of the Senate and the entire membership of the House of Representatives was replaced after the 1969 general elections. The House members and another third of the Senate membership were again replaced after the midterm senatorial elections of 1971.

1971 Philippine Senate election
A senatorial election was held on November 8, 1971 in the Philippines. The opposition Liberal Party won five seats in the Philippine Senate while three seats were won by the Nacionalista Party, the administration party; this was seen as a consequence of the Plaza Miranda bombing on August 21, 1971, which wounded all of the Liberal Party's candidates and almost took the lives of John Henry Osmeña and Jovito Salonga. Their terms as senators were cut short as a result of the declaration of martial law by President Ferdinand Marcos on September 23, 1972.

Due to the ratification of a new constitution in 1973, the Senate was abolished and the unicameral parliamentary Batasang Pambansa was instituted. In 1987, a new constitution was approved that reverted to the presidential and bicameral legislative system. This means that this would be the last election for the Senate until the 1987 election.
Working Men's College
The Working Men's College (also known as the St Pancras Working Men's College, WMC, The Camden College or WM College), is among the earliest adult education institutions established in the United Kingdom, and Europe's oldest extant centre for adult education. Founded by Christian socialists, at its inception it was at the forefront of liberal education philosophy. Today the college has two centres in the London Borough of Camden.

F. D. Maurice
John Frederick Denison Maurice (29 August 1805 – 1 April 1872), commonly known as F. D. Maurice, was an English Anglican priest and theologian. He was a prolific author and one of the founders of Christian socialism. Since the Second World War, interest in Maurice has expanded.
Nitsa
The Nitsa (Russian: Ница́) is a river in the Sverdlovsk Oblast in Russia. It is a tributary of the Tura. The river commences at the confluence of the Neyva and the Rezh, east of the city Alapayevsk and flows firstly in an easterly and then in southeasterly direction. It is 262 kilometres (163 mi) long. However, if the Nitsa and Neyva are counted as one, the river is 556 kilometres (345 mi) long. It has a drainage basin of 22,300 square kilometres (8,600 sq mi). The Nitsa converges with the Tura at Ust-Nitsinskoye.

The river has a mixed supply, which is dominated by snow. The discharge 165 kilometres (103 mi) downstream from the start, at the city of Irbit, is 42.5 cubic metres per second (1,500 cu ft/s). The river is usually frozen by the end of October, beginning of November until the end of April. The river is navigable along its entire length. The most important tributary is the Irbit, which joins at the city of the same name.

Neyva
The Neyva (Russian: Нейва) is a river in the Sverdlovsk Oblast of Russia, which flows out of Lake Tavatuy along the slopes of the Ural Mountains through the urban-type settlement Verkh-Neyvinsky and the towns of Nevyansk and Alapaevsk. It is 294 kilometres (183 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 5,600 square kilometres (2,200 sq mi). The upper reaches are punctuated by a series of lakes and reservoirs that cover 72.4 square kilometres (28.0 sq mi). At its confluence with the Rezh, the Nitsa (a tributary of the Tura) is formed.
José María Martínez-Hidalgo y Terán
José María Martínez-Hidalgo y Terán (December 11, 1913, Sama de Langreo - February 7, 2005, Barcelona) was a Spanish sailor. He began his career in the Merchant Navy, later became an officer of the Spanish Navy and finally, in 1958, was appointed director of the Maritime Museum of Barcelona, a position he held until his retirement in 1983.

Club Nàutic d'Arenys de Mar
The  Club Nàutic d'Arenys de Mar, also known as  CNAM, is a yacht club located in the Villa of Arenys de Mar, in the Maresme region, Barcelona. It was founded in 1952, being the fourth oldest nautical club of Catalonia, and the oldest yacht club in Spain not located in a capital of province.
National Conference League
The National Conference League (NCL) was part of the British rugby league system at the top end of the amateur pyramid below the professional Championship. It came under the jurisdiction of the Rugby Football League (RFL). It was replaced by the National Community Rugby League.

National Community Rugby League
The National Community Rugby League (NCRL) is part of the British rugby league system at the top end of the amateur pyramid below the professional Championship. It comes under the jurisdiction of the Rugby Football League (RFL). The NCRL consists of two National divisions and five regional conferences.
Canon de 120 mm modèle 1878
The Canon de 120 mm L modèle 1878 was a French piece of siege and field artillery which was widely used during the First World War and despite its obsolescence, it was still in use by some nations during the Second World War.

Gun carriage
A gun carriage is a frame or a mount that supports the gun barrel of an artillery piece, allowing it to be maneuvered and fired. These platforms often had wheels so that the artillery pieces could be moved more easily. Gun carriages are also used on ships to facilitate the movement and aiming of large cannons and guns. These are also used in the funeral procession of any higher authority of any state and country.
Addison Rae (song)
"Addison Rae" is a song by Australian rapper and singer the Kid Laroi, a song named after the American singer and actress, Addison Rae. The song was released on 22 March 2020, through Columbia Records, and peaked at number 76 on the ARIA Singles Chart. The song has been certified gold in Australia and the United States.

Addison Rae
Addison Rae Easterling (born October 6, 2000) is an American singer, actress, and social media personality. She joined TikTok in 2019, becoming one of the platform's most-followed creators. Rae went on to expand her career into music and acting. She appeared in films including He's All That (2021) and Thanksgiving (2023).

Rae released her debut single, "Obsessed" in 2021 and followed with her debut EP AR (2023). In 2024, she signed with Columbia Records and released her first major-label single "Diet Pepsi" which received critical praise, was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, and marked her first entry on the US Billboard Hot 100. The single preceded her debut studio album Addison (2025), which debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 and earned critical acclaim. She was nominated for Best New Artist at the 68th Grammy Awards.
Jona, Switzerland
Jona (German pronunciation: [ˈjoːna]) is a former municipality and since January 2007 part of the municipality of Rapperswil-Jona in the Wahlkreis (constituency) of  See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Before the merger with Rapperswil, the former municipality of Jona comprised the villages of Jona, Bollingen, Busskirch, Curtiberg, Kempraten-Lenggis, and Wagen.

Jona railway station
Jona railway station is a railway station in Switzerland, situated next to the village of Jona (canton of St. Gallen). It is one of four active railway stations in the municipality of Rapperswil-Jona (the other three being Rapperswil, Kempraten and Blumenau). The station is located on the Wallisellen to Uster and Rapperswil railway line, within both fare zone 180 of the Zürcher Verkehrsverbund (ZVV) and fare zone 996 of the Ostwind Fare Network.

Jona railway station and adjacent bus station were remodelled between 2013 and 2015. In 2021, it was awarded the Swiss mobility price (FLUX).
Monkeys and apes in space
Before humans went into space in the 1960s, several other animals were launched into space, including numerous other primates, so that scientists could investigate the biological effects of spaceflight. The United States launched flights containing primate passengers primarily between 1948 and 1961 with one flight in 1969 and one in 1985. France launched two monkey-carrying flights in 1967. The Soviet Union and Russia launched monkeys between 1983 and 1996. Most primates were anesthetized before lift-off.

Over thirty-two non-human primates flew in the space program; none flew more than once. Numerous backup primates also went through the programs but never flew. Monkeys and non-human apes from several species were used, including rhesus macaque, crab-eating macaque, squirrel monkeys, pig-tailed macaques, and chimpanzees.

PGM-19 Jupiter
The PGM-19 Jupiter was the first nuclear armed, medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) of the United States Air Force (USAF). It was a liquid-propellant rocket using RP-1 fuel and LOX oxidizer, with a single Rocketdyne LR79-NA (model S-3D) rocket engine producing 150,000 lbf (670 kN) of thrust. It was armed with the 1.44 Mt (6.0 PJ) W49 nuclear warhead. The prime contractor was the Chrysler Corporation.

The Jupiter was originally designed by the US Army, which was looking for a highly accurate missile designed to strike enemy states such as China and the Soviet Union. The US Navy also expressed an interest in the design as an SLBM but left the collaboration to work on their solid-fuel Polaris. Jupiter retained the short, squat shape intended to fit in submarines.
2020 Hungarian Grand Prix
The 2020 Hungarian Grand Prix (officially known as the Formula 1 Aramco Magyar Nagydíj 2020) was a Formula One motor race held on 19 July 2020 at the Hungaroring in Mogyoród, Hungary. The race was the third round of the 2020 Formula One World Championship, the 36th running of the Hungarian Grand Prix and the 35th time the race had been run as a World Championship event since the inaugural season in 1950. Lewis Hamilton was the defending race winner and the eventual winner of this Grand Prix, Hamilton's second successive win of the 2020 season and his eighth at the Hungaroring.

Hungarian Grand Prix
The Hungarian Grand Prix (Hungarian: Magyar Nagydíj, pronounced [ˈmɒɟɒr ˈnɒɟdiːj]) is a motor racing event held annually at the Hungaroring racetrack located on the northeastern outskirts of Budapest, within the village of Mogyoród. The event has been a regular fixture of the FIA Formula One World Championship since 1986, traditionally taking place between mid-July and late August.
Women in Sweden
The status and rights of Women in Sweden has changed several times throughout the history of Sweden. These changes have been affected by the culture, religion and laws of Sweden, as well as social discourses like the strong feminist movement.

Infanticide Act (Sweden)
The Infanticide Act (Swedish: Barnamordsplakatet), often referred to as "Infanticide act of Gustav III" (Gustav III:s barnamordsplakat) after its instigator Gustav III of Sweden, was a historical Swedish law, which was introduced in 1778 and in effect until 1917, with alterations in 1856.

The law was introduced in order to prevent infanticides, the killings of newborn children outside of marriage, and granted mothers both the right and the means for an anonymous birth. Its 1856 amendment however restricted this to a mere confidential birth, where the midwife was ordered to keep the mother's name in a sealed envelope to allow the grown-up child to request undisclosure of its biological ancestry.
Calixa-Lavallée Award
The Calixa-Lavallée Award (French: Prix Calixa-Lavallée) is a music award created in 1959. It is granted by the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal (SSJBM) to a Quebecer having distinguished themself in the field of music. It was named after musician Calixa Lavallée, composer of the Canadian national anthem, "O Canada".

Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society
The Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society (French: Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste, pronounced [sɔsjete sɛ̃ ʒɑ̃ batist]) is an institution in the Canadian province of Quebec dedicated to the protection of Quebec francophone interests and to the promotion of Quebec sovereignism. It is known as the oldest patriotic association in French North America. The society's president from 2009 to 2014, Mario Beaulieu, subsequently became leader of the Bloc Québécois. Its current president, Maxime Laporte, is known for being coordinator (president) of Cap sur l'indépendance, an umbrella group of various independentist organisations.
Strombosiopsis
Strombosiopsis is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Olacaceae.

Its native range is Western Tropical Africa to Uganda.

Species:

Strombosiopsis nana Breteler

Strombosiopsis sereinii Breteler

Strombosiopsis tetrandra Engl.

Olacaceae
Olacaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Santalales. They are woody plants, native throughout the tropical regions of the world. As of July 2021, the circumscription of the family varies; some sources maintain a broad family, others split it into seven segregate families.