hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Armentarius of Pavia
Armentarius of Pavia was Bishop of Pavia from 711 to 732.

Armentarius succeeded Bishop Damian. During his episcopacy, he had an ongoing dispute with Benedict, Bishop of Milan, who insisted that Pavia was historically under the Metropolitan See of Milan, while Armentarius maintained that Pavia was directly subject to Rome. Pope Constantine sided with Armentarius, perhaps because Pavia was the capital of the Kingdom of the Lombards.

His tomb in Pavia Cathedral became a site of pilgrimages, due to his reputation as a powerful intercessor. He is commemorated on January 30.

The transfer of Augustine of Hippo's remains from Sardinia to San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, although sometimes attributed to Armentarius, probably occurred during the tenure of his successor, Peter, uncle of King Liutprand.

Diocese of Pavia
The Diocese of Pavia (Latin: Dioecesis Papiensis) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Italy. It has been a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Milan only since 1817. Previous to the reorganization of the hierarchy in northern Italy by Pope Pius VII after the expulsion of the French and the Congress of Vienna, the diocese of Pavia had depended directly upon the Holy See, despite repeated failed attempts on the part of the Archbishops of Milan to claim control. The diocese has produced one Pope and Patriarch of Venice, and three cardinals.

The seat of the bishop is the Cattedrale di Maria Assunta e S. Stefano Protomartire in Pavia. The current bishop of Pavia is Corrado Sanguineti, appointed by Pope Francis on 1 December 2015.
Ghervazen Longher
Ghervazen Longher (Polish: Gerwazy Longher, born January 3, 1972) is a Romanian politician, and a political leader of the Polish minority in Romania. He has been a member of the Chamber of Deputies since 2004. Longher was born in Cacica, Suceava County.

In June 2014, MP Ghervazen Longher was sentenced by the Romanian High Court of Cassation and Justice to three months suspended imprisonment for the crime of conflict of interest. Ghervazen Longher illegally hired his brother and sister in the Chamber of Deputies.

After being given a suspended prison sentence, Ghervazen Longher's place as a Member of Parliament was taken by his wife, Victoria Longher.

Poles in Romania
According to the 2021 Romanian census, 2,137 Poles live in Romania, mainly in the villages of Suceava County (Polish: Suczawa). There are three exclusively Polish villages, as follows: Nowy Sołoniec (Solonețu Nou), Plesza (Pleșa), and Pojana Mikuli (Poiana Micului), as well a significant Polish presence in Kaczyca (Cacica) and Paltynosa (Păltinoasa). There is also a relatively sizable number of ethnic Poles living in the county seat, Suceava (Polish: Suczawa).

Poles in Romania form an officially recognised national minority, having one seat in the Chamber of Deputies (currently held by the Union of Poles of Romania) and access to Polish elementary schools and cultural centres (known as "Polish Houses" or "Dom Polski" in Polish).
DFW R.II
The DFW R.II (company designation T26 II) was a heavy bomber (Riesenflugzeug) aircraft designed by the Deutsche Flugzeug-Werke (DFW) during the First World War for the Imperial German Army's (Deutsches Heer) Imperial German Air Service (Luftstreitkräfte). Six aircraft were ordered in late 1916; of these three were completed, two were unfinished when the war ended in November 1918 and the last was cancelled. None of the aircraft flew any combat missions.

Deutsche Flugzeug-Werke
Deutsche Flugzeug-Werke, usually known as DFW, was a German aircraft manufacturer of the early twentieth century. It was established by Bernhard Meyer and Erich Thiele at Lindenthal in 1910, and initially produced Farman designs under licence, later moving on to the Etrich Taube and eventually to its own designs. One of these, the DFW C.V reconnaissance aircraft, was produced to the extent of several thousand machines, including license production by other firms. When Bernhard Meyer died in April 1917, his son-in-law Kurt Herrmann became general director of DFW.

After the end of the First World War, under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the DFW had to cease operations by 18 December 1919. Plans to develop civil aircraft after the war proved fruitless. On Herrmann's initiative, the company was bought by Allgemeine Transportanlagen Gesselschaft on 16 June 1919.
Software architecture analysis method
Software architecture analysis method (SAAM) is a method used in software architecture to evaluate a system architecture. It was the first documented software architecture analysis method, and was developed in the mid 1990s to analyze a system for modifiability, but it is useful for testing any non-functional aspect.

SAAM was a precursor to the architecture tradeoff analysis method.

Architecture tradeoff analysis method
In software engineering, Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method (ATAM) is a risk-mitigation process used early in the software development life cycle.

ATAM was developed by the Software Engineering Institute at the Carnegie Mellon University. Its purpose is to help choose a suitable architecture for a software system by discovering trade-offs and sensitivity points.

ATAM is most beneficial when done early in the software development life-cycle when the cost of changing architectures is minimal.
Etzelkofen
Etzelkofen is a former municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Etzelkofen, Büren zum Hof, Grafenried, Limpach, Mülchi, Schalunen and Zauggenried merged into the municipality of Fraubrunnen.

Zauggenried
Zauggenried is a former municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Zauggenried, Büren zum Hof, Etzelkofen, Grafenried, Limpach, Mülchi and Schalunen merged into the municipality of Fraubrunnen.
Macranthera
Macranthera is a monotypic plant genus in the family Orobanchaceae containing only the species Macranthera flammea, commonly known as the flameflower or hummingbird-flower. It is endemic to the Coastal Plain of the south-eastern United States.

Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species. Many of these genera (e.g., Pedicularis, Rhinanthus, Striga) were formerly included in the family Scrophulariaceae sensu lato. With its new circumscription, Orobanchaceae forms a distinct, monophyletic family. From a phylogenetic perspective, it is defined as the largest crown clade containing Orobanche major and relatives, but neither Paulownia tomentosa nor Phryma leptostachya nor Mazus japonicus.

The Orobanchaceae are annual herbs or perennial herbs or shrubs, and most (all except Lindenbergia, Rehmannia and Triaenophora) are parasitic on the roots of other plants—either holoparasitic or hemiparasitic (fully or partly parasitic). The holoparasitic species lack chlorophyll and therefore cannot perform photosynthesis.
Parliamentary constituencies in Tyne and Wear
The ceremonial county of Tyne and Wear is divided into 13 parliamentary constituencies, including 2 cross-county boundary seats with Northumberland and one with Durham, of which 9 are borough constituencies and 4 county constituencies.

Washington and Gateshead South
Washington and Gateshead South is a constituency of the House of Commons in the UK Parliament. Created as a result of the 2023 review of Westminster constituencies, it was first contested at the 2024 general election and is currently held by Sharon Hodgson of the Labour Party. Hodgson was MP for the predecessor seats of Washington and Sunderland West from 2010 to 2024 and Gateshead East and Washington West from 2005 to 2010.
Calendar riots in Riga
Calendar Riots in Riga were a series of uprisings by the citizens of Riga between 1584 and 1589 against the authority of the Riga Town Council and King Stephen Báthory, who had issued an order to adopt the Gregorian calendar. Citizens viewed the reform as an imposition of new restrictions, and opposition to the calendar became intertwined with a broader power struggle between the patricians (represented by the town council) and the guilds (representing burghers), as well as a new wave of Catholic persecution.

Riga Town Council
Riga Town Council (consilium civitatis rigensis, Rigaer Rat, Рижский рат, Rīgas rāte) was the municipal and judicial institution of the city of Riga from 1226 to 1889.

It was succeeded by Riga City Council after 1889.
Trimethylene carbonate
Trimethylene carbonate, or 1,3-propylene carbonate, is a 6-membered cyclic carbonate ester. It is a colourless solid that upon heating or catalytic ring-opening converts to poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC).  Such polymers are called aliphatic polycarbonates and are of interest for potential biomedical applications. An isomeric derivative is propylene carbonate, a colourless liquid that does not spontaneously polymerize.

Carbonate ester
In organic chemistry, a carbonate ester (organic carbonate or organocarbonate) is an ester of carbonic acid. This functional group consists of a carbonyl group flanked by two alkoxy groups. The general structure of these carbonates is R−O−C(=O)−O−R′ and they are related to esters (R−O−C(=O)−R′), ethers (R−O−R′) and also to the inorganic carbonates.

Monomers of polycarbonate (e.g. Makrolon or Lexan) are linked by carbonate groups. These polycarbonates are used in eyeglass lenses, compact discs, and bulletproof glass. Small carbonate esters like dimethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate are used as solvents, dimethyl carbonate is also a mild methylating agent.
Barcroft Islands
The Barcroft Islands (66°27′S 67°10′W﻿ / ﻿66.450°S 67.167°W﻿ / -66.450; -67.167) are a group of small islands and rocks about 5 miles (8 km) in extent, lying close south of Watkins Island, Biscoe Islands. The group comprises St. Brigid, Irving, St. Isidore, Chakarov, Hervé, Montojo, Alcheh, Leppe and Bedford Islands. The islands were mapped from air photos by the Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition (1956–57), and named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for Sir Joseph Barcroft, a pioneer investigator of the physiological effects of high altitudes and cold.

Chakarov Island
Chakarov Island (Bulgarian: Чакъров остров, romanized: Chakarov ostrov, IPA: [t͡ʃɐˈkɤrof ˈɔstrof]) is the ice-covered island 2.18 km long in southwest–northeast direction and 600 m wide in the Barcroft group of Biscoe Islands. Its surface area is 92 ha.

The feature is named after Danail Chakarov, Director of the International and EU Law Directorate, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria responsible for Antarctica and member of the Antarctic Place-names Commission since 2013.
Nicolosi globular projection
The Nicolosi globular projection is a polyconic map projection invented about the year 1000 by the Muslim Persian polymath al-Biruni. As a circular representation of a hemisphere, it is called globular because it evokes a globe. It can only display one hemisphere at a time and so normally appears as a "double hemispheric" presentation in world maps. The projection came into use in the Western world starting in 1660, reaching its most common use in the 19th century. As a "compromise" projection, it preserves no particular properties, instead giving a balance of distortions.

Polyconic projection class
Polyconic can refer either to a class of map projections or to a specific projection known less ambiguously as the American polyconic projection. Polyconic as a class refers to those projections whose parallels are all non-concentric circular arcs, except for a straight equator, and the centers of these circles lie along a central axis. This description applies to projections in equatorial aspect.
Battle of Two Sisters
The Battle of Two Sisters was an engagement of the Falklands War during the British advance towards the capital, Port Stanley.  It took place from 11 to 12 June 1982 and was one of three battles in a Brigade-size operation all on the same night, the other two being the Battle of Mount Longdon and the Battle of Mount Harriet.  Fought mainly between an assaulting British force consisting of Royal Marines of 45 Commando and an Argentine Company drawn from 4th Infantry Regiment (Regimiento de Infantería 4 or RI 4).

One of a number of night battles that took place during the British advance towards Stanley, the battle led to British troops capturing all the heights above the town, allowing its capture and the surrender of the Argentine forces on the islands.

Naval gunfire support
Naval gunfire support (NGFS), also known as naval surface fire support (NSFS), or shore bombardment, is the use of naval artillery to provide fire support for amphibious assault and other troops operating within their range. NGFS is one of several disciplines encompassed by the term naval fires. Modern naval gunfire support is one of the three main components of amphibious warfare assault operations support, along with aircraft and ship-launched land-attack missiles. Shipborne guns have been used against shore defences since medieval naval warfare.
2024 Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash
On 24 January 2024, at around 11:15 MSK, a Russian Air Force Ilyushin Il-76 military transport plane crashed near the Ukrainian border in Russia's Korochansky district in Belgorod Oblast, killing everyone on board. Russia stated that the plane was shot down by Ukraine while it was carrying 65 Ukrainian prisoners of war (POWs) captured during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, as well as six crew members and three guards, and that the prisoners of war were to be exchanged in a swap. The General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces did not directly take responsibility for shooting down the airplane, but stated that it was a legitimate military target and that it was carrying S-300 anti-aircraft missiles for bombing Kharkiv Oblast.

Some French and US officials said that the downing of the aircraft was caused by a Patriot missile fired by the Ukrainian army.

Korochansky District
Korochansky District (Russian: Короча́нский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-one in Belgorod Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Korochansky Municipal District. It is located in the center of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,464.1 square kilometers (565.3 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Korocha. As of the 2021 Census, the total population of the district was 35,883, with the population of Korocha accounting for 15.7% of that number.
David H. Rosenbloom
David H. Rosenbloom (born 1943) is a scholar in the field of public administration. He is the Distinguished Professor of Public Administration at the School of Public Affairs at American University in Washington, D.C.  An authority on issues related to administrative law and constitutional aspects of public sector personnel policies, Rosenbloom is known for his approach emphasizing understanding American public administration from the three perspectives associated with the constitutional separation of powers: law, politics and management. He advocates establishing "constitutional competence" as a basic standard for public service professionals.

Robert Kravchuk
Robert Sacha Kravchuk (born July 4, 1955) is an American scholar known in the fields of public administration and public finances, as well as because of his expertise on Ukraine. He is the former director of the Master of Public Affairs program at the Indiana University School of Public and Environmental Affairs. Kravchuk is a fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration. As an author, he is held in libraries worldwide.
Yantai South railway station
Yantai South railway station (Chinese: 烟台南站; pinyin: Yāntái Nán zhàn) is a railway station located in Laishan District, Yantai, Shandong, China. Unlike the older Yantai railway station, this is a through-station. It opened with the Qingdao–Rongcheng intercity railway on 28 December 2014. It is also served by Tianjin–Weifang–Yantai high-speed railway.

Yantai railway station
Yantai railway station is a railway station located in Zhifu District, Yantai, Shandong, China. It is a terminus for local trains and some high-speed trains. Other high-speed services call at Yantai South railway station instead.
Operational Command West
The Operational Command West (abbr.  OC West, Ukrainian: Оперативне командування «Захід»; ОК «Захід») is a formation of the Ukrainian Ground Forces in western Ukraine. Its headquarters is located in Rivne.

10th Mountain Assault Brigade
The 10th Mountain Assault Brigade "Edelweiss" (Ukrainian: 10-та окрема гірсько-штурмова бригада "Едельвейс") is a unit of the Ukrainian Ground Forces. Based in Kolomyia and part of Operational Command West, the brigade has fought in the war in Donbas, and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. During these conflicts, the brigade defended Marinka, Popasna, Mariupol and Bakhmut.
Chapman Field (baseball)
Chapman Field is located in Corpus Christi, Texas.  The facility has both a baseball field, home to the Texas A&M–Corpus Christi Islanders baseball team and a softball field, home to the Texas A&M–Corpus Christi Islanders softball team. The facility was renamed after John and Louise Chapman before the beginning of the 2007 baseball season. Whataburger Field is used instead of Chapman Field for some baseball early season tournaments and also some big matchups (i.e. Texas A&M or Rice).

Major renovations to both fields were made in 2011 and 2012.  Renovations included new bleachers, new lighting for baseball, a new field surfaces, new irrigation, new bullpens, as well as windscreens around the fence.  The baseball bleacher system was replaced and the old system was moved to the softball field.

Texas A&M–Corpus Christi Islanders baseball
The Texas A&M–Corpus Christi Islanders baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi in Corpus Christi, Texas, United States. The team is a member of the Southland Conference, which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I. The team plays its home games at on-campus Chapman Field in Corpus Christi, Texas. Off-campus Whataburger Field is the home venue for some high-profile games and tournaments.  The Islanders are coached by Scott Malone.
Bay Park, New York
Bay Park is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the Town of Hempstead in Nassau County, on the South Shore of Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 2,117 at the 2020 census, down from 2,212 in 2010.

Hempstead, New York
The Town of Hempstead is the most populous town in the state of New York. It is the largest of the three towns within Nassau County (alongside North Hempstead and Oyster Bay), located on Long Island, east of Queens. The population was 793,409 at the time of the 2020 census.

It occupies the southwestern part of the county, near the western end of Long Island. A total of 22 incorporated villages (one of which is named Hempstead) are completely or partially within the town.

Hofstra University's campus is located in Hempstead.
Richmond Hill Curling Club
The Richmond Hill Curling Club (or RHCC) is a curling centre located in the town of Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada. The modern RHCC has been in operation since 1959; however, the original RHCC was established in 1889. The club has a 12-person Board of Directors which is elected by the membership at large.  The Board is responsible for all club operations.

The RHCC is a stable 6-sheet club that has curling leagues operating Sunday through Friday, with many bonspiels and rentals on Saturdays. The RHCC is a member of the Toronto Curling Association (TCA), CurlON (formerly known as the Ontario Curling Association) and Curling Canada.

Richmond Hill, Ontario
Richmond Hill (2021 population: 202,022) is a city in south-central York Region, Ontario, Canada. Part of the Greater Toronto Area, it is the York Region's third most populous municipality and the 27th most populous municipality in Canada. Richmond Hill is situated between the cities of Markham and Vaughan, north of Thornhill, and south of Aurora.

Richmond Hill has seen significant population growth since the 1990s. It became a city in 2019 after being a town since 1957. The city is home to the David Dunlap Observatory telescope, the largest telescope in Canada.
United States Army Chemical Materials Activity
The United States Army Chemical Materials Activity (CMA) is a separate reporting activity of the United States Army Materiel Command (AMC). Its role is to enhance national security by securely storing the remaining U.S. chemical warfare materiel stockpiles, while protecting the work force, the public and the environment to the maximum extent.

CMA has a history in chemical weapons destruction, safely storing, recovering, assessing and destroying materials that remain as a legacy of the former U.S. chemical weapons program. CMA managed destruction of all U.S. chemical weapons stockpiles except for the two that fall under the Department of Defense Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives program. Through its Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP), CMA works with local, state and federal emergency preparedness and response agencies at chemical weapon stockpile locations.

Newport Chemical Depot
The Newport Chemical Depot, previously known as the Wabash River Ordnance Works and the Newport Army Ammunition Plant, was a 6,990-acre (28.3 km2) bulk chemical storage and destruction facility that was operated by the United States Army. It is located near Newport, in west central Indiana, thirty-two miles north of Terre Haute. The site was used as a production site for the solid explosives trinitrotoluene and RDX, as well as for heavy water. It also served as the production site for all of the U.S. military's nerve agent VX, when it was in use. All VX nerve agent at the site was neutralized by August 8, 2008. It was the third of the Army's nine chemical depots to completely destroy its stockpile.
Passionists
The Passionists, officially named the Congregation of the Passion of Jesus Christ (Latin: Congregatio Passionis Iesu Christi), abbreviated CP, are a Catholic clerical religious congregation of pontifical right for men, founded by Paul of the Cross in 1720, with a special emphasis on and devotion to the Passion of Jesus Christ. A known symbol of the congregation is the labeled emblem of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, surmounted by a cross. This symbol is often sewn into the habit of its congregants.

Five Holy Wounds
In Catholic tradition, the Five Holy Wounds, also known as the Five Sacred Wounds or the Five Precious Wounds, are the five piercing wounds that Jesus Christ suffered during his crucifixion. The wounds have been the focus of particular devotions, especially in the late Middle Ages, and have often been reflected in church music and art.