hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Second year
Second year (also known as S2 in Scotland) is the second year of schooling in secondary schools in Scotland and in the Republic of Ireland, and is roughly equivalent to Year 9 in England and Wales and Year 10 (Third Form) in Northern Ireland. Most pupils are 13 or 14 years old at the end of S2.

Second year was traditionally the year group for 12 and 13 year olds in English and Welsh secondary schools, until it was mostly replaced by the Year 8 title in September 1990, although in some areas second year was actually the first year of a pupil's secondary education (where the transfer age was 12 instead of 11), while in some areas pupils did not transfer t secondary school until the age of 13, when they entered third year.

The term can also refer to the second year of a university course.

in some areas it is a term used for 12th grade/2nd year of college.

Year 9
Year 9 is an educational year group in schools in many countries including England and Wales, Australia and New Zealand. It is the tenth or eleventh year of compulsory education. Children in this year are generally between 13, 14 and 15, with it being mostly equivalent to eighth grade or freshman year in the United States.
Enoch zu Guttenberg
Georg Enoch Robert Prosper Philipp Franz Karl Theodor Maria Heinrich Johannes Luitpold Hartmann Gundeloh Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg (29 July 1946 – 15 June 2018) was a German conductor. He also owned the large winery estate Weingut Reichsrat von Buhl. He founded musical ensembles for performances of sacred choral works, and the Herrenchiemsee Festival. In 1975, he co-founded the BUND, a German organization dedicated to protecting the natural environment.

Rheingau Musik Festival
The Rheingau Musik Festival (RMF) is an international summer music festival in Germany, founded in 1987. It is mostly for classical music, but includes other genres. Concerts take place at culturally important locations, such as Eberbach Abbey and Schloss Johannisberg, in the wine-growing Rheingau region between Wiesbaden and Lorch.
Maultasche
Maultaschen (German: [ˈmaʊ̯lˌtaʃn̩] ⓘ; singular Maultasche (listenⓘ), lit. 'mouth pockets') are large meat-filled dumplings in Swabian cuisine. They consist of sheets of pasta dough filled with minced meat, smoked meat, spinach, bread crumbs and onions, and flavored with herbs and spices such as black pepper, parsley and nutmeg. Maultaschen are typically 8–12 centimetres (3–4+1⁄2 inches) across. They are square or rectangular in shape.

On 22 October 2009, the European Union recognized Maultaschen (Schwäbische Maultaschen or Schwäbische Suppenmaultaschen) as a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) and remarked that the dish is significant to the cultural heritage of Swabia. This measure provides protection to the integrity of the dish, mandating that genuine Maultaschen are only produced in Swabia, a historical region that was incorporated into the modern German states of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria.

Swabian cuisine
Swabian cuisine is native to Swabia, a region in southwestern Germany comprising great parts of Württemberg and the Bavarian part of Swabia. Swabian cuisine has a reputation for being rustic, but rich and hearty. Fresh egg pastas (e.g., Spätzle noodles or Maultaschen dumpling wrappers), soups, and sausages are among Swabia's best-known types of dishes, and Swabian cuisine tends to require broths or sauces; dishes are rarely "dry".
William P. Clark Jr.
William Patrick Clark Jr. (October 23, 1931 – August 10, 2013) was an American rancher, judge, and public servant who served under President Ronald Reagan as the deputy secretary of state from 1981 to 1982, United States national security advisor from 1982 to 1983, and the secretary of the interior from 1983 to 1985.

Shandon, California
Shandon is a village and census-designated place (CDP) in San Luis Obispo County, California, United States. The population was 1,168 at the 2020 census, down from 1,295 at the 2010 census. Shandon lies by the San Juan River.
Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels
Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels is an American animated mystery comedy series created by Joe Ruby and Ken Spears and produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions for ABC. The series aired during the network's Saturday morning schedule from September 10, 1977, to June 21, 1980.

In the series, the caveman superhero Captain Caveman is discovered within a block of ice and thawed out. He joins a trio of mystery-solving teenage girls in various missions. The hero has superhuman strength and flight, but his powers could fail him in inconvenient situations. Among the Teen Angels, Dee Dee Skyes is a Velma Dinkley-like amateur detective, Taffy Dare is the eccentric strategist who convinces the Captain to follow her instructions, and Brenda Chance is an easily-frightened girl who habitually serves as the victim in damsel in distress scenarios.

Vernee Watson-Johnson
Vernee Christell Watson (born September 28, 1949) is an American actress, author, and acting coach. Watson-Johnson is known for her recurring roles as Vernajean Williams on Welcome Back, Kotter (1975–1979), as Viola "Vy" Smith on The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (1990–1996), playing the mother of Will Smith's character and head nurse Gloria Tyler on Bob Hearts Abishola (2019–2024). She is often featured in guest or recurring roles as a nurse. Since 2017 she has played Stella Henry on General Hospital.
Bazoft-e Pain Rural District
Bazoft-e Pain Rural District (Persian: دهستان بازفت پايين) is in Bazoft District of Kuhrang County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran. It is administered from the city of Bazoft. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Dehnash, now in Bazoft-e Bala Rural District.

Dehnash
Dehnash (Persian: دهناش) is a village in, and the capital of, Bazoft-e Bala Rural District in Bazoft District of Kuhrang County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran. Dehnash was the capital of Bazoft Rural District until its capital was transferred to the village of Chaman Goli.
Bowron clearcut
The Bowron clearcut or the Bowron River clearcut was a forest clearcut near the Bowron River in British Columbia, Canada. It was once considered the largest clearcut in the world. A large timber salvage operation took place in the 1980s in response to a spruce beetle infestation. 15 million cubic meters of wood were harvested.

It was known as the "clear-cut you could see from space." Despite its reputation, clearcuts on Cape Breton as well as those found in Brazil are larger.

Picea × albertiana
Picea × albertiana (Alberta spruce, Interior spruce, or hybrid white spruce) is a nothospecies that is a natural cross between white spruce and Engelmann spruce. It is a dominant forest species in interior British Columbia where the ranges of the two parent species overlap.
Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 94 BC)
Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus was a politician in ancient Rome during the late 2nd and early 1st century BC.  He served as praetor in Sicily, probably in 96 BC, shortly after the Second Servile War, when slaves had been forbidden to carry arms.  He ordered a slave to be crucified for killing a wild boar with a hunting spear.  He was consul in 94 BC.  In the civil war between Gaius Marius and Sulla, he took the side of the latter, and was murdered at Rome by the praetor Damasippus on the orders of Gaius Marius the Younger.

He was the son of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, the consul in 122 BC, and brother of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, the consul in 96.

Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 122 BC)
Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (d. ca. 104 BC) was a Roman general and senator who served as consul in 122 BC. He led a campaign to conquer southern Gaul against the Allobroges together with his successor Quintus Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus. Domitius was active in the early development of southern Roman Gaul, establishing the first Roman colony at Colonia Narbon Martius, and sponsored projects such as the Via Domitia connecting Italy to Spain through southern Gaul. He was probably also the sponsor of the Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus in the Temple of Neptune in Rome. Ahenobarbus was censor in 115 BC and became pontifex at an unknown date before dying c. 104 BC.
Enfield F.C.
Enfield Football Club is an English football club that is currently a member of the Southern League Division One Central. The club plays its home matches at Hertingfordbury Park in Hertford, Hertfordshire, which it shares with Hertford Town. Traditionally based in Enfield, Greater London, the club was, between the 1960s and 1980s, one of the most successful non-league clubs in England, winning the FA Amateur Cup, FA Trophy and Football Conference twice. The club, however, did not manage to gain election to the Football League. Following financial struggles and the sale of their Southbury Road stadium, the club declined, eventually folding and reforming in 2007 as Enfield 1893 Football Club, dropping the 1893 suffix in 2019.

1980–81 FA Cup
The 1980–81 FA Cup was the 100th season of the world's oldest football knockout competition, The Football Association Challenge Cup, or FA Cup for short. The final saw Tottenham Hotspur defeat Manchester City in the first Wembley replay. The final saw a memorable solo goal from Ricky Villa that was voted the greatest goal scored at Wembley.
Mount Nittany Medical Center
Mount Nittany Medical Center (MNMC), formerly Centre Community Hospital, is a hospital in College Township, Pennsylvania near State College.  It is an acute-care facility offering emergency, medical, surgical, diagnostic and community services.  The hospital is located adjacent to the Pennsylvania State University main campus near Beaver Stadium. MNMC employs around 2,400 healthcare professionals and support staff, with 60 specialties and subspecialties.

Mount Nittany Health is the operating organization and was Centre County's second-largest employer in 2018.

State College, Pennsylvania
State College is a borough and home rule municipality in Centre County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 40,501 at the 2020 census. It is a college town home to Penn State University Park, the main campus of the Pennsylvania State University.

State College is the largest borough in Pennsylvania by population. It is the principal borough of the six municipalities that make up the State College area, the largest settlement in Centre County, and one of the principal cities of the greater State College–DuBois combined statistical area which had 238,734 residents in 2020.
George Noory
George Ralph Noory (born June 4, 1950) is an American radio talk show host. Since January 2003, Noory has been the weekday host of the late-night radio talk show Coast to Coast AM. The program is syndicated to hundreds of radio stations in the U.S. and Canada by Premiere Networks. Noory has also appeared in the History Channel series Ancient Aliens and in Beyond Belief, a subscription-based online video series presented by Gaia.

William J. Birnes
William J. "Bill" Birnes (born November 7, 1944) is an American author, ghostwriter, chairman of the board at Sunrise Community Counseling Center, and ufologist. He was the publisher of and wrote for UFO Magazine, and was the lead investigator on the TV show UFO Hunters. He has authored or coauthored books on a variety of topics, including the paranormal, UFOs, criminology, computer science, and novels. He ghostwrote The Day After Roswell with Philip J. Corso, which appeared on The New York Times Best Seller List.
Makalamabedi
Makalamabedi is a village in North-West District of Botswana. It is located in the south-east part of the district, and is served by the local Makalamabedi Airport. The population was 344 in 2001 census.

North-West District (Botswana)
The North-West District or Ngamiland is one of the first-level administrative subdivisions of Botswana.  For census and administrative purposes Ngamiland is subdivided into Ngamiland East, Ngamiland West and Ngamiland Delta (Okavango). It is governed by a District Commissioner, appointed by the national government, and the elected North-West District Council.  The administrative centre is Maun.

As of 2011, the total population of the district was 175,631 compared to 142,970 in 2001. The growth rate of population during the decade was 2.08. The total number of workers constituted 32,471 with 16,852 males and 15,621 females, with a majority of them involved in agriculture.

Maun, the Tsodilo Hills, the Moremi Game Reserve, the Gchwihaba (Drotsky's) Caves, the Aha Hills (on the border with Namibia), the Nhabe Museum in Maun, and Maun Educational Park are the major tourist attractions in the district.
Koenigsberger ratio
The Koenigsberger ratio is the proportion of remanent magnetization relative to induced magnetization in natural rocks. It was first described by J.G. Koenigsberger. It is a dimensionless parameter often used in geophysical exploration to describe the magnetic characteristics of a geological body for help in interpreting magnetic anomaly patterns.

The total magnetization of a rock is the sum of its natural remanent magnetization and the magnetization induced by the ambient geomagnetic field. Thus, a Koenigsberger ratio, Q, greater than 1 indicates that the remanence properties contribute the majority of the total magnetization of the rock.

Magnetic anomaly
In geophysics, a magnetic anomaly is a local variation in the Earth's magnetic field resulting from variations in the chemistry or magnetism of the rocks. Mapping of variation over an area is valuable in detecting structures obscured by overlying material. The magnetic variation (geomagnetic reversals) in successive bands of ocean floor parallel with mid-ocean ridges was important evidence for seafloor spreading, a concept central to the theory of plate tectonics.
John R. Arthur Jr.
John R. Arthur Jr. is an American materials scientist best known as a pioneer of molecular beam epitaxy.

Together with Alfred Y. Cho, Arthur pioneered molecular beam epitaxy at Bell Laboratories, where he published a paper in July 1968 that described construction of epitaxial gallium arsenide layers using molecular beam epitaxy. They received the 1982 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award "for the development and application of molecular beam epitaxy technology," and the 1982 James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials from the American Physical Society.

Molecular-beam epitaxy
Molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) is an epitaxy method for thin-film deposition of single crystals. MBE is widely used in the manufacture of semiconductor devices, including transistors. MBE is used to make diodes and MOSFETs (MOS field-effect transistors) at microwave frequencies, and to manufacture the lasers used to read optical discs (such as CDs and DVDs).
Umbu Mehang Kunda Airport
Umbu Mehang Kunda Airport (Indonesian: Bandar Udara Umbu Mehang Kunda) (IATA: WGP, ICAO: WATU, formerly WRRW), also formerly known as Mau Hau Airport, is an airport serving Waingapu, the largest town on the island of Sumba, in the province of East Nusa Tenggara in Indonesia.

It is a civilian airport with one runway which operates only domestic flights to other parts of Indonesia. It was renamed after Umbu Mehang Kunda (1951–2008), a politician from East Sumba, in May 2009.

East Sumba Regency
East Sumba Regency (Indonesian: Kabupaten Sumba Timur) is geographically the largest of the four regencies which divide the island of Sumba, within East Nusa Tenggara Province of Indonesia. It occupies 62% (nearly two-thirds) of the entire island, being much less densely populated than the western third. The town of Waingapu is the capital of East Sumba Regency (its urban area comprises the kecamatan of Kota Waingapu and Kambera). The population of East Sumba Regency was 227,732 at the 2010 Census and 244,820 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 277,290 (comprising 142,097 males and 135,193 females).
Antiestrogen withdrawal response
The antiestrogen withdrawal response is a paradoxical improvement in breast cancer caused by discontinuation of antiestrogen therapy for breast cancer. It has been documented rarely with the selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) tamoxifen and raloxifene. The phenomenon indicates that these agents can somehow result in stimulation of breast cancer tumor progression under certain circumstances. One proposed theory for the mechanism is that the sensitivity of breast cells to estrogens shifts with estrogen deprivation, and upon antiestrogen withdrawal, endogenous estrogen acts in the manner of high-dose estrogen therapy in the breast to inhibit breast cancer growth and induce breast cancer cell death. The antiestrogen withdrawal syndrome is analogous to but less common and well-known than the antiandrogen withdrawal syndrome, a phenomenon in which paradoxical improvement in prostate cancer occurs upon discontinuation of antiandrogen therapy.

Antiestrogen
Antiestrogens, also known as estrogen antagonists or estrogen blockers, are a class of drugs which prevent estrogens like estradiol from mediating their biological effects in the body. They act by blocking the estrogen receptor (ER) and/or inhibiting or suppressing estrogen production. Antiestrogens are one of three types of sex hormone antagonists, the others being antiandrogens and antiprogestogens. Antiestrogens are commonly used to stop estrogens from binding to the estrogen receptors, leading to a decrease of the effects of estrogens. Decreased levels of estrogen can lead to complications in sexual development.
2015–16 Philadelphia Flyers season
The 2015–16 Philadelphia Flyers season was the 49th season for the National Hockey League (NHL) franchise that was established on June 5, 1967. The Flyers opened the regular season on October 8, 2015 against the Tampa Bay Lightning. This was the first season under new head coach Dave Hakstol. The Flyers finished fifth in the Metropolitan Division and seventh in the Eastern Conference, qualifying for the Stanley Cup Playoffs as the second Wild Card team in the Eastern Conference, where they would lose in the first round in six games to the Washington Capitals.

Dave Hakstol
David Hakstol (born July 30, 1968) is a Canadian professional ice hockey coach who is currently an assistant coach for the Colorado Avalanche. Hakstol was the head coach for Sioux City Musketeers for four seasons, followed by four years as an assistant at his alma mater, the University of North Dakota. He was promoted to head coach in 2004 and led the program for eleven seasons. Hakstol was a head coach of the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League (NHL) in 2015, leading the team until his firing in 2018. Additionally, he served as the first head coach of the NHL's Seattle Kraken from 2021 to 2024, after their expansion. Internationally, Hakstol was an assistant coach for Canada's national men's team in 2017 and 2019.

Hakstol is a native of Warburg, Alberta; he played for the UND Fighting Sioux from 1989 to 1992 and in the International Hockey League (IHL) for five years.
Sarlahi District
Sarlahi (Nepali: सर्लाही Listenⓘ) is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal. Being one of eight districts of Madhesh Province, it is an Outer Terai district, which borders Rautahat district to the west, Mahottari district to the east, Sindhuli district to the north, and the Indian state of Bihar to the south. The district, with Malangwa as its headquarter, covers an area of 1,259 km2 (486 sq mi) and has a population of 862,470 in 2021.

Parsa Rural Municipality
Parsa (Nepali: पर्सा) is a rural municipality in Sarlahi District, a part of Madhesh Province in Nepal. It is situated 10 km East from Malangwa which is headquarter of Sarlahi district. It was formed in 2016 occupying current 6 sections (wards) from previous 6 former VDCs. It occupies an area of 23.12 km2 with a total population of 21,650. The major language spoken in the rural municipality are Maithili and Bajjika.
Joe P. Martínez
Private Joseph Pantillion Martínez (July 27, 1920 – May 26, 1943) born in Taos, New Mexico, was a United States Army soldier who posthumously received the Medal of Honor — the United States' highest military decoration — for his actions on the Aleutian Islands during World War II. Private Joseph P. Martínez was the first Hispanic-American and first Coloradan to receive the Medal of Honor during World War II. His posthumous award was the first act for combat heroism on American soil (other than the 15 at Pearl Harbor) since the Indian Wars.

Weld County Veterans Memorial
The Weld County Veterans Memorial is located in Greeley, Colorado near Bittersweet Park at the corner of 16th St. and 35th Ave. It is "dedicated to the men and women of Weld County who have served our country in times of peace and war, and especially to those who gave their lives".

Dedicated on Veterans Day in 1997, the memorial's 10th anniversary was celebrated on Veterans Day, 2007. Annual Veterans Day, and Armed Forces Day ceremonies are held at the memorial.

The centerpiece of the memorial is a statue of Pvt. Joe P. Martinez of Ault, Colorado, the first Weld County resident to be awarded the Medal of Honor. The bronze plaque below the statue reads:

The memorial includes granite slabs commemorating many of the theaters of war in US military history, along with brief narratives. Also displayed are the names of the men and women from Weld County who served in each of these conflicts.
Saab two-stroke
The Saab two-stroke was a two-stroke cycle, inline, two cylinder, and later three cylinder engine manufactured by Swedish automotive manufacturer Saab that was based on a design by German manufacturer DKW.

Saab Granturismo
The Saab Granturismo (also Monte Carlo and Sport) was a series of up-powered sedans sold by Saab Automobile AB from 1958 to 1968. They were powered by three-cylinder, two-stroke engines until the 1967 model year. Most variants were distinguished from the standard model by twin metal stripes along the rocker panels.
Montserrat Volcano Observatory
The Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO) is a volcano observatory which is located on the Caribbean island of Montserrat, where the Soufrière Hills volcano (SHV) has been actively erupting since 1995.

The MVO staff describe their activities as working to reduce the impact of volcanic activity by monitoring, researching, educating, and advising.

The MVO building is situated in the village of Flemmings, near Salem in the parish of St. Peter, in the west of the island.

Volcano observatory
A volcano observatory is an institution that conducts research and monitoring of a volcano.

Each observatory provides continuous and periodic monitoring of the seismicity, other geophysical changes, ground movements, volcanic gas chemistry, and hydrologic conditions and activity between and during eruptions. They also provide a detailed record of eruptions in progress.
Prednicarbate
Prednicarbate is a relatively new topical corticosteroid drug. It is similar in potency to hydrocortisone. Corticosteroids have always been an important part of the pharmacological arsenal of dermatology; however, their tendency to produce side-effects has caused the need to search for new preparations.

It is nonhalogenated.

Corticosteroid
Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, and also their synthetic analogues. The two main classes of corticosteroids – glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids – are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including stress response, immune response, and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior.

Some common naturally occurring steroid hormones are cortisol (C21H30O5), corticosterone (C21H30O4), cortisone (C21H28O5) and aldosterone (C21H28O5) (cortisone and aldosterone are isomers). The main corticosteroids produced by the adrenal cortex are cortisol and aldosterone.