hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dadua
Shiv Kumar Patel or Dadua (died 22 July 2007) was a criminal and dacoit who operated in ravines and forests on the borders between the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Dadua’s gang possessed sophisticated weaponry, including automatic rifles.

Dacoity
Dacoity is a term used for "banditry" in the Indian subcontinent. The spelling is the anglicised version of the Hindi word ḍākū; "dacoit" /dəˈkɔɪt/ is a colloquial Indian English word with the meaning "a robber belonging to an armed gang". It appears in the Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases (1903). Banditry is a criminal activity involving robbery by groups of armed bandits. The East India Company established the Thuggee and Dacoity Department in 1830, and the Thuggee and Dacoity Suppression Acts, 1836–1848 were enacted in British India under East India Company rule.  Areas with ravines or forests, such as Chambal and Chilapata Forests, were once known for dacoits.
Gordon Lish
Gordon Lish (born February 11, 1934) is an American writer. As a literary editor, he championed many American authors, particularly Raymond Carver, Barry Hannah, Amy Hempel, Rick Bass, Tom Spanbauer, and Richard Ford. He is the father of the novelist Atticus Lish.

Garielle Lutz
Garielle Lutz (born 26 October 1955) is an American writer of fiction. In 2021, simultaneous with the publication of her book Worsted, Lutz came out as a transgender woman. In 2022, she was twice mentioned as an unlikely contender for the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Gobioolithus
Gobioolithus is an oogenus of fossil bird egg native to Mongolia. They are small, smooth-shelled, and elongated eggs that were first discovered in the 1960s and early 70s during a series of fossil-hunting expeditions in the Gobi Desert. Two oospecies have been described: Gobioolithus minor and G. major. The eggs were probably laid in colonial nesting sites on the banks of rivers and lakes.

G. minor is unusual because it frequently is found with embryonic skeletons of the enantiornithine bird Gobipipus. These embryos have well-developed wings, which suggest they would be able to fly very soon after hatching, unlike most modern birds.

Egg fossil
Egg fossils or oofossils are the fossilized remains of eggs laid by ancient animals. As evidence of the physiological processes of an animal, egg fossils are considered a type of trace fossil. Under rare circumstances a fossil egg may preserve the remains of the once-developing embryo inside, in which case it also contains body fossils. A wide variety of different animal groups laid eggs that are now preserved in the fossil record beginning in the Paleozoic. Examples include invertebrates like ammonoids as well as vertebrates like fishes, possible amphibians, and reptiles. The latter group includes the many dinosaur eggs that have been recovered from Mesozoic strata. Since the organism responsible for laying any given egg fossil is frequently unknown, scientists classify eggs using a parallel system of taxonomy separate from but modeled after the Linnaean system. This "parataxonomy" is called veterovata.
Andre Norton
Andre Alice Norton (born Alice Mary Norton, February 17, 1912 – March 17, 2005) was an American writer of science fiction and fantasy, who also wrote works of historical and contemporary fiction. She wrote primarily under the pen name Andre Norton, but also under Andrew North and Allen Weston. She was the first woman to be Gandalf Grand Master of Fantasy, to be SFWA Grand Master, and to be inducted by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame.

Cleveland Public Library
The Cleveland Public Library is a public library system in Cleveland, Ohio. Founded in 1869, it had a circulation of 3.5 million items in 2020. It operates the Main Library on Superior Avenue in downtown Cleveland, 27 branches throughout the city, a mobile library, a Public Administration Library in City Hall, and the Ohio Library for the Blind and Physically Disabled. The library replaced the State Library of Ohio as the location for the Ohio Center for the Book in 2003.
Graph property
In graph theory, a graph property or graph invariant is a property of graphs that depends only on the abstract structure, not on graph representations such as particular labellings or drawings of the graph.

Degree (graph theory)
In graph theory, the degree (or valency) of a vertex of a graph is the number of edges that are incident to the vertex; in a multigraph, a loop contributes 2 to a vertex's degree, for the two ends of the edge. The degree of a vertex  is denoted  or . The maximum degree of a graph  is denoted by , and is the maximum of 's vertices' degrees. The minimum degree of a graph is denoted by , and is the minimum of 's vertices' degrees. In the multigraph shown on the right, the maximum degree is 5 and the minimum degree is 0.

In a regular graph, every vertex has the same degree, and so we can speak of the degree of the graph. A complete graph (denoted , where  is the number of vertices in the graph) is a special kind of regular graph where all vertices have the maximum possible degree, .

In a signed graph, the number of positive edges connected to a vertex  is called its positive degree and the number of connected negative edges is called  negative degree.
Landmark Records
Landmark Records was an American jazz record company and label founded in 1985 by Orrin Keepnews. Landmark's releases included music by Donald Byrd, Jack DeJohnette, Jimmy Heath, Vincent Herring, Bobby Hutcherson, Mulgrew Miller, Buddy Montgomery, and reissues of Cannonball Adderley.

Its catalogue also included two jazz albums by the Kronos Quartet in which they covered the work of Bill Evans and Thelonious Monk. Landmark was bought by Muse Records in 1993. Muse and Landmark were acquired by 32 Jazz in 1996. In 2003, Savoy Jazz (which had become a subsidiary of Nippon Columbia) acquired the rights to the Muse and Landmark catalogs from 32 Jazz.

Vincent Herring
Vincent Dwyne Herring (born November 19, 1964) is an American jazz saxophonist, flautist, composer, and educator. Known for his fiery and soulful playing in the bands of Horace Silver, Freddie Hubbard, and Nat Adderley in the earlier stages of his career, he now frequently performs around the world with his own groups and is heavily involved in jazz education.
Mihonoseki, Shimane
Mihonoseki (美保関町, Mihonoseki-chō) was a town located in Yatsuka District, Shimane Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 6,541 and a density of 118.05 persons per km2. The total area was 55.41 km2.

On March 31, 2005, Mihonoseki, along with the towns of Kashima, Shimane, Shinji, Tamayu and Yatsuka, and the village of Yakumo (all from Yatsuka District), was merged into the expanded city of Matsue.

Matsue
Matsue (Japanese: 松江市, Hepburn: Matsue-shi) is the capital city of Shimane Prefecture, Japan, located in the Chūgoku region of Honshu. As of 31 March 2023, the city had an estimated population of 196,748 in 91287 households and a population density of 340 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 572.99 square kilometres (221.23 sq mi). Matsue is home to the  Tokugawa-era Matsue Castle, one of the last surviving feudal castles in Japan.
Muhammed Lawal
Muhammed Lawal (listenⓘ; born January 11, 1981), known by his ring name King Mo, is an American professional wrestler and retired mixed martial artist currently signed to Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship. As a mixed martial artist, he is a former Strikeforce Light Heavyweight Champion and Rizin 100kg World Grand Prix Champion.

Bellator MMA
Bellator MMA (formerly Bellator Fighting Championships) was an American mixed martial arts promotion founded in 2008 by Bjorn Rebney and operated until 2025. The promotion takes its name from bellātor, the Latin word for "warrior". Bellator's first event was in 2009, and the promotion held 313 "numbered" events.

Bellator was considered the second largest MMA promotion in the United States, and one of the largest combat sport promotions in the world. Paramount Global (formerly Viacom) purchased majority ownership of Bellator from Rebney in 2011, with Paramount's television networks serving as the promotion's media broadcasters in the United States. On November 20, 2023, after then-broadcast home Showtime announced the discontinuation of its sports division, Bellator MMA was acquired by the Professional Fighters League (PFL).
Minamiaso-Shirakawasuigen Station
Minamiaso-Shirakawasuigen Station (南阿蘇白川水源駅, Minamiaso-Shirakawasuigen-eki) is a passenger railway station in the village of Minamiaso, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the third sector transportation company, Minami Aso Railway.

Minamiaso, Kumamoto
Minamiaso (南阿蘇村, Minamiaso-mura; literally "South Aso") is a village in Aso District, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 July 2024, the village had an estimated population of 10,071 in 4821 households, and a  population density of 73 persons per km2. The total area of the village is 137.32 km2 (53.02 sq mi).
Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway
The Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway (E&BASR) is a heritage railway in North Yorkshire, England, formed in 1979 and opened in 1981.

The preserved railway was part of the former Midland Railway route from Skipton to Ilkley which was closed down by British Railways in 1965 over 15 years before the reopening of part of the line.

The E&BASR currently runs for a total distance of 4 miles (6 km) from Embsay via Draughton Sidings, Holywell and Stoneacre Loop to Bolton Abbey station and carries around 100,000 passengers a year.

The long-term objectives of the railway are extensions of the line in both directions, eastwards to the West Yorkshire village of Addingham and southwest towards the North Yorkshire market town of Skipton.

Yorkshire Dales Railway
The Yorkshire Dales Railway was a branch line linking the town of Skipton with the villages of Rylstone, Threshfield and Grassington in North Yorkshire, England. There were two stations on the line – Grassington & Threshfield and Rylstone – and a connection via the Skipton to Ilkley Line to Skipton.

The line closed to passengers in 1930, but is still in use up to Swinden Quarry for the transport of aggregates. It is also known as the Grassington Branch.
Idriz Seferi
Idriz Seferi (14 March 1847 – 25 March 1927) was an Albanian nationalist, revolutionary leader and guerrilla fighter who played a prominent role in the Albanian uprisings against the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Serbia and Kingdom of Bulgaria during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During his 56-year military career, he fought in 35 battles.

A member of both the League of Prizren and the League of Peja, he was a close collaborator of Isa Boletini, with whom he organized an Albanian uprising against the Ottoman Empire in 1910 in the Kosovo Vilayet. After the suppression of the uprising, Seferi continued fighting against the Ottoman authorities and played a prominent role in the Albanian uprising of 1912. In the First Balkan War, Boletini and Seferi rose up against Serbia and continued to attack Serbian posts in the subsequent occupation and initial phase of World War I (1913–1915). In the second phase of the war (1916–1918), he led his troops against Bulgarian forces.

Kachaks
Kachaks (Albanian: kaçak, Serbian: качаци / kačaci) is a term used for the Albanian rebels active in the late 19th and early 20th century in northern Albania, Montenegro, Kosovo and Macedonia, and later as a term for the militias of Albanian revolutionary organizations against the Kingdom of Serbia (1910–18) Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–24), called the "Kachak Movement".
Uniforms of the United States Armed Forces
Each branch of the United States Armed Forces has its own uniforms and regulations regarding them.

Uniforms of the U.S. Army

Uniforms of the U.S. Marine Corps

Uniforms of the U.S. Navy

Uniforms of the U.S. Air Force

Uniforms of the U.S. Space Force

Uniforms of the U.S. Coast Guard

Uniforms of the United States Navy
The uniforms of the United States Navy include dress uniforms, daily service uniforms, working uniforms, and uniforms for special situations, which have varied throughout the history of the navy. For simplicity in this article, officers refers to both commissioned officers and warrant officers.
Spetsnaz
Spetsnaz (Russian: Спецназ) are special forces in the former Soviet Union and Russia. Historically, this term referred to the Soviet Union's Spetsnaz GRU, special operations units of the Main Intelligence Directorate of the Soviet General Staff (GRU). Today it refers to special forces branches and task forces subordinate to ministries including defence, internal affairs, or emergency situations in countries that have inherited their special purpose units from the now-defunct Soviet security agencies.

Separate Operational Purpose Division
The Separate Operational Purpose Division (ODON; Russian: Отдельная дивизия оперативного назначения, romanized: Otdel'naya diviziya operativnogo naznacheniya) or OMSDON (a.k.a. Dzerzhinsky Division), is a rapid deployment internal security division of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR and then the Internal Troops of Russia Russian Federation, currently part of the National Guard Forces Command of the Russian Federation.
Cao Dewang
Cao Dewang (Chinese: 曹德旺; pinyin: Cáo Déwàng; born May 1946), also known as Cho Tak Wong or Tak Wong Cho, is a Chinese entrepreneur. He is the chairman of Fuyao Group, one of the largest glass manufacturers in the world. He is also a member of the Chinese People's Consultative Conference from Fujian, and chairman of both the China Automobile Glass Association and the Fujian Golf Players' Association.

Fuyao Group
Fuyao Glass Industry Group Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 福耀玻璃工业集团股份有限公司) is a Chinese glass manufacturing company established in 1987 and is headquartered in Fuqing. It is one of the largest automotive glass producers in the world, with customers including large international automobile manufacturers such as Ford, General Motors, Subaru, Tesla and Volkswagen. The company also produces float glass and construction glass. First established as a joint venture company, it was listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange in 1993 and on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 2015.
Haltunnabi
Halat-un-Nabi (Bengali: হালত-উন-নবী; Sylheti: ꠇꠦꠔꠣꠛ ꠢꠣꠟꠔꠥꠘ꠆ꠘꠛꠤ), literally meaning "The Condition of the Prophet," is a seminal Dobhashi Bengali puthi (poetic narrative) written by Munshi Sadeq Ali in the mid-19th century. It is considered his magnum opus and the most famous and widely circulated work composed in the Sylheti Nagri script. The book details the life and times of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and its publication marked a significant milestone, ushering in the printed era for Sylheti Nagri literature.

Sylhet Division
Sylhet Division (Bengali: সিলেট বিভাগ, pronounced [sileʈ bibʱaɡ] ⓘ) is the northeastern division of Bangladesh. It covers an area of approximately 12,298 km2 (4,748 sq mi), and shares international borders with the Indian states of Meghalaya, Assam and Tripura to the north, east and south respectively—while domestically it adjoins the divisions of Chattogram to the southwest and Dhaka and Mymensingh to the west. Renowned for its lush tea gardens, rolling hills and vibrant cultural heritage—Sylhet's capital is its namesake, and the fifth-largest urban agglomeration in Bangladesh.

Prior to Partition in 1947, it included Karimganj subdivision (presently in Barak Valley, Assam, India). However, Karimganj (including the thanas of Badarpur, Patharkandi and Ratabari) was inexplicably severed from Sylhet by the Radcliffe Boundary Commission. According to Niharranjan Ray, it was partly due to a plea from a delegation led by Abdul Matlib Mazumdar.
Maqoma
Jongumsobomvu Maqoma (c. 1798 – 9 September 1873) was a Xhosa chief and a commander of the Xhosa forces during the Cape Frontier Wars. Born in the Right Hand House of the Xhosa Kingdom, he was the older brother of Chief Sandile kaNgqika and nephew to King Hintsa. In 1818, he commanded the forces of his father, Ngqika, who seemingly was trying to overthrow the government and become the king of the Xhosa nation. In 1822, he moved to the so-called neutral zone to take land but was expelled by the British troops. To this day he is an important part of South African History.

Sandile kaNgqika
King Sandile kaNgqika (c. 1820– 29 May 1878), known as 'Aa! Mgolombane!,' was the Right-Hand Paramount chief of the Xhosa Kingdom. A dynamic leader, he led the Xhosa armies in several of the Xhosa-British Wars.

Having recently been equipped with modern fire-arms, Sandile's forces successfully inflicted losses on the British that led to Sandile gaining a reputation as a Xhosa warrior. He was captured during the War of the Axe in 1847, but on his release he was granted land in "British Kaffraria" for his people.

He later supported his cousin brother Sarhili (Kreli), King of the entire Xhosa Nation of Great house, in a war against the Cape Colony and the Fingo tribe, and he was killed in 1878 in a shootout with Fingo soldiers.
Comfort, Texas
Comfort is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Kendall County, Texas, United States. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 2,363. Comfort was founded by German emigrants on the western end of the Texas-German belt. Many residents of the town today are descendants of those same Germans. Comfort is known for its German heritage and large ranches outside of town.

It lies adjacent to the Guadalupe River, and the 1987 Guadalupe River flood killed 10 people being evacuated from a summer camp sited near Comfort, leaving 33 others missing for a time.

Kendall County, Texas
Kendall County is a county located on the Edwards Plateau in the U.S. state of Texas. In the 2020 census, its population was 44,279. Its county seat is Boerne. The county is named for George Wilkins Kendall, a journalist and Mexican–American War correspondent. Kendall County is located in the Texas German belt region, an area settled by German emigrants in the mid 1800s.

Kendall County is part of the San Antonio–New Braunfels, TX metropolitan statistical area.

Progressive Farmer rated Kendall County fifth in its list of the "Best Places to Live in Rural America" in 2006.

Kendall, along with Hays and Comal Counties, was listed in 2017 of the nation's 10 fastest-growing large counties with a population of at least 10,000. From 2015 to 2016, Kendall County, the second-fastest-growing county in the nation, grew by 5.16%, gaining 2,088 people in a one-year period.
Batman: Holy Terror
Batman: Holy Terror is an Elseworlds one-shot comic published by DC Comics in 1991. The story is written by Alan Brennert and illustrated by Norm Breyfogle. The graphic novel is significant in that it was the first to bear the Elseworlds logo.

Joe Chill
Joe Chill is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Batman. Created by Bill Finger and Bob Kane, the character first appeared in Detective Comics #33 (November 1939). In most adaptations of Batman's origin story, Joe Chill is the mugger who murders young Bruce Wayne's parents, Dr. Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne. The murder traumatizes Bruce, inspiring his vow to avenge their deaths by fighting crime in Gotham City as the vigilante Batman.

As an integral part of Batman's origin story, Joe Chill has appeared in numerous media adaptations. Richard Brake portrayed the character in Batman Begins, and Doug Bradley played him in Gotham Knights.
Royal Institution of Australia
The Royal Institution of Australia (RiAus) is a national scientific not-for-profit organisation based in Adelaide, South Australia, whose mission is science communication. It opened in October 2009 and was housed in the historic Stock Exchange building, then known as The Science Exchange, until 2024. RiAus published the Cosmos Magazine website until February 2024, and hosted the SCINEMA International Science Film Festival.

Australian Science Media Centre
The Australian Science Media Centre (AusSMC) is an independent, not-for-profit service for the news media based in Adelaide, South Australia. Established in 2005, the centre gives journalists direct access to evidence-based science and expertise.
2025 Saguenay municipal election
The 2025 Saguenay municipal election took place on November 2, 2025, to elect a mayor and city councillors in Saguenay, Quebec, Canada. The election was held in conjunction with municipal elections held across Quebec on that date.

2025 Quebec municipal elections
The 2025 municipal elections in Quebec were held on November 2, 2025. Under the Act respecting elections and referendums in municipalities, municipal general elections in all municipalities in the Canadian province of Quebec must be held every four years on the first Sunday of November.

Voters in the province of Quebec elected mayors, councillors, and all other elected officials in all of the province's municipalities.
Yuliya Zhivitsa
Yuliya Zhivitsa (Kazakh: Юлия Живица; born May 14, 1990, in Alma-Ata) is a Kazakhstani sabre fencer, team bronze medallist at the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou, China and at the 2014 Asian Games in Incheon.

Zhivitsa represented Kazakhstan at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, where she competed in the women's individual sabre event. She lost the first preliminary round match to Russia's Yuliya Gavrilova, with a final score of 7–15.

Yuliya Gavrilova
Yuliya Petrovna Gavrilova (Russian: Юлия Петровна Гаврилова; born 20 July 1989) is a Russian sabre fencer. She won two medals (gold in the team event and bronze in the individual), as a member of the Russian team, in sabre at the 2011 World Fencing Championships in Catania, Italy.
The Pig War (poem)
The Pig War (original Latin title: Pugna Porcorum) is a Latin poem written by John Placentius (Jan Leo Struyven), a Flemish Dominican friar, under the pseudonym Publius Porcius. The text was first printed in Antwerp in 1530.

The poem consists of 248 dactylic hexameters, every single word of them beginning with the letter p. As such, the poem is a tautogram. The poem is a satirical epic telling of an intergenerational conflict between the corrupt hogs (porci in Latin), who are hogging all the privileges, and the piglets (porcelli), who want in on them. Their conflict devolves into open war, and the poet uses pigs to allegorize human corruption, conflict, and revolutionary violence in a simple and transparent way.

Paraclesis pro Potore
Perlege porcorum pulcherrima proelia, Potor,
Potando poteris placidam proferre poesin.
A Summons to the Drinker
Peruse the pigs' glorious battles, my drinker!
Drinking lets you produce placid poetry.
— John Placentius, epigraph to The Pig War

Tautogram
A tautogram (Greek: tauto gramma, "same letter") is a text in which all words start with the same letter.

Historically, tautograms were mostly poetical forms. The difference between a tautogram and alliteration is that tautograms are a written, visual phenomenon, whereas alliterations are a phonetic one. Most cases of alliteration are also tautograms, though certainly not all since different letters can frequently take on the same sound (e.g., circle segment or Catcher Ken). Similarly, most tautograms are also alliterations, although exceptions exist when using letters with multiple pronunciations (e.g., crazy child or pneumatic plate).