hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mennonite Church USA
The Mennonite Church USA (MC USA) is an Anabaptist Christian denomination in the United States. Although the organization is a recent 2002 merger of the Mennonite Church and the General Conference Mennonite Church, the body has roots in the Radical Reformation of the 16th century.

Total membership in Mennonite Church USA denominations decreased from about 133,000, before the merger in 1998, to a total membership of 120,381 in the Mennonite Church USA in 2001 and 78,892 members in 2016. In May 2021 the main page of their website stated a membership of about 62,000.

Mennonite Church (1683–2002)
The Mennonite Church (MC), also known as the Old Mennonite Church, was formerly the oldest and largest body of Mennonites in North America. It was a loosely-affiliated collection of Mennonite conferences based in the United States and Canada, mainly of Swiss and South German origin. The group dated to the settlement of Germantown in 1683 and included 112,311 members in North America in 1997. Many of the conferences that were considered part of the Old Mennonite Church participated in the Mennonite General Conference from 1898-1971 and the Mennonite General Assembly from 1971-2002. The Mennonite General Assembly voted to merge with the General Conference Mennonite Church at a joint session in Wichita, Kansas, in 1995. In 2002, the two groups merged and then divided along national lines into Mennonite Church USA and Mennonite Church Canada.
Secchi disk
The Secchi disk (or Secchi disc), as created in 1865 by Angelo Secchi, is a plain white, circular disk 30 cm (12 in) in diameter used to measure water transparency or turbidity in bodies of water. The disc is mounted on a pole or line and lowered slowly down in the water. The depth at which the disk is no longer visible is taken as a measure of the transparency of the water. This measure is known as the Secchi depth and is related to water turbidity. Since its invention, the disk has also been used in a modified, smaller 20 cm (8 in) diameter, black-and-white design to measure freshwater transparency.

Similar disks, with a black-and-yellow pattern, are used as fiducial markers on vehicles in crash tests, crash-test dummies, and other kinetic experiments.

Turbidity
Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye. The measurement of turbidity is a key test of both water clarity and water quality.

Fluids can contain suspended solid matter consisting of particles of many different sizes. While some suspended material will be large enough and heavy enough to settle rapidly to the bottom of the container if a liquid sample is left to stand (the settable solids), very small particles will settle only very slowly or not at all if the sample is regularly agitated or the particles are colloidal. These small solid particles cause the liquid to appear turbid.

Turbidity (or haze) is also applied to transparent solids such as glass or plastic. In plastic production, haze is defined as the percentage of light that is deflected more than 2.5° from the incoming light direction.
Norfolk County Jail (1795)
The Norfolk County Jail was a wooden jail located on Highland Street in Dedham, Massachusetts. Following the creation of Norfolk County in 1792, Timothy Gay deeded land to the county for the creation of the jail in October 1794. Construction began that year but it was not complete until 1795. The donated land, next to Gay's tavern on Highland Street, was on the corner of Court Street next to the present day St. Paul's Church.

It received its first prisoner in February 1795. It housed Jason Fairbanks after his murder conviction, but he escaped. Timothy Gay, Jr. was the jail keeper and was indicted, but acquitted.

It was replaced by a new Norfolk County Jail in 1817.

History of Dedham, Massachusetts, 1700–1799
Between 1700 to 1799, Dedham become one of the largest and most influential country towns in Massachusetts. As the population grew and residents moved to outlying areas, battles for political power took place. Similar battles were taking place within the churches, as liberal and conservative factions bristled at paying for ministers with whom they had differences of theological opinion. New parishes and precincts were formed, and eventually several new towns broke away. In 1793, Dedham became the shiretown of the newly created Norfolk County.

The town became less insular and less homogeneous as available land was used up and contact with other communities grew. Though more economically and socially equal than other communities, a lower class of residents began to emerge and depend on charity. Nearly every able man took part in the American Revolution. The population at the time was between 1,500 and 2,000 people, of which 672 men fought in the Revolution and 47 did not return.
Yidele Horowitz
Grand Rabbi Yidele Horowitz (September/03/1897– June 14/1989), popularly known as Reb Yidele, was the Rebbe of Dzikov, who spent his last years in London, England. Although known as a formidable scholar and a man of exceptional character, he shunned the limelight and abhorred any reverence or treatment as a Rebbe.

Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)
Vizhnitz is the name of a Hasidic dynasty founded by Rabbi Menachem Mendel Hager. Vizhnitz (ויז׳ניץ or וויזשניץ) is the Yiddish name of Vyzhnytsia, a town in present-day Ukraine (then, a village in Austrian Bukovina).

Followers of the rebbes of Vizhnitz are called Vizhnitzer Hasidim.
Hineri-komi
The Hineri-komi (捻り込み—literal meaning: twist inside) was an air combat maneuver widely used by fighter pilots of Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service (IJNAS) through the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War. It allows an aircraft, which is being pursued by an enemy, to come at the pursuer's tail or to gain an opportunity to take a shot at it.

Air combat manoeuvring
Air combat manoeuvring (ACM) is the tactic of moving, turning, and situating one's fighter aircraft in order to attain a position from which an attack can be made on another aircraft. Commonly associated with dogfighting, air combat manoeuvres rely on offensive and defensive basic fighter manoeuvring (BFM) to gain an advantage over an aerial opponent.
Aildenafil
Aildenafil (methisosildenafil) is a synthetic drug that is a structural analog of sildenafil (Viagra).  It was first reported in 2003. Like sildenafil, aildenafil is a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor.

Aildenafil has been found as an adulterant in a variety of supplements which are sold as "natural" or "herbal" sexual enhancement products.  The United States Food and Drug Administration has warned consumers that any sexual enhancement product that claims to work as well as prescription products is likely to contain such a contaminant.

Aildenafil is approved for use in China.

PDE5 inhibitor
A phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5 inhibitor) is a vasodilating drug that works by blocking the degradative action of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) on cyclic GMP in the smooth muscle cells lining the blood vessels supplying various tissues. These drugs dilate the corpora cavernosa of the penis, facilitating erection with sexual stimulation, and are used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Sildenafil was the first effective oral treatment available for ED. Because PDE5 is also present in the smooth muscle of the walls of the arterioles within the lungs, two PDE5 inhibitors, sildenafil and tadalafil, are FDA-approved for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. As of 2019, the wider cardiovascular benefits of PDE5 inhibitors are being appreciated.
Capt. Enoch S. Fowler House
The Capt. Enoch S. Fowler House is a house in Port Townsend, Washington.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.  It is included in Port Townsend Historic District which was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977.

Port Townsend Historic District
The Port Townsend Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District encompassing a significant portion of the waterfront and downtown area of Port Townsend, Washington.  This area has many well-preserved late 19th-century buildings, owing to a building boom and crash in the 1880s. The result is one of the finest examples of a late 19th-century port town on the west coast.  The historic district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1977.
Werner Flume
Werner Flume (12 September 1908 – 28 January 2009) was a German jurist and professor of Roman law, private law, tax law and a legal historian. He has significantly influenced the modern development of German private law and has been called a "lawyer of the century" for his contributions.

Fritz Schulz (jurist)
Fritz Schulz (16 June 1879 – 12 November 1957) was a German jurist and legal historian. He was one of the 20th century's most important scholars in the field of Roman Law. The Nazis forced him to leave Germany and to emigrate to England due to his political stance and his Jewish origins.
Electoral district of New England
New England was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the then colony of New South Wales.

Initially created in 1859 in the New England region of northern New South Wales, it partly replaced the Electoral district of New England and Macleay.

Originally electing one member, New England elected two members from 1880 to 1891 and three members from 1891 to 1894. With the introduction of single-member electorates in 1894, New England was replaced by Armidale, Uralla-Walcha and Bingara.

Electoral district of Uralla-Walcha
Uralla-Walcha was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, including the towns of Uralla and Walcha. It was originally created in 1894, when multi-member districts were abolished, and the three member district of New England was largely divided between Uralla-Walcha, Armidale and Bingara. The district was abolished in 1904 as a result of the 1903 New South Wales referendum, which reduced the number of members of the Legislative Assembly from 125 to 90, and was divided between Armidale and Bingara.
Tithonia
Tithonia is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Heliantheae within the family Asteraceae.

Tithonia has a center of distribution in Mexico but with one species extending into the Southwestern United States and several native to Central America.  Two species, T. diversifolia and T. rotundifolia, are widely cultivated and have escaped to become weeds in tropical and subtropical areas around the world. T. rotundifolia makes a nice fresh cut flower, flowering in mid- to late-summer in the Northern hemisphere. The distinguishing feature of the genus is the peduncle, which is fistulose (meaning hollow and flaring toward the apex).  The plants are coarse annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, and one species, T. koelzii, is a small tree.

Heliantheae
The Heliantheae (sometimes called the sunflower tribe) are the third-largest tribe in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). With some 190 genera and nearly 2500 recognized species, only the tribes Senecioneae and Astereae are larger. The name is derived from the genus Helianthus, which is Greek for sun flower. Most genera and species are found in North America (particularly in Mexico) and South America.  A few genera are pantropical.

Most Heliantheae are herbs or shrubs, but some grow to the size of small trees.  Leaves are usually hairy and arranged in opposite pairs. The anthers are usually blackened.

The above statements about the size and distribution of the tribe apply to a broad definition of Heliantheae, which was followed throughout the 20th century. Some recent authors break the tribe up into a dozen or so smaller tribes.
Sydney Chaplin
Sydney John Chaplin (né Hill; 16 March 1885 – 16 April 1965) was an English actor. Chaplin was the elder half-brother of actor and filmmaker Charlie Chaplin and in later life, served as his business manager.

Through their mother Hannah, they were older half-brothers to the younger Wheeler Dryden, who grew up separately with his father in England and was not told about his half-brothers until 1915. Dryden later immigrated to the United States, joining the Chaplins in Hollywood. Sydney Chaplin was also a half-uncle of actor Sydney Chaplin (1926–2009), who was named after him.

Sydney Chaplin (American actor)
Sydney Earl Chaplin (March 30, 1926 – March 3, 2009) was an American actor. He was the second son of Charlie Chaplin and Lita Grey. One of his major roles was in his father's film Limelight (1952). In theater, Chaplin won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical for his 1957 performance in Bells Are Ringing.
Chalfant, California
Chalfant (also Chalfant Valley) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Mono County, California, United States. It is located on the abandoned Southern Pacific Railroad 22 miles (35 km) south-southeast of Benton, at an elevation of 4,258 feet (1,298 m). The population was 660 at the 2020 census.

Chalfant is a small, primarily residential community located on U.S. Route 6, 14 miles (23 km) north of the city of Bishop. Most residents commute to Bishop for work and school.

The Chalfant post office operated from 1913 to 1928. The ZIP Code is 93514. The community is within area codes 442 and 760.

Area codes 760 and 442
Area codes 760 and 442 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the U.S. state of California. These area codes serve an overlay complex that comprises much of the southeastern and southernmost portions of California. It includes Imperial, Inyo, and Mono counties, as well as portions of San Diego, Riverside, San Bernardino, Los Angeles, and Kern counties. Area code 760 was created on March 22, 1997, in a split of area code 619. Area code 442 was added to the same area on November 21, 2009.
Opus 200
Opus 200 is Isaac Asimov's joint two-hundredth book, along with his autobiography In Memory Yet Green (both books were published on the same day, following his 199th book). It was published by Houghton Mifflin in March 1979. Asimov chose to celebrate the publication of his two hundredth book by writing about his previous 198 books, including excerpts from short stories and novels, as well as nonfiction articles and books. Opus 200 also includes three complete science fiction stories, two complete mystery stories and two complete essays.

Autobiographies of Isaac Asimov
Isaac Asimov (c. 1920–1992) wrote three volumes of autobiography. In Memory Yet Green (1979) and In Joy Still Felt (1980) were a two-volume work, covering his life up to 1978. The third volume, I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994), published after his death, was not a sequel but a new work which covered his whole life. This third book won a Hugo Award.

Before writing these books, Asimov also published three anthologies of science fiction stories which contained autobiographical accounts of his life in the introductions to the stories: The Early Asimov (1972), Before the Golden Age (1974), and Buy Jupiter and Other Stories (1975).
Bangladesh men's national field hockey team
The Bangladesh men's national field hockey team represents Bangladesh in men's international field hockey, and has won the bronze medal three times in the South Asian Games. It is administered by the Bangladesh Hockey Federation.

Bangladesh Hockey Federation
The Bangladesh Hockey Federation is the governing body of field hockey in Bangladesh. It is affiliated to IHF International Hockey Federation and AHF Asian Hockey Federation. The headquarters of the federation are in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Air Chief Marshal Sheikh Abdul Hannan is the President of the Bangladesh Hockey Federation and Mominul Haque Sayed is the General Secretary.
Allied Carpets
Allied Carpets was a small retail chain specialising in floor coverings, mainly carpets (80%) and then also laminate and wood flooring and curtains, in the United Kingdom. Following financial difficulties and several changes of ownership, the company was dissolved in 2015.

Carpetright
Carpetright is a British retailer founded in 1988 by Lord Philip Harris.

Since July 2024, the retailer has been a division of Tapi Carpets which purchased the Carpetright brand, intellectual property, and some locations from administration proceedings for £3.7 million.
Drew Harris
Jeremy Andrew Harris, OBE, QPM (born 5 April 1965) is a retired senior police officer who was the Commissioner of the Garda Síochána in the Republic of Ireland from September 2018 to September 2025. He previously served as Deputy Chief Constable of the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) from 2014 to 2018.

Garda Commissioner
The Garda Commissioner (Irish: Coimisinéir na nGardaí) – officially known as the Commissioner of An Garda Síochána (Irish: Coimisinéir an Gharda Síochána) – is the head of the Garda Síochána, the national police force of Ireland. The Garda Commissioner is appointed by the Government of Ireland (Cabinet), on the recommendation of the Minister for Justice, Home Affairs and Migration. The Commissioner reports to the Minister for Justice, in charge of the Department of Justice, Home Affairs and Migration, of which the Garda Síochána is a state agency. The Garda Commissioner sits on the Irish Government's National Security Committee (NSC), and is responsible for Ireland's domestic state security apparatus.

The current Garda Commissioner is Justin Kelly, as of 1 September 2025.
Kleindietwil
Kleindietwil is a former municipality in the Oberaargau administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 Kleindietwil and Leimiswil were merged with the municipality of Madiswil.

Leimiswil
Leimiswil is a former municipality in the Oberaargau administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 Kleindietwil and Leimiswil were merged with the municipality of Madiswil.
Red Baron Records
Red Baron Records was a jazz record company and label founded by Bob Thiele around 1991.

The Bob Thiele Collective, an all-star group, recorded three albums for the label which Thiele produced. Other new recordings included music by John Hicks, Steve Marcus, David Murray, Ali Ryerson, and McCoy Tyner. Red Baron's reissues included albums by Ruby Braff, Paul Desmond, Earl Hines, Mel Lewis, and the Modern Jazz Quartet. Its list of previously unreleased material included Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn. Red Baron folded in 1996 when Bob Thiele died.

Billy Strayhorn
William Thomas Strayhorn (November 29, 1915 – May 31, 1967) was an American jazz composer, pianist, lyricist, and arranger who collaborated with bandleader and composer Duke Ellington for nearly three decades. His compositions include "Take the 'A' Train", "Chelsea Bridge", "A Flower Is a Lovesome Thing", and "Lush Life".
TCG Burgazada
TCG Burgazada (F-513) is an Ada-class ASW corvette of the Turkish Navy, built as the third combat ship of the MILGEM project. Burgazada was named after Burgazada Island, which is part of the Prince Islands archipelago in the Sea of Marmara, to the southeast of Istanbul.

The construction of TCG Burgazada began on 17 December 2014 at the Istanbul Naval Shipyard as the third combat ship of the MILGEM project. She was launched on 21 June 2016. After outfitting works, sea trials began in March 2018, and she was commissioned on 4 November 2018.

TCG Burgazada features a landing platform for ASW/ASuW helicopters and is teamed with Harpoon anti-surface missiles and a 76 mm (3 in) OTO Melara Super Rapid gun. She is also equipped with the indigenously-developed combat management system GENESIS.

Ada-class corvette
The Ada class is a class of anti-submarine warfare corvettes developed primarily for the Turkish Navy during the first stage of the MILGEM project. The Turkish Navy has commissioned all four Ada-class corvettes.

The SIGINT ship TCG Ufuk and Hisar-class offshore patrol vessels are variants of the Ada-class corvette that use the same hull and superstructure design but feature different types of systems, armament and equipment.
Kameda, Niigata
Kameda (亀田町, Kameda-machi) was a town located in Nakakanbara District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 32,386 and a density of 1,925.45 persons per km2. The total area was 16.82 km2.

On March 21, 2005, Kameda, along with the cities of Niitsu, Shirone and Toyosaka, the towns of Kosudo and Yokogoshi (all from Nakakanbara District), the town of Nishikawa, and the villages of Ajikata, Iwamuro, Katahigashi, Nakanokuchi and Tsukigata (all from Nishikanbara District), was merged into the expanded city of Niigata. As of April 1, 2007, the area is part of the Kōnan-ku ward.

Nishikawa, Niigata
Nishikawa (西川町, Nishikawa-machi) was a town located in Nishikanbara District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 12,277 and a density of 495.84 persons per km2. The total area was 24.76 km2.

On March 21, 2005, Nishikawa, along with the cities of Niitsu, Shirone and Toyosaka, the towns of Kameda, Kosudo and Yokogoshi (all from Nakakanbara District), and the villages of Ajikata, Iwamuro, Katahigashi, Nakanokuchi and Tsukigata (all from Nishikanbara District), was merged into the expanded city of Niigata. As of April 1, 2007, the area is part of the Nishi-ku ward.
High-explosive anti-tank
High-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) is the effect of a shaped charge explosive that uses the Munroe effect to penetrate heavy armor. The warhead functions by having an explosive charge collapse a metal liner inside the warhead into a high-velocity shaped charge jet; this is capable of penetrating armor steel to a depth of seven or more times the diameter of the charge (charge diameters, CD). The shaped charge jet armor penetration effect is purely kinetic in nature; the round has no explosive or incendiary effect on the armor.

Unlike standard armor-piercing rounds, a HEAT warhead's penetration performance is unaffected by the projectile's velocity, allowing them to be fired by lower-powered weapons that generate less recoil.

The performance of HEAT weapons has nothing to do with thermal effects, with HEAT being simply an acronym.

Tandem-charge
A tandem-charge or dual-charge weapon is an explosive device or projectile that has two or more stages of detonation, assisting it to penetrate either reactive armour on an armoured vehicle or strong structures.
2011 WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship
The 2011 WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship was a professional golf tournament played from February 23 to 27, 2011 at the Ritz-Carlton Golf Club at Dove Mountain in Marana, Arizona, northwest of Tucson. It was the 13th WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship and the first of four World Golf Championships held in 2011.

Luke Donald won his only WGC title with a 3 & 2 win in the final over runner-up Martin Kaymer. Four previous winners lost in the first round, including defending champion Ian Poulter and three-time winner Tiger Woods.

WGC Match Play
The WGC Match Play, titled in later years as the WGC-Dell Technologies Match Play for sponsorship reasons, was a professional men's golf tournament that had been held since 1999. It was the only one of the World Golf Championships to have been contested using the match play format. From 2016 until its final year in 2023, it was held at the Austin Country Club in Austin, Texas, United States.

Previous names include WGC-Dell Match Play (2015), WGC-Cadillac Match Play (2014), WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship (2001–2013), and WGC-Andersen Consulting Match Play Championship (1999–2000). Before moving to Austin it had been hosted in Arizona eight times, California eight times, and Australia once. It is sanctioned and organized by the International Federation of PGA Tours and the prize money is official money on the PGA Tour, the European Tour and the Japan Golf Tour. Tiger Woods has the record number of wins with three. The winner receives a Wedgwood trophy named the Walter Hagen Cup.