hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional electron gas
A two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) is a scientific model in solid-state physics. It is an electron gas that is free to move in two dimensions, but tightly confined in the third. This tight confinement leads to quantized energy levels for motion in the third direction, which can then be ignored for most problems. Thus the electrons appear to be a 2D sheet embedded in a 3D world. The analogous construct of holes is called a two-dimensional hole gas (2DHG), and such systems have many useful and interesting properties.

Quantum well
A quantum well is a potential well wherein the energy spectrum of charge carriers is discrete.

As opposed to a bulk region, wherein the carriers are free to move in three spatial directions, their motion is free only in two (planar) directions in a quantum well. The quantum size effects take place when the size of a region in at least one of the directions (the direction of growth in the case of semiconductor heterostructure quantum wells - the transverse direction) becomes comparable to the de Broglie wavelength of the carriers (electrons and holes in a semiconductor), resulting in a discrete energy spectrum for them.

Semiconductor quantum wells can be realized in double heterostructures. The double heterostructure concept was proposed in 1963 independently by Herbert Kroemer and by Zhores Alferov and Rudolf Kazarinov.
Turtle Lake (Saskatchewan)
Turtle Lake is a lake in the west-central part of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It is fairly long (about 21 km (13 mi)) while also narrow (about 5 km (3.1 mi) across). The closest town is Livelong and the closest cities are North Battleford, Meadow Lake, and Lloydminster. Turtle Lake is a heavily utilized recreational lake with campgrounds and small resort villages along its shores. Access to the lake and its amenities is from Highways 697 and 795.

Turtle Lake's primary outlet is the Turtlelake River, which flows south into the North Saskatchewan River near the Michaud Islands, across the river from Delmas. Warner River and Mikinak Lake are the primary inflows. The lake is situated at the southern slopes of the Meadow Lake Escarpment.

Locals tell stories of a monster of some sort in its waters. The Turtle Lake Monster stories go back many years.

Turtlelake River
Turtlelake River, also known as Turtle River, is a river in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It runs in a southerly direction from the southern end of Turtle Lake to the North Saskatchewan River across from Delmas. The town of Turtleford is the only sizeable community along the river's course.
Turn-About Ranch
Turn-About Ranch is a residential treatment program and working cattle ranch in Escalante, Utah, United States, that enrolls adolescents. The program has been the subject of news coverage, lawsuits and multiple allegations by former participants and families.

Phil McGraw
Phillip Calvin McGraw (born September 1, 1950), better known as  Dr. Phil, is an American television personality and author who hosted the talk show Dr. Phil. He holds a doctorate in clinical psychology, though he ceased renewing his license to practice psychology in 2006.

McGraw frequently appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show in the late 1990s. Oprah Winfrey then helped McGraw launch his own advice show, Dr. Phil, in September 2002.
Palayur
Palayūr, also called Palayoor and historically as Palur, is a town near Chavakkad, Thrissur district, India. It is famous for its ancient church, Palayur Mar Thoma Church, which is believed to be one of the seven major churches founded by Saint Thomas the Apostle in Malabar in 52 AD. It is the assumed to be first Christian Church in India.

Chavakkad
Chavakkad, formerly Chowghat, is a municipality in Thrissur district of the Indian state of Kerala. Chavakkad is known for its beach and fishing. It lies on National Highway 66 and is located about 77 km (48 mi) north of the city of Kochi, 22 km (14 mi) northwest of Thrissur, and 23 km (14 mi) south of Ponnani.
Bill Humble
William Humble MBE (14 April 1911 – 1 March 1992) was a well-known pre-Second World War aviator, known as an air racer and for his aerobatic displays. He was also an officer in the Royal Air Force Special Reserve, and the Auxiliary Air Force.

Although he qualified as a mining engineer the lure of flying proved too strong, and he did not enter the family mining company.  During the war he became an important test pilot for aircraft manufacturer Hawker Siddeley.  Having tested some of the early jet aircraft, he retired from test flying in 1948, becoming a sales executive for Hawker. He is the grandfather of British television presenter Kate Humble.

Hawker Siddeley
Hawker Siddeley was a group of British manufacturing companies engaged in aircraft production. Hawker Siddeley combined the legacies of several British aircraft manufacturers, emerging through a series of mergers and acquisitions as one of only two such major British companies in the 1960s. In 1977, Hawker Siddeley became a founding component of the nationalised British Aerospace (BAe). Hawker Siddeley also operated in other industrial markets, such as locomotive building (through its ownership of Brush Traction) and diesel engine manufacture (through its ownership of Lister Petter). The company was once a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.
Singanallur
Singanallur is a major residential locality of the city of Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu, India.  It is located on the banks of Noyyal river, which runs to the southern boundary of the locality. It is situated in the eastern part of the city, and  is a major hub for the inter-city bus services towards Southern and Central districts of Tamilnadu from the city. It is one of the well developed neighborhoods in the city and has been part of Coimbatore Corporation since 1981. The East Zone Office of Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation is located at Singanallur.

Ondipudur
Ondipudur is a major residential neighbourhood of the city of Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu, India. It is situated in the south-eastern part of the city.
It is one of the well developed neighborhoods in the city and has been part of Coimbatore Corporation since 1981.
Tuanzhou
Tuanzhou is a township of Huarong County, Yueyang City. It is located on the south bank of Dongting Lake. The village is built on land that was reclaimed in 1977. Before then, the area was covered by reed fields. Due to the location on the confluence of two rivers flowing into Dongting Lake, it has a high risk of flooding, suffering from major floods in 1996 and 2024.

On 19 July 1996, 14 died from flooding after a dyke failed in Tuanzhou.

In 2006, the population was 25,610.

On 5 July 2024, amidst heavy rainfalls and the 2024 China floods, the dyke on Dongting Lake was breached, inundating 48 km² of land, including several villages in Tuanzhou. In August 2024, the provincial government announced a permanent relocation plan for all  21,462 residents of the area flooded in that year.

Huarong County
Huarong County (simplified Chinese: 华容县; traditional Chinese: 華容縣; pinyin: Huáróng Xiàn) is a county in Hunan province, South Central part of  China, it is under the administration of Yueyang City.

The county is located on the northeastern margin of the province, on the southern bank of the Yangtze River and on the northern bank of the Dongting Lake. Huarong County is bordered to the east and the southeast by Junshan District, to the southwest by Nanxian and Anxiang Counties, to the north by Shishou City of Hubei, and to the northeast by Jianli County of Hubei.

The county covers an area of 1,593 km2 (615 sq mi), and as of 2015, it had a registered population of 723,800 and a permanent resident population of 725,600. The county has 12 towns and 2 townships under its jurisdiction. The government seat is Zhanghua Town (章华镇).
KLFG
KLFG (89.5 FM) is a radio station that serves the Fort Dodge, Iowa area. The station broadcasts a Contemporary Christian music format airing Educational Media Foundation's K-Love network programming.

The transmitter and broadcast tower are located four miles north of Badger, Iowa along Hwy P52. According to the Antenna Structure Registration database, the tower is 183 m (600 ft) tall with the FM broadcast antenna mounted at the 113 m (371 ft) level. The calculated Height Above Average Terrain is 111 m (364 ft).

On May 29, 2015, Family Stations, Inc. filed an application to sell the then-KIFR, KEAF and four translators to Educational Media Foundation. KIFR would air EMF's K-Love network. Educational Media bought the six licenses for $553,750.

The station changed its call sign to the current KLFG on November 20, 2015, coincident with the consummation of the sale to EMF.

Fort Dodge, Iowa
Fort Dodge is a city in and the county seat of Webster County, Iowa, United States, along the Des Moines River. The population was 24,871 in the 2020 census, a decrease from 25,136 in 2000. Fort Dodge is a major commercial center for North Central and Northwest Iowa. It is located on U.S. Routes 20 and 169.
Trooper Cobb's Grave
Trooper Cobb's Grave is a heritage-listed memorial at Corner Frederick Street & Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed and built by Andrew Lang Petrie in 1901. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

Toowong
Toowong (/təˈwɒŋ/ tə-WONG) is a riverside suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Toowong had a population of 12,556 people with a median weekly household income of $1,927.
Rua Serpa Pinto
There is also Rua Serpa Pinto in the neighbourhood of Mártires in Lisbon, Portugal

Rua Serpa Pinto (formerly Rua do Lencastre) is a street in the Plateau, the historic centre of Praia, Santiago island, Cape Verde. It is one of the main arteries of the city centre. Formerly named Rua do Lencastre after early 19th-century Portuguese governor António Lencastre, it was renamed in honour of Alexandre de Serpa Pinto, Portuguese colonial administrator. It runs south to north in the central part of the Plateau, parallel to Rua 5 de Julho and Avenida Andrade Corvo. It forms the east side of Praça Alexandre Albuquerque and the west side of Praça Luís de Camões.

Notable buildings along the street:

Presidential Palace (Palácio Presidencial)

Pro-Cathedral of Our Lady of Grace, at Praça Alexandre Albuquerque

Escola Grande, at Praça Luís de Camões

the Nazarene church, built in 1947

Liceu Domingos Ramos, at Praça Domingos Ramos

Praça Luís de Camões
Praça Luís de Camões (also known as Praça António Lereno, formerly Pracinha da Escola Grande) is the second main square of the capital city of Praia, Cape Verde. It is located between Rua Serpa Pinto and Avenida Andrade Corvo in the eastern part of the Plateau, the historical city centre of Praia. The square is named after the 16th century Portuguese writer Luís de Camões.

Notable buildings and structures on the square:

monument to the physician António Lereno (1850-1916)

the former Escola Grande (primary school), built in 1877

the former public library, currently housing the rectorate of the University of Cape Verde
Bauchi (city)
BauchiListenⓘ (earlier Yakoba) is a city in northeast Nigeria, the Administrative center of Bauchi State, of the Bauchi Local Government Area within that State, and of the traditional Bauchi Emirate. It is located on the northern edge of the Jos Plateau, at an elevation of 616 m. The Local Government Area covers an area of 3,687 km2 and had a population of 493,810 in 2006.

Bauchi City is among the twenty Local Government Areas of Bauchi state:

Bauchi, Tafawa Balewa, Dass, Toro, Bogoro, Ningi, Warji, Ganjuwa, Kirfi, Alkaleri, Darazo, Misau, Giade, Shira, Jamaare, Katagum, Itas/Gadau, Zaki, Gamawa and Damban.

Katagum
KatagumListenⓘ is a town, a local government area and a traditional emirate in Bauchi State of north eastern Nigeria. The town is located on the northern bank of the Jama'are River, which is a tributary of the Hadejia. Most of the inhabitants are peoples from the Fulani,  Kanuri, Karai-karai and Hausa tribes. The chief agricultural products include peanuts (groundnuts), sorghum, millet, rice (especially in the riverine fadamas, or "floodplains"), cowpeas, cotton, indigo, and gum arabic. Livestock include horses, cattle, goats, sheep, donkeys and a lot of poultry.
Jaqueline Carvalho
Jaqueline Maria Pereira de Carvalho Endres (born December 31, 1983) is a Brazilian volleyball player, a member of the Brazilian team that won the Olympic Games at Beijing 2008 and London 2012. She currently plays for the Esporte Clube Pinheiros team.

Minas Tênis Clube
Minas Tênis Clube (short, just Minas) is a social, recreational and sports club from Belo Horizonte, Brazil. By 2013, it has more than 73,000 members. Its patrimony comprises two urban units, the Minas I and Minas II, and two country units, Minas Country and Minas Tênis Náutico Clube. It also has its own indoor arena, named Juscelino Kubitschek Arena, which is a part of the Minas I complex.

Minas is best known for the professional teams it maintains, in a variety of  olympic sports. It also maintains youth teams, and is recognized to be one of the most important formation centers of new sports talents in Brazil. Currently the club has approximately 1000 competing athletes, being about 900 youth athletes.
Eugène de Beauharnais
Eugène Rose de Beauharnais (French: [øʒɛn d(ə) boaʁnɛ]; 3 September 1781 – 21 February 1824) was a French statesman and military officer who served in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Through the second marriage of his mother, Joséphine de Beauharnais, he was the stepson of Napoleon Bonaparte. Under the French Empire, he also became Napoleon's adopted son (but not the heir to the imperial throne). He was Viceroy of the Kingdom of Italy under his stepfather, from 1805 to 1814, and commanded the Army of Italy during the Napoleonic Wars. Historians consider him one of Napoleon's most able relatives.

Battle of Lützen (1813)
The Battle of Lützen, fought on 2 May 1813 near the town of Lützen in Saxony, was a major engagement during the War of the Sixth Coalition. It pitted Napoleon Bonaparte's French forces against a coalition army of Prussian and Russian troops commanded by Generals Wittgenstein and Blücher. The battle marked Napoleon's attempt to reassert dominance in Central Europe following his disastrous retreat from Russia in 1812. Although the Allies initially gained ground and inflicted significant damage on the French forces, Napoleon's tactical brilliance and use of concentrated reserves allowed him to turn the tide of the battle. The French ultimately secured a costly victory, forcing the Allies to retreat.
Something About Cats and Other Pieces
Something About Cats and Other Pieces is a collection of fantasy, horror and science fiction short stories, poetry and essays by American author H. P. Lovecraft. 2,995 copies were released in 1949 and was the fourth collection of Lovecraft's work published by Arkham House.

The stories for this volume were selected by August Derleth.

Arkham House
Arkham House was an American publishing house specializing in weird fiction. It was founded in Sauk City, Wisconsin, in 1939 by August Derleth and Donald Wandrei to publish hardcover collections of H. P. Lovecraft's best works, which had previously been published only in pulp magazines. The company's name is derived from Lovecraft's fictional New England city, Arkham, Massachusetts. Arkham House editions are noted for the quality of their printing and binding. The printer's mark for Arkham House was designed by Frank Utpatel.
Tactical pants
Tactical pants are trousers with versatile modifications intended for everyday workwear for civil defense, emergency medical technicians, fire service professionals, plainclothes law enforcement officers (e.g. FBI agents, undercover special police such as SWAT), security guards, intelligence agencies and military/paramilitary personnel (particularly private contractors). They are closely related to cargo pants but are typically solid in color.

Tactical pants were originally worn by mountain climbers as more durable outdoor apparel, but are now available in different styles. Various styles use arrangements such as lower leg straps for stealth, additional pockets for stowage, and are reinforced with bar tacks, gussets, knee pad inserts and certain brands are coated with Teflon.

Cargo pants
Cargo pants or cargo trousers, also sometimes called combat pants or combat trousers after their original purpose as military workwear, are loosely cut pants originally designed for rough work environments and outdoor activities, distinguished by numerous large utility pockets.

Cargo shorts are a short version of the cargo pants, with the legs usually extending down to near-knee lengths.

Both cargo pants and shorts have since become popular as urban casual wear, since they are loose-fitting and quite convenient for carrying extra items.
Steinar Raknes
Steinar Raknes (born 22 March 1975) is a Norwegian jazz bassist, composer, and the younger brother of Jazz singer and pianist Eldbjørg Raknes. He is considered to be one of the most talented double bass players of his generation in Norway, and is known from collaborations with the like of Chick Corea, Michael Brecker, Bobby McFerrin, Ola Kvernberg and Hallgeir Pedersen.

Hallgeir Pedersen
Hallgeir Pedersen (born 24 May 1973) is a Norwegian jazz guitarist, well known for his Thorgeir Stubø, Wes Montgomery and Coltrane inspired bop guitar performances and recordings like West Coast Blues (2002) with his own trio.
Grenada national football team
The Grenada national football team  represents Grenada in men's international football, which is governed by the Grenada Football Association founded in 1924. It has been an affiliate member of FIFA since 1978 and an affiliate member of CONCACAF since 1969. Regionally, it is an affiliate member of CFU in the Caribbean Zone.

Grenada has never participated in the FIFA World Cup, but has qualified for the CONCACAF Gold Cup three times, and has also participated twice in League A and twice in League B of the CONCACAF Nations League. Regionally, the team finished as runners-up in the Caribbean Cup twice (1989 and 2008).

Jamaica national football team
The Jamaica national football team represents Jamaica in men's international football, which is governed by the Jamaica Football Federation founded in 1910. It has been an affiliate member of FIFA since 1962 and an affiliate member of CONCACAF since 1963. Regionally, it is an affiliate member of CFU in the Caribbean Zone.

Jamaica has qualified for the FIFA World Cup once (1998), achieving its first victory after defeating Japan 2–1.

Jamaica has participated sixteen times in CONCACAF's premier continental competition, finishing as runners-up twice in the CONCACAF Gold Cup (2015 and 2017). It has participated three times in League A and once in League B of the CONCACAF Nations League, finishing in third place in the 2024 Finals. It has also participated three times in the Copa América (2015, 2016 and 2024).

Regionally, the team won 6 Caribbean Cup titles (organized by CFU).
Faltings's theorem
Faltings's theorem is a result in arithmetic geometry, according to which a curve of genus greater than 1 over the field  of rational numbers has only finitely many rational points. This was conjectured in 1922 by Louis Mordell, and known as the Mordell conjecture until its 1983 proof by Gerd Faltings. The conjecture was later generalized by replacing  by any number field.

Louis J. Mordell
Louis Joel Mordell (28 January 1888 – 12 March 1972) was an American-born British mathematician, known for his research in number theory. He was born in Philadelphia, United States, in a Jewish family of Lithuanian extraction.
Arandic languages
Arandic is a family of Australian Aboriginal languages consisting of several languages or dialect clusters, including  the Arrernte (Upper Arrernte) group, Lower Arrernte (also known as Lower Southern Arrernte), Pertame language (also known as Southern Arrernte) and Kaytetye.

Pertame language
Pertame, also known as Southern Arrernte or Southern Aranda, is an Arandic language (but not of the Arrernte language group) from the country south of Alice Springs, along the Finke River, north and north-west of the location inhabited by speakers of Lower Arrernte. Ethnologue classes Pertame as a variant name for Lower Southern, but other sources vary in their classifications and descriptions of this language.
Lake Khövsgöl
Lake Khövsgöl (Mongolian: Хөвсгөл нуур), also referred to as Khövsgöl Sea (Хөвсгөл далай), is a lake in Khövsgöl Province, Mongolia. It is the largest freshwater lake in the country by volume, and the second largest by area after Uvs Lake. It is nicknamed "Mother Sea" (Далай ээж, Dalai eej) in Mongolian.

Mongolia–Russia border
The Mongolia–Russia border is the international border between Mongolia and the Russian Federation. It runs from west to east between the two tripoints with China for 3,485 km (2,165 mi). The boundary is the third longest border between Russia and another country, behind the Kazakhstan–Russia border and the China–Russia border.
Eliza West
Eliza West (born 26 May 1997) is an Australian rules footballer playing for the Hawthorn Football Club in the AFL Women's (AFLW). She previously played for the Melbourne Football Club from season 6 to 2023. West won an AFL Women's premiership with Melbourne in season 7 and the Hawthorn best and fairest award in 2024.

2022 AFL Women's season 7 Grand Final
The 2022 AFL Women's season 7 Grand Final was an Australian football match held at the Brighton Homes Arena on 27 November 2022 to determine the premiers of the seventh season of the AFL Women's (AFLW) competition. The match was contested between the Brisbane Lions and the Melbourne Football Club. It was played in 30 °C (86 °F) heat. Melbourne emerged as winners by four points.
Diocese of Paterson
The Diocese of Paterson (Latin: Dioecesis Patersonensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory, or diocese, of the Catholic Church in northern New Jersey. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Newark.

The patrons of the diocese are Saint Patrick and John the Baptist. Its proper feasts are the Feast of St. Patrick (March 17), the Nativity of John the Baptist (June 24) and the anniversary of the dedication of the cathedral church (June 30).

As of 2025, the current bishop of Paterson is Kevin J. Sweeney.

James Johnston Navagh
James Johnston Navagh (April 4, 1901 – October 2, 1965) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as an auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Raleigh in North Carolina (1952-1957), bishop of the Diocese of Ogdensburg in New York (1957–1963) and bishop of the Diocese of Paterson in New Jersey (1963–1965).
659 Nestor
659 Nestor /ˈnɛstər/ is a dark Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 110 kilometers (68 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 23 March 1908, by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and named after King Nestor from Greek mythology. The carbonaceous Jovian asteroid belongs to the 20 largest Jupiter trojans and has a rotation period of 15.98 hours.

Max Wolf
Maximilian Franz Joseph Cornelius Wolf (21 June 1863 – 3 October 1932) was a German astronomer and a pioneer in the field of astrophotography. He was the chairman of astronomy at the University of Heidelberg and director of the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory from 1902 until his death in 1932.