hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Siege of Kut
The siege of Kut Al Amara (7 December 1915 – 29 April 1916), also known as the first battle of Kut, was the besieging of an 8,000-strong British Indian Army garrison in the town of Kut, 160 km (100 mi) south of Baghdad, by the Ottoman Army. In 1915, its population was around 6,500. Following the surrender of the garrison on 29 April 1916, the survivors of the siege were marched to imprisonment at Aleppo, during which many died. Historian Christopher Catherwood has called the siege "the worst defeat of the Allies in World War I". Ten months later, the British Indian Army, consisting almost entirely of newly recruited troops from Western India, conquered Kut, Baghdad and other regions in between in the fall of Baghdad.

Halil Kut
Halil Kut (1881 – 20 August 1957), also known as Halil Pasha, was an Ottoman Turkish military commander and politician. He served in the Ottoman Army during World War I, notably taking part in the military campaigns against Russia in the Caucasus and the British in Mesopotamia.

Halil was responsible for numerous atrocities committed against Armenian and Assyrian civilians during the Armenian genocide, overseeing the massacres of Armenian men, women and children in Bitlis, Mush, and Beyazit.  Many of the victims were buried alive in specially prepared ditches. He also crossed into neighboring Persia and massacred Armenians, Assyrians and Persians.
Great Ngaruawahia Music Festival
The Great Ngaruawahia Music Festival was the first large outdoor music festival in New Zealand. It was held on a farm at Ngāruawāhia on the Waikato River, 19 kilometres north-west of Hamilton, for three days from 6 to 8 January 1973.

Ngāruawāhia
Ngāruawāhia (Māori pronunciation: [ŋaːɾʉaˈwaːhia] ⓘ) is a town in the Waikato region of the North Island of New Zealand. It is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) north-west of Hamilton at the confluence of the Waikato and Waipā Rivers, adjacent to the Hakarimata Range. Ngāruawāhia is in the Hamilton Urban Area, the fourth largest urban area in New Zealand. The location was once considered as a potential capital of New Zealand.
Bet Mishpachah Cemetery
The Bet Mishpachah Cemetery is a recently established Jewish cemetery located in the Congress Heights neighborhood of Washington, D.C. The cemetery is for the Bet Mishpachah community (Hebrew: בית משפחה) located in the Dupont Circle neighborhood.

This cemetery is located on land purchased from Elesavetgrad Cemetery and is adjacent to the Ohev Shalom, Adas Israel, and Washington Hebrew cemeteries.  The address is 3233 15th Place SE, Washington, D.C.

The cemetery marker stated it was founded in 1973, however, that refers to the founding of the organization. The first plots to be used to inter members were obtained in March 2012. As of May 2013, no one has been interred in these plots.

Bet Mishpachah
Bet Mishpachah (Hebrew: בית משפחה, lit. 'House of Family') is a non-denominational Jewish egalitarian worshiping community and congregation that supports a synagogue. It is located in the Dupont Circle area of Washington, D.C., in the United States.

Bet Mishpachah is one of a number of national and international Jewish communities of LGBTQ+ affirming congregations that specifically welcome and embrace the LGBTQ+ community, along with all others who "wish to participate in an inclusive, egalitarian, and mutually supportive community".

Sabbath worship services and most religious and educational programs are held at the Edlavitch DC Jewish Community Center (EDCJCC) in Washington, DC.
Orange High School (Orange, California)
Orange High School is a traditional four-year public high school located in the city of Orange, California. Orange High is part of the Orange Unified School District and competes in the Golden West League.

Orange Unified School District
Orange Unified School District (OUSD) is a public school district headquartered in Orange, California.

Orange USD serves the cities of Orange and Villa Park, the unincorporated land of Silverado, and parts of Anaheim, Garden Grove, Santa Ana, and Yorba Linda. Its student enrollment during the 2004–2005 school year was approximately around the number 31,600.
Robert Truax
Captain Robert C. Truax (USN) (September 3, 1917 – September 17, 2010) was an American rocket engineer in the United States Navy, and companies such as Aerojet and Truax Engineering, which he founded. Truax was a proponent of low-cost rocket engine and vehicle designs.

Sea Dragon (rocket)
The Sea Dragon was a 1962 conceptualized design study for a reusable two-stage sea-launched orbital super heavy-lift launch vehicle. The project was led by Robert Truax while working at Aerojet, one of a number of designs he created that were to be launched by floating the rocket in the ocean. Although there was some interest at both NASA and Todd Shipyards, the project was not implemented.

With dimensions of 150 m (490 ft) long and 23 m (75 ft) in diameter, Sea Dragon would have been the largest rocket ever built. As of 2026, Sea Dragon is generally regarded as the tallest launch vehicle ever formally proposed. With a payload of 550 tons, it has mistakenly been regarded as the largest and most powerful vehicle seriously considered. It is comparable to other unbuilt concepts such as Convair's Nexus and Super Nexus, Boeing's Large Multipurpose Launch Vehicle, Phillip Bono's series of reusable single stage launch vehicles, and various NOVA Post-Saturn launch vehicles.
10th arrondissement of the Littoral Department
10th arrondissement is an arrondissement in the Littoral department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Cotonou. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 41,806.

Arrondissements of Benin
Arrondissements are administrative units of Benin, after departments and communes. In turn they contain villages and may often have several quartiers or city districts/urban neighborhoods. There are currently 545 arrondissements.

The arrondissements, ordered by department and commune, are as follows:
John Hoxsie House
The John Hoxsie House, also known as the Old Kenyon Farm, is an historic farmstead in Richmond, Rhode Island.  The farm is a 60-acre (24 ha) parcel of land accessed via a long private drive on the east side of Richmond Town House Road (Rhode Island Route 112), just north of Pinecrest Road, and is a rare, virtually intact, example of a 19th-century farmstead.  The main house, a 1+1⁄2-story Cape style structure, was built in 1784 by John Hoxsie.

The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

Richmond, Rhode Island
Richmond is a town in Washington County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 8,020 at the 2020 census. It contains the villages of Alton, Arcadia, Barberville, Carolina, Hillsdale, Kenyon, Shannock, Tug Hollow, Usquepaug, Wood River Junction, Woodville, and Wyoming. Students from the Town of Richmond are part of the Chariho Regional School District, a school district shared between Charlestown and Hopkinton, Rhode Island.
Upper Loughor
Upper Loughor (Welsh: Casllwchwr Uchaf) was an electoral ward in the City and County of Swansea, Wales.  The ward covered the eastern part of the town of Loughor in the parliamentary constituency of Gower.

It was bounded by Lower Loughor and the Loughor estuary to the west; Penyrheol to the north; Kingsbridge to the east and Gowerton to the south.

In the 2008 local council elections, the turnout for Upper Loughor was 42.69%.  The results were:

Kingsbridge (electoral ward)
Kingsbridge (Welsh: Pontybrenin) was an electoral ward in the City and County of Swansea, Wales. It was part of the Llwchwr Town council area.

The Kingsbridge ward was bordered by the wards of Gowerton, Cockett and Penderry to the south; Gorseinon and Penllergaer to the north and Upper Loughor to the west.

The electoral ward consisted of some or all of the following areas: Kingsbridge, Garden Village and Stafford Common in the parliamentary constituency of Gower.  Kingsbridge is a mainly rural ward but it also has a scattering of industrial areas.

For election purposes, Kingsbridge is broken down into the polling districts of Kingsbridge and Garden Village.

For the 2012 local council elections, the turnout was 36.25%. The results were:
John Rugge
John Rugge was an English Anglican priest in the 16th century.

Rugge was created Archdeacon of Wells in place of John Cotterell in 1572. He died before Feb 1582.

Rugge was  educated at the University of Oxford. He held livings at Winsford and Chedzoy.

Archdeacon of Wells
The Archdeacon of Wells has been a senior clergy position in the Church of England Diocese of Bath and Wells since the English reformation, before which it was part of the Roman Catholic Church. The post, having oversight over the archdeaconry of Wells in Somerset has existed since the twelfth century. The archdeaconry includes seven deaneries.
Franekeradeel
Franekeradeel (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈfraːnəkəraːˌdeːl] ⓘ; West Frisian: Frentsjerteradiel [ˈfrɛntsjətəraˌdiəl] ⓘ) is a former municipality in the northern Netherlands. It was created in 1984 by combining an earlier Franekeradeel municipality with the city of Franeker and parts of the former municipality of Barradeel. On 1 January 2018 it merged with the municipalities of het Bildt, Menameradiel and parts of Littenseradiel to form the new municipality Waadhoeke.

Waadhoeke
Waadhoeke is a municipality of Friesland in the northern Netherlands. It was established 1 January 2018 and consists of the former municipalities of Franekeradeel, het Bildt, Menameradiel and parts of Littenseradiel, all four of which were dissolved on the same day.

The municipality is located in the province of Friesland, in the north of the Netherlands. Waadhoeke is bordered by Harlingen, Terschelling, Noardeast-Fryslân, Leeuwarden and Súdwest-Fryslân. The population in January 2019 was 46,133. It is Friesland's sixth most populous municipality. The largest population centre (2018 population, 12,793) is Franeker. The residents speak Dutch, West Frisian or Bildts (a dialect in the former municipality het Bildt).
Albignasego
Albignasego is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Padua in the Italian region Veneto, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) west of Venice and about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) south of Padua. As of 06/03/2021, it has a population of 26.006 inhabitants and an area of 21.0 square kilometres (8.1 sq mi).

The municipality of Albignasego contains the main village and frazioni (hamlets) Carpanedo,  Lion, Mandriola, S. Agostino, S. Giacomo.

Albignasego borders the following municipalities: Abano Terme, Maserà di Padova, Casalserugo, Padua, Ponte San Nicolò.

Among the churches in town is San Tommaso Apostolo.

Casalserugo
Casalserugo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Padua in the Italian region Veneto, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southwest of Venice and about 12 kilometres (7 mi) southeast of Padua. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 5,525 and an area of 15.5 square kilometres (6.0 sq mi).

Casalserugo borders the following municipalities: Albignasego, Bovolenta, Cartura, Maserà di Padova, Polverara, Ponte San Nicolò.
Iceland Base Command
Iceland Base Command (IBC) is an inactive United States Army organization. It was established for the United States defense of the Kingdom of Iceland during World War II. It was inactivated on 4 March 1947.

Northeast Air Command
Northeast Air Command (NEAC) was a Major Command of the United States Air Force, responsible for the operation and defense of air bases in Greenland, Labrador, and Newfoundland. It was formed in 1950 from the facilities of the United States established during World War II in eastern Canada, Newfoundland and Greenland. It was discontinued in 1957.
Ahluwalia (misl)
Ahluwalia (also transliterated as Ahluvalia) was a misl, that is, a sovereign state in the Sikh Confederacy of Punjab region in present-day India and Pakistan. The misl's name is derived from Ahlu, the ancestral village of the misl leaders. The Ahluwalia misl was one of the 12 major Sikh misls, and held land to the north of Sutlej river.

Kalwar (caste)
The Kalwar, Kalal or Kalar are an Indian caste historically found in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir and other parts of north and central India. The caste is traditionally associated with the distillation and selling of liquor, but around the start of the 20th century assorted Kalwar caste organisations sought to leave that trade and redefine their community through Sanskritisation process.
Branwen
Branwen, Daughter of Llŷr is a major character in the medieval Welsh story known as the Second Branch of the Mabinogi, which is sometimes called the "Mabinogi of Branwen" after her.

Branwen is a daughter of Llŷr and Penarddun. She is married to Matholwch, King of Ireland, but the marriage does not bring peace.

Penarddun
Penarddun is a figure in Welsh mythology, the wife of Llŷr. The Second Branch of the Mabinogi names Bran, Branwen, and Manawydan as her children by Llŷr, and ascribes to her two additional sons by Euroswydd: Nisien, a good man, and Efnysien, a conniving troublemaker. The Welsh Triads call Llŷr one of the Three Exalted Prisoners of Britain for his captivity at Euroswydd's hands; this likely refers to a lost tradition of the birth of Penarddun's younger sons. The Mabinogi names Penarddun as a daughter of the ancestor Beli Mawr, but the genealogy is confused; it is possible she was meant to be his sister rather than daughter.

The name Penarddun can be translated as "Chief Beauty" or "Most Fair" (Welsh pen "head, chief, foremost" + arddun "fair, beautiful (of a girl)".
Barrhead High School
Barrhead High School is a secondary school in Barrhead, East Renfrewshire. It was established in 1967. Fiona Johnston is the current headmistress, appointed in 2020. The school underwent a £30 million refurbishment in 2017 so the school is now fully equipped with the latest tech and recourses, because of this the school offers vocational courses.

Barrhead
Barrhead  (Scots: Baurheid, Scottish Gaelic: Ceann a' Bharra) is a town in East Renfrewshire, Scotland, thirteen kilometres (8 mi) southwest of Glasgow city centre on the edge of the Gleniffer Braes. At the 2011 census its population was 17,268.
Marnach
Marnach (Luxembourgish: Maarnech) is a small town in the commune of Clerf, in northern Luxembourg.  As of 2025, the town has a population of 782.
Near Marnach is the site of the transmitter of Radio Luxembourg.

The parish church of St Josef and St Martin was built in 1888 to the plans of the architect Jean-Pierre Knepper, in the neo-Gothic style.

Clervaux
Clervaux (French: [klɛʁvo]; Luxembourgish: Clierf [kliɐ̯f] ⓘ or locally Cliärref [ˈkli̯ɛʀəf]; German: Clerf [klɛʁf]) is a commune and town in northern Luxembourg, situated in the canton of the same name.

The town's arms, granted in 1896, show three blackbirds on a gold ground in the chief of a red shield, as a variation of the arms of the former Lords of Clervaux.

As of 2025, the town of Clervaux, which lies in the southwest of the commune, has a population of 1,609.
Kendall Square
42°21′44″N 71°5′3″W﻿ / ﻿42.36222°N 71.08417°W﻿ / 42.36222; -71.08417
Kendall Square is a neighborhood in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. The square itself is located at the intersection of Main Street and Broadway. It also refers to the broad business district east of Portland Street, northwest of the Charles River, north of MIT and south of Binney Street.

Kendall Square has been called "the most innovative square mile on the planet", in reference to the high concentration of entrepreneurial start-ups and quality of innovation which have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010.

The neighborhood has approximately 50,000 people who work in the area on a daily basis and a growing residential population.

Kendall/MIT station
Kendall/MIT station (signed as Kendall) is an underground rapid transit station in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is served by the MBTA Red Line.  Located at the intersection of Main Street and Broadway, it is named for the primary areas it serves - the Kendall Square business district and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Opened in March 1912 as part of the original Cambridge subway, Kendall/MIT has two side platforms serving the line's two tracks. The Kendall Band, a public art installation of hand-operated musical sculptures, is located between the tracks in the station with controls located on the platforms. Kendall/MIT station is accessible. With 17,018 weekday boardings by a FY2019 count, Kendall/MIT has the fourth highest ridership among MBTA subway stations.
Mata, Israel
Mata (Hebrew: מַטָּע, lit. 'Grove') is a moshav in central Israel. Located in the Jerusalem corridor about eight kilometers southeast of Beit Shemesh, it falls under the jurisdiction of Mateh Yehuda Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 951.

Khirbat al-Tannur
Khirbat al-Tannur (Arabic: خربة التنور), also known as Allar al-Sifla ("Lower Allar"), was a Palestinian Arab hamlet in the Jerusalem Subdistrict, near Allar. It was depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War on October 21, 1948, under Operation Ha-Har. It was located 18.5 km west of Jerusalem.
German bombing of Rotterdam
In 1940, Rotterdam was subjected to heavy aerial bombardment by the Luftwaffe during the German invasion of the Netherlands during the Second World War. The objective was to support the German troops fighting in the city, break Dutch resistance and force the Dutch army to surrender. Bombing began at the outset of hostilities on 10 May and culminated with the destruction of the entire historic city centre on 14 May, an event sometimes referred to as the Rotterdam Blitz. According to an official list published in 2022, at least 1,150 people were killed, with 711 deaths in the 14 May bombing alone, and 85,000 more were left homeless.

The psychological and the physical success of the raid, from the German perspective, led the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (OKL) to threaten to destroy the city of Utrecht if the Dutch command did not surrender. The Dutch surrendered in the late afternoon of 14 May and signed the capitulation early the next morning.

Aerial bombing of cities
The aerial bombing of cities is an optional element of strategic bombing, which became widespread in warfare during World War I. The bombing of cities grew to a vast scale in World War II and is still practiced today. The development of aerial bombardment marked an increased capacity of armed forces to deliver ordnance from the air against combatants, military bases, and factories, with a greatly reduced risk to its ground forces. The killing of civilians and non-combatants in bombed cities has variously been a deliberate goal of strategic bombing, or unavoidable collateral damage resulting from intent and technology. A number of multilateral efforts have been made to restrict the use of aerial bombardment so as to protect non-combatants and other civilians.
Reichsforschungsrat
The Reichsforschungsrat ("Imperial Research Council") was created in Germany in 1936 under the Education Ministry for the purpose of centralized planning of all basic and applied research, with the exception of aeronautical research. It was reorganized in 1942 and placed under the Ministry of Armaments and War Production.

Erich Schumann
Erich Schumann (5 January 1898 – 25 April 1985) was a German physicist who specialized in acoustics and explosives, and had a penchant for music. He was a general officer in the army and a professor at the University of Berlin and the Technische Hochschule Berlin. When Adolf Hitler came to power he joined the Nazi Party.  During World War II, his positions in the Army Ordnance Office and the Army High Command made him one of the most powerful and influential physicists in Germany. He ran the German nuclear energy program from 1939 to 1942, when the army relinquished control to the Reich Research Council. His role in the project was obfuscated after the war by the German physics community's defense of its conduct during the war. The publication of his book on the military's role in the project was not allowed by the British occupation authorities. He was director of the Helmholtz Institute of Sound Psychology and Medical Acoustics.
Marcos Baghdatis
Marcos Baghdatis (Greek: Μάρκος Παγδατής; born 17 June 1985) is a Greek Cypriot former professional tennis player and coach. He was the runner-up at the 2006 Australian Open and a semifinalist at the 2006 Wimbledon Championships, and reached a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 8 in August 2006. In the latter part of his career, Baghdatis endured a series of injuries that impacted his play.

Tatsuma Ito
Tatsuma Ito (伊藤 竜馬, Itō Tatsuma; born 18 May 1988) is a Japanese former professional tennis player. He has won 7 Challenger tournaments and achieved a career-high singles ranking of World No. 60 in October 2012.

Ito reached the quarterfinals of 's-Hertogenbosch and Moscow in 2012 and Newport and Bogota in 2015.
Bluegrass Parkway
The Martha Layne Collins Blue Grass Parkway is a freeway running from Elizabethtown, Kentucky to Woodford County, Kentucky, for a length of 71.134 miles (114.479 km). It intersects with Interstate 65 at its western terminus, and U.S. Route 60 at its eastern terminus. It is one of seven highways that are part of the Kentucky parkway system. The road is designated unsigned Kentucky Route 9002 (BG 9002). It is constructed similar to the Interstate Highway system, though sections do not measure up to current Interstate standards.

Interstate 65 in Kentucky
Interstate 65 (I-65) is part of the Interstate Highway System that runs 887.30 miles (1,427.97 km) north–south from Mobile, Alabama, to Gary, Indiana. The highway crosses Kentucky from south to north, from the Tennessee state line near Franklin to the Indiana state line in Louisville. I-65 passes through three of Kentucky's ten largest cities—Bowling Green, Elizabethtown, and Louisville—and serves Mammoth Cave National Park and Fort Knox. Kentucky was the first state to complete its portion of I-65, with the final section, located near Franklin, opening in 1970.
Mononormativity
Mononormativity or mono-normativity is the normative assumption that monogamy is healthier or more natural than ethical non-monogamy, as well as the societal enforcement of such an assumption. It has been widely tied to various forms of discrimination or bias against polyamory.

The term is also used to instead describe monosexual normativity, akin to monosexism.

Non-monogamy
Non-monogamy (or nonmonogamy) is an umbrella term that describes a relationship arrangement where one or more partners are not sexually and/or romantically exclusive to each other. Monogamy and non-monogamy are not strictly binary categories, but rather exist on a continuum encompassing various degrees of exclusivity and openness - at one end of this continuum lie strictly monogamous relationships, while at the other end are openly non-exclusive arrangements with numerous nuanced forms of varying degrees of openness in between. Non-monogamous relationships have been practiced across cultures and throughout history, reflecting diverse social norms, legal frameworks, and personal preferences.

In contemporary discourse, non-monogamy is understood to encompass a variety of practices, ranging from culturally institutionalised arrangements like polygamy to consensual agreements such as open relationships and polyamory, as well as non-consensual forms like infidelity.