hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nansang Township
Nansang or Namsang Township (Burmese: နမ့်စန်မြို့နယ်) is a township of Nansang District in the Shan State of Myanmar. The principal town is Nansang. The township has two towns with 11 urban wards in total between them as well as 20 village tracts grouping 196 villages.

To prevent confusion with Namhsan Township in northern Shan State, it is sometimes disambiguated as Nan San (South) Township.

On April 30, 2022, new districts were expanded across the country. Nansang Township was separated from Loilem District and together with two other townships formed the new Nansang District.

The townships is relatively diverse, with the Shan people making up the largest plurality at only 39.89% of the population in 2019, followed by Bamar and Pa-O people at 15.3% and 12.15% respectively.

Loilen District
Loilen District (Burmese: လွိုင်လင်ခရိုင်, also romanised as Loilem District) is a district in central Shan State, Myanmar. In 2010, it consisted of 9 towns and 7 townships. In 2022, most of its townships were split off to form new districts, leaving it with only three townships. Its capital is Loilem.
Dartmouth workshop
The Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence was a 1956 summer workshop widely considered to be the founding event of artificial intelligence as a field. The workshop has been referred to as "the Constitutional Convention of AI". The project's four organizers, those being Claude Shannon, John McCarthy, Nathaniel Rochester and Marvin Minsky, are considered some of the founding fathers of AI.

The project lasted approximately six to eight weeks and was essentially an extended brainstorming session. Eleven mathematicians and scientists originally planned to attend; not all of them attended, but more than ten others came for short times.

Allen Newell
Allen Newell (March 19, 1927 – July 19, 1992) was an American researcher in computer science and cognitive psychology at the RAND Corporation and at Carnegie Mellon University's School of Computer Science, Tepper School of Business, and Department of Psychology. He, Herbert A. Simon, and Cliff Shaw contributed to the Information Processing Language (1956) and two of the earliest AI programs, the Logic Theorist (1956) and the General Problem Solver (1957). He and Simon were awarded the ACM Turing Award in 1975 for their contributions to artificial intelligence and the psychology of human cognition.
Nico Touches the Walls
Nico Touches the Walls (stylized as NICO Touches the Walls) was a Japanese rock band formed in 2004. The band members were: Mitsumura Tatsuya, Sakakura Shingo, Furumura Daisuke & Tsushima Shotaro. In the same year, they won the Lotte Prize at the Yamaha Teen Music Festival. Rising quickly, they signed to "Senha & Co." before signing to Sony Music Japan's Ki/oon Records in 2007. Their debut single, in a major label, "Yoru no Hate", was released in February 2008.

Along the career, the band has contributed to anime with their songs, such as “Mashi Mashi” being the ending theme for the 3rd season of Haikyuu!!. "Broken Youth", "Diver", and "Niwaka Ame ni Mo Makezu", featured in Naruto: Shippuden; their hit single "Hologram" chosen as opening theme for Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood, as many others.

In November 2019, the band announced that they were disbanding after 15 years.

Who Are You? (album)
Who Are You? (stylized as Who are you?) is the first studio album by Nico Touches the Walls released on September 24, 2008. The album contains their first major singles, such as "Yoru no Hate", "The Bungy", "(My Sweet) Eden" and "Broken Youth", song chosen as the ending for the anime television series Naruto: Shippuden.
Ardee RFC
Ardee RFC is an Irish rugby union team based in Ardee, County Louth, Ireland. They play in Division 3 of the Leinster League, organised by the Leinster Branch of the IRFU. The club colours are navy and white.

Ardee
Ardee (/ˈɑːrdiː/; Irish: Baile Átha Fhirdhia, pronounced [ˈbˠalʲə aːhə ˈɪɾʲjiə]) is a town and townland in County Louth, Ireland. It is located at the intersection of the N2, N52, and N33 roads. The town shows evidence of development from the thirteenth century onward but as a result of the continued development of the town since then much of the fabric of the medieval town has been removed. The town is in a civil parish of the same name.

Ardee is on the banks of the River Dee and is equidistant between the county's two biggest towns - approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Dundalk and Drogheda, while it is also close to Slane and Carrickmacross.

In the 20 years between the 1996 and 2016 census, the population of Ardee increased by approximately 30%, from 3,791 to 4,928 inhabitants. By 2022, it had a population of 5,478.
Bernardo O'Higgins Monument
The Bernardo O'Higgins monument is a bronze sculpture on a marble base that represents the moment in which Bernardo O'Higgins crossed over a defeated enemy of the royalist troops with his horse in the Battle of Rancagua in 1814. It is located in the Alameda in front of the Palacio de La Moneda, in the Plaza de la Ciudadanía in the city of Santiago, Chile.

Made by the French sculptor Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse, it was inaugurated on May 19, 1872. Its pedestal presents four bas-reliefs that represent the life of the hero, two of them made by the Chilean sculptor Nicanor Plaza. It was inaugurated on May 19, 1872.

Bernardo O'Higgins
Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme (Spanish pronunciation: [beɾˈnaɾðo oˈ(x)iɣins] ⓘ; 20 August 1778 – 24 October 1842) was a Chilean independence leader who freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence. He was a wealthy landowner of Basque-Spanish and Irish ancestry. Although he was the second Supreme Director of Chile (1817–1823), he is considered one of Chile's founding fathers, as he was the first holder of this title to head a fully independent Chilean state.

He was Captain General of the Chilean Army, Brigadier of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, General Officer of Gran Colombia, and Grand Marshal of Peru.
Pentagrammic crossed-antiprism
In geometry, the pentagrammic crossed-antiprism is one in an infinite set of nonconvex antiprisms formed by triangle sides and two regular star polygon caps, in this case two pentagrams.

It differs from the pentagrammic antiprism by having opposite orientations on the two pentagrams.

This polyhedron is identified with the indexed name U80 as a uniform polyhedron.

The pentagrammic crossed-antiprism may be inscribed within an icosahedron, and has ten triangular faces in common with the great icosahedron. It has the same vertex arrangement as the pentagonal antiprism. In fact, it may be considered as a parabidiminished great icosahedron.

Pentagrammic antiprism
In geometry, the pentagrammic antiprism is one in an infinite set of nonconvex antiprisms formed by triangle sides and two regular star polygon caps, in this case two pentagrams.

It has 12 faces, 20 edges and 10 vertices. This polyhedron is identified with the indexed name U79 as a uniform polyhedron.

Note that the pentagram face has an ambiguous interior because it is self-intersecting. The central pentagon region can be considered interior or exterior depending on how interior is defined. One definition of interior is the set of points that have a ray that crosses the boundary an odd number of times to escape the perimeter.

In either case, it is best to show the pentagram boundary line to distinguish it from a concave decagon.
Nobling
Nobling is a white German wine grape variety that is a crossing between Silvaner and Chasselas. The variety was created in 1940 at the Staatliches Weinbauinstitut Freiburg in Baden-Württemberg by grape breeder Johannes-Friedrich Zimmermann. It is primarily found in the Baden wine region but its number have been declining for most of the late 20th and early 21st century from its high point of 100 hectares (250 acres) in the late 1970s.

Silvaner
Silvaner or Sylvaner (German: [zɪlˈvaːnɐ] ⓘ) is a variety of white wine grape grown primarily in Alsace and Germany, where its official name is Grüner Silvaner. While the Alsatian versions have primarily been considered simpler wines, it was included among the varieties that can be used to produce Alsace Grand Cru wine in 2006, together with the four 'noble grapes' of Alsace, although only in one vineyard, Zotzenberg.

This dichotomy is explained by the vigour of the Sylvaner vine and the grape's neutral flavour, which can lead to blandness unless yields are controlled. On the other hand, it gives a blank canvas for the expression of terroir, and on good sites with skilled winemaking, Sylvaner can produce elegant wines. It has high acidity but naturally reaches high must weights, so is often blended with other varieties such as Riesling or Elbling, and is sometimes made into a dessert wine.
Jan Bhavan, Lucknow
Jan Bhavan, formerly  Raj Bhavan  (translation: Governor's House) is the official residence of the governor of Uttar Pradesh. It is located in the capital city of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. The current tenant is Anandiben Patel, the 20th governor of Uttar Pradesh.

The Raj Bhavan of Uttar Pradesh in Lucknow is over 200 years old.

Claude Martin
Major-General Claude Martin (5 January 1735 – 13 September 1800) was a French army officer who served in the French and later British East India companies in colonial India. Martin rose to the rank of major-general in the British East India Company's Bengal Army. Martin was born in Lyon, France, into a humble background, and was a self-made man who left a substantial lasting legacy in the form of his writings, buildings and the educational institutions he founded posthumously. There are now ten schools named after him, two in Lucknow, two in Calcutta and six in Lyon. The small village of Martin Purwa in India was also named after him.
Chaparral Cars
Chaparral Cars was an American automobile racing team and race car developer that engineered, built, and raced cars from 1963 through 1970. Founded in 1962 by American Formula One racers Hap Sharp and Jim Hall, it was named after the roadrunner, a fast-running ground cuckoo also known as a chaparral bird.

Indy 200 at Mid-Ohio
The Honda Indy 200 at Mid-Ohio is an IndyCar Series race held at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course in Lexington, Ohio. Scott Dixon is the defending race winner. Chip Ganassi Racing leads with thirteen total victories, with Dixon scoring seven of those wins.

Since 2007, the race has been sponsored by Honda. The sponsorship arrangement complements the track's proximity to the manufacturer's assembly plants in Marysville, East Liberty, and Anna.
Rock Island Snow Plow No. 95580
The Rock Island Snow Plow No. 95580 in Limon, Colorado is a railway snowplow which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.

It is termed a "Single-Track Wedge Plow".  It was created as a snowplow by the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad in 1951, rebuilding from a retired steam locomotive tender.  It was transferred to the Union Pacific Railway in 1981 and assigned to serve from Oakley, Kansas.

In 2018 it is located at the Limon Heritage Museum, which is in the former Rock Island Depot, in Limon, Colorado.

Limon station
Limon Railroad Depot (also known as Limon station) was a major Union Pacific and Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad station in Limon, Colorado. It has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 2003.  It is included in what is now the Limon Heritage Museum and Railroad Park. It is one of seven still standing Rock Island Line stations in Colorado, and the only one restored.
New Denmark, Wisconsin
New Denmark is a town in Brown County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 1,562 at the 2020 census. The town surrounds the village of Denmark but is separate from it. The unincorporated communities of Fontenoy and Langes Corners are located in the town. The unincorporated community of Buckman is also located partially in the town.

Fontenoy, Wisconsin
Fontenoy (/ˈfɒntənɔɪ/ FON-tə-noy) is an unincorporated community in the Town of New Denmark in Brown County, Wisconsin, United States. It is located on County Highway P, approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) northeast of the village of Denmark.  The community was named by Dennis DeWane, of Irish heritage, in reference to the
Irishmen who fought at Fontenoy.
Ruler
A ruler is an instrument used to make length measurements, whereby a length is read from a series of markings called "rules" along an edge of the device. Alternatively, it is called a rule, scale, line gauge, or metre/meter stick. Usually, the instrument is rigid and the edge itself is a straightedge ("ruled straightedge"), which additionally allows one to draw straighter lines. Rulers are an important tool  in geometry, geography and mathematics. They have been used since at least 2650 BC.

Length measurement
Length measurement, distance measurement, or range measurement (ranging) all refer to the many ways in which length, distance, or range can be measured. The most commonly used approaches are the rulers, followed by transit-time methods and the interferometer methods based upon the speed of light. Surveying is one ancient use of measuring long distances.

For tiny objects such as crystals and diffraction gratings, diffraction is used with X-ray light, or even electron beams. Measurement techniques for three-dimensional structures very small in every dimension use specialized instruments such as ion microscopy coupled with intensive computer modeling. These techniques are employed, for example, to measure the tiny features on wafers during the manufacture of chips.
Henry Atkinson (soldier)
Henry Atkinson (1782 – June 14, 1842) was a United States Army officer serving on the western frontier during the War of 1812 and the Yellowstone expedition. With Benjamin O'Fallon, he negotiated treaties with Indigenous nations of the upper Missouri River in 1825. Over his career in the army, he served in the West, the Gulf Coast, and in New York at the border with The Canadas.

Fort Atkinson (Nebraska)
Fort Atkinson was the first United States Army post to be established west of the Missouri River in the unorganized region of the Louisiana Purchase of the United States. Located just east of present-day Fort Calhoun, Nebraska, the fort was erected in 1819 and abandoned in 1827. The site is now known as Fort Atkinson State Historical Park and is a National Historic Landmark. A replica fort was constructed by the state at the site during the 1980s–1990s.

The post, which included soldiers, traders, trappers, and other frontier people, has been credited by the Nebraska State Legislature as the first town in Nebraska. Founded almost 30 years before the creation of the Nebraska Territory, Fort Atkinson had more than 1,000 residents. It included a brickyard, lime kiln, stone quarry, grist mill, saw mill, and cooper shop.
Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon
The Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon (Archidioecesis Portlandensis in Oregonia) is a Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church in western Oregon in the United States.

Established in 1846, it was the second Catholic archdiocese established in the United States after the Archdiocese of Baltimore. In 2004, during a sexual abuse scandal, it became the first archdiocese to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.

The mother church of the archdiocese is Saint Mary's Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Portland. As of 2023, the archbishop of Portland is Alexander Sample.

William Hickley Gross
William Hickley Gross, C.Ss.R., (June 12, 1837 – November 14, 1898) was an American Catholic prelate and member of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer (Redemptorists) who served as Bishop of Savannah (1873–1885) and Archbishop of Oregon City (1885–1898).
Stachys affinis
Stachys affinis, commonly called crosne, Chinese artichoke, Japanese artichoke, knotroot, or artichoke betony, is a perennial herbaceous plant of the family Lamiaceae, originating from China. Its rhizome is a root vegetable that can be eaten raw, pickled, dried or cooked.

Root vegetable
Root vegetables are underground plant parts eaten by humans or animals as food. In agricultural and culinary terminology, the term applies to true roots, such as taproots and root tubers, as well as non-roots such as bulbs, corms, rhizomes, and stem tubers.
Nayau
Nayau is an island in Fiji, a tikina in and member of the Lau archipelago. It was the ancestral island of the Vuanirewa Clan, who were later exiled to the nearby island of Lakeba.

Nayau is located in the Koro Sea, between Cicia and Lakeba islands. There are three villages located on the island: Salia, Narocivo and Liku.

Lau Islands
The Lau Islands (also called the Lau Group, the Eastern Group, the Eastern Archipelago) of Fiji are situated in the southern Pacific Ocean, just east of the Koro Sea. Of this chain of about sixty islands and islets, about thirty are inhabited.  The Lau Group covers a land area of 188 square miles (487 square km), and had a population of 10,683 at the most recent census in 2007.  While most of the northern Lau Group are high islands of volcanic origin, those of the south are mostly carbonate low islands.

Administratively the islands belong to Lau Province.
KAMA-FM
KAMA-FM (104.9 MHz, "104.9 Latino Mix") is a commercial radio station licensed to Deer Park, Texas, and serving the Greater Houston radio market. It is owned by the Uforia Audio Network, a subsidiary of Univision, and it airs a Spanish-language CHR/Top 40 format.

KAMA-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 10,500 watts and is a Class C2 FM station (equivalent to 50,000 watts at 500 feet). The transmitter is located on the historic 1948 KNUZ tower, along with sister station 102.9 KLTN, at 315 N. Ennis Street in the East End. The studios and offices are located in the Univision building in Uptown Houston, on the Southwest Freeway (U.S. Highway 59).

Uforia Audio Network
Uforia Audio Network ( /juːˈfɔːriə/) is the radio broadcasting and music events division of TelevisaUnivision USA. Formerly known as Hispanic Broadcasting Corporation and Univision Radio, it is the eighth-largest radio broadcaster in the United States, and the largest specifically catering to Hispanic and Latino Americans. The company is headquartered in Los Angeles.
Sauk Rapids, Minnesota
Sauk Rapids (/sɔːk/ SAWK) is a city in Benton County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 13,862 at the 2020 census and is 13,896 according to 2021 census estimates, about a third of Benton County's population. It is on a set of rapids on the Mississippi River near its confluence with the Sauk River.

Sauk Rapids is part of the St. Cloud metropolitan area.

St. Cloud metropolitan area
The St. Cloud Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, consists of two counties in central Minnesota, anchored by the city of St. Cloud. In the 2010 census, the MSA had a population of 201,093; a July 1, 2012, Census Bureau estimate placed the population at 190,014. As of the 2020 census, the population was 199,671, in 2022, 201,868.

The St. Cloud Metropolitan Statistical Area is part of the Minneapolis-Saint Paul, MN-WI Combined Statistical Area.
Ahtanum Ridge
Ahtanum Ridge is a long anticline mountain ridge in Yakima County in the U.S. state of Washington. It is located just south of the city of Yakima, and much of its length is at the northern edge of the Yakama Indian Reservation. Its name comes from the Sahaptin toponym [átanɨm].

Ahtanum Ridge is part of the Yakima Fold Belt of east-tending long ridges formed by the folding of Miocene Columbia River basalt flows.

Ahtanum Ridge separates Yakima Valley on the south from Ahtanum Valley on the north. At the eastern end of Ahtanum Ridge the Yakima River flows through Union Gap. The ridge continues east of Union Gap as the Rattlesnake Hills.

Yakima, Washington
Yakima (/ˈjækɪmɑː/ or /ˈjækɪmə/) is a city in and the county seat of Yakima County, Washington, United States, and the state's 11th most populous city. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 96,968 and a metropolitan population of 256,728. The unincorporated suburban areas of West Valley and Terrace Heights are considered a part of greater Yakima.

Yakima is about 60 miles (100 kilometers) southeast of Mount Rainier in Washington. It is situated in the Yakima Valley, a productive agricultural region noted for apple, wine, and hop production. As of 2011, the Yakima Valley produces 77% of all hops grown in the United States. The name Yakima originates from the Yakama Nation Native American tribe, whose reservation is located south of the city.
Modal operator
A modal connective (or modal operator) is a logical connective for modal logic. It is an operator which forms propositions from propositions. In general, a modal operator has the "formal" property of being non-truth-functional in the following sense: The truth-value of composite formulae sometimes depend on factors other than the actual truth-value of their components. In the case of alethic modal logic, a modal operator can be said to be truth-functional in another sense, namely, that of being sensitive only to the distribution of truth-values across possible worlds, actual or not. Finally, a modal operator is "intuitively" characterized by expressing a modal attitude (such as necessity, possibility, belief, or knowledge) about the proposition to which the operator is applied.

Epistemic modal logic
Epistemic modal logic is a subfield of modal logic that is concerned with reasoning about knowledge.  While epistemology has a long philosophical tradition dating back to Ancient Greece, epistemic logic is a much more recent development with applications in many fields, including philosophy, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, economics, and linguistics.  While philosophers since Aristotle have discussed modal logic, and Medieval philosophers such as Avicenna, Ockham, and Duns Scotus developed many of their observations, it was C. I. Lewis who created the first symbolic and systematic approach to the topic, in 1912.  It continued to mature as a field, reaching its modern form in 1963 with the work of Saul Kripke.
Corbyn shadow cabinet
Jeremy Corbyn assumed the position of Leader of the Opposition after being elected as leader of the Labour Party on 12 September 2015; the election was triggered by Ed Miliband's resignation following the Labour Party's electoral defeat at the 2015 general election when David Cameron formed a majority Conservative government. The usual number of junior shadow ministers were also appointed.

Corbyn appointed his first Shadow Cabinet in September 2015. A small reshuffle occurred on 5 January 2016, with one further resignation on 11 January 2016. Dozens of further resignations occurred on 26 and 27 June 2016.

The cabinet was reshuffled following the 2017 and 2019 general elections.

Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon
Angela Evans Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon (born 7 January 1959), is a British politician and life peer serving as Leader of the House of Lords and Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal since 2024. A member of the Labour and Co-operative parties, she was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Basildon from 1997 to 2010.

Smith served in government as an Assistant Whip from 2001 to 2002 and a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State from 2002 to 2007. She became Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, in 2007 and served until her appointment as Minister of State for the Third Sector in 2009.

Smith lost her seat to the Conservatives at the 2010 general election, contesting the reformed South Basildon and East Thurrock constituency. She was appointed to the House of Lords shortly after her defeat, where she became Shadow Deputy Chief Whip in 2012 and Shadow Leader in 2015.