hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nagano (city)
Nagano (長野市, Nagano-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [naꜜɡano, naɡanoꜜɕi]) is the capital and largest city of Nagano Prefecture, located in the Nagano Basin (Zenkoji Daira) in the central Chūbu region of Japan. Nagano is categorized as a core city of Japan. Nagano City is the highest prefectural capital in Japan, with an altitude of 371.4 meters (1,219 ft).

The city is surrounded by mountains, the highest of which is Mount Takatsuma (2,353 m), and it is near the confluence of the Chikuma River—the longest and widest river in Japan—and the Sai River. As of 1 July 2023, the city had an estimated population of 365,296 in 160,625 households, and a population density of 438 persons per km². The total area of the city is 834.81 square kilometres (322.32 sq mi).

Hongō Station (Nagano)
Hongō Station (本郷駅, Hongō-eki) is a railway station in the northeastern part of city of Nagano, Japan, in area called Miwa (三輪). The station  is operated by the private railway operating company Nagano Electric Railway (長野電鉄株式会社, Nagano dentetsu).

The station serves the University of Nagano (長野県立大学 Nagano Kenritsu Daigaku), Nagano Women's Junior College (長野女子短期大学 Nagano joshi tanki daigaku), Nagano School for the Deaf (長野県長野ろう学校 Naganoken Nagano rou gakkou), Nagano Prefectural, Nagano Senior High School (長野県長野高等学校 Naganoken Nagano koutou gakkou), and Nagano Girls Senior High School (長野女子高等学校 Nagano joshi koutou gakkou).
Edward Liddall Armitage
Edward Liddall Armitage or E. Liddall Armitage (1887–1967) was an English stained-glass designer. He studied and worked with Karl Parsons and Henry Holiday before going into partnership with Victor Drury. In the 1940s to the early 1960s, Armitage was the chief stained glass designer for James Powell and Sons. During his career he designed and made stained glass works for churches and cathedrals. He also published a book on making stained glass.

The Glass House, Fulham
The Glass House building was a "purpose-built stained-glass studio and workshop" for stained glass artists in Fulham, London. Having gone into partnership in 1897, Mary Lowndes and Alfred Drury had The Glass House built in 1906 for use by independent stained-glass artists.
Luxembourg Open
The Luxembourg Open, last sponsored by BGL, was a women's tennis tournament held in Kockelscheuer, Luxembourg. Held since 1991, the tournament was an exhibition event (winners including Novotná, Navratilova and Appelmans) until 1995. After that, it became a WTA Tier III tournament, which it remained until 2004.  In 2005, it was promoted to Tier II, marking the first such event to be held in Luxembourg. In 2008, the tournament was relegated to a Tier III event, before it became an International Series tournament in 2009.

Kim Clijsters of Belgium holds the record of most singles wins: 5 (1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005). No other player has won more than twice.

Kockelscheuer
Kockelscheuer (German pronunciation: [ˈkɔkl̩ˌʃɔʏɐ]; Luxembourgish: Kockelscheier) is a small town in the commune of Roeser, in southern Luxembourg.  As of 2025, the town has a population of 273.  The Fortis Championships Luxembourg are held at the Kockelscheuer Sport Centre, just to the north of the town. The 2014 IIHF World Championship Division III were held at the Kockelscheuer Ice Rink in April 2014.
Each year Kockelscheuer held sponsored by BGL a tennis tournament, part of WTA.
Thomas Axford
Thomas Leslie "Jack" Axford, VC, MM (18 June 1894 – 11 October 1983) was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Mount Hawthorn, Western Australia
Mount Hawthorn is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Vincent.

The Mount Hawthorn area was first selected for urban development in 1887. In the late 1890s part of it was purchased by a syndicate of Edward Wittenoom, a politician and pastoralist; James Hicks and C. L. W. Clifton. When this group subdivided their land in 1903, Hicks called his portion of the subdivision Hawthorn Estate, as he had recently been in Melbourne and stayed at Hawthorn.
Queueing theory
Queueing theory is the mathematical study of waiting lines, or queues. A queueing model is constructed so that queue lengths and waiting time can be predicted. Queueing theory is generally considered a branch of operations research because the results are often used when making business decisions about the resources needed to provide a service.

Queueing theory has its origins in research by Agner Krarup Erlang, who created models to describe the system of incoming calls at the Copenhagen Telephone Exchange Company. These ideas were seminal to the field of teletraffic engineering and have since seen applications in telecommunications, traffic engineering, computing, project management, and particularly industrial engineering, where they are applied in the design of factories, shops, offices, and hospitals.

Teletraffic engineering
Teletraffic engineering, or telecommunications traffic engineering is the application of transportation traffic engineering theory to telecommunications. Teletraffic engineers use their knowledge of statistics including queuing theory, the nature of traffic, their practical models, their measurements and simulations to make predictions and to plan telecommunication networks such as a telephone network or the Internet. These tools and knowledge help provide reliable service at lower cost.

The field was created by the work of A. K. Erlang for circuit-switched networks but is applicable to packet-switched networks, as they both exhibit Markovian properties, and can hence be modeled by e.g. a Poisson arrival process.

The observation in traffic engineering is that in large systems the law of large numbers can be used to make the aggregate properties of a system over a long period of time much more predictable than the behaviour of individual parts of the system.
Peiting
Peiting (German pronunciation: [ˈpaɪtɪŋ] ⓘ) is a municipality  in the Weilheim-Schongau district, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated on the right bank of the Lech, 3 km southeast of Schongau, and 17 km west of Weilheim in Oberbayern.

Schongau, Bavaria
Schongau (German pronunciation: [ˈʃoːnɡaʊ] ⓘ) is a town in Bavaria, southern Germany, near the Alps. It is located along the Lech, between Landsberg am Lech and Füssen. It has about 12,000 inhabitants. Schongau has a well-preserved old wall around the center.
Aleglitazar
Aleglitazar is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist (hence a PPAR modulator) with affinity to PPARα and PPARγ, which was under development by Hoffmann–La Roche for the treatment of type II diabetes.  It is no longer in phase III clinical trials.

PPAR agonist
PPAR agonists are drugs which act upon the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. They are used for the treatment of symptoms of the metabolic syndrome, mainly for lowering triglycerides and blood sugar.
Tarumanagara University
Tarumanagara University (Indonesian: Universitas Tarumanagara, abbreviated as UNTAR) is a private university in Jakarta, Indonesia and one of the oldest private universities in the country. In 2017 UNTAR received an accreditation A (meaning Excellent) from the Government's National Accreditation Board (BAN-PT). It has 4 campuses, where Campus I (main campus) and Campus II are located in the metropolitan area of West Jakarta, and Campus III in South Jakarta. A future Campus IV of 130 hectares, currently under construction, is in Karawaci (a satellite town some 25 kilometers from West Jakarta), and will become an integrated campus called Tarumanagara City. Currently UNTAR is led by Rector Prof. Dr. Amad Sudiro, S.H., M.H., M.M., M.Kn., and Vice-Rector Assoc Prof. Sri Tiatri, S.Psi., M.Si., Ph.D., Psikolog

West Jakarta
West Jakarta (Indonesian: Jakarta Barat; Betawi: Jakarté Bèkulon), abbreviated as Jakbar, is one of the five administrative cities of the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Indonesia. West Jakarta is not self-governed and does not have a city council, hence it is not classified as a proper municipality. It had a population of 2,281,945 at the 2010 Census and 2,434,511 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 2,611,515 (comprising 1,312,120 males and 1,299,395 females). The administrative center of West Jakarta is at Puri Kembangan.

West Jakarta is bordered by Tangerang Regency and North Jakarta to the north, Central Jakarta to the east, South Jakarta to the south, and Tangerang city to the west.
Die (manufacturing)
A die is a specialized machine tool used in manufacturing industries to cut and/or form material to a desired shape or profile. Stamping dies are used with a press, as opposed to drawing dies (used in the manufacture of wire) and casting dies (used in molding) which are not. Like molds, dies are generally customized to the item they are used to create.

Products made with dies range from simple paper clips to complex pieces used in advanced technology. Continuous-feed laser cutting may displace the analogous die-based process in the automotive industry, among others.

Forming (metalworking)
In metalworking, forming is the fashioning of metal parts and objects through mechanical deformation; the workpiece is reshaped without adding or removing material, and its mass remains unchanged. Forming operates on the materials science principle of plastic deformation, where the physical shape of a material is permanently deformed.
AACE International
AACE International (Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering) was founded in 1956 by 59 cost estimators and cost engineers during the organizational meeting of the American Association of Cost Engineering at the University of New Hampshire in Durham, New Hampshire.  AACE International Headquarters is located in Morgantown, West Virginia, USA. AACE is a 501(c)(3) non-profit professional association. AACE International is a member of the Board of the Council of Engineering and Scientific Specialty Boards (CESB).

Cost engineering
Cost engineering is "the engineering practice devoted to the management of project cost, involving such activities as estimating, cost control, cost forecasting, investment appraisal and risk analysis". "Cost Engineers budget, plan and monitor investment projects. They seek the optimum balance between cost, quality and time requirements."

Skills and knowledge of cost engineers are similar to those of quantity surveyors.  In many industries, cost engineering is synonymous with project controls.  As the title "engineer" has legal requirements in many jurisdictions (e.g. Canada, Texas), the cost engineering discipline is often renamed to project controls.

A cost engineer is "an engineer whose judgment and experience are utilized in the application of scientific principles and techniques to problems of estimation; cost control; business planning and management science; profitability analysis; project management; and planning and scheduling".
2016 Republican Party presidential debates and forums
Twelve presidential debates and nine forums were held between the candidates for the Republican Party's nomination for president in the 2016 United States presidential election, starting on August 6, 2015.

New Hampshire Institute of Politics
The New Hampshire Institute of Politics (NHIOP) is an academic institute at Saint Anselm College in Goffstown, New Hampshire.  Founded in 2001, the institute has hosted hundreds of potential candidates for the U.S. presidency.
Borbona
Borbona is a comune (municipality) in the province of Rieti, in the Italian region of Latium, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) northeast of Rome and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northeast of Rieti.

Borbona borders the following municipalities: Antrodoco, Cagnano Amiterno, Cittareale, Micigliano, Montereale, Posta.

Cittareale
Cittareale is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Rieti in the Italian region of Latium. It is located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) northeast of Rome and 35 kilometres (22 mi) northeast of Rieti.

Cittareale borders the following municipalities: Accumoli, Amatrice, Borbona, Cascia, Leonessa, Montereale, Norcia, Posta. The source of the Velino river are in the communal territory.

Cittareal is home to a large Rocca (castle), which had a strategical importance due to its position between the Kingdom of Naples and the Papal States. Its current appearance date to the reconstruction by the Aragonese in 1479. The church of St. Peter in Vetozza was built over a pre-existing temple dedicated to Vacuna, and later was owned by the Abbey of Farfa.

The Roman emperor Vespasian was born nearby.
Nightline (Australian TV program)
Nightline was an Australian late-night news bulletin television program produced by Nine News for Nine Network. Introduced in 1985 as a 5-minute late-night news summary before becoming a 30-minute bulletin in 1992, it was cancelled in 2008, then was brought back in 2009 before it was cancelled again in July 2010. It aired at around 11:30 pm on weeknights, but was not shown in Perth or Adelaide. Nightline was previously presented by Kellie Sloane. Its main competitors were Ten Late News and ABC News's Lateline, both of which aired prior to Nightline at 10:30 pm.

The series was patterned after the version that airs on ABC (US), but that one is different from the Australian counterpart even though at one point both versions used the same opening graphics, which both no longer use.

TCN
TCN is the flagship television station of the Nine Network in Australia. The station is currently located at 1 Denison Street, North Sydney. The licence, issued to a company named Television Corporation Ltd headed by Frank Packer, was one of the first four licences (two in Sydney, two in Melbourne) to be issued for commercial television stations in Australia. TCN-9 is the home of the NRL coverage and national-level Nine News bulletins.
Cosmo Police Galivan
Cosmo Police Galivan is a 1985 platform video game developed and published by Nichibutsu for arcades. The game is a homage to the Japanese tokusatsu shows Space Sheriff Gavan and Space Sheriff Sharivan. It was later ported to Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC, ZX Spectrum, and Famicom. The game spawned a sequel for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System called, Cosmo Police Galivan II: Arrow of Justice. Hamster Corporation acquired the rights to the game alongside Nichibutsu's intellectual property; the company released the game as part of the Arcade Archives series for the PlayStation 4 in 2015 and Nintendo Switch in 2021.

Nichibutsu
Nihon Bussan Co. Ltd., doing business as Nichibutsu, was a Japanese video game developer and publisher headquartered in Kita, Osaka. In the past they had also manufactured and sold yachts.

The company used a horned owl for its official logo. Outside of the Nichibutsu brand, the company also produces adult video games (mainly strip mahjong arcade games) under the Sphinx (スフィンクス) brand.

In March 2014, Nichibutsu sold its video game library to Hamster Corporation due to the decision of original founder Sueharu Torii to retire. The company was disbanded on December 15, 2015.
Séléa
Séléa Bambao, the village of Selea-Bambo, is situated in the Bambao region in Grande Comore, Comoros. Bambao is a well-known region of Grande Comore, and it contains the largest region of the Grande Comore. The capital of Grande Comore, Moroni, is located in the Bambao region.

Moroni, Comoros
Moroni (French pronunciation: [mɔʁɔni] ⓘ; Arabic: موروني, romanized:  Mūrūnī) is the largest city, national capital, and seat of the government of the Union of the Comoros, a sovereign archipelago nation in the Indian Ocean. Moroni means "at the river" (mroni in Shingazidja). Moroni is the capital of the semi-autonomous island of Ngazidja, the largest of the three main islands of the republic. The city's estimated population in 2003 was 41,557 residents. Moroni, which lies along the Route Nationale 1, has a port and several mosques such as the Badjanani Mosque.
Kappa effect
The kappa effect or perceptual time dilation is a temporal perceptual illusion that can arise when observers judge the elapsed time between sensory stimuli applied sequentially at different locations. In perceiving a sequence of consecutive stimuli, subjects tend to overestimate the elapsed time between two successive stimuli when the distance between the stimuli is sufficiently large, and to underestimate the elapsed time when the distance is sufficiently small.

Time perception
In psychology and neuroscience, time perception or chronoception is the subjective experience, or sense, of time, which is measured by someone's own perception of the duration of the indefinite and unfolding of events. The perceived time interval between two successive events is referred to as perceived duration. Though directly experiencing or understanding another person's perception of time is not possible, perception can be objectively studied and inferred through a number of scientific experiments. Some temporal illusions help to expose the underlying neural mechanisms of time perception.

The ancient Greeks recognized the difference between chronological time (chronos) and subjective time (kairos).

Pioneering work on time perception, emphasizing species-specific differences, was conducted by Karl Ernst von Baer.
Audubon Park (New Orleans)
Audubon Park (historically French: Plantation de Boré) is a municipal park located in the Uptown neighborhood of New Orleans, Louisiana, in the United States. It is approximately 350 acres. The park is approximately six miles to the west of the city center of New Orleans and sits on land that was purchased by the city in 1871. It is bordered on one side by the Mississippi River and on the other by St. Charles Avenue, directly across from Loyola University and Tulane University. The park is named in honor of artist and naturalist John James Audubon, who began living in New Orleans in 1821.

St. Charles Avenue
St. Charles Avenue (French: avenue Saint-Charles) is a thoroughfare in New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. and the route of the St. Charles Streetcar Line.  It is also famous for the dozens of mansions that adorn the tree-lined boulevard for much of the uptown section of the boulevard. It is named for St. Charles Borromeo, patron saint of Charles III of Spain, the monarch when France transferred the then-vast territory of Louisiana to Spain at the conclusion of the Seven Years' War in 1763.

The Southern live oak trees, plentiful in the historic Garden District, were planted during the early twentieth century. Similar additions were made on other major New Orleans streets, such as Carrollton Avenue, Napoleon Avenue, and part of Canal Street, becoming one of the city's most memorable features.

St. Charles Avenue is one of the chief Mardi Gras parade routes.
Stadio Alfredo Viviani
40°38′02.88″N 15°48′15.54″E﻿ / ﻿40.6341333°N 15.8043167°E﻿ / 40.6341333; 15.8043167

Stadio Alfredo Viviani is a multi-use stadium in Potenza, Italy. It is used mostly for association football matches and is the home ground of Potenza Calcio. The stadium holds 6,000 people.

Potenza Calcio
Potenza Calcio S.r.l., formerly A.S.D. Rossoblù Potenza F.C. or just Potenza F.C., is an Italian football club based in Potenza, Basilicata. It currently plays in the Serie C.

Potenza Calcio was founded in June 2012 as F.C.D. Rossoblu Potenza, by a merger of two amateur teams Controsenso Potenza and Atella Monticchio. The club had claimed as a phoenix club of Potenza S.C., which was first founded in 2004, adopting an explicit logo after reaching the professional status in 2018. Potenza S.C.was de-registered from Italian Football Federation in April 2012 after played their last season in 2010–11 Eccellenza Basilicata. From 2011–12 to 2012–13 season, another team, Città di Potenza (formerly: Atletico Potenza, P3F Potenza Giocoleria, Lucania Team Giocoleria) was briefly acted as the major successor of Potenza S.C.
Funariales
Funariales is an order containing 356 species, 26 genera and 7 families.

1. Gigaspermaceae

2. Funariaceae (ca. 300 species)

3. Disceliaceae

4. Oedipodiacea

5. Splachaceae

6. Ephemeraceae

7. Splachnobryaceae

The members are small, annual or biennial land mosses.

The family Disceliaceae and its only species, Discelium nudum, was formerly placed in this order, but is now placed in its own order, Disceliales.

Funariaceae
The Funariaceae are a family of mosses in the order Funariales. As of January 2025, 233 species are included in the family.

The genus Goniomitrium has been recently moved from the Pottiaceae to the Funariaceae.
Millet butterflyfish
The millet butterflyfish (Chaetodon miliaris) is a species of butterflyfish in the family Chaetodontidae. Other common names include the lemon butterflyfish and the millet-seed butterflyfish. It is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and the Johnston Atoll, where it is found at depths down to 250 m (820 ft). Although it has a limited range, it is common around Hawaii, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed its conservation status as being of "least concern".

Chaetodon guentheri
Chaetodon guentheri, Günther's butterflyfish or the crochet butterflyfish,  is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a butterflyfish belonging to the family Chaetodontidae. It is native to The western Pacific Ocean.
The Castle, Harrow
The Castle is a Grade II listed public house at West Street, Harrow on the Hill, London.

It is on the Campaign for Real Ale's National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors.

The Castle can trace its roots back as far as 1716. The current building dates back to 1901. The building has Heritage status, with several listed features.

Harrow on the Hill
Harrow on the Hill or Harrow-on-the-Hill is an affluent locality and historic village in the London Borough of Harrow in north-west London, England. The name refers to Harrow Hill, 408 feet (124 m), and is located some half a mile south of the modern town of Harrow. The village dates back to early medieval times, built around the 11th-century St Mary's Church, and is the location of three schools, namely, Harrow, St Dominic's and John Lyon.
Gennady Sarafanov
Gennady Vasiliyevich Sarafanov (Russian: Геннадий Васильевич Сарафанов; 1 January 1942 – 29 September 2005) was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew on the Soyuz 15 spaceflight in 1974. This mission was intended to dock with the space station Salyut 3, but failed to do so after the docking system malfunctioned.

Sarafanov was born in Sinenkiye, Saratov Oblast, USSR. He graduated from the Soviet Air Force academy and held the rank of colonel.

He made a single spaceflight before resigning from the space programme in 1986 and subsequently lectured on technology. He died in Moscow, Russia.

He was awarded:

Hero of the Soviet Union

Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR

Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Il'ich Lenin"

Medal "For Distinction in Guarding the State Border of the USSR"

Medal "For the Development of Virgin Lands"

Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR
The honorary title Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR (Russian: Летчик-космонавт СССР) was a state award of the Soviet Union presented to all cosmonauts who flew for the Soviet Space Agency.  Usually accompanying the distinction was the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, the highest title that could be awarded to a Soviet citizen for performing heroic deeds while in service of the state.