hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Continuum hypothesis
In mathematics, specifically set theory, the continuum hypothesis (abbreviated CH) is a hypothesis about the possible sizes of infinite sets. It states:

There is no set whose cardinality is strictly between that of the integers and the real numbers.

In Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice (ZFC), this is equivalent to the following equation in aleph numbers: , or even shorter with beth numbers: .

The continuum hypothesis was advanced by Georg Cantor in 1878, and establishing its truth or falsehood is the first of Hilbert's 23 problems presented in 1900. The answer to this problem is independent of ZFC, so that either the continuum hypothesis or its negation can be added as an axiom to ZFC set theory, with the resulting theory being consistent if and only if ZFC is consistent. This independence was proved in 1963 by Paul Cohen, complementing earlier work by Kurt Gödel in 1940.

The name of the hypothesis comes from the term continuum for the real numbers.

W. Hugh Woodin
William Hugh Woodin (born April 23, 1955) is an American mathematician at Harvard University specializing in set theory. He has made many notable contributions to the theory of inner models and determinacy. A type of large cardinals, the Woodin cardinals, bears his name. In 2023, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.
Eddie Machen
Edward Mills Machen (June 15, 1932 – August 8, 1972) was an American professional boxer. He was one of six children of a rural mail carrier. Machen dropped out of high school and became an amateur boxer. However, after just three bouts he was arrested and convicted of armed robbery. After his release, he became a professional boxer, determined never to return to prison again. His 64-bout career began on March 22, 1955, and he went on to win his first 24 bouts. He was highly rated and fought most of the big names of his era and he defeated many of the important names of his period such as Bob Baker, Jerry Quarry, Niño Valdés, Joey Maxim, Willi Besmanoff,  Tommy Jackson, Brian London, Howard King and Doug Jones (boxer)

Willi Besmanoff
William David Besmanoff (October 4, 1932 – October 20, 2010) was a German boxer who was a heavyweight contender in the 1950s. He was born in Munich, Germany. His father was Jewish American. When Willi was 11, he was imprisoned in the Buchenwald concentration camp for a short time. In the 1950s he moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and became an American citizen.

Making his professional debut in 1952, Besmanoff mainly fought in Germany for the first half of his career, before subsequently relocating to the United States. Besmanoff fought many top contenders of the era, including Sonny Liston, Archie Moore, George Chuvalo, Zora Folley, Eddie Machen, Roy Harris, Willie Pastrano and Bob Foster. He was also an early opponent of Cassius Clay. He retired in 1967, with a final record of 51–34–8.
Store Svarthorn Peak
Store Svarthorn Peak (71°35′S 12°33′E﻿ / ﻿71.583°S 12.550°E﻿ / -71.583; 12.550) is a very prominent black peak (2,490 m) rising abruptly at the southwest extremity of Mittlere Petermann Range, in the Wohlthat Mountains of Queen Maud Land, a region of Antarctica claimed by Norway. It was discovered and given the descriptive name "Grosses Schwarz-Horn" (great black peak) by the German Antarctic Expedition under Ritscher, 1938–39. The peak was remapped by the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition, 1956–60, who used the form Store Svarthorn. The Norwegian spelling has been recommended by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) to agree with associated features in the area having this name.

Mittlere Petermann Range
The Mittlere Petermann Range (German: Mittlere Petermannkette, 71°30′S 12°28′E﻿ / ﻿71.500°S 12.467°E﻿ / -71.500; 12.467) is one of the Petermann Ranges in Antarctica, extending north–south for 17 nautical miles (31 km) from the Johnson Peaks to Store Svarthorn Peak, in the Wohlthat Mountains, Queen Maud Land. The range was discovered and plotted from air photos by the Third German Antarctic Expedition of 1938–39, and so named by them for its middle position in the northern part of the Petermann Ranges.
Domain (ring theory)
In algebra, a domain is a nonzero ring in which ab = 0 implies a = 0 or b = 0. (Sometimes such a ring is said to "have the zero-product property".) Equivalently, a domain is a ring in which 0 is the only left zero divisor (or equivalently, the only right zero divisor).   A commutative domain is called an integral domain.  Mathematical literature contains multiple variants of the definition of "domain".

Hurwitz quaternion
In mathematics, a Hurwitz quaternion (or Hurwitz integer) is a quaternion whose components are either all integers or all half-integers (halves of odd integers; a mixture of integers and half-integers is excluded). The set of all Hurwitz quaternions is

That is, either a, b, c, d are all integers, or they are all half-integers.
H is closed under quaternion multiplication and addition, which makes it a subring of the ring of all quaternions H. Hurwitz quaternions were introduced by Adolf Hurwitz (1919).

A Lipschitz quaternion (or Lipschitz integer; named after Rudolf Lipschitz) is a quaternion whose components are all integers. The set of all Lipschitz quaternions

forms a subring of the Hurwitz quaternions H. Hurwitz integers have the advantage over Lipschitz integers that it is possible to perform Euclidean division on them, obtaining a small remainder.

Both the Hurwitz and Lipschitz quaternions are examples of noncommutative domains which are not division rings.
Memorial Cross
The Memorial Cross (French: Croix du Souvenir), often known as the Silver Cross for Mothers, is a Canadian decoration awarded to the mother, widow, widower, or next of kin of any member of the Canadian Armed Forces whose life is lost on active service, including peacekeeping, other such international operations and, since 2001, other service-related deaths.

Elizabeth Cross
The Elizabeth Cross is a form of recognition given to the recognised next of kin of members of the British Armed Forces who have died on operations, or as a result of an act of terrorism since 1 January 1948, after the Second World War. It bears the name of Queen Elizabeth II.
Zurich University of Applied Sciences in Business Administration
The University of Applied Sciences in Business Administration Zurich (HWZ, German: Hochschule für Wirtschaft Zürich) is the oldest and biggest part-time university for economics and Business Administration in Switzerland and is a part of the Zurich University of Applied Sciences.

Zurich University of Applied Sciences
The Zurich University of Applied Sciences (Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften) is a governing body composed of four separate universities (Fachhochschule). It is located in the city of Winterthur, with facilities in Zürich and Wädenswil, is the second largest university in Switzerland after the University of Zurich.

As of 2024, the Zürcher Fachhochschule encompasses four universities, covering such fields of study as architecture and civil engineering, health, linguistics, life sciences and facility management, applied psychology, social work, engineering and management and law. All fields of study
Honeybee Stakes
The Honeybee Stakes is a Grade III American Thoroughbred horse race for three-year-old fillies at a distance of one and one-sixteenth miles on the dirt run annually in late February or early March at Oaklawn Park Race Track in Hot Springs, Arkansas.  The event currently offers a purse of $500,000.

Oaklawn Racing Casino Resort
Oaklawn Racing Casino Resort, formerly Oaklawn Park Race Track, is an American thoroughbred racetrack and casino in Hot Springs, Arkansas, United States. It is the home to "The Racing Festival of the South", a four-day series of races that concludes with the Arkansas Derby.

In 2017, Oaklawn was ranked fifth among thoroughbred racetracks in North America by the Horseplayers Association of North America.

In 2015, a pair of victories at Oaklawn put American Pharoah on the path to becoming American Horse of the Year and the first Triple Crown winner in 37 years.
Free-range parenting
Free-range parenting is the concept of raising children in the spirit of encouraging them to function independently and with limited parental supervision, in accordance with their age of development and with a reasonable acceptance of realistic personal risks. It is seen as the opposite of helicopter parenting and tiger parenting. A notable text of the movement is Lenore Skenazy's book Free-Range Kids: Giving Our Children the Freedom We Had Without Going Nuts with Worry (2009).

Helicopter parent
A helicopter parent (also called a cosseting parent or simply a cosseter) is a parent considered overattentive and overly fearful for their child, particularly outside the home and at educational institutions. Helicopter parents are so named because, like helicopters, they "hover overhead", overseeing every aspect of their child's life. A helicopter parent is also known to strictly supervise their children in all aspects of their lives, including in social interactions. The term originally gained popularity regarding the behaviour of parents towards their adult children; however, in recent years, the use of term has expanded to cover parenting practices at increasingly younger ages.
2016 Chengdu Open
The 2016 Chengdu Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the inaugural edition of the Chengdu Open and part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the 2016 ATP World Tour. It took place at the Sichuan International Tennis Center in Chengdu, China, from September 26 to October 2, 2016. Unseeded Karen Khachanov won the singles title.

2016 ATP World Tour
The 2016 ATP World Tour was the global elite professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2016 tennis season. The 2016 ATP World Tour calendar comprised the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP World Tour Masters 1000s, the ATP World Tour 500 series, the ATP World Tour 250 series, the Davis Cup (organized by the ITF), and the ATP World Tour Finals. Also included in the 2016 calendar were the tennis events at the 2016 Summer Olympics and Hopman Cup, neither of which distributed ranking points.
Ursuline Church of the Holy Trinity
Ursuline Church of the Holy Trinity (Slovene: uršulinska cerkev sv. Trojice or uršulinska cerkev Sv. Trojice), or briefly Ursuline Church (uršulinska cerkev), officially Holy Trinity Church (Cerkev svete Trojice), also Nun Church (nunska cerkev), is a parish church in Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. It is located at Slovene Street (Slovenska cesta), along the western border of Congress Square. It was built between 1718 and 1726 in the Baroque style.

Congress Square
Congress Square (Slovene: Kongresni trg) is one of the central squares in Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. In the late 1930s, the square was renovated by the prominent Slovene architect Jože Plečnik. Since August 2021, it has been inscribed as part of Plečnik's legacy on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Sherbrooke Lake (British Columbia)
Sherbrooke Lake is a lake in Yoho National Park, British Columbia, Canada. The lake is bounded on the west by Mount Ogden 2,695 m (8,842 ft), Mount Niles 2,972 m (9,751 ft) to the north, and Paget Peak on the east side. The lake can be reached by following a three km hiking trail that begins from the Trans-Canada Highway across from Wapta Lake.

Sherbrooke Lake also serves as an access point for mountaineering access to the Waputik Icefield and the Scott Duncan Hut.

Mount Niles
Mount Niles is a 2,967-metre (9,734-foot) summit located in the Waputik Range of Yoho National Park, in the Canadian Rockies of British Columbia, Canada. The nearest higher peak is Mount Daly, 1.63 km (1.01 mi) to the immediate northeast. Takakkaw Falls is situated four km to the west, the Waputik Icefield lies to the north, and Sherbrooke Lake lies to the south. Precipitation runoff from Mount Niles drains into the Yoho River and Niles Creek, both tributaries of the Kicking Horse River. Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises approximately 1,500 meters (4,920 feet) above Yoho Valley in four kilometers (2.5 mile).
Mary Elizabeth Elliott
Mary Elizabeth Elliott (December 10, 1923 – September 10, 1976) was a Canadian plant pathologist and mycologist who spent 28 years with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. She was known for her work on the taxonomy and physiology of the Sclerotiniaceae; she was also knowledgeable in the identification of mushrooms, a service she offered regularly to the public, and served as president of the Canadian Botanical Association.

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC; sometimes Ag-Canada; French: Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada) is the department of the Government of Canada responsible for the federal regulation of agriculture, including policies governing the production, processing, and marketing of all farm, food, and agri-based products. Agriculture in Canada is a shared jurisdiction and the department works with the provinces and territories in the development and delivery of policies and programs.

The minister of agriculture and agri-food is responsible for the department to Parliament. While the minister is head of the department, and provides policy/political direction, the day-to-day operations of the department are managed by the deputy minister, who is a public servant.
National School of Business and Management of Fez
The National School of Business and Management of Fez (École Nationale de Commerce et de Gestion de Fès; ENCGF) is a Moroccan public business school located in Fez. Established in 2007, it is a constituent institution of the Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University and part of the national network of Écoles Nationales de Commerce et de Gestion.

Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University
Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University (French: Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah; Arabic: جامعة سيدي محمد بن عبد الله) is a university in Fez city, Morocco, which was founded in 1975. It is named for Mohammed ben Abdallah.

In 2022, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings rated Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University as the best higher education institution in Morocco. It was the only Moroccan university to be ranked in the top 1,000 globally.
Eddie Chambers
Edward Chambers (born March 29, 1982) is an American former professional boxer. He challenged once for a unified world heavyweight title in 2010. He was ranked as the fourth best heavyweight in the world by The Ring at the conclusion of 2009. A defensively-oriented fighter, Chambers has been widely credited for his counterpunching skills and particularly praised for his hand speed and footwork. He has also been one of the first heavyweights with ability to switch between fighting orthodox and southpaw.

Alexander Dimitrenko
Alexander Viktorovych "Sascha" Dimitrenko (Ukrainian: Олександр Вікторович Димитренко; born 5 July 1982) is a Ukrainian-born German former professional boxer who competed from 2001 to 2019, and held the European heavyweight title from 2010 to 2011.
History of public transport ticketing in New South Wales
Public transport ticketing in New South Wales, Australia has operated using a variety of different fare collection systems. Paper tickets were used until 1992, whilst magnetic tickets were used until 2016. The magnetic ticketing system, known variously as AFC, STATS and MyZone, was progressively replaced by a contactless smart card called Opal.

State Transit Authority
The State Transit Authority of New South Wales, also referred to as State Transit, was an agency of the Government of New South Wales operating bus services in Sydney. Superseding the Urban Transit Authority in 1989, it was also responsible for the provision of ferry services in Sydney until 2004 and bus and ferry services in Newcastle until 2017. It ceased trading after 2 April 2022 with its remaining operations to be contracted out by Transport for NSW to replacement operators. As of November 2024, the New South Wales Government has not yet put forward a Bill for the dissolution of the State Transit Authority of NSW.
Football Association of Malaysia
The Football Association of Malaysia (commonly abbreviated as FAM; Malay: Persatuan Bola Sepak Malaysia) is the national governing body of football in Malaysia, headquartered at Wisma FAM. The FAM is also one of the founding members of both the ASEAN Football Federation (AFF) and the Asian Football Confederation (AFC). It has been affiliated with FIFA since 1954. The FAM oversees the organisation and development of football and advancing the game at all levels in Malaysia, and is responsible for all aspects of the amateur and professional game in its territory. This includes the men's, women's and youth national football teams as well as the Malaysian Amateur Football League and Malaysia Premier Futsal League.

Malaysia Cup
The Malaysia Cup (Malay: Piala Malaysia), formerly known as Malaya Cup, is an annual football tournament in Malaysia, held at the end of the calendar year. The cup was first held in 1921. Despite its prestige and popularity as the country's oldest cup tournament, it does not guarantee a place in a continental competition, which is allocated to the Malaysia FA Cup winners. The competition was previously managed by the Football Association of Malaysia, before it was transferred to the Football Malaysia LLP (now known as the Malaysian Football League) in the 2016 season.

In the 2016 edition, the competition structure changed and only the top eleven teams of the Malaysia Super League and the top five teams of the Malaysia Premier League qualified for the cup.

The current title holder is Johor Darul Ta'zim, who won its fifth title in the 2024–25 edition.
Archdiocese of Mount Hagen
The Archdiocese of Mount Hagen (Latin: Archidiœcesis Hagensis Mons) is a Latin Catholic metropolitan archdiocese in Papua New Guinea. It is responsible for the suffragan dioceses of Goroka, Kundiawa, Mendi, and Wabag.

Diocese of Goroka
The Diocese of Goroka is a Latin Catholic suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Mount Hagen, based in Goroka. It was erected Vicariate Apostolic in 1959 and elevated to a diocese in 1966. In 1982, part of the diocese was separated to become the Diocese of Kundiawa.
Margaret Vertue
Christianity portal

Margaret Brenda Vertue (born 6 April 1953) is a retired South African Anglican bishop. She was the second woman to be elected as a bishop of the Anglican Church of Southern Africa and of the whole African continent, as the diocesan bishop of the Anglican Diocese of False Bay.

Vertue was educated at the Convent of the Holy Family in Kimberley and studied at St Paul's Theological College, Grahamstown (now the College of the Transfiguration), at Stellenbosch University and at St Beuno's, North Wales. She was ordained as one of the first woman priests by Archbishop Desmond Tutu in September 1992. She was preceded by Merwyn Castle.

She was elected Bishop of the Diocese of False Bay on 3 October 2012 by the Diocesan Elective Assembly and consecrated as Bishop on 19 January 2013 by the Most Reverend Thabo Makgoba, Archbishop of Cape Town.

Bishop Margaret's tenure as bishop of False Bay ended on 31 August 2023 as she entered retirement.

Merwyn Castle
Merwyn Edwin Castle (2 November 1942 - 2 August 2021) was an Anglican Bishop of the Diocese of False Bay. On 5 February 1994, Castle was consecrated as a bishop . On 27 April 2007, he was enthroned as the bishop of the Diocese of False Bay. Merwyn Castle was openly gay and identified as celibate. Upon his retirement, Margaret Vertue was eleceted and consecrated as the new bishop on 19 January 2013. Castle died on 2 August 2021 at the age of 78. He was cremated and his ashes interred under the altar of the All Saints Anglican Church in Somerset West.
Joven Alba
Joven Alba (24 August 1969-2016) was a Filipino professional pool and snooker player. Alba was a professional pool player between 2009 and 2013, and having played snooker beforehand. Alba's biggest accomplishment was winning the team snooker event at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games. Alongside partners Leonardo Andam and Alex Pagulayan the Filipino team defeated Thailand team of Nitiwat Kanjanjanasri, Phaithoon Phonbun and Supoj Saenla in the final.

In pool, Alba reached the quarter-finals of both the 2010 and 2011 WPA World Eight-ball Championships, losing to Darren Appleton on both occasions.

Leonardo Andam
Leonardo Andam (August 15, 1958 – May 22, 2014) popularly known by the nicknames "Dodong" was a Filipino professional pool player. Andam was a multiple time winner at the Southeast Asian Games. He was part of the Filipino snooker national team alongside Joven Alba and Ronato Alcano. Andam reached the Quarter finals of the 2001 WPA World Nine-ball Championship, before losing 9–11 to Canadian Alain Martel.
Alexander Y. Malcomson
Alexander Young Malcomson (June 7, 1865 – August 1, 1923) was a coal dealer from Detroit, Michigan, who bankrolled Henry Ford's first successful foray into automobile manufacturing: the Ford Motor Company.

James Couzens
James Joseph Couzens (August 26, 1872 – October 22, 1936) was an American businessman, politician and philanthropist. He served as mayor of Detroit (1919–1922) and U.S. senator from Michigan (1922–1936). Prior to entering politics he served as vice president and general manager of the Ford Motor Company.
Russ Williams (DJ)
Russell "Russ" Williams (born 21 January 1962) is an English radio DJ primarily known for his long-running shows on Virgin Radio (from 1993), and 2008 to 2016 on Absolute Radio, the re-launched version of Virgin Radio.

Absolute Radio
Absolute Radio is a British digital radio station owned and operated by Bauer Media Audio UK as part of the Absolute Radio Network. It broadcasts nationally across the UK via digital audio broadcasting.

The station focuses on alternative and indie music.
Tufted puffin
The tufted puffin (Fratercula cirrhata), also known as crested puffin, is a relatively abundant medium-sized pelagic seabird in the auk family (Alcidae) found throughout the North Pacific Ocean.
It is one of three species of puffin that make up the genus Fratercula and is easily recognizable by its thick red bill and yellow tufts.

Puffin
Puffins are any of three species of small alcids (auks) in the bird genus Fratercula. These are pelagic seabirds that feed primarily by diving in the water. They breed in large colonies on coastal cliffs or offshore islands, nesting in crevices among rocks or in burrows in the soil. Two species, the tufted puffin and horned puffin, are found in the North Pacific Ocean, while the Atlantic puffin is found in the North Atlantic Ocean.

All puffin species have predominantly black or black and white plumage, a stocky build, and large beaks that get brightly colored during the breeding season. They shed the colorful outer parts of their bills after the breeding season, leaving a smaller and duller beak. Their short wings are adapted for swimming with a flying technique underwater. In the air, they beat their wings rapidly (up to 400 times per minute) in swift flight, often flying low over the ocean's surface.