hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Westmorland (UK Parliament constituency)
Westmorland was a constituency covering the county of Westmorland in the North of England, which returned Members of Parliament to the House of Commons of England until 1707, House of Commons of Great Britain until 1801 and the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

The constituency had two separate periods of existence. Until 1885, it returned two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. For the string of elections from 1885 general election it split in two: Appleby and Kendal, both of which had been parliamentary boroughs but were reconstituted as county constituencies. From 1918 to 1983, the constituency was recreated as a single-seater for the 1918 general election and abolished for the 1983 general election.

In the boundary changes in 1983 the southern part of the constituency became part of the new seat of Westmorland and Lonsdale and the northern area was transferred to Penrith and The Border.

Appleby (UK Parliament constituency)
Appleby was a parliamentary constituency in the county of Westmorland in England. It existed for two separate periods: from 1295 to 1832, and from 1885 to 1918.

Appleby was enfranchised as parliamentary borough in 1295, and abolished by the Great Reform Act 1832. It returned two Members of Parliament (MPs) using the bloc vote system. It was represented in the House of Commons of England until the Acts of Union 1707, in the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800, and finally in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832. Its best-known MP was William Pitt the Younger who became prime minister in 1783 at the age of 24.

For the 1885 general election the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 created a county constituency of the same name, which returned a single MP elected by the first-past-the-post system. The county constituency was abolished at the 1918 general election.
Sion astronomical clock
The Sion astronomical clock is an astronomical clock at the town hall of Sion in the canton of Valais, Switzerland. The clock was first installed in 1667–68; the present mechanism dates from 1902.

The clock has five dials: on the two lateral sides of the clock tower, there are 12-hour dials. The principal dial on the front of the tower indicates, from the outer to the inner ring:

the hours, on a chapter ring numbered I to XII twice, indicated by a double-ended fleur-de-lys hand;

the signs of the zodiac;

the months;

the minutes, indicated by an arrow hand.

The position of the Sun in the zodiac and the month are both indicated by a hand with a golden sun. The other end of this hand, with a star, indicates the constellation which passes through the meridian at Sion in the middle of the night.

The two smaller dials underneath the principal dial indicate the day of the week, represented by an illustration of its classical deity, and the lunar phase by means of a rotating moon ball.

Sion, Switzerland
Sion (French pronunciation: [sjɔ̃] ⓘ, German: Sitten [ˈzɪtn̩] ⓘ; former Italian: Seduno; Latin: Sedunum) is a Swiss town situated in the Rhône valley, a municipality, and the capital of the canton of Valais and of the district of Sion. As of December 2020 it had a population of 34,978 (known as Sédunois(es)).

On 17 January 1968, the former municipality of Bramois merged into the municipality of Sion. On 1 January 2013, the former municipality of Salins merged into the municipality of Sion, and on 1 January 2017, Les Agettes did the same.

Landmarks in Sion include the Basilique de Valère and the Château de Tourbillon. Sion has an airfield for civilian and military use, which serves as a base for air rescue missions.
Siti Aminah Aching
Siti Aminah binti Aching (born 25 March 1962) is a Malaysian politician who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Beaufort since November 2022. She served as the Deputy Minister of Plantation and Commodities in the Unity Government administration under Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim and Minister Fadillah Yusof from December 2022 to December 2023. She is a member and the Division Women Chief of Beaufort of the United Malays National Organisation of Sabah (Sabah UMNO), a branch of a component party of the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition. Siti Aminah was the first Bisaya to join the government as a deputy minister in the history of Malaysia.

Bisaya (Borneo)
The Bisaya are a group of indigenous people from the northwest coast of East Malaysia and Brunei, on the island of Borneo. Their populations are concentrated around the towns of Beaufort and Kuala Penyu in southern Sabah (where they are included under the Kadazan-Dusun group of peoples), Labuan Federal Territory, and in Limbang District of Sarawak (in which they are grouped under the Orang Ulu designation). The Bisaya tribe bears many similarities to the Tatana Dusun tribe, especially in terms of language, as there is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between the two groups. Nowadays, most Bisaya in Sabah are Muslim, while those living in Sarawak are mostly Christians. In Brunei, they are referred to as Dusun, Jati Dusun, and Bisaya.
Brick Center, Colorado
Brick Center is an unincorporated community and a census-designated place (CDP) located in Arapahoe County, Colorado, United States. The CDP is a part of the Denver–Aurora–Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population of the Brick Center CDP was 105 at the United States Census 2020. Brick Center has never had its own post office. The Bennett post office (Zip code 80102) serves the area.

Arapahoe County, Colorado
Arapahoe County (/əˈræpəhoʊ/ ə-RAP-ə-hoh) is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, its population was 655,070, making it the third-most populous county in Colorado. The county seat is Littleton, and the most populous city is Aurora. The county was named for the Arapaho Native American tribe, who once lived in the region. Arapahoe County is part of the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood metropolitan statistical area. Arapahoe County calls itself "Colorado's First County", since its origins antedate the Pike's Peak Gold Rush.
Lai da Ova Spin
Lai da Ova Spin is a compensation reservoir on the Spöl river at Zernez, Grisons, Switzerland. Its volume is 7.4 mio m³ and surface area 34 ha (84 acres).

The arch dam Ova Spin was completed in 1968 and has a height of 73 m.

Zernez
Zernez is a village and a municipality in the Engiadina Bassa/Val Müstair Region in the Swiss canton of the Grisons. On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Lavin and Susch merged into the municipality of Zernez.

Zernez is a major node in the regional road network, with roads leading into the Upper Engadine and towards Italy, the Lower Engadine and towards Austria, over the Fuorn Pass into the Val Mustair and over the Flüela Pass. Zernez is the center for visitors of the Swiss National Park (Romansh: Parc Naziunal).
Auguste Förster
Auguste Förster (7 December 1848, Warburg – 3 October 1926, Brunswick) was a German educationalist and activist in the bourgeois women's movement. She was founder of the Kassel Organization of Women's Groups (Gründerin des Verbandes Kassler Frauenvereine).

In 1893 she attended the founding of the World's Congress of Representative Women meeting on the occasion of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. She was accompanied by Anna Simson, Hanna Bieber-Böhm and Käthe Schirmacher. They took the example of the American  National Council of Women as inspiration for founding the Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine (Federation of German Women's Associations), of which Auguste became one of the founding board members.

Hanna Bieber-Böhm
Hanna Bieber-Böhm (6 February 1851 – 15 April 1910) was a German feminist and pioneer of social work. She established an organization to assist young women seeking work in Berlin and help protect them from becoming prostitutes, and founded a recreation home for women where they could also be trained in housework and gardening. She was in favor of combating prostitution through strong laws penalizing the clients of prostitutes.
Elbistan coalfield
Elbistan coalfield, also known as Afşin Elbistan Lignite Reserve, is a large lignite coalfield in Kahramanmaraş Province in the south-east of Turkey. Elbistan is the field with the most coal in Turkey. Former Çöllolar coal mine also supplied a local power station, but after that closed, Kışlaköy was the only mine. 200 million tons of CO2 were emitted by burning lignite from this field before 2016. The lignite is high in sulfur and moisture, and the energy value of this coal is only 1,000 to 1,500 kcal/kg, or less than 5 MJ/kg, which is a quarter of typical thermal coal. The coalfield supplies the Afşin-Elbistan power stations.

Elbistan
Elbistan (Old Anatolian Turkish: Ablasta, Ablastayn, Ablastin, Ablistan; Kurdish: Elbistan; Arabic: البستان (Al-Bustan) ) is a municipality and district of Kahramanmaraş Province, Turkey. Its area is 2,201 km2, and its population is 141,307 (2022).
Imidazoleacetic acid
Imidazoleacetic acid (also known as IAA, IMA, imidazole-4-acetic acid, or I4AA) is a naturally occurring endogenous metabolite of the neurotransmitter histamine (imidazole-4-ethylamine). It might have a role as an endogenous signaling molecule or neurotransmitter. IAA is formed from histamine by the enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO).

Diamine oxidase
Diamine oxidase (DAO), also known as amine oxidase, copper-containing, 1 (AOC1), formerly called histaminase, is an enzyme (EC 1.4.3.22) involved in the metabolism, oxidation, and inactivation of histamine and other polyamines such as putrescine or spermidine. The enzyme belongs to the amine oxidase (copper-containing) (AOC) family of amine oxidase enzymes.

The enzyme is expressed in bilateria, a biological group of animals. The enzyme is encoded by the AOC1 gene. This gene is highly conserved across the bilateria group which includes mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and insects, to name a few.
Piano Sonata No. 2 (Ives)
The Piano Sonata No. 2, Concord, Mass., 1840–60 (commonly known as the Concord Sonata) is a piano sonata by Charles Ives. It is one of the composer's best-known and most highly regarded pieces. A typical performance of the piece lasts around 45 minutes.

Piano sonata
A piano sonata is a sonata written for a solo piano. Piano sonatas are usually written in three or four movements, although some piano sonatas have been written with a single movement (Liszt, Scriabin, Prokofiev, Berg), others with two movements (Haydn, Beethoven), some contain five (Brahms' Third Piano Sonata, Czerny's Piano Sonata No. 1, Godowsky's Piano Sonata) or even more movements. The first movement is generally composed in sonata form.
Highland Towers Apartments
The Highland Towers Apartments is an historic building which is located in the Shadyside neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Built in 1913, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

Shadyside (Pittsburgh)
Shadyside is a neighborhood in the East End of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It has three zip codes (15206, 15213, and 15232) and representation on Pittsburgh City Council by the council member for District 8 (East Central Neighborhoods). Shadyside is drawn from the name of a 19th-century Pennsylvania Railroad station in the area, which was named for its shady lanes.

Notable neighborhood institutions include UPMC Shadyside hospital, a member of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Chatham University, which is located just across the southern edge of the neighborhood in Squirrel Hill, along with Pittsburgh Center for the Arts, which sits inside Mellon Park.
Operator of last resort
An operator of last resort is a business in the United Kingdom that operates a railway franchise on behalf of the government when a train operating company (TOC) is no longer able to do so, and it is nationalised on an interim basis. Since the last appointment in June 2023, there are now six such operators of seven rail services in England, Wales and Scotland. In December 2024, following new legislation in November, it was announced that the first of the remaining contracted TOCs would be taken back into public ownership in May 2025.

Scottish Rail Holdings
Scottish Rail Holdings (SRH) is a government-owned holding company based in Glasgow, Scotland.  The company was formed in 2016 and took over the ScotRail franchise in 2022 and the Caledonian Sleeper franchise in 2023. It oversees the majority of passenger rail services in Scotland. Although legally a limited company, it is classified as an executive non-departmental public body by the Scottish Government.
Auto sear
An auto sear ("automatic sear"), informally known as a switch, is an aftermarket part of an automatic firearm that holds the hammer in the cocked position while the bolt of the weapon is cycling and releases the hammer/striker. It is an internal trigger actuated by the bolt/bolt carrier when placed in-battery. An auto sear is required in nearly every automatic rifle.

An auto sear allows a semi-automatic gun to be converted into one capable of automatic firing with a single, continuous pull of the trigger. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives designated any firearm capable of firing more than one round with a single operation of the trigger mechanism as a "machine gun", and the possession of such devices is illegal under United States federal law if the person in possession does not have the required licensing.

Sear (firearm)
In a firearm, the sear is the part of the trigger mechanism that holds the hammer, striker, or bolt back until the correct amount of pressure has been applied to the trigger, at which point the hammer, striker, or bolt is released to discharge the weapon. The sear may be a separate part or can be a surface incorporated into the trigger.  Sear mechanisms are also frequently employed in archery release aids.
Levan III Dadiani
Levan III Dadiani (Georgian: ლევან III დადიანი), born Shamadavle (შამადავლე) (died 1680) was Prince of Mingrelia, of the House of Dadiani, from 1661 to 1680. His reign unfolded against the background of a series of civil wars in western Georgian polities, in which Levan III was an opponent of King Bagrat V of Imereti to whom he lost a battle and his own wife.

House of Dadiani
The House of Dadiani (Georgian: დადიანი [dadiani]), later known as the House of Dadiani-Chikovani, was a Georgian family of nobles, dukes and princes, and a ruling dynasty of the western Georgian province of Mingrelia.
Thoracic vertebrae
In vertebrates, thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. In humans, there are twelve thoracic vertebrae of intermediate size between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae; they increase in size going towards the lumbar vertebrae. They are distinguished by the presence of facets on the sides of the bodies for articulation with the heads of the ribs, as well as facets on the transverse processes of all, except the eleventh and twelfth, for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs. By convention, the human thoracic vertebrae are numbered T1–T12, with the first one (T1) located closest to the skull and the others going down the spine toward the lumbar region.

Sternal angle
The sternal angle (also known as the angle of Lewis, angle of Louis,: 297  angle of Ludovic, or manubriosternal junction) is the projecting: 297  angle formed between the manubrium and body of a sternum at their junction at the manubriosternal joint.: 297

The sternal angle is a palpable and visible landmark in surface anatomy, presenting as either a slight body ridge or depression upon the upper chest wall which corresponds to the underlying manubriosternal joint. The sternal angle is palpable and often visible in young people.: 319

The sternal angle corresponds to the level of the 2nd costal cartilage on either side, and the level between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebra. The sternal angle is used to define the transverse thoracic plane which represents the imaginary boundary between the superior and inferior mediastinum. It is also used to identify the second rib during physical examination and then the rest of the ribs by counting.
Swedish Army Service Troops
The Swedish Army Service Troops (Swedish: Trängtrupperna, T or Underhållstrupperna, before 1942 called Trängen) is the military logistics (or train) branch of the Swedish Army. The task of the troops is to train personnel for maintenance units, provide supplies, repair damaged equipment, retract and care for sick personnel as well as in the event of war mobilizing them. The troops are today fully motorized.

Göta Logistic Regiment
The Göta Logistic Regiment (Swedish: Göta trängregemente, T 2), is the only logistic regiment in the Swedish Armed Forces. Its new organisation was laid down in 2000, when the regiment became the only logistic regiment in Sweden. The regiment is located in Skövde.
IOS version history
iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. and was first released in June 2007 alongside the first generation iPhone. iPhone OS was renamed iOS following the release of the iPad starting with iOS 4. With iOS 13, Apple began offering a separate operating system, iPadOS, for the iPad. iOS is also the foundation of watchOS and tvOS, and shares some of its code with macOS. New iOS versions are released yearly, alongside new iPhone models. From the launch of the iPhone in 2007 until the launch of iPhone 4 in 2010, this occurred in June or July; since then, new major versions are usually released in September, with the exception of iOS 5, which released in October 2011. Since the launch of the iPhone in June 2007, there have been nineteen major versions of iOS, with the current major version being iOS 26 which was released on September 15, 2025.

IPod Touch (6th generation)
The sixth generation iPod Touch (marketed as the iPod touch) is a discontinued mobile device designed and marketed by Apple Inc. with a touchscreen-based user interface. It is the successor to the iPod Touch (5th generation), becoming the first major update to the iPod lineup in more than two and a half years. It was released on the online Apple Store on July 15, 2015, along with minor upgrades to the iPod Nano and iPod Shuffle. This generation of iPod Touch was officially discontinued by Apple on May 28, 2019, with the release of its next-generation successor. It supports up to iOS 12.5.8, released on January 26, 2026.
Global Descriptor Table
The Global Descriptor Table (GDT) is a core part of Intel's x86 architecture that helps manage how memory is accessed and protected. Introduced with the Intel 80286 processor, it plays a key role in defining memory segments and their attributes: the base address, the size, and access privileges like executability and writability.

Even though modern 64-bit systems rarely rely on segmentation, the GDT remains a required component for starting up the processor and managing certain system-level tasks.

Task state segment
The task state segment (TSS) is a structure on x86-based computers which holds information about a task.  It is used by the operating system kernel for task management.  Specifically, the following information is stored in the TSS:

Processor register state

I/O port permissions

Inner-privilege level stack pointers

Previous TSS link

Debug state

Shadow stack pointer

All this information should be stored at specific locations within the TSS as specified in Volume 3(a), Chapter 8 of the IA-32 manuals.
Yevgeny Adamov
Yevgeny Olegovich Adamov (Russian: Евге́ний Оле́гович Ада́мов, born 28 April 1939) is a Soviet and Russian nuclear engineer and politician. He was the director of the N. A. Dollezhal Research and Development Institute of Power Engineering (NIKIET) from 1986 to 1998. He served as the Minister for Atomic Energy of Russia from 1998 to 2001, member of the Security Council of Russia from 1998 to 2000, and adviser to the Prime Minister of Russia from 2002 to 2004.

In 2008 he was sentenced to five and a half years in prison for abuse of office and fraud, which was reduced to four years of probation on appeal.

Federal Agency on Atomic Energy (Russia)
Ministry for Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation and Federal Agency on Atomic Energy (or Rosatom), were a Russian federal executive body from 1992–2008 (as Federal Ministry in 1992–2004 and as Federal Agency in 2004–2008).

The Ministry for Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation (Russian: Министерство по атомной энергии Российской Федерации), or MinAtom (МинАтом), was established on January 29, 1992 as a successor of the Ministry of Nuclear Engineering and Industry of the USSR.

On March 9, 2004, it was reorganized as the Federal Agency on Atomic Energy.

According to the law adopted by the Russian parliament in November 2007, and signed by the President Putin in early December, the agency was transformed to a Russian state corporation (non-profit organisation), the Rosatom Nuclear Energy State Corporation.
Microgenre
A microgenre is a specialized or niche genre, often used to describe narrowly defined subcategories within music, literature, film, or art.  The term has been in use since at least the 1970s, particularly in the context of music, where it refers to specific stylistic offshoots of prominent genres, such as the many sub-subgenres of heavy metal and electronic music.

Originally, microgenres were labels retroactively applied by record collectors and dealers, often to increase the perceived value of rare or obscure recordings. Early examples include Northern soul, freakbeat, garage punk, and sunshine pop.

By the late 2000s and early 2010s, the creation and dissemination of microgenres had become increasingly associated with internet culture, where online platforms facilitated their rapid emergence, which was often tied to internet aesthetics and online trends. Notable internet-based microgenres include chillwave, witch house, seapunk, shitgaze, dreampunk, and vaporwave.

Dreampunk
Dreampunk is a microgenre of electronic music characterized by its focus on cinematic ambience and field recordings, combined with various traits and techniques from electronic genres such as techno, jungle, electro, and dubstep.
2024–25 CAF Champions League knockout stage
The 2024–25 CAF Champions League knockout stage started on 1 April with the quarter-finals and ended on 1 June 2025 with the second leg of the final to decide the champions of the 2024–25 CAF Champions League. 8 teams competed in the knockout stage.

Times are local.

2024–25 CAF Champions League
The 2024–25 CAF Champions League, officially the TotalEnergies CAF Champions League for sponsorship reasons, was the 61st season of Africa's premier club football tournament organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF) and the 29th under the CAF Champions League title.

The winners of this edition of the competition, Pyramids, automatically qualified for the group stage of its next edition, earned the right to play against the winners of the 2024–25 CAF Confederation Cup in the 2025 CAF Super Cup, the 2025 FIFA Intercontinental Cup and the 2029 FIFA Club World Cup.
Malika Pukhraj
Malika Pukhraj (Punjabi, Urdu: ملكہ پکھراج) (1912 – 2004) was a highly popular Ghazal and folk singer of Pakistan. She was generally known as "Malika", meaning "The Queen", publicly. She was extremely popular for her rendition of Hafeez Jalandhri's nazm song, Abhi tau main jawan hoon ("I am still young"), which is enjoyed by millions not only in Pakistan, but also in India. Others among her popular numbers in Urdu language were Lo phir basant aaii, Quli Qutub's Piya baaj piyala piya jaey na, and Faiz Ahmed Faiz's Mere qatil mere dildar mere paas raho.

Hafeez Jalandhari
Abul Asar Hafeez Jalandhari PP HI (Urdu: ابو الاثر حفیظ جالندھری; 14 January 1900 – 21 December 1982) was a Pakistani poet who wrote the lyrics for the National Anthem of Pakistan and the Anthem of Azad Kashmir.

He wrote in Urdu and Persian languages and is widely celebrated throughout Pakistan.