hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Notation for differentiation
In differential calculus, there is no single standard notation for differentiation. Instead, several notations for the derivative of a function or a dependent variable have been proposed by various mathematicians, including Leibniz, Newton, Lagrange, and Arbogast. The usefulness of each notation depends on the context in which it is used, and it is sometimes advantageous to use more than one notation in a given context. For more specialized settings—such as partial derivatives in multivariable calculus, tensor analysis, or vector calculus—other notations, such as subscript notation or the ∇ operator are common. The most common notations for differentiation (and its opposite operation, antidifferentiation or indefinite integration) are listed below.

Method of Fluxions
Method of Fluxions (Latin: De Methodis Serierum et Fluxionum) is a mathematical treatise by Sir Isaac Newton which served as the earliest written formulation of modern calculus. The book was completed in 1671 and posthumously published in 1736.
Ermera Municipality
Ermera (Portuguese: Município Ermera, Tetum: Munisípiu Ermera) is one of the municipalities (formerly districts) of Timor-Leste, located in the west-central part of the country. It has a population of 117,064 (Census 2010) and an area of 756.5 km2.

Aileu Municipality
Aileu (Portuguese: Município Aileu, Tetum: Munisípiu Aileu) is a municipality, and was formerly a district, of Timor-Leste. It has a population of 48,554 (Census 2015) and an area of 737 km2. The municipality's capital is also named Aileu. Its administrative posts are Aileu, Laulara, Lequidoe and Remexio.
Astragalus gilmanii
Astragalus gilmanii is a species of milkvetch known by the common name Gilman's milkvetch. It is native to the desert scrub and woodland of Nevada, the California Sierra Nevada and Inyo Mountains, and it is known from a few locations in the Panamint Range adjacent to Death Valley in California.

Astragalus (plant)
Astragalus is a large genus of over 3,000 species of herbs and small shrubs, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae and the subfamily Faboideae. It is the largest genus of plants in terms of described species. The genus is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Common names include milkvetch (most species), locoweed (in North America, some species) and goat's-thorn (A. gummifer, A. tragacantha). Some pale-flowered vetches (Vicia spp.) are similar in appearance, but they are more vine-like than Astragalus.
Saaleplatte
Saaleplatte (German pronunciation: [ˈzaːləˌplatə], lit. 'Saale Plateau') is a former municipality in the Weimarer Land district of Thuringia, Germany. On 31 December 2019, it was merged into the town Bad Sulza.

Bad Sulza
Bad Sulza (German pronunciation: [baːt ˈzʊltsa] ⓘ) is a town in the Weimarer Land district, in Thuringia, Germany. It is situated on the river Ilm, 15 km southwest of Naumburg, and 18 km north of Jena.
Febronianism
Febronianism was a powerful movement within the Catholic Church in Germany, in the latter part of the 18th century, directed towards nationalising Catholicism, restricting the power of the papacy in favour of the episcopate, and reunion of dissident churches with the Catholic Church. Its thrust broadly corresponded to that of Gallicanism in France. Friedrich Lauchert describes Febronianism, in the Catholic Encyclopedia, as a politico-ecclesiastical system, ostensibly purposed to facilitate reconciliation of Protestant entities with the Catholic Church by curbing the Holy See's power.

Congress of Ems
The Congress of Ems was a meeting set up by the four prince-archbishops of the Holy Roman Empire, and held in August 1786 at Bad Ems in the Electorate of Trier. Its object was to protest against papal interference in the exercise of episcopal powers, and to fix the future relations between the participating archbishops and the pope. Representatives of the three elector-archbishops: Friedrich Karl von Erthal of Mainz, Maximilian Franz of Cologne, Clemens Wenceslaus of Trier, as well as of Prince-Archbishop Hieronymus von Colloredo of Salzburg took part.
Capodimonte, Lazio
Capodimonte is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Viterbo in the Italian region Lazio, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) northwest of Rome and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of Viterbo. It is on the southwestern shore of Lake Bolsena. In contrast to the other communities on the lake, Capodimonte has a headland with a sheltered harbor.

Capodimonte borders the following municipalities via the common border, the lake: Bolsena, Gradoli, Latera, Marta, Montefiascone, Piansano, San Lorenzo Nuovo, Tuscania, Valentano.

Marta, Lazio
Marta is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Viterbo in the Italian region of Latium, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) northwest of Rome and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of Viterbo.

Marta borders the following municipalities: Capodimonte, Montefiascone, Tuscania, Viterbo.

Marta is on the southern shore of Lake Bolsena near the source of the Marta River.
William Hill Irish Sports Book of the Year
The William Hill Irish Sports Book of the Year was an annual Irish literary award sponsored by bookmakers William Hill. Established in 2006, it was related to the International William Hill Sports Book of the Year (est. 1989). The award sought to honour sports books produced in Ireland. The award lost its sponsorship after 2011 and has been discontinued.

Paul McGrath (footballer)
Paul McGrath (born 4 December 1959) is an Irish former professional footballer, who played as a defender. Regarded as one of the greatest centre-backs in modern football, McGrath was known for his tackling ability, determination, composure and reading of the game, and was known by the nickname "The Black Pearl" at Manchester United. He was also known by the nickname "God" at Aston Villa.

Mainly a centre back, McGrath also played as a defensive midfielder. He spent the majority of his career at Aston Villa and Manchester United (seven seasons apiece). As of August 2025, he is one of only six defenders to have won the PFA Players' Player of the Year award. He also played for St Patrick's Athletic, Derby County and Sheffield United.

A long-time member of the Republic of Ireland national team, McGrath appeared at the 1990 and 1994 FIFA World Cups, as well as UEFA Euro 1988, the team's first-ever international tournament.
Aero Resources
Aero Resources was established at Gardena, California in 1970 to manufacture Drago Jovanovich's J-2 autogyro. It offered an improved version of the aircraft as the Super J-2 (modifying the last examples off the McCulloch production line to this standard), but was unable to obtain enough orders to make production viable.

McCulloch Aircraft Corporation
The McCulloch Aircraft Corporation was the aircraft division of the McCulloch Motors Corporation. The McCulloch Motors Corps. was founded in 1943 by Robert McCulloch. The company was moved from Wisconsin to California.
71st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The 71st Infantry Division Kleeblatt ("Cloverleaf Division", "Lucky One") (German: 71. Infanterie-Division) was an infantry division of the German Army, raised on 26 August 1939, shortly before the outbreak of World War II, as a division of the 2nd wave of deployment by Infantry Commander 19 (Infanterie-Kommandeur 19) in Hildesheim. It fought in Verdun, Stalingrad and Monte Cassino, among others.

The division's symbol was the four-leaf clover and after congratulations on the victory in Verdun in June 1940, the division was henceforth called the "lucky one". The same action also earning Generalleutnant Karl Weisenberger the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 29 June 1940 by Generalfeldmarschall Ernst Busch.

Alexander von Hartmann
Alexander von Hartmann (11 December 1890 – 26 January 1943) was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded the 71st Infantry Division.  He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany. Hartmann was killed on 26 January 1943 during the Battle of Stalingrad and was posthumously promoted to General of the Infantry.

Before his death Hartmann stated, "I intend to go to my infantry in the front line...I will seek death among their ranks.  Captivity for a general is dishonourable."  He was killed instantly when he was shot in the head while standing upright on the railway embankment firing "shot after shot from his rifle."
Banphaeo General Hospital
Banphaeo General Hospital (Thai: โรงพยาบาลบ้านแพ้ว), is a hospital located in Ban Phaeo district, Samut Sakhon province, Thailand. It is operated as a public organisation under oversight of the Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) and is the only hospital in Thailand be run in this manner. It is also an affiliated teaching hospital of the Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University.

Samut Sakhon province
Samut Sakhon (Thai: สมุทรสาคร, pronounced [sā.mùt sǎː.kʰɔ̄ːn]) is one of the central provinces (changwat) of Thailand, located along the coast of the Gulf of Thailand. In 2024, it had a population of 590,867, and an area of 866 km2 (334 sq mi), making it the 43rd most populated province whilst being the 4th smallest.
Rational choice model
Rational choice modeling refers to the use of decision theory (the theory of rational choice) as a set of guidelines to help understand economic and social behavior. The theory tries to approximate, predict, or mathematically model human behavior by analyzing the behavior of a rational actor facing the same costs and benefits.

Rational choice models are most closely associated with economics, where mathematical analysis of behavior is standard. However, they are widely used throughout the social sciences, and are commonly applied to cognitive science, criminology, political science, and sociology.

Rational agent
A rational agent or rational being is a person or entity that always aims to perform optimal actions based on given premises and information. A rational agent can be anything that makes decisions, typically a person, firm, machine, or software.

The concept of rational agents can be found in various disciplines such as artificial intelligence, cognitive science, decision theory, economics, ethics, game theory, and the study of practical reason.
Python Lee Jackson
Python Lee Jackson were a rock band that started in Australia and active from 1965 to 1968, before a brief sojourn in the United Kingdom from late 1968 to mid-1969. The group had recorded a single, "In a Broken Dream" (October 1970), featuring Rod Stewart as guest vocalist in April 1969. The group reformed in 1972 and the single was re-released in August: it peaked at No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 56 on the United States Billboard Hot 100. The group disbanded again later that year. Their early vocalist, Mal McGee (1966–68) died on 17 May 2012.

David Bentley (journalist)
David Bentley is an Australian journalist and musician.

Bentley is known for writing the 1969 hit "In a Broken Dream" for his band Python Lee Jackson, in which he was a keyboard player and singer.   "In a Broken Dream", featuring Rod Stewart, peaked at #3 on the UK singles chart.

As a freelance journalist, Bentley has worked as a foreign correspondent, travel writer, food critic, columnist and feature writer.

In 1995, Bentley was awarded the Gold Walkley for exposing a literary hoax for The Courier Mail, involving Miles Franklin Award winner Helen Demidenko, author of The Hand That Signed the Paper, who had falsely claimed Ukrainian ancestry.

The controversy has since been widely discussed, with Bentley credited with uncovering one of Australia's most intriguing literary hoaxes.
Koiliomenos
Koiliomenos (Greek: Κοιλιωμένος, also known as Agios Nikolaos) is a settlement on Zakynthos island,  Greece. It is located 3 kilometers southwest of Machairado and 11 kilometers southwest of Zakynthos City. In 2021, the population of Koiliomenos was 333 inhabitants.

Machairado
Machairado (Greek: Μαχαιράδο) is a village in the central part of the island of Zakynthos, Greece. It was the seat of the municipality of Artemisia. It is situated at the foot of low mountains, 1 km north of Lagopodo, 3 km northeast of Koiliomenos and 8 km southwest of Zakynthos (city). The village suffered great damage from the 1953 Ionian earthquake.
St Mary's Church, Lower Ince
St Mary's Church is in Warrington Road, Lower Ince, Ince-in-Makerfield, Wigan, Greater Manchester, England.  It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Wigan, the archdeaconry of Warrington, and the diocese of Liverpool.

Anglican Diocese of Liverpool
The diocese of Liverpool is a diocese of the Church of England in North West England. The diocese covers Merseyside north of the River Mersey, south-west Lancashire, western Greater Manchester, and part of northern Cheshire. Liverpool Cathedral is the seat of the bishop of Liverpool, currently John Perumbalath, and the diocesan offices are also located in Liverpool. The bishop is assisted by one suffragan bishop, the bishop of Warrington.

What is now the diocese of Liverpool was historically part of the diocese of Coventry and Lichfield, and became part of the newly created diocese of Chester in 1541. The diocese of Liverpool was established on 9 April 1880.
International Emmy Award for Best Children & Young People
The International Emmy Award for Best Children & Young People was presented by the International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (IATAS) to the best programs intended for children and young people, produced and aired initially outside the United States. The award was presented from 1983 to 2011. In 2012, six categories were created especifically for children's programming. These categories were presented at the International Emmy Kids Awards, a separate ceremony from the main International Emmys.

International Emmy Kids Awards
The International Emmy Kids Awards, founded in New York City in 2013, recognize excellence in international children's programming produced initially outside the United States, and are presented annually by International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. The awards were presented in separate ceremonies until 2021 and in conjunction with the International Emmy gala starting the following year.
Tonga Trench
The Tonga Trench is an oceanic trench located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It is the deepest trench in the Southern hemisphere and the second deepest on Earth after the Mariana Trench. The fastest plate-tectonic velocity on Earth is occurring at this location, as the Pacific plate is being subducted westward in the trench.

Lau Basin
The Lau Basin is a back-arc basin (also addressed as "interarc basin") at the Australian-Pacific plate boundary. It is formed by the Pacific plate subducting under the Australian plate. The Tonga-Kermadec Ridge, a frontal arc, and the Lau-Colville Ridge, a remnant arc, sit to the eastern and western sides of the basin, respectively. The basin has a raised transition area to the south where it joins the Havre Trough.
House of Boncompagni
The House of Boncompagni is a princely family of the Italian nobility which settled in Bologna in around the 14th century, but was probably originally from Umbria.

In 1572, Ugo Boncompagni was elected pope, taking the name Gregory XIII, and the family prospered. In 1579, the pope bought the Duchy of Sora from the Della Rovere family for his son Giacomo, whose descendants reigned there as dukes until 1796. Later, they also obtained the Principality of Piombino, following the marriage of Gregorio II Boncompagni with Ippolita Ludovisi, princess of Piombino and last of her dynasty. They reigned over Piombino as Boncompagni-Ludovisi, until Antonio II Boncompagni Ludovisi was deposed as Prince of Piombino in 1801; the heads of the family, though no longer reigning, continued to be known as "Prince [forenames] Boncompagni Ludovisi" as of 2023.

Giacomo Boncompagni
Giacomo Boncompagni (also Jacopo Boncompagni; 8 May 1548 – 18 August 1612) was an Italian feudal lord of the 16th century, the illegitimate son of Pope Gregory XIII (Ugo Boncompagni). He was also Duke of Sora, Aquino, Arce and Arpino, and Marquess of Vignola.

A member of the Boncompagni family, he was a patron of arts and culture. Pierluigi da Palestrina dedicated to him the first book of Madrigals. He was also a friend of another composer, Vincenzo Ruffo. He was also a lover of the theatre and of chess.
Zakarid dynasty
The Zakarid dynasty, also Zakarids or Zakarians (Armenian: Զաքարյաններ, romanized: Zak'aryanner) were an Armenian noble dynasty, rulers of Zakarid Armenia (1201–1350) under the suzerainty of the Kingdom of Georgia, and from 1256 under the control of the Mongol Ilkhanate of Persia. Their dynastic name was formed in honour of Zakare, the famous servant of the Georgian King Tamar. They were also known by their Georgian nickname Mkhargrdzeli (მხარგრძელი, "Long-armed", in Armenian: Երկայնաբազուկ, Yerkaynbazuk). The Zakarians considered themselves Armenians.

During the 13th century, the Zakarids held the highest offices in the Georgian court, as Atabegs (Governor General) and Amirspasalars (Commander-in-Chief of the Army) of the Kingdom of Georgia.

Orbelian dynasty
The House of Orbelian (Armenian: Օրբելյան) was a noble family of Armenia and a dynasty of Armenian lords of the province of Syunik, with a long history of political influence documented in inscriptions throughout the provinces of Vayots Dzor and Syunik, and recorded by the family historian Bishop Stepanos in his 1297 History of Syunik.
Encinal, New Mexico
Encinal is a census-designated place (CDP) in Cibola County, New Mexico, United States. It is the smallest of the six villages of the Laguna Pueblo and sits at the base of Mount Taylor. The population was 210 at the 2010 census.

Laguna Pueblo
The Pueblo of Laguna, New Mexico (Western Keres: Kawaika; Western Keres pronunciation: [kʰɑwɑjkʰɑ]) is a federally recognized tribe of Native American Pueblo people in west-central New Mexico, near the city of Albuquerque, in the United States. Part of the Laguna territory is included in the Albuquerque metropolitan area, chiefly around Laguna's Route 66 Resort and Casino. The name, Laguna, is Spanish (meaning "small lake") and derives from the lake on their reservation. This body of water was formed by an ancient dam that was constructed by the Laguna people. After the Pueblo Revolt of 1680–1696, the Mission San José de la Laguna was erected by the Spanish at the old pueblo (now Old Laguna) and finished around July 4, 1699.
Barbu d'Everberg
The Barbu d'Everberg, Dutch: Everbergse Baardkriel, is a Belgian breed of bantam chicken. It is a tailless variant of the Barbu d'Uccle, and was bred in about 1906 at the Château d'Everberg, at Everberg in the municipality of Kortenberg, between Brussels and Leuven (Louvain). It is among the most endangered chicken breeds in Belgium,: 52  and in 2010 its conservation status was classed as "critical". It is a true bantam, with no large counterpart. Cocks weigh 700–800 g, and hens 550–650 g.: 57

The Barbu d'Everberg is listed as a breed by the Entente Européenne. In Britain and in the Netherlands it is considered a variant of the Barbu d'Uccle rather than a separate breed.: 75

Everberg
Everberg is a town in the Belgian province Flemish Brabant and is part of the municipality of Kortenberg. The territory covers an area of 925 ha. The neighbouring towns or municipalities are Leefdaal, Kortenberg, Erps-Kwerps, Meerbeek, Sterrebeek, Moorsel and Tervuren. A small hamlet, called Vrebos, can also be found in Everberg.
Windows Shell namespace
In Windows Shell programming, the Windows Shell namespace is an organized tree-structured hierarchical representation that Windows Explorer facilitates to graphically present file system contents and other objects to the end user.  Conceptually, the Shell namespace may be regarded as a larger and more inclusive version of the file system.

The Shell namespace is a hierarchical tree that consists of the wide variety of objects that make up the system.

My Documents
My Documents is the commonly recognized name of a special folder in Microsoft Windows (even though starting with Windows Vista, it is called Documents only, and the actual name of the folder might be different when the language of the installed copy of Windows is not English). This folder is supposed to be a personal area where users store their personal non-shared documents. However, many software developers have ignored this convention and as a result, this folder has become a dumping ground for the application data such as files containing settings and saved games. Users cannot delete, move or organize these files without causing unwanted behavior in their software.

Until Windows XP, it contained other subfolders such as "My Pictures", "My Music" and "My Videos". Starting with Windows Vista, these subfolders were moved out of My Documents and were made its siblings.
Montijo (parish)
Montijo is a former civil parish in the municipality of Montijo, central Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Montijo e Afonsoeiro. The population in 2021 was 55,732, in an area of 27.25 square kilometres (10.52 sq mi) km2.

Montijo e Afonsoeiro
Montijo e Afonsoeiro is a civil parish in the municipality of Montijo, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Montijo and Afonsoeiro. The population in 2011 was 37,111, in an area of 31.46 km2.
Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin
The lieutenant governor of Wisconsin is the first person in the line of succession of Wisconsin's executive branch, thus serving as governor in the event of the death, resignation, removal, impeachment, absence from the state, or incapacity due to illness of the governor of Wisconsin. 
Forty-one individuals have held the office of lieutenant governor since Wisconsin's admission to the Union in 1848, two of whom—Warren Knowles and Jack Olson—have served for non-consecutive terms.  The first lieutenant governor was John Holmes, who took office on June 7, 1848.  The current lieutenant governor is Sara Rodriguez, who took office on January 3, 2023.

John Edwin Holmes
John Edwin Holmes (December 28, 1809 – May 8, 1863) was an American lawyer, minister, and politician. He was the 1st Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin and a Union Army officer in the American Civil War.  He was captured by Confederate forces during the Battle of Brentwood and died of disease.
Holiday Inn
Holiday Inn by IHG is an American chain of hotels based in Atlanta, Georgia and a brand of IHG Hotels & Resorts. The chain was founded in 1952 by Kemmons Wilson (1913–2003), who opened the first location in Memphis, Tennessee. The chain was a division of Bass Brewery from 1988 to 2000, Six Continents from 2000 to 2003, and IHG Hotels & Resorts since 2003. It operates hotels under the names Holiday Inn, Holiday Inn Express, Holiday Inn Club Vacations, and Holiday Inn Resorts. As of 2018, Holiday Inn has hotels at over 1,100 locations.

Mitchells & Butlers
Mitchells & Butlers plc (also referred to as "M&B") runs a chain of pubs, bars and restaurants in the United Kingdom. The company's headquarters are in Birmingham, England. The company is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.

Its branded restaurants and bars include All Bar One, Miller & Carter, Nicholson's, Toby Carvery, Harvester, Browns Restaurants, Vintage Inns, Ember Inns, Son of Steak, Stonehouse Pizza & Grill, Crown Carveries, O'Neill's, Premium Country Pubs, and Sizzling Pubs. The company also owns the ALEX brand based in Germany.