hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Turing degree
In computer science and mathematical logic the Turing degree (named after Alan Turing) or degree of unsolvability of a set of natural numbers measures the level of algorithmic unsolvability of the set.

Theodore Slaman
Theodore Allen Slaman (born April 17, 1954) is a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley who works in recursion theory.

Slaman and W. Hugh Woodin formulated the Bi-interpretability Conjecture for the Turing degrees, which conjectures that the partial order of the Turing degrees is logically equivalent to second-order arithmetic.  They showed that the Bi-interpretability Conjecture is equivalent to there being no nontrivial automorphism of the Turing degrees.  They also exhibited limits on the possible automorphisms of the Turing degrees by showing that any automorphism will be arithmetically definable.
Mount Diablo
Mount Diablo is a mountain of the Diablo Range, in Contra Costa County of the eastern San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California. It is south of Clayton and northeast of Danville. It is an isolated upthrust peak of 3,849 feet (1,173 meters), visible from most of the San Francisco Bay Area. Mount Diablo appears from many angles to be a double pyramid and has many subsidiary peaks. The largest and closest is North Peak, the other half of the double pyramid, which is nearly as high in elevation at 3,557 feet (1,084 m), and is about one mile (1.6 kilometers) northeast of the main summit.

The mountain is within the boundaries of Mount Diablo State Park, which is administered by California State Parks.

Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo
Don Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo (July 7, 1807 – January 18, 1890) was a Californio general, statesman, and public figure. He was born a subject of Spain, performed his military duties as an officer of the Republic of Mexico, and shaped the transition of Alta California from a territory of Mexico to the U.S. state of California. He served in the first session of the California State Senate. The city of Vallejo, California, is named after him, and the nearby city of Benicia is named after his wife Francisca Benicia Carrillo.
Katherine Routledge
Katherine Maria Routledge (/ˈraʊtlɛdʒ/ ROWT-lej; née Pease; 11 August 1866 – 13 December 1935) was an English archaeologist and anthropologist who, in 1914, initiated and carried out much of the first true survey of Easter Island.

She was the second child of Kate and Gurney Pease, and was born into a wealthy Quaker family in Darlington, County Durham, northern England. She graduated from Somerville Hall (now Somerville College, Oxford), with Honours in Modern History in 1895, and for a while taught courses through the Extension Division and at Darlington Training College. After the Second Boer War, she traveled to South Africa with a committee to investigate the resettlement of single working women from England to South Africa. In 1906 she married William Scoresby Routledge. The couple went to live among the Kikuyu people of what was then British East Africa, and in 1910 jointly published a book of their research entitled With A Prehistoric People.

William Scoresby Routledge
William Scoresby Routledge, FRGS (1859–1939) was a British ethnographer, anthropologist and adventurer. With his wife, Katherine Routledge, he completed the first ethnographies of the Kikuyu (East Africa) and the people of Rapa Nui (Easter Island).
Serre Chevalier
Serre Chevalier (French pronunciation: [sɛʁ ʃəvalje]) is a major ski resort in Southeastern France, near the Italian border, located in the Hautes-Alpes department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Situated to the northeast of Écrins National Park in the French Alps, the resort encompasses a large skiing area, with 250 km (155 mi) of slopes and favourable weather, boasting 300 days of sunshine a year. In Serre Chevalier, 80 km (50 mi) of the slopes are covered by snow cannons to supplement natural snowfall. The resort is owned by Compagnie des Alpes.

Serre Chevalier consists of the city of Briançon, the villages of Chantemerle in Saint-Chaffrey and Villeneuve in La Salle-les-Alpes, as well as Le Monêtier-les-Bains. World Cup champion ski racer Luc Alphand was born and lives in the valley below the resort.

French Alps
The French Alps are the portions of the Alps mountain range that stand within France, located in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur regions. While some of the ranges of the French Alps are entirely in France, others, such as the Mont Blanc massif, are shared with Switzerland and Italy.

At 4,808 metres (15,774 ft), Mont Blanc, on the France–Italy border, is the highest mountain in the Alps, and the highest Western European mountain.

Notable towns in the French Alps include Grenoble, Chamonix, Annecy, Chambéry, Évian-les-Bains and Albertville.

The French Alps  will be the fourth location in France to host the Winter Olympics in 2030, following those held in Albertville in 1992, Grenoble in 1968, and the very first in Chamonix in 1924.
Locally compact space
In topology and related branches of mathematics, a topological space is called locally compact if, roughly speaking, each small portion of the space looks like a small portion of a compact space. More precisely, it is a topological space in which every point has a compact neighborhood.

When locally compact spaces are Hausdorff they are called locally compact Hausdorff, which are of particular interest in mathematical analysis.

Tychonoff space
In topology and related branches of mathematics, Tychonoff spaces and completely regular spaces are kinds of topological spaces.  These conditions are examples of separation axioms. A Tychonoff space is any completely regular space that is also a Hausdorff space; there exist completely regular spaces that are not Tychonoff (i.e. not Hausdorff).

Paul Urysohn had used the notion of completely regular space in a 1925 paper without giving it a name.  But it was Andrey Tychonoff who introduced the terminology completely regular in 1930.
Sir Richard Cox, 2nd Baronet
Sir Richard Cox, 2nd Baronet (1702–1766) was an Irish baronet.

He was born on 23 November 1702, the grandson of lawyer and judge, Sir Richard Cox, 1st Baronet; and matriculated at St John's College, Oxford in 1720. He was Sheriff of Cork City in 1742. Sir Richard Cox (1702–1766) was the son of Richard Cox (1677–1725) and Susanna French, (died 1716). He married Catherine, daughter of George Evans. The son of Sir Richard Cox (1702–1766) was  Sir Michael Cox, 3rd Baronet who was Archdeacon of Cashel from 1767 to 1772.

Sir Michael Cox, 3rd Baronet
Sir Michael Cox, 3rd Baronet (c. 1730 – 18 July 1772) was an Irish baronet and clergyman.

He was the son of Sir Richard Cox, 2nd Baronet and Catherine Evans. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He was Archdeacon of Cashel from 1767 to 1772. He married the Hon. Elizabeth Massy, widow of John Arthur of Seafield, and daughter of Hugh Massy, 1st Baron Massy and his first wife Mary Dawson. They had a son, Sir Richard Eyre Cox, 4th Baronet.
2013 Parañaque local elections
Local elections were held in Parañaque City on May 13, 2013, within the Philippine general election. The voters elected for the elective local posts in the city: the mayor, vice mayor, the congressman, and the councilors, eight of them in the two districts of the city.

Eduardo Zialcita
Eduardo Castro Zialcita is a Filipino public servant, businessman, and academic who currently serves as the Dean of the Graduate School of Business at University of Perpetual Help System. He is also a professor on the Master of Business Administration and Doctor of Philosophy programs at the same university and Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila. As a politician, he served as Representative of Parañaque for its Lone District from 2001 to 2004 and its 1st District from 2004 to 2010.
Pitepalt
Pitepalt (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈpiːtɛˈpaltː]; see palt) is a Swedish dish related to kroppkakor or meat-filled dumplings. It is especially associated with the city of Piteå  in Norrbotten County,  thought to be its place of origin.

Dumpling
Dumplings are a broad class of dishes that consist of pieces of cooked dough (made from a variety of starchy sources), often wrapped around a filling. The dough can be based on bread, wheat or other flours, or potatoes, and it may be filled with meat, fish, tofu, cheese, vegetables, or a combination. Dumplings may be prepared using a variety of cooking methods and are found in many world cuisines.

One of the earliest mentions of dumplings comes from the Chinese scholar Shu Xi who mentions them in a fu poem 1,700 years ago. In addition, archaeologically preserved dumplings have been found in Turfan, Xinjiang, China dating back over 1,000 years.
Peter Wayner
Peter Wayner is an American writer known for his books on technology and his writing in mainstream publications including The New York Times, InfoWorld, and Wired magazine. His work on mimic functions, a camouflaging technique for encoding data so it takes on the statistical characteristics of other information, is an example of steganography, and was the basis of his 2009 book, Disappearing Cryptography.

In 2018, he received attention for writing an article about the New York City transit system, advocating for replacing large subway trains with competing fleets of smaller, thinner and more nimble autonomous cars, scooters, hoverboards and pods. The article received widespread criticism.

Mimic function
A mimic function changes a file  so it assumes the statistical properties of another file . That is, if  is the probability of some substring  occurring in , then a mimic function , recodes  so that  approximates  for all strings  of length less than some . It is commonly considered to be one of the basic techniques for hiding information, often called steganography.

The simplest mimic functions use simple statistical models to pick the symbols in the output. If the statistical model says that item  occurs with probability  and item  occurs with probability , then a random number is used to choose between outputting  or  with probability  or  respectively.

Even more sophisticated models use reversible Turing machines.
Patellar plexus
The patellar plexus is a nerve plexus within the subcutaneous tissue overlying and surrounding the patella and ligamentum patellae. It is a fine network of communicating nerve fibres.

It is formed by the anterior division of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, terminal branches of the intermediate femoral cutaneous nerve, terminal branches of the medial femoral cutaneous nerve, and the infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve.

Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
The lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (also called the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve) is a cutaneous nerve of the thigh. It originates from the dorsal divisions of the second and third lumbar nerves from the lumbar plexus. It passes under the inguinal ligament to reach the thigh. It supplies sensation to the skin on the lateral part of the thigh by an anterior branch and a posterior branch.

The lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh can be investigated using ultrasound. Local anaesthetic can be injected around the nerve for skin grafts and surgery around the outer thigh. Nerve compression (usually around the inguinal ligament) can cause meralgia paraesthetica.
Alam al-Malika
Alam al-Malika (Arabic: الملكة علم) (died 1130), was the chief adviser and de facto prime minister of the Najahid dynasty of Zubayd in Yemen in 1111–1123, and its ruler in 1123–1130.

She was the slave singer, or jarya, to King Mansur ibn Najah of Zubayd or Zabid (r. 1111–1123), a city principality close to Sana'a in Yemen. He was reportedly so impressed by her intelligence and astuteness that he gave her the title al-hurra, placed her in charge of state affairs and "made no decision concerning it without consulting her". In 1123, Mansur ibn Najah was poisoned by his vizier Mann Allah, but Alam al-Malika remained in charge of the state of Zubayd. Though she was not allowed to have the khutba proclaimed in her name and thus not given full recognition as monarch, she was the de facto ruler, and it was said of her that "she discharged her task with distinction".

Jarya
Jarya or jariya (SING; Arabic: جارية), also jawari (PLUR), were female slaves in the medieval Islamic world specifically trained for artistic performance in harems. They contrasted with qiyan,  female slaves or free women trained in performance and not restricted to harems.
Kalotaritissa
Kalotaritissa Beach (Greek: Καλοταρίτισσα) is a sandy beach in the Greek island of Amorgos, accessible by car or public transport. The beach is sandy without tourist amenities except one small beach café and sunbeds for rent.

The natural bay where the beach is located in, is protected from winds and waves.

Amorgos
Amorgos (Greek: Αμοργός, Amorgós; pronounced [amorˈɣos]) is the easternmost island of the Cyclades island group and the nearest island to the neighboring Dodecanese island group in Greece. Along with 16 neighbouring islets, the largest of which (by land area) is Nikouria Island, it comprises the municipality of Amorgos, which has a land area of 126.346 square kilometres (48.782 square miles) and at the 2021 census had a population of 1,961.
Huahine swamphen
The Huahine swamphen (Porphyrio mcnabi) is an extinct species of bird in the family Rallidae. It was a small swamphen endemic to Huahine in the Society Islands of French Polynesia.  It is known only from subfossil remains found at the Fa'ahia archaeological site on the island.  Fa'ahia is an early Polynesian occupation site with radiocarbon dates ranging from 700 CE to 1200 CE.  The swamphen is only one of a suite of birds found at the site which became extinct either locally or globally following human occupation of the island.

Swamphen
Porphyrio, also known as the swamphen or swamp hen, is a genus of semi-aquatic birds in the rail family Rallidae. It includes some smaller species of gallinules which are sometimes separated as genus Porphyrula or united with the gallinules proper (or "moorhens") in Gallinula. The Porphyrio gallinules are distributed in the warmer regions of the world. The group probably originated in Africa in the Middle Miocene, before spreading across the world in waves from the Late Miocene to Pleistocene.

The genus Porphyrio was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the western swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio) as the type species.  The genus name Porphyrio is the Latin name for "swamphen".
Howrah
Howrah (/ˈhaʊrə/; Bengali: [ˈɦao̯ɽa]) is a city and a municipal corporation in the Indian state of West Bengal. Howrah is located on the western bank of the Hooghly River, opposite to its twin city of Kolkata. Administratively Howrah lies within Howrah district and is the headquarters of the Howrah Sadar subdivision. It is also a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA). Howrah is an important industrial and transportation hub, and is also a gateway to Kolkata via Howrah railway station and Howrah Bridge.

Howrah district
Howrah district (/ˈhaʊrə/, Bengali: [ˈɦao̯ɽa]) is a district of the West Bengal state in eastern India. Howrah district is one of the highly urbanised area of West Bengal. It has thousands of years of rich heritage in the form of the great Bengali kingdom of Bhurshut. The district is named after its headquarters, the city of Howrah.
Reconfigurable antenna
A reconfigurable antenna is an antenna capable of modifying its frequency and radiation pattern dynamically, in a controlled and reversible manner. In order to provide a dynamic response, reconfigurable antennas integrate an inner mechanism (such as RF switches, varactors, mechanical actuators or tunable materials) that enable the intentional redistribution of the RF currents over the antenna surface and produce reversible modifications of its properties. Reconfigurable antennas differ from smart antennas because the reconfiguration mechanism lies inside the antenna, rather than in an external beamforming network. The reconfiguration capability of reconfigurable antennas is used to maximize the antenna performance in a changing scenario or to satisfy changing operating requirements.

Beamforming
Beamforming or spatial filtering is a signal processing technique used in sensor arrays for directional signal transmission or reception. This is achieved by combining elements in an antenna array in such a way that signals at particular angles experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. Beamforming can be used at both the transmitting and receiving ends in order to achieve spatial selectivity. The improvement compared with omnidirectional reception/transmission is known as the directivity of the array.

Beamforming can be used for radio or sound waves. It has found numerous applications in radar, sonar, seismology, wireless communications, radio astronomy, acoustics and biomedicine. Adaptive beamforming is used to detect and estimate the signal of interest at the output of a sensor array by means of optimal (e.g., least-squares) spatial filtering and interference rejection.
Köln Trimbornstraße station
Köln Trimbornstraße is a railway station situated at Kalk, Cologne in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia on the Sieg and East Rhine Railways. It was opened on 2 June 1991 on a railway that was originally built as part of the Deutz–Gießen railway on 1 January 1859.

Köln Trimbornstraße station is served by Cologne S-Bahn lines S12 between Düren or Köln-Ehrenfeld and Troisdorf every 20 minutes and S19 between Düren and Hennef (Sieg), Blankenberg (Sieg), Herchen or Au (Sieg) every 20 minutes Monday–Saturday. Together these provide services every 10 minutes through Cologne Monday–Saturday and four services an hour on Sunday. It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 5 station.

The KVB light rail station of Kalk Post is located within 200m walking distance from here.

Kalk Post station
Kalk Post is an underground station on the Cologne Stadtbahn lines 1 and 9, located in Cologne. The station lies at the intersection of Kalker Hauptstraße and Trimbornstraße in the district of Kalk. Köln-Trimbornstraße station is located some 200m to the south.

The station was opened in 1980 and consists of a mezzanine and two side platforms with two rail tracks.
Henderson County, Texas
Henderson County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 82,150. The county seat is Athens. The county is named in honor of James Pinckney Henderson, the first attorney general of the Republic of Texas, and secretary of state for the republic. He later served as the first governor of Texas. Henderson County was established in 1846, the year after Texas gained statehood. Its first town was Buffalo, laid out in 1847. Henderson County comprises the Athens micropolitan statistical area, which is also included in the Dallas-Fort Worth combined statistical area.

Kaufman County, Texas
Kaufman County is a county in the northeastern area of the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 145,310. Its county seat is Kaufman. Both the county, established in 1848, and the city were named for David S. Kaufman, a U.S. Representative and diplomat from Texas. Kaufman County is part of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. Western artist Frank Reaugh moved from Illinois to Kaufman County in 1876, where he was directly inspired for such paintings as The Approaching Herd (1902).
Puppet Theatre Barge
The Puppet Theatre Barge is a unique, fifty-seat marionette theatre on a converted barge in London. The theatre presents puppet shows for children and adults and is moored in Little Venice throughout the year and in Richmond-upon-Thames during the summer.

The company produces shows taken from traditional children's tales such as the Brer Rabbit stories, Aesop's Fables and original work featuring Punch, as well as drama by writers such as William Shakespeare and Federico García Lorca, and has also commissioned original plays from contemporary published writers, such as Wendy Cope, Howard Barker and Finuala Dowling.

Maida Vale
Maida Vale (/ˈmeɪdə ˈveɪl/ MAY-də VAYL) is an affluent residential district in Central London, England, north of Paddington, southwest of St John's Wood and south of Kilburn, on Edgware Road. It is part of the City of Westminster and is three miles (five kilometres) northwest of Charing Cross. It has many late Victorian and Edwardian blocks of mansion flats. The area is home to the BBC Maida Vale Studios.
Stéphane Mallarmé
Étienne Mallarmé (UK: /ˈmælɑːrmeɪ/ MAL-ar-may, US: /ˌmælɑːrˈmeɪ/ mal-ar-MAY; 18 March 1842 – 9 September 1898), known professionally as Stéphane Mallarmé (French: [stefan malaʁme] ⓘ), was a French poet and critic. He was a major French Symbolist poet, and his work anticipated and inspired several revolutionary artistic schools of the early 20th century, such as Cubism, Futurism, Dadaism, and Surrealism.

Un coup de dés jamais n'abolira le hasard (Mallarmé)
"Un coup de dés jamais n'abolira le hasard" ("A Throw of the Dice will Never Abolish Chance") is a poem by the French Symbolist poet Stéphane Mallarmé. Its intimate combination of free verse and unusual typographic layout anticipated the 20th-century interest in graphic design and concrete poetry.
Speckle-throated woodpecker
The speckle-throated woodpecker (Campethera scriptoricauda), also known as Reichenow's woodpecker, is an East African woodpecker often considered a subspecies of Bennett's woodpecker. The bird is named after the German ornithologist Anton Reichenow.

Bennett's woodpecker
Bennett's woodpecker (Campethera bennettii) is a species of bird in the family Picidae. It is found in woodlands and bushes in Africa. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed it as a least-concern species.
Doctor Zhivago (novel)
Doctor Zhivago (/ʒɪˈvɑːɡoʊ/ zhiv-AH-goh; Russian: До́ктор Жива́го [doktər ʐɨˈvaɡə]) is a novel by Russian poet, author and composer Boris Pasternak, first published in 1957 in Italy. The novel is named after its protagonist, Yuri Zhivago, a physician and poet, and takes place between the Russian Revolution of 1905 and World War II.

Owing to the author's critical stance on the October Revolution, Doctor Zhivago was refused publication in the USSR. At the instigation of Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, the manuscript was smuggled to Milan and published in 1957. Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature the following year, an event that embarrassed and enraged the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

The novel was made into a film by David Lean in 1965, and since then has twice been adapted for television, most recently as a miniseries for Russian TV in 2006. The novel Doctor Zhivago has been part of the Russian school curriculum since 2003, where it is read in 11th grade.

Perm, Russia
Perm (Russian: Пермь, IPA: [pʲermʲ] ⓘ, IPA: [pʲerʲmʲ]; Komi-Permyak: Перем; Komi: Перым), originally known as Yagoshikha (Ягошиха; 1723–1781) and briefly as Molotov (Молотов; 1940–1957), is the administrative centre of Perm Krai in the European part of Russia. It sits on the banks of the Kama River near the Ural Mountains, covering an area of 799.68 square kilometres (308.76 square miles). With over one million residents Perm is the 15th-largest city in Russia and the 5th-largest in the Volga Federal District.