hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Palma de Gandia
Palma de Gandia (Valencian pronunciation: [ˈpalma ðe ɣanˈdi.a]; Spanish: Palma de Gandía) is a municipality in the comarca of Safor in the Valencian Community, Spain.

The municipality of Palma de Gandia limited to the following locations: Ador, Alfauir, Beniarjó, Beniflà, Gandia, Potries, Real de Gandia and Ròtova, all in the province of Valencia.

Safor
Safor (Valencian: [saˈfoɾ]; Spanish: [saˈfoɾ]) is a comarca within the province of Valencia, Valencian Community, Spain. The capital is the city of Gandia, but also includes the towns of Oliva, Piles and Daimús, among others. The beach area of Gandia, La Platja, is well known for its wild nightlife during the summer.

The former natural and historical comarca of Valldigna has been integrated into Safor comarca for administrative purposes.
Manila paper
Manila paper (Spanish: 'Papel de Manila') is a relatively inexpensive type of paper, generally made through a less-refined process than other types of paper, and is typically made from semi-bleached wood fibers.

The manila component of the name originates from manila hemp (a.k.a. abacá leaves), which was named after Manila, the capital of the Philippines. Beginning in the 1840s, recycled abacá rope fibers were the main material for manila paper.

Before the end of the 20th century, papermakers replaced the abacá fibers with wood pulp, which cost less to source and process. Despite the change in production material, "the name and color remain."

Since at least 1915, manila paper has been shaped to create manila file folders and manila envelopes.

Kraft paper
Kraft paper or kraft is paper or paperboard (cardboard) produced from chemical pulp produced in the kraft process.

Sack kraft paper (or just sack paper) is a porous kraft paper with high elasticity and high tear resistance, designed for packaging products with high demands for strength and durability.
George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar
George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar (ca. 1556 – 20 January 1611) was, in the last decade of his life, the most prominent and most influential Scotsman in England. His work lay in the King's Household and in the control of the State Affairs of Scotland and he was the King's chief Scottish advisor. With the full backing and trust of King James he travelled regularly from London to Edinburgh via Berwick-upon-Tweed.

James Murray (architect)
James Murray of Kilbaberton, (d.1634), was a Scottish master wright and architect. He served as the King's Master of Works under James VI, and Charles I. He was one of the first men in Scotland to be called an architect.
Carpentras
Carpentras (French pronunciation: [kaʁpɑ̃tʁa], formerly [kaʁpɑ̃tʁas]; Provençal Occitan: Carpentràs in classical norm or Carpentras in Mistralian norm; Latin: Carpentoracte) is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.

As capital of the Comtat Venaissin, it was frequently the residence of the Avignon popes; the Papal States retained possession of the Venaissin until the French Revolution. Nowadays, Carpentras is a commercial center for Comtat Venaissin and is famous for the black truffle markets held from winter to early spring.

Carpentras briefly held France's all-time high-temperature record, during the heatwave of June 2019.

Arch of Carpentras
The Arch of Carpentras is a Roman triumphal arch from the beginning of the first century AD, located at Carpentras in the French department of Vaucluse.

It has a single fornix, framed by fluted lesenes and decorated with an archivolt of vine tendrils. At the outer corners there are engaged columns. On the sides there are images of trophies flanked by barbarian prisoners. These trophy reliefs are also found on the short sides of the Arch of Orange, which is however more richly decorated.

The arch was originally located on the city's cardo maximus. Later it was incorporated into the old cathedral as an access door and still later into the episcopal palace (now the courthouse).

The arch was included in the first list of French historic monuments in 1840.
Luwian religion
Luwian religion was the religious and mythological beliefs and practices of the Luwians, an Indo-European people of Asia Minor, which is detectable from the Bronze Age until the early Roman Empire. It was strongly affected by foreign influence in all periods and it is not possible to clearly separate it from neighbouring cultures, particularly Syrian and Hurrian religion. The Indo-European element in the Luwian religion was stronger than in the neighbouring Hittite religion.

Šarruma
Šarruma, also romanized as Šarrumma or Sharruma, was a Hurrian god. He could be depicted in both anthropomorphic form, sometimes riding on the back of a leopard, and in the theriomorphic form as a bull. His character is not fully understood, though it is known that he could function as a mountain god. He was regarded as a son of Ḫepat and Teshub. He was also linked to various moon deities. Additionally, the only mythological text he appears in addresses him as a messenger (sukkalu) of Kumarbi. He was worshiped by Hurrians in southeastern Anatolia and northern Syria, for example in Kummanni and Lawazantiya in Kizzuwatna. From this kingdom he was introduced to the Hittite pantheon as well. Hittite influence in turn resulted in his introduction to cities such as Aleppo, Emar and Ugarit. He was also venerated in Luwian religion in the first millennium BCE, with theophoric names invoking him attested from as late as the Hellenistic period in Cilicia and Lycia.
Castelletto Cervo
Castelletto Cervo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Turin and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Biella.

Castelletto Cervo borders the municipalities of Buronzo, Gifflenga, Lessona, Masserano, and Mottalciata.

Masserano
Masserano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northeast of Turin and about 12 kilometres (7 mi) northeast of Biella. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,315 and an area of 27.1 square kilometres (10.5 sq mi).

Masserano borders the following municipalities: Brusnengo, Buronzo, Casapinta, Castelletto Cervo, Curino, Lessona, Rovasenda.
Voghera railway station
Voghera railway station (Italian: Stazione di Voghera) serves the town and comune of Voghera, in the region of Lombardy, northern Italy.  Opened in 1858, it forms part of the Alessandria–Piacenza railway, and is also the terminus of a railway from Milan via Pavia.

The station is currently managed by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (RFI).  However, the commercial area of the passenger building is managed by Centostazioni.  Train services are operated by Trenitalia.  Each of these companies is a subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato (FS), Italy's state-owned rail company.

Due to its strategic position, the station is an important trading node, and one of the major railway stations in Italy's north-west.

Voghera
Voghera (Vogherese dialect of Emilian: Vughera; Latin: Forum Iulii Iriensium) is a town and comune in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy. The population was 39,374 as of 2017. It is the third most populated town in the province, after Pavia and Vigevano. It is located 30 km south-southwest of that city, on the Staffora (a tributary of the Po).

It is the main town of Oltrepò Pavese and is an important rail and road hub as well as a renowned wine producer.
Strumica Municipality
Strumica (Macedonian: Струмица [ˈstrumitsa] ⓘ) is a municipality located in the eastern part of North Macedonia. Strumica is also the name of the city where the municipal seat is found. Strumica Municipality is part of the Southeastern Statistical Region.

Southeastern Statistical Region
The Southeastern Statistical Region (Macedonian: Југоисточен Регион, romanized: Jugoistočen Region) is one of eight statistical regions of North Macedonia. Southeastern, located in the southeastern part of the country, borders Greece and Bulgaria. Internally, it borders the Vardar and Eastern statistical regions.

As of 2022, the region has the lowest Human Development Index score out of all subnational regions in Europe.
Stimulus–response model
The stimulus–response model is a conceptual framework in psychology that describes how individuals react to external stimuli. According to this model, an external stimulus triggers a reaction in an organism, often without the need for conscious thought. This model emphasizes the mechanistic aspects of behavior, suggesting that behavior can often be predicted and controlled by understanding and manipulating the stimuli that trigger responses.

Dose–response relationship
The dose–response relationship, or exposure–response relationship describes the magnitude of the response of a biochemical or cell-based assay or an organism, as a function of exposure (or doses) to a stimulus or stressor (usually a chemical) after a certain exposure time. Dose–response relationships can be described by dose–response curves, or concentration-response curves. This is explained further in the following sections. A stimulus response function or stimulus response curve is defined more broadly as the response from any type of stimulus, not limited to chemicals.
Koiak 30
Koiak 29 – Coptic calendar – Tobi 1

The thirtieth day of the Coptic month of Koiak, the fourth month of the Coptic year. On a common year, this day corresponds to December 26, of the Julian calendar, and January 8, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Peret, the season of emergence. This is the second day of the celebrations of the Feast of the Nativity.

Tobi 1
Koiak 30 – Coptic calendar – Tobi 2

The first day of the Coptic month of Tobi, the fifth month of the Coptic year. On a common year, this day corresponds to December 27, of the Julian calendar, and January 9, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Peret, the season of emergence.
Ampang, Kuala Lumpur
Ampang, or Ampang Hilir, is a ward and city district, in the eastern part of Kuala Lumpur (KL) in the Titiwangsa constituency. Its area in Kuala Lumpur can be identified as being along the Ampang Road and Ampang Hilir.

Ampang Jaya
Ampang Jaya, more commonly known as just Ampang, is a town, a mukim and a parliamentary constituency straddling parts of the Hulu Langat District and Gombak District, in eastern Selangor, Malaysia. It is located just outside the eastern border of Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory.

It is administered by the Ampang Jaya Municipal Council (MPAJ), which is the formal name of the township as well.
Bullet
A bullet is a kinetic projectile, a component of firearm ammunition that is shot from a gun barrel. They are made of a variety of materials, such as copper, lead, steel, polymer, rubber and even wax; and are made in various shapes and constructions (depending on the intended applications), including specialized functions such as hunting, target shooting, training, and combat. Bullets are often tapered, making them more aerodynamic. Bullet size is expressed by weight and diameter (referred to as "caliber") in both imperial and metric measurement systems. Bullets do not normally contain explosives but strike or damage the intended target by transferring kinetic energy upon impact and penetration.

Armour-piercing ammunition
Armour-piercing ammunition (AP) is a type of projectile designed to penetrate armour protection, most often including naval armour, body armour, and vehicle armour.

The first, major application of armour-piercing projectiles was to defeat the thick armour carried on many warships and cause damage to their lightly armoured interiors. From the 1920s onwards, armour-piercing weapons were required for anti-tank warfare. AP rounds smaller than 20 mm are intended for lightly armoured targets such as body armour, bulletproof glass, and lightly armoured vehicles.

As tank armour improved during World War II, anti-vehicle rounds began to use a smaller but dense penetrating body within a larger shell, firing at a very-high muzzle velocity. Modern penetrators are long rods of dense material like tungsten or depleted uranium (DU) that further improve the terminal ballistics.
Pete Gas
Peter John Gasparino (born May 29, 1970) is an American retired professional wrestler, better known by his ring name, Pete Gas. He is best known for his appearances with the World Wrestling Federation between 1999 and 2001 as a member of the Mean Street Posse.

WWE Hardcore Championship
The WWE Hardcore Championship was a hardcore wrestling championship in the WWF (now WWE) which was contested under "hardcore" rules (no disqualifications, no countouts, and pinfalls count anywhere). In the latter part of the title's history, a rule was implemented allowing anyone to challenge the champion at any place or time, provided a referee was present (dubbed the "24/7 rule"). It is considered one of the most defining titles of the Attitude Era. It was established on November 2, 1998, with Mankind as the inaugural champion. On August 26, 2002, it was unified with the WWE Intercontinental Championship by Rob Van Dam, the final Hardcore Champion.
Calvary Presbyterian Church (Staten Island)
Calvary Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church complex at 909 Castleton Avenue in West New Brighton, Staten Island, New York. The complex consists of the Romanesque/Tudor Revival-style church building (built 1894, addition 1952), parish house (1930), manse (1919), and a one car garage.

Boy Scouts of America have been part of Calvary's Mission since 1984. Today they have a Cub Pack, a Troop and a Venture Crew. Calvary's Scouting Units 19 were founded in West Brighton, Staten Island in 1916 and moved to Calvary in 1984.

Calvary was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

West New Brighton, Staten Island
West New Brighton (also called West Brighton) is a neighborhood of Staten Island, New York City, situated in the central area of North Shore. The neighborhood is bordered by New Brighton to the east, Port Richmond to the west, the waters of the Kill Van Kull to the north, and the communities of Sunnyside and Castleton Corners to the south.

West New Brighton is part of Staten Island Community District 1 and its ZIP Code is 10310. West New Brighton is patrolled by the 120th Precinct of the New York City Police Department.
Zoe Nicholson
Zoe Nicholson is a feminist activist, author, and a longtime member of the National Organization for Women. Openly lesbian, she is known for her work as an independent historian of Alice Paul as well as her role in the campaign for the Equal Rights Amendment.

Grassroots Group of Second Class Citizens
Grassroots Group of Second Class Citizens was a political organization of feminist women created in the early 1980s to undertake non-violent direct action tactics to raise awareness for the need of an Equal Rights Amendment. The group also advocated for reproductive rights and lasted throughout the 1980s.
Édouard Ngirente
Édouard Ngirente (born 22 February 1973) is a Rwandan economist and politician. He is the former  Prime Minister of Rwanda, from 30 August 2017 to 25 July 2025, having been appointed by the President of Rwanda, Paul Kagame.

National University of Rwanda
The National University of Rwanda (NUR; Kinyarwanda: Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda, French: Université nationale du Rwanda, UNR) was the largest university in Rwanda. It was located at 2°36′58″S 29°44′34″E﻿ / ﻿2.61611°S 29.74278°E﻿ / -2.61611; 29.74278 in the city of Butare and was established in 1963 by the government in cooperation with the Congregation of the Dominicans from the Province of Quebec, Canada. Its founder and first rector was Father Georges-Henri Lévesque.

When it was established, the NUR had three divisions (Faculties of Medicine and Social Sciences, and a Teacher Training College), 51 students and 16 lecturers. The university suffered badly during the genocide and had to close in 1994, reopening in April 1995. At that time English was introduced as a medium of instruction alongside French.

In 2013, along with all public higher education institutions in Rwanda, it was merged into the newly created University of Rwanda.
Alcester Grammar School
Alcester Grammar School (AGS) is a co-educational 11-18 maintained selective grammar school, situated in Alcester, Warwickshire, England.  On 1 April 2011, Alcester Grammar School became the first school in south Warwickshire to achieve academy status.

Alcester
Alcester (/ˈɒlstər, ˈɔːl-/ ⓘ OL-stər, AWL-) is a market town and civil parish in the Stratford-on-Avon District in Warwickshire, England. It is 8 mi (13 km) west of Stratford-upon-Avon, and 7 miles south of Redditch. The town dates back to the times of Roman Britain and is located at the junction of the River Alne and River Arrow.

In the 2021 census, the population of the parish was 6,035, with 6,421 in the built-up area.
Deep Ellum, Dallas
Deep Ellum is a historic neighborhood of Dallas, Texas, home to a diverse array of arts venues, restaurants, bars, entertainment venues, businesses, and urban residential units near downtown in East Dallas. Its name is based on a corruption of the area's principal thoroughfare, Elm Street. Older alternative uses include Deep Elm and Deep Elem.

The neighborhood lies directly east of the elevated I-45/US 75 (unsigned I-345) freeway and extends to Exposition Avenue, connected to downtown by, from north to south, Pacific, Elm, Main, Commerce, and Canton streets. The neighborhood is north of Exposition Park and south of Bryan Place.

Trees Dallas
Trees is an American live music venue opened in 1990 in the Deep Ellum district of downtown Dallas, Texas. The venue has hosted international touring musical acts such as Nirvana, Snoop Dogg, the Flaming Lips, Death Grips, Daughter, the Wailers, Nick Jonas, and Run the Jewels. It has received numerous accolades from the Dallas Observer.

Trees first opened its doors as a venue in May 1990. Named for its trunk-like support beams, Trees hosted bands including Nirvana, Radiohead, Mazzy Star, Pearl Jam, and the Afghan Whigs during its initial run as a venue before the club closed in May 2005. It was reopened on August 14, 2009, by Clint Barlow, former drummer for Vanilla Ice, and spouse Whitney Barlow. Since its resurrection, the venue has seen acts including Hiatus Kaiyote, Matt Corby, Charlie Puth, Robert DeLong, Charli XCX, and Jess Glynne.
Ann Nixon Cooper
Ann Louise Nixon Cooper (January 9, 1902 - December 21, 2009) was an American centenarian best known for being invoked in United States President-elect Barack Obama's November 2008 election speech as someone who had witnessed "the struggle and the progress" of the past century, and as a representative of the change in status that African-Americans and women have achieved in America. Before that, she was a noted member of the Atlanta African-American community and an activist for civil rights.

Barack Obama 2008 presidential election victory speech
Following his victory in the 2008 United States presidential election, then-President-elect Barack Obama, who was 47 years old at the time, gave his victory speech at Grant Park in his home city of Chicago, on November 4, 2008, before an estimated crowd of 240,000. Viewed on television and the Internet by millions of people around the globe, Obama's speech focused on the major issues facing the United States and the world, all echoed through his campaign slogan of change. He also mentioned his maternal grandmother Madelyn Dunham, who had died just two nights earlier.
Kalbiyya
The Kalbiyya (Arabic: الكلبية), or Kalbi or Kelbi tribe is one of four tribes, or tribal confederations, of the Alawite community in Syria. Appearing in historical sources from the 16th century, the Kalbiyya came to prominence when Hafez al-Assad, the son of a Kalbiyya tribal leader, seized power in Syria in a coup in 1970. Assad ruled Syria as a dictator for 30 years and ensured that power was concentrated in the hands of members of the Kalbiyya tribe, a policy which his son, Bashar al-Assad, continued for another 24 years until overthrown in 2024. The Kalbiyya population mainly live in the Latakia Governorate in north west Syria.

Ali al-Assad
Ali ibn Sulayman al-Assad (né al-Wahhish; 1875 – 1963) was a Syrian farmer and tribal leader who was the father of Syrian Presidents Hafez al-Assad, in power from 1971 to 2000, and grandfather of Bashar al-Assad, in power from 2000 to 2024.
Davey Oberlin
Davey Oberlin is an American musician. He is best known as the touring keyboardist for Korn. Oberlin is also known for his work in heavy metal group Five Finger Death Punch and symphonic deathcore group Winds of Plague.

Dawn of Ashes
Dawn of Ashes is an American industrial metal band from Los Angeles, California, United States. Formed in 2000, the band's style consists of horror-based lyrical and visual themes presented through industrial and melodic black metal structures.

The name Dawn of Ashes is an allegorical metaphor meaning "beginning of the end".
Straumsfjorden, Agder
Straumsfjorden or Straumfjorden is a lake that is located along the border of the municipalities of Bygland and Valle in Agder county, Norway. The lake has a dam on the south end which discharges into the Hjellevatn lake and eventually travels to the lake Topsæ and the Tovdalselva river drainage basin.  The lake sits in the southeastern part of the municipality, about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) southeast of the village of Rysstad and about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northeast of Besteland.

Artifacts dating back to the Iron Age have been found along the lake.

Valle, Norway
Valle (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈvɑ̂ɫːə] ⓘ) is a municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Setesdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Valle. Other villages in Valle include Besteland, Brokke, Homme, Hovet, Rygnestad, Rysstad, and Uppstad.

The 1,265-square-kilometre (488 sq mi) municipality is the 82nd largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Valle is the 321st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,180. The municipality's population density is 1 inhabitant per square kilometre (2.6/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 7.6% over the previous 10-year period.
Dold–Kan correspondence
In mathematics, more precisely, in the theory of simplicial sets, the Dold–Kan correspondence (named after Albrecht Dold and Daniel Kan) states that there is an equivalence between the category of (nonnegatively graded) chain complexes and the category of simplicial abelian groups. Moreover, under the equivalence, the th homology group of a chain complex is the th homotopy group of the corresponding simplicial abelian group, and a chain homotopy corresponds to a simplicial homotopy. (In fact, the correspondence preserves the respective standard model structures.) The correspondence is an example of the nerve and realization paradigm.

There is also an ∞-category-version of the Dold–Kan correspondence. The book "Nonabelian Algebraic Topology" has a Section 14.8 on cubical versions of the Dold–Kan theorem, and relates them to a previous equivalence of categories between cubical omega-groupoids and crossed complexes, which is fundamental to the work of that book.

Simplicial homotopy
In algebraic topology, a simplicial homotopy is an analog of a homotopy between topological spaces for simplicial sets. Precisely,pg 23 if

are maps between simplicial sets, a simplicial homotopy from f to g is a map

such that the restriction of  along  is  and the restriction along  is ; see . In particular,  and  for all x in X.

Using the adjunction

,

the simplicial homotopy  can also be thought of as a path in the simplicial set

A simplicial homotopy is in general not an equivalence relation. However, if  is a Kan complex (e.g., if  is a Kan complex), then a homotopy from  to  is an equivalence relation. Indeed, a Kan complex is an ∞-groupoid; i.e., every morphism (path) is invertible. Thus, if h is a homotopy from f to g, then the inverse of h is a homotopy from g to f, establishing that the relation is symmetric. The transitivity holds since a composition is possible.