hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Differential grasshopper
The differential grasshopper (Melanoplus differentialis) is a species of grasshopper belonging to the genus Melanoplus. It is found throughout northern Mexico, the central United States and southern Ontario, Canada. It is considered a pest over most of its range.

Melanoplus
Melanoplus is a large genus of grasshoppers. They are the typical large grasshoppers (and in some cases migratory "locusts") in North America. A common name is spur-throat grasshoppers (also "spurthroat" or "spur-throated grasshoppers"), but this more typically refers to members of the related subfamily Catantopinae.

The largest grasshoppers of this genus can reach nearly 5 cm (2.0 in) in length, but most are smaller. Some are intricately patterned and colorful, others are drab.

Melanoplus species eat grasses of all kinds, as well as leafy and grassy agricultural crops and garden plants. They feed on the leaves, and sometimes fruit, flowers, and buds, as well as tree bark. Many of the more notable agricultural pest grasshoppers belong here, including the Rocky Mountain locust, the most significant insect pest of the 19th century Great Plains, but now extinct.
USA Cartoon Express
The USA Cartoon Express was a programming block consisting of animated children's series which aired on the USA Network from September 20, 1982 to September 15, 1996. Cartoon Express was the first structured animation block on cable television, predating Nickelodeon's Nicktoons and Cartoon Network by a decade.

The Itsy Bitsy Spider (TV series)
The Itsy Bitsy Spider is a 1993–1996 American animated fantasy comedy television series. It was based on the Itsy Bitsy Spider short film produced by Hyperion Animation. It was broadcast on the USA Network's USA Cartoon Express. 26 episodes were produced over two seasons for three years.
Kiwumulo Cave
Kiwumulo Cave, also known as Kalaya Cave, is a cultural site located in Ssese islands, Kalangala district, Uganda. The cave is believed to be the origin to over 50 clans of Buganda Kingdom. The Kalaya cave is owned by Jjaja Kiwumulo or Semuggala. The cave is for the Nkima (Monkey) clan, which is one of the 52 clans in Buganda.

Ssese Islands
The Ssese Islands are an archipelago of eighty-four islands in the northwestern part of Lake Nalubaale in Uganda. The islands are coterminous with the Kalangala District in southern Central Uganda, which does not have any territory on mainland Uganda.
John Jacob Astor, 1st Baron Astor of Hever
Lieutenant-Colonel John Jacob Astor V, 1st Baron Astor of Hever, DL (20 May 1886 – 19 July 1971) was an American-born English newspaper proprietor, politician, sportsman, and military officer. He was a member of the Astor family.

Astor family
The Astor family achieved prominence in business, society, and politics in the United States and the United Kingdom during the 19th and 20th centuries. With German roots, some of their ancestry goes back to the Italian and Swiss Alps,
the Astors settled in Germany, first appearing in North America in the 18th century with John Jacob Astor, one of the wealthiest people in history.
Texas's 9th congressional district
Texas's 9th congressional district of the United States House of Representatives includes the southwestern portion of the Greater Houston area in Texas. The current Representative for the district, since 2005, is Democrat Al Green.

From 1967 to 2005, the 9th covered an area stretching from Galveston through Houston to Beaumont. Much of that area is now the 2nd district. Most of the area now in the 9th was in the 25th district from 1983 to 2005.

Texas's 38th congressional district
Texas's 38th congressional district is a congressional district in Texas, covering parts of Harris County. It includes the Houston suburbs of Jersey Village, Cypress, Tomball, Greater Katy, and Klein. The Memorial Villages and a portion of the city of Houston are also located within the district.

The district was created in the redistricting after the 2020 census, where Texas gained two seats in the House. The district was first contested in the 2022 House elections, sending a member to the 118th United States Congress.
Contraction (operator theory)
In operator theory, a bounded operator T: X → Y between normed vector spaces X and Y is said to be a contraction if its operator norm ||T || ≤ 1. This notion is a special case of the concept of a contraction mapping, but every bounded operator becomes a contraction after suitable scaling. The analysis of contractions provides insight into the structure of operators, or a family of operators. The theory of contractions on Hilbert space is largely due to Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy and Ciprian Foias.

Operator norm
In mathematics, the operator norm measures the "size" of certain linear operators by assigning each a real number called its operator norm. Formally, it is a norm defined on the space of bounded linear operators between two given normed vector spaces. Informally, the operator norm  of a linear map  is the maximum factor by which it "lengthens" vectors. It is also called the bound norm.
Fort Augustus
Fort Augustus is a settlement in the parish of Boleskine and Abertarff, at the south-west end of Loch Ness, Scottish Highlands. The village has a population of around 
620 (2020). Its economy is heavily reliant on tourism.

Invergarry and Fort Augustus Railway
The Invergarry and Fort Augustus Railway (I&FAR) was a branch-line railway built in Scotland, connecting the named places with the main line at Spean Bridge. It opened in 1903.

Serving exceptionally sparsely inhabited areas, it was never commercially successful, but it rekindled hostilities between larger railways over a planned railway connection along the Great Glen reaching Inverness; however this scheme never materialised.

Passenger train operation ceased in 1933 and the line closed completely in 1946.
Ammeter
An ammeter (abbreviation of ampere meter) is an instrument used to measure the current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. For direct measurement, the ammeter is connected in series with the circuit in which the current is to be measured. An ammeter usually has low resistance so that it does not cause a significant voltage drop in the circuit being measured.

Instruments used to measure smaller currents, in the milliampere or microampere range, are designated as milliammeters or microammeters. Early ammeters were laboratory instruments that relied on the Earth's magnetic field for operation. By the late 19th century, improved instruments were designed which could be mounted in any position and allowed accurate measurements in electric power systems. It is generally represented by letter 'A' in a circuit.

Shunt (electrical)
A shunt is a device that is designed to provide a low-impedance path for an electrical current in a circuit. It is typically used to divert current away from a system or component in order to prevent overcurrent. Electrical shunts are commonly used in a variety of applications including power distribution systems, electrical measurement systems, automotive and marine applications.
Today (Indian newspaper)
Today is a defunct afternoon newspaper from the India Today Group, founded on 29 April 2002. It was replaced by a newspaper called Mail Today, which is published by a joint venture with Daily Mail (part of the Associated Newspapers group).

Living Media India
Living Media India Limited, d.b.a. India Today Group, is an Indian media conglomerate based in New Delhi, India. It has interests in magazines, newspapers, books, radio, television, printing and the Internet.
Sam Basil
Samuel H. Basil (16 November 1969 – 11 May 2022) was a Papua New Guinean politician. He was a member of the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea from 2007, representing the electorate of Bulolo Open, until his death in 2022. From 8 June 2019, to August 2019 Basil served as the Treasurer of Papua New Guinea.

On 1 October 2020, Basil was appointed Deputy Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea in a cabinet reshuffle by Prime Minister James Marape, while also maintaining his existing portfolio as Minister for National Planning. He served as deputy prime minister until his death in office in May 2022.

Pangu Pati
The Pangu Pati (Pangu Party), officially Papua na Niugini Yunion Pati (lit. 'Papua and New Guinea Union Party'), is a nationalist and developmentalist political party in Papua New Guinea. The party is the oldest political party in Papua New Guinea and has held all levels of government throughout its history. As of 2023, it is the largest party in the National Parliament.
Terry the Tomboy
Terry the Tomboy is a 2014 comedy television film starring Lia Marie Johnson and written and directed by Wade Randolph.

The film is a spinoff of the AwesomenessTV sketch series "Terry the Tomboy". The film was distributed by Nickelodeon and produced by Brian Robbins. The film premiered on Nickelodeon on June 21, 2014.

AwesomenessTV (TV series)
AwesomenessTV is an American sketch comedy reality television series based on the YouTube channel of the same name and is created by Brian Robbins. Both seasons contain 20 episodes.

On May 1, 2014, Nickelodeon announced that the series had been renewed for a second season which premiered on May 5, 2014. It was not renewed for a third season due to the end of DreamWorks Animation's television deal with Nickelodeon through Viacom, who later bought AwesomenessTV in 2018.
National Patriotic Reconstruction Assembly Government
The National Patriotic Reconstruction Assembly Government (NPRAG) was a self-declared, alternative administration established in early 1991 in areas held by the rebel National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) during the country's civil war. It was formed in opposition to the internationally recognized Interim Government of National Unity (IGNU) led by Amos Sawyer. The NPRAG was based in the Bong County town of Gbarnga. NPFL leader Charles Taylor declared himself head of the NPRAG, but this led to a dispute that eventually split the rebel group. Both the NPRAG and IGNU ceased to exist in 1994.

National Patriotic Front of Liberia
The National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) was a Liberian rebel group that initiated and participated in the First Liberian Civil War from 24 December 1989 to 2 August 1997. The NPFL emerged out of rising ethnic tensions and civil unrest due to the Liberian government that was characterized by totalitarianism, corruption, and favoritism towards ethnic Krahns. The NPFL invaded Liberia through Ivory Coast's border with Nimba County in Liberia under the direction of Charles Taylor, a former Liberian politician and guerrilla leader who served as the 22nd president of Liberia from 2 August 1997 until his resignation on 11 August 2003.

The NPLF was responsible for a vast array of war crimes and crimes against humanity, including mass murder, rape, sexual slavery, conscription of child soldiers, torture, and political assassinations. Over 60,000 human rights violations committed by the NPFL were formally recorded by the Liberian Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
Shacha (Ryazan Oblast)
The Shacha (Russian: Шача) is a small tributary of the Tsna in Ryazan Oblast, Russia. It is 48 kilometres (30 mi) long, and its drainage basin covers 449 square kilometres (173 sq mi). It has presented a hydrologic problem since the Globus-1 test, when it changed its course and threatened to flood the hole left by the explosion.  This has the potential for spreading the nuclear pollution to the entire Volga region. Several engineers have proposed building a reinforced covering over the hole and digging a 12 km channel to shift the river away from the place of explosion. There is nearby town named Shatsk (Шацк).

Tsna (Moksha)
The Tsna (in its upper part: Mokraya Vershina) is a river in the Tambov and Ryazan oblasts of Russia, a left tributary of the Moksha (Volga basin). The length of the river is 451 km. The catchment area is 21500 km². The height of the mouth is 86 m above sea level.

On the river are the cities of Kotovsk, Tambov, Morshansk, Sasovo.

It begins in the Sampursky District under the name of Mokraya Vershina.
Neff Maiava
Neff Alfred Maiava (May 1, 1924 – April 21, 2018) was an American Samoan professional wrestler. He is best known for his appearances in the United States with the Honolulu, Hawaii-based promotion 50th State Big Time Wrestling in the late-1950s and 1960s.

Pampero Firpo
Juan Kachmanian (April 6, 1930 – January 9, 2020) was an Argentine-born Armenian-American professional wrestler, better known by his ring name, Pampero Firpo. He is perhaps most known for his work in Detroit, Michigan's Big Time Wrestling promotion.
OshKosh B'gosh
OshKosh B'gosh is an American children's apparel company founded in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. It is a subsidiary of Carter's.

OshKosh B'gosh has become best known for its children's clothing, especially bibbed overalls. The original children's overalls, dating from the early 20th century, were intended to let parents dress their children like their fathers. According to the company, sales of the product increased after Miles Kimball, an Oshkosh-based mail order catalog, featured a pair of the overalls in its national catalog in 1960. As a result, OshKosh began to sell their products through department stores and expanded their children's line.

Oshkosh, Wisconsin
Oshkosh (/ˈɒʃkɒʃ/ ⓘ) is a city in Winnebago County, Wisconsin, United States, and its county seat. It is located on the western shore of Lake Winnebago, adjacent to the much less populous Town of Oshkosh in the north. The population was 66,816 at the 2020 census, making it the ninth-most populous city in Wisconsin. The Oshkosh metropolitan statistical area, consisting solely of Winnebago County, had 171,730 residents. Oshkosh is included in the greater Fox Cities region of Wisconsin.
Electoral district of Kirribilli
Kirribilli was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, created in 1962, partly replacing Neutral Bay and North Sydney, and named after and including the Sydney suburb of Kirribilli. It was abolished in 1981 and replaced by North Shore.

Electoral district of North Sydney
North Sydney was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. Created in 1927, it replaced part of the multi-member electorate of North Shore, and was named after and included the Sydney suburb of North Sydney.  It was abolished in 1962 and partly replaced by Kirribilli.
Tarraghter
Tarraghter, also recorded as Erraghter and Farraghter (from Irish Arachtra), is an ancient Irish district in what is now north-eastern County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. Tarraghter along with Melanagh were once part of the barony of Loughinsholin until the Plantation of Ulster, which saw them merge with the barony of Mountjoy (modern-day barony of Dungannon Upper).

The southern boundary of Tarraghter is the Ballinderry River running east, encompassing the greater parts of the parishes of Derryloran, Kildress, and Lissan that lies north of the river. It, however, excludes the termon land of Melanagh, which lie along the Lissan River.

Loughinsholin
Loughinsholin (from Irish  Loch Inse Ui Fhloinn 'lough of O'Flynn's island') is a barony in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. Its southeast borders the northwest shore of Lough Neagh, and itself is bordered by seven other baronies: Dungannon Upper to the south; Strabane Upper to the west; Keenaght and Coleraine to the north; Kilconway, Toome Upper, and Toome Lower to the east. It was formed largely on the extent of the northern part of the medieval Irish túath of Uí Tuirtri.

The Sperrin Mountains rise to the west of Loughinsholin, with Slieve Gallion and Carntogher the two most notable mountains of the range in the barony. The Ballinderry River flows along the southern boundary of the barony, with the River Moyola cutting through the middle, both emptying into Lough Neagh. The largest settlement in the barony is the town of Magherafelt.
Doctrine of Labyrinths
Doctrine of Labyrinths is a series of fantasy novels by Sarah Monette. It is set in the secondary world of Meduse and tells the story of the adventures of the wizard Felix Harrowgate and his half-brother, former assassin Mildmay the Fox. The series is made up of Mélusine, The Virtu, The Mirador, and Corambis.

Corambis (novel)
Corambis is a fantasy novel by Sarah Monette, the fourth book of her Doctrine of Labyrinths series, preceded by Mélusine, The Virtu, and The Mirador. It was first published in hardcover and ebook by Ace Books in April 2009, with a trade paperback edition following from the same publisher in April 2010.
Disiloxane
Disiloxane has the chemical formula Si2H6O. It is the simplest known siloxane with hydrogen only R groups. The molecule contains six equivalent Si−H bonds and two equivalent Si−O bonds. Disiloxane exists as a colorless, pungent gas under standard conditions. However, it is generally safe for human use as evidenced in its widespread use in cosmetics. It is also commonly known as disilyl ether, disilyl oxide, and perhydrodisiloxane.

Silicon–oxygen bond
A silicon–oxygen bond (Si−O bond) is a chemical bond between silicon and oxygen atoms that can be found in many inorganic and organic compounds. In a silicon–oxygen bond, electrons are shared unequally between the two atoms, with oxygen taking the larger share due to its greater electronegativity. This polarisation means Si–O bonds show characteristics of both covalent and ionic bonds. Compounds containing silicon–oxygen bonds include materials of major geological and industrial significance such as silica, silicate minerals and silicone polymers like polydimethylsiloxane.
Kelly criterion
In probability theory, the Kelly criterion (or Kelly strategy or Kelly bet) is a formula for sizing a sequence of bets by maximizing the long-term expected value of the logarithm of wealth, which is equivalent to maximizing the long-term expected geometric growth rate.  John Larry Kelly Jr., a researcher at Bell Labs, described the criterion in 1956.

The practical use of the formula has been demonstrated for gambling, and the same idea was used to explain diversification in investment management. In the 2000s, Kelly-style analysis became a part of mainstream investment theory and the claim has been made that well-known, successful investors including Warren Buffett and Bill Gross use Kelly methods (also see intertemporal portfolio choice). It is also the standard replacement of statistical power in anytime-valid statistical tests and confidence intervals, based on e-values and e-processes.

Intertemporal portfolio choice
Intertemporal portfolio choice is the process of allocating one's investable wealth to various assets, especially financial assets, repeatedly over time, in such a way as to optimize some criterion. The set of asset proportions at any time defines a portfolio. Since the returns on almost all assets are not fully predictable, the criterion has to take financial risk into account. Typically the criterion is the expected value of some concave function of the value of the portfolio after a certain number of time periods—that is, the expected utility of final wealth. Alternatively, it may be a function of the various levels of goods and services consumption that are attained by withdrawing some funds from the portfolio after each time period.
Math Rabbit
Math Rabbit is a spin-off of the Reader Rabbit educational video game series. It was published by The Learning Company in 1986 for MS-DOS and Apple II. A Deluxe version was released in 1993 for MS-DOS, Mac, and Windows 3.x. In 1997, a remake was released for Windows and Mac as Reader Rabbit's Math 1. The final remake for Windows and Macintosh was published in 1998 as Reader Rabbit's Math Ages 4–6, with a personalized version released in 1999.

The Learning Company
The Learning Company (TLC) was an American educational software company founded in 1980 in Palo Alto, California and headquartered in Fremont, California. The company produced a grade-based line of learning software, edutainment games, and productivity tools. Its titles included the flagship series Reader Rabbit, for preschoolers through second graders, and The ClueFinders, for more advanced students. The company was also known for publishing licensed educational titles featuring characters such as Arthur, The Powerpuff Girls, SpongeBob SquarePants and Sesame Street.

In December 1995, the company was acquired by SoftKey in a hostile takeover bid, at which point SoftKey assumed the Learning Company name and brand.
2022 United States House of Representatives elections in Oregon
The 2022 United States House of Representatives elections in Oregon were held on November 8, 2022, to elect the six U.S. representatives from the state of Oregon, one from each of the state's six congressional districts. Primaries for these seats were held on May 17, 2022. The elections coincided with the elections and primaries of other federal and state offices.

District boundaries were redrawn to ensure that the districts are apportioned based on data from the 2020 United States census, which added a sixth seat to Oregon's delegation. Democrats won the new sixth district, but Republicans gained Oregon's fifth district, leaving the congressional delegation with a four to two party split in favor of the Democrats. This was the first time since 1994 that Republicans won more than one House seat in Oregon.

2022 Oregon House of Representatives election
The 2022 Oregon House of Representatives election was held on Tuesday, November 8, 2022. Primary elections were held on Tuesday, May 17, 2022. Voters in the 60 districts of the Oregon House of Representatives elected their representatives. The elections coincided with the elections for other offices, including for State Senate.
Pristurus gallagheri
Pristurus gallagheri, also known as Gallagher's rock gecko or Wadi Kharrar rock gecko , is a species of lizard in the family Sphaerodactylidae found in Oman.

It is native to the central Hajar Mountains of northern Oman, up to 1,830 metres elevation. It has been observed on the trunks and branches of trees, including Moringa peregrina, Ficus salicifolia, and Acacia trees, and on the walls and doors of structures. It is locally abundant within its limited range.

Hajar Mountains
The Hajar Mountains (Arabic: جِبَال ٱلْحَجَر, romanized: Jibāl al-Ḥajar, The Rocky Mountains or The Stone Mountains) are one of the highest mountain ranges in the Arabian Peninsula, shared between northern Oman and eastern United Arab Emirates. Also known as "Oman Mountains", they separate the low coastal plain of Oman from the high desert plateau, and lie 50–100 km (31–62 miles) inland from the Gulf of Oman.