hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Photogeochemistry
Photogeochemistry merges photochemistry and geochemistry into the study of light-induced chemical reactions that occur or may occur among natural components of Earth's surface. The first comprehensive review on the subject was published in 2017 by the chemist and soil scientist Timothy A Doane, but the term photogeochemistry appeared a few years earlier as a keyword in studies that described the role of light-induced mineral transformations in shaping the biogeochemistry of Earth; this indeed describes the core of photogeochemical study, although other facets may be admitted into the definition.

Photochemistry
Photochemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical effects of light. Generally, this term is used to describe a chemical reaction caused by absorption of ultraviolet (wavelength from 100 to 400 nm), visible (400–750 nm), or infrared radiation (750–2500 nm).

In nature, photochemistry is of immense importance as it is the basis of photosynthesis, vision, and the formation of vitamin D with sunlight. It is also responsible for the appearance of DNA mutations leading to skin cancers.

Photochemical reactions proceed differently than temperature-driven reactions. Photochemical paths access high-energy intermediates that cannot be generated thermally, thereby overcoming large activation barriers in a short period of time, and allowing reactions otherwise inaccessible by thermal processes.  Photochemistry can also be destructive, as illustrated by the photodegradation of plastics.
Handley Page Hampden
The Handley Page HP.52 Hampden is a British twin-engine medium bomber that was operated by the Royal Air Force (RAF). It was part of the trio of large twin-engine bombers procured for the RAF, joining the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley and Vickers Wellington.  The Hampden was powered by Bristol Pegasus radial engines but a variant known as the Handley Page Hereford had in-line Napier Daggers.

The Hampden served in the early stages of the Second World War, bearing the brunt of the early bombing war over Europe, taking part in the first night raid on Berlin and the first 1,000-bomber raid on Cologne. When it became obsolete, after a period of mainly operating at night, it was retired from RAF Bomber Command service in late 1942. By 1943, the rest of the trio were being superseded by the larger four-engined heavy bombers such as the Avro Lancaster.

No. 49 Squadron RAF
No. 49 Squadron was a squadron of the Royal Air Force formed during World War I, re-formed in the build up to World War II, and later took part in the Cold War.

The unit is noted for its role in the British atomic and hydrogen bomb programmes. During Operation Buffalo in 1956, a Vickers Valiant from the squadron became the first British aircraft to drop a live atomic bomb. A year later, the squadron was entrusted with the task of dropping hydrogen bombs in Operation Grapple.
Marykulam
Marykulam is a village in Udumbanchola taluk of Idukki district in the Indian state of Kerala. It comes under the administration of Ayyappancoil panchayat. It is situated 15 km (9.3 mi) from Kattappana, 25 km (16 mi) from Kumily and 3 km (1.9 mi) from Upputhara.

Ayyappancoil
Ayyappancoil, also spelt Ayyappankovil is a village in newly formed Idukki taluk in Idukki district in the Indian state of Kerala. The place is popular for having a suspension bridge with a length of 200 meters and an old historic Sastha temple on the banks of Periyar river.

Ayyappancoil is 15 km (9.3 mi) far from Kattappana, which is a nearby major town. Ayyappancoil is located 45 km (28 mi) from District headquarters Painavu and 230 km (140 mi) from its State capital city Thiruvananthapuram .
Ayyappancoil was a big township in early 1960s. During the construction of Idukki hydro-electric project, the township was evacuated by the Kerala government.
Pontifical Greek College of Saint Athanasius
The Pontifical Greek College of St. Athanasius (Italian: Pontificio Collegio Greco di Sant’Atanasio; Greek: Ποντιφίκιο Ελληνικό Κολλέγιο Αγίου Αθανασίου) is a Pontifical College in Rome that observes the Byzantine rite.

It was founded in 1577 by Pope Gregory XIII as a college for the training of priests and seminarians who worshipped according to the Greek Eastern Catholic liturgies and disciplines. More recently, seminarians from elsewhere and other Byzantine Rite Eastern Catholic Churches have attended: Melkite Greek Catholic Church, Greeks, Albanians, Romanians, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Belarusians, Slovaks; in past centuries, before the establishment of autonomous colleges, also Ukrainian and Ruthenian students. It also hosted representatives of the Eastern Orthodox world.

Its patron saint is Saint Athanasius. The college Church of Sant'Atanasio is also a titular church.

Roman Colleges
The Roman Colleges, also referred to as the Pontifical Colleges in Rome, are seminary institutions established and maintained in Rome for the education of future ecclesiastics of the Catholic Church. Many of the colleges have traditionally taken students from particular national or ethnic groups, those from particular regions in Italy, and those from the various Eastern Catholic churches. The colleges are halls of residence in which the students follow the usual seminary exercises of piety, study in private, and review the subjects treated in class.

In some colleges there are special courses of instruction (languages, music, archaeology, etc.) but the regular courses in philosophy and theology are given in a few large central institutions, such as Pontifical Urbaniana University, the Pontifical Gregorian University, the Pontifical Lateran University, and the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, known as the Angelicum.
Algebraic homotopy
In mathematics, algebraic homotopy is a research program on homotopy theory proposed by J.H.C. Whitehead in his 1950 ICM talk, where he described it as:

The ultimate object of algebraic homotopy is to construct a purely algebraic theory, which is equivalent to homotopy theory in the same sort of way that 'analytic' is equivalent to 'pure' projective geometry.

In spirit, the program is somehow similar to Grothendieck's homotopy hypothesis. However, according to Ronnie Brown, "Looking again at Esquisses d'un Progamme, it seems that programme has currently little relation to Whitehead's."

Homotopy hypothesis
In category theory, a branch of mathematics, Grothendieck's homotopy hypothesis states, homotopy theory speaking, that the ∞-groupoids are spaces.

One version of the hypothesis was claimed to be proved in the 1991 paper by Kapranov and Voevodsky. Their proof turned out to be flawed and their result in the form interpreted by Carlos Simpson is now known as the Simpson conjecture.

In higher category theory, one considers a space-valued presheaf instead of a set-valued presheaf in ordinary category theory. In view of homotopy hypothesis, a space here can be taken to an ∞-groupoid.
Ghislarengo
Ghislarengo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northeast of Turin and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Vercelli.

Ghislarengo borders the following municipalities: Arborio, Carpignano Sesia, Lenta, Rovasenda, and Sillavengo.

Lenta, Piedmont
Lenta is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) northeast of Turin and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of Vercelli.

Lenta borders the following municipalities: Carpignano Sesia, Gattinara, Ghemme, Ghislarengo, and Rovasenda. In its territory is a site housing some 3,000 retired military vehicles of the Italian Army.
Loriga
Loriga (Portuguese pronunciation: [luˈɾiɡɐ]) is a civil parish (Portuguese: freguesia) and town in south-central part of the municipality of Seia, in central Portugal. Part of the district of Guarda, it is 20 km away from the city of Seia, 40 km away from Viseu, 80 km away from Guarda and 320 km from Lisbon, nestled in the Serra da Estrela mountain range. The population in 2011 was 1,053, in an area of 36.25 km2, including the two localities, the town of Loriga and the village of Fontão.

Seia
Seia (European Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈsɐjɐ] ⓘ) is a municipality in Guarda District in Portugal. The population in 2021 was 21,755, in an area of 453.69 square kilometres (175.17 mi2). Its urban population is about 7,000. Seia was elevated to city status on 3 July 1986. The municipality is situated on the northwestern slope of Serra da Estrela, the highest mountain range in mainland Portugal, with a top height of 1993 meters. The present Mayor is António Luciano Silva Ribeiro, elected by the Socialist Party. The municipal holiday is July 3. Seia has an annual cinema festival called CineEco that focuses on films with ecological and natural themes.
Beech, Hampshire
Beech is a village and civil parish in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England. It lies 2 miles (3 km) west of Alton, just west of the A339 road.

The road between Bentworth and Beech runs over King's Hill (218 m), one of the county's high points. The nearest railway station is 2 miles (3 km) east of the village, at Alton.

East Hampshire
East Hampshire is a local government district in Hampshire, England. Its council is based in the town of Petersfield, although the largest town is Alton. The district also contains the town of  Bordon along with many villages and surrounding rural areas.

Parts of the district lie within the South Downs National Park. The neighbouring districts are Havant, Winchester, Basingstoke and Deane, Hart, Waverley and Chichester.
American Morning
American Morning is an American morning television news program that aired on CNN from September 12, 2001, to December 30, 2011. American Morning debuted with anchors Paula Zahn and Anderson Cooper on the day after the September 11 attacks, five months earlier than planned, replacing CNN Early Edition and CNN Live This Morning.

Cooper was replaced by Bill Hemmer in February 2002. The show's next permanent co-anchors were Soledad O'Brien and Miles O'Brien, who fronted the show from 2003 to 2007. They were replaced by John Roberts and Kiran Chetry due to poor ratings. After Roberts and Chetry left in 2011, the show did not have a permanent anchor team and was shelved by CNN at the end of the year. American Morning was replaced by two new programs, Early Start and Starting Point.

Morning Joe
Morning Joe is an American morning news talk show, which airs weekdays from 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. Eastern Time on the cable news channel MS NOW. It features former US Representative (Independent) Joe Scarborough reporting and discussing the news of the day in a panel format with co-hosts Mika Brzezinski (whom Scarborough married in November 2018), Willie Geist, who regularly co-hosts from Tuesdays to Fridays, and Jonathan Lemire, along with recurring and special guests.
Raph Koster
Raphael "Raph" Koster (born September 7, 1971) is an American entrepreneur, game designer, and author of A Theory of Fun for Game Design. Koster is widely recognized for his work as the lead designer of Ultima Online and the creative director behind Star Wars Galaxies. From 2006 until 2013 he worked as the founder and president of Metaplace (previously operating as Areae and acquired by social gaming company Playdom in 2010, which was in turn acquired by Disney) producing a Facebook game platform.

Daybreak Game Company
Daybreak Game Company LLC is an American video game developer based in San Diego. The company was founded in December 1997 as Sony Online Entertainment (a subsidiary of Sony Computer Entertainment) but was spun off to an independent investor in February 2015 and renamed Daybreak Game Company. On December 1, 2020, Daybreak Game Company entered into an agreement to be acquired by Enad Global 7.

They are known for owning, maintaining, and creating additional content for the games EverQuest, EverQuest II, The Matrix Online, PlanetSide, Star Wars Galaxies, Clone Wars Adventures, Free Realms, Vanguard: Saga of Heroes, DC Universe Online, PlanetSide 2, H1Z1: Just Survive, and H1Z1: King of the Kill, along with more recent acquisitions Dungeons & Dragons Online, Magic: The Gathering Online, The Lord of the Rings Online, and Palia.
De Triplici Statu Mundi
The De Triplici Statu Mundi (About the three states of the world) is a minor work that deals with Eschatology. It is attributed to Francesc Eiximenis and it was written in Latin between 1378 and 1379. This opuscule was transcribed and published by Albert Hauf in 1979.

Francesc Eiximenis
Francesc Eiximenis (Catalan: [fɾənˈsɛsk əʃiˈmɛnis]; c. 1330 – 1409) was a Franciscan Catalan writer who lived in the 14th-century Crown of Aragon. He was possibly one of the more successful medieval Catalan writers since his works were widely read, copied, published and translated. Therefore, it can be said that both in the literary and in the political sphere he had a lot of influence. Among his readers were numbered important people of his time, such as the kings of the Crown of Aragon Peter IV, John I and Martin I, the queen Maria de Luna (wife of Martin I), and the Pope of Avignon Benedict XIII.
Miss Ukraine 2017
Miss Ukraine 2017, the 27th edition of the Miss Ukraine pageant was held at the Palace "Ukraine" in Kyiv on 6 September 2017.  Twenty-four contestants from across Ukraine competed for the crown. The competition was hosted by Yuriy Horbunov and Kateryna Osadcha. Oleksandra Kucherenko of Dnipro crowned her successor Polina Tkach of Kyiv at the end of the event. Tkach represented Ukraine at the Miss World 2017 pageant where she placed in the top 40.

Miss Ukraine
Miss Ukraine (Міс України or Панна України, Panna Ukrayiny) is a national beauty pageant in Ukraine.

Today it is one of the top three national beauty contests in Ukraine, others being Miss Ukraine Universe and Queen of Ukraine. Miss Ukraine serves as preliminary for the Miss World, Miss International and Miss Earth. Until 2006 it was the only national beauty contest, participants of which were qualifying for all the international pageant contests. Miss Ukraine still is the most prestigious and broadcast, however other concourses such as Miss Ukraine Universe with the help from Oleksandra Nikolayenko becomes well accepted also.
Buff-streaked chat
The buff-streaked chat or buff-streaked bushchat (Campicoloides bifasciatus) is a species of bird in the family Muscicapidae. It is found in Lesotho, South Africa, and Eswatini.
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland.

Old World flycatcher
The Old World flycatchers are a large family, the Muscicapidae, of small passerine birds restricted to the Old World (Europe, Africa and Asia), with the exception of several vagrants and two species, bluethroat (Luscinia svecica) and northern wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe), found also in North America. These are mainly small arboreal insectivores, many of which, as the name implies, take their prey on the wing. The large family includes 357 species and is divided into 57 genera.
Middleton-on-Leven
Middleton-on-Leven is a hamlet and civil parish 6 miles (10 km) south of Middlesbrough in  North Yorkshire, England. At the 2011 Census, the population was less than 100, and was recorded with the civil parish of Rudby. In the 2001 census, the parish had a population of 97.

From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the district of Hambleton, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.

Rudby
Rudby is a village and civil parish, 4 miles (6.4 km) from the market town of Stokesley in the county of North Yorkshire, England.

From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the district of Hambleton, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.
Richard Montoya
Richard Montoya is an American actor, director, producer, screenwriter, playwright, comedian, and co-founding member of the San Francisco based performance troupe Culture Clash. His work in theatre is largely comedy-based and centers around ideas of racism, immigration, discrimination, and identity in Latin-American communities. He follows in the steps of his father, activist José Montoya, and is known for creating social and political change through a variety of artistic expressions.

José Montoya
José Montoya (May 28, 1932 – September 25, 2013) was a poet and an artist from Sacramento, California. He was one of the most influential Chicano bilingual poets. He has published many well-known poems in anthologies and magazines, and served as Sacramento's poet laureate.
Toyota Avensis
The Toyota Avensis (Japanese: トヨタ・アベンシス, Hepburn: Toyota Abenshisu) is a mid-size/large family car built in Derbyshire, United Kingdom by the Japanese automaker Toyota from October 1997 to August 2018. It was the direct successor to the European Carina E and was available as a four-door saloon, five-door liftback and estate.

The Avensis was introduced in 1997, to create a more modern name when compared with the Carina E. The "Avensis" name is derived from the French term avancer, meaning "to advance" or "move forward". The Avensis was not sold in North America, and it is related to the Scion tC coupé. It also shared a platform with the Allion and Premio and was available at Japanese dealership network Toyota Netz Store.

An MPV called the Avensis Verso (Ipsum in Japan and previously the Picnic in other markets) was built in Japan on a separate platform.

Toyota WW engine
The Toyota WW engine family is a series of 16-valve DOHC inline-4 common rail direct injection turbo diesel engines produced by Toyota from 2011 through 2018. These engines are based on the BMW N47, modified for use in Toyota vehicles, starting with the Verso in 2014. This involved the development of a number of new components, including engine mounts, a dual-mass flywheel, a new gearbox housing and gearing and a stop/start system to further improve efficiency and reduce emissions. The WW engine is offered in 1.6-liter (112 PS, 270 Nm) and 2.0-liter (143 PS, 320 Nm) versions.
Forward Gal Stakes
The Forward Gal Stakes is a Grade III American Thoroughbred horse race for three-year-old fillies, over a distance of seven furlongs on the dirt held annually in late January or early February at Gulfstream Park in Hallandale Beach, Florida.  The event currently carries a purse of $175,000.

Gulfstream Park
Gulfstream Park  is a Thoroughbred horse race track, casino and outdoor entertainment and shopping destination in Hallandale Beach, Florida, United States. It is among the most important venues for horse racing in the United States, and is open 365 days a year.

The venue is owned by The Stronach Group. Thoroughbred horse racing occurs year-round, defined by three distinct race meets and one invitational:

Championship Meet (December - March)

Pegasus World Cup

Royal Palm Meet (April - September)

Flamingo Festival Meet (October - November)
Southern California TRACON
Southern California TRACON (SoCal TRACON or SCT, radio communications: SoCal, SoCal Approach, SoCal Departure) is a terminal radar approach control (TRACON) facility in San Diego, California, that serves the Southern California region. It is a unit of the Air Traffic Organization (ATO) of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Southern California TRACON is the busiest approach control facility in the United States. In 2024, SoCal handled 2,212,674 aircraft operations, handling more aircraft than 11 of the 22 area control centers in the United States.

Air Traffic Organization
The Air Traffic Organization (ATO) is an air navigation service provider in the United States. The ATO is the operational division of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).

The ATO also provides air navigation services to private and commercial clients and the U.S. military. Their operational range covers 29.4 million square miles of airspace over the United States, and portions of the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and the Gulf of Mexico.

The organization operates a number of service units whose functions range from safety monitoring, workforce training, information technology, operational performance metrics, weather observation, and interface with the U.S. Department of Defense.
Algonquin, Illinois
Algonquin is a village in McHenry and Kane counties, Illinois, in the United States. It is a suburb of Chicago, located approximately 40 miles (64 km) northwest of the Loop. As of the 2020 census, the village's population was 29,700.

The village is known as "The Gem of the Fox River Valley", referring to the location of its downtown.

Kane County, Illinois
Kane County is a county in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 516,522, making it the fifth-most populous county in Illinois. Its county seat is Geneva, and its largest city is Aurora. Kane County is one of the collar counties of the metropolitan statistical area designated "Chicago–Naperville–Elgin, IL–IN–WI" by the US census.
Missouri Route 90
Route 90 is a 46.561-mile (74.933 km) state highway in McDonald and Barry counties in southwest Missouri, United States, that connects Missouri Route 43 (Route 43) in Southwest City with Missouri Route 37 (Route 37) in Washburn.

Missouri Route 43
Route 43 is a highway in western Missouri.  Its northern terminus is at U.S. Route 54 midway between Nevada and Deerfield.  Its southern terminus is at the corner of Missouri (near Southwest City), Arkansas, and Oklahoma where it continues down the Arkansas/Oklahoma state line as both Arkansas Highway 43 and OK-20.
Matthew 4:14–15
Matthew 4:14–15 are the fourteenth and fifteenth verses of the fourth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. In the previous verses Jesus returned to Galilee after hearing of the arrest of John the Baptist and then left Nazareth for Capernaum. These introduce and then contain the first portion of a quote from the Book of Isaiah showing how these movements were preordained by scripture.

Isaiah 9
Isaiah 9 is the ninth chapter of the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible, which is broadly the base of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Isaiah, and is one of the Nevi'im.
Duchy of Franconia
The Duchy of Franconia (Middle High German: Herzogtuom Franken) was one of the five stem duchies of East Francia and the medieval Kingdom of Germany emerging in the early 10th century. The word Franconia, first used in a Latin charter of 1053, was applied like the words Francia, France, and Franken, to a portion of the land occupied by the Franks.

Conrad I of Germany
Conrad I (German: Konrad; c. 881 – 23 December 918), called the Younger, was the king of East Francia from 911 to 918. He was the first king not of the Carolingian dynasty, the first to be elected by the nobility and the first to be anointed. He was chosen as the king by the rulers of the East Frankish stem duchies after the death of young King Louis the Child. Ethnically Frankish, prior to this election he had ruled the Duchy of Franconia from 906.
Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Dinajpur
The Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Dinajpur, Bangladesh an autonomous organization, mainly responsible for holding three public examinations (Junior School Certificate (JSC), Secondary School Certificate (SSC), and Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSC) and for providing recognition to the newly established non-government educational institutions and also for the supervision, control and developments of those institutions. It started the operation in 2006. Before that, this education board was within the Rajshahi Education Board.

Higher Secondary Certificate
Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC), Higher Secondary School Certificate, Higher Secondary Education Certificate (HSEC) or Intermediate Examination is a secondary education qualification in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. It is equivalent to the final year of high school in the United States and A level in the United Kingdom.