hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Environmental chamber
An environmental chamber, also called a climatic chamber or climate chamber, is an enclosure used to test the effects of specified environmental conditions on biological items, industrial products, materials, and electronic devices and components.

Such a chamber can be used:

as a stand-alone test for environmental effects on test specimens

as preparation of test specimens for further physical tests or chemical tests

as environmental conditions for conducting testing of specimens

Universal testing machine
A universal testing machine (UTM), also known as a universal tester, universal tensile machine, materials testing machine, materials test frame, is used to test the tensile strength (pulling) and compressive strength (pushing), flexural strength, bending, shear, hardness, and torsion testing, providing valuable data for designing and ensuring the quality of materials.  An earlier name for a tensile testing machine is a tensometer.  The "universal" part of the name reflects that it can perform many standard tests application on materials, components, and structures (in other words, that it is versatile).
Januarius
Januarius (/ˌdʒæn.juˈɛəriəs/ JAN-yoo-AIR-ee-əs; Latin: Ianuarius; Neapolitan and Italian: Gennaro), also known as Januarius I of Benevento, was Bishop of Benevento and is a martyr and saint of the Catholic Church. While no contemporary sources on his life are preserved, later sources and legends say he died during the Great Persecution, which ended with Diocletian's retirement in 305.

Januarius is the patron saint of Naples, where the faithful gather three times a year in Naples Cathedral to witness the liquefaction of what is claimed to be a sample of his blood kept in a sealed ampoule.

Museo del Tesoro di San Gennaro
The Museo del Tesoro di San Gennaro is a museum of religious relics in Naples, in Campania in southern Italy.

It was opened in December 2003.

The collection includes a large numbers of ex votos as well as silver and gold objects, paintings, bronze busts and an eighteenth-century gilded litter which was formerly used to carry the effigy of St. Januarius in processions.: 27 : 491
Volodymyr Lytvyn
Volodymyr Mykhailovych Lytvyn (Ukrainian: Володи́мир Миха́йлович Литви́н, IPA: [woloˈdɪmɪr mɪˈxɑjlowɪtʃ lɪtˈwɪn]; born April 28, 1956) is a Ukrainian politician best known for being Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada, the Ukrainian parliament. Having previously served in that position from 2002 until 2006, he was re-elected in December 2008 after his party agreed to join the former coalition of Yulia Tymoshenko in an expanded capacity and stayed Chairman until December 2012. From 1994 to 1999, Lytvyn was an aide to President Leonid Kuchma and, later, the head of his office.

Lytvyn Bloc
The Lytvyn Bloc, formerly Lytvyn's People's Bloc, (Ukrainian: Блок Литвина, formerly Народний блок Литвина) was a centrist political alliance in Ukraine from 2006 till 2012 led by Volodymyr Lytvyn. It is one of successors of the previous political alliance For United Ukraine which fell apart after Party of Regions left it. In 2007, the bloc surprisingly managed to return to parliament as a union of the People's Party and the Labour Party. According to Lytvyn the party had 400,000 members in October 2009.

On 17 November 2011 the Ukrainian Parliament approved an election law that banned the participation of blocs of political parties in parliamentary elections.
Abdollah Javadi Amoli
Abdollah Javadi Amoli (Persian: عبدالله جوادی آملی; born 5 May 1933) is an Iranian Twelver Shi'a Marja. He is a conservative and political moderate politician, philosopher and one of the prominent Islamic scholars of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The official website for his scientific foundation, Isra, states that his ideas and views have been guidance to the Islamic Republic of Iran since the 1979 Iranian Revolution, and that "his strategic and enlightening guidance" has been "extremely constructive" during the past three decades. He is known as one of the biggest critics of the banking system in Iran.

Marja'
Marja' (Arabic: مرجع, romanized: marjiʿ ; plural marājiʿ ; lit. 'source to follow'  or 'religious reference') is a title given to the highest level of Twelver Shia religious cleric, with the authority given by a hawzah (a seminary where Shi'a Muslim scholars are educated) to make legal decisions within the confines of Islamic law for followers and clerics below him in rank. The highest ranking marjiʿ is known as the marja al-mutlaq or marja al-taqlid al-mutlaq. A marji' is usually also a grand ayatollah.

Sources differ as to when the institution of the marja' emerged, with Murtadha al-Ansari (died 1864) and Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni (died 940 or 941) both being called the first marja'.

As of 2023, there are more than 50 living maraji, almost all residing in Iran or Iraq.
Columbus (crater)
Columbus is a crater in the Terra Sirenum of Mars.  It is 119 km in diameter and was named after Christopher Columbus, Italian explorer (1451–1506).  The discovery of sulfates and clay minerals in sediments within Columbus crater are strong evidence that a lake once existed in the crater.  Research with an orbiting near-infrared spectrometer, which reveals the types of minerals present based on the wavelengths of light they absorb, found evidence of layers of both clay and sulfates in Columbus crater.  This is exactly what would appear if a large lake had slowly evaporated.   Moreover, because some layers contained gypsum, a sulfate which forms in relatively fresh water, life could have formed in the crater.

Map showing the relative positions of Columbus crater and other nearby craters in Memnonia quadrangle

Memnonia quadrangle
The Memnonia quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Astrogeology Research Program. The Memnonia quadrangle is also referred to as MC-16 (Mars Chart-16).

The quadrangle is a region of Mars that covers latitude -30° to 0° and longitude 135° to 180°. The western part of Memnonia is a highly cratered highland region that exhibits a large range of crater degradation.

Memnonia includes the Arcadia Planitia, Amazonis Planitia, Lucus Planum, Terra Sirenum, Daedalia Planum, and Terra Cimmeria regions.

Many ancient river valleys including Mangala Vallis, have been found in the Memnonia quadrangle. Mangala appears to have begun with the formation of a graben, a set of faults that may have exposed an aquifer.
Kinky Gerlinky
Kinky Gerlinky was an influential British clubnight that began in 1989 at the Legends nightclub in London, England. It was hosted by fashion impresarios Michael and Gerlinde Costiff  and co-hosted by Winn Austin. The club night ended in 1994 following the sudden death of one of the organisers Gerlinde Costiff.

Leigh Bowery
Leigh Bowery (26 March 1961 – 31 December 1994) was an Australian performance artist, club promoter, and fashion designer. Bowery's performances featured striking costumes and make-up and were conceptual, flamboyant, outlandish, and sometimes controversial.

Based in London for much of his adult life, he was a model and muse for the English painter Lucian Freud. Bowery's friend and fellow performer Boy George said he saw Bowery's performances a number of times, and that they "never ceased to impress or revolt."
Design research
Design research was originally constituted as primarily concerned with ways of supporting and improving the process of design, developing from work in design methods. The concept has been expanded to include research embedded within the process of design and research-based design practice, research into the cognitive and communal processes of designing, and extending into wider aspects of socio-political, ethical and environmental contexts of design. It retains a sense of generality, recognising design as a creative act common to many fields, and aimed at understanding design processes and practices quite broadly.

Design science
Design science refers to a scientific, i.e. rational and systematic, approach to designing. An early concept of design science was introduced in 1957 by R. Buckminster Fuller who defined it as a systematic form of designing which he applied especially in innovative engineering design. The concept has been more broadly defined by the Design Science journal as “quantitative and qualitative research in the creation of artifacts and systems, and their embedding in our physical, virtual, psychological, economic, and social environment”.
Nepal women's national under-16 basketball team
The Nepal women's national under-16 basketball team is a national basketball team of Nepal, administered by the Nepal Basketball Association. It represents the country in international under-16 women's basketball competitions.

2017 FIBA U16 Women's Asian Championship
The 2017 FIBA U16 Women's Asian Championship was the qualifying tournament for FIBA Asia at the 2018 FIBA Under-17 Women's Basketball World Cup. Originally slated to be held at Hyderabad, the tournament venue was moved and held in Bengaluru, India from October 22 to 28.

Australia stormed back from a 13-point deficit in the third quarter to eke out a come-from-behind 61–60 win against Japan in the Finals, notching their first-ever championship in the tournament. Meanwhile, dethroned defending champions China salvaged the bronze medal after dispatching New Zealand, 60–43.

All these teams will represent FIBA Asia at the next year's FIBA U17 Women's World Cup to be held in Belarus.
Netherlands Antilles Davis Cup team
The Netherlands Antilles Davis Cup team represented the Netherlands Antilles in Davis Cup tennis competition and were governed by the Netherlands Antilles Tennis Association until one year after their dissolution.

Netherlands Antilles Tennis Federation
The Netherlands Antilles Tennis Federation was the governing body of tennis in the Netherlands Antilles. It was responsible for the Netherlands Antilles Davis Cup team. After the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles in 2010, it represented three newly formed association in 2011:

Bonaire Lawn Tennis Association

Curaçao Lawn Tennis Association

Sint Maarten Tennis Federation

The teams of Bonaire and Curaçao gained individual membership of the International Tennis Federation as well as the Central American & Caribbean Tennis Confederation in 2012.
Cape Valentine
Cape Valentine is a cape on the northeast side of Gurkovska Cove forming the northeast extremity of Elephant Island in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. The name was in use by American and British sealers as early as 1822 and is now well established.

Elephant Island
Elephant Island is an ice-covered, mountainous island off the coast of Antarctica in the outer reaches of the South Shetland Islands, in the Southern Ocean. The island is situated 245 kilometres (152 miles) north-northeast of the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, 1,253 kilometres (779 miles) west-southwest of South Georgia, 935 kilometres (581 miles) south of the Falkland Islands, and 885 kilometres (550 miles) southeast of Cape Horn. It is within the Antarctic claims of Argentina, Chile and the United Kingdom.

The Brazilian Antarctic Program maintains a shelter on the island, Goeldi, and formerly had another (Wiltgen) supporting the work of up to six researchers each during the summer. Wiltgen was dismantled in the summers of 1997 and 1998.
Bowerchalke
Bowerchalke is a village and civil parish in Wiltshire, England, about 9 miles (14 km) southwest of Salisbury. It is in the south of the county, about 1 mile (1.6 km) from the boundary with Dorset and 2 miles (3.2 km) from that with Hampshire. The parish includes the hamlets of Mead End, Misselfore and Woodminton. In 2021 the parish had a population of 362.

Bowerchalke is in the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, which is part of the Southern England Chalk Formation. The River Chalke, a classic chalk stream, rises in the village and joins the River Ebble at Broad Chalke, flowing into the Hampshire Avon south of Salisbury.

The Grade II* listed church of the Holy Trinity dates from the 13th century, and Nobel Prize winning novelist William Golding is buried in the churchyard.

Salisbury
Salisbury (/ˈsɔːlzbəri/ SAWLZ-bər-ee, locally /ˈsɔːzbəri/ SAWZ-bər-ee) is a cathedral city and civil parish in Wiltshire, England with a population of 41,820, at the confluence of the rivers Avon, Nadder and Bourne. The city is approximately 20 miles (30 kilometres) from Southampton and 30 miles (50 kilometres) from Bath.

Salisbury is in the southeast of Wiltshire, near the edge of Salisbury Plain. An ancient cathedral was north of the present city at Old Sarum. A new cathedral was built near the meeting of the rivers and a settlement grew up around it, which received a city charter in 1227 as New Sarum. This continued to be its official name until 2009, when Salisbury City Council was established. Salisbury railway station is an interchange between the West of England Line and the Wessex Main Line.

Stonehenge, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is 8 miles (13 kilometres) northwest of Salisbury.
Site Lange Max
Site Lange Max is a private domain, 3 km (1.9 mi) from the center of Koekelare, Belgium. The domain is located at 3 km (1.9 mi) from the Käthe Kollwitz Museum in Koekelare, 6 km (3.7 mi) from the Vladslo German war cemetery and 10 km (6.2 mi) from Diksmuide.

Koekelare
Koekelare (Dutch: [ˈkukəˌlaːrə]; West Flemish: Kookloare) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders. The municipality comprises the towns of Bovekerke, Koekelare proper and Zande. On 1 January 2006 Koekelare had a total population of 8,291. The total area is 39.19 km² which gives a population density of 212 inhabitants per km².

Koekelare was formerly written as Couckelaere.
Municipal solid waste
Municipal solid waste (MSW), commonly known as trash or garbage in the United States and rubbish in Britain, is a waste type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public. "Garbage" can also refer specifically to food waste, as in a garbage disposal; the two are sometimes collected separately. In the European Union, the semantic definition is 'mixed municipal waste,' given waste code 20 03 01 in the European Waste Catalog. Although the waste may originate from a number of sources that has nothing to do with a municipality, the traditional role of municipalities in collecting and managing these kinds of waste have produced the particular etymology 'municipal.'

Garbage
Garbage, trash (American English), rubbish (Commonwealth English), or refuse is waste material that is discarded by humans, usually due to a perceived lack of utility. The term generally does not encompass bodily waste products, purely liquid or gaseous wastes, or toxic waste products. Garbage is commonly sorted and classified into kinds of material suitable for specific kinds of disposal.
March (territory)
In medieval Europe, a march or mark was, in broad terms, any kind of borderland, as opposed to a state's "heartland". More specifically, a march was a border between realms or a neutral buffer zone under joint control of two states in which different laws might apply. In both of these senses, marches served a political purpose, such as providing warning of military incursions or regulating cross-border trade.

Marches gave rise to the titles marquess (masculine) or marchioness (feminine).

Margrave
In the German nobility, margrave was a rank equivalent to marquess. It originated as the medieval title for the military commander assigned to maintain the defence of one of the border provinces of the Holy Roman Empire or a kingdom. That position became hereditary in certain feudal families in the Empire and the title came to be borne by rulers of some Imperial principalities until the abolition of the Empire in 1806 (e.g., Margrave of Brandenburg, Margrave of Baden). Thereafter, those domains (originally known as marks or marches, later as margraviates or margravates) were absorbed into larger realms or the titleholders adopted titles indicative of full sovereignty.
Ram Vaswani
Ram "Crazy Horse" Vaswani (born 1 September 1970, from Finchley, Greater London) a former professional poker player and the youngest member of The Hendon Mob, a group of professional poker players. He resides in Finchley with his wife Jackie and daughter Hollie.

Vaswani became a regular on the poker circuit, and due to his involvement in Late Night Poker, he also became one of the pioneers of poker on television. He is the first (and to date only) person to reach 4 European Poker Tour (EPT) final tables. The latest being at Monte Carlo 2007 (eliminated first, on the first hand) one of those final tables bought a win, the Dublin Season 2 (2004) event. He won his first World Series of Poker bracelet in 2007, in the $1,500 Limit Hold'em Shootout event.

His other televised appearances include a win in the Poker Nations Cup, and runner-up in finishes in two more televised events.

Finchley
Finchley (/ˈfɪntʃli/) is a large district of north London, England, in the London Borough of Barnet. 7 mi (11 km) north of Charing Cross, nearby districts include: Golders Green, Muswell Hill, Friern Barnet, Whetstone, Mill Hill and Hendon.

It is predominantly a residential suburb, with three town centres: North Finchley, East Finchley and Finchley Church End (Finchley Central). Made up of four wards, the population of Finchley was 65,812 as of 2011.
Immigration to Brazil
Immigration to Brazil is the movement to Brazil of foreign peoples to reside permanently. It should not be confused with the forcible bringing of people from Africa as slaves. Latin Europe accounted for four-fifths of the arrivals (1.8 million Portuguese, 1.7 million Italians, and 760,000 Spaniards). 
This engendered a strikingly multicultural society. Yet over a few generations, Brazil absorbed these new populations in a manner that resembles the experience of the rest of the New World.

Spanish Brazilians
Spanish Brazilians are Brazilians of full or partial Spanish ancestry.

Spanish immigration was the third largest among immigrant groups in Brazil; about 750,000 immigrants entered Brazil from Spanish ports. How many Spaniards came to Brazil before independence are unknown. Brazilian censuses do not research "ethnic origins" or ancestry, which makes it very difficult to give accurate numbers of Brazilians of Spanish descent. Brazilians of Spanish descent can be estimated as being 1.5 million people in the 6 main metropolitan areas (around 5% of their total population in 1998)  or 10 and 15 million in the whole country, according to Brazilian media and the Spanish government respectively.
Lagoa e Carvoeiro
Lagoa e Carvoeiro is a civil parish in the municipality of Lagoa, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former civil parishes of Lagoa and Carvoeiro. The population in 2011 was 9,987, in an area of 39.13 km².

The offices of the freguesia (civil parish) are in part of the Convent of Saint Joseph.

Lagoa, Portugal
Lagoa (European Portuguese pronunciation: [lɐˈɣoɐ] ⓘ) is a city and municipality in the district of Faro, in the Portuguese region of Algarve. The population of the municipality in 2011 was 22,975, in an area of 88.25 km2. Its urban population, in the city of Lagoa proper, is 6,100 inhabitants. An important travel destination, its coast has won numerous accolades. Marinha Beach was considered by the Michelin Guide as one of the 10 most beautiful beaches in Europe and as one of the 100 most beautiful beaches in the world.
Girnar Jain temples
There is a group of temples of Jainism on Mount Girnar near Junagadh in Junagadh district, Gujarat, India. From the 14 temples that are on the hill about 3500 to 4000 steps from bhavnathi taleti and sahesavan, diksha and kevalgyan  kalyanak bhumi and nirvan kalyanak bhumi most all the temples belong to the Śvetāmbara sect, only one or two belong to the Digambara sect. The hill and some of the temples are considered sacred by both Digambara and the Śvetāmbara branches of Jainism.

Junagadh
Junagadh (જૂનાગઢⓘ) is the city and headquarters of Junagadh district in the Indian state of Gujarat. Located at the foot of the Girnar hills, 355 kilometres (221 mi) southwest of Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar (the state capital), it is the seventh largest city in the state.

Literally translated, Junagadh means "Old Fort". It was a part of Saurashtra state and later Bombay state. In 1960, in consequence of the Maha Gujarat movement, it became part of the newly formed Gujarat state.
Saint Mary's Redoubt
Saint Mary's Redoubt (Maltese: Ridott ta' Santa Marija), also known as Migart Redoubt (Maltese: Ridott ta' Migart), was a redoubt on the island of Comino in Malta. It was built, mainly with limestone, by the Order of Saint John in 1716 or 1761 (sources vary) as one of a series of coastal fortifications around the Maltese Islands.

The redoubt was located on the northern coast of Comino, far away from the island's other defences of Saint Mary's Tower and Saint Mary's Battery. It was demolished and no traces of it can be seen today.

Saint Mary's Tower
Saint Mary's Tower (Maltese: Torri ta' Santa Marija), also known as the Comino Tower (Maltese: Torri ta' Kemmuna), is a large bastioned watchtower on the island of Comino in Malta. It was built in 1618, the fifth of six Wignacourt towers. The tower was used by the Armed Forces of Malta until 2002, and it is now in the hands of Din l-Art Ħelwa.

The tower is a prominent landmark of Comino, and can be clearly seen from both Malta and Gozo, as well as from the ferry between the islands.
James Burns (Australian shipowner)
Sir James Burns KCMG (10 February 1846 – 22 August 1923) was a businessman, shipowner and philanthropist in Australia. In particular, he is known as the co-founder of Burns Philp and Company, a shipping and trading company, and for establishing the Burnside Presbyterian Homes for Children in North Parramatta (now known as UnitingCare Burnside), a children and family welfare organisation.

The King's School, Parramatta
The King's School is an independent Anglican, early learning, primary and secondary day and boarding school for boys, located in North Parramatta in the western suburbs of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Founded in 1831, the school is Australia's oldest independent school, and is situated on a 148-hectare (1.48 km2) suburban campus.

The school hosts about 2,157 students in K–12 as of 2024, and about 430 boarders from Years 5–12, making it one of the largest boarding schools in Australia. It is Australia's oldest boarding school.

The school is affiliated with the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference, the Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia (AHISA), the Junior School Heads Association of Australia (JSHAA), and the Australian Boarding Schools' Association (ABSA). It is a G30 School and is a founding member of the Athletic Association of the Great Public Schools of New South Wales (AAGPS).
Wild card (cards)
A wild card in card games is one that may be used to represent any other playing card, sometimes with certain restrictions. Jokers are often used as wild cards, but other cards may be designated as wild by the rules or by agreement. In addition to their use in card games played with a standard pack, wild cards may also exist in dedicated deck card games, such as the 'Master' card in Lexicon.: 134

Brag (card game)
Brag is an 18th-century  British card game, and the British national representative of the vying or "bluffing" family of gambling games. It is a descendant of the Elizabethan game of Primero and one of the several ancestors to poker, the modern version just varying in betting style and hand rankings. It has been described as the "longest-standing British representative of the Poker family."