hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Invariant subspace problem
In the field of mathematics known as functional analysis, the invariant subspace problem is a partially unresolved problem asking whether every bounded operator on a complex Banach space sends some non-trivial closed subspace to itself. Many variants of the problem have been solved, by restricting the class of bounded operators considered or by specifying a particular class of Banach spaces. The problem is still open for separable Hilbert spaces (in other words, each example, found so far, of an operator with no non-trivial invariant subspaces is an operator that acts on a Banach space that is not isomorphic to a separable Hilbert space).

Paul Halmos
Paul Richard Halmos (Hungarian: Halmos Pál [ˈhɒlmoʃ paːl]; 3 March 1916 – 2 October 2006) was a Hungarian-born American mathematician and probabilist who made fundamental advances in the areas of mathematical logic, probability theory, operator theory, ergodic theory, and functional analysis (in particular, Hilbert spaces). He was also recognized as a great mathematical expositor. He has been described as one of The Martians.
Free (Mao Abe album)
Free (ふりぃ, Furī) is Mao Abe's first album, released on January 21, 2009 (2009-01-21). It entered the Japanese Oricon album charts at #17, and was in the top 300 for 10 weeks. The album was released in two versions: a regular version and a CD+DVD version only on sale for a limit period of time.

The album was Abe's first physical release, as opposed to the Japanese music industry standard of releasing singles beforehand. All of the songs on this album were written by Abe during 2006-2007 while she was at high school.

When the album was in its final stages, all of the finalised data was lost. The songs had to be rebuilt by Abe and her production team from the original studio recordings.

Tsutaetai Koto/I Wanna See You
Tsutaetai Koto/I Wanna See You (伝えたいこと, Thing I Wanna Tell You; Ai Wana Shī Yū) is a single by Mao Abe, released on May 27, 2009 (2009-05-27) as her debut single.

The single was released in two versions: a CD+DVD limited edition version, as well as a CD Only regular version. The B-side of the single was "Kirei na Uta" (キレイな唄, Pretty Song), a song originally from Abe's Free album released four months prior, due to it being used as the Beauteen hair colour commercial song. All three songs on the single had tie-ups.
Statewatch
Statewatch is a UK-based charity founded in 1991 that produces and promotes critical research, policy analysis and investigative journalism to inform debates, movements and campaigns on civil liberties, human rights and democratic standards. Its work primarily focuses on Europe, and in particular the institutions and agencies of the European Union, but it also engages with issues at the national level in the UK and member states and with organisations elsewhere in the world.

Privacy International
Privacy International (PI) is a UK-based registered charity that defends and promotes the right to privacy across the world. First formed in 1990, registered as a non-profit company in 2002 and as a charity in 2012, PI is based in London. Its current executive director, since 2012, is Dr Gus Hosein.
Government Post Graduate College, Swabi
Government Post Graduate College, Swabi is a postgraduate college in the Swabi District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan. The college currently offers programs for inter level in Arts and Science groups plus it also offers courses in 4 years BS degrees and 2 years master's degree courses in Political Science & Economics.

Swabi District
Swabi District (Pashto: سوابۍ ولسوالۍ) is a district in the Mardan Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan. It lies between the Indus and Kabul Rivers. Before becoming a district in 1988, it was a tehsil within the Mardan District. 96% of the population speaks Pashto as their first language.

The dominating tribe of Swabi is the Yusufzai,  followed by the minor Utmankhel, Lodi, Tarakai, Jadoon and Khattak.
Diagnostic design specification
Diagnostic design specification is a document indicating how the diagnostics will be implemented on upcoming/new products that will be developed by the company. It describes the behavior of the diagnostics like how the test will execute, how the output messages are formatted, and how the final result is displayed (among others). This document is usually defined by the manufacturing team (more specifically, the manufacturing test engineers) and will be submitted to the software-diagnostic group for approvals.

In reality, not all the specifications can be delivered on time for the build-up of the first prototype boards so all the tests defined in the document usually are given in phases. Once both teams agree on the delivery timeline, the document is signed by both teams and put into some kind of document control. It is possible that the document may be changed from time to time like when other teams introduce new components or remove them.

Test engineer
A test engineer is a professional who determines how to create a process that would best test a particular product in manufacturing and related disciplines, in order to assure that the product meets applicable specifications. Test engineers are also responsible for determining the best way a test can be performed in order to achieve adequate test coverage. Often test engineers also serve as a liaison between manufacturing, design engineering, sales engineering and marketing communities as well.
Ping-pong lemma
In mathematics, the ping-pong lemma, or table-tennis lemma, is any of several mathematical statements that ensure that several elements in a group acting on a set freely generates a free subgroup of that group.

Linear group
In mathematics, a matrix group is a group G consisting of invertible matrices over a specified field K, with the operation of matrix multiplication. A linear group is a group that is isomorphic to a matrix group (that is, admitting a faithful, finite-dimensional representation over K).

Any finite group is linear, because it can be realized by permutation matrices using Cayley's theorem.  Among infinite groups, linear groups form an interesting and tractable class. Examples of groups that are not linear include groups which are "too big" (for example, the group of permutations of an infinite set), or which exhibit some pathological behavior (for example, finitely generated infinite torsion groups).
Router (woodworking)
The router is a power tool with a flat base and a rotating blade extending past the base. The spindle may be driven by an electric motor or by a pneumatic motor. It routs (hollows out) an area in hard material, such as wood or plastic. Routers are used most often in woodworking, especially cabinetry. They may be handheld or affixed to router tables. Some woodworkers consider the router one of the most versatile power tools.

There is also a traditional hand tool known as a router plane, a form of hand plane with a broad base and a narrow blade projecting well beyond the base plate.

CNC wood routers add the advantages of computer numerical control (CNC).

The laminate trimmer is a smaller, lighter version of the router. Although it is designed for trimming laminates, it can also be used for smaller general routing work.

Rotary tools can also be used similarly to routers with the right bits and accessories (such as plastic router bases).

Chip formation
Chip formation is part of the process of cutting materials by mechanical means, using tools such as saws, lathes and milling cutters.

The formal study of chip formation was encouraged around World War II and shortly afterwards, with increases in the use of faster and more powerful cutting machines, particularly for metal cutting with the new high speed steel cutters. Pioneering work in this field was carried out by Kivima (1952) and Franz (1958).

Chip formation is usually described according to a three-way model developed by Franz. This model is best known within the field of machine tool design, although it is also used when an application area, such as woodworking, requires a vocabulary to describe chip formation in more detail than is usually attempted.
North Dakota Highway 49
North Dakota Highway 49 (ND 49) is a 104.407-mile-long (168.027 km) north–south state highway in the U.S. state of North Dakota. ND 49's southern terminus is a continuation as South Dakota Highway 73 (SD 73) at the South Dakota border, and the northern terminus is at ND 200/CR 21 north of Beulah.

North Dakota Highway 200
North Dakota Highway 200 (ND 200) is a major east to west state highway in North Dakota, United States. It runs from Minnesota State Highway 200 at the Minnesota border near Halstad, Minnesota to Montana Highway 200 near Fairview, Montana. At nearly 416 miles (669 km), it is the longest state highway in North Dakota.

This highway was originally numbered North Dakota Highway 7, but was renumbered to form a continuous chain of similarly numbered state highways that stretch approximately 1,356 miles (2,182 km) long from Minnesota to Idaho.
AI takeover
An AI takeover is a fictional or hypothetical future event in which autonomous artificial intelligence systems acquire the capability to override human decision-making. This could be achieved through economic manipulation, infrastructure control, or direct intervention, resulting in de facto governance. Scenarios range from economic dominance by way of the replacement of the entire human workforce due to automation to the violent takeover of the world by a robot uprising or rogue AI.

Stories of AI takeovers have been popular throughout science fiction. Commentators argue that recent advancements in the field have heightened concern about such scenarios. In public debate, prominent figures such as Stephen Hawking have advocated research into precautionary measures to ensure future superintelligent machines remain under human control.

AI takeover in popular culture
AI takeover—the idea that some kind of artificial intelligence may supplant mankind as the dominant intelligent species on the planet—is a common theme in science fiction. Famous cultural touchstones include Terminator and The Matrix.
World Police Museum
The World Police Museum (traditional Chinese: 世界警察博物館; simplified Chinese: 世界警察博物馆; pinyin: Shìjiè Jǐngchá Bówùguǎn) is a museum about policing in Guishan District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. The museum is located inside the Central Police University.

Central Police University
Central Police University (CPU; traditional Chinese: 中央警察大學; simplified Chinese: 中央警察大学; pinyin: Zhōngyāng Jǐngchá Dàxué; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiong-iong Kéng-chhat Tāi-ha̍k) is a public police academy located in Guishan District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. CPU is the highest educational institution for police education in Taiwan. CPU is an administrative agency under the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of China.
Muhtar Kent
Ahmet Muhtar Kent (born December 1, 1952) is a Turkish-American business executive. He was the chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of The Coca-Cola Company. He became CEO in 2008, and chairman in 2009, leaving those positions in 2016 and 2019 respectively. Kent is a member of Galatasaray Sports Club, number 14277.

Turkish Americans
Turkish Americans (Turkish: Türk Amerikalılar) or American Turks (Turkish: Amerikalı Türkler)  are Americans of ethnic Turkish origin. The term "Turkish Americans" can therefore refer to ethnic Turkish immigrants to the United States, as well as their American-born descendants, who originate either from the Ottoman Empire or from post-Ottoman modern nation-states. The majority trace their roots to the Republic of Turkey, however, there are also significant ethnic Turkish communities in the US which descend from the island of Cyprus, the Balkans, North Africa, the Levant and other areas of the former Ottoman Empire. Furthermore, in recent years there has been a significant number of ethnic Turkish people coming to the US from the modern Turkish diaspora (i.e. outside the former Ottoman territories), especially from the Turkish Meskhetian diaspora in Eastern Europe (e.g. from Krasnodar Krai in Russia) and "Euro-Turks" from Central and Western Europe (e.g. Turkish Germans etc.).
West Hills High School
West Hills High School (WHHS) is a public, comprehensive high school in Santee, California, and serves students in grades nine through twelve. Opened in 1987, West Hills is the eleventh of thirteen high schools to be constructed in the Grossmont Union High School District which serves the East County area of San Diego County.

Santee, California
Santee is a city in San Diego County, California, United States. The population was 60,037 at the 2020 census. It is a part of the East County region. The city is bisected by the San Diego River, a linear greenbelt that includes parks, trails and more than 1,100 acres (450 ha) of natural habitat.
KBTQ
KBTQ (96.1 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a Spanish classic hits format. Licensed to Harlingen, Texas, United States, the station serves the McAllen area. The station is owned by Latino Media Network.

Harlingen, Texas
Harlingen (/ˈhɑːrlɪndʒɪn/ HAR-lin-jin) is a city in Cameron County in the central region of the Rio Grande Valley of the southern part of the U.S. state of Texas, about 30 miles (48 km) from the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The city covers more than 40 square miles (104 km2) and is the second-largest city in Cameron County, as well as the sixth-largest in the Rio Grande Valley. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 71,892.

Harlingen is a principal city of the Brownsville–Harlingen metropolitan area, which is part of the larger Brownsville–Harlingen–Raymondville combined statistical area, included in the Matamoros–Brownsville metropolitan region.
Alik Gershon
Alik Gershon (Hebrew: אליק גרשון; born 3 June 1980, in Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine) is an Israeli chess grandmaster. On 21 October 2010 he set the Guinness World Record for simultaneous games after playing 523 opponents in Tel Aviv. After 18 hours and 30 minutes, he won 454 games (86%), lost 11 and drew 58. On 9 February 2011 his record was broken by Iranian chess grandmaster Ehsan Ghaem-Maghami.

He was the World Under-14 champion in 1994 and World Under-16 champion in 1996. In 2000 he won the Israeli Chess Championship (tied with Boris Avrukh).

In 2007, his book San Luis 2005 (coauthored with Igor Nor) won the English Chess Federations Book of the Year award.

Ehsan Ghaem Maghami
Ehsan Ghaem-Maghami (Persian: احسان قائم‌مقامی; born 11 August 1982) is an Iranian chess grandmaster (2000). He is the record holder of the Iranian Chess Championship with 13 titles.

On the September 2011 FIDE list, he had an Elo rating of 2583.

In 2004, he finished first in the Kish GM Tournament. In 2009, he won a 20-game combined match (four classical, four rapid and twelve blitz games) against Anatoly Karpov, played with the proviso that each game be played to mate or dead draw. The overall score was eight wins to Ghaem-Maghami, seven wins to Karpov, and five draws. In 2011, he finished first in the 10th Avicenna International Open Tournament in Hamadan, Iran.
Ahmad ibn Asad
Ahmad ibn Asad (d. 864/865) was a Samanid Amir of Ferghana (819-864/5) and Samarkand (851/2-864/5). He was a son of Asad.

In 819, Ahmad was granted authority over the city of Ferghana by Caliph Al-Ma'mun's governor of Khorasan, Ghassan ibn 'Abbad, as a reward for his support against the rebel Rafi' ibn Laith. Following the death of his brother Nuh, who ruled in Samarkand, Ahmad and another brother Yahya were given rule over the city by Abdallah, the governor of Khurasan. Yahya's power was subsequently significantly curtailed by Ahmad, and he may have ruled as simply a figurehead until his death in 855. Yahya's line was then superseded by Ahmad's. By the time of Ahmad's death in 864 or 865, he was the ruler of most of Transoxiana, Bukhara and Khwarazm. Samarkand went to one son, Nasr I, while Shash went to another son, Ya'qub.

Asad ibn Saman
Asad ibn Saman (Persian: اسد بن سامان) was an early Samanid. He was the son of Saman Khuda, the founder of the Samanid dynasty of Persia.

According to tradition, Asad was named by his father in honor of the Caliphal governor of Khurasan Asad ibn 'Abd Allah al-Qasri (723-727), who had converted Saman to Islam. Asad had four sons: Nuh, Ahmad, Yahya, and Ilyas. Caliph al-Mamun appointed Asad's sons to be rulers of Samarqand, Ferghana, Shash and Ustrushana, and Hirat, and thus the dynasty of rulers was started. The famous Samanid ruler Ismail I (Ismail Samani) (892-907) was Asad's grandson and the son of Ahmad.
Shōda temple ruins
The Shōda temple ruins (賞田廃寺跡, Shōda Haiji ato) is an archaeological site with the ruins of a Hakuho period Buddhist temple located in the Shōda neighbourhood of what is now Naka-ku in the city of Okayama, in the San'yō region of Japan. The temple no longer exists, but the temple grounds were designated as a National Historic Site in 1972.

Okayama
Okayama (岡山市, Okayama-shi; Japanese: [okaꜜjama]) is the capital city of Okayama Prefecture in the Chūgoku region of Japan. The Okayama metropolitan area, centered around the city, has the largest urban employment zone in the Chugoku region of western Japan. The city was founded on June 1, 1889. As of February 2023, the city has an estimated population of 700,940 and a population density of 890 people per km2. The total area is 789.95 square kilometres (305.00 square miles).

The city is the site of Kōraku-en, known as one of the top three traditional gardens in Japan, and Okayama Castle, which is ranked among the best 100 Japanese castles. The city is famous as the setting of the Japanese fable Momotarō. Okayama joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2016.
Turkey women's national volleyball team
The Turkey women's national volleyball team (Turkish: Türkiye Kadın Voleybol Milli Takımı) is formed by the Turkish Volleyball Federation (TVF) and represents Turkey in international CEV and FIVB organizations.

The team is the most successful national sports team in the country and has been nicknamed "Filenin Sultanları" (English: Sultans of the Net) since the 2003 Women's European Volleyball Championship hosted in Ankara, Turkey. As of 8 September 2025, the team is ranked third in the FIVB World Rankings. Daniele Santarelli is the head coach of the team.

Neslihan Demir
Neslihan Demir (born 9 December 1983) is a retired Turkish volleyball star. She is one of the most successful athletes of Turkey and has been among FIVB Heroes. She represented her country as the flag bearer at the 2012 Summer Olympics and the official advertisement face of Turkey for the 2020 Summer Olympics candidateship along with basketballer Hedo Türkoğlu. She was a left-handed opposite hitter and won numerous individual awards in the international tournaments. She studied at Gazi University.
North White Carniolan dialect
The North White Carniolan dialect (Slovene: severnobelokranjsko narečje [sɛvɛɾnɔbɛlɔˈkɾàːnskɔ naˈɾéːt͡ʃjɛ], Serbo-Croatian: sjevernobelokrajinsko narječje) is a Slovene dialect spoken in White Carniola north of Dobliče and Griblje. The dialect was partially influenced by immigrants of Serbo-Croatian origin that moved to this area in the 15th and 16th centuries. The dialect borders the Lower Carniolan dialect to the north, Mixed Kočevje subdialects to the west, and South White Carniolan dialect to the south, as well as Prigorje and Goran Kajkavian to the east and Eastern Herzegovinian Shtokavian to the northeast. The dialect belongs to the Lower Carniolan dialect group, and it evolved from Lower Carniolan dialect base.

Lower Carniolan dialect group
The Lower Carniolan dialect group (dolenjska narečna skupina) is a group of closely related dialects of Slovene. The Lower Carniolan dialects are spoken in most of Lower Carniola and in the eastern half of Inner Carniola.
Heinzenberg
Heinzenberg is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde Kirner Land, whose seat is in the town of Kirn. With only 28 permanent inhabitants, Heinzenberg is the district's smallest municipality.

Hochstetten-Dhaun
Hochstetten-Dhaun is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde Kirner Land, whose seat is in the town of Kirn. Hochstetten-Dhaun is a state-recognized recreational community.
Am I Guilty?
Am I Guilty? is a 1940 American film directed by Samuel Neufeld for the Supreme Pictures Corporation. The film's producer A. W. Hackel, who had founded Supreme Pictures, planned a series of films featuring black casts, but Am I Guilty? was the only one to be released. The screenplay was cowritten by Earle Snell and George Wallace Sayre based on a story by Sherman Lowe.

Toddy Pictures rereleased the film as Racket Doctor in 1945. Advertisements for the film, including a lobby card, remain in existence, and a poster was appraised on an episode of the PBS show Antiques Roadshow.

The Pittsburgh Courier described a gala opening at the Apollo Theater in Harlem.

Toddy Pictures Company
Toddy Pictures Company was a film distribution and production company. It was founded in 1941 by Ted Toddy (1900-1983) in a consolidation of his film businesses under the new name. The film company specialized in African-American films.

Toddy was born in Russia. He worked for more than a decade at major studios before establishing Dixie National Pictures in Atlanta. He was involved in efforts to distribute the 1936 film Polygamy which ran into censorship hurdles and censor Joseph Breen.

Toddy added Million Dollar Productions to his business in 1940. Toddy re-released Million Dollar Productions films with new titles and marketing.

Toddy marketed light comedies with outdoor scenes and plenty of musical performances to Black audiences.
Filey School
Filey School (named Ebor Academy Filey for a time) is a secondary school located in Filey, North Yorkshire, England. It is the only secondary school in Filey, and it also covers surrounding villages, with a significant intake from Hunmanby. The school is under the Enhanced Mainstream School (EMS) umbrella created by North Yorkshire County Council, which means the school is specialised in Special Educational Needs students.

Filey
Filey (/ˈfaɪli/) is a seaside town and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. It is located between Scarborough and Bridlington on Filey Bay. Although previously a fishing village, it has a large sandy beach and became a popular tourist resort.
According to the 2011 UK census, Filey parish had a population of 6,981, in comparison to the 2001 UK census population figure of 6,819, and a population of 6,870 in 1991.

Filey was historically mainly within the East Riding of Yorkshire, although until 1888 a small part of the town, including its parish church, was in the North Riding of Yorkshire. In 1974 the town was transferred to the new county of North Yorkshire.