hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sources of international law
International law, also known as "law of nations", refers to the body of rules which regulate the conduct of sovereign states in their relations with one another. Sources of international law include treaties, international customs, general widely recognized principles of law, the decisions of national and lower courts, and scholarly writings. They are the materials and processes out of which the rules and principles regulating the international community are developed. They have been influenced by a range of political and legal theories.

The U.S. Department of State lists the "sources of international lawmaking" as including "treaties, executive agreements, legislation, Federal regulations, Federal court decisions, testimony and statements before Congressional and international bodies, diplomatic notes, correspondence, speeches, press conference statements, and even internal memoranda."

Statute of the International Court of Justice
The Statute of the International Court of Justice is an integral part of the United Nations Charter, as specified by Chapter XIV of the United Nations Charter, which established the International Court of Justice (replacing the Permanent Court of International Justice).
Philip Gudthaykudthay
Philip Gudthaykudthay (pronounced "g'day, g'day"; 1935 or earlier – October 2022), also known as Pussycat, was an Aboriginal Australian artist. His work is held in many public galleries in Australia and internationally, including the British Museum.

National Gallery of Australia
The National Gallery of Australia (NGA), formerly the Australian National Gallery, is the national art museum of Australia as well as one of the largest art museums in Australia, holding more than 166,000 works of art. Located in Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory, it was established in 1967 by the Australian Government as a national public art museum. As of 2022 it is under the directorship of Nick Mitzevich.
Ferrières, Belgium
Ferrières (French pronunciation: [fɛʁjɛʁ] ⓘ; Walloon: Ferire) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

On January 1, 2006, Ferrières had a total population of 4,449. The total area is 56.90 km2 with a  population density of 78 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Ferrières, My (pronounced "Mee"), Vieuxville (including the hamlet of Sy), Werbomont, and Xhoris.

Sy, Belgium
Sy is a village of Wallonia in the municipality of Ferrières, district of Vieuxville, located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

It is located in the Famenne and lays south of the city of Liège in the Belgian Ardennes near the Ourthe. This is also the village where the Belgian painter Richard Heintz (1871-1929) made some of his paintings and later died.
Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council
The Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council is the third largest trade union federation in Hong Kong, after the Federation of Trade Unions (FTU) and pro-Beijing Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions (FLU). It is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation.

HKTUC has been pro-Kuomintang, one of the main political parties of the Republic of China, since its establishment in 1948 and has maintained a close relationship with the party. It was the biggest rival to the leftist trade unions FTU and was seen as a rightist union. The former leader of the union, Pang Chun-hoi was the Legislative Council member for the Labour constituency from 1985 to 1995, while another seat of the two was occupied by the FTU leader Tam Yiu-chung before the handover of Hong Kong in 1997.

Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions
The Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions (HKFLU), established in 1984, is the second largest trade union in Hong Kong, after the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions, having 82 trade unions and more than 60,000 members in total. The federation was established in 1984.
Quebrada Limón
Quebrada Limón is one of the 31 barrios of the municipality of Ponce, Puerto Rico.  Along with Anón,  Coto Laurel, Guaraguao, Marueño, Real, and San Patricio, and the coastal barrios of Canas and Capitanejo, Quebrada Limón is one of the municipality's nine bordering barrios. It borders the municipality of Peñuelas. It was founded in 1878.

Real, Ponce, Puerto Rico
Real is one of the 31 barrios of the municipality of Ponce, Puerto Rico. Along with Anón, Coto Laurel, Guaraguao, Quebrada Limón, Marueño, and San Patricio, and the coastal barrios of Canas and  Capitanejo, Real is one of the municipality's nine bordering barrios. It borders the municipality of Juana Diaz. It was founded in 1878.
Grafschaft, Switzerland
Grafschaft is a former municipality in the district of Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.  In 2000 the municipality was created with the merger of Biel (VS), Ritzingen and Selkingen. On 1 January 2017 the former municipalities of Grafschaft, Blitzingen, Münster-Geschinen, Niederwald and Reckingen-Gluringen merged into the new municipality of Goms.

Reckingen-Gluringen
Reckingen-Gluringen is a former municipality in the district of Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. It was formed in 2004 from the union of the villages and municipalities of Reckingen and Gluringen. On 1 January 2017 the former municipalities of Reckingen-Gluringen, Blitzingen, Grafschaft, Münster-Geschinen and Niederwald merged into the new municipality of Goms.
Selina Schultz
Selina Schultz Gerhard Schultz (16 Sep 1880 - 19 Jul 1969) was an important American scholar of the Schwenkfelder Church. She was born in Palm, Pennsylvania and died in Paoli, Pennsylvania. The uncommon repetition of the surname Schultz comes from her having received her mother's maiden name Schultz as a middle name, and then the identical married surname from her husband USDA potato scientist Eugene Schultz Schultz (1884–1969).

Schultz was first secretary and editor for the 19-volume Corpus Schwenckfeldianorum published between 1907 and 1961 in nineteen volumes, collecting in German, Latin, and English translation the works of the sixteenth-century radical reformer Caspar Schwenckfeld von Ossig. She also published widely on Schwenckfeld as a topic.

Schwenkfelder Church
The Schwenkfelder Church (listenⓘ) is a small American Christian body rooted in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation teachings of Caspar Schwenkfeld von Ossig (1489–1561). They originated in Silesia (Germany). Due to persecution, they migrated to Saxony (Germany) then through the Netherlands and England. Six migrations brought the Schwenkfelders to America. The largest group arrived on September 22,1734.
Vachel Lindsay House
The Vachel Lindsay House is a historic house museum at 603 South 5th Street in Springfield, Illinois.  Built in 1848, it was the birthplace and lifelong home of poet Vachel Lindsay (1879–1931). It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971.  The Illinois Historic Preservation Agency operates the house as a museum and offers tours of the home that emphasize Vachel Lindsay's poetry and art.  It is open seasonally.

Illinois Historic Preservation Division
The Illinois Historic Preservation Division, formerly Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, is a governmental agency of the U.S. state of Illinois, and is a division of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources.  It is tasked with the duty of maintaining State-owned historic sites, and maximizing their educational and recreational value to visitors or on-line users.  In addition, it manages the process for applications within the state for additions to the National Register of Historic Places and other federal preservation schemes.
Tanner, Alabama
Tanner is an unincorporated community in central southern Limestone County, Alabama, United States, and is included in the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. It lies nine miles north of the city of Decatur and the Tennessee River, and four miles south of the city of Athens.

Limestone County, Alabama
Limestone County is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2020 census, the county's population was 103,570. Its county seat is Athens. The county is named after Limestone Creek. Limestone County is included in the Huntsville Metropolitan Area.
Ahmed Hesham
Ahmed Mohamed Hesham El-Sayed (Arabic: احمد محمد هشام السيد; born 15 May 2000), known as Ahmed Hesham (أحمد هشام), Ahmed Mohamed, or Ahmed Mohamed  Hesham, is an Egyptian handball player who plays for Montpellier Handball and the Egyptian national team.

He participated in the World Men's Handball Championship in 2021, 2023, 2025 and in 2020 Summer Olympics and 2024 Summer Olympics.

2019 Men's Youth World Handball Championship
The 2019 IHF Men's Youth World Championship (under-19) was the eighth edition of the tournament, held from 6 to 18 August 2019 in Skopje, North Macedonia.

Egypt won their first title by defeating Germany in the final.
Annette Strauss Square
Annette Strauss Square is an 128,000 sq ft (11,900 m2) outdoor performance facility in the AT&T Performing Arts Center, located in the Arts District of downtown Dallas, Texas (USA). It is the city's premier outdoor performing arts venue and a defining feature of the Elaine D. and Charles A. Sammons Park. Annette Strauss Square hosts a variety of outdoor events ranging from concerts to theatrical and dance performances to multi-day festivals, accommodating audiences of up to 5,000.

AT&T Performing Arts Center
The AT&T Performing Arts Center in Dallas, Texas, preliminarily referred to as the Dallas Center for the Performing Arts, is a $354-million multi-venue center in the Dallas Arts District for performances of opera, musical theater, classic and experimental theater, ballet and other forms of dance. It opened with a dedication by city leaders on October 12, 2009.

Three major architectural firms Foster and Partners (based in London), Office for Metropolitan Architecture (based in Rotterdam and New York City), and REX (based in New York) each designed portions of the center.
Kamancheh
The kamancheh is an Iranian bowed string instrument used in Persian, Azerbaijani, Armenian, Kurdish, Georgian, Turkmen, and Uzbek music with slight variations in the structure of the instrument.

The kamancheh is related to the rebab which is the historical ancestor of the kamancheh and the bowed Byzantine lyra. The strings are played with a variable-tension bow.

In 2017, the art of crafting and playing with Kamantcheh/Kamancha was included into the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists of Iran and Azerbaijan.

Persian traditional music
Persian traditional music or Iranian  traditional music, also known as Persian classical music or Iranian classical music, refers to the classical music of Iran (historically known as Persia). It consists of characteristics developed through the country's classical, medieval, and contemporary eras. It also influenced areas and regions that are considered part of Greater Iran.

Due to the exchange of musical science throughout history, many of Iran's classical modes are related to those of its neighboring cultures.

Iran's classical art music continues to function as a spiritual tool, as it has throughout history, and much less of a recreational activity. It belongs, for the most part, to the social elite, as opposed to the folkloric and popular music, in which the society as a whole participates. However, components of Iran's classical music have also been incorporated into folk and pop music compositions.
Borivali
Borivali (Pronunciation: [boːɾiʋəliː]) is a suburb located in northwestern Mumbai, India. Traditionally, tribals and East Indians lived in Borivali.

Attractions include the Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Fish Park, Kanheri Caves, Mandapeshwar Caves, Water Kingdom, the Rushivan and Hanuman Tekdi, with views of the suburbs.

Borivali railway station is an originating and terminating Railway Station for Mumbai local trains towards Churchgate in the South & Virar in the North. Also some express trains halt at this rail station which provides ease for people travelling long distances.

Borivali railway station
Borivali (station code: BO (suburban)/BVI (mainline)) is a railway station on the Western line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway network and an outbound station. It serves the suburban area of Borivali.

The Borivali Railway Station is a terminus for all slow, semi-fast, and fast trains on the Mumbai Suburban Railway system. It also serves as the final city-limit stop for all mail and express trains on the Western Railway before leaving Mumbai. As of October 2022, the plans to extend the Harbour Line to Borivali are in full steam, with the survey for land acquisition being completed.

Borivali is used by almost 2.87 lakh (287,000) passengers every day and is the busiest station on the western suburban line of Mumbai.
Heeze
Heeze is a town in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It is located in the municipality of Heeze-Leende, about 9 km southeast of Eindhoven.

The Heeze Castle is located east of the town. Further east and to the north lies the Strabrechtse Heide.

Heeze Castle
Heeze Castle (Dutch: Kasteel Heeze) is situated in the Netherlands, south of Eindhoven. It used to be the centre of the seigneury of Heeze, Leende and Zesgehuchten, part of the Duchy of Brabant. In the Middle Ages, it was owned by the de Horne family. In the seventeenth Century Pieter Post designed a new castle, of which the first part was built in 1665. After Pieter Post died, the work was completed by his son Maurits Post.

Due to the rising costs of importing all building materials from other regions of the country, the build of the Post design was halted early and never finished. For this reason, the part of the castle that is used by the current owners was actually meant to be the servants' quarters. The biggest part of the castle was to be built behind the first courtyard.

In 1760 the castle was bought by Jan Maximiliaan van Tuyll van Serooskerken. The Van Tuyll van Serooskerken family has lived in the castle ever since.
Afghan Conquest of Kunduz
The Afghan Conquest of Kunduz took place from May to June 1859. The conflict was between the Kunduz Khanate and the Emirate of Afghanistan. The conflict began after Mir Ataliq, the ruler of Kunduz, though nominally under Afghan rule, wished to remain under a degree of high autonomy. Mir Ataliq rejected many of the Afghan demands to re-enter their suzerainty, leading to Afghan forces under Afzal Khan to began mobilizing. The Afghans assembled their forces along the border of Kunduz, with an envoy delivering an ultimatum, which the Mir Ataliq did not respond to. This led to the Afghans invading in May 1859.

The Afghans defeated the armies of Mir Ataliq in battle, forcing his abdication as the Afghans closed in on his capital, with his brother-in-law negotiating a peace settlement that saw the Afghans annex the Kunduz Khanate. Badakhshan was also subjugated under Afghan rule during this conflict.

Kunduz
Kunduz, also written as Qunduz, is a city in northern Afghanistan, serving as the capital of Kunduz Province. It is within the jurisdiction of Kunduz District and has an estimated population of 413,996 people as of September 2025.
Mawlavi Gul Mohammad Elyas is the mayor of the city.

Kunduz has a domestic airport and an industrial park, including a growing number of public parks, markets, hospitals, mosques, universities, guesthouses and restaurants. The Kunduz University is located in the middle part of the city.

Kunduz is in the historical Tokharistan region of Bactria, near the confluence of the Kunduz River with the Khanabad River. The city is linked by a road network with Imam Sahib to the north, Taloqan to the east, Baghlan to the south, Mazar-i-Sharif to the west, and Sher Khan Bandar to the northwest. Many foreign tourists coming from Tajikistan pass through the city.
Sir Charles Mordaunt, 8th Baronet
Sir Charles Mordaunt, 8th Baronet (5 January 1771 – 30 May 1823) was an English politician. He represented the constituency of Warwickshire in 1804–1820.

He was one of the Mordaunt baronets, succeeding Sir John Mordaunt, 7th Baronet to the title. He was succeeded by his only son Sir John Mordaunt, 9th Baronet.

Mordaunt baronets
The Mordaunt Baronetcy, of Massingham Parva in the County of Norfolk, is a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 29 June 1611 for Lestrange Mordaunt, who had earlier distinguished himself in the Wars of the Low Countries during the reign of Elizabeth I. The fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth Baronets all represented Warwickshire in the House of Commons. The ninth and tenth Baronets sat as Members of Parliament for Warwickshire South.

In addition to the Massingham seat, the Mordaunts acquired Walton Hall, Warwickshire, near Wellesbourne, Warwickshire by the marriage in 1541 of Robert Mordaunt to Barbara Lestrange, heiress of Walton.

The family surname is pronounced "Mordant". Massingham Parva is now known as Little Massingham.
Wilton Park
Wilton Park is an executive agency of the UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office providing a global forum for strategic discussion.

Based since 1951 at Wiston House in Sussex, it organises over 70 dialogues a year in the UK and overseas, bringing together leading representatives from the worlds of politics, business, academia, diplomacy, civil society and media.

In 2021, Wilton Park celebrated its 75th anniversary.

Executive agency
An executive agency is a part of a government department that is treated as managerially and budgetarily separate, to carry out some part of the executive functions of the United Kingdom government, Scottish Government, Welsh Government or Northern Ireland Executive. Executive agencies are "machinery of government" devices distinct both from non-ministerial government departments and non-departmental public bodies (or "quangos"), each of which enjoy legal and constitutional separation from ministerial control.  The model has been applied in several other countries.
Sandown Bay Academy
Sandown Bay Academy, formerly Sandown High School, was an academy status secondary school located in Sandown on the Isle of Wight, England. From 2012 to 31 August 2018 it was sponsored by the Academies Enterprise Trust. On 31 August 2018, the academy was closed.

Sandown
Sandown is a seaside resort and civil parish on the south-east coast of the Isle of Wight, England. The neighbouring resort of Shanklin and the settlement of Lake are sited just to the south of the town. Sandown has a population of 7,125 according to the 2021 Census, and the three Sandown Bay settlements (the others being Lake and Shanklin) form a built-up area of more than 20,000 inhabitants. Sandown is the Bay's northernmost town, with its easily accessible, sandy beaches running continuously from the cliffs below Battery Gardens in the south to Yaverland in the north.
Benna, Piedmont
Benna is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Turin and about 4 kilometres (2 mi) southeast of Biella.

Benna borders the following municipalities: Candelo, Cossato, Massazza, Mottalciata, Verrone.

Massazza
Massazza is a small comune (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Turin, Italy and about 4 kilometres (2 mi) southeast of Biella, Italy.

Massazza borders the following municipalities: Benna, Cossato, Mottalciata, Salussola, Verrone, Villanova Biellese. It is home to a castle, built on a spur above the Biellese Baraggia natural area. The edifice was mentioned for the first time in 1239.
GBM (gamer)
Lee Chang-seok (Korean: 이창석), better known as GBM, is a South Korean former professional League of Legends player. He previously played for NRG Esports of the LCS, Team Vitality of the LEC, Jin Air Green Wings and CJ Entus of the LCK, and Galatasaray Esports of the Turkish Championship League (TCL).

Jin Air Green Wings
Jin Air Green Wings (Korean: 진에어 그린윙스) was a South Korean e-sports organization with teams competing in StarCraft II and League of Legends. Its parent organization was Korean Air subsidiary Jin Air. The organization was formed in November 2011 as a StarCraft: Brood War team, which combined three disbanding Proleague teams: Hwaesung Oz, WeMade FOX and MBCGame HERO. It was simply known as "The 8th Team" until Jin Air became its title sponsor in July 2013. Jin Air Green Wings was one of eight Korean e-Sports Association recognized teams participating in Proleague when it disbanded in late 2020.
Revolutionary Tribunal
The Revolutionary Tribunal (French: Tribunal révolutionnaire; unofficially Popular Tribunal) was a court instituted by the National Convention during the French Revolution for the trial of political offenders. In October 1793, it became one of the most powerful engines of the period often called the Reign of Terror.

Martial Herman
Martial Joseph Armand Herman (29 August 1759 – 7 May 1795) was a French lawyer and a chief judge during the Reign of Terror. His most famous cases were against Marie Antoinette and Georges Danton. As the commissioner of police, he dealt with the Luxembourg prison conspiracies, shortly before the Jacobin regime fell.
Complex cobordism
In mathematics, complex cobordism is a generalized cohomology theory related to cobordism of manifolds. Its spectrum is denoted by MU. It is an exceptionally powerful cohomology theory, but can be quite hard to compute, so often instead of using it directly one uses some slightly weaker theories derived from it, such as Brown–Peterson cohomology or Morava K-theory, that are easier to compute.

The generalized homology and cohomology complex cobordism theories were introduced by Michael Atiyah (1961) using the Thom spectrum.

Daniel Quillen
Daniel Gray Quillen (June 22, 1940 – April 30, 2011) was an American mathematician. He is known for being the "prime architect" of higher algebraic K-theory, for which he was awarded the Cole Prize in 1975 and the Fields Medal in 1978.

From 1984 to 2006, he was the Waynflete Professor of Pure Mathematics at Magdalen College, Oxford.
Bay Point, California
Bay Point, formerly West Pittsburg and originally Bella Vista, is a census-designated place located in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area in Contra Costa County, California. Bay Point is just west of Pittsburg, California, and northeast of Concord, California, on the southern shore of Suisun Bay. The population of Bay Point was 23,896 as of 2020. The Pittsburg/Bay Point Station of the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) rail system is located adjacent to Bay Point in Pittsburg. The community is traversed by State Route 4, the California Delta Highway, a controlled-access road. Being unincorporated, Bay Point does not have its own police department. The community is policed by the California Highway Patrol and the Contra Costa County Sheriff's Office. The ZIP Code is 94565, and the area code is 925.

Pittsburg/Bay Point station
Pittsburg/Bay Point station is a Bay Area Rapid Transit station in Pittsburg, California, United States, adjacent to the community of Bay Point. It serves northern and eastern Contra Costa County, as well as the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta area. Passengers transfer between the light and heavy rail portions of the Yellow Line at a dedicated transfer platform east of the main station.