hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
London Central
London Central is a bus operator brand under London General Transport Services Limited, trading as Go-Ahead London. It is a subsidiary of the Go-Ahead Group and primarily operates services in South London under contract to Transport for London.

London Buses route 108
London Buses route 108 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Lewisham Shopping Centre and Stratford International station, it is operated by Go-Ahead London subsidiary London Central.

An unusual feature of the route is its use of the Blackwall Tunnel, a source of severe delays which leads to the route often being cited as amongst the least reliable in London.
Ghaffari family
The Ghaffari family (Persian: خاندان غفاری) is an Iranian family of artists, jurists and bureaucrats from Kashan.

Notable members include:

Abu'l-Hasan Mostawfi Ghaffari (died c. 1797/98)

Khorshid Khanum Ghaffari (fl. 1834/1835)

Farrokh Khan (1812–1871)

Mirza Hashem Khan Ghaffari (died 1877)

Abu'l-Hasan Sani al-Mulk (1814–1866)

Abu Torab Ghaffari (died 1890)

Yahya Ghaffari (died between 1894–1905)

Kamal-ol-molk (1848–1940)

Mohammad-Ebrahim Khan Ghaffari (1859/60 – November/December 1918)

Mohammad-Ebrahim Khan Ghaffari
Mohammad-Ebrahim Khan Ghaffari (Persian: محمدابراهیم خان غفاری: 1859/60 – November/December 1918) was an Iranian diplomat and minister during the late Qajar era. A member of the Ghaffari family, he was the son of the high-ranking official Farrokh Khan.
Spamdexing
Spamdexing (also known as search engine spam, search engine poisoning, black-hat search engine optimization, search spam or web spam) is the deliberate manipulation of search engine indexes. It involves a number of methods, such as link building and repeating related or unrelated phrases, to manipulate the relevance or prominence of resources indexed in a manner inconsistent with the purpose of the indexing system.

Spamdexing could be considered to be a part of search engine optimization, although there are many SEO methods that improve the quality and appearance of the content of web sites and serve content useful to many users.

Content farm
A content farm or content mill is an organization focused on generating a large amount of web content, often specifically designed to satisfy algorithms for maximal retrieval by search engines, a practice known as search engine optimization (SEO). Such organizations often employ freelance creators or use artificial intelligence (AI) tools, with the goal of generating large amounts of content in the shortest time and for the lowest cost. The primary goal is to attract as many page views as possible, and thus generate more advertising revenue. The emergence of these media outlets is often tied to the demand for "true market demand" content based on search engine queries. Content farms have been criticized for their reliance on sensationalism, misinformation, and, following the 2020s AI boom, a reliance on generative artificial intelligence, all of which have contributed to the degradation of the accuracy of information in circulation.
Governor of Anguilla
The governor of Anguilla is the representative of the monarch in the British Overseas Territory of Anguilla. The governor is appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Government of the United Kingdom. The governor is the highest authority on Anguilla, but daily business is handled by local Anguillan elected officials. The main role of the governor is to appoint the premier of Anguilla.

The governor's official residence is Government House at Old Ta. The governor has her own flag: the Union Flag defaced with the coat of arms of Anguilla.

The current governor is Julia Crouch, who was sworn in on 11 September 2023.

Government House, Anguilla
Government House is the official residence of the governor of Anguilla, located in Old Ta in Anguilla.

The building was first constructed in 1969, but was substantially modernised in 1974.

As well as being the residence of the Anguillan Governor and their family, Government House is also used for national and ceremonial functions, as well as receptions and meetings with visiting foreign dignitaries and heads of state. It is also the official residence of the Anguillan head of state (currently King Charles III) when staying in Anguilla.
Starland Ballroom
The Starland Ballroom is a concert venue located in Sayreville, New Jersey. Beginning in the 1960s, the building was known as the Jernee Mill Inn, a local bar with a banquet hall. It was originally known as the Hunka Bunka Ballroom and then Willy's  in the 1980s. It has operated as a dance music club but more often hosted concerts with primarily metal, punk and ska lineups.

Sayreville, New Jersey
Sayreville is a borough in Middlesex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, in the New York metropolitan area. Sayreville is within the heart of the Raritan Valley region, located on the south banks of the Raritan River, and also located on the Raritan Bay. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 45,345, an increase of 2,641 (+6.2%) from the 2010 census count of 42,704, which in turn reflected an increase of 2,327 (+5.8%) from the 40,377 counted in the 2000 census.

Sayreville was originally incorporated as a township on April 6, 1876, from portions of South Amboy Township. On April 2, 1919, the borough was reincorporated as the Borough of Sayreville and ratified by a referendum held on April 29, 1919.
Italian ironclad Regina Maria Pia
Regina Maria Pia was the lead ship of the Regina Maria Pia class of ironclad warships built in French shipyards for the Italian Regia Marina in the 1860s. She and her three sister ships were broadside ironclads, mounting a battery of four 203 mm (8 in) and twenty-two 164 mm (6.5 in) guns on the broadside. Regina Maria Pia was laid down in July 1862, was launched in April 1863, and was completed in April 1864.

Regina Maria Pia took part in the Battle of Lissa during the Third Italian War of Independence in 1866. She attacked the unarmored frigates in the Austrian second division, and damaged two vessels. Her career was limited after the war, owing to the emergence of more modern ironclads and a severe reduction in the Italian naval budget following their defeat at Lissa. She was rebuilt as a central battery ship some time after Lissa, and was modernized again in the late 1880s. Regina Maria Pia was eventually broken up for scrap in 1904.

Regina Maria Pia-class ironclad
The Regina Maria Pia class was a group of four ironclad warships built for the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy) in the 1860s. The class comprised four ships, Regina Maria Pia, San Martino, Castelfidardo, and Ancona. They were built by French shipyards, since Italian yards were unable to meet the demand of the rapidly expanding Italian fleet. The ships were broadside ironclads and mounted a battery of twenty-six muzzle loading guns.

All four ships saw action at the Battle of Lissa during the Third Italian War of Independence in 1866. Regina Maria Pia was badly burned in the battle, but the other three vessels were not seriously damaged. The ships served in a variety of roles for the remainder of their long careers; they were modernized in the late 1880s and thereafter used as a training ships. Regina Maria Pia, San Martino, and Ancona were discarded in 1903–1904, and Castelfidardo joined them in the breaker's yard in 1910.
Llanerch-Ayron Halt railway station
Llanerch-Ayron Halt was a small railway station on the Aberayron branch of the Carmarthen to Aberystwyth Line in the Welsh county of Ceredigion serving the nearby estate of Llanerchaeron. Opened by the Lampeter, Aberayron and New Quay Light Railway, the branch to Aberayron diverged from the through line at Lampeter.

Lampeter, Aberayron and New Quay Light Railway
The Lampeter, Aberayron and New Quay Light Railway was an independent branch line railway in south west Wales. It connected Aberayron (later spelt Aberaeron) to the former Manchester and Milford Railway line at Lampeter; New Quay was never reached.

It opened in 1911 and was loss-making from the outset; it was worked, and to some extent funded, by the Great Western Railway, and absorbed by that company in 1922. The limited passenger train service was discontinued in 1951, but at the same time a new creamery was opened at Green Grove on the line near Felin Fach, bringing significant milk traffic to the line.

The remaining general goods traffic ceased in 1965 and the milk traffic finished in 1973, when the line closed completely.
This Week (magazine)
This Week was a nationally syndicated Sunday magazine supplement that was included in American newspapers between 1935 and 1969. In the early 1950s, it accompanied 37 Sunday newspapers. A decade later, at its peak in 1963, This Week was distributed with the Sunday editions of 42 newspapers for a total circulation of 14.6 million.

It was the oldest syndicated newspaper supplement in the United States when it went out of business in 1969. It was distributed with the Los Angeles Times, The Dallas Morning News, The Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio), the Boston Herald, and others. Magazine historian Phil Stephensen-Payne noted,

"It grew from a circulation of four million in 1935 to nearly 12 million in 1957, far outstripping other fiction-carrying weeklies such as Collier's, Liberty and even The Saturday Evening Post (all of which eventually folded)."

Sunday magazine
A Sunday magazine is a publication inserted into a Sunday newspaper. It also has been known as a Sunday supplement, Sunday newspaper magazine or Sunday magazine section. Traditionally, the articles in these magazines cover a wide range of subjects, and the content is not as current and timely as the rest of the newspaper.
Aureliano Veloso
Aureliano Capelo Pires Veloso (25 February 1924 – 12 June 2019) was a Portuguese Socialist Party politician.

He was born in Folgosinho, Gouveia, Guarda District. In 1950 he graduated in Industrial Chemical Engineering from the University of Porto. He was the first democratically elected mayor of Porto in 1976, after the Carnation Revolution of 1974, and served until 1980. In January 2011, he was unanimously awarded the Medal of the City by the council.

He was the older brother of António Pires Veloso (1926–2014), a general who was the last colonial governor of São Tomé and Príncipe and became known as "Viceroy of the North" for his power over Northern Portugal after the Carnation Revolution. He was the father of Rui Veloso (born 1957), a singer-songwriter.

Gouveia, Portugal
Gouveia (European Portuguese pronunciation: [ɡoˈvɐjɐ] ⓘ) is a city and a municipality in the district of Guarda in Portugal. The municipality population in 2011 was 14,046, in an area of 300.61 square kilometres (116.07 mi2). The town itself has a very small population, around 3.500.

The present mayor is Luis Marques Tadeu, elected by the Social Democratic Party. The municipal holiday is the Monday after the 2nd Sunday of August.
Fluvanna County, Virginia
Fluvanna County is a United States county centrally located in the Piedmont region of the Commonwealth of Virginia.  Part of the Charlottesville Metropolitan Statistical Area, Fluvanna's population, as of the 2020 census, was 27,249. The county seat is Palmyra, while the most populous community is the census designated place of Lake Monticello.

Columbia, Virginia
Columbia, formerly known as Point of Fork, is a village and census designated place in Fluvanna County, Virginia, United States, at the confluence of the James and Rivanna rivers. Following a referendum, Columbia was dissolved as an incorporated town – until that time, it was the smallest in Virginia – on July 1, 2016. As of the 2010 census, the town's population was 83, up from 49 at the 2000 census.

Columbia is part of the Charlottesville Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is on the border between Fluvanna County and Goochland County.
Lauriano
Lauriano is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northeast of Turin.

Lauriano borders the following municipalities: Verolengo, Monteu da Po, San Sebastiano da Po, Cavagnolo, Casalborgone, and Tonengo.

Tonengo
Tonengo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) east of Turin and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 196 and an area of 5.5 square kilometres (2.1 sq mi).

Tonengo borders the following municipalities: Aramengo, Casalborgone, Cavagnolo, Cocconato, Lauriano, and Moransengo.
Flag anthem
A flag anthem is a patriotic song or ode dedicated to a flag, usually one of a country (in which case it is also known as a national flag anthem). It is often either sung or performed during or immediately before the raising or lowering of a flag during a ceremony. Most countries use their respective national anthems or some other patriotic song for this purpose. However, some countries, particularly in South America, use a distinct flag anthem for such purposes. Not all countries have flag anthems. Some used them in the past but no longer do, such as Iran and South Africa. Flag anthems can be officially codified in law, or unofficially recognized as such through mere custom and convention. In some countries, the flag anthem may be just another song, and in others, it may be an official symbol of the state akin to a second national anthem, such as in the Republic of China.

Anthem
An anthem is a musical composition of celebration, usually used as a symbol for a distinct group, particularly the national anthems of countries. Originally, and in music theory and religious contexts, it also refers more particularly to short sacred choral work (still frequently seen in Sacred Harp and other types of shape note singing) and still more particularly to a specific form of liturgical music. In this sense, its use began c. 1550 in English-speaking churches; it uses English language words, in contrast to the originally Roman Catholic 'motet' which sets a Latin text.
Antarctic (ship)
Antarctic was a Swedish steamship built in Drammen, Norway, in 1871. She was used on several research expeditions to the Arctic region and to Antarctica from 1893 to 1903. In 1895 the first confirmed landing on the mainland of Antarctica was made from this ship.

Swedish Antarctic Expedition
The Swedish Antarctic Expedition of 1901–1903 was a scientific expedition led by Otto Nordenskjöld and Carl Anton Larsen. It was the first Swedish endeavour to Antarctica in the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.
Sphaerobacter
Sphaerobacter is a genus of bacteria. When originally described it was placed in its own subclass (Spahaerobacteridae) within the class Actinomycetota. Subsequently, phylogenetic studies have now placed it in its own order Sphaerobacterales within the phylum Thermomicrobiota. Up to now there is only one species of this genus known (Sphaerobacter thermophilus). The closest related cultivated organism to S. thermophilus is Thermomicrobium roseum with an 87% sequence similarity which indicates that S. thermophilus is one of the most isolated bacterial species.[4]

Thermomicrobia
The Thermomicrobia is a group of thermophilic green non-sulfur bacteria.  Based on species Thermomicrobium roseum (type species) and Sphaerobacter thermophilus, this bacteria class has the following description:

The class Thermomicrobia subdivides into two orders with validly published names: Thermomicrobiales Garrity and Holt 2001 and Sphaerobacterales Stackebrandt, Rainey and Ward-Rainey 1997. Gram negative. Pleomorphic, non-motile, non-spore-forming rods. Non-sporulating. No diamino acid present. No peptidoglycan in significant amount. Atypical proteinaceous cell walls. Hyper-thermophilic, optimum growth temperature at 70-75 °C. Obligatory aerobic and chemoorganotrophic.

As thermophilic bacteria, members of this class are usually found in environments which are distant from human activity. However, they have features like improved growth in antibiotics and CO oxidizing activity, making them interesting topics of research (e.g. for biotechnology application).
John Parnell (cricketer)
John Henry Parnell (14 August 1811 – 3 August 1859) was an Anglo-Irish cricketer with amateur status who was active in 1831. He was born in Avondale, County Wicklow and died in Dublin. He made his debut in 1831 and appeared in one match as an unknown handedness batsman whose bowling style is unknown, playing for Cambridge University. He scored 25 runs with a highest score of 22* and took no wickets.

Parnell was born to William Parnell-Hayes and his wife Frances Howard. A grandson of Sir John Parnell, 2nd Baronet, Parnell was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1834 he married Delia Tudor Stewart (1816–1898), daughter of Commodore (later Admiral) Charles Stewart, U.S. Navy. They had eleven children including the Irish nationalist politicians Charles Stewart Parnell and John Howard Parnell, Irish nationalist and leader of the Ladies' Land League Anna Catherine Parnell, and Irish nationalist and poet Fanny Parnell. John Parnell was High Sheriff of Wicklow in 1836.

John Howard Parnell
John Howard Parnell (1843 – 3 May 1923) was an older brother of the Irish Nationalist leader Charles Stewart Parnell and after his brother's death was himself a Parnellite Nationalist Member of Parliament, for South Meath from 1895 to 1900.  From 1898 he was also  Dublin City Marshal.
Water Mill, New York
Water Mill is a hamlet and a census-designated place (CDP) within the Town of Southampton on Long Island in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population of the CDP was 1,559 at the 2010 census. Its ZIP Code is 11976.

As of 2024, Water Mill is the third most expensive ZIP Code in the United States and the second most expensive ZIP code in New York State. The median home price was $5,885,000.

Southampton, New York
Southampton, officially the Town of Southampton, is a town in southeastern Suffolk County, New York, partly on the South Fork of Long Island. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the town had a population of 69,036. Southampton is included in the stretch of shoreline prominently known as the Hamptons.

Stony Brook University has a campus in Southampton.
Cromer Pier
Cromer Pier is a Grade II listed seaside pier in the civil parish of Cromer on the north coast of the English county of Norfolk, 25 miles (40 km) due north of the city of Norwich in the United Kingdom. The pier is the home of the Cromer Lifeboat Station and the Pavilion Theatre.

Cromer
Cromer (/ˈkroʊmər/ KROH-mər) is a coastal town and civil parish on the north coast of the North Norfolk district of the county of Norfolk, England. It is 23 miles (37 kilometres) north of Norwich, 9 miles (14 km) northwest of North Walsham and 4 miles (6 kilometres) east of Sheringham on the North Sea coastline.
The local government authorities are North Norfolk District Council, whose headquarters is on Holt Road in the town, and Norfolk County Council, based in Norwich. The civil parish has an area of 4.66 km2 (1+13⁄16 sq mi) and at the 2011 census had a population of 7,683.

The town is notable as a traditional tourist resort and for the Cromer crab, which forms the major source of income for local fishermen. The motto Gem of the Norfolk Coast is highlighted on the town's road signs.
Where Mathematics Comes From
Where Mathematics Comes From: How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics into Being (hereinafter WMCF) is a book by George Lakoff, a cognitive linguist, and Rafael E. Núñez, a psychologist. Published in 2000, WMCF seeks to found a cognitive science of mathematics, a theory of embodied mathematics based on conceptual metaphor.

Reuben Hersh
Reuben Hersh (December 9, 1927 – January 3, 2020) was an American mathematician and academic, best known for his writings on the nature, practice, and social impact of mathematics. Although he was generally known as Reuben Hersh, late in life he sometimes used the name Reuben Laznovsky in recognition of his father's ancestral family name. His work challenges and complements mainstream philosophy of mathematics.
Armanen runes
The Armanen runes (or Armanen Futharkh) are 18 pseudo-runes, invented by Austrian mysticist and Germanic revivalist Guido von List in 1902. Inspired by the historic Younger Futhark runes, they were described in his Das Geheimnis der Runen ('The Secret of the Runes'); this was published as a periodical article in 1906, and as a standalone publication in 1908. The name seeks to associate the runes with the postulated Armanen, whom von List saw as ancient Aryan priest-kings. The runes continue in use today in esotericism and in Germanic neopaganism.

Armanen-Orden
The Armanen-Orden (AO; German for "Armanen Order", "Order of the Armanen") was founded as a  revival of the Ariosophical Guido von List Society by German occultist Adolf Schleipfer (b. 1947) and  his then-wife Sigrun von Schlichting.

The Armanen-Orden is a neopagan esoteric society and religious order reviving the occult teachings of Guido von List. Its internal structure is organized in nine grades, inspired by Freemasonry.  The Order is openly ethnonationalist and racialist, and rejects race-mixing as a modern degeneration.
Balog de Manko Bük
Balogh von Mankobük, mankóbüki Balogh in Hungarian, was a Austro-Hungarian noble family from the Habsburg monarchy, originally from the region of Sopron / Ödenburg.

The mankóbüki family had their ancient estate in what today is the city of Bük. A branch of the family settled in Vienna after the Napoleonic wars and later a sub-branch settled in Budapest. Their origins date back to the beginning of the Habsburg rule of the Kingdom of Hungary and are documented in the area of Bük since 1549.

Imre Madách
Imre Madách de Sztregova et Kelecsény (20 January 1823 – 5 October 1864) was a Hungarian aristocrat, writer, poet, lawyer and politician. His major work is The Tragedy of Man (Az ember tragédiája, 1861). It is a dramatic poem approximately 4000 lines long, which elaborates on ideas comparable to Goethe's Faust and Milton's Paradise Lost. The author was encouraged and advised by János Arany, one of the most famous of the 19th-century Hungarian poets.
Saraiki language
Saraiki ( سرائیکی, Sarā'īkī, [səɾaːiːkiː]; also spelt Siraiki, or Seraiki) is a Lahnda language variety within the Indo-Aryan language family. It is spoken by 28.84 million people, as per the 2023 Pakistani census, taking prevalence in Southern Punjab with remants in Northern Sindh and Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Saraiki has partial mutual intelligibility with Standard Punjabi, and it shares with it a large portion of its vocabulary and morphology. At the same time in its phonology it is radically different (particularly in the lack of tones, the preservation of the voiced aspirates and the development of implosive consonants), and has important grammatical features in common with the Sindhi language spoken to the south.

Due to effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media like Urdu, Standard Punjabi and English and religious impact of Arabic and Persian, Saraiki like other regional varieties of Pakistan are continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words.

Implosive consonant
Implosive consonants are a group of stop consonants (and possibly also some affricates) with a mixed glottalic ingressive and pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism. That is, the airstream is controlled by moving the glottis downward in addition to expelling air from the lungs. Therefore, unlike the purely glottalic ejective consonants, implosives can be modified by phonation. Contrastive implosives are found in approximately 13% of the world's languages.

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, implosives are indicated by modifying the top of a letter (voiced stop) with a rightward-facing hook: bilabial ⟨ɓ⟩, alveolar ⟨ɗ ⟩, retroflex ⟨ᶑ ⟩ (this letter is 'implicit' in the IPA), palatal ⟨ ʄ ⟩, velar ⟨ɠ ⟩ and uvular ⟨ʛ ⟩.