hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mean anomaly
In celestial mechanics, the mean anomaly is the fraction of an elliptical orbit's period that has elapsed since the orbiting body passed periapsis, expressed as an angle which can be used in calculating the position of that body in the classical two-body problem. It is the angular distance from the pericenter which a fictitious body would have if it moved in a circular orbit, with constant speed, in the same orbital period as the actual body in its elliptical orbit.

Elliptic orbit
In astrodynamics or celestial mechanics, an elliptical orbit or eccentric orbit is an orbit with an eccentricity of less than 1; this includes the special case of a circular orbit, with eccentricity equal to 0. Some orbits have been referred to as "elongated orbits" if the eccentricity is "high" but that is not an explanatory term. For the simple two body problem, all orbits are ellipses.

In a gravitational two-body problem, both bodies follow similar elliptical orbits with the same orbital period around their common barycenter. The relative position of one body with respect to the other also follows an elliptic orbit.

In the solar system the dominant mass of the sun ensures planets each follow nearly circular elliptic orbits (e near 0) with the sun at the main focus while comets such as Halley is highly eccentric or elongated orbit (e near 1). Examples of elliptic orbits or trajectories for satellites include Hohmann transfer orbits, Molniya orbits, and tundra orbits.
Kongens Nytorv
Kongens Nytorv (lit. "The King's New Square") is a public square in Copenhagen, Denmark, centrally located at the end of the pedestrian street Strøget.  The largest square of the city, it was laid out by Christian V in 1670 in connection with a major extension of the fortified city, and has an equestrian statue of him at its centre. The initiative moved the centre of the city from the medieval area around Gammeltorv, at that time a muddy medieval marketplace, to a cobbled new square with a garden complex, inspired by the Royal city planning seen in Paris from the early 17th century.

Important buildings facing the square include the Royal Danish Theater from 1874, the Charlottenborg Palace from 1671 (now the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts), the Thott Palace from 1683 (now the French Embassy), the Hotel D'Angleterre and the Magasin du Nord department store.

Gammeltorv
Gammeltorv (Old Market) is the oldest square in Copenhagen, Denmark. With adjoining Nytorv it forms a common space along the Strøget pedestrian zone. While the square dates back to the foundation of the city in the 12th century, most of its buildings were constructed after the Great Fire of 1795 in Neoclassical style. Another dominating feature is the Caritas Well, a Renaissance fountain erected by King Christian IV in 1610.

Historically, Gammeltorv has been the focal point of Copenhagen's judicial and political life as well as one of its two principal marketplaces. Several former city halls have been located on the square or in its immediate vicinity. Surprisingly, its name is not a reference to adjoining Nytorv but to the slightly younger Amagertorv, Copenhagen's other major market in early times.
Felix of Aptunga
Felix, Bishop of Aptunga, in proconsular Africa was a 4th-century churchman, at the center of the Donatist controversy. Felix was one of those who consecrated Caecilian as Bishop of Carthage in 311 A.D. This act led to a major schism in Early North African Christianity.

Caecilianus
Caecilianus, or Caecilian, was archdeacon and then bishop of Carthage in 311 AD. His appointment as bishop led to the Donatist controversy of the Late Roman Empire. He was also one of only five Western bishops at the First Council of Nicea.
Indian Nepalis
Indian Nepali, Indian Nepali or Indo Nepalese, are  people of Indian origin who migrated from India to Nepal, predominantly since British India.

The Marwari people have lived in Nepal for several hundred years. They came to Nepal from Rajasthan as traders and flourished in Nepal where there was very little trade activity then. Now the Marwaris control majority of top businesses of Nepal. There are also a few Punjabis and Bengalis in major cities of Nepal. Many Muslims have also emigrated from India to Nepal. A majority of them are involved in low profile works like rickshaw pullers, cobblers, tailors, scavengers etc, while some run small businesses.

In 2001, it was estimated that around 4 million Indians had married Madhesi Nepalis over the previous 35 to 40 years while an estimated 400,000 migrated from India to Nepal, mostly for work.

Marwari people
The Marwari or Marwadi (Devanagari: मारवाड़ी) are an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group that originate from the Marwar region of Rajasthan, India. Their language, also called Marwari, comes under the umbrella of Rajasthani languages, which is part of the Western Zone of Indo-Aryan languages. Whilst most Marwaris live within India, they have sizeable presence in the neighbouring countries of Pakistan and Nepal.
Ä
Ä (lowercase: ä) is a character that represents either a letter from several extended Latin alphabets, or the letter A with an umlaut mark or diaeresis. It is used mainly in Northern European and Central Asian languages. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, it is sometimes used to represent the open central unrounded vowel.

A
A, or a, is the first letter and the first vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, and others worldwide. Its name in English is a (pronounced /ˈeɪ/ ⓘ AY), plural aes.

It is similar in shape to the Ancient Greek letter alpha, from which it derives. The uppercase version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the middle by a horizontal bar. The lowercase version is often written in one of two forms: the double-storey |a| and single-storey |ɑ|. The latter form is commonly used in handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read by children, and is also found in italic type.
Phthersigena
Phthersigena is an Australasian genus of praying mantids: in the subfamily Fulciniinae and tribe Paraoxypilini.  It is one of several genera containing certain species called "unicorn mantids", due to a process on their heads.

Nanomantidae
The Nanomantidae are a new (2019) family of praying mantises, based on the type genus Nanomantis.  As part of a major revision of mantid taxonomy, genera and tribes have been moved here, substantially replacing the old family Iridopterygidae.

The new placement is in superfamily Nanomantoidea (of group Cernomantodea) and infraorder Schizomantodea.  The recorded distribution of genera includes: Africa including Madagascar, the Himalayas, SE Asia through to Australia and Pacific islands.
Ararat Football Club
The Ararat Football Club, nicknamed the Rats,  is an Australian rules football and netball club based in the city of Ararat, Victoria. The football team currently competes in the Wimmera Football League (WFL).

Ted Bourke
Edward Arthur Bourke (17 February 1904 – 27 November 1952) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Richmond and South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1920s.

Often playing at centre half back, Bourke spent his early football years with Muckatah, Tungamah and Brunswick.

He kicked three goals on debut for Richmond in the opening round of the 1924 VFL season and participated in the round robin finals series which took place that year.

After crossing to South Melbourne without success in 1927, Bourke missed the entire 1928 football season while he waited for a clearance to the Victorian Football Association. He was signed by Sandringham in 1929 and won the Recorder Cup in his first season.

Bourke later served as captain-coach of Yarraville in 1933 and Ararat in 1934.

Bourke won the 1934 - Ballarat - Wimmera Football League best and fairest award, the George McKenzie Gold Medal.
Tokugawa Ienari
Tokugawa Ienari (Japanese: 徳川 家斉, 18 November 1773 – 22 March 1841) was the eleventh and longest-serving shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan who held office from 1787 to 1837. He was a great-grandson of the eighth shōgun Tokugawa Yoshimune through his son Munetada (1721–1764), head of the Hitotsubashi branch of the family, and his grandson Harusada (1751–1827).

Ienari died in 1841 and was given the Buddhist name Bunkyouin and buried at Kan'ei-ji.

Kishū Domain
The Kishū Domain (紀州藩, Kishū-han), also referred to as Kii Domain or Wakayama Domain, was a feudal domain in Kii Province, Japan. This domain encompassed regions in present-day Wakayama and southern Mie prefectures and had a substantial income of 555,000 koku. The administrative center of the domain was located at Wakayama Castle, which is situated in present-day Wakayama, Wakayama Prefecture.
Highland Light Infantry of Canada
The Highland Light Infantry of Canada was an infantry regiment of the Canadian Army. In 1965, the regiment was amalgamated with The Scots Fusiliers of Canada to form The Highland Fusiliers of Canada (now The Royal Highland Fusiliers of Canada).

3rd Canadian Division
The 3rd Canadian Division is a formation of the Canadian Army responsible for the command and mobilization of all army units in the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, as well as Northwestern Ontario including the city of Thunder Bay.

It was first created as a formation of the Canadian Corps during the First World War. It was stood down following the war and was later reactivated as the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division during the Second World War. The second iteration served with distinction from 1941 to 1945, taking part in the D-Day landings of 6 June 1944. A duplicate of the 3rd Canadian Division was formed in 1945 to serve on occupation duty in Germany and was disbanded the following year.
Istria Cup
The Istria Cup is an annual invitational women's football tournament, hosted by Croatia since 2013, in the Istria region of Croatia. It is held at the same time of the year as the Algarve Cup, the Arnold Clark Cup, the Cup of Nations, the Cyprus Women's Cup, the Pinatar Cup, the SheBelieves Cup, the Tournoi de France, the Turkish Women's Cup and the Women's Revelations Cup. The format of competition varies from year to year.

Tournoi de France (women's football)
The Tournoi de France was an invitational tournament for national teams in women's football hosted by the French Football Federation (FFF).

It was played in late February or early March, at the same time as the Algarve Cup, the Arnold Clark Cup, the Cup of Nations, the Cyprus Women's Cup, the Istria Cup, the Pinatar Cup, the SheBelieves Cup, the Turkish Women's Cup and the Women's Revelations Cup. In April 2023, FFF decided to discontinue the tournament following the introduction of the UEFA Women's Nations League.
ENSAE Paris
ENSAE Paris, officially École nationale de la statistique et de l'administration économique de Paris (French pronunciation: [ekɔl nɑsjɔnal də la statistik e də ladministʁɑsjɔ̃ ekɔnɔmik də paʁi]; 'Paris National School of Statistics and Economical Management'), is a grande école in France and a member of IP Paris (Institut Polytechnique de Paris). ENSAE Paris is known as the specialization school of École polytechnique for economics, finance, applied mathematics, statistics, and data science. It is one of France's top engineering schools and is directly attached to France's Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE) and the French Ministry of Economy and Finance.

ParisTech
ParisTech (French pronunciation: [paʁitɛk]) is a cluster of 7 grandes écoles based in Paris, France. It covers the whole spectrum of science, technology and management and has more than 12,000 students.

The training programs in engineering bring them together. ParisTech schools also offer Master programmes, Advanced Masters (French: Mastères Spécialisés), MBA programmes and PhD programmes.
Bluebell Records
Bluebell Records was an Italian independent record label active from 1959 to 1969 as part, along with other labels such as Mini Rec and Belldisc, of the Belldisc S.p.A. group. In 1969 these labels were fused into a new one, which became known as Produttori Associati.

The label released records by several artists, such as Fabrizio De André, Carmen Villani, The New Dada, Rocco Granata, Maurizio Arcieri and Duilio Del Prete. For many years, the label's head of publicity was Germano Ruscitto, who went on to become director of the music magazine Discografia Internazionale.

Produttori Associati
Produttori Associati was an Italian independent record label created in 1970 by Antonio Casetta, when Bluebell Records, Mini Rec, and Belldisc of the Belldisc S.p.A. group, fused. The label was active until 1977.

The company also owned Pausa Records in the United States, a label mostly known for Jazz recordings.
Loyalty Islands Province
Loyalty Islands Province (French: Province des îles Loyauté, pronounced [pʁɔvɛ̃s dez‿il lwajote]) is one of the three top-level administrative subdivisions of New Caledonia. It encompasses the Loyalty Islands (French: Îles Loyauté) archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, located northeast of the New Caledonian mainland of Grande Terre.

The provincial government seat is at Lifou. The Loyalty Islands are a collectivité territoriale of France. The province's 2019 population was approximately 18,353 inhabitants living on almost 2,000 km2 (770 sq mi). The native inhabitants are Melanesians who speak various Kanak languages and Polynesians who speak the Fagauvea language.

Administrative divisions of New Caledonia
The French sui generis collectivity of New Caledonia is divided into three provinces, which in turn are divided into 33 communes. There is also a system of eight tribal areas for the indigenous Kanak people, and three decentralized subdivisions.
Chappe telegraph
The Chappe telegraph was a French semaphore telegraph system invented by Claude Chappe in the early 1790s.

The system was composed of towers placed every 5 to 15 kilometers. Coded messages were sent from tower to tower, with transmission being handled by tower operators using specially designed telescopes. The messages were decoded once they reached their destination city. By the mid 19th century, the network spanned several hundred kilometres and covered most major French cities as well as Venice, Mainz and Amsterdam.

The system was dismantled after the introduction of the electric telegraph. Today, about twenty Chappe towers remain, in varying states of repair.

Claude Chappe
Claude Chappe (French: [klod ʃap]; 25 December 1763 – 23 January 1805) was a French inventor who in 1792 demonstrated a practical semaphore system that eventually spanned all of France. His system consisted of a series of towers, each within line of sight of others, each supporting a wooden mast with two crossarms on pivots that could be placed in various positions. The operator in a tower moved the arms to a sequence of positions, spelling out text messages in semaphore code. The operator in the next tower read the message through a telescope, then passed it on to the next tower. This was the first practical telecommunications system of the industrial age, and was used until the 1850s when electric telegraph systems replaced it.
Move Under Ground
Move Under Ground is a horror novel mashup by American writer Nick Mamatas, which combines the Beat style of Jack Kerouac with the cosmic horror of H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos.  It is available as a free download via a Creative Commons license, CC BY-NC-ND 2.5 according to the License information in the CC version of the book.

Mashup novel
A mash-up novel (also called "mashup" or "mashed-up novel") is an unauthorised non-canonical work of fiction, often parodical, which combines a well-known pre-existing literature text with another genre. The term was popularized in reference to horror writer Seth Grahame-Smith and his work on the classical novels of Jane Austen.
Piano Concerto (Poulenc)
The Piano Concerto in C-sharp minor, FP 146, by French composer Francis Poulenc is the last of his five concertos. Written in 1949 on commission from the Boston Symphony Orchestra, it has three movements and a duration of about 19 minutes.

C-sharp minor
C-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C♯, with the pitches C♯, D♯, E, F♯, G♯, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps.

The C-sharp natural minor scale is:

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are:

Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually written instead as the enharmonic key of D-flat major, since C-sharp major’s key signature with seven sharps is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor, and in some cases, with the keys of G-flat major and F-sharp minor, and with the keys of E-flat major and D-sharp minor.)
Romsey railway station
50°59′34″N 1°29′36″W﻿ / ﻿50.9927°N 1.4933°W﻿ / 50.9927; -1.4933

Romsey railway station serves the town of Romsey in Hampshire, England. It is on the Wessex Main Line, at the junction for the Eastleigh to Romsey Line, 80 miles 47 chains (129.7 km) from London Waterloo. The station is a Grade II listed building.

Eastleigh–Romsey line
The Eastleigh–Romsey line is the railway line from Eastleigh to Romsey in Hampshire, England. At Eastleigh, trains join the South West Main Line for onward travel to Southampton. At Romsey most trains terminate. The line is not electrified and all trains are diesel-powered.
Koufu
China portal

Koufu (口父; Kǒufù) (died c.1126 BCE) was an ancient Chinese nobleman, a Zhou leader honoured by the Shang king Wǔ Yǐ.

Wǔ Yǐ rewarded Koufu with a city called Qiyi (岐邑).

Koufu died in the 21st year of the reign of Wǔ Yǐ.

Wu Yi of Shang
Wu Yi (武乙), personal name Zi Qu (子瞿) was king of the Shang dynasty of ancient China from 1147 to 1112 BC. According to the Bamboo Annals, his capital was at Yin. He was a son of his predecessor Geng Ding and father of King Wen Ding.
Studsgade
Studsgade is a street in Aarhus which runs north to south from Nørreport to Klostergade and Graven. The street is situated in the historic Latin Quarter neighborhood and is home to four listed buildings. The street has existed since at least the 1400s, when it was known as Sturisgade and Stus Gaden, probably for councillor Jep Sture, who had a house there. It was officially given its current name in 1796.

In the middle of Studsgade lies the small square Rykind from where the narrow alley Snævringen leads to Mejlgade.

Klostergade
Klostergade (lit.: Priory-street) is a street in Aarhus which runs east from Grønnegade to Studsgade, intersecting a number of streets.

Klostergade is an old street, situated in the Vesterbro neighborhood and its eastern section enters the smaller Latin Quarter. Klostergade is home to two listed buildings and the historic Our Lady's Priory. Klotergade is a typical medieval street; narrow and curvy. Many small shops, cafés and restaurants are situated here and the nearby square Klostertorv is popular with recreational activities and an important event venue.
Bunin (crater)
Bunin is a crater on Mercury, located near the north pole.  Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 2019. It is named for the Russian author Ivan Bunin. The crater was referred to as l7 in scientific literature prior to naming.

The southern rim of Bunin, as well as the floors of two smaller craters at the center and on the northeastern rim of Bunin, are in permanent shadow.  Within the shadow of the southern rim is a "small-scale cold trap" where water-ice may be exposed at the surface.

Bunin is northwest of Josetsu crater.

Josetsu (crater)
Josetsu is a crater on Mercury, located near the north pole.  Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 2019. It is named for the Japanese painter Taikō Josetsu. The crater was referred to as o7 in scientific literature prior to naming.

The southern portion of Josetsu is in permanent shadow, and within the shadow is a topographic low called a "small‐scale cold trap" where water-ice may be exposed at the surface.

Josetsu is southeast of Bunin crater.
Appetite (art gallery)
Appetite (stylized as APPETITE) was a gallery and artist-run space, founded by Daniela Luna, in the neighborhood of San Telmo, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Its mission was to showcase and promote new artists. It sometimes courted controversy, before closing in mid-2011.

Artist-run space
An artist-run space or artist-run centre (Canada) is a gallery or other facility operated or directed by artists, frequently circumventing the structures of public art centers, museums, or commercial galleries and allowing for a more experimental program. An artist-run initiative (ARI) is any project run by artists, including sound or visual artists, to present their and others' projects. They might approximate a traditional art gallery space in appearance or function, or they may take a markedly different approach, limited only by the artist's understanding of the term. "Artist-run initiatives" is an umbrella name for many types of artist-generated activity.
Sir John Hotham, 2nd Baronet
Sir John Hotham, 2nd Baronet (21 March 1632 – 29 March 1689) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons  from 1660 to 1685 and in 1689.

Hotham was the son of Captain John Hotham. He inherited the baronetcy in 1645 after his father and grandfather the 1st Baronet were executed by the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War.

In 1660, Hotham was elected Member of Parliament for Beverley in the Convention Parliament. He was re-elected MP for Beverley  in 1661 for the Cavalier Parliament and sat until 1685. He was re-elected MP for Beverley in 1689 and sat until his death. He was Custos Rotulorum of the East Riding of Yorkshire from 1660 to 1680.

Sir John Hotham, 1st Baronet
Sir John Hotham, 1st Baronet (c. July 1589 – 3 January 1645) of Scorborough Hall, near Driffield, Yorkshire, was an English Member of Parliament who was Governor of Hull in 1642 shortly before the start of the Civil War. He refused to allow King Charles I or any member of his entourage to enter the town, thereby depriving the king of access to the large arsenal contained within. Later in the Civil War he and his son John Hotham the younger were accused of treachery to the Parliamentarian cause, found guilty and executed on Tower Hill.
Weissenhof Estate
The Weissenhof Estate (German: Weißenhofsiedlung, pronounced [ˈvaɪsn̩hoːfˌziːdlʊŋ]) is a housing estate built for the 1927 Deutscher Werkbund exhibition in Stuttgart, Germany. It was an international showcase of modern architecture's aspiration to provide inexpensive, simple, efficient, and good-quality housing.

Two buildings designed by Le Corbusier were designated a World Heritage Site in 2016 as part of The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement. The remainder of the estate, and some adjacent streets and buildings, are a part of the site's buffer zone.

Deutscher Werkbund
The Deutscher Werkbund (German: [ˈdɔʏtʃɐ ˈvɛʁkbʊnt]; lit. 'German Association of Craftsmen') is a German association of artists, architects, designers and industrialists established in 1907. The Werkbund became an important element in the development of modern architecture and industrial design, particularly in the later creation of the Bauhaus school of design. Its initial purpose was to establish a partnership of product manufacturers with design professionals to improve the competitiveness of German companies in global markets. The Werkbund was less an artistic movement than a state-sponsored effort to integrate traditional crafts and industrial mass production techniques, to put Germany on a competitive footing with England and the United States. Its motto Vom Sofakissen zum Städtebau (from sofa cushions to city-building) indicates its range of interest.