hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fermi gas
A Fermi gas is an idealized model, an ensemble of many non-interacting fermions. Fermions are particles that obey Fermi–Dirac statistics, like electrons, protons, and neutrons, and, in general, particles with half-integer spin. These statistics determine the energy distribution of fermions in a Fermi gas in thermal equilibrium, and is characterized by their number density, temperature, and the set of available energy states. The model is named after the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi.

This physical model is useful for certain systems with many fermions. Some key examples are the behaviour of charge carriers in a metal, nucleons in an atomic nucleus, neutrons in a neutron star, and electrons in a white dwarf.

Density of states
In condensed matter physics, the density of states (DOS) of a system describes the number of allowed modes or states per unit energy range. The density of states is defined as , where  is the number of states in the system of volume  whose energies lie in the range from  to . It is mathematically represented as a distribution by a probability density function, and it is generally an average over the space and time domains of the various states occupied by the system. The density of states is directly related to the dispersion relations of the properties of the system. High DOS at a specific energy level means that many states are available for occupation.

Generally, the density of states of matter is continuous. In isolated systems however, such as atoms or molecules in the gas phase, the density distribution is discrete, like a spectral density. Local variations, most often due to distortions of the original system, are often referred to as local densities of states (LDOSs).
Desaguadero River (Bolivia and Peru)
The Desaguadero River, also known as Risawariru or Uchusumain, is a river shared between Bolivia and Peru. It drains Lake Titicaca from the southern part of the river basin, flowing south and draining approximately five percent of the lake's flood waters into Lake Uru Uru and Lake Poopó. Its source in the north is very near the Peruvian border.

It is navigable only by small craft and supports indigenous communities such as the Uru Muratu community.

Uru Uru Lake
Uru Uru Lake is a lake in the Oruro Department in Bolivia. It is fed by the Desaguadero River and the Jach'a Jawira. It is situated at an elevation of 3,686 m, its surface area is 214 km2.

The lake is formed by the flow of the Desaguadero River at its mouth into Lake Poopó, over the extensive sedimentation known as "Santo Tomás" from the small hermitage found there that was completely inundated. The formation dates to 1962. The river connects Lake Titicaca and Lake Poopó.
Wise County Courthouse (Virginia)
The Wise County Courthouse is located at 206 East Main Street in downtown Wise, Virginia. As well as being home to Wise County's judicial system, it also serves as the chief administrative building for the county. It was built in 1896 to replace a much smaller court building. The original courthouse was completed in 1858, two years after the formation of Wise County, but was destroyed by Union troops during the Civil War in 1864.  The current courthouse was built in the Renaissance Revival style in 1896, designed by Frank P. Millburn.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.

Wise, Virginia
Wise is a town in Wise County, Virginia. The population was 2,970 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Wise County.  It was originally incorporated as the town of Gladeville in 1874.  The town's name was changed to Wise in 1924, after Henry A. Wise, the last Virginia governor before the American Civil War and the first governor to hail from the Eastern Shore of Virginia.

The town is also the home of the University of Virginia's College at Wise.
1995 Colorado State Rams football team
The 1995 Colorado State Rams football team represented Colorado State University in the 1995 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Rams were led by third-year head coach Sonny Lubick and played their home games at Hughes Stadium in Fort Collins, Colorado. They competed as members of the Western Athletic Conference, finishing in a four-way tie for first with Air Force, BYU, and Utah. It was Colorado State's second consecutive conference title. The Rams were invited to the 1995 Holiday Bowl, where they were defeated by Kansas State.

1995 Air Force Falcons football team
The 1995 Air Force Falcons football team represented the United States Air Force Academy as a member of the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) during the 1995 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by 12th-year head coach Fisher DeBerry, the Falcons compiled an overall record of 8–5 with a mark of 6–2 in conference play, sharing the WAC title with BYU, Colorado State, and Utah. Air Force was invited to the Copper Bowl, where the Falcons lost to Texas Tech. The team played home games at Falcon Stadium in Colorado Springs, Colorado
Eddie Hoh
Edward Hoh (October 16, 1944 – November 7, 2015) was an American rock drummer who was active in the 1960s.  Although primarily a studio session and touring drummer, Hoh exhibited a degree of originality and showmanship that set him apart and several of his contributions have been singled out for acknowledgment by music critics.

Often uncredited and unknown to audiences, he played the drums on several well-known rock songs and albums, including those by Donovan and the Monkees.  He also performed at the seminal 1967 Monterey Pop Festival as a member of the Mamas and the Papas touring band.  In 1968, he participated in the recording of Super Session, the highly successful 1968 Mike Bloomfield/Al Kooper/Stephen Stills collaboration album.  However, his flurry of activity came to an end by the early 1970s and he remained out of the public eye until his death in 2015.

Modern Folk Quartet
The Modern Folk Quartet (or MFQ) was an American folk music revival group that formed in the early 1960s.  Originally emphasizing acoustic instruments and group harmonies, they performed extensively and recorded two albums.  In 1965, as the Modern Folk Quintet, they ventured into electric folk rock and recorded with producers Phil Spector and Jack Nitzsche.  Although MFQ received a fair amount of exposure, their rock-oriented recordings failed to capture their sound or generate enough interest and they disbanded in 1966.  Subsequently, MFQ re-formed several times and made further recordings.
Sumpter Valley Gold Dredge
The Sumpter Valley Gold Dredge is a historic gold dredge located in Sumpter, in the U.S. state of Oregon.  Gold was discovered in Sumpter in 1862. Three gold dredges were put into service in the Sumpter Valley district between 1912 and 1934.

Gold dredge
A gold dredge is a placer mining machine that extracts gold from sand, gravel, and dirt using water and mechanical methods. Original gold dredges were large, multi-story machines built in the first half of the 1900s. In modern times the term refers to small suction machines marketed as "gold dredges" to individuals seeking gold.
Mareka Gena
Mareka Gena was one of the 77 woredas in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Semien Omo Zone, Mareka Gena was a triangle-shaped area located south of the confluence of the Omo River and its east-flowing tributary the Gojeb River, bordered on the southeast by Loma Bosa, on the west by Isara Tocha, and on the north by the Oromia Region. Towns in Mareka Gena included Wacca and Weldehane. Mareka Gena was divided for Gena Bosa and Mareka woredas.

Loma Bosa
Loma Bosa (also known as simply Loma) was one of the 77 woredas in the SWE Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Dawro Zone, Loma Bosa was bordered on the south by the Dissa Wereda, on the west by Mareka, on the northwest by Mareka Gena, on the north by the Zaba Gazo, and on the east by the Wolayita Zone; the Omo River defined Loma Bose's boundary on the northeast, east and south. The major town in Loma Bosa was Gessa town.
Mong Kok Tsui
22°19′05″N 114°10′04″E﻿ / ﻿22.31798°N 114.16775°E﻿ / 22.31798; 114.16775
Mong Kok Tsui (Chinese: 芒角嘴 or 旺角嘴) was a cape located in the western portion of present-day Mong Kok, Hong Kong. It is located near where Shantung Street and Nelson Street situate. Infilling and levelling of hills absorb the cape in the early 20th Century

The name of Mong Kok Tsui was gradually eclipsed by Mong Kok, as reflected by Mong Kok Tsui Market which was later renamed Mong Kok Market.

Mong Kok
Mong Kok (Chinese: 旺角), also spelled Mongkok, often abbreviated as MK, is an area in Kowloon, Hong Kong. The Prince Edward subarea occupies the northern part of Mong Kok.

As one of the major shopping areas in Hong Kong, Mong Kok is characterised by a mixture of old and new multi-story buildings, with shops and restaurants at street level, and commercial or residential units above. Major industries in Mong Kok are retail, restaurants (including fast food) and entertainment. It has been described and portrayed in films as an area in which triads run bars, nightclubs, and massage parlours. With its extremely high population density of 130,000/km2 (340,000/sq mi), Mong Kok was described as the busiest district in the world by the Guinness World Records.
Flag of Lithuania
The national flag of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos vėliava) consists of a horizontal tricolour of yellow, green, and red. It was adopted on 25 April 1918 during Lithuania's first period of independence (1918–1940), which ceased with the occupation first by the Soviet Union, and then by Nazi Germany (1941–1944). During the post-World War II Soviet occupation, from 1945 until 1988, the Flag of the Lithuanian SSR consisted first of a generic red Soviet flag with the name of the republic, in 1953 that was changed to the red flag with white and green bands at the bottom.

The flag was then re-adopted on 18 November 1988, about 1.5 years before the re-establishment of Lithuania's independence and almost three years before the collapse of the Soviet Union. The last alteration to the current flag occurred in 2004, when the aspect ratio changed from 1:2 to 3:5.

Flag of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
The flag of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic was first adopted by the Lithuanian SSR in 1940, following the Soviet occupation of Lithuania. It was a red flag with the national name and a hammer and sickle in the upper canton. The flag in use from 1953 to 1988 was a red flag with the golden hammer and sickle and a gold-bordered red star in its upper canton with a white thin stripe and green thick band on the bottom.
2024 British Touring Car Championship
The 2024 Kwik Fit British Touring Car Championship (commonly abbreviated as BTCC) was a motor racing championship for production-based touring cars held across England and Scotland. The championship features a mix of professional motor racing teams and privately funded amateur drivers competing in highly modified versions of family cars which are sold to the general public and conform to the technical regulations for the championship. The 2024 season is the 67th British Touring Car Championship season, the 14th season for cars conforming to the Next Generation Touring Car (NGTC) technical specification and the final season using hybrid technology. Jake Hill outscored Tom Ingram by eight points to score his first BTCC Title.

Tony Gilham Racing
Tony Gilham Racing, competing as Re.Beverages and Bartercard with Team HARD., Autobrite Direct with Millers Oils. and Go-Fix with Autoaid Breakdown., was a British motor racing team based in Dartford, Kent and founded by Tony Gilham. The team raced under the Team HARD. banner in the British Touring Car Championship until the end of 2013. They competed in the British Touring Car Championship, Volkswagen Racing Cup, Ginetta GT4 Supercup, Mini Challenge UK and the GT Cup series.
2024 Swedish Open
The 2024 Swedish Open (also known as the Nordea Open for sponsorship reasons) was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts as part of the ATP Tour 250 Series of the 2024 ATP Tour and as part of the 2024 WTA 125 tournaments. It took place in Båstad, Sweden, from 8 through 14 July 2024 for the women's tournament, and from 15 through 21 July 2024 for the men's tournament. It was the 76th edition of the event for the men and the 14th edition for the women.

2024 ATP Tour
The 2024 ATP Tour was the global elite men's professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2024 tennis season. The 2024 ATP Tour calendar comprised the Grand Slam tournaments, supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF), the ATP Finals, the ATP Masters 1000, the United Cup (organized with the WTA), the ATP 500 series and the ATP 250 series. Also included in the 2024 calendar are the Davis Cup (organised by the ITF), the Summer Olympics in Paris, Next Gen ATP Finals and Laver Cup, none of which distribute ranking points.

Jannik Sinner finished the year as world No. 1 for the first time in his career. He won eight tournaments during the season, including two majors at the Australian Open and US Open, as well as the ATP Finals. He also won three ATP Masters 1000 events.
Dialect
A dialect is a variety of language spoken by a particular group of people. This may include dominant and standardized varieties as well as vernacular, unwritten, or non-standardized varieties, such as those used in developing countries or isolated areas. The dialects of the same language are mainly distinguished from each other by differences in linguistic features such as phonology, morphology, syntax and vocabulary.

The non-standard dialects of a language with a writing system will operate at different degrees of distance from the standardized written form. An oral dialect or idiolect may be portrayed in written form with eye dialect.

German dialects
German dialects are the various traditional local varieties of the German language. Though varied by region, those of the southern half of Germany beneath the Benrath line are dominated by the geographical spread of the High German consonant shift, and the dialect continuum that connects High German to the neighboring varieties of Low Franconian (Dutch) and Low German.

The varieties of German are conventionally grouped into Upper German, Central German and Low German; Upper and Central German form the High German subgroup. Standard German is a standardized form of High German, developed in the early modern period based on a combination of Central German and Upper German varieties.
Jeanne Dorsey Mandel
Jeanne Blackistone Dorsey Mandel (May 11, 1937 – October 6, 2001) was a First Lady of Maryland and second wife of former Maryland Governor Marvin Mandel, whom she had met in January 1963.  She was a native of Leonardtown, St. Mary's County, Maryland. She died from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease).

Jeanne Blackistone Dorsey was elected as one of Leonardtown's town commissioners in 1968, the first woman elected to public office in St. Mary's County.  She served two consecutive two-year terms in that office while holding the position of Leonardtown's first female police commissioner.  She also served for two years as vice-chair of the Southern Maryland Municipal League and as a member of the Board of Parks and Recreation of St. Mary's County.

Her son, John Dorsey, is a former general manager of the Kansas City Chiefs and Cleveland Browns.

John Dorsey (American football)
John Michael Dorsey (born August 30, 1960) is an American professional football executive and former player who is a senior personnel executive for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served as general manager of the Cleveland Browns and Kansas City Chiefs. He is a former National Football League player for the Green Bay Packers, and later served in the Packers' scouting department for more than two decades, including director of college scouting from 2000 to 2011. He served as the Seattle Seahawks' director of player personnel in 1999, between two stints in Green Bay's front office.
Stuff the Magic Dragon
Stuff the Magic Dragon is the official mascot of the Orlando Magic of the National Basketball Association (NBA). His name is a play on the Peter, Paul and Mary song "Puff, the Magic Dragon", and the basketball slang term "stuff" (which means to either slam dunk or reject a slam dunk shot).

Orlando Magic
The Orlando Magic are an American professional basketball team based in Orlando, Florida. The Magic compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Southeast Division of the Eastern Conference. The franchise was established in 1989 as an expansion franchise. Notable NBA stars as Shaquille O'Neal, Penny Hardaway, Grant Hill, Tracy McGrady, and Dwight Howard, have played for the club throughout its history. As of 2024, the franchise has played in the NBA playoffs 17 times in 35 seasons, and twice went to the NBA Finals, in 1995 and 2009, losing to the Houston Rockets and the Los Angeles Lakers, respectively.
Jacques Le Goff
Jacques Le Goff (French: [ʒak lə ɡɔf]; 1 January 1924 – 1 April 2014) was a French historian and prolific author specializing in the Middle Ages, particularly the 12th and 13th centuries.

Le Goff championed the Annales School movement, which emphasizes long-term trends over the topics of politics, diplomacy, and war that dominated 19th-century historical research. From 1972 to 1977, he was the head of the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS) in Paris. He was a leading figure of New History, related to cultural history. Le Goff argued that the Middle Ages formed a civilization of its own, distinct from both Classical Antiquity and the modern world.

Saint Louis (biography)
Saint Louis is a 1996 biography of Louis IX of France by historian Jacques Le Goff. The book received positive reviews for its historical detail, and was awarded the 1996 Grand prix Gobert by the French Academy. It was also a best-seller.
Southwick, Massachusetts
Southwick is a town in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 9,232 at the 2020 census, down from 9,502 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Westfield, Massachusetts
Westfield is a city in Hampden County, in the Pioneer Valley of western Massachusetts, United States. Westfield was first settled by Europeans in 1660. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 40,834 at the 2020 census.
Arena, Calabria
Arena is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Vibo Valentia in the Italian region Calabria, located about 31 miles (50 km) southwest of Catanzaro and about 9 miles (14 km) southeast of Vibo Valentia. As of December 31, 2021, it had a population of 1,253 and an area of 89.1 inhabitants per square mile (34.4/km2).

Arena borders the following municipalities: Acquaro, Dasà, Fabrizia, Gerocarne, Mongiana, Serra San Bruno.

Gerocarne
Gerocarne (Calabrian: Riuracàrne) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Vibo Valentia in the Italian region Calabria, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) southwest of Catanzaro and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southeast of Vibo Valentia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,391 and an area of 44.9 square kilometres (17.3 sq mi).

Gerocarne borders the following municipalities: Arena, Dasà, Dinami, Francica, Mileto, Serra San Bruno, Sorianello, Soriano Calabro, Spadola, Stefanaconi.
Thout 18
Thout 17 – Coptic calendar – Thout 19

The eighteenth day of the Coptic month of Thout, the first month of the Coptic year. On a common year, this day corresponds to September 15, of the Julian calendar, and September 28, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Akhet, the season of inundation.

Thout 19
Thout 18 – Coptic calendar – Thout 20

The nineteenth day of the Coptic month of Thout, the first month of the Coptic year. On a common year, this day corresponds to September 16, of the Julian calendar, and September 29, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Akhet, the season of inundation.
Khaan
Khaan (/ˈkɑːn/; from Mongol [χaːŋ] 'lord') is an extinct genus of oviraptorid dinosaur known from remains found in the Djadochta Formation of Mongolia, dating to the Late Cretaceous (Campanian, 75-71 million years ago).

Djadochta Formation
The Djadochta formation (sometimes transcribed and also known as Djadokhta, Djadokata, or Dzhadokhtskaya) is a highly fossiliferous geological formation in Central Asia, Gobi Desert, dating from the Late Cretaceous period, during the Campanian to the Maastrichtian. The type locality is the Bayn Dzak locality, famously known as the Flaming Cliffs. Reptile (including dinosaur) and mammal remains are among the fossils recovered from the formation.
Mount Bazardüzü
Mount Bazardüzü (Azerbaijani: Bazardüzü dağı, Azerbaijani pronunciation: [bɑzɑrdyˈzy]; Lezgian: Кичӏен сув [kiˈtʃʼe suv]; Russian: Базардюзю, Russian pronunciation: [bəzərdʲʉˈzʲu]) is a mountain peak in the Greater Caucasus range on the border between Azerbaijan and Russia (Dagestan). At 4,466 metres (14,652 ft) above sea level, it is the highest peak in both Azerbaijan and Dagestan, and is located in the Qusar region. The southernmost point of Dagestan (and therefore Russia) is located about seven kilometers southwest of the peak. Translated from Azerbaijani, Bazardüzü means “market square”, more precisely as a specific landmark - “turn to the market, bazaar”. In the Middle Ages in the Shahnabad Valley, located east of this peak, annual large multinational fairs were held.

Azerbaijan–Russia border
Azerbaijan–Russia border (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan–Rusiya sərhədi, Russian: Граница Азербайджана и России, romanized: Granitsa Azerbaydzhana i Rossii) is the international border between Russia and Azerbaijan. It is 338 km (210 mi) in length and runs from the tripoint with Georgia in the west to the Caspian Sea the east. Prior to 1991 it formed the border between the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (including Dagestan ASSR) and the Azerbaijan SSR within the Soviet Union. The southernmost point of the Russian Federation is located on the border.
Ahmed al-Hiba
Mawlay Ahmed Haybat Allah ibn Ma al-Aynayn (9 September 1877 – 26 June 1919), was a leader of an armed resistance to the French colonial power in Western Sahara, and was the Blue Sultan of Morocco.

In English texts he is usually named simply El Hiba. In addition to his revolutionary activity, Ahmed al-Hiba was a prolific poet.

Taroudant
Taroudant (Arabic: تارودانت, romanized: Tarudant, [taːruːdaːnt]) is a city in the Sous in southwestern Morocco. It is situated east of Agadir on the road to Ouarzazate and south of Marrakesh. Today, it is a small market town and a tourist destination.
2023 Sun Bowl
The 2023 Sun Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 29, 2023, at the Sun Bowl in El Paso, Texas. The 90th edition (89th playing) of the annual Sun Bowl game featured Oregon State from the Pac-12 Conference and Notre Dame, an FBS independent. The game began at approximately 12:00 p.m. MST and was aired on CBS. The Sun Bowl was one of the 2023–24 bowl games concluding the 2023 FBS football season. The game was sponsored by Frosted Flakes breakfast cereal, a brand of WK Kellogg Co, and was officially known as the Tony the Tiger Sun Bowl, referring to the cereal's mascot, Tony the Tiger.

Sun Bowl (stadium)
The Sun Bowl is an outdoor football stadium in the Southwestern United States, on the campus of the University of Texas at El Paso. It is home to the UTEP Miners of Conference USA, and the late December college football bowl game, the Sun Bowl. The stadium opened in 1963 and has a nominal seating capacity of 51,500, although UTEP currently lists the capacity as 45,971.