hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Boundary layer suction
Boundary layer suction is a boundary layer control technique in which an air pump is used to extract the boundary layer at the wing or the inlet of an aircraft. Improving the air flow can reduce drag. Improvements in fuel efficiency have been estimated as high as 30%.

Vortex generator
A vortex generator (VG) is an aerodynamic device, consisting of a small vane usually attached to a lifting surface (or airfoil, such as an aircraft wing) or a rotor blade of a wind turbine. VGs may also be attached to some part of an aerodynamic vehicle such as an aircraft fuselage or a car.  When the airfoil or the body is in motion relative to the air, the VG creates a vortex,  which, by removing some part of the slow-moving boundary layer in contact with the airfoil surface, delays local flow separation and aerodynamic stalling, thereby improving the effectiveness of wings and control surfaces, such as flaps, elevators, ailerons, and rudders.
Subachoque
Subachoque is a municipality and town of Colombia in the Western Savanna Province, part of the department of Cundinamarca. The municipality is situated on the Bogotá savanna with the urban centre at an altitude of 2,663 metres (8,737 ft) at a distance of 45 kilometres (28 mi) from the capital Bogotá. Subachoque is part of the Metropolitan Area of Bogotá and borders Zipaquirá, Tabio and Tenjo in the east, Zipaquirá and Pacho in the north, San Francisco and Supatá in the west and Madrid and El Rosal in the south.
Subachoque is composed of 17 subdivisions: Altania, Canica Alta, Canica Baja, Cascajal, El Guamal, El Pantano, El Páramo, El Tobal, Galdámez, La Cuesta, La Pradera, La Unión, La Yegüera, Llanitos, Rincón Santo, Santa Rosa, Tibagota, El Valle.

Supatá
Supatá is a municipality and town of Colombia in the Gualivá Province, part of the department of Cundinamarca. Supatá is located 76 kilometres (47 mi) north of the Colombian capital Bogotá. Supatá borders the municipalities Pacho, Vergara, Subachoque, La Vega and San Francisco.
Burscough Junction railway station
Burscough Junction pronounced (Burs/co Junction) is one of two railway stations serving the town of Burscough in Lancashire, England. It is sited on the Ormskirk Branch Line, 2+1⁄2 miles (4 km) north of Ormskirk and is served by Northern Trains.  The station was the scene of the Burscough Junction rail accident in 1880.

Burscough
Burscough (/ˈbɜːrskoʊ, -skə/) is a town and civil parish in the West Lancashire district of Lancashire, England. The town is located approximately 14 miles (23 km) north-northeast of Liverpool and 13 miles (21 km) southwest of Preston. Its northern part is called Burscough Bridge, and was originally a separate settlement.

The parish includes the hamlets of New Lane and Tarlscough and the Martin Mere Wetland Centre. The recorded population of the parish in the 2021 Census was 9,935, an increase from 9,182 at the 2011 Census.
Lauricella's theorem
In the theory of orthogonal functions, Lauricella's theorem provides a condition for checking the closure of a set of orthogonal functions, namely:

Theorem – A necessary and sufficient condition that a normal orthogonal set  be closed is that the formal series for each function of a known closed normal orthogonal set  in terms of  converge in the mean to that function.

The theorem was proved by Giuseppe Lauricella in 1912.

Orthogonal functions
In mathematics, orthogonal functions belong to a function space that is a vector space equipped with a bilinear form. When the function space has an interval as the domain, the bilinear form may be the integral of the product of functions over the interval:

The functions  and  are orthogonal when this integral is zero, i.e.  whenever . As with a basis of vectors in a finite-dimensional space, orthogonal functions can form an infinite basis for a function space.  Conceptually, the above integral is the equivalent of a vector dot product; two vectors are mutually independent (orthogonal) if their dot-product is zero.

Suppose  is a sequence of orthogonal functions of nonzero L2-norms .  It follows that the sequence  is of functions of L2-norm one, forming an orthonormal sequence.  To have a defined L2-norm, the integral must be bounded, which restricts the functions to being square-integrable.
Muston, Leicestershire
Muston (pronounced Musson) is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Bottesford, in the Melton district of Leicestershire, England. It is 18.6 miles (29.9 km) east of Nottingham, five miles (8.0 km) west of Grantham on the A52 and 12.5 miles (20.1 km) north of Melton Mowbray. It lies on the border of Leicestershire and Lincolnshire, two miles east of Bottesford. The River Devon (pronounced Deevon) flows through the village. In 1931 the parish had a population of 218. On 1 April 1936 the parish was abolished and merged with Bottesford.

A52 road
The A52 is a major road in the East Midlands, England. It runs east from a junction with the A53 at Newcastle-under-Lyme near Stoke-on-Trent via Ashbourne, Derby, Stapleford, Nottingham, West Bridgford, Bingham, Grantham, Boston and Skegness to the east Lincolnshire coast at Mablethorpe. It is approximately 147 miles (237 km) long.
Spin Boldak District
Spin Boldak is a district in the eastern part of Kandahar Province, Afghanistan. It borders Daman District to the west, Arghistan District to the north, Qila Abdullah District of Pakistan to the east and Shorabak District to the south. The population was estimated at 100,400 in 2006. The district center is the town of Spin Boldak, located in the western part of the district on the road to Pakistan.

On 21 November 2009, five Afghan Border Force members were killed by a roadside bomb.

Arghistan District
The Arghistan District (Pashto: ارغستان ولسوالۍ, Persian: ولسوالی ارغستان) is a district in the northeastern part of Kandahar Province, Afghanistan. It borders Spin Boldak District to the south and west, Daman District to the west, Zabul Province to the north, Maruf District to the east, and Pakistan to the south. The population is 30,500 (2006). The district's center is the village of Arghistan, in the physical center of the district in the Arghistan River valley.
Corning, New York
Corning is a city in Steuben County, New York, United States, on the Chemung River. The population was 10,551 at the 2020 census. It is named for Erastus Corning, an Albany financier and railroad executive who was an investor in the company that developed the community. The city is best known as the headquarters of Fortune 500 company Corning Incorporated, formerly Corning Glass Works, a manufacturer of glass and ceramic products for industrial, scientific and technical uses. Corning is roughly equidistant from New York City and Toronto, being about 220 miles (350 km) from both.

Amo Houghton
Amory Houghton Jr. (August 7, 1926 – March 4, 2020) was an American Republican politician from the U.S. state of New York.  He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives and was a member of one of upstate New York's most prominent business and political families, the Houghtons.
Angus Deayton
Gordon Angus Deayton (/ˈdiːtən/; born 6 January 1956) is an English actor, comedian and writer.

Deayton was the original presenter of two successful British comedy panel shows, Have I Got News for You (1990–2002) and Would I Lie to You? (2007–2008). He also played Patrick Trench in the sitcom One Foot in the Grave (1990–2000) and George Windsor in the drama series Waterloo Road (2013–2015).

Radio Active (radio series)
Radio Active is a radio comedy programme, broadcast on BBC Radio 4 during the 1980s.   The series grew out of a 1979 Edinburgh Festival Fringe show presented by The Oxford Revue and starred Angus Deayton, Geoffrey Perkins, Michael Fenton Stevens, Helen Atkinson-Wood and Philip Pope. The first episode was broadcast in 1980, and it ran for seven series.
Gugile Nkwinti
Gugile Ernest Nkwinti (born 18 December 1946) is a South African politician, previously serving in the Cabinet of South Africa as the Minister of Water and Sanitation and before as the Minister of Rural Development and Land Reform.

Minister of Land Reform and Rural Development
The minister of land reform and rural development is a minister in the Cabinet of South Africa. The office was established as the minister of rural development and land reform in May 2009, though it was subsequently merged with the agriculture portfolio under the minister of agriculture, land reform and rural development from 2019 to 2024.

The same portfolio was previously the provenance of the minister of land affairs. Before President Jacob Zuma appointed the first minister of rural development and Land Reform in May 2009, land affairs were conjoined with agriculture under the minister of agriculture and land affairs between 1996 and 2009.

The minister has political responsibility for the Department of Land Reform and Rural Development. The incumbent minister is Mzwanele Nyhontso, who is the first opposition politician to hold the office; he was appointed on 30 June 2024.
Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus
Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus LLC (/ˈɡlɪkənhaʊs/ GLICK-ən-hows; commonly known as Glickenhaus, sometimes abbreviated as SCG) is an American luxury automotive manufacturer based in Sleepy Hollow, New York, United States. Founded in 2004 by American film producer and entrepreneur James Glickenhaus, the company is dedicated to developing and manufacturing high-performance sports cars and race cars.

The company's name is a combination of the surnames of James Glickenhaus and his wife, Meg Cameron.

SCG 004
The Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus SCG 004 is a sports car developed and manufactured by American boutique car maker Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus LLC. It is the manufacturer's second model after the 003 of 2017.

The SCG 004S was unveiled by Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus in November 2017. In August 2020, the manufacturer presented the production version of the 004S and announced plans to start production in October 2020 at the Connecticut plant in the United States. After several delays, Glickenhaus announced in December 2024 that production had commenced at Roush Performance's facility in Detroit, Michigan, with deliveries starting in Q1 2025.
Ion track
Ion tracks are damage-trails created by swift heavy ions penetrating through solids, which may be sufficiently-contiguous for chemical etching in a variety of crystalline, glassy, and/or polymeric solids. They are associated with cylindrical damage-regions several nanometers in diameter and can be studied by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) or gas permeation.

Collision cascade
In condensed-matter physics, a collision cascade (also known as a displacement cascade or a displacement spike) is a set of nearby adjacent energetic (much higher than ordinary thermal energies) collisions of atoms induced by an energetic particle in a solid or liquid.

If the maximum atom or ion energies in a collision cascade are higher than the threshold displacement energy of the material (tens of eVs or more), the collisions can permanently displace atoms from their lattice sites and produce defects. The initial energetic atom can be, e.g., an ion from a particle accelerator, an atomic recoil produced by a passing high-energy neutron, electron or photon, or be produced when a radioactive nucleus decays and gives the atom a recoil energy.

The characteristics of collision cascades can vary greatly depending on the energy and mass of the recoil or incoming ion, as well as the material's density (stopping power).
Almami Moreira
Almami Samori da Silva Moreira (born 16 June 1978) is a Guinea-Bissauan retired footballer who played as a midfielder. He also holds Portuguese citizenship.

After starting out at Boavista he went on to represent mainly Standard Liège and Partizan, also playing professionally in four other countries during his career.

2007–08 Serbian SuperLiga
The 2007–08 Serbian SuperLiga (known as the Meridian SuperLiga for sponsorship reasons) was the second season since its establishment in 2006. Red Star Belgrade were the defending SuperLiga champions, having won their twenty-fifth national title the season before.

The SuperLiga changed its format from this season. The League was no longer divided into a playoff and play-out group midway through the campaign. Instead the 12 teams played each other three times in a conventional league format. For the SuperLiga's inaugural season and this one the league had been named the Meridian SuperLiga. This however, was the last season that Meridian Bank had sponsorship rights to the SuperLiga. The rights to the Serbian SuperLiga were bought by Jelen and starting from the 2008–09 season the league was known as the Jelen SuperLiga.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Arab Republic of Egypt (Arabic: وزارة الخارجية المصرية) is the Egyptian government ministry which oversees the foreign relations of Egypt. On 3 July 2024 Badr Abdelatty was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Foreign relations of Egypt
The Foreign relations of Egypt are the Egyptian government's external relations with the outside world. Egypt's foreign policy operates along a non-aligned level. Factors such as population size, historical events, military strength, diplomatic expertise and a strategic geographical position give Egypt extensive political influence in the Africa, the Mediterranean, Southwest Asia, and within the Non-Aligned Movement as a whole. Cairo has been a crossroads of the Mediterranean's, Africa's and Asia's commerce and culture for millennia, and its intellectual and religious institutions are at the center of the region's social and cultural landmarks.
Joseph Eichler
Joseph Leopold Eichler (June 25, 1900 – July 1, 1974) was a 20th-century post-war American real estate developer known for developing distinctive residential subdivisions of mid-century modern style tract housing in California. He was one of the influential advocates of bringing modern architecture from custom residences and large corporate buildings to general public availability. His company and developments remain in the Greater San Francisco Bay Area and Greater Los Angeles.

Castro Valley, California
Castro Valley is a census-designated place (CDP) in Alameda County, California, United States. At the 2020 census, it was the fourth most populous unincorporated area in California. The population was 66,441 at the 2020 census.

Castro Valley is named after Guillermo Castro, a noted 19th-century Mexican Californio ranchero who owned the land where the community is located.
Langå
Langå, is a railway town in central Denmark with a population of 2.925 (2025), located in Randers municipality in Region Midtjylland in Jutland. It was the site of the municipal council of the now former Langå municipality, until 1 January 2007. Langå is located by the railroad stretch between Randers and Århus and is the beginning of the railroad stretch towards Viborg and Struer. The motto of Langå is "Alle spor fører til Langå" (All tracks leads to Langå) for its placement between the two railroad tracks.

Langå Municipality
Until 1 January 2007 Langå municipality was a municipality (Danish, kommune) in Aarhus County on the Jutland peninsula in central Denmark.  The municipality covered an area of 133 km2, and had a total population of 8.396 (2005).  Its last mayor was Hanne Nielsen, a member of the Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne) political party. The main town and site of its municipal council was the town of Langå.

Langå municipality ceased to exist due to Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007).  The southern part of Langå municipality was merged with Hadsten, Hammel, Hinnerup, and Hvorslev municipalities to form the new Favrskov municipality.  This created a municipality with an area of 487 km2 and a total population of ca. 41,596 (2005).  The new municipality belongs to Region Midtjylland ("Mid-Jutland Region"). The remainder of Langå municipality was incorporated into an enlarged Randers municipality.
Wawula dialect
Wawula is one of the Wati languages of the Pama–Nyungan family of Australia. It is sometimes counted as a dialect of the Western Desert Language, but is classified as a distinct language by Bowern and the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies.

Wati languages
The Wati languages are the dominant Pama–Nyungan languages of central Australia. They include the moribund Wanman language and the Western Desert dialect continuum, which is sometimes considered to be a dozen distinct languages.  It is not clear whether Antakarinya is Warnman or Western Desert.

Bowern (2011) adds Ngardi, which had previously been classified as Ngumpin–Yapa.

Wati is generally included in Southwest Pama–Nyungan by those who accept that proposal. However, SW Pama–Nyungan may be an areal group, and is not included in Bowern (2011).
International Supermodified Association
The International Super Modified Association (ISMA) is a sanctioning body of short track auto racing in the United States. It is the largest sanctioning body of super modified racing, an open wheel discipline.

Supermodified racing
Supermodifieds are a class of open wheel race car that compete on paved short tracks throughout North America.  The class was founded in the 1950s and is especially popular in the Western, Northeast, and Great Lakes regions.  Supermodifieds have been called the fastest short track race cars in the world.
GloFish
The GloFish is a patented and trademarked brand of  fluorescently colored genetically modified aquarium fish. They have been created from several different species of fish: zebrafish were the first GloFish available in pet stores, followed by black tetras, tiger barbs, rainbow sharks, Siamese fighting fish, X-ray tetras, bronze corydoras, and freshwater angelfish. They are sold in many colors, trademarked as "Starfire Red", "Moonrise Pink", "Sunburst Orange", "Electric Green", "Cosmic Blue", and "Galactic Purple", although not all species are available in all colors.  Although not originally developed for the ornamental fish trade, it is one of the first genetically modified animals to become publicly available. The rights to GloFish are owned by Spectrum Brands, Inc., which purchased GloFish from Yorktown Technologies, the original developer of GloFish, in May 2017.

Genetically modified animal
Genetically modified animals are animals that have been genetically modified for a variety of purposes including producing drugs, enhancing yields, increasing resistance to disease, etc. The vast majority of genetically modified animals are at the research stage while the number close to entering the market remains small.
ABLV Bank
ABLV Bank was one of the largest private banks in the Baltic States, headquartered in Riga, Latvia with representative offices abroad from 1993 to 2018.

Following accusations of money laundering by the United States Department of the Treasury and continued pressure from national regulatory agencies, on 26 February 2018 the ABLV board voted to start the process of voluntary liquidation. The liquidation plan was approved on June 12.

ABLV had three primary lines of business: private banking, investment and financial planning.

Parex Bank
Parex Bank was a Latvian bank founded in 1992 by Valērijs Kargins and Viktors Krasovickis as a privately owned full-service banking company in Riga, Latvia that was very dominant in currency exchange in the 1990s. It had local and international clients in both the West and Russia with close ties to the Tambovskaya Russian mafia in St Petersburg and Vladimir Putin.

As the second largest bank in Latvia in 2008, its failure and state takeover was one of the major events of the 2008 Latvian financial crisis. On 1 August 2010, Parex Banka was split into a new bank Citadele Banka and Reverta, an asset recovery company. Citadele was then sold to a group of United States investors while Reverta sued the founders Kargins and Krasovickis for €88 million due to 14 highly irregular loans and deposits between 1995 and 2008.
The Textorcist: The Story of Ray Bibbia
The Textorcist: The Story of Ray Bibbia is a hybrid bullet hell and typing video game developed by Italian studio Morbidware and published by Headup Games. It was released on February 14, 2019, for Windows on the Steam client. The game revolves around an ex-priest who is also a freelance exorcist. The game received mostly positive reviews, praising its music, theme and graphics.

Typing game
A typing game is a genre of video games that involves correctly entering letters, words, or sentences on the keyboard. It began as a sub-genre of educational games designed to familiarize players with keyboard use and to improve skill at touch typing. Successfully typing a letter or word is tied to an action, such as firing a weapon at an attacking space ship. Companies associated with video games, like Broderbund, Atari, Inc., and Sirius Software all released typing games in the early 1980s. More formal educational software like Mavis Beacon Teaches Typing (1987) incorporates minigames as a practice option. Some later games, like Type Rush, add online competition based on players' typing speeds, making typing more addictive.

In the 2000s, a number of independently produced parodies of educational typing games reinvigorated the genre. Other games are built around typing as a method of interaction, removing the educational aspect altogether.
Sunderland, Massachusetts
Sunderland is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States, part of the Pioneer Valley. The population was 3,663 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Sunderland was first settled in 1713 and was officially incorporated in 1718. It was first known as Swampfield, a name which is now honored by Swampfield Road, but the name was changed to attract more residents. It was renamed in honor of Charles Spencer, the Earl of Sunderland. Historically, the land was largely used for farming. Before the incorporation of Leverett in 1774, that town was a part of Sunderland's territory.

Franklin County, Massachusetts
Franklin County is a nongovernmental county in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Massachusetts. At the 2020 census, the population was 71,029, which made it the least populous county on the Massachusetts mainland, and the third least populous county in the state. Its traditional county seat and most populous city is Greenfield. Its largest town by area is New Salem. Franklin County comprises the Greenfield Town, MA Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Springfield–Greenfield Town, MA Combined Statistical Area.
Puntioplites bulu
Puntioplites bulu is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Puntioplites, it is a widespread species on mainland south-east Asia and on Borneo but it has been extirpated from Cambodia, and has become rarer in other parts of its range.

Puntioplites
Puntioplites is a genus of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Cyprinidae, the family which includes the carps, barbs, minnows and related fishes. The fishes in this genus are found in eastern Asia.
Fleurier
Fleurier was a municipality in the district of Val-de-Travers in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland.  On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Boveresse, Buttes, Couvet, Fleurier, Les Bayards, Môtiers, Noiraigue, Saint-Sulpice and Travers merged to form the municipality of Val-de-Travers.

The Nobel laureates, physicist Charles Édouard Guillaume and pharmacologist Daniel Bovet, both originated from Fleurier.

Noiraigue
Noiraigue or Noiraigue-Les Œillons was a municipality in the district of Val-de-Travers in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland.  On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Boveresse, Buttes, Couvet, Fleurier, Les Bayards, Môtiers, Noiraigue, Saint-Sulpice and Travers merged to form Val-de-Travers.