hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Debye–Hückel theory
The Debye–Hückel theory was proposed by Peter Debye and Erich Hückel as a theoretical explanation for departures from ideality in solutions of electrolytes and plasmas. 
It is a linearized Poisson–Boltzmann model, which assumes an extremely simplified model of electrolyte solution but nevertheless gave accurate predictions of mean activity coefficients for ions in dilute solution. The Debye–Hückel equation provides a starting point for modern treatments of non-ideality of electrolyte solutions.

Peter Debye
Peter Joseph William Debye ForMemRS (/dɪˈbaɪ/ dib-EYE; born Petrus Josephus Wilhelmus Debije, Dutch: [ˈpeːtrʏz dəˈbɛiə]; March 24, 1884 – November 2, 1966) was a Dutch-American physicist and physical chemist, and Nobel laureate in Chemistry.
Live by the sword, die by the sword
"Live by the sword, die by the sword" is a proverb in the form of a parallel phrase, derived from the Gospel of Matthew (Matthew 26, 26:52): "Then said Jesus unto him, Put up again thy sword into his place: for all they that take the sword shall perish with the sword."

Eye for an eye
"An eye for an eye" (Biblical Hebrew: עַיִן תַּחַת עַיִן, ʿayin taḥaṯ ʿayin) is a commandment found in the Book of Exodus 21:23–27 expressing the principle of reciprocal justice measure for measure. The earliest known use of the principle appears in the Code of Hammurabi, which predates the writing of the Hebrew Bible but not necessarily oral traditions.

The law of exact retaliation (Latin: lex talionis), or reciprocal justice, bears the same principle that a person who has injured another person is to be penalized to a similar degree by the injured party. In softer interpretations, it means the victim receives the estimated value of the injury in compensation. The intent behind the principle was to restrict compensation to the value of the loss.
Coenaculum minutulum
Coenaculum minutulum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cimidae. The species is one of four known species to exist within the genus, Coenaculum with the other species being Coenaculum secundum, Coenaculum tertium and Coenaculum weerdtae.

Coenaculum tertium
Coenaculum tertium is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Cimidae. The species is one of four known species to exist within the genus, Coenaculum, the other species are Coenaculum minutulum, Coenaculum secundum and Coenaculum weerdtae.
Fook Lam Moon
Fook Lam Moon (Chinese: 福臨門) is a Chinese restaurant chain with its main and original branch at 35-45 Johnston Road, Wanchai, Hong Kong. Fook Lam Moon means "fortune and blessings come to your home." The restaurant is often dubbed the Cafeteria for the Wealthy (Chinese: 富豪飯堂) by the media.

Wan Chai
Wan Chai (Chinese: 灣仔) is located in the western part of Wan Chai District on the northern shore of Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. It is bounded by Canal Road to the east, Arsenal Street to the west, and Bowen Road to the south. The area north of Gloucester Road is often called Wan Chai North.

Wan Chai is one of the busiest commercial areas in Hong Kong with offices of many small and medium-sized companies. Wan Chai North features office towers, parks, hotels and an international conference and exhibition centre. Wan Chai is also well known for its famous night life which has evolved over decades. As one of the first areas developed in Hong Kong, the locale is densely populated but facing urban decay. The government has undertaken several urban renewal projects in recent years. There are various landmarks and skyscrapers within the area, most notably the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre (HKCEC), Central Plaza and Hopewell Centre.
Mulugeta Yeggazu
Ras Mulugeta Yeggazu (Amharic: ሙሉጌታ ይገዙ; 1865 – 17 February 1936) was an Ethiopian military officer and politician, who served in the first cabinet formed by Emperor Menelik II. He served as Imperial Fitawrari, Commander of the Mahel Sefari (Central Army) of the Ethiopian Army during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.

Battle of Amba Aradam
The Battle of Amba Aradam (also known as the Battle of Enderta) was fought on the northern front of what was known as the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. This battle consisted of attacks and counter-attacks by Italian forces under Marshal of Italy Pietro Badoglio and Ethiopian forces under Ras Mulugeta Yeggazu. This battle was primarily fought in the area around Amba Aradam which included most of Enderta Province.
1881 Barcelona Workers' Congress
The 1881 Barcelona Workers' Congress was a congress of the workers' societies of Spain held in Barcelona in September 1881, during the reign of Alfonso XII, from which the new Federation of Workers of the Spanish Region emerged, with an anarcho-collectivist tendency, which replaced the Spanish Regional Federation of the International Workingmen's Association (FRE-AIT) founded eleven years earlier in a labor congress also held in Barcelona.

Rafael Farga i Pellicer
Rafael Farga i Pellicer (12 August 1844 – 12 August 1890) was a Catalan anarcho-syndicalist who led the establishment of the Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA (FRE-AIT). As a print worker, he became involved in the Barcelona workers' movement following the Glorious Revolution of 1868, when he was first introduced to anarchism by the Italian anarchist Giuseppe Fanelli. He then set about organising the Catalan workers' movement along anarchist lines, emphasising decentralisation and federalism, eventually affiliating the FRE-AIT with Mikhail Bakunin's Anti-Authoritarian International. He then came to uphold the precepts of anarcho-syndicalism, overseeing the establishment of the FRE-AIT's successor, the Federation of Workers of the Spanish Region (FTRE). Later in life, he lost interest in syndicalist organising and turned to journalism, penning a series of studies of political figures and movements of the 19th century.
St Clair, New Zealand
St Clair is a coastal residential suburb of Dunedin, New Zealand. It is located on the Pacific Ocean coast five kilometres from the city centre on the southwesternmost part of the coastal plain which makes up the southern part of the urban area, and also climbs the slopes of Forbury Hill immediately to the west of this plain. According to the New Zealand Census, St Clair's population in 2023 was 2,470.

St Kilda, New Zealand
St Kilda is a suburb of the New Zealand city of Dunedin. A densely populated residential suburb, it lies on the southern part of the city's central plain, to the southwest of the head of the harbour and immediately north of Ocean Beach, parts of which (St Kilda Beach and Middle Beach) are within the suburb and form its major geographical feature. According to the New Zealand Census, St Kilda's 2023 population was 5,710.
Robert Joel Cooper
Robert Joel Cooper (29 February 1860 – 7 August 1936), better known as Joe Cooper, was an Australian buffalo hunter in the Northern Territory who spent much of his life on Melville Island (Yermalner).

He was also known as 'Jokupper', ‘white Rajah of Melville Island' and 'The king of Melville Island.

Iwaidja people
The Iwaidja are an Indigenous Australian people of the Cobourg Peninsula in the Northern Territory. In the modern day, they have also become known as the Arrarrkbi or Warrkbi people, reflecting their amalgamation since British colonisation with the neighbouring survivors of the Garig, Ilgar, Marrgu and Wurrugu people, as well as having various non-Indigenous ancestry.
Jimmy Crowley
Jimmy Crowley (born 1950) is an Irish folk musician and song collector. He has specialized in collecting and playing traditional songs from County Cork.

Crowley started collecting music at the age of 16. His recordings popularised local songs such as "Johnny Jump Up", "Salonika", "The Boys of Fairhill" and "The Armoured Car".

Johnny Jump Up (song)
"Johnny Jump Up" is an Irish drinking song by Tadhg Jordan from County Cork. It was first popularized by Jimmy Crowley, and then brought to a wider audience by Christy Moore, appearing on his self-titled 1976 album Christy Moore.

Johnny Jump Up is a strong cider, apparently made stronger by being stored in old whiskey barrels. The song contains numerous local Cork references such as "Up The Lee Road," where a psychiatric hospital was located.
FC Sioni Bolnisi
FC Sioni (Georgian: საფეხბურთო კლუბი სიონი) is a Georgian professional football club based in Bolnisi. They compete in Erovnuli Liga Liga 2, the second tier of the Georgian league system.

The team has won the league title on one occasion, in 2005/06. Sioni play their home matches at local stadium named after Tamaz Stepania.

FC Gagra
FC Gagra (Georgian: საფეხბურთო კლუბი გაგრა) is a Georgian professional football club which competes in the Erovnuli Liga, the first tier of Georgian football.

The club has its origins in Gagra, Abkhazia. It was founded in Tbilisi by former player and coach Goderdzi Chikhradze and his cousin in 2004 with a plan to move the club to Gagra in the end, but due to the ongoing Abkhazia conflict the team plays its home games in Tbilisi.

FC Gagra is the only non-top flight Georgian team which has twice won the national cup.
Hwasong-16B
The Hwasong-16B (Korean: 《화성포-16나》형; lit. Mars Artillery Type 16B) is a North Korean  intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM). First test-fired on 2 April 2024, Hwasong-16B is the third North Korean ballistic missile capable of carrying hypersonic glide vehicle (HGV) after Hwasong-8 and Hwasong-12B, as well as the first solid-fueled IRBM of North Korea.

Hwasong-18
The Hwasong-18 (Korean: 《화성포-18》형; lit. 'Mars Artillery Type 18') is a North Korean three-stage solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). It is the first solid-fueled ICBM developed by North Korea, and was first unveiled at the 8 February 2023 parade commemorating the 75th anniversary of the founding of the Korean People's Army. Its maiden flight occurred on 13 April 2023.
Alfred E. Barnes
Alfred Edward Barnes (5 March 1892 – 11 May 1960) was an architect from Kansas City, Missouri. He was a partner with Henry F. Hoit and Edwin M. Price in the leading architectural firm of Hoit, Price and Barnes.

Henry F. Hoit
Henry Ford Hoit (4 August 1872 – 30 May 1951) was a well-known Kansas City, Missouri, architect in the early 20th century. He and his partners designed many of Kansas City's most iconic commercial and residential buildings including the Kansas City Power and Light Building and the R.A. Long residence.
Winchester Residential Historic District
Winchester Residential Historic District is a national historic district located at Winchester, Indiana.  The district encompasses 142 contributing buildings, one contributing site, and one contributing structure in a predominantly residential section of Winchester.  The district developed between about 1837 and 1950 and includes notable examples of Greek Revival, Italianate, Romanesque Revival, Colonial Revival, Prairie School, and Classical Revival style architecture.  Notable buildings include the First Presbyterian Church of Winchester (1903), Winchester Friends Church (1897), First United Methodist Church (1900), Main Street Christian Church (1912), First Church of the Nazarene (1929), Carey Goodrich House (1858), Kizer-Marsh House (c. 1870), and W.E. Miller House (1910).

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.

Winchester, Indiana
Winchester is a city in White River Township, Randolph County, Indiana, United States. The city is the county seat of Randolph County. The population was 4,843 at the 2020 census. It is the home of Winchester Speedway.
¿Qué dice la gente?
¿Qué dice la gente? (or What Do People Say?) is a Spanish-language adaptation of the American game show Family Feud which was produced in the United States, that aired on Spanish-language channel Telefutura (now UniMás) in 2006. It was itself the American version of Mexican game show, 100 mexicanos dijeron, originally hosted by Marco Antonio Regil for two seasons from 2006 until 2008 followed by Omar Chaparro who took over for the last nine weeks of the series when it was filmed in Miami. Jackie Vilarino and Survivor: Nicaragua Contestant Brenda Lowe both served as co-hosts for the show's run. The show premiered on June 12, 2006, and ended on November 14, 2008. In 2008, the show was reduced to a half-hour in order to pair up with the Spanish-language version of the short-lived 1982-83 American game show Child's Play under the name Dame la Pista or (Give Me a Clue) hosted by Alessandra Rosaldo, but it was ultimately cancelled along with ¿Qué dice la gente? for "unknown" reasons.

Child's Play (game show)
Child's Play is an American television game show in which adult contestants tried to guess words based on definitions given by children. The Mark Goodson-produced series debuted on CBS on September 20, 1982, and ended on September 16, 1983.

This was the first game show created and produced solely by Mark Goodson after the death of his longtime business partner Bill Todman in 1979; all subsequent shows made by Goodson (including the existing Goodson-Todman programs that were still airing at the time) were credited as "A Mark Goodson Television Production", with a new logo reflecting the company's name change.
Market East (Philadelphia)
Philadelphia portal

Market East is part of the downtown district known as Center City, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The area is generally bounded by Arch Street to the north, Chestnut Street to the south, Juniper Street to the west, and 6th Street at Independence Mall West to the east. The area serves as one of the major retail centers and home to the Pennsylvania Convention Center.

Center City, Philadelphia
Center City includes the central business district and central neighborhoods of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It comprises the area that made up the City of Philadelphia prior to the Act of Consolidation, 1854, which extended the city borders to be coterminous with Philadelphia County.
McDonald's No. 1 Store Museum
The McDonald's #1 Store Museum was housed in a replica of the former McDonald's restaurant in Des Plaines, Illinois, US, opened by Ray Kroc in April 1955. The company usually refers to this as The Original McDonald's, although it was actually the ninth McDonald's restaurant.

Des Plaines, Illinois
Des Plaines (/dɪs ˈpleɪnz/) is a city in Cook County, Illinois, United States. Per the 2020 census, the population was 60,675. The city is a suburb of Chicago and is located just north of O'Hare International Airport. It is situated on and is named after the Des Plaines River, which runs through the city just east of its downtown area.
Mithraic reliefs of Jort
The Mithraic reliefs of Jort are bas-relief sculptures discovered in 2011 in the commune of Jort, Calvados department, Normandy region, France. The discovery was fortuitous, occurring during the public sanitation works. The reliefs have since been preserved in the town hall of the commune.

The so-called Eastern cults underwent significant development within the Roman Empire during various historical periods, particularly at the beginning of the Christian era. Mithra, initially an Indo-Iranian deity, was the son of Anahita. His cult experienced considerable growth within the Empire during the 2nd and 3rd centuries before being banned at the end of the 4th century by the Roman emperor Theodosius I.

Although the reliefs are incomplete and their iconography is relatively simple, they represent a unique and valuable source of information about the Mithraic cult in northwestern France.

Mithra
Mithra (Avestan: 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 Miθra; Old Persian: 𐎷𐎰𐎼 Miθraʰ‍) is an ancient Iranian deity (yazata) of covenants, light, oaths, justice, the Sun, contracts, and friendship. In addition to being the divinity of contracts, Mithra is also a judicial figure, an all-seeing protector of Truth (Asha), and the guardian of cattle, the harvest, and the Waters.

The Romans attributed their Mithraic mysteries to Zoroastrian Persian sources relating to Mithra. Since the early 1970s, the dominant scholarship has noted dissimilarities between the Persian and Roman traditions, making it, at most, the result of Roman perceptions of Zoroastrian ideas.
Brize Norton and Bampton railway station
Brize Norton and Bampton railway station was a railway station 1 mile (1.6 km) south of the village of Brize Norton on the Oxford, Witney and Fairford Railway between Oxford and Fairford. The station had two stone-built platforms, a station building and a goods shed.

Oxford, Witney and Fairford Railway
The Oxford, Witney and Fairford Railway was a single track railway branch line, 22 miles (35 km) long, in Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire in England in the United Kingdom. It was opened in succession by two companies, the first in 1861 to connect the important wool-producing town of Witney to the main line network, and the second in 1873 as the rump of an ambitious scheme to connect to Cheltenham, but which ran only between Witney and Fairford. The junction with the main line was at Yarnton, north of Oxford.

The Great Western Railway worked the two companies' lines as a single branch line from 1873, and later absorbed them. British Railways withdrew passenger services in 1962; a residual goods service to Witney remained until 1970.
M. N. Roy
Manabendra Nath Roy (born Narendra Nath Bhattacharya, better known as M. N. Roy; 21 March 1887 – 25 January 1954) was a 20th-century Indian revolutionary, philosopher, radical activist and political theorist. Roy was the founder of the Mexican Communist Party and the Communist Party of India (Tashkent group).

He was also a delegate to the Communist International congresses and Russia's aide to China. In the aftermath of World War II Roy moved away from orthodox Marxism to espouse the philosophy of radical humanism, attempting to chart a third course between liberalism and communism.

2nd World Congress of the Communist International
The 2nd World Congress of the Communist International was a gathering of approximately 220 voting and non-voting representatives of communist and revolutionary socialist political parties from around the world, held in Petrograd and Moscow from July 19 to August 7, 1920. The 2nd Congress is best remembered for formulating and implementing the 21 Conditions for membership in the Communist International.
Vladimir Orlov (politician)
Vladimir Pavlovich Orlov (Russian: Владимир Павлович Орлов; 16 August 1921 – 4 April 1999) was a Soviet politician, who was the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR from 1985 until 1988.

Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was the collective head of state of the Russian SFSR and the permanent body of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR that was accountable to the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR in its activity and, within the nominal limits prescribed by the Constitution of the Russian SFSR, performed functions of the highest state power in the Russian SFSR between 1938 and 1990. It was elected by the Supreme Soviet of Russia to perform the Supreme Soviet's activities when it was not in session, which, in practice, was most of the year.
Massachusetts Interscholastic Athletic Association
The Massachusetts Interscholastic Athletic Association (MIAA) is an organization that sponsors activities in 36 sports, between more than 380 high schools in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. The MIAA serves over 220,000 student athletes from these schools. The MIAA is a member of the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS), which writes the rules for most U.S. high school sports and activities. The MIAA was founded in 1978, and was preceded by both the Massachusetts Secondary School Principals Association (MSSPA) (1942–1978) and the Massachusetts Interscholastic Athletic Council (MIAC) (1950–1978).

National Federation of State High School Associations
The National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) is the body that writes the rules of competition for most high school sports and activities in the United States. NFHS's headquarters are located in White River State Park in Indianapolis, Indiana.
St. John's Group
The St John's Group is a fossiliferous shale-dominated Ediacaran geologic group in Newfoundland and Labrador, younger than 565 ± 3 million years ago.

It corresponds to the upper portion of the Connecting Point Group

Connecting Point Group
The Connecting Point Group is a Late Neoproterozoic geological formation cropping out on the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland, dominated by deep marine turbidite deposits.

Approximate age data from the middle of the group date it to ca. 610 Ma.

It corresponds to the Conception Group and the St. John's Group further east on the Avalon peninsula
Bristol Perseus
The Bristol Perseus was a British nine-cylinder, single-row, air-cooled radial aircraft engine produced by the Bristol Engine Company starting in 1932. It was the first production sleeve valve aero engine.

Westland Lysander
The Westland Lysander is a British army co-operation and liaison aircraft produced by Westland Aircraft that was used immediately before and during the Second World War.

After becoming obsolete in the army co-operation role, the aircraft's short-field performance enabled clandestine missions using small, improvised airstrips behind enemy lines to place or recover agents, particularly in occupied France with the help of the French Resistance. Royal Air Force army co-operation aircraft were named after mythical or historical military leaders; in this case the Spartan admiral Lysander was chosen.
Khuwalung
Khuwalung (Nepali: खुवालुङ) is a rock in the Saptakoshi river of Nepal sacred to the Kirati people. The rock lies at the confluence of Dudh Koshi, Arun, and Tamor rivers, near the Belaka municipality of Udayapur district. It is considered as one of the holiest site of the Kirati people. The name of the rock is uttered in the beginning and ending of every Kirat religious ritual.

Kirati people
The Kirati people (also Kirat, Kirant or Kiranti) are Tibeto-Burman ethnolinguistic groups living in the Himalayas, mostly the Eastern Himalaya extending eastward from Nepal to North East India (predominantly in the Indian state of Sikkim and the northern hilly regions of West Bengal, that is, Darjeeling and Kalimpong districts).
BPER Banca
BPER Banca S.p.A., formerly known as Banca Popolare dell'Emilia Romagna S.C., is an Italian banking group offering traditional banking services to individuals, corporate and public entities. The company is based in Modena and is a constituent of the FTSE MIB index.

The bank had branches in most of Italy, but not in Aosta Valley and Friuli – Venezia Giulia. The bank is a majority shareholder of Piedmontese bank Cassa di Risparmio di Bra and Saluzzo, as well as minority shareholders of Fossano and Savigliano.

BPER has been designated as a Significant Institution since the entry into force of European Banking Supervision in late 2014, and as a consequence is directly supervised by the European Central Bank.

Banca Popolare di Sondrio
Banca Popolare di Sondrio S.C.p.A. (BPSO) is an Italian bank based in Sondrio, Lombardy. The company is included in FTSE Italia Mid Cap Index. It has been designated as a Significant Institution since the entry into force of European Banking Supervision in late 2014, and as a consequence is directly supervised by the European Central Bank.