hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lachlan Valley Railway
The Lachlan Valley Railway Society is an Australian rail preservation society based in the New South Wales Central Western town of Cowra. It was established in 1974 to preserve and operate former New South Wales Government Railways locomotives and rolling stock. It operates regular heritage train tours to a variety of locations across New South Wales.

Blayney–Demondrille railway line
The Blayney–Demondrille railway line is a railway line in New South Wales, Australia. The line is used mainly for grain haulage and is owned by the Transport Asset Manager of New South Wales. However, in 2004 the Australian Rail Track Corporation became responsible for operations over the line. The Lachlan Valley Railway operates heritage trains on a small section of the line at Cowra; it previously also operated general goods trains.

From January 2012, the line was managed by John Holland Rail. Following flooding in 2011 between Cowra and Young, the line remains unusable for most of its length.
Socialist Youth League of Germany
The Socialist Youth League of Germany (German: Sozialistischer Jugend-Verband Deutschlands, abbreviated SJV OR SJVD) was a youth organization in Germany. SJV was the youth wing of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAPD). SJV was founded in 1931. The organization was banned after the Nazi take-over 1933.

SJV published Der Jungprolet ('The Young Proletarian') 1931-1932. Der Jungprolet was edited by Willy Kressman and Mannfred Margoniner.

In January 1936 SJV merged into the Free German Youth (FDJ) along with the Young Communist League of Germany and the Socialist Workers Youth.

Socialist Workers' Party of Germany
The Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (German: Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands, SAPD, sometimes called simply the Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei, SAP) was a centrist Marxist political party in Germany. It was formed as a left-wing party with around 20,000 members who split off from the SPD in the autumn of 1931. In 1931, the remnants of the USPD merged into the party and in 1932 some Communist Party dissenters also joined the group as well as a part of the  Communist Party Opposition. Nevertheless, SAPD membership remained small. From 1933, the group's members worked illegally against Nazism.
O-minimal theory
In mathematical logic, and more specifically in model theory, an infinite structure  that is totally ordered by  is called an o-minimal structure if and only if every definable subset  (with parameters taken from ) is a finite union of intervals and points.

O-minimality can be regarded as a weak form of quantifier elimination. A structure  is o-minimal if and only if every formula with one free variable and parameters in  is equivalent to a quantifier-free formula involving only the ordering, also with parameters in . This is analogous to the minimal structures, which are exactly the analogous property down to equality.

A theory  is an o-minimal theory if every model of  is o-minimal. It is known that the complete theory  of an o-minimal structure is an o-minimal theory. This result is remarkable because, in contrast, the complete theory of a minimal structure need not be a strongly minimal theory, that is, there may be an elementarily equivalent structure that is not minimal.

Real algebraic geometry
In mathematics, real algebraic geometry is the sub-branch of algebraic geometry studying real algebraic sets, i.e. real-number solutions to algebraic equations with real-number coefficients, and mappings between them (in particular real polynomial mappings).

Semialgebraic geometry is the study of semialgebraic sets, i.e. real-number solutions to algebraic inequalities with-real number coefficients, and mappings between them. The most natural mappings between semialgebraic sets are semialgebraic mappings, i.e., mappings whose graphs are semialgebraic sets.
Mohe Gulian Airport
Mohe Gulian Airport (IATA: OHE, ICAO: ZYMH) is an airport serving Mohe County in Heilongjiang Province, China.  It is the northernmost airport in China and the first Chinese airport built on permafrost.  Construction started in June 2006 with a total investment of 236 million yuan, and the airport was opened in June 2008. The airport closed in July 2021 for expansion and renovation of the airport. Service resumed on 27 January 2023.

Mohe City
Mohe (Chinese: 漠河; pinyin: Mòhé) is a county-level city in Daxing'anling Prefecture, Heilongjiang province. It is the northernmost city in China. As of the 2020 Chinese Census, it has a population of 54,036.
Empress Dowager Liu (Later Jin)
Empress Dowager Liu (劉太后, personal name unknown) (died August 24, 942) was an empress dowager of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Later Jin.

Little is known about her background, including her birth date, place of origin, or ethnicity.  She was a concubine of Shi Shaoyong (石紹雍), the father of Later Jin's founding emperor Shi Jingtang.  She was not stated to be Shi Jingtang's mother, as Shi Jingtang's mother was described to be a Lady He, although it is possible that she was Shi Jingtang's birth mother and that Lady He was described to be his mother because Lady He was Shi Shaoyong's wife.  After he became emperor, he honored her as consort dowager.  Shortly before his death in 942, he honored her as empress dowager.  After he died and was succeeded by his adoptive son (biological nephew, Shi Shaoyong's grandson) Shi Chonggui, she was honored as grand empress dowager.  She died shortly after.

Shi Jingtang
Shi Jingtang (Chinese: 石敬瑭; 30 March 892 – 28 July 942), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin (後晉高祖), was the founding emperor of the Later Jin dynasty of China during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, reigning from 936 until his death.

Shi was an ethnic Shatuo and was an important military general for the Later Tang before rebelling in 936. He enlisted the help of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty in his struggle against the Later Tang dynasty. For this he was called Emperor Taizong of Liao's adopted son (even though he was 10 years older).

After Shi's rise to power, the Liao would later annex the strategically crucial Sixteen Prefectures and eventually annex the entire Later Jin. The rise of the Liao in northern China and the Mongolian Plateau would shape Chinese politics for the centuries leading up to the Mongol Empire.
Maxey Whitehead
Maxey Whitehead is an American voice actress who provided voices for a number of English-language versions of Japanese anime. She is generally cast as young boys or young girls. Her roles include Alphonse Elric from Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood, Dende from Dragon Ball Z Kai, Czeslaw Meyer from Baccano!, and Crona from Soul Eater.

Princess Jellyfish
Princess Jellyfish (Japanese: 海月姫, Hepburn: Kuragehime) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Akiko Higashimura. It was serialized in Kodansha's josei manga magazine Kiss from October 2008 to August 2017. The manga is licensed in North America by Kodansha USA. An 11-episode anime television adaptation directed by Takahiro Omori was produced by Brain's Base and aired on Fuji TV's Noitamina programming block between October and December 2010. The anime has been licensed by Funimation. A live-action film adaptation premiered in Japan on December 27, 2014. A ten-episode live-action drama series aired from January to March 2018.
2010–11 Mersin İdmanyurdu season
Mersin İdmanyurdu (also Mersin İdman Yurdu, Mersin İY, or MİY) Sports Club; located in Mersin, east Mediterranean coast of Turkey in 2010–2011. The 2010–11 season was the 6th season of Mersin İdmanyurdu football team in TFF First League, the second level division in Turkey since 2001–02. MİY has taken place 33rd time in the second-level football division since its foundation in 1963–64. At the end of the season the team finished the league at first place and promoted to Spor–Toto Super League after 28 seasons.

Ali Kahramanlı was president of the club. Yüksel Yeşilova was head coach at the start of the season. After 8th round Nurullah Sağlam took over the position. Goalkeeper and team captain Kerem İnan was the most appeared player with 32 appearances, while Adem Büyük, who was loaned in the mid-season became the season top goalscorer with 10 goals.

Nurullah Sağlam
Nurullah Sağlam (born 28 January 1966) is a UEFA Pro Licensed Turkish football manager.

He was also a footballer as defender and played for Gaziantepspor (1984–1990), Kayserispor (1990–1991), Elazığspor (1991–1992), Edirnespor (1992–1997) and İslahiyespor (1997–1999).

Nurullah became coach of Gaziantepspor, leading them to the third round of the UEFA Cup. They won the first leg 1–0 against Fabio Capello's Roma side, but in the second leg, Gaziantepspor fell to a 2–0 defeat and got knocked out of the competition.

Sağlam managed Diyarbakırspor for 2009–10 season. He became the champions of 2010–11 TFF First League with Mersin İdmanyurdu. At the end of the season, he signed a contract with Mersin İdmanyurdu for three seasons.
Temple of Eck
44°52′5.5″N 93°33′1″W﻿ / ﻿44.868194°N 93.55028°W﻿ / 44.868194; -93.55028

The Temple of ECK, near Lake Ann in Chanhassen, Minnesota, on about 174 acres (70 ha) of land, is the center of the Eckankar faith in the United States. Purchased by the church in 1985, it was built at a cost of $8.2 million. The building was completed in 1990.

Chanhassen, Minnesota
Chanhassen (/tʃænˈhæsən/ chan-HASS-ən) is a city in Carver County, Minnesota, United States, about 15 miles (24 km) southwest of Minneapolis. The population was 25,947 at the 2020 census, with a 2024 estimate of 26,469. A small part of the city extends eastward into Hennepin County.

An outer southwestern suburb of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Chanhassen is one of the more recently developed cities in the region. Its population has grown by 123.5% since 1990. The city is home to the headquarters of Life Time Fitness and Prince's former estate, Paisley Park, which is now a museum.
Kabyle people
The Kabyle people (/kəˈbaɪl/, Kabyle: Izwawen or Leqbayel or Iqbayliyen, pronounced [iqβæjlijən], Arabic: القبائل, romanized: al-qabā'il) are a Berber ethnic group indigenous to Kabylia in the north of Algeria, spread across the Atlas Mountains, 160 kilometres (100 mi) east of Algiers. They represent the largest Berber population of Algeria and the second largest in North Africa.

Many of the Kabyles have emigrated from Algeria, influenced by factors such as the Algerian Civil War, cultural repression by the central Algerian government, and overall industrial decline. Their diaspora has resulted in Kabyle people living in numerous countries. Large populations of Kabyle people settled in France and, to a lesser extent, Canada (mainly Québec) and United States.

The Kabyle people speak Kabyle, a Berber language. Since the Berber Spring of 1980, they have been at the forefront of the fight for the official recognition of Berber languages in Algeria.

Lalla Fatma N'Soumer
Lalla Fatma N'Soumer (Arabic: لالة فاطمة نسومر; c. 1830 – 1863) was an Algerian anti-colonial leader during 1849–1857 of the French conquest of Algeria and subsequent Pacification of Algeria. She led several battles against the French forces, until her capture in July 1857.  She was imprisoned until her death six years later.  She is an Algerian national hero.
MIT Monarch B
The Monarch B was a human-powered aircraft, designed and built by graduates and undergraduates of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and won the £20,000 first prize for the Kremer World Speed Competition. It is a successor to the Monarch A HPA which preceded it.

Human-powered aircraft
A human-powered aircraft (HPA) is an aircraft belonging to the class of vehicles known as human-powered transport.

As its name suggests, HPAs have the pilot not only steer, but also power the aircraft with a system similar to a bicycle. A pair of pedals, moved by the pilot's feet, is connected to a propeller, or in the case of earlier prototypes, an ornithopter mechanism, which powers the aircraft.

Often, a hybrid system is used, where sometimes the pedals would charge a battery, which would, at the push of a button, power an electric motor that is connected to the propeller.

Human-powered aircraft have been successfully flown over considerable distances. However, they are still primarily constructed as engineering challenges rather than for any kind of recreational or utilitarian purpose.
Sandvika, Lierne
Sandvika is the administrative centre of Lierne Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The village lies on the northeastern shore of the lake Laksjøen, about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) west of the village of Holand. The main church for northern Lierne, Nordli Church, is located on the northern edge of Sandvika.

The 0.39-square-kilometre (96-acre) village has a population (2024) of 220 and a population density of 564 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,460/sq mi).

Nordli Church
Nordli Church (Norwegian: Nordli kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Lierne Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the village of Sandvika. It is the main church for the Nordli parish which is part of the Namdal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nidaros. The white, wooden church was built in a long church style in 1873 using plans drawn up by the architect Carl J. Bergstrøm. The church seats about 250 people.
Muslim conquest of Persia
The Muslim conquest of Persia or Arab conquest of Iran occurred between 633 and 651, when the Rashidun Caliphate conquered the Sasanian Empire as part of the early Muslim conquests, which began under Muhammad in 622.

Abd Allah ibn Amir
Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿĀmir ibn Kurayz or `Abd Allah ibn `Amir for short (Arabic: أبو عبد الرحمن عبد الله بن عامر بن كريز; 626–678) was a Rashidun Caliphate politician and general. He served as the Governor of Basra from 647 to 656 AD during the reign of Rashidun Caliph Uthman ibn Affan, his cousin. He oversaw campaigns to reconquer and pacify former territories of the Sasanian Empire (present-day Iran and Afghanistan).
History of variational principles in physics
In physics, a variational principle is an alternative method for determining the state or dynamics of a physical system, by identifying it as an extremum (minimum, maximum or saddle point) of a function or functional. Variational methods are exploited in many modern software applications to simulate matter and light.

Since the development of analytical mechanics in the 18th century, the fundamental equations of physics have usually been established in terms of action principles, where the variational principle is applied to the action of a system in order to recover the fundamental equation of motion.

This article describes the historical development of such action principles and other variational methods applied in physics. See History of physics for an overview and Outline of the history of physics for related histories.

History of physics
Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena from superstitions.

The Scientific Revolution of the 17th century, especially the discovery of the law of gravity, began a process of knowledge accumulation and specialization that gave rise to the field of physics.

Mathematical advances of the 18th century gave rise to classical mechanics, and the increased used of the experimental method led to new understanding of thermodynamics.

In the 19th century, the basic laws of electromagnetism and statistical mechanics were discovered.

At the beginning of the 20th century, physics was transformed by the discoveries of quantum mechanics, relativity, and atomic theory.

Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and modern physics.
Purity of arms
Purity of arms (Hebrew: טוהר הנשק, romanized: Tohar HaNeshek) is one of the core values listed in the "Spirit of the Israel Defense Forces". It is described as the following:

The IDF servicemen and women will use their weapons and force only for the purpose of their mission, only to the necessary extent and will maintain their humanity even during combat. IDF soldiers will not use their weapons and force to harm human beings who are not combatants or prisoners of war, and will do all in their power to avoid causing harm to their lives, bodies, dignity and property.

The assertion of this ethical code by Israel has historically spurred controversy over the course of the Arab–Israeli conflict. Many Israeli war crimes have been documented, including the use of torture, killing of civilians and prisoners of war, indiscriminate attacks, collective punishment and starvation, as well as the Gaza genocide.

Havlagah
Havlagah (Hebrew: הַהַבְלָגָה ha-Havlagah, lit. 'The Restraint') was the strategic policy of the Yishuv during the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. It called for Zionist militants to abstain from engaging in acts of retaliatory violence against Palestinian Arabs in the face of Arab attacks against Jews, and instead encouraged the Jewish community to respond to the attacks through non-violent means, such as by fortifying their settlements.

The policy was supported by the Yishuv's political leadership and many left-wing Zionists. It was adopted by Haganah, the main Zionist paramilitary in Mandate Palestine, as an official operational strategy.

On the other hand, Irgun, Lehi, and other like-minded Zionist paramilitaries rejected the policy and engaged in indiscriminate violence against the Arab community.
Liguria
Liguria (/lɪˈɡjʊəriə/ lig-YOOR-ee-ə, Italian: [liˈɡuːrja]; Ligurian: Ligûria [liˈɡyːɾja]) is a region of north-western Italy; its capital is Genoa. Its territory is crossed by the Alps and the Apennines mountain range and is roughly coextensive with the former territory of the Republic of Genoa. Liguria is bordered by France (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur) to the west, Piedmont to the north, and Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany to the east. It rests on the Ligurian Sea, and has a population of 1,509,908 as of 2025. The region is part of the Alps–Mediterranean Euroregion.

Cinque Terre
The Cinque Terre (Italian: [ˈtʃiŋkwe ˈtɛrre]; Ligurian: Çinque Tære; meaning 'Five Lands') is a coastal area within Liguria, in the northwest of Italy. It lies in the west of La Spezia Province, and comprises five villages: Monterosso al Mare, Vernazza, Corniglia, Manarola and Riomaggiore. The coastline, the five villages, and the surrounding hillsides are all part of the Cinque Terre National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Vernazza is also one of "I Borghi più belli d'Italia" ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

The Cinque Terre area is a popular tourist destination. Over the centuries, people have built terraces on the rugged, steep landscape right up to the cliffs that overlook the Ligurian Sea. Paths, trains, and boats connect the villages as cars can only reach them with great difficulty from the outside via narrow and precarious mountain roads.
Burcei
Burcei (Sardinian: Brucei) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northeast of Cagliari.

Burcei borders the following municipalities: San Vito, Sinnai, Villasalto.

Villasalto
Villasalto (Sardinian: Bidda de Sartu, Bidda de Saltu) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of Cagliari. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,282 and an area of 130.1 square kilometres (50.2 sq mi).

Villasalto/Biddesatu borders the following municipalities: Armungia, Burcei, Dolianova, San Nicolò Gerrei, San Vito, Sinnai, Villaputzu.
Vaiano Cremasco
Vaiano Cremasco (Cremish: Vaià) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of Milan and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northwest of Cremona.

Vaiano Cremasco borders the following municipalities: Bagnolo Cremasco, Crespiatica, Monte Cremasco, Palazzo Pignano, Trescore Cremasco.

Crespiatica
Crespiatica (Lodigiano: Crespiàdega) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Lodi in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southeast of Milan and about 7 kilometres (4 mi) southeast of Lodi.

Crespiatica borders the following municipalities: Dovera, Bagnolo Cremasco, Vaiano Cremasco, Monte Cremasco, Chieve, Corte Palasio, Abbadia Cerreto.
Sergius Tikhomirov
Metropolitan Sergius (secular name Georgiy Alexeyevich Tikhomirov, Russian: Георгий Алексеевич Тихомиров; June 16, 1871 – August 10, 1945) was a bishop of the Orthodox Eastern Church. He first served in Russia, but spent most of his episcopate in Japan (1908 - 1945) in the Russian Orthodox Christian mission and in the Japanese Orthodox Church.

Orthodox Church in Japan
The Orthodox Church in Japan or Orthodox Church of Japan (Japanese: 日本ハリストス正教会, romanized: Nihon Harisutosu Seikyōkai, OCJ), also known as the Japanese Orthodox Church (Russian: Японская православная церковь, romanized: Yaponskaya pravoslavnaya tserkov') is an autonomous Eastern Orthodox church within the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate. ハリストス (Harisutosu) is a transcription from the Russian word for "Christ," Христос (Khristos).
America's Funniest People
America's Funniest People (abbreviated as AFP) is an American reality show on ABC that debuted on May 13, 1990 as a 30 minute television special America's Funniest... Part II, aired after the popular America's Funniest Home Videos. The green-lit series, then named America's Funniest People for the fall season, aired as a weekly half-hour prime time series from September 9, 1990, to June 5, 1994. It was hosted by Dave Coulier and Arleen Sorkin from 1990 to 1992. Tawny Kitaen replaced Sorkin in 1992. The announcer was Ernie Anderson. Dan Slider composed the theme song, which was performed by Peter Hix.

Vin Di Bona
Vincent John "Vin" Di Bona (born April 10, 1944) is an American television producer of the television shows MacGyver, Entertainment Tonight, America's Funniest Home Videos and Dancing with the Stars. He runs an eponymous production company called Vin Di Bona Productions. In 2010, Di Bona launched a second business, FishBowl Worldwide Media, an independent production company developing properties for film, television, digital platforms and brands.
Constantine (video game)
Constantine is a 2005 action-adventure game developed by Bits Studios, and published by THQ in North America and SCi Games in Europe. The game was released for PlayStation 2, Windows, and Xbox in February/March 2005. It is based on the DC Comics character John Constantine and is a movie tie-in license of the Warner Bros. film Constantine, in turn based on DC Comics comic book series, Hellblazer from the Vertigo issues for John Constantine.

Constantine (film)
Constantine (/ˌkɒnstənˈtiːn/ KON-stən-TEEN) is a 2005 American supernatural superhero film directed by Francis Lawrence, and written by Kevin Brodbin and Frank Cappello. It is loosely based on the Hellblazer comic book series. The film stars Keanu Reeves as John Constantine, a cynical exorcist with the ability to perceive and communicate with half-angels and half-demons in their true forms and to travel between Earth and Hell. The cast also features Rachel Weisz, Shia LaBeouf, Tilda Swinton, Pruitt Taylor Vince, Djimon Hounsou, Gavin Rossdale and Peter Stormare.

Constantine was released theatrically in the United States on February 18, 2005, to mixed reviews, and grossed $231 million on a production budget between $70–100 million. Since its release, it has garnered a cult following. A sequel is in development.