hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Philippine five-peso note
The Philippine five-peso note (Filipino: Limang Piso) (₱5) was a denomination of Philippine currency. Philippine president Emilio Aguinaldo is featured on the front side of the note, while the Declaration of the Philippine Independence is featured on the reverse side. This banknote was circulated until the demonetization of main banknotes under the  New Design Series on January 3, 2018. Its printing was stopped when it was replaced by the BSP Series five-peso coins, also featuring Aguinaldo, in June 1995.

New Design series
The New Design Series (NDS), also known as the BSP Series, was the name used to refer to the banknotes of the Philippine peso. They were conceptualized from 1983 to 1985, issued from 1985 to 2013, and circulated from 1985 to 2019. The coins of the series were minted and issued from 1995 to 2017, and remain legal tender as of 2025. It was succeeded by the New Generation Currency (NGC) Series. The series used the Friz Quadrata, Arial, Optima, and Helvetica typefaces.
Kita-Matsue Line
The Kita-Matsue Line (北松江線, Kita-matsue-sen) is a 22.9 km railway line owned by the Ichibata Electric Railway. The line connects Dentetsu-Izumoshi Station in Izumo with Matsue-Shinjiko-Onsen Station in Matsue, all within Shimane Prefecture, Japan. Tracks run parallel to JR West's San'in Main Line on the north of Lake Shinji.

Ichibata Electric Railway
Ichibata Electric Railway Co., Ltd. is the name of two related, yet different companies in Shimane Prefecture, Japan. Ichibata Denki Tetsudō Kabushiki-gaisha (一畑電気鉄道株式会社) was a railway operator until 2006, when it became a holding company of the Ichibata Group, spinning off its railway division to its newly founded Ichibata Densha Kabushiki-gaisha (一畑電車株式会社). Although the two companies have different names in Japanese, in English they are referred to by the English name of their parent holding company.

The company name is often shortened to Bataden.
Bassano del Grappa
Bassano del Grappa (Venetian: Basan or Bassan, pronounced [baˈsaŋ]) is a city and comune, in the Vicenza province, in the region of Veneto, in northern Italy. It bounds the communes of Cassola, Marostica, Solagna, Pove del Grappa, Romano d'Ezzelino, Valbrenta, Lusiana Conco, Rosà, Cartigliano and Nove. Some neighbourhoods of these communes have become in practice a part of the urban area of Bassano, so that the population of the whole conurbation totals around 70,000 people.

The 16th-century painter Jacopo Bassano was born, worked, and died in Bassano, and took the town name as his own surname.

Nove
Nove is a town and comune in the province of Vicenza in the region of Veneto, north-eastern Italy, with just over 5,000 inhabitants. It is located on the Brenta river, near Marostica and Bassano del Grappa.

The town is home of a local network of ceramic industries.

The name of the town comes from the antique Italian nove, in the meaning of "new". As matter of fact, the lands where the town is located were considered new because of the lowering of the level of the Brenta. The lowering of the river revealed soft lands rich of clay. The first artisans of the area started using the clay for the production of pottery.

The town have a beautiful ceramic museum with a Pablo Picasso gallipot and other important pieces of the 18th and 19th century.
Haematomma accolens
Haematomma accolens, commonly known as the tree bloodspot, is a species of crustose lichen in the family Haematommataceae. It forms thin to moderately thick patches on tree bark, appearing yellowish-white to greenish-grey in colour, and features vivid red to deep reddish-orange spore-producing structures (apothecia). The lichen typically grows on the bark of deciduous trees in warm-temperate and subtropical regions, particularly favouring smooth-barked trees such as oaks and maples in shaded forest environments. Since its description by the Scottish botanist James Stirton in 1881, it has been found across the Southeastern United States, Central and South America, parts of Africa, India, Sri Lanka, China, and northeastern Australia, where it plays a role in forest ecosystems by contributing to nutrient cycling and providing microhabitats for small invertebrates.

Haematomma
Haematomma is a genus of crustose lichens established by Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo in 1852. It is the sole genus in the Haematommataceae, a family circumscribed by Josef Hafellner in 1984. Commonly called bloodstain lichens, the species assigned to this genus are widely distributed in tropical and temperate areas.

The genus name Haematomma means "bloody eye", a reference to the color of the lichen's apothecia.
Phonation
The term phonation has slightly different meanings depending on the subfield of phonetics.  Among some phoneticians, phonation or phonating is the process by which the vocal cords, or vocal folds, produce certain sounds through quasi-periodic vibration. This is the definition used among those who study laryngeal anatomy and physiology and speech production in general. Phoneticians in other subfields, such as linguistic phonetics, call this process voicing, and use the term phonation to refer to any oscillatory state of any part of the larynx that modifies the airstream, of which voicing is just one example. Voiceless and supra-glottal phonations are included under this definition.

Glottal stop
A glottal stop or glottal plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages, produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or, more precisely, the glottis. It is familiar to English-speakers as the catch in the middle of "uh-oh". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʔ⟩.

As a result of the action of the glottis, glottal vibration either stops or becomes irregular with a low rate and sudden drop in intensity.
Siege of Tachibana
The 1569 siege of Tachibana was one of many battles fought for control of the island of Kyūshū during Japan's Sengoku period.

Mōri Motonari led the assault on the Ōtomo clan's Tachibana castle, which was held by Hetsugi Akitsura. The Mōri, who were one of the few Sengoku-period clans to make effective or extensive use of artillery, used cannons to secure their victory.

Mōri Motonari
Mōri Motonari (毛利 元就; April 16, 1497 – July 6, 1571) was a prominent daimyō (feudal lord) in the western Chūgoku region of Japan during the Sengoku period of the 16th century. The Mōri clan claimed descent from Ōe no Hiromoto (大江広元), an adviser to Minamoto no Yoritomo. Motonari was called the "Beggar Prince". He was known as a great strategist who began as a small local warlord (jizamurai) of Aki Province and extended his clan's power to nearly all of the Chūgoku region through war, marriage, adoption and assassination.

Sandwiched between the powerful Amago and Ōuchi clans, Motonari led his clan by carefully balancing actions and diplomacy. Eventually, Motonari succeeded in defeating both and controlled the entire Chūgoku region. In his later years, he crushed the Ōtomo clan of Bungo Province in Kyūshū. Motonari ruled from Yoshida-Kōriyama Castle, the clan's main bastion since the early 14th century. His descendants became lords of the Chōshū Domain.
Simon Lumby
Simon Lumby is an Anglican priest: he has been  Archdeacon of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe since 2016.

Lumby was born in 1956 and educated at Hull University, The Open University and St John's College, Nottingham. He was  ordained in 2004. His first post was a curacy at Wirksworth. After that he held incumbencies at Thorpe Constantine, Clifton Campville and Killarney.

Bishop of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe
Christianity portal

The Bishop of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe was the Ordinary of the Church of Ireland diocese of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe, which was in the Province of Cashel until 1833, then afterwards in the Province of Dublin.
Joan Wilkinson (died 1556)
Joan or Jane Wilkinson (née North) (d.1556) was silkwoman to Anne Boleyn and Lady Lisle and a Protestant reformer. She was a friend of other leading reformers, including Bishops John Hooper and Hugh Latimer. During the reign of Mary I, she became a religious exile, and died at Frankfurt in 1556.

Michael Lok
Michael Lok (or  Locke; c. 1532 – c. 1621) was an English merchant and traveller, and the principal backer of Sir Martin Frobisher's voyages in search of the Northwest Passage.  He was the governor of the failed Cathay Company formed with Frobisher in 1577.
Muhammad Ghawth
Muhammad Ghawth (Ghouse, Ghaus or Gwath) Gwaliyari (1500–1562) was a 16th-century Sufi master of the Shattari order and Sufi saint, a musician, and the author of Jawahir-i Khams (Arabic: al-Jawahir al-Khams, The Five Jewels). The book mentioning the life and miracles of Gaus named " Heaven's witness" was written by Kugle.

Shattariyya
The Shattari or Shattariyya are members of a Sufi order founded in the 15th century by Abdullah Shattar in Khorasan before immigrating to India. Later, secondary branches were taken to the Hejaz and to Indonesia. The word Shattar means "lightning-quick," "speed," "rapidity,"  or "fast-goer" shows a system of spiritual practices that lead to a state of "completion."

Unlike other Sufis, the Shattariyya do not subscribe to the concept of fana (annihilation of the ego). "With the sect of Shattaris, the Salik (seeker, aspirant) descends, of himself, in his knowledge - there is no annihilation of self with them."
Kalvøyrevet Bridge
The Kalvøyrevet Bridge (Norwegian: Kalvøyrevet bru) is a cantilever bridge in Herøy Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The concrete bridge is 298 metres (978 ft) long, and the main span is 95 metres (312 ft).  The bridge connects the small islands of Kalvøya and Hestøya and it was built as a part of Norwegian County Road 166 which connects the larger islands of Indre Øksningan and Ytre Øksningan with the rest of Herøy Municipality.

Herøy Municipality (Nordland)
Herøy is a municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is part of the Helgeland traditional region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Silvalen. The island municipality is located about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) west of the town of Sandnessjøen.

The 64-square-kilometre (25 sq mi) municipality is the 344th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Herøy Municipality is the 291st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,842. The municipality's population density is 28.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (74/sq mi) and its population has increased by 6.3% over the previous 10-year period.
Heinrich von Winkelried
Heinrich von Winkelried (d. after 1303), known as Schrutan or Strut "the giant", was a medieval knight in what is now Central Switzerland.

As Strut von Winkelried he became the subject of a legend which makes him a dragonslayer.
The legendary Strut is placed a generation before the historical character, with a flouruit in the 1240s, and his death due to poisoning by dragon-blood recorded for 1250.

Winkelried
The Winkelried family was a Swiss noble family of Unterwalden, recorded as members of the lower nobility during the second half of the 13th century and as commoners during the 14th to early 16th centuries.
The name is mostly associated with Arnold von Winkelried, the hero of the Battle of Sempach (1386) in Swiss historiography.
Because of the importance of Arnold Winkelried in 19th-century Swiss nationalism, much research has gone into the genealogy of this family.
Geneva–Versoix Railway
The Geneva–Versoix Railway (French: Chemin de Fer Genève-Versoix, GM) is a former Swiss railway company that existed officially for only six days in 1858.

The line from Versoix to Geneva was opened by the GM was on 25 June 1858. On the following 1 July the company was absorbed into the Lausanne–Fribourg–Bern Railway (LFB).

Lausanne–Fribourg–Bern Railway
The Lausanne-Bern-Fribourg Railway (French: Chemin de Fer Lausanne-Bern-Fribourg, LFB) was a former railway company in Switzerland, which was formed in 1858 and absorbed into the Western Swiss Railway in 1872.

The aim of the LFB was to connect the French-speaking part of western Switzerland with the German-speaking part of central Switzerland with a line from Lausanne to Bern via Oron and Fribourg. The line now forms part of the Lausanne–Bern railway, now owned by the Swiss Federal Railways.
Expenditure function
In microeconomics, the expenditure function represents the minimum amount of expenditure needed to achieve a given level of utility, given a utility function and the prices of goods.

Formally, if there is a utility function  that describes preferences over n goods, the expenditure function  is defined as:

where  is the price vector  is the desired utility level,  is the set of providing at least utility .

Expressed equivalently, the individual minimizes expenditure  subject to the minimal utility constraint that  giving optimal quantities to consume of the various goods as  as function of   and the prices; then the expenditure function is

Shephard's lemma
Shephard's lemma is a result in microeconomics having applications in the theory of the firm and in consumer choice. The lemma states that if indifference curves of the expenditure or cost function are convex, then the cost-minimizing point of a given good () with price  is unique. The idea is that a consumer will buy a unique ideal amount of each item to minimize the price for obtaining a certain level of utility given the price of goods in the market.

The lemma is named after Ronald Shephard, who proved it using the distance formula in his book Theory of Cost and Production Functions in 1953. The equivalent result in the context of consumer theory was first derived by Lionel W. McKenzie in 1957.  It states that the partial derivatives of the expenditure function with respect to the prices of goods equal the Hicksian demand functions for the relevant goods. Similar results had already been derived by John Hicks (1939) and Paul Samuelson (1947).
Gerard de Canville
Gerard de Camville (died 1214), was an Anglo-Norman landowner and administrator who was a loyal supporter of King Henry II of England and of his son King John, and through his wife obtained the posts of sheriff of Lincolnshire and constable of Lincoln Castle.

High Sheriff of Lincolnshire
This is a list of High Sheriffs of Lincolnshire.

The High Sheriff is the oldest secular office under the Crown.  Formerly the High Sheriff was the principal law enforcement officer in the county but over the centuries most of the responsibilities associated with the post have been transferred elsewhere or are now defunct, so that its functions are now largely ceremonial.  The High Sheriff changes every March.

Between 1974 and 1996 the shrievalty in Lincolnshire was interrupted when the County of Humberside took over the complete northern part of the county. In 1996 the northern bailiwicks reverted to Lincolnshire once more, after eight North Lincolnshire based High Sheriffs of Humberside had administered the area.
Terrington St Clement
Terrington St Clement is a village and civil parish in King's Lynn and West Norfolk borough and district in Norfolk, England. It is in the drained marshlands to the south of the Wash, 7 miles (11 km) west of King's Lynn, Norfolk, and 5 miles (8.0 km) east of Sutton Bridge, Lincolnshire, on the old route of the A17 trunk road.

The parish covers an area of 17.50 square miles (50 km2). Much of the farmland is of alluvial silt and clay which has been reclaimed from the sea. About half the parish has been reclaimed from the east bank of the River Nene, in Anglo-Saxon times. It is bordered by the so called Roman Bank, which is of a later than Roman date. The other half has been reclaimed from The Wash since the end of the 18th century.

Terrington St Clement in area is the largest village in Norfolk, and the second largest in the country.

King's Lynn
King's Lynn, known until 1537 as Bishop's Lynn and colloquially as Lynn, is a port and market town in the borough of King's Lynn and West Norfolk in the county of Norfolk, England. It is 36 miles (58 km) north-east of Peterborough, 44 miles (71 km) north-north-east of Cambridge, 44 miles (71 km) west of Norwich, and about 5 miles (8 km) inland from The Wash estuary.
Province of Seville
The Province of Seville (Spanish: Sevilla) is a province of southern Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. It borders the provinces of Málaga and Cádiz in the south, Huelva in the west, Badajoz in the north and Córdoba in the east. Seville is the province's as well as the Andalusian autonomous community's capital.

Guadalquivir
The Guadalquivir (/ˌɡwɑːdəlkɪˈvɪər/, also UK: /-kwɪˈ-/, US: /-kiːˈ-, ˌɡwɑːdəlˈkwɪvər/, Spanish: [ɡwaðalkiˈβiɾ]) is the fifth-longest river in the Iberian Peninsula and the second-longest river with its entire length in Spain. The Guadalquivir is the only major navigable river in Spain. Currently it is navigable from Seville to the Gulf of Cádiz, but in Roman times it was navigable from Córdoba.
Government auction
A government auction or a public auction is an auction held on behalf of a government in which the property to be auctioned is either property owned by the government or property which is sold under the authority of a court of law or a government agency with similar authority.

Spectrum auction
A spectrum auction is a process whereby a government uses an auction system to sell the rights to transmit signals over specific bands of the electromagnetic spectrum and to assign scarce spectrum resources. Depending on the specific auction format used, a spectrum auction can last from a single day to several months from the opening bid to the final winning bid. With a well-designed auction, resources are allocated efficiently to the parties that value them the most, the government securing revenue in the process. Spectrum auctions are a step toward market-based spectrum management and privatization of public airwaves, and are a way for governments to allocate scarce resources.

Alternatives to auctions include administrative licensing, such as the comparative hearings conducted historically (sometimes referred to as "beauty contests"), or lotteries.
Total cost of ownership
Total cost of ownership (TCO) is a financial estimate intended to help buyers and owners determine the direct and indirect costs of a product or service. It is a management accounting concept useful in full cost accounting or even ecological economics, where it includes social costs. TCO recognises that ownership costs are significantly greater than the cost of purchasing or acquiring a product.

For manufacturing, as TCO is typically compared with doing business overseas, it goes beyond the initial manufacturing cycle time and cost to make parts. TCO includes a variety of cost of doing business items, for example, ship and re-ship, and opportunity costs, while it also considers incentives developed for an alternative approach. Incentives and other variables include tax credits, common language, expedited delivery, and customer-oriented supplier visits.

Total cost of acquisition
Total cost of acquisition (TCA) is a managerial accounting concept that includes all the costs associated with buying goods, services, or assets.

Generally, it is the net price plus other costs needed to purchase the item and get it to the point of use.  These other costs can include: the item's purchasing costs (closing, research, accounting, commissions, legal fees), transportation, preparation and installation costs.

Typically they do not include training, system integration costs that might be considered operational costs.
County of Huy
The County of Huy (Latin comitatus Hoiensis) was a comital jurisdiction of Lotharingia during the early Middle Ages, centred on the town of Huy and its citadel overlooking the Meuse.

The county probably originated in the late ninth century as a division of the County of Hesbaye. It was probably a new creation, not corresponding to any ancient division. In 985, it was granted to the diocese of Liège, which marks the point when the bishop became a prince of the Holy Roman Empire. In the eleventh century, the bishops appointed counts to administer it on their behalf until, in 1066, they granted the town of Huy self-government.

Huy
Huy (French: [ɥi] ⓘ or [wi] ⓘ; Dutch: Hoei [ɦui] ⓘ; Walloon: Hu) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium. Huy lies along the river Meuse, at the mouth of the small river Hoyoux. It is in the sillon industriel, the former industrial backbone of Wallonia, home to the Walloon population.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Ben-Ahin, Huy, Neuville-sous-Huy, and Tihange.
Least-angle regression
In statistics, least-angle regression (LARS) is an algorithm for fitting linear regression models to high-dimensional data, developed by Bradley Efron, Trevor Hastie, Iain Johnstone and Robert Tibshirani.

Suppose we expect a response variable to be determined by a linear combination of a subset of potential covariates.  Then the LARS algorithm provides a means of producing an estimate of which variables to include, as well as their coefficients.

Instead of giving a vector result, the LARS solution consists of a curve denoting the solution for each value of the L1 norm of the parameter vector. The algorithm is similar to forward stepwise regression, but instead of including variables at each step, the estimated parameters are increased in a direction equiangular to each one's correlations with the residual.

Stepwise regression
In statistics, stepwise regression is a method of fitting regression models in which the choice of predictive variables is carried out by an automatic procedure. In each step, a variable is considered for addition to or subtraction from the set of explanatory variables based on some prespecified criterion. Usually, this takes the form of a forward, backward, or combined sequence of F-tests or t-tests.

The frequent practice of fitting the final selected model followed by reporting estimates and confidence intervals without adjusting them to take the model building process into account has led to calls to stop using stepwise model building altogether or to at least make sure model uncertainty is correctly reflected by using prespecified, automatic criteria together with more complex standard error estimates that remain unbiased.
Baldingen, Aargau
Baldingen is a village and former municipality in the district of Zurzach in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.  It is located only 2 km south of the border with Germany.

On 1 January 2022 the former municipalities of Bad Zurzach, Baldingen, Böbikon, Kaiserstuhl, Rekingen, Rietheim, Rümikon and Wislikofen merged into the new municipality of Zurzach.

Wislikofen
Wislikofen is a village and former municipality in the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2022 the former municipalities of Bad Zurzach, Baldingen, Böbikon, Kaiserstuhl, Rekingen, Rietheim, Rümikon and Wislikofen merged into the new municipality of Zurzach.
Beit Ur al-Tahta
Beit Ur al-Tahta (Arabic: بيت عور التحتى, lit. "Lower house of straw") is a Palestinian village located in the central West Bank, in the Ramallah and Al-Bireh Governorate of the State of Palestine. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Beit Ur at-Tahta had a population of 5,040 inhabitants in 2017.

Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate
31°55′59″N 35°12′18″E﻿ / ﻿31.933°N 35.205°E﻿ / 31.933; 35.205

The Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate (Arabic: محافظة رام الله والبيرة, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat Rām Allāh wa l Bīra) is one of 16  governorates of Palestine. It covers a large part of the central West Bank, on the northern border of the Jerusalem Governorate. Its district capital or muhfaza (seat) is the city of al-Bireh.

According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the district had a population of 279,730 in 2007. Laila Ghannam serves as governor, the first woman in this role.