hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Andersons Bay
Andersons Bay (sometimes spelt in the grammatically correct former form Anderson's Bay, and often known locally as "Andy Bay") is a suburb of the New Zealand city of Dunedin. It is located in the southeast of the city's urban area, 2.8 kilometres (1.7 mi) southeast of the city's centre.

Otago Peninsula
The Otago Peninsula (Māori: Muaūpoko) is a long, hilly indented finger of land that forms the easternmost part of Dunedin, New Zealand. Volcanic in origin, it forms one wall of the eroded valley that now forms Otago Harbour. The peninsula lies southeast of Otago Harbour and runs parallel to the mainland for 20 km, with a maximum width of 9 km. It is joined to the mainland at the south-west end by a narrow isthmus about 1.5 km wide.

The suburbs of Dunedin encroach onto the western end of the peninsula, and seven townships and communities lie along the harbourside shore. The majority of the land is sparsely populated and occupied by steep open pasture. The peninsula is home to many species of wildlife, notably seabirds, pinnipeds, and penguins; several ecotourism businesses operate in the area.
Palestine Final Fortress
Palestine Final Fortress (Hebrew: תוכנית המבצר האחרון לארץ ישראל or Final Fortress For The Land Of Israel) was the British 1942 defence plan for Mandatory Palestine at World War II against a possible German invasion from the north.

200 days of dread
The 200 days of dread (Hebrew: מאתיים ימי חרדה; matayim yamei kharada) was a period of 200 days (almost 7 months) in the history of the Yishuv in British Palestine, from the spring of 1942 to November 1942, when the German Afrika Korps under the command of General Erwin Rommel was heading east towards the Suez Canal and Palestine.
Thomas Fuller
Thomas Fuller (baptised 19 June 1608; died 16 August 1661) was an English churchman and historian. He is now remembered for his writings, particularly his Worthies of England, published in 1662, after his death. He was a prolific author, and one of the first English writers able to live by his pen (and his many patrons).

Cranford, London
Cranford is a suburban area straddling the London Boroughs of Hillingdon and Hounslow. It is located 12.5 miles (20 km) west of Charing Cross and immediately east of Heathrow Airport, from which it is separated by the River Crane. A village till the mid-20th century, Cranford was developed with the building of major roads in its area.
Colnbrook with Poyle
Colnbrook with Poyle is a civil parish in the borough of Slough in Berkshire, England. Located approximately 17 miles (27 km) west of central London and adjacent to the Greater London boundary, it is an urbanised parish with some industrial development and open land. The local council is Colnbrook with Poyle Parish Council. The parish was created on 1 April 1995 as an amalgamation of Colnbrook from the parish of Iver with Poyle from an unparished area. At the 2001 census it had a population of 5,426.

Borough of Slough
The Borough of Slough is a unitary authority with borough status in the ceremonial county of Berkshire, Southern England. It is governed by Slough Borough Council. The borough is centred around the town of Slough and includes Langley. It forms an urban area with parts of Buckinghamshire and extends to the villages of Burnham, Farnham Royal, George Green, and Iver. Part of the district's area was in Buckinghamshire prior to the district's formation and in Middlesex until 1965.
Ornate box turtle
The ornate box turtle (Terrapene ornata ornata) is one of only two terrestrial species of turtles native to the Great Plains of the United States. It is one of the two different subspecies of Terrapene ornata. It is the state reptile of Kansas and Nebraska. It is currently listed as threatened in Illinois and is of concern and protected in six Midwestern states (Colorado, Iowa, Indiana, Nebraska, Kansas, and Wisconsin).

Terrapene ornata
Terrapene ornata is a species of North American box turtle sometimes referred to as the western box turtle or the ornate box turtle. It is one of two recognized species of box turtle in the United States, having two subspecies. The second recognized species of box turtle is the eastern box turtle, Terrapene carolina. T. carolina has six subspecies, two of which are endemic to Mexico.
Visa Debit
Visa Debit is a brand of debit card issued by Visa in many countries. Numerous banks and financial institutions issue Visa Debit cards to their customers for access to their bank accounts. In many countries the Visa Debit functionality is often incorporated on the same plastic card that allows access to ATM and any domestic networks like EFTPOS or Interac.

EFTPOS
Electronic funds transfer at point of sale (EFTPOS; /ˈɛf(t)pɒs/) is a type of payment transaction in which electronic funds transfers (EFT) are processed at a point of sale (POS) system or payment terminal usually via payment methods such as payment cards (debit cards, credit cards or gift cards). EFTPOS technology was developed during the 1980s.
Juan Bautista Alvarado
Juan Bautista Valentín Alvarado y Vallejo (February 14, 1809 – July 13, 1882) usually known as Juan Bautista Alvarado, was a Californio politician who served as governor of Alta California from 1837 to 1842. Prior to his term as governor, Alvarado briefly led a movement for independence of Alta California from 1836 to 1837, in which he successfully deposed interim governor Nicolás Gutiérrez, declared independence, and created a new flag and constitution, before negotiating an agreement with the Mexican government resulting in his recognition as governor and the end of the independence movement.

William Edward Petty Hartnell
William Edward Petty Hartnell (April 24, 1798 – February 2, 1854), later known by his Spanish name Don Guillermo Arnel, was a merchant, schoolmaster, and government official in California. He arrived in California in 1822 as a trader, where he married into the prominent Guerra family of California and became a Mexican citizen. He held several public roles during the Mexican era and after the American Conquest of California, notably serving as the official translator at the Monterey Constitutional Convention.
Cassius of Narni
Saint Cassius was a bishop of Narni in Umbria from 537 to 558, the date of his death. He was praised by St. Gregory the Great, and was noted for his charity.

Cassius would offer Mass daily at the tomb of his predecessor Saint Juvenal of Narni, on whom he tried to pattern himself. On the feast of SS. Peter and Paul, on the occasion of which he used to go every year to Rome, after having celebrated the holy mysteries in his city and having distributed communion to all, he died.

His wife's name was Fausta.

In the year 878, Cassius' relics were taken to Basilica di San Frediano in Lucca with those of Saints Juvenal and Cassius' wife Fausta. They were taken by Adalbert, Margrave of Tuscany, but all of the relics were returned to Narni two years later. The relics of Saint Cassius were built in a restored shrine later known as the Sacello di San Cassio. Juvenal's relics are said to have been hidden.

Juvenal of Narni
Saint Juvenal (d. May 3, 369 or 377) (Italian: San Giovenale di Narni) is venerated as the first Bishop of Narni in Umbria. Historical details regarding Juvenal's life are limited. A biography of Juvenal of little historical value, written after the seventh century, states that Juvenal was born in Africa, was ordained by Pope Damasus I, was the first bishop of Narni, and was buried in the Porta Superiore on the Via Flaminia on August 7, though his feast day was celebrated on May 3.
This Vita does not call him a martyr but calls him a confessor.
The martyrologies of Florus of Lyon and Ado describe Juvenal as a bishop and confessor rather than as a martyr.

Saint Gregory the Great, in his Dialogues (IV, 12) and Homiliae in Evangelium, speaks of a bishop of Narni named Juvenal, and describes him as a martyr. The title of martyr, though, was sometimes given to bishops who did not necessarily die for their faith. Gregory also mentions a sepulcher associated with Juvenal at Narni.
DF-31
The Dong Feng 31 (simplified Chinese: 东风-31; traditional Chinese: 東風-31; lit. 'East Wind-31'; NATO reporting name CSS-10) is a third-generation, long-range, road-mobile, intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). Developed by the People's Republic of China (PRC) and operated by the People's Liberation Army Rocket Force (PLARF), this three-stage, solid-fuel missile in the Dongfeng missile series is designed to carry a single 425-kiloton thermonuclear weapon. It is a land-based variant of the JL-2, a submarine-launched ballistic missile.

In 2009, the Chinese inventory was estimated at fewer than 15 DF-31 missiles and fewer than 15 DF-31A missiles. The National Air and Space Intelligence Center (NASIC) estimated that, as of June 2017, five to ten Mod 1 and over fifteen Mod 2 launchers were operationally deployed.

JL-2
The JL-2 (Chinese: 巨浪-2; pinyin: Jù Làng Èr; lit. 'Giant Wave 2', NATO reporting name CSS-N-14) is a Chinese second-generation intercontinental-range submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) deployed on the People's Liberation Army Navy's (PLAN) Type 094 submarines. It succeeds the JL-1 SLBM deployed on the Type 092 submarine.

The JL-2 provides China with its first viable sea-based nuclear deterrent.
Ramsgjelvatnet
Ramsgjelvatnet is a lake that lies in Beiarn Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The lake is located about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) northeast of the village of Høyforsmoen and about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) southeast of the village of Moldjord.

Høyforsmoen
Høyforsmoen is a small village in Beiarn Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The village is located along the Beiar River in the Beiar Valley, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of the municipal centre of Moldjord. Høyforsmoen Chapel is located in this village.  The lake Ramsgjelvatnet lies northeast of the village.
Montréal-Dorion
Montréal-Dorion (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃ʁeal dɔʁjɔ̃]) was a former provincial electoral district in the Montreal region of Quebec, Canada that elected members to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.

It was created for the 1912 election from part of Hochelaga electoral district.  Its final election was in 1936.  It disappeared in the 1939 election and its successor electoral districts were Montréal–Jeanne-Mance and Montréal-Mercier.

Montréal-Mercier
Montréal-Mercier (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃ʁeal mɛʁsje]) was a former provincial electoral district in the Montreal region of Quebec, Canada that elected members to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.

It was created for the 1923 election from part of Montréal-Dorion and Montréal-Laurier electoral districts.  Its final election was in 1962.  It disappeared in the 1966 election and its successor electoral district was Mercier.
McGrath Army Airbase
McGrath Army Airbase is former United States Army airbase located in McGrath, a city in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska.

During its construction, equipment to construct the facility arrived too late in the season, as the ground had already frozen over. As a result, it was ordered that the equipment be brought to Umnak Island and Cold Bay, Alaska, which built Fort Glenn Army Airbase and Fort Randall Army Airfield, respectively. Both of those airfields later played a part in repelling the Japanese Attack on Dutch Harbor.

Fort Glenn Army Air Base
Cape Air Force Base also known as Fort Glenn Army Air Base, is a site significant for its role in World War II fighting, operating alongside Naval Air Facility Otter Point.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987 as Cape Field at Fort Glenn.
Geometric programming
A geometric program (GP) is an optimization problem of the form

where  are posynomials and  are monomials. In the context of geometric programming (unlike standard mathematics), a monomial is a function from  to  defined as

where  and . A posynomial is any sum of monomials.

Geometric programming is
closely related to convex optimization: any GP can be made convex by means of a change of variables. GPs have numerous applications, including component sizing in IC design, aircraft design, maximum likelihood estimation for logistic regression in statistics, and parameter tuning of positive linear systems in control theory.

Convex optimization
Convex optimization is a subfield of mathematical optimization that studies the problem of minimizing convex functions over convex sets (or, equivalently, maximizing concave functions over convex sets).  Many classes of convex optimization problems admit polynomial-time algorithms, whereas mathematical optimization is in general NP-hard.
Princess Tutu
Princess Tutu (Japanese: プリンセスチュチュ, Hepburn: Purinsesu Chuchu) is a Japanese anime television series created by Ikuko Itoh and directed by Junichi Sato and Shogo Koumoto. Inspired by ballet and fairy tales, particularly The Ugly Duckling and Swan Lake, its story follows a duck who is transformed into the mythical ballerina Princess Tutu in order to save the shattered heart of a storybook prince come to life.

The series aired from August 2002 to May 2003, with 26 episodes across two seasons, and was also adapted into a two-volume manga series. Both the manga and anime series were licensed for distribution in North America by ADV Films in 2004, then by AEsir Holdings; Sentai Filmworks distributed the Blu-ray release of the anime series, as the latter two are parts of Section23 Films.

Swan Lake
Swan Lake (Russian: Лебединое озеро) is a ballet composed by Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in 1875–76.  Despite its initial failure, it is now one of the most popular ballets of all time.

The scenario, initially in two acts, was based on Russian and German folk tales, telling a story of Odette, a princess turned into a swan by an evil sorcerer's curse.

The ballet was premiered by the Bolshoi Ballet on 4 March [O.S. 20 February] 1877 at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow.  The choreographer of this original production was Julius Reisinger (Václav Reisinger).

Most ballet companies now base their performances on the 1895 revival of Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov, first staged for the Imperial Ballet on 15 January 1895, at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg. For this revival, Tchaikovsky's score was revised by Riccardo Drigo.
Volhynian Voivodeship (1569–1795)
Volhynian Voivodeship (Polish: Województwo wołyńskie, Latin: Palatinatus Volhynensis, Ukrainian: Волинське воєводство, Volynske voievodstvo) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1566 until 1569 and of the Polish Crown within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 1569 Union of Lublin until the Third Partition of Poland in 1795. It was established in the historical region of Volhynia in the Lesser Poland Province.

Volodymyr, Ukraine
Volodymyr (Ukrainian: Володимир, IPA: [woloˈdɪmɪr] ⓘ; Polish: Włodzimierz, originally Włodzimierz Wołyński), previously known as Volodymyr-Volynskyi (Володимир-Волинський) from 1944 to 2021, is a small city in Volyn Oblast, northwestern Ukraine. It serves as the administrative centre of Volodymyr Raion and the center of Volodymyr urban hromada. It is one of the oldest cities in Ukraine and the historic centre of the region of Volhynia; it served as the capital of the Principality of Volhynia and later as one of the capital cities of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia. Population: 37,910 (2022 estimate).

The medieval Latin name of the town "Lodomeria" became the namesake of the 19th century Austro-Hungarian Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, of which the town itself was not a part. Five kilometres (three miles) south from Volodymyr is Zymne, where the oldest Orthodox monastery in Volhynia is located.
Nadine Julitz
Nadine Julitz (born 4 July 1990 in Waren) is a German politician serving as a member of the Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern since 2016. She has served as chairwoman of the Social Democratic Party in Waren since 2016.

Waren (Müritz)
Waren (Müritz) (German pronunciation: [ˈvaːʁən] ⓘ; also Waren an der Müritz) is a town and climatic spa in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It was the capital of the former district of Müritz (Kreis Müritz) until the district reform of 2011. It is situated at the northern end of Lake Müritz, approximately 40 kilometres west of Neubrandenburg. Waren is home to the offices of the sub-district (Amt) of Seenlandschaft Waren, although the town itself is independent of any Amt. Its borough is the second largest in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern by area.
Dan Magill
Daniel Hamilton Magill Jr. (January 25, 1921 – August 23, 2014) was an American journalist, sports administrator, and tennis head coach known for his association with the University of Georgia Bulldogs.

Intercollegiate Tennis Association
The Intercollegiate Tennis Association (ITA) is the governing body and coaches' association of United States college tennis, both an advocate and authority, overseeing men's and women's varsity tennis at all levels – NCAA Division I, NCAA Division II, NCAA Division III, NAIA, and Junior/Community College. The ITA headquarters are located in Tempe, Arizona, with the Men's Hall of Fame located at the University of Georgia and the Women's Hall of Fame located at the College of William & Mary.
Monkey: Journey to the West
Monkey: Journey to the West is a stage adaptation of the 16th century novel Journey to the West by Wu Cheng'en. It was conceived and created by the Chinese actor and director Chen Shi-Zheng along with British musician Damon Albarn and British artist Jamie Hewlett.

Manchester International Festival
The Manchester International Festival is a biennial international arts festival, with a specific focus on original new work, held in the English city of Manchester and run by Factory International. The festival is a biennial event, first taking place in June–July 2007, and subsequently recurring in the summers of 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2021, 2023 with the most recent event taking place in the summer of 2025. The organisation was originally based in Blackfriars House, adjacent to Blackfriars Bridge but it has since moved to a new £110 million new home, Factory International in 2023.
Class number problem
In mathematics, the Gauss class number problem (for imaginary quadratic fields), as usually understood, is to provide for each n ≥ 1 a complete list of imaginary quadratic fields  (for negative integers d) having class number n. It is named after Carl Friedrich Gauss. It can also be stated in terms of discriminants. There are related questions for real quadratic fields and for the behavior as .

The difficulty is in effective computation of bounds: for a given discriminant, it is easy to compute the class number, and there are several ineffective lower bounds on class number (meaning that they involve a constant that is not computed), but effective bounds (and explicit proofs of completeness of lists) are harder.

Kurt Heegner
Kurt Heegner (German: [ˈheːɡnɐ]; 16 December 1893 – 2 February 1965) was a German private scholar from Berlin, who specialized in 
radio engineering and mathematics. He is famous for his mathematical discoveries in number theory and, in particular, the Stark–Heegner theorem.
Team Britain
Team Britain, or Team UK, was a professional wrestling stable brought together to compete in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling's 2004 America's X-Cup Tournament and TNA World Cup 2013. Also, a Team Britain was formed in 2006, but it never was used.

Jonny Storm
Jonathan Whitcombe (born 19 April 1977) is an English professional wrestler, better known by his ring name Jonny Storm. He has worked for many independent promotions across the United Kingdom, including the Frontier Wrestling Alliance, Real Quality Wrestling and One Pro Wrestling. He has also worked in the United States, for promotions such as Ring of Honor, Pro Wrestling Guerrilla, Combat Zone Wrestling, and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, as well as working in Japan.
Fellhanera borbonica
Fellhanera borbonica is a rare species of lichen-forming fungus in the family Ectolechiaceae. Described in 2011 from a single specimen collected in the montane rainforests of Réunion, this lichen is distinctive for being the first member of its genus to produce ascospores with a complex internal structure divided by multiple walls. The species forms inconspicuous grey-green crusts on shaded volcanic rock and produces small black fruiting bodies with a violet tinge when fresh. It is known only from its original discovery site at about 1,500 metres elevation in the humid "Bois de Couleur des Hauts" forest.

Fellhanera
Fellhanera is a genus of mostly leaf-dwelling lichens in the family Ectolechiaceae. Established by the lichenologist Antonín Vězda in 1986 and named in honour of the Austrian lichenologist Josef Hafellner, the genus comprises 69 accepted species as of 2026. These small lichens form powdery, crust-like growths that adhere tightly to their substrate without developing a true protective skin (a cortex), and they produce distinctive chemical compounds including roccellic acid and zeorin that help distinguish them from similar-looking genera.
Subhas Anandan
Subhas Anandan (25 December 1947 – 7 January 2015) was a Singaporean criminal lawyer, who was known to have represented criminals in many high-profile cases that occurred in Singapore.

At the time of his death, Anandan was the senior partner in law firm RHTLaw Taylor Wessing LLP and headed its department in criminal law. He was a founding member and the first president of the Association of Criminal Lawyers of Singapore. He was also the president of Cuesports Singapore, the national sports association for billiards, snooker, and pool. Towards the end of his life, Anandan's health began to deteriorate and he died of heart failure in January 2015.

Murder of Huang Na
Huang Na (Chinese: 黄娜; 27 September 1996 – 10 October 2004) was an eight-year-old Chinese national residing in Pasir Panjang, Singapore, who disappeared on 10 October 2004. Her mother, the police and the community conducted a three-week-long nationwide search for her.  After her body was found, thousands of Singaporeans attended her wake and funeral, giving bai jin (白金) (contributions towards funeral expenses) and gifts. In a high-profile 14-day trial, Took Leng How (卓良豪; Zhuó Liángháo), a Malaysian vegetable packer at the estate's wholesale centre, was found guilty of murdering her and hanged on 3 November 2006 after an appeal and a request for presidential clemency failed.
Kelefesia
Kelefesia (also: Falafagea, Fallafajea, Kelifijia) is an island in the Haʻapai Archipelago, that belongs to the Kingdom of Tonga. Among neighboring islands are Nukutula, Nomuka, Tonumea, Fonoifua, Telekitonga, Fetokopunga, Nukufaiau.

Fetokopunga
Fetokopunga (also: Fetokobuga, Fetokobunga) is an island in the Haʻapai archipelago that belongs to the Kingdom of Tonga. Among neighboring islands are Nukutula, Kelefesia, Nomuka, Nukufaiau, Tonumea, Fonoifua, Telekitonga.
Benjamin Bussey
Benjamin Bussey (1757—1842) was a prosperous American merchant, farmer, horticulturalist and patriot in Boston, Massachusetts, who made significant contributions to the creation of the Arnold Arboretum.  He was said to be "a man of excellent business capacity" and "one of the wealthiest and most influential men in New England."

Dedham Museum and Archive
The Dedham Museum and Archive (formerly known as the Dedham Historical Society and Museum and the Dedham Historical Society), is a historical society dedicated to preserving and establishing a greater sense of appreciation for the history of Dedham, Massachusetts.  It consists of a museum and an archive. As of 2002, it had nearly 1,000 members.