hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cotesia
Cotesia is a genus of braconid wasps first described by Peter Cameron in 1891. Some species parasitize caterpillars of species considered pests, and are used as biocontrol agents. Cotesia congregata parasitizes the tomato and the tobacco hornworms. C. glomerata and C. rubecula feed on the cabbage white and other white butterfly caterpillars. C. gonopterygis and C. risilis are host-specific and parasitize the common brimstone.

The wasp C. melanoscelus parasitizes the caterpillar of the spongy moth. It, and the spongy moth, are native to Europe. The spongy moth is an invasive species in North America, and C. melanoscelus has been imported as a biocontrol of the moth. Cotesia icipe is a parasitoid of Spodoptera littoralis and beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) which are pests of amaranth crops.

Cotesia icipe
Cotesia icipe is a parasitoid species of wasp of the genus Cotesia. Found in tropical Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, it was first discovered as a parasitoid of the Lepidopterans Spodoptera littoralis and beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua). Therefore it is now being studied as a possible biological control of Lepidopteran pests of amaranth crops in those areas.
ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are two-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), to represent countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. They are the most widely used of the country codes published by ISO (the others being alpha-3 and numeric), and are used most prominently for the Internet's country code top-level domains (with a few exceptions). They were first included as part of the ISO 3166 standard in its first edition in 1974.

ISO 3166
ISO 3166 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that defines codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, special areas of geographical interest, and their principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states). The official name of the standard is Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions.
Afrosalsola
Afrosalsola is a genus of flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae. It includes two species of subshrubs or shrubs native to the Canary Islands, Morocco, Mauritania, and Western Sahara.

Afrosalsola deschaseauxiana (Litard. & Maire) Akhani

Afrosalsola divaricata (Masson ex Link) Akhani

They are shrubby halophytic plants with opposite and alternate branches and leaves. They have a distinct leaf anatomy with a hypodermis and kranz-like cells that perform C2 photosynthesis, a C3-C4 intermediate photosynthetic pathway. The species were formerly included in the genus Salsola, which was found to be polyphyletic. In 2024 Hossein Akhani et al. described the new genus Afrosalsola to include the two species.

Salsola
Salsola is a genus of the subfamily Salsoloideae in the family Amaranthaceae. The genus sensu stricto is distributed in Australia, central and southwestern Asia, North Africa, and the Mediterranean. Common names of various members of this genus and related genera are saltwort (for their salt tolerance) and tumbleweed or roly-poly. The genus name Salsola is from the Latin salsus, meaning 'salty'.
Hartshorn Memorial Cannon
The Hartshorn Memorial Cannon is a decommissioned American Civil War naval cannon that forms the centerpiece of the South Lyndeborough Village Common in Lyndeborough, New Hampshire.  The cannon is named for John Alonzo Hartshorn, the town's second Civil War casualty and a former member of the town's Lafayette Artillery Company.

Lafayette Artillery Company
The Lafayette Artillery Company was founded in Peterborough, New Hampshire, in 1804 as the Artillery Company of the 22nd Regiment.  It was part of the State of New Hampshire's artillery system, a forerunner to the National Guard.  The group has continued to operate continuously since its founding, and since 1833 it has been headquartered at Lyndeborough, New Hampshire. Since the 1980s, it has been primarily an educational service organization, and participates in Civil War reenactments throughout the northeastern United States.
2009 Amherst Lord Jeffs football team
The 2009 Amherst Lord Jeffs football team was an American football team that represented Amherst College as a member of the New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC) during the 2009 NCAA Division III football season. In their 13th year under head coach E. J. Mills, the Lord Jeffs compiled an 8–0 record, won the NESCAC championship, and outscored opponents by a total of 162 to 83.

The 2009 season was Amherst's first outright NESCAC championship. It was also one of seven perfect seasons in the history of Amherst's football program, along with 1942, 1964, 1984, 2011, 2014, and 2015.

Key players included quarterback Alex Vetras and linebacker Sam Clark, both of whom received NESCAC player of the week honors during the 2009 season.

The team played its home games at Pratt Field in Amherst, Massachusetts.

2014 Amherst Lord Jeffs football team
The 2014 Amherst Lord Jeffs football team was an American football team that represented Amherst College as a member of the New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC) during the 2014 NCAA Division III football season. In their 18th year under head coach E. J. Mills, the Lord Jeffs compiled an 8–0 record, won the NESCAC championship, and outscored opponents by a total of 173 to 71.

Key players included linebackers Chris Tamasi and Ned Deane and offensive tackle Sam Hart.

The 2014 season was one of seven perfect seasons in the history of Amherst's football program, along with 1942, 1964, 1984, 2009, 2011, and 2015.

The team played its home games at Pratt Field in Amherst, Massachusetts.
Hibbert Trust
The Hibbert Trust is a foundation associated with British Unitarianism from its inception in 1853. It was founded by Robert Hibbert (1769–1849) and originally designated the Anti-Trinitarian Fund. It awards scholarships and fellowships, supports the Hibbert Lectures, and maintained (from 1894) a chair of ecclesiastical history at Manchester College. From 1902 to 1968 it issued The Hibbert Journal.

Hibbert Lectures
The Hibbert Lectures are an annual series of non-sectarian lectures on theological issues. They are sponsored by the Hibbert Trust, which was founded in 1847 by the Unitarian Robert Hibbert with a goal to uphold "the unfettered exercise of private judgement in matters of religion.". In recent years the lectures have been broadcast by the BBC.
Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868
The Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868 was an assembly of delegates elected by the voters to establish the fundamental law of Virginia following the American Civil War and the Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution. The Convention, which met from December 3, 1867 until April 17, 1868, set the stage for enfranchising freedmen, Virginia's readmission to Congress and an end to Congressional Reconstruction.

John Schofield
John McAllister Schofield (/ˈskoʊfiːld/; September 29, 1831 – March 4, 1906) was an American soldier who held major commands during the American Civil War. He was appointed U.S. Secretary of War (1868–1869) under President Andrew Johnson and later served as Commanding General of the United States Army (1888–1895).
Wurfbainia villosa
Wurfbainia villosa, also known by its basionym Amomum villosum, (Chinese: 砂仁; pinyin: shārén) is a plant in the ginger family which is grown as a cardamom-like spice throughout Southeast Asia and South China. Like cardamom, the plant is cultivated for its fruits,  dry capsules containing strongly aromatic seeds. W. villosa is an evergreen monocotyledonous plant 1.5 to 3.0 m in height, the branches and leaves of which are similar to those of ginger. It grows in the shade of trees and has a reproductive peculiarity whereby those flowers borne on creeping growth at ground level will set fruit, while those borne on  aerial branches will not. It blooms in March and April, the colour, translucency and waxy lustre of the flowers being likened traditionally to those of white jade.

Cardamom
Cardamom (/ˈkɑːrdəməm/), sometimes cardamon or cardamum, is a spice made from the seeds of several plants in the genera Elettaria and Amomum in the family Zingiberaceae. Both genera are native to the Indian subcontinent and Indonesia. They are recognized by their small seed pods: triangular in cross-section and spindle-shaped, with a thin, papery outer shell and small, black seeds; Elettaria pods are light green and smaller, while Amomum pods are dark brown and larger.

Species used for cardamom are native throughout tropical and subtropical Asia. The first references to cardamom are found in Sumer, and in Ayurveda. In the 21st century, it is cultivated mainly in India, Indonesia, and Guatemala.
Pleasant Valley, Eau Claire County, Wisconsin
Pleasant Valley is a town in Eau Claire County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 3,044 at the 2010 census. The town government is headquartered in the unincorporated community of Cleghorn. The remains of the historic community of Hadleyville are also located in the town.

Eau Claire County, Wisconsin
Eau Claire County (/oʊˈklɛər/ ⓘ) is a county located in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 105,710. Its county seat is Eau Claire. The county took its name from the Eau Claire River.

Eau Claire County is included in the Eau Claire, WI Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the Eau Claire-Menomonie WI Combined Statistical Area.
Chaonians
The Chaonians (Ancient Greek: Χάονες, romanized: Cháones) were an ancient Greek people that inhabited the historical region of Epirus which today is part of northwestern Greece and southern Albania. Together with the Molossians and the Thesprotians, they formed the main tribes of the northwestern Greek group. In historical times on their southern frontier lay the Epirote kingdom of the Molossians, to their southwest stood the kingdom of the Thesprotians, and to their north the Illyrians. By the 5th century BC, they had conquered and combined to a large degree with the neighboring Thesprotians and Molossians. The Chaonians were part of the Epirote League until 170 BC when their territory was annexed by the Roman Republic.

Bay of Vlorë
The Bay of Vlorë (Albanian: Gjiri i Vlorës, pronounced [ˈɟiɾi i ˈvlɔɾəs]) is a large bay of the Adriatic Sea situated along the Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast on the Mediterranean Sea in Southern Europe. It opens to the sea in the northwest and is largely surrounded by the lagoon of Narta in the north, the city of Vlorë in the northeast, the mountains of the Ceraunians in the east and southeast, and the peninsula of Karaburun in the southwest and west.
Ibrahim Coomassie
Ibrahim Coomassie (18 March 1942 – 19 July 2018) was a Nigerian police officer and the 9th Inspector General of Nigerian Police serving between 1993 and 1999, under the military governments of Generals Sani Abacha and Abdulsalami Abubakar. He died on Thursday 19 July 2018 after a protracted illness. He was 76 years old.

Inspector General of Police (Nigeria)
The Inspector General of Police, abbreviated as IGP is the head of the Nigeria Police Force. He is the most senior officer in the police service. The pioneer IGP is Louis Edet and the current Acting IGP is Tunji Disu.
Vine and Olive Colony
The Vine and Olive Colony was an effort by a group of French Bonapartists who, fearing for their lives after the fall of Napoleon and the Bourbon Restoration, attempted to establish an agricultural settlement growing wine grapes and olive trees in the Alabama wilderness.  The area that they settled later became the counties of Marengo and Hale.

François Antoine Lallemand
François Antoine "Charles" Lallemand (23 June 1774 – 9 March 1839) was a French general who served Napoleon I of France, tried to found a colony in what is now Texas, and finally returned to France to serve as governor of Corsica.
Arsine
Arsine (IUPAC name: arsane) is an inorganic compound with the formula AsH3. This flammable, pyrophoric, and highly toxic pnictogen hydride gas is one of the simplest compounds of arsenic. Despite its lethality, it finds some applications in the semiconductor industry and for the synthesis of organoarsenic compounds. The term arsine is commonly used to describe a class of organoarsenic compounds of the formula AsH3−xRx, where R = aryl or alkyl. For example, As(C6H5)3, called triphenylarsine, is referred to as "an arsine".

Pyrophoricity
A substance is pyrophoric (from Ancient Greek: πυροφόρος, pyrophoros, 'fire-bearing') if it ignites spontaneously in air at or below 54 °C (129 °F) (for gases) or within five minutes after coming into contact with air (for liquids and solids). Examples are organolithium compounds and triethylborane. Pyrophoric materials are often water-reactive as well and will ignite when they contact water or humid air. They can be handled safely in atmospheres of argon or (with a few exceptions) nitrogen. Fire classification fire extinguishers are designated for use in fires involving metals but not pyrophoric materials in general. A related concept is hypergolicity, in which two compounds spontaneously ignite when mixed.
Ostrau (Petersberg)
Ostrau (German pronunciation: [ˈɔstʁaʊ] ⓘ) is a village and a former municipality in the district Saalekreis, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

On 1 January 2010, it merged into the municipality of Petersberg.

Petersberg, Saxony-Anhalt
Petersberg (German pronunciation: [ˈpeːtɐsˌbɛʁk]) is a municipality in the Saalekreis district, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. In January 2010 it absorbed the former municipalities Brachstedt, Götschetal, Krosigk, Kütten, Morl and Ostrau.
Flyscooters
Flyscooters was an American company that marketed gas-powered motor scooters manufactured in China and Taiwan. The company was founded in 2006 in Florida by scooter enthusiasts Leon Li and Daniel Pak, and ceased operations in 2010. During the operating life of the company, Flyscooters' basic business model was to import low-cost scooters from abroad (mostly the Chinese firm Zhongneng Industry Group (Znen)) and distribute them under the Flybrand name to a network of retail scooter dealerships across the United States, providing dealers with warranty and spare parts support.

Flyscooters' main marketing focus was the Internet, although the company attended industry events and trade shows and promoted their brand through other PR initiatives .

Znen
Zhongneng Vehicle Group (usually known as ZNEN Group) is a Chinese motorcycle manufacturer founded by Chen Huaneng in June 1988, in Taizhou, Zhejiang. It was not until 1996 that ZNEN manufactured its first petrol mopeds. After twenty years in the motor vehicle industry, Zhongneng Industry Group develops three main products: petrol mopeds, electric mopeds, and motorcycles.
Øvre Sirdal
Øvre Sirdal is a former municipality that was located in the old Vest-Agder county in Norway.  The 1,156-square-kilometre (446 sq mi) municipality existed from 1905 until its dissolution in 1960. It was located in the northern part of the present-day municipality of Sirdal in Agder county. The administrative centre was the village of Lunde where Lunde Church is located.

Lunde, Sirdal
Lunde is a small farming village in Sirdal municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located along the river Sira in the upper part of the Sirdalen valley. The village was the administrative centre of the old municipality of Øvre Sirdal from 1905 until its dissolution in 1960. Lunde Church is located in the village, just east of the bridge over the river.

The village is home to the German boarding school Outdoor College. It was founded by Maike and Günter Hoffmann and welcomed its first class of students, counting 23 adolescents, in August 2014. The school building is named Dr. Rolf Hoffmann Skole, after Günter Hoffmann's father who died a few months after the school's initial opening. Before the building was used as a local school for the surrounding villages, however, had been close to for many years because of a decreasing number of students.
Fry readability formula
The Fry readability formula (or Fry readability graph) is a readability metric for English texts, developed by Edward Fry.

The grade reading level (or reading difficulty level) is calculated by the average number of sentences (y-axis) and syllables (x-axis) per hundred words.  These averages are plotted onto a specific graph; the intersection of the average number of sentences and the average number of syllables determines the reading level of the content.

The formula and graph are often used to provide a common standard by which the readability of documents can be measured.  It is sometimes used for regulatory purposes, such as in healthcare, to ensure publications have a level of readability that is understandable and accessible by a wider portion of the population.

Readability
Readability is the ease with which a reader can understand a written text. The concept exists in both natural language and programming languages,  though in different forms. In natural language, the readability of text depends on its content (the complexity of its vocabulary and syntax) and its presentation (such as typographic aspects that affect legibility, like font size, line height, character spacing, and line length). In programming, things such as programmer comments, choice of loop structure, and choice of names can determine the ease with which humans can read computer program code.

Higher readability in a text eases reading effort and speed for the general population of readers. For those who do not have high reading comprehension, readability is necessary for understanding and applying a given text. Techniques to simplify readability are essential to communicate a set of information to the intended audience.
Xylene cyanol
Xylene cyanol can be used as an electrophoretic color marker, or tracking dye, to monitor the process of agarose gel electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.  Bromophenol blue and orange G can also be used for this purpose.

Once mixed with the sample, the concentration of xylene cyanol is typically about 0.005% to 0.03%.

Bromophenol blue
Bromophenol blue (3′,3″,5′,5″-tetrabromophenolsulfonphthalein, BPB), albutest is used as a pH indicator,  an electrophoretic color marker, and a dye.  It can be prepared by slowly adding excess bromine to a hot solution of phenolsulfonphthalein in glacial acetic acid.
The Battle for Greater Baltimore
The Battle for Greater Baltimore also known as the Morgan State–Towson rivalry is an American football rivalry between the Morgan State University Bears and the Towson University Tigers. This matchup is between the only two teams in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) in both the Baltimore area and the entire state of Maryland.

Towson Tigers football
The Towson Tigers football team represents Towson University in the sport of American football. The Tigers compete in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) as a member of the Coastal Athletic Association (CAA). The Tigers are currently coached by Pete Shinnick. Their home games are played at Johnny Unitas Stadium in Towson, Maryland.
John McNutt (priest)
Christianity portal

John Alexander Miller McNutt (1914–1992) was Dean of Clogher from 1982 until 1984.

He qualified from Edgehill Theological College, Belfast (a Methodist institution) in 1937; and was ordained into the Church of Ireland a decade later. He began his Anglican ministry with a curacy at Drummullan. He was Rector of Trory from 1957 to 1973; Rural Dean of Enniskillen from 1959 to 1965; Chaplain to the Bishop of Clogher from 1965 to 1973; Rural Dean of Kilskeery from 1967 to 1973; Rector of Magheracross from 1973 to 1984; Prebendary of Clogher Cathedral from 1973 to 1980; and its Chancellor from 1980 to 1984.

Dean of Clogher
The Dean of Clogher is a dignitary of the Diocese of Clogher within the Church of Ireland. The title may be held by any licensed incumbent in the diocese, not necessarily the rector of one of the cathedral parishes of Clogher. The Dean, with the Cathedral chapter, has responsibility for the cathedral life of St Macartan's, Clogher and St Macartin's, Enniskillen.

The current incumbent is Kenny Hall, rector of Enniskillen.
Roger Walkowiak
Roger Walkowiak (pronounced [ʁɔ.ʒe wal.kov.jak]; 2 March 1927 – 6 February 2017) was a French road bicycle racer who won the 1956 Tour de France. He was a professional rider from 1950 until 1960. He died on 6 February 2017 at the age of 89.

Federico Bahamontes
Federico Martín Bahamontes, born Alejandro Martín Bahamontes (Spanish: [feðeˈɾiko maɾˈtim ba(a)ˈmontes]; 9 July 1928 – 8 August 2023), was a Spanish professional road racing cyclist. He won the 1959 Tour de France and a total of 11 Grand Tour stages between 1954 and 1965. He won a total of nine mountain classifications and was the first cyclist to complete a "career triple" by winning the mountain classification in all three Grand Tours. Following his retirement, Bahamontes ran a bicycle and motorcycle shop and was named the best climber in the history of the Tour de France by a panel organised by L'Équipe in 2013.
Arnold McMillin
Arnold Barratt McMillin (born 21 June 1941) is a British scholar of Belarusian and Russian studies, Emeritus Professor of Russian Literature, and the author of the first English-language history of Belarusian literature.

Francis Skaryna Belarusian Library and Museum
Francis Skaryna Belarusian Library and Museum (Belarusian: Беларуская бібліятэка і музей імя Францішка Скарыны; also referred to as Skaryna Library and Skarynaŭka) in north London, England, is the only library outside Belarus to collect exclusively in the field of Belarusian studies. It was formally established as an independent institution in 1971 and is owned by a charitable trust. The library — alongside the Belarusian Catholic Mission in England, Anglo-Belarusian Society and the Journal of Belarusian Studies — had a significant role in encouraging Belarusian studies in the United Kingdom and outside Belarus in second half of the 20th century.

It is named after Francysk Skaryna, a Belarusian and East-Slavonic publishing pioneer.
Dad's Garage Theatre Company
Dad's Garage Theatre Company, located at 569 Ezzard St. in the Old Fourth Ward in Atlanta, Georgia, was founded in 1995 by Chris Blair, Marc Cram, Sean Daniels, George Faughnan, John Gregorio, David Keeton, Joseph Limbaugh, Matt Stanton, and Matt Young. A second wave of people in the founding summer soon followed, and the theatre company spent the next five years establishing itself in the Atlanta improv and theatre communities. The small theater company has since achieved international recognition for original stage productions and Improvisational comedy. Former Second City company member, Tim Stoltenberg is the current Artistic Director. Stacey Sharer is the current managing director.

The Second City
The Second City is an improvisational comedy enterprise. It is the oldest improvisational theater troupe to be continuously based in Chicago, with training programs and live theaters in Toronto and New York. Since its debut in 1959, it has become one of the most influential and renowned in the English-speaking world. In February 2021, ZMC, a private equity investment firm based in Manhattan, purchased the Second City.

The Second City has produced television programs in both Canada and the United States, including SCTV, Second City Presents, and Next Comedy Legend. It has been a starting point for many comedians, award-winning actors, directors, and others in show business, including Joan Rivers, Alan Alda, Harold Ramis, Bill Murray, John Candy, John Belushi, Dan Aykroyd, Eugene Levy, Catherine O'Hara, Chris Farley, Mike Myers, Steve Carell, Tina Fey, Amy Poehler, Stephen Colbert and Jason Sudeikis.