hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Civil flag
A civil flag is a version of the national flag that is flown by civilians on non-governmental installations or craft. The use of civil flags was more common in the past to denote buildings or ships not crewed by the military.

In some countries, the civil flag is the same as the state flag but without the coat of arms or national emblem, such as in the case of the flags of Peru or Serbia. In others, it is an alteration of the war flag.

In Scandinavia, state and war flags can be double and triple-tailed variants of the Nordic cross flag. Many countries, particularly those with a British heritage, still have distinctive civil flags (technically civil ensigns) for use at sea, many based on the Red Ensign.

Civil ensign
A civil ensign is an ensign (maritime flag) used by civilian vessels to denote their nationality. It can be the same or different from the state ensign and the naval ensign (or war ensign). It is also known as the merchant ensign or merchant flag. Some countries have special civil ensigns for yachts, and even for specific yacht clubs, known as yacht ensigns.

Most countries have only one national flag and ensign for all purposes. In other countries, a distinction is made between the land flag and the civil, state and naval ensigns. The British ensigns, for example, differ from the flag used on land (the Union Flag) and have different versions of plain and defaced Red and Blue ensigns for civilian and state use, as well as the naval ensign (White Ensign) that can also be used by yachts of the Royal Yacht Squadron.
Sierra de Baza
Sierra de Baza is a mountain range near the city of Baza in the Granada province in Spain. It is named after the town of Baza and its highest point is the 2,269 m high Calar de Santa Bárbara.

It is located between the Sierra Nevada and the Sierra de Cazorla and Sierra de Segura mountain ranges. It merges towards the east with the Sierra de Los Filabres mountain range.

Sierra de Baza Natural Park (Parque natural de la Sierra de Baza) was designated in 1989 to protect the mountain environment. It covers 536.5 km2 of the eastern sierra.
A long-distance footpath, the GR 7, passes through the natural park.

Sierra de Segura
Sierra de Segura is a mountain range of the Prebaetic System in the province of Jaén in Spain. It is named after the ancient town of Segura de la Sierra and it gives its name to the Segura river. Its highest point is the 1,993 m high Las Banderillas peak.

This mountain range is surrounded by the Sierra Nevada, the Sierra de Cazorla, and Sierra de Baza mountain ranges. It gives its name to the Sierra de Segura Comarca, an administrative division that includes a number of villages that are scattered across the range.
Recreation Gesta July 25
The Recreation Gesta July 25 (in Spanish: Recreación de la Gesta del 25 de julio) it is a commemoration and historical re-enactment that takes place in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) in July. This is a historical representation of Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife of 1797.

The current Recreation Gesta began held in 2008 and is organized by the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and the Asociación Histórico Cultural Gesta del 25 de julio de 1797. The event also has the support of the Government of the Canary Islands, the municipalities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Cabildo de Tenerife and the Port Authority of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Also in this event it has an important and outstanding collaboration the Regional Military Museum of the Canary Islands which it is based in the city.

Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)
The Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife was an amphibious assault by the Royal Navy on the Spanish port city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife in the Canary Islands. Launched by Rear-Admiral Horatio Nelson on 22 July 1797, the assault was defeated, and on 25 July the remains of the landing party withdrew under a truce, having lost several hundred men. Nelson himself had been wounded in the arm, which was subsequently partially amputated: a stigma that he carried to his grave as a constant reminder of his failure.
Morro d'Alba
Morro d'Alba is a hilly Italian comune (municipality) in the province of Ancona (Marche region), located about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) northwest of Jesi. It is known for giving its name to the DOC red wine Lacrima di Morro d'Alba.

Bordered by Belvedere Ostrense (AN), Monte San Vito (AN), San Marcello (AN), and Senigallia (AN), this medieval village is officially recognized as one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia. It sits nestled in the Marche countryside, in an area historically renowned for the abundant natural springs.

Senigallia
Senigallia (or Sinigaglia in Old Italian; Romagnol: S'nigaja) is a comune (municipality) and resort town on Italy's Adriatic coast. It is situated in the province of Ancona, in the Italian region of Marche, and lies approximately 30 kilometres north-west of the provincial capital city Ancona. Senigallia's small port is located at the mouth of the River Misa. It is one of the endpoints of the Massa–Senigallia Line, one of the most important dividing lines (isoglosses) in the classification of the Romance languages.
Benny, Ontario
Benny is an unincorporated community in the geographic township of Moncrieff in the Unorganized North Part of Sudbury District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is located on Bannerman Creek west of Ontario Highway 144 and about 11 kilometres (7 mi) northwest of the community of Cartier. Benny is on the Canadian Pacific Railway transcontinental main line and has a siding, and it is the location of the Benny railway station flag stop on the Via Rail Sudbury – White River train service.

Unorganized North Sudbury District
Unorganized North Sudbury District is an unorganized area in the Canadian province of Ontario, comprising all portions of the Sudbury District which are not organized into incorporated municipalities. Despite its name, there is no longer an accompanying "South Part", as that subdivision has been dissolved in 1999 and incorporated into municipalities, and Statistics Canada has not renamed the North Part.

The subdivision consists of three non-contiguous areas, totalling 35,377.17 square kilometres (13,659.20 sq mi), or about 92% of the district. It had a population of 2,902 in the 2021 Canadian census.
Sitka Tribe of Alaska
The Sitka Tribe of Alaska is the federally recognized tribal government for more than 4,000 federally recognized Native people, mostly Alaska Natives from Southeast Alaska, living in or near Sitka in the U.S. state of Alaska. Most Sitka Tribe citizens of are Tlingit, Haida or Tsimshian heritage.

Sitka, Alaska
Sitka (Tlingit: Sheetʼká; Russian: Ситка) is a unified city-borough in the southeast portion of the U.S. state of Alaska. It was under Russian rule from 1799 to 1867. The city is situated on the west side of Baranof Island and the south half of Chichagof Island in the Alexander Archipelago of the Pacific Ocean (part of the Alaska Panhandle). As of the 2020 census, Sitka had a population of 8,458, making it the fifth-most populated city in the state.

With a consolidated land area of 2,870.3 square miles (7,434 square kilometers) and total area (including water) of 4,811.4 sq mi (12,461 km2), Sitka is the largest city by total area in the U.S.
Karanga (district)
Karanga is the smallest of the six traditional districts of the island of Mangaia, in the Cook Islands archipelago. Karanga is located in the northeast of the island, to the east of the District of Tava'enga and northwest of the District of Ivirua. The district was traditionally divided into 5 tapere:

Kaau-i-uta

Kaau-i-miri

Teia-pini

Teia-poto

Teia-roa

Mangaia Airport is located in this district.

Mangaia
Mangaia (traditionally known as A'ua'u Enua, which means "terraced island") is the most southerly of the Cook Islands and the second largest, after Rarotonga. It is a roughly circular island, with an area of 51.8 square kilometres (20.0 sq mi), 203 kilometres (126 mi) from Rarotonga. Originally heavily populated, Mangaia's population has dropped by 75% in the last 50 years, mainly due to the decline of the pineapple industry in the 1980s and a subsequent economic crisis in 1996.
Aix (bird)
Aix is a bird genus that contains two species of ducks: the wood duck (Aix sponsa), and the mandarin duck (Aix galericulata). Aix (αἴξ, genitive αἰγός) is an Ancient Greek word used by Aristotle to refer to an unknown diving bird.

Tadornini
The Tadornini is a biological tribe that includes the shelducks and sheldgeese, which is placed in subfamily Anatinae of family Anatidae, which includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl such as the geese and swans. It has been treated as subfamily in the past.

This group is largely tropical or Southern Hemisphere in distribution, with only two species, the common shelduck and the ruddy shelduck breeding in northern temperate regions, though the crested shelduck (presumed extinct) was also a northern species.

Most of these species have a distinctive plumage, but there is no pattern as to whether the sexes are alike, even within a single genus.
NADPH oxidase
NADPH oxidase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase) is a membrane-bound enzyme complex that faces the extracellular space. It can be found in the plasma membrane as well as in the membranes of phagosomes used by neutrophil white blood cells to engulf microorganisms. Human isoforms of the catalytic component of the complex include NOX1, NOX2, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, DUOX1, and DUOX2.

Reactive oxygen species
In chemistry and biology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemicals formed from diatomic oxygen (O2), water, and hydrogen peroxide. Some prominent ROS are the hydroperoxide radical or hydroperoxyl (HO2), superoxide (O2−), the hydroxyl radical (OH.), and singlet oxygen(1O2).  ROS are pervasive because they are readily produced from O2, which is abundant.  ROS are important in many ways, both beneficial and otherwise.  ROS function as signals, that turn on and off biological functions.  They are intermediates in the redox behavior of O2, which is central to fuel cells.  ROS are central to the photodegradation of organic pollutants in the atmosphere.  Most often, however, ROS are discussed in a biological context, ranging from their effects on aging and their role in causing dangerous genetic mutations.
Welton, Lincolnshire
Welton (/ˈwɛltən/; or Welton by Lincoln) is a large village and civil parish in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. The population of the civil parish was recorded as 4,327 in the 2011 census. It is geographically situated 6 miles (9.7 km) north from Lincoln. The name Welton by Lincoln is also used to distinguish from other similarly named villages in Lincolnshire: Welton le Wold and Welton le Marsh.

The village centre has been long appreciated for its picturesque and quintessentially English qualities, boasting multiple Grade II or higher listed buildings, alongside the eponymous Welton Beck, whose venerable spring really puts the 'Wel' in Welton. It has also been known as a wildlife haven due to an abundance of green space, and as a charitable place, especially through the church and schools. Since November 1969, the village has been a designated conservation area.

Gainsborough (UK Parliament constituency)
Gainsborough is a constituency in Lincolnshire represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 1983 by Sir Edward Leigh of the Conservative Party, who, since the 2024 general election, is the Father of the House.
David Boaz
David Douglas Boaz (/ˈboʊz/; August 29, 1953 – June 7, 2024) was a libertarian author, philosopher and editor. He was a distinguished senior fellow and the executive vice president of the Cato Institute, an American libertarian think tank. Boaz was a prominent advocate for individual liberty, limited government, free markets, and non-interventionist foreign policy.

Boaz authored several works on libertarian philosophy, including Libertarianism: A Primer and The Libertarian Mind: A Manifesto for Freedom. He was an early proponent of civil liberties, marriage equality, drug policy reform, and school choice, contributing to the mainstream acceptance of these issues in public discourse. Boaz is regarded as a key figure in the development and promotion of modern libertarian thought.

Young Americans for Freedom
Young Americans for Freedom (YAF) is a conservative youth educational activism  organization that was founded in 1960 as a coalition between traditional conservatives and libertarians on American college campuses. It is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization and the chapter affiliate of Young America's Foundation. The purposes of YAF are to advocate public policies consistent with the Sharon Statement, which was adopted by young conservatives at a meeting at the home of William F. Buckley in Sharon, Connecticut, on September 11, 1960.

While the 1960s were its most successful years in terms of numbers and influence, YAF has experienced a resurgence in recent years, becoming active as a national organization with chapters on college and high school campuses throughout the United States. YAF's official publication is The New Guard.
Kalman Sultanik
Kalman Sultanik (April 12, 1917 – October 14, 2014) was a prominent Zionist figure who was active in numerous Jewish and Zionist organizations throughout his life. He was a member of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council, served on the Executive Committee of the Jewish Agency for Israel and became vice president of the World Jewish Congress as well as chairman of the World Zionist Organization American Section. He founded the Jerusalem Confederation House and led the World Confederation of United Zionists for decades. Sultanik was also active in assisting the Polish community of Holocaust survivors.

World Confederation of United Zionists
The World Confederation of United Zionists (CUZ), an offshoot of the World Confederation of General Zionists, is a world union of Zionist organizations, federations and youth movements, as well as a global party of General Zionists within the World Zionist Organization. It has branches in 21 countries throughout the world.
Hispania Tarraconensis
Hispania Tarraconensis was one of three Roman provinces in Hispania. It encompassed much of the northern, eastern and central territories of modern Spain along with modern northern Portugal. Southern Spain, the region now called Andalusia, was the province of Hispania Baetica. On the Atlantic west lay the province of Lusitania, partially coincident with modern-day Portugal.

Vascones
The Vascones were a pre-Roman tribe who, on the arrival of the Romans in the 1st century, inhabited a territory that spanned between the upper course of the Ebro river and the southern basin of the western Pyrenees, a region that coincides with present-day Navarre, western Aragon and northeastern La Rioja, in the Iberian Peninsula. The Vascones are often considered ancestors of the present-day Basques to whom they left their name.
Pandu Rajar Dhibi
Pandu Rajar Dhibi in the valley of the river Ajay is an Archaeological site in Ausgram II block in the Sadar North subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It was the first Chalcolithic site discovered in West Bengal. It was excavated by a team led by Paresh Chandra Dasgupta. The common man believes that the main mound at Pandu Rajar Dhibi is associated with King Pandu mentioned in the epic Mahabharata, hence the name came into being from the folklore .

Purba Bardhaman district
Purba Bardhaman district is in the Indian state of West Bengal. Its headquarters is in Bardhaman. It was formed on 7 April 2017 after the division of the previous Bardhaman district. Great revolutionary Rash Behari Bose was born in village Subaldaha in the district of Purba Bardhaman.
Gooch Creek Arch
Gooch Creek Arch is a natural sandstone arch in Rhea County, Tennessee. It is 45 feet (14 m) high with a span of 78 feet (24 m), making it one of the largest arches in Tennessee. While the arch was first described by Wilbur Nelson in 1915, it could not be located by Corgan and Parks in 1979.

The landform is near the Laurel-Snow State Natural Area and the Cumberland Trail.

Laurel-Snow State Natural Area
Laurel-Snow State Natural Area is a Tennessee Class II Natural-Scientific State Natural Area located in Rhea County, Tennessee, near Dayton, on Walden Ridge of the Cumberland Plateau. The 2,259-acre (9.14 km2) area is owned by the State of Tennessee and managed by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation. It is a component of the Cumberland Trail, a linear park.

The Laurel-Snow trail within the natural area was the first National Recreation Trail designated in Tennessee.

The Laurel-Snow State Natural Area got its name from two of the four waterfalls in the area, the 80-foot (24 m) Laurel Falls
and the 12-foot (3.7 m) Snow Falls.

A 710-acre (2.9 km2) portion of the area was formerly a Bowater pocket wilderness.
Coffrane
Coffrane is a former municipality in the district of Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland.

The municipalities of Boudevilliers, Cernier, Chézard-Saint-Martin, Coffrane, Dombresson, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontainemelon, Fontaines, Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane, Les Hauts-Geneveys, Montmollin, Le Pâquier, Savagnier and Villiers merged on 1 January 2013 into the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz.

Le Pâquier, Neuchâtel
Le Pâquier (French pronunciation: [lə pakje]) is a former municipality in the district of Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland.

The municipalities of Boudevilliers, Cernier, Chézard-Saint-Martin, Coffrane, Dombresson, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontainemelon, Fontaines, Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane, Les Hauts-Geneveys, Montmollin, Le Pâquier, Savagnier and Villiers merged on 1 January 2013 into the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz.
Cleveland, Tennessee
Cleveland is the county seat of and the largest city in Bradley County, Tennessee. The population was 47,356 at the 2020 census. It is the principal city of the Cleveland metropolitan area, Tennessee (consisting of Bradley and neighboring Polk County), which is included in the Chattanooga–Cleveland–Dalton, TN–GA–AL Combined Statistical Area.

Cleveland is the seventeenth-largest city in Tennessee and has the fifth-largest industrial economy, having thirteen Fortune 500 manufacturers.

Chattanooga–Cleveland–Dalton combined statistical area
The Chattanooga–Cleveland–Dalton, TN–GA–AL Combined Statistical Area covers a total of fourteen counties – seven in southeast Tennessee, six in northwest Georgia and one in northeast Alabama. The combined statistical area consists of three metropolitan statistical areas – Chattanooga, Cleveland, and Dalton – as well as the Athens, Scottsboro, and Summerville micropolitan statistical areas. At the 2023 estimate, the CSA had a population of 1,003,363.
Mantle plume
A mantle plume is a proposed mechanism of convection within the Earth's mantle, hypothesized to explain anomalous volcanism. Because the plume head partially melts on reaching shallow depths, a plume is often invoked as the cause of volcanic hotspots, such as Hawaii or Iceland, and large igneous provinces such as the Deccan and Siberian Traps. Some such volcanic regions lie far from tectonic plate boundaries, while others represent unusually large-volume volcanism near plate boundaries.

Yellowstone hotspot
The Yellowstone hotspot is a volcanic hotspot in the United States responsible for large scale volcanism in Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, and Wyoming, formed as the North American tectonic plate moved over it. It formed the eastern Snake River Plain through a succession of caldera-forming eruptions. The resulting calderas include the Island Park Caldera, Henry's Fork Caldera, and the Bruneau-Jarbidge caldera. The hotspot currently lies under the Yellowstone Caldera. The hotspot's most recent caldera-forming supereruption, known as the Lava Creek Eruption, took place 640,000 years ago and created the Lava Creek Tuff, and the most recent Yellowstone Caldera. The Yellowstone hotspot is one of a few volcanic hotspots underlying the North American tectonic plate; another example is the Anahim hotspot.
Holomorphic discrete series representation
In mathematics, a holomorphic discrete series representation is a discrete series representation of a semisimple Lie group that can be represented in a natural way as a Hilbert space of holomorphic functions. The simple Lie groups with holomorphic discrete series are those whose symmetric space is Hermitian. Holomorphic discrete series representations are the easiest discrete series representations to study because they have highest or lowest weights, which makes their behavior similar to that of finite-dimensional representations of compact Lie groups.

Bargmann (1947) found the first examples of holomorphic discrete series representations, and Harish-Chandra (1954, 1955a, 1955c, 1956a, 1956b) classified them for all semisimple Lie groups.

Martens (1975) and Hecht (1976) described the characters of holomorphic discrete series representations.

Discrete series representation
In mathematics, a discrete series representation is an irreducible unitary representation of a locally compact topological group G that is a subrepresentation of the left regular representation of G on L²(G).  In the Plancherel measure,  such representations have positive measure.  The name comes from the fact that they are exactly the representations that occur discretely in the decomposition of the regular representation.
Thomas Jefferson High School (Gretna, Louisiana)
Thomas Jefferson High School for Advanced Studies, more commonly known as simply Thomas Jefferson High School, is a public high school in the city of Gretna in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana. It has consistently ranked among the state's best public high schools and is also among the most diverse  It is part of the Jefferson Parish Public Schools system. The school had 367 students in 2016. It has 67 percent minority enrollment. The school is at 910 Gretna Boulevard.

The school mascot is a jaguar and the colors are California blue, gray, and black.

In 2023 the school was to move to the former Gretna Middle School.

Gretna, Louisiana
Gretna is the second-largest city in, and parish seat of, Jefferson Parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. Gretna lies on the west bank of the Mississippi River, just east and across the river from uptown New Orleans. It is part of the New Orleans–Metairie–Kenner metropolitan statistical area. The population was 17,814 at the 2020 U.S. census.
BC Budivelnyk
BC Budivelnyk Kyiv (in Ukrainian: Будівельник Київ) is a Ukrainian professional basketball club based in Kyiv. The club plays in the Ukrainian Basketball SuperLeague. In June 2018, it was forced to withdraw from the Superleague due to open debts. Two years later, the club returned its activities. The club holds a record eleven Ukrainian championships and three Ukrainian Cups, as well as a Soviet championship (1989).

Budivelnyk is owned and operated by the banking and investing company PrivatBank.

USSR Premier Basketball League
The USSR Premier Basketball League, or Soviet Union Premier Basketball League (also called Supreme League), was the first-tier men's professional basketball league in the former Soviet Union. The league existed from 1923 to 1991, as the top professional basketball league of the Soviet Union, and from 1991 to 1992, as the top professional basketball league of the CIS. In the years 1924, 1928, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1956, 1959, 1963, and 1967, the league was contested by city teams, regional teams, and state national teams, rather than individual sports clubs.

CSKA Moscow was the league's most successful club, having won the league's championship 24 times, including winning 9 consecutive championships, from 1976 to 1984. The league featured the players of the senior men's Soviet Union national basketball team. The league exists in a similar format today, as the VTB United League. Although, the VTB United League can include clubs from countries that were not a part of the Soviet Union.