hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Trust Territory of Somaliland
The Trust Territory of Somaliland, officially the Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian Administration (Italian: Amministrazione fiduciaria italiana della Somalia), was a United Nations Trust Territory from 1950 to 1960, following the dissolution of the former British Military Administration. It was administered by Italy before gaining independence. It covered most of present-day Somalia and its capital was Mogadishu.

Abdullahi Issa
Abdullahi Issa Mohamud (Somali: Cabdullaahi Ciise Maxamuud, Arabic: عبد الله عيسى محمد (1921 – March 24, 1988) was a Somali politician. He was the Prime Minister of  Italian Somalia during the trusteeship period, serving from February 29, 1949, to July 7, 1960.
Matsushima Air Field
JASDF Matsushima Air Base (松島基地, Matsushima Kichi) (ICAO: RJST) is a military aerodrome of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force  located in Higashimatsushima, 6.6 NM (12.2 km; 7.6 mi) west of Ishinomaki in the Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Headquarters for the 4th Air Wing (JASDF), the base is primarily used for training, and is the home of the JASDF 21st Fighter Training Squadron, currently equipped with Mitsubishi F-2B fighters. It is also the home base for the "Blue Impulse" JASDF acrobatic display team.

Higashimatsushima
Higashi-Matsushima (東松島市, Higashimatsushima-shi) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 June 2020, the city had an estimated population of 39,580 in 16102 households, and a population density of 390 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 101.36 square kilometres (39.14 sq mi).
Prenanthes
Prenanthes is a genus of plant in the family Asteraceae, often referred to as rattlesnake root.

Molecular analysis in 2009 revealed that the genus as traditionally envisioned was polyphyletic, meaning that it is a conglomeration of species not closely related to one another. The genus formerly included species now placed in Aetheorhiza, Askellia, Brickellia, Chondrilla, Crepidiastrum, Crepis, Emilia, Erythroseris, Faberia, Hololeion, Hypochaeris, Ixeris, Lactuca, Lapsanastrum, Launaea, Lygodesmia, Nabalus, Notoseris, Paraprenanthes, Parasenecio, Picrosia, Sonchella, Sonchus, Soroseris, Stephanomeria, Trixis, and Youngia.

Nabalus
Nabalus is a genus of Asian and North American flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.

Nabalus is now considered the correct name for a group of plants in North America that were formerly considered to be members of Prenanthes, and were included in that genus in the Flora of North America treatment.  Common names for the genus include "rattlesnake root" and "white lettuce." The latter reflects its close relationship to lettuce (Lactuca sativa) but having flowers that are whitish or purplish-white in some species.  Many (perhaps all) of the species are monocarpic perennials, in which an individual plant may live for multiple years in a vegetative condition but then will die after flowering and fruiting.
A. Alfred Taubman
Adolph Alfred "Al" Taubman (January 31, 1924 – April 17, 2015) was an American businessman, investor, and philanthropist.

In 2002, he was convicted for a price-fixing scheme involving the top two auction houses in the United States.

Michigan Panthers
The Michigan Panthers were a professional American football team based in Metro Detroit. The Panthers competed in the United States Football League (USFL) as a member of the Western Conference and Central Division. The team played its home games at the Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan.

Amid financial struggles following the 1984 season, the team was merged with the Oakland Invaders in 1985, where they would operate under the Invaders name.

The Panthers won the inaugural USFL Championship, 24–22 over the Philadelphia Stars.
Elizabeth Dowdeswell
Violet Elizabeth Dowdeswell (née Patton; born November 9, 1944) is a Canadian civil servant who served as the 29th lieutenant governor of Ontario from 2014 to 2023. As lieutenant governor, Dowdeswell was the viceregal representative of the Crown in Right of Ontario. A champion of civil society, environmental protection, inclusive growth and liberal democracy, she is also the longest-serving lieutenant governor in Ontario's history.

Lieutenant Governor of Ontario
The lieutenant governor of Ontario (/lɛfˈtɛnənt/, in French: Lieutenant-gouverneur (if male) or Lieutenante-gouverneure (if female) de l'Ontario) is the representative in Ontario of the monarch, who operates distinctly within the province but is also shared equally with the ten other jurisdictions of Canada. The lieutenant governor of Ontario is appointed in the same manner as the other provincial viceroys in Canada and is similarly tasked with carrying out most of the monarch's constitutional and ceremonial duties. The current lieutenant governor of Ontario is Edith Dumont, sworn in on November 14, 2023.
Great Esker Park
Great Esker Park is located in Weymouth, Massachusetts.  The park mostly consists of a geological formation known as a winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel formed by a glacier 12,000 years ago. It is located along the Weymouth Back River, across from Bare Cove Park in Hingham, Massachusetts.

The park features the highest esker in North America (90 ft), reversing falls, salt marshes, six miles (10 km) of trails, a playground and picnic area. Bird watching is a popular activity as osprey, great blue heron, red-tailed hawks, owls, and other species of birds are abundant seasonally. There are man-made shelters on the river where Osprey nest in the spring and summer months.

In the summer months the park is used by Wey-Rec for children's programs.

Weymouth, Massachusetts
Weymouth is a city in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. It is one of 13 municipalities in the state to have city forms of government while retaining "town of" in their official names. It is named after Weymouth, Dorset, a coastal town in England, and is the second-oldest settlement in Massachusetts, second only to Plymouth. Weymouth is one of the more affordable towns relative to the South Shore and offers a short commute into Boston, MBTA bus and rail service, and a town beach.

At the 2020 census, Weymouth had a total population of 57,437. It also had a crime rate of 12.42 per 1,000 residents.
Girls Gone By Publishers
Girls Gone By Publishers  is a publishing company run by Clarissa Cridland and Ann Mackie-Hunter and is based in Leominster, Herefordshire. They re-publish new editions of some of the most popular girls' fiction titles from the twentieth century.

Monica Edwards
Monica Edwards (née Monica le Doux Newton; 8 November 1912 – 18 January 1998) was an English children's writer of the mid-twentieth century best known for her Romney Marsh and Punchbowl Farm series of children's novels.
Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus
Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) is a syndromic autosomal dominant disorder where affected individuals can exhibit numerous epilepsy phenotypes. GEFS+ can persist beyond early childhood (i.e., 6 years of age). GEFS+ is also now believed to encompass three other epilepsy disorders: severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (SMEI), which is also known as Dravet's syndrome, borderline SMEI (SMEB), and intractable  epilepsy of childhood (IEC). There are at least six types of GEFS+, delineated by their causative gene. Known causative gene mutations are in the sodium channel α subunit genes SCN1A, an associated β subunit SCN1B, and in a GABAA receptor γ subunit gene, in GABRG2 and there is another gene related with calcium channel the PCDH19 which is also known as Epilepsy Female with Mental Retardation. Penetrance for this disorder is estimated at 60%.

Epilepsy-intellectual disability in females
Epilepsy-intellectual disability in females also known as PCDH19 gene-related epilepsy or epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 9 (EIEE9), is a rare type of epilepsy that affects predominantly females and is characterized by clusters of brief seizures, which start in infancy or early childhood, and is occasionally accompanied by varying degrees of cognitive impairment. The striking pattern of onset seizures at a young age, genetic testing and laboratory results, potential developmental delays or developmental regression and associated disorders, eases diagnosis.

The National Institutes of Health Office and Rare Disease Research characterizes PCDH19 gene-related epilepsy as a rare disorder. Although formal epidemiologic data is not available, results from diagnostic screenings indicate that approximately 1 out of 10 girls who have seizure onset before five years of age may have PCDH19 mutations.
Richard Teller Crane II
Richard Teller Crane III (August 12, 1882 - October 3, 1938) was the first United States diplomat accredited to Czechoslovakia with the title Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. He received a recess appointment from President Woodrow Wilson on April 23, 1919, and was subsequently confirmed by the United States Senate on June 26, 1919. Crane presented his credentials to the Czechoslovak government on June 11, 1919, and remained in office until December 5, 1921.

Westover Plantation
Westover Plantation is a historic colonial tidewater plantation located on the north bank of the James River in Charles City County, Virginia, United States.  Established  c. 1730–1750, it is the homestead of the Byrd family of Virginia. State Route 5, a scenic byway, runs east–west to the north of the plantation, connecting the independent cities of Richmond and Williamsburg.

The plantation has been designated as a National Historic Landmark in the United States, cited for the architectural quality of its early Georgian mansion house and the history of its influential family. In the early years of the Virginia colony, the plantation was one of the sites of the courts of Charles City County.
Don Townsend
Donald Edward Townsend (17 September 1930 – 29 July 2020) was an English footballer who played as a left back in the Football League. He was the father of former Ireland international Andy Townsend.

Townsend died on 29 July 2020, at the age of 89.

Andy Townsend
Andrew David Townsend (born 23 July 1963) is a former professional footballer and sports co-commentator for Premier League Productions and CBS Sports.

As a player he was a midfielder who notably played in the Premier League for Chelsea, Aston Villa and Middlesbrough. He also played in the Football League for Southampton, Norwich City and West Bromwich Albion. Prior to his professional career he had spent four years in Non-League with Welling United. Despite being born in England, Townsend played in World Cups for the Republic of Ireland national team, making 70 appearances and scoring seven goals.

Following retirement, Townsend moved into sports commentary and was ITV Sport's co-commentator for all of their major coverage of games until 2015. He has also commentated for BT Sport, Talksport and BBC Radio 5 Live.
BCS Examination
The BCS Examination (Bengali: বিসিএস পরীক্ষা) is a nationwide competitive civil service entrance examination in Bangladesh conducted by the Bangladesh Public Service Commission (BPSC) for recruitment to the various Bangladesh Civil Service cadres, including BCS (Administration), BCS (Audit & Accounts), BCS (Taxation), BCS (Customs and Excise), BCS (Foreign Affairs), and BCS (Police) among others. The examination is conducted in three phases - the preliminary examination, the written examination and the viva voce. Candidates appear for different courses to pass those exam phases. The process from the notification of the preliminary examination to declaration of the final results takes one-and-a-half to two years.

Civil service entrance examination
Civil service examinations are examinations implemented in various countries for recruitment and admission to the civil service. They are intended as a method to achieve an effective, rational public administration on a merit system for recruiting prospective politicians and public sector employees.

The most ancient example of such exams were the imperial examinations of ancient China.
Forest City, New Brunswick
Forest City (2001 pop.: 12) is a rural community in York County, New Brunswick, Canada.

The community has the unusual distinction of sharing its name with the community of Forest City immediately across the Canada–United States border in the state of Maine, connected by the Forest City Border Crossing.

Forest City was once home to 1,000 residents, where its proximity to the waters of East Grand Lake and the softwood forests of the upper St. Croix River watershed provided a lucrative tanning industry that supported an active economy. Remnants of industry can still be found today.

The community houses a Baptist church, cemetery, and a small water control dam.

Forest City, Maine
Forest City is a populated place in Washington County, Maine, United States.

The community has the unusual distinction of sharing its name with the community of Forest City immediately across the Canada–United States border in the province of New Brunswick.

The community houses the Forest City Border Crossing and a small water control dam on the Chiputneticook Lakes. Both Forest Cities use the same Baptist church and cemetery, both of which are on the New Brunswick side.
EuroHockey Club Champions Cup
The EuroHockey Club Champions Cup is a defunct men's field hockey competition for clubs in Europe. It was first played for in 1974. It was replaced by the Euro Hockey League in 2007. Unofficial tournaments were played in 1969 and then in 1970, in 1971, in 1972 and in 1973).

1973 EuroHockey Club Champions Cup
The 1973 EuroHockey Club Champions Cup was the fifth and last unofficial edition of Europe's premier field hockey club competition. It took place in Frankfurt as a group stage, which was won once again by SC 1880 Frankfurt.
Theca of follicle
The theca folliculi comprise a layer of the ovarian follicles. They appear as the follicles become secondary follicles.

The theca are divided into two layers, the theca interna and the theca externa.

Theca cells are a group of endocrine cells in the ovary made up of connective tissue surrounding the follicle. They have many diverse functions, including promoting folliculogenesis and recruitment of a single follicle during ovulation. Theca cells and granulosa cells together form the stroma of the ovary.

Theca externa
The theca externa is the outer layer of the theca folliculi. It is derived from connective tissue, the cells resembling fibroblasts, and contains  abundant collagen. During ovulation, the surge in luteinizing hormone increases cAMP which increases progesterone and PGF2α production. The PGF2α induces the contraction of the smooth muscle cells of the theca externa, increasing intrafollicular pressure. This aids in rupture of the mature oocyte, or immature oocyte at the germinal vesicle stage in the canine, along with plasmin and collagenase degradation of the follicle wall.
Bhanumaan Janaka
Bhanumaan Janaka (Sanskrit: भानुमान जनक) was the king of Videha in the ancient Indian Subcontinent. He ruled the kingdom of Mithila after the king Shreedhwaja Janaka in Ramayana. According to the texts Vishnu Purana and Garuda Purana, Bhanumaan was the son of the king Shreedhwaja Janaka. The name of the son of King Bhanumaan Janaka was Shatadhyumn.

Videha
Videha (Prākrit: 𑀯𑀺𑀤𑁂𑀳 Videha; Pāli: Videha; Sanskrit: Videha) was an ancient Indo-Aryan tribe of north-eastern South Asia whose existence is attested during the Iron Age. The population of Videha, the Vaidehas, were initially organised into a monarchy but later became a gaṇasaṅgha (an aristocratic oligarchic republic), presently referred to as the Videha Republic, which was part of the larger Vajjika League.
Manitoba Provincial Road 422
Provincial Road 422 (PR 422) is a provincial road in the Pembina Valley Region of the Canadian province of Manitoba. Located entirely within the Rural Municipality of Morris, it runs from Highway 23 near the town of Morris to Provincial Road 205 in Rosenort. It is a paved two-lane highway for its entire length.

Provincial Road 422 is also known as Meridian Road, as its road allowance contains the prime meridian (or first meridian) established in 1869 as part of the Dominion Land Survey of Western Canada. The prime meridian was established at 97°27′28.41″ west, with its southern end being exactly ten miles west of where the Red River crosses the border from the United States into Canada.

Manitoba Provincial Road 205
Provincial Road 205 (PR 205) is a 84.7-kilometre-long (52.6 mi) provincial road in the Canadian province of Manitoba. Spanning the Pembina Valley and Eastman regions in the south, it connects the communities of Sperling, Rosenort, Aubigny, St. Pierre-Jolys, and Grunthal with PTH 75 (Lord Selkirk Highway), while also spanning the Red River.
Group T1
In relation to motorsport, Group T1 is a set of technical specifications for prototype cross-country cars used in off-road Cross-Country Rallying (also called Rally Raid). The group is governed by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) and defined in appendix J, article 285 of its International Sporting Code. The cars are single unit builds and may be based on a spaceframe chassis unlike the strict series production bodyshell requirement in Group T2. However, the engine must come from, or be derived from a production car able to be homologated in Group A, Group GT or Group T2. The cars must be powered by one engine and without driving aids such as traction control or ABS.

International Sporting Code
The International Sporting Code (ISC) is a set of rules applicable to all four-wheel motorsport as governed by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). It was first implemented in 1926.

The ISC consists of 20 articles and several appendices. It contains definitions, general principles, and regulations, as well as rules for race organisers, contenders, racers, and officials. As motorsport is very hierarchic, the ISC may also be applicable in the rules of national racing federations.

Some North American domestic racing, such as NASCAR and IndyCar are outside the FIA's jurisdiction and hence not governed by the ISC and they instead usually govern their own series themselves. Motorcycle sport is also exempt since the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) is responsible for this sport, not the FIA.
Merrythought cup
The term Merrythought cup is used by scholars to describe a specific type of Attic kylix.

The Merrythought cup, named after the British word for "wishbone," probably developed as a refined form of a rural cup type normally made of wood. The shape features several peculiarities. It is the first Attic cup shape that lacks a distinctive break between lip and vessel body. The shape of the handles, which give the vessel its name, are in the oblong wishbone shape, with a knob shape on the curve of the handle. Rather than forming a semi-circle, as is the case in virtual all other cup shapes. Equally unusual, the handles extend beyond the height of the vessel body.
The cups, mostly covered in black slip, occasionally feature thin stripes of red paint on the foot or the interior. This resembles East Greek and other Attic decorative styles. The vase body is nearly hemispherical. The first Attic artist to decorate Merrythought cups in the black-figure style was the C Painter.

Kylix
In the pottery of ancient Greece, a kylix (/ˈkaɪlɪks/ KY-liks, /ˈkɪlɪks/ KIL-iks; Ancient Greek: κύλιξ, pl. κύλικες; also spelled cylix; pl.: kylikes /ˈkaɪlɪkiːz/ KY-lih-keez, /ˈkɪlɪkiːz/ KIL-ih-keez) is the most common type of cup in the period, usually associated with the drinking of wine. The cup often consists of a rounded base and a thin stem under a basin. The cup is accompanied by two handles on opposite sides.

The inner basin is often adorned in the bottom so that as the liquid is consumed an image is revealed; this adornment is usually in a circular frame and called a tondo. There are many variations of the kylikes, other cups available in the era include the skyphos, or the kantharoi. Kylikes were also popular exports, being the most common pottery import from Attica found in Etruscan settlements.
Leon Ginzburg
Leon Ginzburg (April 10, 1898 in New York City – March 19, 1988 in Manhattan) was an American surgeon. He received both his undergraduate and medical degrees from Columbia University.

While an adjunct surgeon at Mt. Sinai Hospital, Ginzburg collaborated with a colleague, Gordon D. Oppenheimer, in writing a paper detailing their research into diseases of the bowel. They shared their research and paper with Burrill B. Crohn, who made some additions and then presented the paper to the American Medical Association in 1932. What was initially known as "terminal ileitis" eventually became known as "Crohn's disease", as Crohn's name was the first to be listed in the paper, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association also in 1932.

Ginzburg served as a professor of surgery for many years at the Mt. Sinai School of Medicine and was director of surgery from 1947 to 1967 at Beth Israel Hospital in Manhattan.

Burrill Bernard Crohn
Burrill Bernard Crohn (June 13, 1884 – July 29, 1983) was an American gastroenterologist who made the first major advance to identify Crohn's disease, which bears his name. Although the description of Crohn's disease is his most famous accomplishment, Crohn had a long career as a clinician and a researcher who contributed to modern understanding of many gastrointestinal conditions.
Saint-Thibéry
Saint-Thibéry (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ tibeʁi]; Occitan: Sant Tibèri) is a commune in the Hérault département in the Occitanie region in southern France.

The village of Saint-Thibéry is built at the confluence of the Rivers Thongue and Hérault. The old Roman road "Via Domitia" runs through the village (Grand Rue) and some of the houses date back to the 15th century.

Saint-Thibéry is situated between the larger towns of Agde and Pézenas and the cities Béziers and Montpellier and is a short distance to Mediterranean Sea.

Over 4000 years old, this former Celtic village was once called "Cessero".

Béziers
Béziers (French: [bezje] ⓘ; Occitan: Besièrs) is a city in southern France. It is a subprefecture of the Hérault department in the Occitanie region. Every August Béziers hosts the famous Feria de Béziers, which is centred on bullfighting. A million visitors are attracted to the five-day event.

The town is located on a small bluff above the river Orb, about ten kilometres (six miles) from the Mediterranean coast and 75 kilometres (47 miles) southwest of Montpellier. At Béziers, the Canal du Midi passes over the river Orb by means of the Pont-canal de l'Orb, an aqueduct claimed to be the first of its kind.
George Henry Lee
53°24′22″N 2°58′57″W﻿ / ﻿53.4060°N 2.9826°W﻿ / 53.4060; -2.9826
George Henry Lee was a department store which opened in the 1850s in Liverpool, England. The business was sold to Selfridges in 1919 and then to John Lewis in 1940.

John Lewis Partnership
John Lewis Partnership PLC is a British company that operates John Lewis & Partners department stores, Waitrose supermarkets, financial services and a build to rent operation. The public limited company is owned by a trust on behalf of all its employees, known as Partners, who share the responsibilities and rewards of ownership. John Lewis has around 74,000 employees as of 2024.