hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chalcanthum
In alchemy, chalcanthum, also called chalcanth or calcanthum, was a term used for the compound blue vitriol (CuSO4), and the ink made from it. The term was also applied to green vitriol (ferrous sulfate).

Some maintained calcanthum to be the same thing as colcothar, while others believed it was simply vitriol (sulfuric acid).

The term "vitriol rubified" (Latin: reddened vitriol) refers to the reddish iron oxide residue (colcothar) left after heating green vitriol, and should not be confused with "red vitriol," a distinct mineral (native cobalt sulfate).

Copper(II) sulfate
Copper(II) sulfate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CuSO4. It forms hydrates CuSO4·nH2O, where n can range from 1 to 7. The pentahydrate (n = 5), a bright blue crystal, is the most commonly encountered hydrate of copper(II) sulfate, while its anhydrous form is white. Older names for the pentahydrate include blue vitriol, bluestone, vitriol of copper, and Roman vitriol. It exothermically dissolves in water to give the aquo complex [Cu(H2O)6]2+, which has octahedral molecular geometry. The structure of the solid pentahydrate reveals a polymeric structure wherein copper is again octahedral but bound to four water ligands. The Cu(II)(H2O)4 centers are interconnected by sulfate anions to form chains.
Constituencies of Russia
Legislative constituencies are used in Russia to elect half of the seats (225) in the State Duma. Each Federal Subject gets a certain amount of constituencies, proportional to their population, with every Federal Subject getting at least one. Every constituency is a single-mandate one, meaning each constituency sends one representative (also known as a Deputy) to the State Duma.

Constituencies are created and their boundaries drawn by the Central Election Commission. According to Federal Law, the layout of constituencies are to be used for 10 years. Using these current constituencies, elections were held to the State Duma in 2016 and 2021.

Zavodskoy constituency
The Zavodskoy constituency (No.125) was a Russian legislative constituency in Novosibirsk Oblast in 1993–2007. It covered southern Novosibirsk and, alongside Zayeltsovsky constituency, was one of the constituencies, that covered urban Novosibirsk. The seat was last occupied by A Just Russia-Rodina faction member Svyatoslav Nastashevsky, a journalist and TV host, who defeated first-term incumbent State Duma member Galina Strelchenko in the 2003 election.

The constituency was dissolved in 2007 when State Duma adopted full proportional representation for the next two electoral cycles. Zavodskoy constituency was not re-established for the 2016 election, currently its territory was split between all four Novosibirsk Oblast constituencies: Novosibirsk, Central, Iskitim and Barabinsk constituencies.
Bonnyrigg House
Bonnyrigg House is a heritage-listed homestead complex at Cartwright Street, Bonnyrigg, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia. It was designed by possibly Francis Greenway and built from 1825 to 1826 by A. Kinghorne and Thomas Moore. It is also known as Male Orphan School, The Homestead and Schoolmaster's residence. The property is owned by Department of Planning and Environment (General). It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Bonnyrigg, New South Wales
Bonnyrigg is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 36 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Fairfield. It is part of the Greater Western Sydney region.
Peruvian Air Force
The Peruvian Air Force (Spanish: Fuerza Aérea del Perú, FAP) is the branch of the Peruvian Armed Forces tasked with defending the nation and its interests through the use of air power. Additional missions include assistance in safeguarding internal security, conducting disaster relief operations and participating in international peacekeeping operations.

Antonov An-32
The Antonov An-32 (NATO reporting name: Cline) is a turboprop twin-engined military transport aircraft. Its first flight was in July 1976 and was displayed at the 1977 Paris Air Show. A variant of the An-24, it was given upgraded equipment and more powerful Ivchenko AI-20 engines, and is oriented towards flying in adverse weather conditions. The aircraft was produced from 1980 to 2012, and remains in service. It is the fourth member of the Antonov An-24 family, succeeding the An-24, An-30 and An-26, and coming before the cancelled An-132.
Steamboat Slough
Steamboat Slough is an alternate branch of the Sacramento River, named for its popular use by steamboats traveling between San Francisco and Sacramento. Its mouth is found at an elevation of 3 feet (0.9 m), 2 miles (3 km) above Rio Vista, between Grand Island and Ryer Island. Its head is 11 miles (18 km) above where it leaves the Sacramento River, between Sutter Island and Grand Island, at an elevation of 26 feet (8 m) at 38°18′17″N 121°34′25″W﻿ / ﻿38.30472°N 121.57361°W﻿ / 38.30472; -121.57361.

It is crossed by the Howard Landing Ferry.

Grand Island (California)
Grand Island (formerly referred to as Taylor Island or La Isla de los Quenensias) is an island lying between Steamboat Slough and the Sacramento River. A post office operated at Grand Island from 1854 to 1919. It is shown, labeled "Taylor Island", on an 1850 survey map of the San Francisco Bay area made by Cadwalader Ringgold and an 1854 map of the area by Henry Lange.

Grand Island is located in Sacramento County, California at 38°14′08″N 121°34′45″W﻿ / ﻿38.23556°N 121.57917°W﻿ / 38.23556; -121.57917, and managed by Reclamation District 3.
The Middle of Nowhere (Circle II Circle album)
The Middle of Nowhere is a 2005 release by American heavy metal band Circle II Circle. It was the band's second studio release, but the first featuring the new band assembled after Stevens fired the original band in 2003. Like the band's first record, it features guest appearances and writing credits for Stevens's former Savatage band mates, Jon Oliva and Chris Caffery. The Japanese edition of the album features three bonus tracks. One track was a live performance of the title track from the band's previous release, Watching in Silence. The other two tracks were previously released on the All That Remains EP.

Zachary Stevens
Zachary Trussell (born March 5, 1966), known professionally as Zachary "Zak" Stevens, is an American singer, best known as the second lead vocalist of the heavy metal band Savatage. He currently performs with the heavy metal bands Circle II Circle and Archon Angel. Stevens has a degree in psychology, but is not a practicing psychologist.
Boy player
A boy player was a male child or teenager who performed in Medieval and English Renaissance playing companies. Some boy players worked for adult companies and performed the female roles, since women were not allowed to perform on the English stage during this period. Others worked for children's companies in which all roles, not just the female ones, were played by boys.(pp 1–76)

Christopher Beeston
Christopher Beeston (c. 1579 – c. 15 October 1638) was a successful actor and a powerful theatrical impresario in early 17th century London.  He was associated with a number of playwrights, particularly Thomas Heywood.
Putyatinsky District
Putyatinsky District (Russian: Путя́тинский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-five in Ryazan Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southeastern central part of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,008 square kilometers (389 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Putyatino. Population: 7,511 (2010 Census);  8,745 (2002 Census); 10,398 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Putyatino accounts for 40.6% of the district's total population.

Putyatino, Ryazan Oblast
Putyatino (Russian: Путятино) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Putyatinsky District, Ryazan Oblast, Russia. Population:  3,047 (2010 Census); 3,122 (2002 Census); 2,389 (1989 Soviet census).
Hellas (theme)
The Theme of Hellas (Greek: θέμα Ἑλλάδος, Thema Hellados) was a Byzantine military-civilian province (thema, theme) located in southern Greece. The theme encompassed parts of Central Greece, Thessaly and, until c. 800, the Peloponnese peninsula. It was established in the late 7th century, and was broken up into smaller districts in the late 11th/early 12th century. The theme fell to the Crusader army led by Boniface of Montferrat in 1205.

Theme (Byzantine district)
The themes or thémata (Greek: θέματα, thémata, singular: θέμα, théma) were the main military and administrative divisions of the Byzantine Empire. They were established in the mid-7th century in the aftermath of the Slavic migrations to the Balkans and Muslim conquests of parts of Eastern Roman territory, and replaced the earlier ancient provincial system established by Diocletian and Constantine the Great. In their origin, the first themes were created from the areas of encampment of the field armies of the East Roman army, and their names corresponded to the military units that had existed in those areas. The theme system reached its apogee in the 9th and 10th centuries, as older themes were split up and the conquest of territory resulted in the creation of new ones. The original theme system underwent significant changes in the 11th and 12th centuries, but the term remained in use as a provincial and financial circumscription until the very end of the Empire.
Pigs Have Wings
Pigs Have Wings is a novel by P. G. Wodehouse, which first appeared as a serial in Collier's Weekly between 16 August and 20 September 1952. It was first published as a book in the United States on 16 October 1952 by Doubleday & Company, New York, and in the United Kingdom on 31 October 1952 by Herbert Jenkins, London. It is the seventh novel set at Blandings Castle.

Galahad Threepwood
The Honourable Galahad "Gally" Threepwood is a fictional character in the Blandings Castle stories by P. G. Wodehouse. Lord Emsworth's younger brother, a lifelong bachelor, Gally was, according to Beach, the Blandings butler, "somewhat wild as a young man". When he appears in the Blandings books, he is in his fifties, has thick grey hair and wears a black-rimmed monocle on a black ribbon.
1941 NCAA basketball tournament
The 1941 NCAA basketball tournament involved eight schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of men's NCAA college basketball. The 3rd annual edition of the tournament began on March 21, 1941, and ended with the championship game on March 29, at the Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri. A total of nine games were played, including a third place game in both regions.

Wisconsin, coached by Bud Foster, won the national title with a 39–34 victory in the final over Washington State, coached by Jack Friel. John Kotz of Wisconsin was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player.

1941 NCAA basketball championship game
The 1941 NCAA University Division Basketball Championship Game was the finals of the 1941 NCAA basketball tournament and it determined the national champion for the 1940-41 NCAA men's basketball season. The game was played on March 29, 1941, at Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri. It featured the Wisconsin Badgers of the Big Ten Conference, and the Washington State Cougars of the Pacific Coast Conference.
Fred C. Brannon
Fred C. Brannon (April 26, 1901 – April 6, 1953) was an American film director of the 1940s and 1950s. He directed over 40 films between 1945 and his death in 1953.

His first film The Purple Monster Strikes in 1945 was co-directed with Spencer Gordon Bennet.

The Crimson Ghost
The Crimson Ghost is a 1946 American film serial directed by Fred C. Brannon and William Witney. Produced by Republic Pictures and written by Albert DeMond, Basil Dickey, Jesse Duffy, and Sol Shor, it was the last serial directed by Witney. It is divided into twelve chapters and stars Charles Quigley as a criminologist who attempts to thwart the efforts of the eponymous villain to steal a device that can render electrical devices powerless. The serial also stars Linda Stirling, Clayton Moore, and I. Stanford Jolley.

In the 1950s, the serial was re-edited as a six-episode television series, and in 1966, it was re-edited and re-released as a television film titled Cyclotrode "X". By the 1990s, The Crimson Ghost was one of two Republic serials to be colorized.

The serial's titular villain, the Crimson Ghost, has become a pop-culture icon due to the punk rock band Misfits having adapted his skull-like visage into their iconography.
Tommeløyane
Tommeløyane (Thumb Islands) is a group of islands in Hinlopen Strait, Svalbard. They are located towards Lomfjordhalvøya, and west of Fosterøyane. Among the islands in the group are Strilane, Tommelen and Steiløya.

Fosterøyane
Fosterøyane is a group of islands in Hinlopen Strait, Svalbard. They are located in the middle of Hinlopenstretet, north of Vaigattøyane and east of Tommeløyane. Fosterøyane are named after Arctic traveler Henry Foster. Among the islands in the group are Krylen, Pilten and Sværingen.
Hornbook (law)
In United States legal education, hornbooks are one-volume legal treatises, written primarily for law students on subjects typically covered by law school courses.

Hornbooks summarize and explain the law in a specific area.  They are distinct from casebooks, which are collections of cases (or parts of cases) chosen to help illustrate and stimulate discussion about legal issues.

The term derives from the hornbook, an early children's educational tool, implying that the material is basic. A hornbook law is a basic, settled legal principle (see black letter law).

Casebook
A casebook is a type of textbook used primarily by students in law schools. Rather than simply laying out the legal doctrine in a particular area of study, a casebook contains excerpts from legal cases in which the law of that area was applied. It is then up to the student to analyze the language of the case in order to determine what rule was applied and how the court applied it.  Casebooks sometimes also contain excerpts from law review articles and legal treatises,  historical notes, editorial commentary, and other related materials to provide background for the cases.

The teaching style based on casebooks is known as the casebook method and is supposed to instill in law students how to "think like a lawyer." The casebook method is most often used in law schools in countries with common law legal systems, where case law is a major source of law.
Nizza DOCG
Nizza (also Barbera d'Asti Superiore Nizza before 2014) is a DOCG red Italian wine produced in the northern Italian region of Piedmont. It is made from the Barbera grape, and the zone of production is limited to the comuni (municipalities) of Agliano Terme, Belveglio, Bruno, Calamandrana, Castel Boglione, Castelnuovo Belbo, Castelnuovo Calcea, Castel Rocchero, Cortiglione, Incisa Scapaccino, Moasca, Mombaruzzo, Mombercelli, Nizza Monferrato, Rocchetta Palafea, San Marzano Oliveto, Vaglio Serra and Vinchio within the province of Asti. In this area Barbera is the leading grape variety grown, because the pedoclimatic conditions here are particularly favourable for its ripening.

The zone of production is centered on the town of Nizza Monferrato, from which the wine derives its name.

Nizza Monferrato
Nizza Monferrato (Piedmontese: Nissa dla Paja) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region of Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southeast of Turin and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Asti.

Nizza Monferrato borders the following municipalities: Calamandrana, Castel Boglione, Castelnuovo Belbo, Castelnuovo Calcea, Fontanile, Incisa Scapaccino, Mombaruzzo, San Marzano Oliveto, Vaglio Serra, and Vinchio.
Warren, Maine
Warren is a town in Knox County, Maine, United States. The population was 4,865 at the 2020 census. It includes the villages of East Warren, Warren and South Warren, the latter home to the Maine State Prison and minimum security Bolduc Correctional Facility.

Maine State Route 90
State Route 90 (SR 90) is part of Maine's system of numbered state highways, located in Knox County.  It is a minor highway serving as a bypass of Rockland on U.S. Route 1 (US 1), which it connects to at both ends.
Maja e Bardhë
Maja e Bardhë is a mountain peak in the border between Albania and Kosovo. The peak is part of the Albanian Alps. Maja e Bardhë has an altitude of 2,426 m (7,959 ft) and it is part of the Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park.

North of the peak originates the Lumbardhi i Deçanit river, a right tributary of White Drin.

Deçan Bistrica
Lumbardhi i Deçanit, Deçan Bistrica, or Dečanska Bistrica (Albanian: Bistrica e Deçanit; Serbian: Дечанска Бистрица, romanized: Dečanska Bistrica), is a river in Kosovo. It is a 53 km (33 mi)-long right tributary of the White Drin River, passing the western part of Kosovo.
Tell al-Nabi Mando
Tell al-Nabi Mando (Arabic: تل النبي مندو), known in archaeological literature as Tell Nebi Mend and also known as Qadesh (Arabic: قادش) after the Bronze-Age city which stood at almost the same location, is a village in central Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate, located southwest of Homs. It is situated on the eastern banks of the Orontes River. Nearby localities include al-Houz to the north, Kafr Mousa to the northeast, Arjoun to the east, al-Qusayr to the southeast, Zita al-Gharbiyah to the southwest, al-Aqrabiyah to the southwest and al-Naim to the northwest. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Tell al-Nabi Mando had a population of 1,068 in the 2004 census. The village is adjacent to the ancient site of Qadesh, a name sometimes also used for the village, which abuts it to the north. It is an Alawite village.

Al-Naim
Al-Na'im (Arabic: الناعم; also spelled al-Naeem) is a village in central Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate, located southwest of Homs and northwest of al-Qusayr. Just east of the border with Lebanon and on the western shores of Lake Qattinah, nearby localities include al-Aqrabiyah to the south, Tell al-Nabi Mando, Arjoun, al-Houz to the southeast, Kafr Mousa and al-Ghassaniyah to the east, Khirbet Ghazi to the northeast and Wujuh al-Hajar and Liftaya to the north. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Na'im had a population of 2,290 in the 2004 census.
Lungalacha La
Lachulung La (el. 5,059 m or 16,600 ft), or Lāchālūng La or Lungalacha La, is a paved motorable mountain pass in Ladakh in India just north of border with Himachal Pradesh. It is located on the NH3 Leh–Manali Highway, 54 km (34 mi) north of Sarchu and 24 km (15 mi) west of Pang.  Rail-cum-road tunnel is being constructed under this pass to cater for the traffic for existing  NH3 & under-construction Bhanupli–Leh line, Bara-lacha la (84 km south of Lungalacha La) and Taglang La (87 km north of Lungalacha La) are other tunnels being constructed on this route.

This is one of the easier 16,000 ft (4,880 m) passes and it can be traversed cross-country by moving along the nala on both sides.  However, due to elevation, the hikers face breathlessness during climb and those who have not undergone acclimatisation may face severe symptoms of altitude sickness.

Taglang La
Taglang La or Tanglang La, elevation 5,328 metres (17,480 ft), is a high altitude mountain pass in Leh district in the Indian union territory of Ladakh. It is located on the NH3 Leh–Manali Highway. Rail-cum-road tunnels are being constructed under the Taglang La,  Lungalacha La (87 km south of Taglang La) and  Bara-lacha la (171 km south of Taglang La) to cater for the traffic from existing NH3 & under-construction Bhanupli–Leh line. Once railway line is completed, the elevation in metres according to the SRTM data will make it the World's Highest Railway Station at 5,256.25 metres (17,245 ft), overtaking Tangulla railway station currently at 5,068 metres (16,627 ft) at in Tibet Autonomous Region of China

The elevation in metres on the local signboard is in agreement with SRTM data, however the claim of being world's second highest motorable pass is no longer accurate after construction of several other higher motorable passes and it was the 12th highest motorable pass in 2015.
Margub Iskhakov
Margub Timergali uli Iskhakov (13 March 1923 – 1992) was a Chinese Tatar military officer who held several important commands in the armies of the Second East Turkestan Republic and the People's Republic of China. He defected to the Soviet Union in the 1962 Yi–Ta incident, amid the Sino-Soviet split. He died in Alma-Ata (Almaty), Kazakhstan, in 1992.

Tatars in China
Tatars (Chinese: 塔塔尔族; pinyin: Tǎtǎ'ěrzú; Tatar: татарлар, romanized: tatarlar) are the smallest of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the Chinese government. They are a Turkic people who mostly live in northwestern Xinjiang. As of 2020, there are 3,544 Tatars in China, concentrated in the cities of Yining (Ghulja), Tacheng (Qoqek), Altay, and Ürümqi, as well as the herding areas of Burqin County and Qitai County. The Daquan Tatar Ethnic Township in Qitai County, which sits on the edge of the Gurbantünggüt Desert, is the only subdivision designated for Tatars.
Clifton Rocks Railway
The Clifton Rocks Railway was an underground funicular in Bristol, England, linking Clifton at the top to Hotwells and Bristol Harbour at the bottom of the Avon Gorge in a tunnel cut through the limestone cliffs.

The upper station is close to Brunel's famous Clifton Suspension Bridge and is located adjacent to the former Grand Spa Hotel (now the Avon Gorge Hotel). The lower station was opposite the paddle steamer landing ferries in Hotwells, Hotwells railway station of the Bristol Port Railway and Pier, a terminus of Bristol Tramways and the Rownham ferry enabling connections across the river Avon.

Bristol Tramways
Bristol Tramways operated in the city of Bristol, England from 1875, when the Bristol Tramways Company was formed by Sir George White, until 1941 when a Luftwaffe bomb destroyed the main power supply cables.
Syrna (island)
Syrna (Greek: Σύρνα; anciently, Syrnos (Ancient Greek: Σύρνος) or Sirna or Agios Ioannis, is a small island about 4 km2 in area to the south-east of Astypalaia in the Dodecanese group of Greek islands, situated to the south-east of the country. It is mostly covered with juniper and garrigue scrub. The few inhabitants raise livestock, catch fish and practice arable agriculture. The island is important for migrant and breeding seabirds and raptors, including Cory's shearwater, yelkouan shearwater and Eleonora's falcon.

Dodecanese
The Dodecanese (UK: /ˌdoʊdɪkəˈniːz/, US: /doʊˌdɛkəˈniːz/; Greek: Δωδεκάνησα, Dodekánisa [ðoðeˈkanisa], lit. 'twelve islands') are a group of 15 larger and 150 smaller Greek islands in the southeastern Aegean Sea and Eastern Mediterranean, off the coast of Anatolia, of which 26 are inhabited. This island group generally defines the eastern limit of the Sea of Crete. They belong to the wider Southern Sporades island group.

Rhodes has been the area's dominant island since antiquity. Of the others, Kos and Patmos are historically the most important; the remaining 12 are Agathonisi, Astypalaia, Halki, Kalymnos, Karpathos, Kasos, Leipsoi, Leros, Nisyros, Symi, Tilos, and Megisti. Other islands in the chain include Alimia, Arkoi, Farmakonisi, Gyali, Kinaros, Levitha, Marathos, Nimos, Pserimos, Saria, Strongyli and Syrna.