hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper
Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper, called the Sunday News after 1924, was an early Sunday newspaper in the United Kingdom, launched in 1842 and ceasing publication in 1931.

On 16 February 1896, Lloyd’s Weekly became the only British newspaper in the nineteenth century to sell more than a million copies. In its heyday, Lloyd's Weekly was so popular that the music hall artiste Mathilda Wood changed her name to Marie Lloyd “because everyone’s heard of Lloyd’s”.

Douglas William Jerrold
Douglas William Jerrold (3 January 1803 – 8 June 1857) was an English dramatist, journalist, and writer, best known for his satirical wit, his socially critical essays, and his association with the early years of Punch magazine. A prominent figure in Victorian literary and theatrical life, he achieved popular success with plays such as Black-Eyed Susan and was noted for his advocacy of social reform through journalism and drama.
Bayard, Iowa
Bayard is a city in Guthrie County, Iowa, United States. The population was 405 in the 2020 census, a decline from 536 in 2000 census. It is part of the Des Moines–West Des Moines Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Guthrie County, Iowa
Guthrie County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 10,623. The county seat is Guthrie Center. The county was formed on January 15, 1851, and named after Captain Edwin B. Guthrie, who died in the Mexican–American War. Guthrie County is one of the six counties that make up the Des Moines metropolitan area.
Eir Sport 1
Eir Sport 1 (formerly Setanta Ireland) was an Irish pay television sports channel featuring local and international sporting events. The channel is available on some basic cable packages in Ireland, while it is available upon direct subscription to the Eir Sport package on other networks across Ireland. Its former sister channel is the subscription based network Eir Sport 2.

In June 2013, Setanta Sports signed a long-term agreement with BT Sport to distribute these channels within the Republic of Ireland.  
In November 2015, Irish telecommunications company Eir acquired Setanta Sports. On 5 July 2016, Setanta Ireland was renamed Eir Sport 1.

On 15 August 2019, eir Sport and Virgin Media Sport contracted a deal to show Virgin Media Sport on eir Vision and eir Sport 1 on Virgin Media Ireland. On 13 August 2020, eir Sport 1 was removed from Virgin Media Ireland, as eir refused to pay the contracted distribution license fee.

Sky Ireland
Sky Ireland Limited is a subsidiary of Comcast-owned Sky UK and supplies television, internet and telephony services in Ireland.

Its corporate headquarters are in Dublin which were opened by Taoiseach Enda Kenny on 18 January 2013.

Sky Ireland employs around 900 staff in Dublin.
Old Yue language
The Old Yue language is an unclassified language or set of languages spoken in the state of Yue during the Eastern Zhou dynasty. It may also refer broadly to the languages spoken by Yue peoples in any of the Yue polities in southern China and northern Vietnam c. 700 BCE – c. 100 BCE.

Knowledge of Yue speech is limited to fragmentary references and possible loanwords in Sinitic languages. The longest attestation is the Song of the Yue Boatman, a short song transcribed phonetically in Chinese characters in 528 BC and included, with a Chinese translation, in the Garden of Stories compiled by Liu Xiang five centuries later. Scholars disagree about which languages the Yue spoke, and draw candidates from the non-Sinitic language families still represented in areas of southern China.

Kra–Dai languages
The Kra–Dai languages (/ˈkrɑː.daɪ/ KRAH-dy), also known as Tai–Kadai (/ˈtaɪ.kəˌdaɪ/ TIE-kə-DYE) and Daic (/ˈdaɪ.ɪk/ DYE-ik), are a language family in mainland Southeast Asia, southern China, and northeastern India. All languages in the family are tonal, including Thai and Lao, the national languages of Thailand and Laos, respectively. Around 93 million people speak Kra–Dai languages; 60% of those speak Thai. Ethnologue lists 95 languages in the family, with 62 of these being in the Tai branch.
Russian conquest of Siberia
The Russian conquest of Siberia took place during 1581–1778, when the Khanate of Sibir became a loose political structure of vassalages that were being undermined by the activities of Russian explorers. Although outnumbered, the Russians pressured the various family-based tribes into changing their loyalties and establishing distant forts from which they conducted raids. It is traditionally considered that Yermak Timofeyevich's campaign against the Siberian Khanate began in 1581. The annexation of Siberia and the Far East to Russia was resisted by local residents and took place against the backdrop of fierce battles between the indigenous peoples of Siberia and the Russian Cossacks, who often committed atrocities against indigenous Siberians. The conquest of the region was a spontaneous event organized by a group of adventurers; it is one of the early European colonial campaigns.

Beryozovo, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Beryozovo (Russian: Берёзово; Khanty: Сўмт вош, Sŭmt-voš; Mansi: Ха̄льӯс, Hāļūs) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Beryozovsky District of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia, located on the Ob River. Population:  7,287 (2010 census); 7,085 (2002 census); 7,573 (1989 Soviet census).
Tirailleur
A tirailleur (French: [tiʁajœʁ]), in the Napoleonic era, was a type of light infantry trained to skirmish ahead of the main columns. Later, the term "tirailleur" was used by the French Army as a designation for indigenous infantry recruited in the French colonial territories during the 19th and 20th centuries, or for metropolitan units serving in a light infantry role.

The French army currently maintains one tirailleur regiment, the 1st Tirailleur Regiment. This regiment was known as the 170th Infantry Regiment between 1964 and 1994. Prior to 1964, it was known as the 7th Algerian Tirailleur Regiment, but changed its name after it moved to France as a result of Algerian independence.

Détachement Français de Palestine et de Syrie
The Détachement Français de Palestine et de Syrie was the name given to French forces in the Middle East from 1917 onwards, within the Egyptian Expeditionary Force. Although they were commanded in the field by Colonel Gilles de Philpin de Piépape, they were overseen by General Maurice Bailloud who was the Inspector-General. The detachment arrived at Rafah on 25 May 1917.
Arkathias
Arkathias was the Orontid king of Sophene in the second half of the 2nd-century BC. His name (Ἀρκαθίας) is of Iranian origin, although its etymology remains uncertain. The Polish historian Michał Marciak suggests that Arkathias was the founder of the royal city of Carcathiocerta. Present scholarship maintain that Arkathias ruled after Mithrobouzanes and before Artanes, however, this is subject to further confirmation.

Mithrobouzanes of Sophene
Mithrobouzanes was the Orontid king of Sophene in the second half of the 2nd-century BC. His name (Μιθροβουζάνης) is the Greek transliteration of the Iranian name *MiΘra-bauǰ-ana-, meaning "Delighting Mithra." The Armenian equivalent to the name would be Me(h)ruzhan (Մեհրուժան). He was the son and successor of Zariadres.
The Five Obstructions
The Five Obstructions is a 2003 Danish documentary film directed by Lars von Trier and Jørgen Leth. The film is conceived as a documentary, but incorporates lengthy sections of experimental films produced by the filmmakers. The premise is that von Trier has created a challenge for his friend and mentor, Jørgen Leth, another renowned filmmaker. Lars von Trier's favorite film is Leth's The Perfect Human, and von Trier gives Leth the task of remaking The Perfect Human five times, each time with a different "obstruction" (or obstacle) imposed by von Trier.

It has been said that "Both this film and Dogville show a more mature von Trier, one who is more aware of and accountable to the full implications of the torture, suffering and victimization he has employed in his films, especially in exploring how easily those who victimize others in the name of righteousness become victims [of] their own self-righteousness."

The Perfect Human
The Perfect Human (Danish: Det perfekte menneske) is a cult short film in black and white by Jørgen Leth lasting 13 minutes about a middle class Danish couple performing everyday rituals.
The film examines human behavior in a suave, pseudo-scientific way. It depicts well-dressed actors, a man and a woman, both labelled 'the perfect human' in a detached manner, 'functioning' in a blank boundless room, as though they were subjects in a zoo. The tone of world-weary detachment is created through a voice-over providing comments on their mundane actions.

The film was later seen in five different versions when Leth was challenged by filmmaker Lars von Trier, which were compiled in The Five Obstructions.
Marton, Harrogate
Marton is a village in the county of North Yorkshire, England. It is situated approximately 15 miles (24 km) north-west of the city of York and 6 miles (9.7 km) north-east of the market town of Knaresborough. The village is joined with Grafton and it forms the civil parish of Marton cum Grafton.

From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the Borough of Harrogate, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.

Grafton, North Yorkshire
Grafton is a village in the county of North Yorkshire, England.  It is situated approximately 15 miles (24 km) north-west of the city of York and 6 miles (9.7 km) north-east of the market town of Knaresborough. The village is joined with Marton and forms the civil parish of Marton cum Grafton.

Grafton was first mentioned in the Domesday Book in 1086.  The toponym is from the Old English grāf and tūn, meaning "farmstead in the wood".

From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the Borough of Harrogate, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.
Lamont (lunar crater)
Lamont is a system of low ridges in the surface of Mare Tranquillitatis that is most likely a submerged impact crater. It was named after Scottish-born German astronomer Johann von Lamont. It is located to the southeast of the crater Arago.

Lamont has the shape of two roughly concentric but incomplete rings with an inner diameter of 60 km and an outer diameter of 120 km. (The official diameter is 75 km.) Radial ridges radiate away from the center of Lamont, except in the east and west quadrants. The ridge system is only a few hundred meters in height, with a width that averages 5 km but is thicker to the southeast. This feature is only readily visible at low angles of illumination, when shadows highlight the terrain features.

This feature is associated with a mass concentration (mascon), a sub-surface region of higher-density material.

Arago (lunar crater)
Arago is a lunar impact crater located in the western part of the Mare Tranquillitatis. It was named after French astronomer François Arago in 1935. Its diameter is 26 km. To the southwest lies the crater Manners, and beyond are Dionysius and the Ritter–Sabine crater pair. To the southeast is the large Lamont formation that has been submerged by the mare.

The rim of Arago has a bulge in the western wall. There is a central ridge that runs towards the northern wall. The surface of the mare nearby is marked by wrinkle ridges, most notably to the east and southeast. To the north is a large lunar dome designated Arago Alpha (α). A similar-sized lunar dome is located an equal distance to the west, designated Arago Beta (β).

Arago is a crater of Eratosthenian age.
Edmonson County, Kentucky
Edmonson County is a county located in the south central portion of the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 12,126. Its county seat and only municipality is Brownsville. The county was formed in 1825 and named for Captain John "Jack" Edmonson (1764–1813), who was killed at the Battle of Frenchtown during the War of 1812. This is a dry county where the sale of alcohol is prohibited. Edmonson County is included in the Bowling Green metropolitan area.

Barren County, Kentucky
Barren County is a county located in the south-central portion of the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 44,485. Its county seat is Glasgow. The county was founded on December 20, 1798, from parts of Warren and Green Counties. It was named for the Barrens, meadowlands that cover the northern third, though actually the soil is fertile. Barren County is part of the Glasgow, KY Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Bowling Green-Glasgow, KY Combined Statistical Area. In 2007 Barren County was named the "Best Place to Live in Rural America" by Progressive Farmer Magazine.
Al-Rahabi
Al-Rahabi (Arabic: الرحبي) or Rahabis is an Arab clan. It is a branch of the Taghlib tribe. Al-Rahabi are cousins with the tribe of Anizzah, Rahba and Khabur and the cities of Abu Kamal and Asharah, and a large section in Iraq in Anbar and Tikrit, and the rest scattered in Gulf Arab states, an estimated 380,000 people. Prince Malik ibn Tauk (791–874 AD) is the founder of the clan.

Malik ibn Tawk
Malik ibn Tawk ibn Malik ibn 'Attab at-Taghlibi (Arabic: مالك بن طوق التغلبي) (died 873) was an Arab Abbasid official during the reigns of caliphs al-Wathiq (r. 842–847) and al-Mutawakkil (r. 847–861). He is best known as the founder of the fortress town of al-Rahba on the western banks of the Euphrates, part of the present-day Syrian town of Mayadin.
Discipline and Punish
Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (French: Surveiller et punir : Naissance de la prison) is a 1975 book by  French philosopher Michel Foucault. It is an analysis of the social and theoretical mechanisms behind the changes that occurred in Western penal systems during the modern age based on historical documents from France. Foucault argues that prison did not become the principal form of punishment just because of the humanitarian concerns of reformists. He traces the cultural shifts that led to the predominance of prison via the body and power. Prison is used by the "disciplines" – new technological powers that can also be found, according to Foucault, in places such as schools, hospitals, and military barracks.

Mettray Penal Colony
Mettray Penal Colony, situated in the small village of Mettray, in the French département of Indre-et-Loire, just north of the city of Tours, was a private reformatory, without walls, opened in 1840 for the rehabilitation of young male delinquents aged between 6 and 21.  At that time, children and adolescents were normally imprisoned together with adults.  Aspects of the progressive way in which the Colony was organized anticipated the English borstal system established at the beginning of the 20th century.
Hulk 2099
Hulk 2099 (John Eisenhart) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Gerard Jones and Dwayne Turner and first appeared in 2099 Unlimited #1. As with many other Marvel 2099 characters, Hulk 2099 was a futuristic re-imagining of the original Hulk.

Timestorm 2009–2099
Timestorm 2009–2099 is a 2009 Marvel Comics limited series. It was written by Brian Reed with pencils by Eric Battle. The series is a crossover between the mainstream Marvel Universe and a universe very similar to, but with notable differences from, the Marvel 2099 universe.
Stomatitis nicotina
Stomatitis nicotina is a diffuse white patch on the hard palate, usually caused by tobacco smoking, usually pipe or cigar smoking. It is painless, and it is caused by a response of the palatal oral mucosa to chronic heat. A more pronounced appearance can occur with reverse smoking, sometimes distinguished from stomatitis nicotina by the term reverse smoker's stomatitis. While stomatitis nicotina that is caused by heat is not a premalignant condition (i.e. it does not carry an increased risk of transformation to oral cancer), the condition that is caused by reverse smoking is premalignant.

Reverse smoking
Reverse smoking is a kind of smoking where the burnt end of a hand rolled tobacco leaf is put in the mouth rather than the unlit end of the cigar. It is practiced in some parts of Andhra Pradesh, India, Lusaka, Zambia and the Philippines. While conventional smoking is more prevalent among men, studies suggest that reverse smoking is a more common among women than men. Reverse smoking is considered to be a risk factor for oral cancer.

Reverse smoking may cause a pre-malignant version of Stomatitis nicotina, also called "smoker's palate", characterized by melanin depigmentation and epithelial thinning.
Foreign Legion Museum
The Foreign Legion Museum (French: Musée de la Légion étrangère) situated in Aubagne, France, represents the history and "arms history" accomplishments (French: faits d'armes) of the Foreign Legion throughout the course of various collections and expositions. The museum welcomes numerous visitors (almost 25,000 per year), as well as scholars and temporary expositions.

1st Foreign Regiment (France)
The 1st Foreign Regiment (French: 1er Régiment étranger, 1er RE) is a depot regiment of the Foreign Legion in the French Army. It is located at Aubagne.

The regiment is also responsible for running special institutions of the Legion. These include the magazine Képi Blanc, the Legion's Athletics Team (ATHLEG), the Legion Military Band, the Legion Museum and numerous other Legion initiatives.
Madockawando
Madockawando (born in Maine c. 1630; died 1698) was a sachem of the Penobscot, an adopted son of Assaminasqua, whom he succeeded. He led the Penobscot on the side of the French against the English during King William's War.

Sachem
A sachem /ˈseɪtʃəm/ or sagamore /ˈsæɡəmɔːr/ is a usually male paramount chief among the Algonquians or other Native American tribes of northeastern North America, including the Iroquois. The two words are anglicizations of cognate terms (c. 1622) from different Eastern Algonquian languages. Some sources indicate the sagamore was a lesser chief elected by a single band, while the sachem was the head or representative elected by a tribe or group of bands; others suggest the two terms were interchangeable. The sachem is an appointed or elected position and not strictly hereditary. However, the choice of sachem is at least partly based on the prominence of the individual's family or kinship ties to the previous sachem.
John II, Count of Gorizia
John II of Gorizia (German: Johann II. von Görz, Slovene: Janž Goriški or Ivan Goriški, Italian: Giovanni di Gorizia c. 1438 – 22 May 1462) was the penultimate 
Count of Gorizia. He ruled the County of Gorizia from 1454 until his death.

Ulrich II, Count of Celje
Ulrich II, or Ulrich of Celje (Slovene: Ulrik Celjski / Urh Celjski; Hungarian: Cillei Ulrik; German: Ulrich II von Cilli; 16 February 1406 – 9 November 1456), was the last Princely Count of Celje. At the time of his death, he was captain general and de facto regent of Hungary, ban (governor) of Slavonia, Croatia and Dalmatia and feudal lord of vast areas in present-day Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Austria, and Slovakia. He was also a claimant to the Bosnian throne. He was killed by agents of the Hunyadi clan under unknown circumstances, which plunged Hungary into civil unrest that was resolved a year later by the sudden death of king Ladislas the Posthumous and the election of Matthias Corvinus, the son of John Hunyadi and Ulrich's son-in-law, as king. Ulrich's possessions in the Holy Roman Empire were inherited by Emperor Frederick III, while his possessions in Hungary were reverted to the crown.
Manuels River
The Manuels River is located in the eastern portion of the town of Conception Bay South, Newfoundland and Labrador. It forms on the high lands of the central Avalon Plateau, traverses approximately 10 kilometres of terrain and empties into the waters of Conception Bay. The river is accessible via walking trails, which start at the Manuels River Hibernia Interpretation Centre located on the Conception Bay Highway.

Conception Bay South
Conception Bay South is a town in the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The town is commonly called CBS.

The town is located on the Avalon Peninsula which forms part of the southern shore of Conception Bay which is in turn part of the island of Newfoundland. It is approximately 20 kilometres (12 miles) southwest of the provincial capital of St. John's. Conception Bay South is the second largest municipality in the province and is part of the St. John's metropolitan area, the 20th largest metropolitan area in Canada. Most of the residents are employed in the nearby cities of St. John's or Mount Pearl.

The town lies on Cambrian bedrock, primarily shale containing limestone concretions and manganese ores.
Olavinlinna
Olavinlinna (Finnish: [ˈolɑʋinˌlinːɑ]; Swedish: Olofsborg), also known as St. Olaf's Castle, is a 15th-century three-tower castle located in Savonlinna, Finland. It is built on an island in the Kyrönsalmi strait that connects the lakes Haukivesi and Pihlajavesi. It is the northernmost medieval stone fortress still standing and also the best preserved of all the medieval castles in the Swedish realm.
The castle forms a spectacular stage for the Savonlinna Opera Festival, which was held for the first time in the summer of 1912.

Russo-Swedish War (1495–1497)
The Russo-Swedish War of 1495–1497, known in Sweden as the Stures' Russian War (Swedish: Sturarnas ryska krig) and in Russia as the First Swedish War (Russian: Первая Шведская война), was a border war between the Grand Principality of Moscow and the Kingdom of Sweden. Although the war was relatively short, and did not lead to any territorial changes, it has significance as the first war between Sweden and Moscow. Sweden earlier fought wars against the Novgorod Republic, before Novgorod was formally annexed to Moscow in 1478 – an event that led to the emergence of a unified Russian state.
Red Wolf (comics)
Red Wolf is a superhero identity used by several fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Those who assume the identity are Native American heroes with mystical powers and a trusted wolf companion named Lobo.

Shooting Star (comics)
Shooting Star is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Bill Mantlo and penciller Sal Buscema, the character first appeared in Incredible Hulk (vol. 2) #265 (November 1981). She is a member of the Rangers, the American Southwest superhero team.
Grange Barn, Coggeshall
Grange Barn is a historic timber-framed building in Coggeshall, Essex, England. Grange Barn was built by the Cistercians in the 13th century to serve Coggeshall Abbey. It underwent significant structural alteration in the 14th century.  It is Grade I listed.

Coggeshall
Coggeshall (/ˈkɒksəl/ or /ˈkɒɡɪʃəl/) is a village and civil parish in the Braintree district of Essex, England. It lies between Braintree and Colchester on the Roman road of Stane Street and the River Blackwater. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 4,660 and the built up area had a population of 3,810.

It has almost 300 listed buildings and a market whose charter was granted in 1256 by King Henry III.