hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shlomo Sand
Shlomo Sand (pronounced Zand; Hebrew: שלמה זנד; born 10 September 1946) is an Israeli post-Zionist historian and socialist. He has served as an emeritus Professor of History at Tel Aviv University since 2014. He is known for his book The Invention of the Jewish People, originally published in Hebrew as Matai ve’eich humtsa ha‘am hayehudi? (מתי ואיך הומצא העם היהודי? When and How Was the Jewish People Invented?) in 2008.

Maki (political party)
The Communist Party of Israel, commonly known by its Hebrew abbreviation Maki (מק״י), is a communist political party in Israel that forms part of the Hadash political alliance. It was founded in 1965 as the New Communist List, or Rakah (רק"ח), by an anti-Zionist faction of the original Maki.
Don Swartzentruber
Don Michael Swartzentruber (swärt-zen-trü-ber) is an American artist who signs with his surname. His painting style has elements of regionalism, neo-pop and surrealism.

His efforts are noteworthy in diverse mediums such as the Pop Mennonite and the Totem Triptychs exhibits, the Silence Is Madness album cover, and carnival caricature portraits. In 2015 he transitioned from narrative painting to sequential storytelling. He is currently writing and illustrating a sizable graphic novel.

Pop Mennonite
Pop-Mennonite was a Mennonite-themed art exhibit created by Don Swartzentruber with the support of the National Endowment for the Arts and Indiana Arts Commission. The collection included oil paintings, drawings, artists’ books, and music. The Mennonites are an anabaptist denomination which dates back to the Reformation and advocates a life of modesty and simplicity.

In this art exhibit Swartzentruber addresses pacifism, missions, courtship, adornment, work ethic, and other issues that are held to be important to this religious group. The artist grew up in a Mennonite home and community in Greenwood, Delaware. He pulled thematic material from his own childhood. He uses Amish Mennonite culture as a theme in his contemporary visual art. An audio project accompanied the exhibits at Bluffton University and Goshen College and included Mennonite music.
Ouvéa
Ouvéa or Uvea (West Uvean: [uˈve.a], Iaai: Iaai, Eaje) is a commune in the Loyalty Islands Province of New Caledonia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The settlement of Fayaoué [faˈjawe], on Ouvéa Island, is the administrative centre of the commune.

Loyalty Islands Province
Loyalty Islands Province (French: Province des îles Loyauté, pronounced [pʁɔvɛ̃s dez‿il lwajote]) is one of the three top-level administrative subdivisions of New Caledonia. It encompasses the Loyalty Islands (French: Îles Loyauté) archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, located northeast of the New Caledonian mainland of Grande Terre.

The provincial government seat is at Lifou. The Loyalty Islands are a collectivité territoriale of France. The province's 2019 population was approximately 18,353 inhabitants living on almost 2,000 km2 (770 sq mi). The native inhabitants are Melanesians who speak various Kanak languages and Polynesians who speak the Fagauvea language.
2019–20 CSA Women's Provincial T20 Competition
The 2019–20 CSA Women's Provincial T20 Competition was the 8th edition of South Africa's provincial Twenty20 cricket tournament. It ran from October 2019 to March 2020, with 16 provincial teams taking part. The tournament was curtailed by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, with Western Province winning their sixth T20 title based on an adjusted points system.

CSA Women's T20 Challenge
The CSA Women's T20 Challenge, previously known as the CSA Women's Provincial T20 Competition, is a women's domestic Twenty20 cricket competition organised by Cricket South Africa. The tournament began in the 2012–13 season, and currently sees sixteen teams competing.

Western Province are the most successful side in the history of the competition, with seven title wins. Central Gauteng are the current holders, winning the 2022–23 tournament.
Pedro Messía de la Cerda, 5th Marquis of Vega de Armijo
Pedro Messía de la Cerda, 5th Marquis of Vega de Armijo (February 16, 1700 in Córdoba, Spain – April 15, 1783 in Madrid) was a Spanish naval officer and colonial official. From 1761 to 1773 he was viceroy of New Granada (present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Panama and Ecuador).

Wayuu people
The Wayuu (also Wayu, Wayú, Guajiro, Wahiro) are an ethnic group Indigenous to the Guajira Peninsula in northern Colombia and northwest Venezuela. The Wayuu language is part of the Arawakan  language family. Throughout their history, they have resisted the Spanish, rural land owners, and the Catholic Church.  Wayuu tradition remains, and their artisan industry is one of the biggest handicraft exports in present-day Colombia.
Flussio
Flussio (Sardinian: Frussìo) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 130 kilometres (81 mi) northwest of Cagliari and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of Oristano. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 492 and an area of 6.9 square kilometres (2.7 sq mi).

Flussio borders the following municipalities: Magomadas, Modolo, Sagama, Scano di Montiferro, Sennariolo, Suni, Tinnura, Tresnuraghes.

Scano di Montiferro
Scano di Montiferro (Sardinian: Iscanu) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 120 kilometres (75 mi) northwest of Cagliari and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Oristano.

Scano di Montiferro borders the following municipalities: Borore, Cuglieri, Flussio, Macomer, Sagama, Santu Lussurgiu, Sennariolo, Sindia.
Nuno Bettencourt
Nuno Duarte Gil Mendes Bettencourt (born September 20, 1966) is a Portuguese-American guitarist. He became known as the lead guitarist of the Boston rock band Extreme. Bettencourt has recorded a solo album and has founded rock bands including Mourning Widows, DramaGods, and Satellite Party.

Rolling Stone ranked him no. 197 of the 250 greatest guitarists of all time in 2023.

Extreme II: Pornograffitti
Extreme II: Pornograffitti (also known as simply Pornograffitti) is the second studio album by the heavy metal band Extreme, released on August 7, 1990, through A&M Records. The album title is a portmanteau of pornography and graffiti.

Extreme II sold very well, peaking at No. 10 on the Billboard 200, and was certified double platinum in the U.S. by the RIAA. It is the band's best selling album. Two singles from Pornograffitti, "More Than Words" and "Hole Hearted", reached No. 1 and 4 respectively on the Billboard Hot 100. Two other tracks, "Decadence Dance" and "Get the Funk Out", became popular on MTV's Headbangers Ball.
Mangyshlak Peninsula
Mangyshlak or Mangghyshlaq Peninsula (Kazakh: Маңғыстау түбегі, romanized: Mañğystau tübegı; Russian: Полуостров  Мангышла́к, romanized: Poluostrov Mangyshlák) is a large peninsula located in western Kazakhstan. It borders on the Caspian Sea in the west and with the Buzachi Peninsula, a marshy sub-feature of the main peninsula, in the northeast. The Tyuleniy Archipelago lies off the northern shores of the peninsula.

The area is between desert and semidesert with a harsh continental dry climate. There are no rivers and no fresh water springs. Geologically, the Mangyshlak Peninsula is part of the Ustyurt Plateau. To the north, three mountain ranges stretch across the peninsula, the North and South Aktau Range and the Mangystau Range, with the highest point reaching 555 m. Administratively, the peninsula is in Kazakhstan's Mangystau Province. The largest city, and the capital of the province, is Aktau (formerly Shevchenko).

Buzachi Peninsula
The Buzachi Peninsula (Kazakh: Бозащы түбегі, Bozaşy tübegı; Russian: Полуостров Бузачи) is a peninsula located in western Kazakhstan. It borders on the Mangyshlak Bay of the Caspian Sea in the west and with the Mangyshlak Peninsula in the southwest. The Dead Kultuk lies to the northeast and the narrow Kaydak Inlet forms its eastern limit. Durneva Island lies to the north and the Tyuleniy Archipelago lies off the western shores of the peninsula.

Administratively the Buzachi Peninsula is part of Kazakhstan's Mangystau Province. Currently it is a new oil exploration area.

This peninsula is a vast low-lying depression with salt marshes and salt lakes. Parts of it lie between 20 and 30 m below sea level, lower than the Caspian. The area provides an important habitat for thousands of Goitered Gazelles.
Growing Up Female (film)
Growing Up Female is a 1971 American documentary film directed by Julia Reichert and Jim Klein. The film focuses on the socialization of American women and the effects of stereotypes placed by media, advertising, and personal relationships while following the lives of five young women and girls. Those interviewed include: Janelle (a 12-year-old girl), Terry (a 16-year-old attending a vocational school and studying cosmetology), Tammy (a working 21-year-old), Jessica Jones (a working 21-year-old mother with one daughter) and a Mrs. Russell (a married, working mother of three daughters).

The film has been described as one of the first films to emerge from the Women's liberation movement. In 2011, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

National Film Registry
The National Film Registry (NFR) is the United States National Film Preservation Board's (NFPB) collection of films selected for preservation, each for its cultural, historical and aesthetic contributions since the NFPB's inception in 1988.
Astrid Berwald
Astrid Maria Beatrice Berwald (8 September 1886, Stockholm — 16 January 1982, Shanxi, China) was a Swedish pianist and piano teacher. While she performed in concerts from time to time, she is remembered first and foremost as a teacher at Richard Andersson's music school, which she headed from 1935. She also devoted considerable efforts to promoting knowledge of the music composed by her grandfather Franz Berwald.

Franz Berwald
Franz  Adolf Berwald (23 July 1796 – 3 April 1868) was a Swedish Romantic composer and violinist. He made his living as an orthopedist and later as the manager of a saw mill and glass factory, and became more appreciated as a composer after his death than he had been in his lifetime. Prominent in his oeuvre are several operas, much chamber music and four symphonies.
Now You See Me (franchise)
Now You See Me is a media franchise centering on a series of heist thriller films created by Boaz Yakin and Edward Ricourt. The overall plot centers on a team of illusionists named The Four Horsemen, who use their stage productions as a means of completing unfeasible and lucrative heists. The films feature an ensemble cast including Jesse Eisenberg, Mark Ruffalo, Woody Harrelson, Isla Fisher, Dave Franco, Michael Caine, Lizzy Caplan, and Morgan Freeman.

Though the series as a whole has received mixed critical reception, they have been met with a more welcome response from audiences, and have been a financial success at the box office. The first two films combined have grossed nearly $700 million worldwide. A third film was released in 2025, with a fourth film currently in development.

Lionsgate Films
Lionsgate Films, previously spelled as Lions Gate and formerly known as Cinépix Film Properties, is a Canadian-American film production and distribution company founded in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, on June 15, 1962. Headquartered in Santa Monica, California, it is owned by Lionsgate Studios since May 14, 2024.

Lionsgate is the second-largest and most successful mini-major film studio in North America. The studio focuses on foreign and independent films and has distributed various commercially successful film franchises, including Saw, The Hunger Games, Rambo, Divergent, The Punisher, John Wick, Madea, Blair Witch, Now You See Me, Hostel, The Expendables, Sinister, The Twilight Saga, Step Up, and Den of Thieves.
Elegant Yokai Apartment Life
Elegant Yokai Apartment Life (妖怪アパートの幽雅な日常, Yōkai Apāto no Yūga na Nichijō) is a Japanese light novel series by Hinowa Kōzuki. Kōzuki first released the light novel in 2003, and concluded it in 2009 within 10 volumes (and a later side-story collection in 2013). An anime television series adaptation by Shin-Ei Animation aired from July to December 2017.

Shin-Ei Animation
Shin-Ei Animation Co., Ltd. (Japanese: シンエイ動画株式会社, Hepburn: Shīn'eī Dōga Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese animation studio owned by TV Asahi and founded in Tokyo in 1965 as A Production by Daikichirō Kusube, who was previously an animator for Toei Animation.
Heyuan
Heyuan (Chinese: 河源; Jyutping: ho4 jyun4, Hakka: Fò-Ngiàn) is a prefecture-level city of Guangdong province in the People's Republic of China. As of the 2020 census, its population was 2,837,686 whom 1,051,993 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of Yuancheng urban District and Dongyuan County largely being urbanized. Zijin County itself is quickly being conurbated in the agglomeration. The majority of the people are Hakka.
The city includes many rainforests and the largest lake in Guangdong: Xinfengjiang Reservoir. The literal meaning of the city's name is "origin of the river". It has recently been officially titled as the "Hometown of the Dinosaur in China", due to the thousands of dinosaur egg fossils that have been unearthed in its vicinity.

Dong River (China)
The Dong River is the easternmost main tributary of the Pearl River, flowing through Guangdong and Jiangxi in southern China. Its source is Mount Yajibo in Xunwu County in Jiangxi. Since 1960, water from the Dong has also been exported to Hong Kong.
Khara-Khoto
Khara-Khoto, also known as Heicheng, is an abandoned city near the Juyan Lake in the sum of Bayan Toroi, about 25 km south of the seat of Ejin Banner in Alxa League at the western end of Inner Mongolia, China. Built in 1032, the city thrived under the rule of the Tangut-led Western Xia dynasty. It has been identified as the city of Etzina, which appears in The Travels of Marco Polo, and hence today's Ejin Banner is named after this city.

Pyotr Kozlov
Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov (Russian: Пётр Кузьми́ч Козло́в; 3 October 1863 in Dukhovshchina – 26 September 1935 in Peterhof) was a Russian and Soviet traveller and explorer who continued the studies of Nikolai Przhevalsky in Mongolia and Tibet.
Reichenau-Tamins–Disentis/Mustér railway
The Reichenau-Tamins–Disentis/Mustér railway (also called the Oberländerlinie—highland line) is a Swiss metre-gauge railway, which is operated by the Rhaetian Railway (Rhätischen Bahn; RhB). It connects the stations of Reichenau-Tamins and Disentis/Mustér.

Vorderrhein
The Vorderrhein (German: [ˈfɔʁdɐˌʁaɪn] ⓘ; Sursilvan: Rein Anteriurⓘ; Sutsilvan: Ragn Anteriur; Rumantsch Grischun, Vallader, and Puter: Rain Anteriur; Surmiran: Ragn anteriour), or Anterior Rhine, is the left of the two initial tributaries of the Rhine (the other being the Hinterrhein). It is longer than the Hinterrhein, but has a lower discharge than the latter at their confluence, which marks the beginning of the Alpine Rhine section.

The Vorderrhein and nearly all of its tributaries are located in the Swiss canton of Grisons (Graubünden), with the largest communities along the river being Disentis and Ilanz. One of its upper tributaries, the Rein da Medel, rises in the canton of Ticino.

Vorderrhein was also the name of a judicial district that was created in 1851 with the reorganization of the judiciary of Graubünden. In 2001, it was annexed by the District Surselva.
Collalto Sabino
Collalto Sabino (Sabino: Collartu) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Rieti in the Italian region of Latium, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of Rome and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of Rieti. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

Collalto Sabino borders the following municipalities: Carsoli, Collegiove, Marcetelli, Nespolo, Pescorocchiano, Turania. It is located near the Lake Turano. It is home to a baronial Castle, which was owned by the Savelli, Strozzi, Soderini and, from 1641, by the Barberini families. The town is surrounded by a 15th-century line of walls.

Among the sites to the town are Palazzo Latini and the small church of Madonna della Speranza.

Marcetelli
Marcetelli (Sabino: Marcitelli) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Rieti in the Italian region of Latium, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Rome and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) southeast of Rieti.

Marcetelli borders the following municipalities: Ascrea, Collalto Sabino, Collegiove, Paganico Sabino, Pescorocchiano, Varco Sabino.

By number of inhabitants, it is the smallest municipality in Lazio and among the smallest in Italy.
2021 Singapore Tennis Open
The 2021 Singapore Tennis Open is a tournament on the 2021 ATP Tour. It is played on indoor hard courts in Singapore. It is organised with a single-year licence in 2021, and was held at OCBC Arena in Singapore from February 22 to February 28, 2021.

2021 ATP Tour
The 2021 ATP Tour was the global elite men's professional tennis circuit organised by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2021 tennis season. The 2021 ATP Tour calendar comprised the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP Finals, the ATP Masters 1000, the ATP Cup, the ATP 500 series and the ATP 250 series. Also included in the 2021 calendar were the Davis Cup (organised by the ITF), the Summer Olympics in Tokyo (rescheduled from 2020), Next Gen ATP Finals, Laver Cup (postponed from 2020), none of which distributed ranking points. During this year also, several tournaments were cancelled or postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic on both the ATP and WTA tours, thus making the season still pandemic-affected.
Erb Range
The Erb Range (84°38′00″S 177°36′00″W﻿ / ﻿84.63333°S 177.60000°W﻿ / -84.63333; -177.60000) is a rugged mountain range rising to 2,240 metres (7,350 ft) between Kosco Glacier and Shackleton Glacier in the Queen Maud Mountains, and extending north from Anderson Heights to Mount Speed on the west side of the Ross Ice Shelf.

Queen Maud Mountains
The Queen Maud Mountains (86°00′S 160°00′W﻿ / ﻿86.000°S 160.000°W﻿ / -86.000; -160.000) are a major group of mountains, ranges and subordinate features of the Transantarctic Mountains, lying between the Beardmore and Reedy Glaciers and including the area from the head of the Ross Ice Shelf to the Antarctic Plateau in Antarctica. Captain Roald Amundsen and his South Pole party ascended Axel Heiberg Glacier near the central part of this group in November 1911, naming these mountains for the Norwegian queen Maud of Wales.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japanese: 外務省, Hepburn: Gaimu-shō) is an executive department of the Government of Japan, and is responsible for the country's foreign policy and international relations.

The ministry was established by the second term of the third article of the National Government Organization Act, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Establishment Act. According to the law, the mission of the ministry is "to aim at improvement of the profits of Japan and Japanese nationals, while contributing to maintenance of peaceful and safe international society, and, through an active and eager measure, both to implement good international environment and to keep and develop harmonic foreign relationships".

Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)
The minister for foreign affairs (外務大臣, Gaimu Daijin) is a member of the cabinet of Japan and is the leader and chief executive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The minister is responsible for implementing Japan's foreign policy and is also a statutory member of the National Security Council. The minister is nominated by the prime minister and is appointed by the emperor of Japan.

Since the end of the allied occupation of Japan, the position has been one of the most powerful in the cabinet, as Japan's economic interests have long relied on foreign relations. The recent efforts of former prime minister Junichiro Koizumi and Shinzo Abe to establish a more interventionist foreign policy have also heightened the importance of the position.

The current minister for foreign affairs is Toshimitsu Motegi, who took office on October 21, 2025.
Contrast-to-noise ratio
Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) is a measure used to determine image quality.  CNR is similar to the metric signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), but subtracts a term before taking the ratio. This is important when there is a significant bias in an image, such as from haze.  As can be seen in the picture at right, the intensity is rather high even though the features of the image are washed out by the haze.  Thus this image may have a high SNR metric, but will have a low CNR metric.

One way to define contrast-to-noise ratio is:

where SA and SB are signal intensities for signal producing structures A and B in the region of interest and σo is the standard deviation of the pure image noise.

Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is used in imaging to characterize image quality.  The sensitivity of a (digital or film) imaging system is typically described in the terms of the signal level that yields a threshold level of SNR.

Industry standards define sensitivity in terms of the ISO film speed equivalent, using SNR thresholds (at average scene luminance) of 40:1 for "excellent" image quality and 10:1 for "acceptable" image quality.

SNR is sometimes quantified in decibels (dB) of signal power relative to noise power, though in the imaging field the concept of "power" is sometimes taken to be the power of a voltage signal proportional to optical power; so a 20 dB SNR may mean either 10:1 or 100:1 optical power, depending on which definition is in use.
Panono
Panono is a 360° X 360° full-spherical, 108 megapixel Panoramic ball camera created by Berlin-based company Professional360 GmbH, previously knowns as Panono GmbH.

The Panono ball camera can be thrown into the air, and at its highest point the 36 cameras in the ball will shoot their respective portions of an airborne panoramic photo stitched together during later processing. Panono was able to collect 1,25 Million US$ through crowdfunding at indiegogo and over 1,6 Million € through crowdinvesting at companisto.

Panono raised approximately 1.25 million USD on Indiegogo and over 1.6 million EUR through crowd-investing on Companisto.

Ball camera
A ball camera or camera ball is a spherical camera. One variant is designed to be thrown into the air to capture panoramic images from a height or in hazardous environments. Several models of "throwable ball cameras" have been developed in the 2010s. In 2017, a floating version intended for use in zero-gravity environments was introduced aboard the International Space Station; this model was dubbed the Int-Ball (or JEM Internal Ball Camera).
Federcasse
The Federazione Italiana delle Banche di Credito Cooperativo - Casse Rurali ed Artigiane (lit. 'Italian federation of cooperative credit banks - rural and artisanal cooperative banks'), abbreviated as Federcasse, is the nationwide umbrella organization of cooperative banks in Italy, based in Rome. Its oldest direct predecessor was the Federazione Italiana delle Casse Rurali Cattoliche (lit. 'Italian federation of Catholic rural cooperative banks'), established in 1909.

BCC Iccrea Group
The BCC Iccrea Group Italian: Gruppo BCC Iccrea) is Italy's main cooperative banking group, bringing together most of the country's cooperative credit banks or Banche di Credito Cooperativo (BCC). It is centered on a national institution, Iccrea Banca, formerly known as Istituto Centrale delle Casse Rurali ed Artigiane (lit. 'central institution of the rural and artisanal cooperative banks').

As of early 2024, the group included 115 member BCCs and was Italy's fourth-largest banking group with €175 billion of consolidated assets at end-2023.