hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Pile (dataset)
The Pile is an 886 GB diverse, open-source dataset of English text created as a training dataset for large language models (LLMs). It was constructed by EleutherAI in 2020 and publicly released on December 31 of that year. It is composed of 22 component sub-datasets. The Pile and Common Crawl had been, as of 2024, the two main training datasets being used to train AI models.

Copyright disputes centering around use of The Pile escalated in 2023, prompting Eleuther to start removing some datasets. Eleuther partnered with various organizations to release Common Pile v0.1 in 2025 in order to have a large curated training dataset without the copyright issues.

Common Crawl Foundation
Common Crawl is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization that crawls the web and freely provides its archives and datasets to the public.

Common Crawl was founded by Gil Elbaz. It is funded by the Elbaz Family Foundation Trust and significant donations from the AI industry.

Contents archived by Common Crawl are mirrored and made available online in the Wayback Machine. They are used by researchers, as well as AI companies to train large language models.

In November 2025, an investigation by The Atlantic revealed that Common Crawl lied when it claimed it respected paywalls in its scraping and requests from publishers to have their content removed from its databases.

Common Crawl subsequently published a reply.
Tehachapi, California
Tehachapi (/təˈhætʃəpi/ ⓘ; Kawaiisu: Tihachipia, meaning "hard climb") is a city in Kern County, California, United States, in the Tehachapi Mountains, at an elevation of 3,970 feet (1,210 m), between the San Joaquin Valley and the Mojave Desert. Tehachapi is 35 miles (56 km) east-southeast of Bakersfield, and 20 miles (32 km) west of Mojave. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10 square miles (26 km2). As of the 2020 census, Tehachapi had a population of 12,939. The Tehachapi area is known for the nearby Tehachapi Loop (a popular railfan site), the Pacific Crest Trail and for the favorable weather conditions for the aerial sport of gliding.

Tehachapi Mountains
The Tehachapi Mountains (/təˈhætʃəpi/) are a mountain range in the Transverse Ranges system of California in the Western United States. The range extends for approximately 40 miles (64 km) in southern Kern County and northwestern Los Angeles County and form part of the boundary between the San Joaquin Valley and the Mojave Desert.
Avenida 28 de Julio
28 de Julio Avenue (Spanish: Avenida 28 de Julio) is one of the main avenues in the city of Lima, Peru. It extends from west to east in the districts of Jesús María, Lima and La Victoria along 31 blocks.

The avenue's length allows it to pass through several landmarks, some present to the date and some gone, such as the lagoon next to the monument to Jorge Chávez, the latter built in 1937.

A bypass was built in 2016 which replaced the Proyecto Río Verde, a plan to redesign the area of the city surrounding Rímac river, which was met with controversy.

Lima District
Lima (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈli.ma]) is a district of Lima, Peru. It is the oldest district of the province and as such, vestiges of the city's Spanish period remain today in its historic centre, part of which was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988 and contains the foundational area once surrounded by the city's walls.
Redfern, New South Wales
Redfern is an inner southern suburb of Sydney located 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south of the Sydney central business district and is part of the local government area of the City of Sydney. Strawberry Hills is a locality on the border with Surry Hills. The area experienced the process of gentrification and is subject to extensive redevelopment plans by the state government, to increase the population and reduce the concentration of poverty in the suburb and neighbouring Waterloo (see Redfern-Eveleigh-Darlington).

Municipality of Redfern
The Municipality of Redfern was a local government area of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The small municipality was proclaimed in 1859 as one of the first municipalities proclaimed under the new provisions of the Municipalities Act, 1858, and was centred on the suburbs of Redfern, Eveleigh, Darlington and Surry Hills. The council was amalgamated, along with most of its neighbours, with the City of Sydney to the north with the passing of the Local Government (Areas) Act 1948. From 1968 to 1982 and from 1989 to 2004, the area was part of the South Sydney councils.
Demidovsky District
Demidovsky District  (Russian: Деми́довский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-five in Smolensk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast and borders with Zharkovsky District of Tver Oblast in the north, Velizhsky District in the northwest, Rudnyansky District in the southwest, Smolensky District in the south, and with Dukhovshchinsky District in the east. The area of the district is 2,514.02 square kilometers (970.67 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Demidov. Population: 14,039 (2010 Census);  18,167 (2002 census); 24,237 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Demidov accounts for 52.2% of the district's total population.

Smolensky District, Smolensk Oblast
Smolensky District (Russian: Смоле́нский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-five in Smolensk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the west of the oblast and borders with Demidovsky District in the north, Dukhovshchinsky District in the northeast, Kardymovsky District in the east, Pochinkovsky District in the south, Monastyrshchinsky District in the southwest, Krasninsky District in the west, and with Rudnyansky District in the northwest. The area of the district is 2,494.98 square kilometers (963.32 sq mi). Its administrative center is the city of Smolensk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 44,964 (2010 Census);  47,281 (2002 Census); 50,620 (1989 Soviet census).
A381 road
The A381 road is a non-trunk 'A'-class road in Devon, England which serves as an important link between the towns of Teignmouth, Kingsteignton, Newton Abbot, Totnes and Salcombe and many villages in between, with the busiest section (in Newton Abbot) having 6 lanes and carrying an average of over 40,000 vehicles per day. The route overlaps with other A-roads for several sections of its length. It is a faster route from Teignmouth to Salcombe than the A379 which meets it at both ends. It is under the control of Devon County Council as highway authority.

Teignmouth
Teignmouth (/ˈtɪnməθ/ TIN-məth) is a seaside town, fishing port and civil parish in the English county of Devon. It lies on the north bank of the estuary mouth of the River Teign, about 12 miles (19 km) south of Exeter. The town had a population of 14,932 at the 2021 census.

From the 1800s onwards, the town grew rapidly in size from a fishing port associated with the Newfoundland cod industry to a fashionable resort of some note in Georgian times; there was further expansion after the opening of the South Devon Railway in 1846. Today, its port still operates and the town remains a popular seaside and day-trip holiday location.
NANA Regional Corporation
NANA Regional Corporation, Inc. (NANA) is one of thirteen Alaska Native Regional Corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 (ANCSA) in settlement of Alaska Native land claims.  NANA was incorporated in Alaska on June 7, 1972. NANA is a for-profit corporation with a land base in the Kotzebue area in northwest Alaska. Its corporate office is in Kotzebue, Alaska. NANA's Alaska Native shareholders are of Inupiat descent.

The Northwest Arctic Native Association (now the Maniilaq Association) was NANA's predecessor, and played a key role in the effort to resolve Alaska Native land claims that led to passage of ANCSA. However, NANA is not an acronym today.

According to the 2021 Arctic Environmental Responsibility Index (AERI), NANA Regional Corporation is ranked no. 20 among 120 oil, gas, and mining companies involved in resource extraction north of the Arctic Circle.

Maniilaq Association
The Maniilaq Association is a tribally-operated health and social services organization serving the Northwest Arctic Borough and the North Slope community of Point Hope. Maniilaq has over 500 employees and is the largest employer in the region.
Volokolamskaya (Moscow Metro)
Volokolamskaya (Russian: Волоколамскаяpronunciationⓘ) is a Moscow Metro station in Mitino District, North-Western Administrative Okrug, Moscow. It is on the Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line, between Mitino and Myakinino stations. Volokolamskaya opened on 26 December 2009.

Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line
The Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line (Russian: Арба́тско-Покро́вская ли́ния, IPA: [ɐrˈbatskə pɐˈkrofskəjə ˈlʲinʲɪjə]pronunciationⓘ) (Line 3; Blue Line) is one of the lines of the Moscow Metro system in Moscow, Russia. Chronologically the second to open, it connects the Mitino District and the town of Krasnogorsk to the northwest of Moscow with the eastern suburbs of the Russian capital passing through the city centre.  There are 22 stations on the line, which is 45.1 kilometres (28.0 mi) long.
Santa Clara, Lisbon
Santa Clara (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈsɐ̃tɐ ˈklaɾɐ]) is a freguesia (civil parish) and typical quarter of Lisbon, the capital city of Portugal. Located in northern Lisbon, Santa Clara is north of Lumiar, west of Olivais, and directly south of Lisbon's border with Odivelas and Loures. The population in 2021 was 23,645.

Charneca, Lisbon
Charneca or Charneca do Lumiar (English: Lumiar heathland), was a Portuguese parish (freguesia) in the municipality of Lisbon. It was created in 1585. Between 1852 and 1886 this parish was part of the former municipality of Olivais. With the 2012 Administrative Reform, the parish merged with the Ameixoeira parish into a new one named Santa Clara.
Shivaranjani
Shivaranjani or Sivaranjani is a musical scale used in Indian classical music. There are two scales, one in Hindustani music and one in Carnatic music. The Hindustani rāga is a pentatonic scale, as is the Carnatic scale categorized as Audava-Audava (audava meaning 'of 5') resulting in 5 notes in the Arohanam and 5 in the Avarohanam.

Mohanam
Mohanam is a raga in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is an audava rāga (or owdava rāga, meaning pentatonic scale). It is usually described as a janya rāga of Harikamboji (28th Melakartha Raga). However, alternate opinions suggest that Mechakalyani or even Shankarabharanam may be a more appropriate classification based on the lakshana of the raga.

The equivalent of Mohanam in Hindustani music is Bhoop (or Bhopali).

It is one of the most common pentatonic scales across the world and is very popular in East Asian and Southeast Asian music, including China and Japan.
Drawn thread work
Drawn thread work is one of the earliest forms of open work embroidery, and has been worked throughout Europe. Originally it was often used for ecclesiastical items and to ornament shrouds. It is a form of counted-thread embroidery based on removing threads from the warp and/or the weft of a piece of even-weave fabric. 
The remaining threads are grouped or bundled together into a variety of patterns. The more elaborate styles of drawn thread work use a variety of other stitches and techniques, but the drawn thread parts are their most distinctive element. It is also grouped with whitework embroidery because it was traditionally done in white thread on white fabric and is often combined with other whitework techniques.

Counted-thread embroidery
Counted-thread embroidery is any embroidery in which the number of warp and weft yarns in a fabric are methodically counted for each stitch, resulting in uniform-length stitches and a precise, uniform embroidery pattern. Even-weave fabric is typically used, producing a symmetrical image, as both warp and weft yarns are evenly spaced.

The opposite of counted-thread embroidery is free embroidery.
Malinska
Malinska (German: Durischal) is a settlement (naselje) in the northwestern part of the island Krk in Croatia and an important tourist town. It lies on the coast of the Adriatic Sea, in the picturesque bay facing Opatija and Rijeka.

Krk
Krk (pronounced [kr̩̂k]; Italian: Veglia; Istro Romanian: Krk; Vegliot Dalmatian: Vikla; archaic German: Vegl, Latin: Curicta; Ancient Greek: Κύρικον, romanized: Kyrikon) is a Croatian island in the northern Adriatic Sea, located near Rijeka in the Bay of Kvarner and part of Primorje-Gorski Kotar county. Krk is tied with Cres as the largest Adriatic island, depending on the methodology used to measure the coastline. Krk is the most populous island in the Adriatic, with multiple towns and villages that contain a total of 19,916 (2021) inhabitants.
Nepean River
The Nepean River (Darug: Yandhai), is a major perennial river, located in the south-west and west of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The Nepean River, and, continuing by its downstream name, the Hawkesbury River, almost encircles the metropolitan region of Sydney.

The headwaters of the Nepean River rise near Robertson, about 100 kilometres (62 mi) south of Sydney and about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the Tasman Sea. The river flows north in an unpopulated water catchment area into Nepean Reservoir, which supplies potable water for Sydney. North of the dam, the river forms the western edge of Sydney, flowing past the town of Camden and the city of Penrith, south of which flowing through the Nepean Gorge. Near Wallacia it is joined by the dammed Warragamba River; and north of Penrith, near Yarramundi, at its confluence with the Grose River, the Nepean becomes the Hawkesbury River.

Emu Plains
Emu Plains is a suburb of Sydney in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is 58 kilometres (36 mi) west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Penrith and is part of the Greater Western Sydney region.

Emu Plains is on the western side of the Nepean River, located at the foot of the Blue Mountains.
Diocese of Saint-Denis
The Diocese of Saint-Denis in Île-de-France (Latin: Dioecesis Sancti Dionysii in Francia; French: Diocèse de Saint-Denis-en-France) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in France.

Erected in 1966 by Pope Paul VI, the diocese was split off from the Archdiocese of Paris and the Diocese of Versailles.  Its territory comprises the department of Seine-Saint-Denis. The diocese is a suffragan of the  Archdiocese of Paris.

As of 2020, the Archdiocese was preparing to twin with the  Archdiocese of Owando in the Republic of Congo. This came after a visit from Mgr Pascal Delannoy to the Archdiocese of Owando in July 2020.

Archdiocese of Paris
The Archdiocese of Paris (Latin: Archidioecesis Parisiensis; French: Archidiocèse de Paris) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in France. It is one of twenty-three archdioceses in France. The original diocese is traditionally thought to have been created in the 3rd century by St. Denis and corresponded with the Civitas Parisiorum; it was elevated to an archdiocese on October 20, 1622. Before that date the bishops were suffragan to the archbishops of Sens.
Brian Sewell
Brian Alfred Christopher Bushell Sewell (/ˈsjuːəl, sjuːl/; 15 July 1931 – 19 September 2015) was an English art critic. He wrote for the Evening Standard and had an acerbic view of conceptual art and the Turner Prize. The Guardian described him as "Britain's most famous and controversial art critic", while the Standard called him the "nation’s best art critic".

Santiago de Compostela
Santiago de Compostela, alternatively abbreviated to Santiago or Compostela, is the capital of the autonomous community of Galicia, Spain. It is located in the province of A Coruña, in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. The city has its origin in the shrine of Saint James the Great, now the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, as the destination of the Way of St. James, a leading Catholic pilgrimage route since the 9th century. In 1985, the city's Old Town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Santiago de Compostela has a very mild climate for its latitude with heavy winter rainfall courtesy of its relative proximity to the prevailing winds from Atlantic low-pressure systems.
Mister Pilipinas Worldwide first edition
The inaugural Mister Pilipinas Worldwide was held on May 6, 2023 at the Cove Manila pool club of Okada Manila in Parañaque.

Johannes Rissler from Davao del Norte was crowned as the country’s representative to Mister Supranational 2023. A second pageant in October was held to select the country's representatives for the next year's international pageants.

Mister Pilipinas Worldwide
Mister Pilipinas Worldwide (commonly abbreviated as MPW) is a male beauty pageant and organization that selects the Philippines' official representatives to major international pageants such as Mister Supranational, Mister International, Mister Global, and Manhunt International, and other international competitions such as Mister Eco International, Mister Cosmopolitan, and Man of the Year.
Reboot
In computing, rebooting is the process by which a running computer system is restarted, either intentionally or unintentionally. Reboots can be either  a cold reboot (alternatively known as a hard reboot) in which the power to the system is physically turned off and back on again (causing an initial boot of the machine); or a warm reboot (or soft reboot) in which the system restarts while still powered up. The term restart (as a system command) is used to refer to a reboot when the operating system closes all programs and finalizes all pending input and output operations before initiating a soft reboot.

Power cycling
Power cycling is the act of turning a piece of equipment, usually a computer, off and then on again. Reasons for power cycling include having an electronic device reinitialize its set of configuration parameters or recover from an unresponsive state of its mission critical functionality, such as in a crash or hang situation. Power cycling can also be used to reset network activity inside a modem. It can also be among the first steps for troubleshooting an issue.
Osaka Korean High School
Osaka Korean High School (Japanese: 大阪朝鮮高級学校, Hepburn: Osaka Chōsen Kōkyū Gakkō; Korean: 오사까조선고급학교) is senior high school in Higashiōsaka, Japan. It is a Chōsen gakkō: a North Korea-aligned school for Koreans in Japan. The government of Osaka Prefecture classifies the school as a "miscellaneous school".

In July 2017, Judge Takahiro Nishida of the Osaka District Court ordered the government to include the School in its tuition waver program, determining that previous exclusions of the School were unlawful.

Higashiōsaka
Higashiōsaka (東大阪市, Higashiōsaka-shi; literally "East Osaka City") is a city located in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 July 2023, the city had an estimated population of 486,464 in 233,124 households and a population density of 7,874 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 61.78 square kilometres (23.85 sq mi). The city is known as one of the industrial cities of Japan and "the rugby football town".
Eileen M. Decker
Eileen M. Decker is an American attorney who served as the U.S. Attorney for the Central District of California from 2015 to 2017. Decker was nominated to join the Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners in September 2018, where she became the President of the Board of Commissioners.

Decker serves as a lecturer at the USC Gould School of Law and previously taught Comparative Counterterrorism Law and Policy at the UCLA School of Law.

Decker practiced law at Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher for three years before working as a US Attorney.

Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners
The Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners, also commonly known as the Los Angeles Police Commission, is a five-member body of civilian-only, appointed officials which oversees the Los Angeles Police Department.
Marlin Model 1894
The Marlin Model 1894 is a lever-action repeating rifle introduced in 1894 by the Marlin Firearms Company of North Haven, Connecticut. At its introduction the rifle came with a 24-inch barrel and was chambered for a variety of rounds such as .25-20 Winchester, .32-20 Winchester, .38-40, and .44-40. Variants in other chamberings remain in production today.

Even though both are lever-action rifles and named similarly, the Marlin 1894 is different from the Winchester Model 1894.

Marlin Firearms
Marlin Firearms is an American manufacturer of semi-automatic, lever-action and bolt-action rifles. In the past the company (based in Madison, North Carolina and formerly based in North Haven, Connecticut) made shotguns, derringers, revolvers, and razor blades. Marlin owned the firearm manufacturer H&R Firearms. In 2007, Remington Arms, part of the Remington Outdoor Company, acquired Marlin Firearms. Remington produced Marlin-brand firearms at its Kentucky and New York manufacturing facilities. In 2020, Sturm, Ruger & Co. bought the Marlin business from the bankrupt Remington Outdoor Company.
Chiers
The Chiers (French pronunciation: [ʃjɛʁ]; Luxembourgish: Kuer [kuːɐ̯]; German: Korn [kɔʁn] ⓘ) is a river in Luxembourg, Belgium and France. It is a right tributary of the Meuse. The total length of the Chiers is approximately 140 kilometres (87 mi), of which 127 km (79 mi) in France.

The source of the Chiers is near Differdange, in Luxembourg. The Chiers flows roughly in a westerly direction, and crosses the border with Belgium and flows through Athus (province of Luxembourg).

It then crosses the border with France, flows through Longwy and Longuyon (Meurthe-et-Moselle) and forms the border with Belgium for a few kilometres near Torgny (in the municipality of Rouvroy). It continues through France, along Montmédy (Meuse) and Carignan (Ardennes).

The Chiers flows into the Meuse at Bazeilles, near Sedan.

The main tributaries of the Chiers are the Loison and the Othain, along with smaller tributaries like the Aulnois.

Torgny (village)
Torgny (French pronunciation: [tɔʁɲi]; Gaumais: Toûrgny) is a village of Wallonia and a district of the municipality of Rouvroy, located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

It has about 200 inhabitants and is the southernmost place of Belgium. Till 1977 Torgny was a municipality.

The river Chiers borders the municipality of Rouvroy near Torgny.
Merkur (mountain)
The Merkur or Großer Staufenberg is a mountain, 668.3 m above sea level (NHN), in the Northern Black Forest, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is the Hausberg of Baden-Baden and located between the spa town and the town of Gernsbach.

Merkur Tower
The Merkur Tower (German: Merkur) is an observation tower on the Merkur near Baden-Baden, at 8°16'50" E and 48°45'52" N.  The tower has been in use since 8 April 1950 by the former SWF (now SWR) as a transmission tower for FM-radio and, since 1953, television.

At the end of the 1970s the tower was completely renovated and its radio equipment modified.  An underground equipment room for radiotechnical equipment was built, and a new tower was constructed, adjoining the older tower.  In this tower also an elevator for visitors was installed.  Built between autumn 1980 and December 1982, it is twenty three metres high, constructed from steel and concrete, and carrying a forty metre high aerial mast with FM- and TV-aerials on its top.