hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Weak gravitational lensing
In astronomy, weak gravitational lensing is a technique to map the mass distribution of astronomical objects. As predicted by general relativity, the presence of any mass bends the path of light passing near it, producing gravitational lensing. This effect rarely produces the giant arcs and multiple images associated with strong gravitational lensing. Most lines of sight in the universe are thoroughly in the weak lensing regime, in which the deflection is impossible to detect in a single background source. However, even in these cases, the presence of the foreground mass can be detected, by way of a systematic alignment of background sources around the lensing mass. Weak gravitational lensing is thus an intrinsically statistical measurement, but it provides a way to measure the masses of astronomical objects without requiring assumptions about their composition or dynamical state.

The field was pioneered by J. Anthony Tyson in the 1990s.

Large-scale structure of the universe
The large-scale structure of the universe is the term in cosmology for the character of matter distribution at the scale of the entire observable universe.
Sky surveys and mappings of the various wavelength bands of electromagnetic radiation (in particular 21-cm emission) have yielded much information on the content and character of the universe's structure. The organization of structure appears to follow a hierarchical model with organization up to the scale of superclusters and filaments. Larger than this (at scales between 30 and 200 megaparsecs), there seems to be no continued structure, a phenomenon that has been referred to as the End of Greatness. The shape of the large scale structure can be summarized by the matter power spectrum.
Haven Lake (Ontario)
Haven Lake is a lake in the Unorganized Part of Kenora District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is in the Hudson Bay drainage basin, and is within Woodland Caribou Provincial Park.

The primary inflow, arriving at the south from an unnamed lake, and outflow, leaving at the northwest and leading towards Rostoul Lake, is Haven Creek, which flows via the Rostoul River, the Gammon River, the Bloodvein River, Lake Winnipeg, and the Nelson River to Hudson Bay.

Rostoul Lake
Rostoul Lake is a lake in the Unorganized Part of Kenora District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is in the Hudson Bay drainage basin, and is within Woodland Caribou Provincial Park.

The primary inflows are the Rostoul River, arriving at the southeast from Hansen Lake, and Haven Creek, arriving at the southwest from the direction of Haven Lake. The primary outflow, leaving at the northwest and leading towards Hammerhead Lake, is the Rostoul River, which flows via the Gammon River, the Bloodvein River, Lake Winnipeg, and the Nelson River to Hudson Bay.
Armand, Iran
Armand (Persian: ارمند) is a village in Armand Rural District of Armand District in Khanmirza County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran, serving as capital of both the district and the rural district. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Tang Kolureh.

Tang Kolureh
Tang Kolureh (Persian: تنگ كلوره) is a village in, and the former capital of, Armand Rural District in Armand District of Khanmirza County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran. The capital of the rural district has been transferred to the village of Armand.
Gilbert Bukenya
Gilbert Balibaseka Bukenya (born 5 August 1949) is a Ugandan politician and Physician who was the 7th vice president of Uganda from 23 May 2003 until 23 May 2011. He has represented the constituency of Busiro County North in the Ugandan Parliament since 1996. His autobiography, Intricate Corridors to Power, was published in 2008.

Makerere University School of Medicine
The Makerere University School of Medicine (MUSM) in Kampala, Uganda, also known as the Makerere University Medical School, is the school of medicine of Makerere University, Uganda's oldest and largest public university. The medical school has been part of Makerere University since 1924. The school provides medical education at diploma, undergraduate, and postgraduate levels.
David IV
David IV, also known as David IV the Builder (Georgian: დავით IV აღმაშენებელი, romanized: davit IV aghmashenebeli; c. 1073 –  24 January 1125), of the Bagrationi dynasty, was the 5th king (mepe) of the Kingdom of Georgia from 1089 until his death in 1125.

Popularly considered to be the greatest and most successful Georgian ruler in history and an original architect of the Georgian Golden Age, he succeeded in driving the Seljuk Turks out of the country, winning the Battle of Didgori in 1121. His reforms of the army and administration enabled him to reunite the country and bring most of the lands of the Caucasus under Georgia's control. A friend of the Church and a notable promoter of Christian culture, he was canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church.

Georgian–Seljuk wars
The Georgian–Seljuk wars (Georgian: საქართველო-სელჩუკთა ომები, romanized: sakartvelo-selchuk'ta omebi), also known as Georgian Crusade, is a long series of battles and military clashes that took place from 1064 until 1213, between the Kingdom of Georgia and the different Seljukid states that occupied most of South Caucasus. The conflict is preceded by deadly raids in the Caucasus by the Turks in the 11th century, known in Georgian historiography as the Great Turkish Invasion.
53rd meridian east
The meridian 53° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Asia, the Indian Ocean,  the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.

The 53rd meridian east forms a great circle with the 127th meridian west.

127th meridian west
The meridian 127° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.

The 127th meridian west forms a great circle with the 53rd meridian east.
Legislative districts of Mountain Province
The legislative districts of Mountain Province are the representations of Mountain Province in the various national legislatures of the Philippines. The province is currently represented in the lower house of the Congress of the Philippines through its lone congressional district.

The present-day provinces of Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao and Kalinga, as well as the highly urbanized city of Baguio, formed part of the old (pre-division) Mountain Province's representation until 1969. Since 1969, the representation of Mountain Province has been confined only to the limits of the former sub-province of Bontoc.

Paracelis
Paracelis, officially the Municipality of Paracelis  is a municipality in the province of Mountain Province, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 30,143 people.

The town's population distribution is 37 percent urban and 63 percent rural. Urban settlement is on the west side of the town, a basin of low-level hilly-to-flat lands surrounded by mountains.
History of Savoy in the Middle Ages
The medieval period in Savoy extends from the concession of Sapaudia (or Sapaudie) to the Germanic people of the Burgundians in the 5th century, through the Carolingian-era Saboia, to the emergence of a County of Savoy in the 11th century, which became a duchy in 1416, considered the apex of the Savoyard territory. This period is marked by the integration in 1032 of the Sapaudia territories into the Holy Roman Empire, and by the assertion of feudal power over these lands, with the rise of major noble houses.

The regional political game binds and unbinds, up to eventual absorption, the major lords of Savoy and Geneva and their vassals, as well as representatives of spiritual authority—the bishops of Belley, the bishops and archbishops of Tarentaise, the bishops of Geneva, and those of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne.

House of Faucigny
The House of Faucigny is a high-ranking noble family, documented since the 11th century and named after a castle located in the Arve Valley. Probably vassals of the Counts of Geneva, the lords of Faucigny held territories in the Arve Valley and the Beaufortain region. The main line of the family became extinct in the 13th century, following alliances with the House of Savoy and the Dauphins of Viennois from the House of Albon.

The senior branch of the House of Faucigny became extinct in the 13th century. A cadet branch, known as Lucinge, separated in the 12th century and adopted the name Faucigny-Lucinge in the second half of the 18th century. Following the annexation of Savoy by France in 1860, this branch has been included among the surviving families of the French nobility.
Fauquier County, Virginia
Fauquier County /fɔːˈkɪər/ is a United States county located on the Piedmont plateau of the Commonwealth of Virginia.  Part of the Northern Virginia region, Fauquier is included in the Washington metropolitan area.  As of the 2020 census, the county population was 72,972. The county seat is the large historic town of  Warrenton.

The county was created in 1759 from part of Prince William County and was named in honor of Francis Fauquier, the administrative head of Virginia Colony at the time.  Fauquier hosts the Virginia Gold Cup, which, having started in 1922, is one of the longest running steeplechase horse race events in the United States.

Virginia Gold Cup
The Virginia Gold Cup and International Gold Cup are annual steeplechase races held in The Plains, Virginia. Together, the races have become two of the largest outdoor social events held in Virginia. The races have been held in Fauquier County since 1922. It is sometimes seen as Virginia's answer to the Kentucky Derby.

The Virginia Gold Cup is held the first Saturday of May at Great Meadow, a field events center created and bequeathed by the Arundel Family in 1984. The International Gold Cup is the featured horse racing event of the Fall season and is managed today by the Virginia Gold Cup Association. Now held on the third Saturday of October, the International Gold Cup was founded in Tennessee in 1930.
The Guitar World According to Frank Zappa
The Guitar World According to Frank Zappa is a 1987 compilation album featuring guitar solos by Frank Zappa. It was issued as a cassette from Guitar World magazine, and has also been available in bootlegged versions as Guitar Hernia and Solo on Guitar. The cassette contains some unique material, including different takes and an excerpt from an unreleased remix of "Revised Music for Guitar and Low-Budget Orchestra" from the Studio Tan album, featuring drum overdubs by Chad Wackerman. The album was released on vinyl in April 2019 as part of Record Store Day.

Similar compilations of Zappa guitar solos include Guitar, Trance-Fusion, Frank Zappa Plays the Music of Frank Zappa: A Memorial Tribute, Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar, and One Shot Deal.

Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar
Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar is a series of three albums – Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar, Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar Some More, and Return of the Son of Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar – released by American musician Frank Zappa in 1981. The albums consist solely of electric guitar instrumentals and improvised solos (mostly) played live by Zappa and featuring a wide variety of backing musicians.

The music was well received by critics, and Zappa subsequently produced additional albums focusing solely on guitar-oriented instrumental music.

The albums were initially released as individual LPs in May 1981 on Barking Pumpkin Records and sold only through mail order in the United States. The recordings were subsequently reissued as a triple album box set in 1982 and distributed by CBS Records in Europe. The complete package later appeared as a two CD set.
CPC Corporation
The CPC Corporation (Chinese: 台灣中油; pinyin: Táiwān Zhōngyóu; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-oân Tiong-iû; lit. 'Taiwan Chinese Petroleum') is a state-owned petroleum, natural gas, and gasoline company in Taiwan and is the core of the Taiwanese petrochemicals industry.

Ministry of Economic Affairs (Taiwan)
The Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA; Chinese: 經濟部; pinyin: Jīngjìbù; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Keng-chè-pō͘) is the ministry of the Republic of China (Taiwan) responsible for formulating policy and laws for industry and trade, foreign direct investment, energy, minerals, measurement standards, intellectual property, state-owned enterprises. The ministry is a cabinet level government agency of the Executive Yuan.

The executive agency promotes industrial and economic policies which allows economic activity and growth, increased employment and investments in sector which are critical to Taiwan's economy. Taiwan's main exports are electronics, computers, telecommunications equipment, industrial design services, creative and cultural industries.
Lymington Town railway station
Lymington Town railway station serves the town of Lymington in Hampshire, England. It is 97 miles 57 chains (157.3 km) down the line from London Waterloo and is the only intermediate station on the Lymington Branch Line from Brockenhurst.

Celebrations were held at Lymington Town (as well as at Brockenhurst) in 2008 to mark the 150th anniversary of the line. The station is managed by South Western Railway, which also operates all trains serving it.

Lymington
Lymington /ˈlɪmɪŋtən/ is a port town on the west bank of the Lymington River on the Solent, in the New Forest district of Hampshire, England.

The town faces Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, to which there is a car ferry service operated by Wightlink. It is within the civil parish of Lymington and Pennington. The town has a large tourist industry, based on proximity to the New Forest and its harbour. It is a major yachting centre with three marinas. In 2021 it had a population of 14,858.
Ilseng
Ilseng is a village in Innlandet county, Norway. The village is located mostly in Stange Municipality, however, the northwestern part of the village extends just across the border into Hamar Municipality. The Rørosbanen railway line passes through the village, stopping at the Ilseng Station which is the first stop after Hamar Station in Hamar. Ilseng is also the site of Ilseng Prison.

The 1.06-square-kilometre (260-acre) village has a population (2024) of 977 and a population density of 922 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,390/sq mi). The village does include land in two neighboring municipalities with 0.98 square kilometres (240 acres) and 941 residents in Stange and 0.08 square kilometres (20 acres) and 36 residents in Hamar.

Hamar Municipality
Hamar Municipality (Norwegian: Hamar kommune; [ˈhɑ̂ːmɑr] ⓘ) is a municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Hedmarken. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Hamar. Other settlements in Hamar include Hjellum, Slemsrud, Ridabu, Ingeberg, and Ilseng.

The 351-square-kilometre (136 sq mi) municipality is the 250th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Hamar Municipality is the 31st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 33,441. The municipality's population density is 95.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (247/sq mi) and its population has increased by 11.4% over the previous 10-year period.

Among the municipality's responsibilities of local government, it also runs nine primary and three lower secondary schools, with a combined 3,115 pupils. The municipality also owns the power company Hamar Energi, and the sports venues Briskeby Arena, Vikingskipet, and Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre.
Røstlandet
Røstlandet or simply Røst is an island in Røst Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The 3.6-square-kilometre (1.4 sq mi) island makes up the majority of the land of the municipality and is home to most of its residents.  The island is very low and marshy, with the highest point on the island only reaching 11 metres (36 ft) above sea level.  There are many small lakes on the island, many of the wetlands areas on the island are located in a protected nature reserve.

The village of Røstlandet is a fishing village that covers the southeastern part of the island. Røst Airport is located on the northern part of the island. Røst Church is located in the village. The remaining uninhabited parts of the island are dominated by sheep farming and racks for drying fish.

Skomvær Lighthouse is located about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) southwest of the island.

Skomvær Lighthouse
Skomvær Lighthouse (Norwegian: Skomvær fyr) is a coastal lighthouse in Røst Municipality in Nordland county, Norway.  The tower is located on the island of Skomvær, about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) southwest of the main island of Røstlandet.  The lighthouse was first established in 1887 and it was automated in 1978.  The area was listed as a protected site in 1999.

The steel-hulled barque Skomvær takes her name from the lighthouse.
Eye contact
Eye contact occurs when two people or non-human animals look at each other's eyes at the same time. In people, eye contact is a form of nonverbal communication and can have a large influence on social behavior. Coined in the early to mid-1960s, the term came from the West to often define the act as a meaningful and important sign of confidence and respect. The customs, meaning, and significance of eye contact can vary greatly between societies, neurotypes, and religions.

The study of eye contact is sometimes known as oculesics.

Oculesics
Oculesics, a subcategory of kinesics, is the study of eye movement, behavior, gaze, and eye-related nonverbal communication. The term's specific designation slightly varies apropos of the field of study (e.g., medicine or social science). Communication scholars use the term "oculesics" to refer to the investigation of culturally-fluctuating propensities and appreciations of visual attention, gaze and other implicitly effusive elements of the eyes. Comparatively, medical professionals may ascribe the same appellation to the measurement of a patient's ocular faculty, especially subsequent a cerebral or other injury (e.g., a concussion).
Jacob Mountain
Jacob Mountain (1 December 1749 – 16 June 1825) was an English priest who was appointed the first Anglican Bishop of Quebec. He served also on both the Legislative Council of Lower Canada and the Legislative Council of Upper Canada.

Cathedral of the Holy Trinity (Quebec)
The Cathedral of the Holy Trinity (French: Sainte-Trinité) is the cathedral of the Anglican Diocese of Quebec. It is home to two parishes:  the Parish of Quebec and la Paroisse de Tous les Saints. It stands on the western side of Quebec City's Place d'Armes.

When it was formed the Diocese of Quebec covered both Upper and Lower Canada.   Today, its territory covers 720,000 km2 in the central and eastern parts of the province of Quebec but does not include the area around Montreal. It has 7,817 Anglicans on the parish rolls in 93 congregations. The Cathedral of the Holy Trinity was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1989 and plaqued in 1993.  It has also been designated under provincial heritage legislation.
Udghosh
Udghosh is the Annual Sports Festival of Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. Started in 2002, it has now evolved into one of the largest college sports festivals held in Asia. With notable sportspersons, brand ambassadors and participants from across the country, this three-day-long festival has garnered substantial media attention over the years. As many as 450 colleges and 40 government organizations actively participate and support this ceremonious event. It not only features sports competitions but also talk shows, music performances, DJs and other fun-filled activities.

IIT Kanpur
The Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IIT Kanpur or IITK) is a public institute of technology located in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. As an Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), it was declared an Institute of National Importance by the Government of India under the Institutes of Technology Act. As of January 2025, at least 18 Padma Shri, 4 Padma Bhushan, 1 Padma Vibhushan, and 33 Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize recipients have been affiliated with IIT Kanpur as alumni or faculty members.
Eccard Freiherr von Gablenz
Eccard Freiherr von Gablenz  (26 January 1891 – 17 December 1978) was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded several divisions. He participated in the campaigns of Poland, France and the invasion of the Soviet Union. Gablenz stayed on the Russian Front from 1941 to 1943. He later assumed command of the 232nd Infantry Division in Italy, a command he held until the final surrender in May 1945.

He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany.

XXVII Army Corps (Wehrmacht)
The XXVII Corps (German: XXVII. Armeekorps, or XXVII.AK) was an infantry corps in the German army. It fought in several notable actions during World War II.

The corps was originally raised in August 1939 in Wehrkreis VII.
The Vampire Diaries season 6
The Vampire Diaries, an American supernatural drama, was renewed for a sixth season by The CW on February 13, 2014, and it premiered on October 2, 2014. A majority of the episode titles for this season are named after songs released in 1994 & 1903. The Vampire Diaries was renewed for a seventh season on January 11, 2015, by The CW.

Matthew Davis
Matthew Wadsworth Davis (born May 8, 1978) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Warner Huntington III in Legally Blonde, Adam Hillman on the ABC comedy-drama What About Brian (2006–2007) and Alaric Saltzman on The CW fantasy drama The Vampire Diaries (2009–2017) as well as the spin-off series Legacies (2018–2022).

Davis starred on the short-lived CW mystery and horror drama Cult as Jeff Sefton, and had a recurring role on the CBS police drama CSI: Crime Scene Investigation as Sean Yeager.
Exército Guerrilheiro do Povo Galego Ceive
The Exército Guerrilheiro do Povo Galego Ceive (Guerrilla Army of the Free Galician People in Galician language; EGPGC) was an armed organization formed in 1986 mainly by members of Galiza Ceibe-OLN. It was considered a terrorist organisation by the Spanish Government. The main goals of the organization were the independence of Galicia and the transformation of society according to the principles of socialism. The EGPGC was operative between 1987 and 1991, a time during which the EGPGC made a total of 90 armed actions and a multitude of provisioning actions.

Communist Party of National Liberation
Communist Party of National Liberation (in Galician: Partido Comunista de Liberación Nacional) was a separatist political party in Galicia, Spain. PCLN was founded on 25 July 1986 by the 22 March Communist Collective (Colectivo Comunista 22 de marzo). The collective had been launched earlier by 13 Central Committee members of the Galician People's Union (UPG) left UPG in protest of the decision of the Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG, the coalition led by UPG) to participate in the Galician parliament. Front figures of the collective was Mariano Abalo, general secretary of UPG, and Xan Carballo, general secretary of INTG.
Edward Fokczyński
Edward Fokczyński was one of the four directors of the AVA Radio Company, an electronics firm established in Warsaw, Poland, in 1929.  AVA produced radio equipment for the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau, which was responsible for the radio communications of the General Staff's Intelligence Section (Oddział II).

After the Cipher Bureau's mathematician-cryptologist Marian Rejewski in December 1932 deduced the wiring in the German Enigma rotor cipher machine, AVA produced Enigma "doubles" and all the electro-mechanical equipment that was designed at the Cipher Bureau to facilitate decryption of the German ciphers.

Maksymilian Ciężki
Maksymilian Ciężki ([maksɨˈmiljan ˈt͡ɕjɛ̃ʂki] ⓘ; Samter, Province of Posen (now Szamotuły, Poland), 24 November 1898 – 9 November 1951 in London, England) was the head of the Polish Cipher Bureau's German section (BS–4) in the 1930s, during which time—from December 1932—the Bureau decrypted German Enigma messages.

During the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, Ciężki escaped to France to continue work on breaking Enigma ciphers.  In 1943 he was captured by the Germans and interned in an S.S. concentration camp.