hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Free group
In mathematics, the free group  over a given set  consists of all words that can be built from members of , considering two words to be different unless their equality follows from the group axioms (e.g.  but  for ). The members of  are called generators of , and the number of generators is the rank of the free group.
An arbitrary group  is called free if it is isomorphic to  for some subset  of , that is, if there is a subset  of  such that every element of  can be written in exactly one way as a product of finitely many elements of  and their inverses (disregarding trivial variations such as ).

A related but different notion is a free abelian group; both notions are particular instances of a free object from universal algebra. As such, free groups are defined by their universal property.

Grushko theorem
In the mathematical subject of group theory, the Grushko theorem or the Grushko–Neumann theorem is a theorem stating that the rank (that is, the smallest cardinality of a generating set) of a free product of two groups is equal to the sum of the ranks of the two free factors. The theorem was first obtained in a 1940 article of Grushko and then, independently, in a 1943 article of Neumann.
Acquapendente
Acquapendente is a city and comune in the province of Viterbo, in Lazio (Italy). Acquapendente is a centre for the agricultural production of vegetables and wine, and has a tradition of pottery craftsmanship. Its frazione of Torre Alfina is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

I Borghi più belli d'Italia
I borghi più belli d'Italia (Italian: [i ˈborɡi pju bˈbɛlli diˈtaːlja]) is a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest. It was founded in March 2001 on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities, with the aim of preserving and maintaining villages of quality heritage. Its motto is Il fascino dell'Italia nascosta ("The charm of hidden Italy").

Participants in the group are small population centres which risk neglect and abandonment because they lie outside the main tourist circuits. Initially they comprised about a hundred villages, but had increased to 361 in 2023.

In 2012, the Italian association was one of the founding members of the international association The Most Beautiful Villages in the World, a private organization that brings together various territorial associations promoting small inhabited centres of particular historical and landscape interest.
X-Men Black
X-Men Black is a five-issue comic book anthology series published weekly by Marvel Comics in October 2018, consisting of one-shot issues, each focusing on an X-Men antagonist: Magneto, Mojo, Mystique, Juggernaut, and Emma Frost.

Dalibor Talajić
Dalibor Talajić is a Croatian comic book artist. He is most famous for his work for the Marvel Comics publishing house. He gained international acclaim and commercial success working on the Deadpool Kills the Marvel Universe series in 2012. In 2016, in collaboration with ABC News, Talajić created Madaya Mom, where he illustrated the siege of Madaya based on messages ABC reporters received from within the city.
1994 Liwa earthquake
The 1994 Liwa earthquake occurred on 16 February 1994 at 00:07 local time. It was located in southern Sumatra, Indonesia. The magnitude of the earthquake was put at Mw 6.9, Mw 7.0, or Ms 7.2, according to different sources.

The earthquake caused 207 deaths and 2000 injuries. There was damage from landslides, mudslides, and fires in Lampung Province. Power outage occurred in western Lampung. Six-thousand buildings were damaged or destroyed by landslides in the Liwa area. In addition to southern Sumatra, the earthquake could be felt in western Java and Singapore. Intense smoke and gas activity was observed in the Suwoh volcanic area.

The earthquake took place at the Sumatran Fault Zone. The Sumatran Fault Zone is 1,900 km long and highly segmented. It can be divided into about 20 segments. The earthquake occurred in a subparallel strand 2.5 km southwest of the principal trace of the Kumering segment. The focal mechanism is of right-lateral strike-slip faulting.

Liwa, Indonesia
Liwa is a town which serves as the capital of West Lampung Regency, Lampung province, Indonesia.

Pesanggerahan established Sultan Kepaksian Paksi Pak Sekala Brak Palace Gedung Dalom in the 14th century AD. This is located at the foot of Mount Pesagi (the highest mountain in Lampung) which is the forerunner of the Lampung people today.
Keihan Electric Railway
The Keihan Electric Railway Company, Ltd. (Japanese: 京阪電気鉄道株式会社, Hepburn: Keihan Denki Tetsudō Kabushiki-gaisha), known colloquially as the "Keihan Dentetsu" (京阪電鉄), "Keihan Densha" (京阪電車), or simply "Keihan" (京阪), is a major Japanese private railway operator in Osaka, Kyoto, and Shiga Prefectures. The transit network includes seven lines; four main lines with heavy rolling stock, two interurban lines, and a funicular railway.

It is a subsidiary of Keihan Holdings, Ltd. (TYO: 9045).

Osaka Suijō Bus
The Osaka Suijō Bus (大阪水上バス, Ōsaka Suijō Basu) is a ship operating company in Osaka. The company belongs to Keihan Group. Founded in 1983, the company operates water buses on Ōkawa River and Dōtonbori Canal, an excursion cruise ship on the Port of Osaka, and a restaurant ship on Ōkawa River. The services include public lines listed below, as well as event cruises and chartered ships. The company once operated commuter ships as well, but the service was cancelled in 2005.
Trematoda
Trematoda is a class of flatworms known as trematodes, and commonly as flukes. They are obligate internal parasites with a complex life cycle requiring at least two hosts. The intermediate host, in which asexual reproduction occurs, is a mollusk, usually a snail. The definitive host, where the flukes sexually reproduce, is a vertebrate. Infection by trematodes can cause disease in all five vertebrate groups: mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and fish.

Acetabulum (morphology)
Acetabulum /æsɪˈtæbjʊləm/ (pl.: acetabula) in invertebrate zoology is a saucer-shaped organ of attachment in some annelid worms (like leech) and flatworms. It is a specialised sucker for parasitic adaptation in trematodes by which the worms are able to attach on the host. In annelids, it is basically a locomotory organ for attaching to a substratum. The name also applies to the suction appendage on the arms of cephalopod molluscs such as squid, octopus, cuttlefish, Nautilus, etc.
Anjou–Louis-Riel
Anjou–Louis-Riel is a provincial electoral district in Quebec, Canada that elects members to the National Assembly of Quebec. It is located in northern Montreal and consists of the entire Anjou borough of Montreal plus a part of the Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve borough.

The riding was created in 1972 under the name Anjou. For the 2012 election, it was renamed to Anjou–Louis-Riel, but its territory was unchanged.

Anjou, Quebec
Anjou (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃ʒu] ⓘ) is a borough (arrondissement) of the Canadian city of Montreal. Prior to its 2002 merger it was an independent city. Although it is no longer an independent city, it is still commonly known as Ville d'Anjou. Anjou has a predominantly Francophone population.
Edge-class cruise ship
The Edge class is a class of cruise ships operated by Celebrity Cruises, a subsidiary of Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. The class is constructed by Chantiers de l'Atlantique of France. At present, there are five active Edge-class ships: the lead vessel of the class Celebrity Edge, Celebrity Apex, Celebrity Beyond,
Celebrity Ascent, and Celebrity Xcel.
Celebrity Apex was scheduled to begin operations in April 2020, but entry into service was delayed until June 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Celebrity Ascent welcomed its first guests in November 2023. A fifth ship, Celebrity Xcel debuted in November 2025  and a sixth, Celebrity Xcite, ship will enter service in 2028.

Both Celebrity Edge and Celebrity Apex were built with a gross tonnage (GT) of 130,818. Subsequent new builds have a hull extended by 20 metres (66 ft), bringing the length of the ship to 327 metres (1,072 ft 10 in), and an increased gross tonnage to 140,600 GT. Ships in this class are reported to cost US$1 billion each.

Celebrity Apex
Celebrity Apex is an Edge-class cruise ship operated by Celebrity Cruises, a subsidiary of Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. Constructed at Chantiers de l'Atlantique in Saint-Nazaire, France, she is the second vessel in the company's Edge class of ships, following the delivery of her sister ship, Celebrity Edge, in 2018. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, her debut sailing was from Athens on June 19, 2021 to the Greek Islands.
Frizzled-6
Frizzled-6 (Fz-6) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FZD6 gene.

Members of the 'frizzled' gene family encode 7-transmembrane domain proteins that are receptors for WNT signaling proteins. The FZD6 protein contains a signal peptide, a cysteine-rich domain in the N-terminal extracellular region, and 7 transmembrane domains. However, unlike many other FZD family members, FDZ6 does not contain a C-terminal PDZ domain-binding motif. Fz-6 is believed to be the receptor for the WNT4 ligand.

Frizzled
Frizzled is a family of atypical G protein-coupled receptors that serve as receptors in the Wnt signaling pathway and other signaling pathways. There are 10 known Frizzled receptor family members in humans. When activated, Frizzled leads to activation of Dishevelled in the cytosol.
Tower Records (record label)
Tower Records was an American record label active from 1964 to 1970. A subsidiary of Capitol Records, Tower often released music by artists who were relatively low-profile in compared to those released on the parent label, including artists—such as The Standells and The Chocolate Watchband—later recognized as "garage bands".  For this reason Tower is often associated with the garage rock phenomenon of the 1960s.

Davie Allan
Davie Allan is an American musician, best known for his work on soundtracks to various teen and biker movies in the 1960s.  Allan's backing band is almost always the Arrows (i.e., Davie Allan & the Arrows), although the Arrows have never had a stable lineup.
Apiospora
Apiospora is a genus of  fungi which cause plant diseases.  It gives its name to the family Apiosporaceae, which contains a number of other genera.  This is historically a name for the teleomorph (sexual) life-cycle stage of the fungus; for some species the corresponding anamorph name is Arthrinium.

Apiosporaceae
The Apiosporaceae are a family of fungi in the Ascomycota. It was placed in the order Amphisphaeriales in 2020.

The family was circumscribed in 1998. Species in the family are saprobic, and derive nutrients by decomposing and digesting plant matter, especially palms and grasses. Anamorph genera include Arthrinium and Cordella.
Saitama Rapid Railway Line
The Saitama Rapid Railway Line (埼玉高速鉄道線, Saitama Kōsoku Tetsudō sen) is a mostly underground rapid transit line in Japan operated by the third sector operating company Saitama Railway Corporation. Funded by Saitama Prefecture, local municipal governments, and Tokyo Metro, it forms a continuation of the Tokyo Metro Namboku Line, starting at Akabane-iwabuchi Station in Tokyo and ending at Urawa-Misono Station in Saitama. The line is used as the main means of transportation to Saitama Stadium 2002. On 27 November 2015, the route was nicknamed the "Saitama Stadium Line". The line symbol used in the station numbering is "SR".

Saitama (city)
Saitama (さいたま市, Saitama-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [saꜜi.ta.ma, sai.ta.maꜜ.ɕi]) is the capital and largest city of Saitama Prefecture, Japan. Its area incorporates the former cities of Urawa, Ōmiya, Yono and Iwatsuki. It is a city designated by government ordinance. As of 1 February 2021, the city had an estimated population of 1,324,854, and a population density of 6,093 people per km2 (15,781 people per sq mi). Its total area is 217.43 square kilometres (83.95 sq mi).
Cyril Knowles
Cyril Barry Knowles (13 July 1944 – 30 August 1991) was a footballer who played left-back for Tottenham Hotspur and England. He was the son of the rugby league footballer Cyril Knowles, and the older brother of fellow professional footballer Peter Knowles.

Cyril Knowles (rugby league)
Cyril Knowles (c. second ¼ 1915 – c. fourth ¼ 1957) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played at club level for Fitzwilliam Juniors ARLFC, Wakefield Trinity, York and Featherstone Rovers (World War II guest), as a fullback.
Smøla Municipality
Smøla is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is part of the Nordmøre region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Hopen, other villages include Dyrnes, Råket, and Veiholmen.

The 272-square-kilometre (105 sq mi) municipality is the 272nd largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Smøla Municipality is the 273rd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,159. The municipality's population density is 7.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (20/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 0.3% over the previous 10-year period.

Råket
Råket is a village in Smøla Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway.  It is located on the northwestern part of the island of Smøla, just west of the village of Dyrnes. Brattvær Church is located just south of the village. The uninhabited islands of Brattværet lie offshore about 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) to the northwest of Råket.

The villages of Råket and Dyrnes formerly constituted an urban area called Dyrnesvågen according to Statistics Norway. The 0.86-square-kilometre (210-acre) village area had a population (2003) of 257 and a population density of 299 inhabitants per square kilometre (770/sq mi). Since 2003, the population and area data for this village area has not been separately tracked by Statistics Norway.
Santal people
The Santal (or Santhal) are an Austroasiatic-speaking Munda ethnic group of the Indian subcontinent. They constitute the largest tribal community in the Indian states of Jharkhand and West Bengal, and are also present in Odisha, Bihar, Assam, and Tripura. They are the largest ethnic minority in northern Bangladesh's Rajshahi Division and Rangpur Division. They have a sizeable population in Nepal. The Santals speak Santali, the most widely spoken language of the Munda subfamily of Austroasiatic languages.

Chota Nagpur Plateau
The Chota Nagpur Plateau (IPA: [t͡ʃʰoːʈaː naːɡpʊɾ]) is a plateau in eastern India, which covers much of Jharkhand state as well as adjacent parts of Chhattisgarh,  Odisha, West Bengal and Bihar. The Indo-Gangetic Plain lies to the north and east of the plateau, and the basin of the Mahanadi River lies to the south. The total area of the Chota Nagpur Plateau is approximately 65,000 square kilometres (25,000 sq mi).
Lisgar, Mississauga
Lisgar is a residential neighbourhood in the city of Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. It is located in the extreme northwestern corner of the city, bordering the larger Meadowvale district to the east and the Churchill Meadows neighbourhood to the south. It is named after the former hamlet located at the corner of Winston Churchill Boulevard and Derry Road, which is actually outside the present neighbourhood in Meadowvale.

Churchill Meadows
Churchill Meadows is a suburban residential neighbourhood located in the westernmost area of Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. In 2016, Churchill Meadows had a population of 47,800. Postal codes in this area are L5M. The official neighbourhood boundaries for Churchill Meadows are Highway 407 to the west, Britannia Road to the North, Winston Churchill Boulevard to the east and Highway 403 to the south. It is located adjacent to Erin Mills and near the Erin Mills Town Centre. A large community centre, and sports park, Churchill Meadows Community Centre is located in the neighbourhood.
San Martín Department, San Juan
San Martín is a department in the east of San Juan province (Argentina). It is predominantly a landscape of mountains in the east and significant production of wine.

The department was created on 19 September 1942 from a division of other lands, taking its name from José de San Martín. In 1996, it became the second controlled appellation established in Mendoza alongside the renowned Luján de Cuyo.

San Juan Province, Argentina
San Juan Province (Spanish pronunciation: [saŋ ˈxwan]) is a province of Argentina, located in the western part of the country. Neighbouring provinces are, moving clockwise from the north, La Rioja, San Luis and Mendoza. It borders with Chile to the west.

The province has an area of 89,651 km2, covering a mountainous region with scarce vegetation, fertile oases and turbulent rivers. Throughout the province there are a number of paleontological sites.

Similar to other regions in Argentina, agriculture is one of the most important economic activities, highlighting wine production and olive oil. Additionally, a variety of fruits and vegetables are produced in the fertile valleys irrigated by artificial channels in the western part, close to the Andes mountain range. This is the second province in terms of the volume of wine production at the national level and in South America, and possesses outstanding varietal wines. It is also an important center of mining and oil production.
Sir Henry Dering, 9th Baronet
Sir Henry Neville Dering, 9th Baronet, KCMG, CB, DL (21 September 1839 – 25 August 1906) was a British diplomat.

Dering was the son of Sir Edward Dering, 8th Baronet, a Liberal Party politician. He succeeded his father as baronet in 1896.

He was Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States of Mexico 1894–1900, and Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States of Brazil 1900–1906. On 21 September 1900, he was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Kent.

He married, in 1853, Rosa Underwood, daughter of Jos. Underwood. They were parents of the next Baronet, Henry Edward Dering. His second son, Sir Herbert Guy Dering, was British Minister to Siam, Bulgaria, and Romania.

Herbert Dering
Sir Herbert Guy Dering, KCMG, KCIE, MVO (13 November 1867 – 29 May 1933) was a British diplomat.

The second son of the British diplomat Sir Henry Dering, 9th Baronet, Dering was educated at Eton College. He entered HM Diplomatic Service in 1892 and served in Berlin, Constantinople, Peking (where he received the China War Medal with the Defence of Legations clasp), Washington, Stockholm, and Rome.

He was British Minister to Siam from 1915 to 1919, British High Commissioner to Bulgaria from 1919 to 1920, and British Minister to Romania from 1920 to 1926.

Dering was appointed MVO in 1908, KCMG in 1917, and KCIE in 1919. He received the third class of Swedish Order of the Polar Star in 1908 and the Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Roumania in 1922.
Oberweiler im Tal
Oberweiler im Tal is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Kusel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde Lauterecken-Wolfstein.

In the south at the municipal limit with Eßweiler stands a ruined castle, the Sprengelburg, which was built about 1300.

Wolfstein, Rhineland-Palatinate
Wolfstein (German pronunciation: [ˈvɔlfˌʃtaɪn] ⓘ) is a town in the Kusel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Before 1 July 2014 it was the seat of the like-named Verbandsgemeinde, since then it is part of the Verbandsgemeinde Lauterecken-Wolfstein. Wolfstein is known for its two castle ruins, Neu-Wolfstein standing over the heart of the town, and Alt-Wolfstein standing at the narrowest spot in the Lauter valley at the town's northern entrance. Wolfstein is a state-recognized recreational resort (Erholungsort).
Asabu Station
Asabu Station (麻生駅, Asabu-eki) is a railway station on the Namboku Line in Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, operated by the Sapporo Municipal Subway. The station is numbered N01.

While situated relatively close to Shin-Kotoni Station on the Sasshō Line, there are no transfer passageways between the two stations. To reach Shin-Kotoni, you must take Exit 3 and walk outside for 200m.

Kita-ku, Sapporo
Kita-ku (北区, lit. "north ward") is a ward of Sapporo composed of residential neighborhoods mostly arranged in grid patterns, and each built surrounding a train station, broken up by areas of farmland and some light-industrial areas. With 260,000 people, it is the most populated ward in Sapporo.
Devon and East Plymouth (European Parliament constituency)
Devon and East Plymouth was a European Parliament constituency covering all of Devon in England, with the exception of the city of Plymouth. It was created in 1994 to replace the majority of Devon and a small part of Cornwall and Plymouth.

Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Exeter, Plymouth Sutton, South Hams, Teignbridge, Tiverton, Torbay and Torridge and West Devon.

The seat became part of the much larger South West England constituency in 1999.

South West England (European Parliament constituency)
South West was a combined constituency region of the European Parliament, comprising the South West of England and Gibraltar.  Seven, later six, Members of the European Parliament using closed party-list proportional representation allocated using the D'Hondt method of distribution were elected. The constituency was abolished when Britain left the European Union on 31 January 2020.
Horse fair
A horse fair is a (typically annual) fair where people buy and sell horses.

In the United Kingdom there are many fairs which are traditionally attended by Romani people and travellers who converge at the fairs to buy and sell horses, meet with friends and relations and to celebrate their music, history and folklore.

Many horse fairs are centuries old, dating back to the 16th century, such as the Appleby Horse Fair and The Great October Fair at Ballinasloe.

Fair
A fair (archaic: faire or fayre) is a gathering of people for a variety of entertainment or commercial activities. Fairs are typically temporary with scheduled times lasting from an afternoon to several weeks. Fairs showcase a wide range of goods, products, and services, and often include competitions, exhibitions, and educational activities. Fairs can be thematic, focusing on specific industries or interests.
Sonde (band)
Sonde is a music design and performance ensemble based in Montreal. From 1975 to about 1985, Sonde gave hundreds of performances in North America and Europe on sound sources of their own invention. Sonde was also engaged in television, film, and dance (particularly contact improvisation).

Andrew Culver (composer)
Andrew Culver (born August 30, 1953) is a Canadian-American composer and software entrepreneur. Culver's works have included chamber and orchestral music, electronic and computer music, sound sculpture and music sculpture, film, lighting, text pieces, and installations. He performs concerts with sound sources of his invention based on the tensegrity structural principle as elaborated by Buckminster Fuller, a lifelong influence.