hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan. The journal was established in 1953 as the Pharmaceutical Bulletin. From 1958 to 2011 it was known as the Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, and as Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin from 2012 onward. In 2012, the society re-organized its journals, and most material published in the Journal of Health Science now started to be published in the sister publication Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin and with some being published in Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. The editor in chief is Yoshiji Takemoto (Kyoto University).

Journal of Health Science
Journal of Health Science was a Japanese peer-reviewed medical journal of health science. It was originally established as Eisei Kagaku in 1956 (itself a continuation of the earlier Kōshū Eisei Nenpō), but renamed itself to its final title in 1999. Publication continued until 2011. In 2012, the society re-organized its journals, and most material started to be published in the sister publication Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, with some being published in Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin.

The journal is indexed in Agricultural & Environmental Science Database, Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA), and Pollution Abstracts. It was covered in Scopus from 1999 to 2011, as was its predecessor from 1958 to 1999, skipping 1962.
Siege of Groningen (1594)
The siege of Groningen was a two-month siege which commenced on 19 May 1594, and which took place during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo-Spanish War. The Spanish-held city of Groningen was besieged by a Dutch and English army led by Prince Maurice of Orange. The Spanish surrendered the city on 22 July, after a failed relief attempt by the Count of Fuentes.

In a period of more than five years before Groningen fell, all the key strategic positions which led to or connected the city in vital ways were taken one by one. The capture was decisive for the Dutch Republic as the last of the Spanish forces had been pushed out of the Northern provinces ending their domination. The city was then merged with the surrounding district and the transition to the new Protestant regime was followed by the expulsion of all property of the Roman Catholics as well as a complete ban on Catholicism.

Francis Vere
Sir Francis Vere (1560/61 – 28 August 1609) was an English soldier serving under Queen Elizabeth I fighting mainly in the Low Countries during the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and the Eighty Years' War.

He was a sergeant major-general of English and Scottish troops in 1589, a position he retained during fifteen campaigns fighting the Spanish, with almost unbroken success – most notably at the Battle of Nieuwpoort. He enjoyed excellent relations with the Dutch under Maurice of Nassau, working in close co-operation with them to help secure the country for the cause of independence.
Atansor
Atansor (Kazakh: Атансор) is a salt lake in Birzhan sal District, Akmola Region, Kazakhstan.

Enbekshilder is located close to the northern lakeshore and now abolished Atansor village close to the southwestern one. The name "Atansor" was probably given because of a camel drowning in the lake in the past.

Birzhan sal District
Birzhan sal District (Kazakh: Біржан сал ауданы) is a district of Akmola Region in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the town of Stepnyak. In 2017, Enbekshilder District was renamed Birzhan sal District. Population: 17,930 (2009 census results); 25,599 (1999 census results).
Aptucxet Trading Post Museum
The Aptucxet Trading Post Museum is a small open-air historical museum in Bourne, Massachusetts. The main attraction is a replica of the 17th-century Aptucxet Trading Post which was built by the Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony in order to trade with the Wampanoag Indians and the Dutch. The museum also features a replica of a 19th-century saltworks, the relocated 19th-century Gray Gables Railroad Station, and a wooden smock windmill.  The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.

Bourne, Massachusetts
Bourne (/bɔːrn/ BORN) is a town on Cape Cod in Massachusetts. The population was 20,452 at the 2020 census.

For geographic and demographic information on specific parts of the town of Bourne, please see the articles on Bourne (CDP), Buzzards Bay, Monument Beach, Pocasset, Sagamore, and Sagamore Beach.
Mononegavirales
Mononegavirales is an order of negative-strand RNA viruses which have nonsegmented genomes. Some members that cause human disease in this order include Ebola virus, human respiratory syncytial virus, measles virus, mumps virus, Nipah virus, and rabies virus. Important pathogens of nonhuman animals and plants are also in the group. The order includes eleven virus families: Artoviridae, Bornaviridae, Filoviridae, Lispiviridae, Mymonaviridae, Nyamiviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Pneumoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Sunviridae, and Xinmoviridae.

Artoviridae
Artoviridae is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order Mononegavirales. Barnacles, copepods, odonates, parasitoid wasps, pile worms, and woodlice serve as natural hosts. The group name derives from arthropod the phylum of its hosts. Members of the family were initially discovered by high throughput sequencing.
HAT-P-7b
HAT-P-7b (or Kepler-2b) is an extrasolar planet discovered in 2008. It orbits very close to its host star and is larger than Jupiter. Due to the extreme heat that it receives from its star, the dayside temperature is predicted to be 2,630–2,880 K (4,270–4,720 °F; 2,360–2,610 °C), while nightside temperatures are 2,211–2,238 K (3,520–3,569 °F; 1,938–1,965 °C). HAT-P-7b is also one of the darkest planets ever observed, with an albedo of less than 0.03—meaning it absorbs more than 97% of the visible light that strikes it.

HAT-P-7
HAT-P-7 is a triple star system located about 1,088 light-years away in the constellation Cygnus. The apparent magnitude of this star is 10.5, which means it is not visible to the naked eye but can be seen with a small telescope on a clear dark night.
Hagai Shaham
Hagai Shaham (Hebrew: חגי שחם; born July 8, 1966) is an Israeli violin virtuoso. He began studying the violin at the age of six and was the last student of the late Professor Ilona Feher. He is also a violin teacher, a professor at the Buchmann-Mehta School of Music (formerly the Samuel Rubin Israel Academy of Music), in the Faculty of Arts at Tel Aviv University, and an artist-in-residence at Stony Brook University.

Arnon Erez
Arnon Erez (Hebrew: ארנון ארז) is an acclaimed Israeli pianist and chamber musician, and a piano professor at the Buchmann-Mehta School of Music (formerly the Samuel Rubin Israel Academy of Music), in the Faculty of Arts at Tel Aviv University.
Milward Simpson
Milward Lee Simpson (November 12, 1897 – June 11, 1993) was an American politician who served as a U.S. senator and as the 23rd governor of Wyoming, the first born in the state. In 1985, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.

Cody, Wyoming
Cody is a city in and the county seat of Park County, Wyoming, United States. It is named after Buffalo Bill Cody for his part in the founding of Cody in 1896.

The population was 10,028 at the 2020 census, making Cody the eleventh-largest city in Wyoming by population. Cody is served by Yellowstone Regional Airport.
Kadim
Kadim (Hebrew: כדים) was an Israeli settlement on a hilltop in the northern West Bank, just west of the large Palestinian city of Jenin, under the administrative jurisdiction of Shomron Regional Council.

Shomron Regional Council
The Shomron Regional Council (Hebrew: מועצה אזורית שומרון, Mo'atza Azorit Shomron, English Samaria Regional Council) is an Israeli regional council in the northern portion of the Israeli-occupied West Bank. Thirty-five Israeli settlements fall under its jurisdiction. As of December 2020 the jurisdiction area of the council has a population of about 47,200 people. The main offices are located in the Barkan Industrial Park.

The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.

Covering 2,800 square kilometers of the West Bank, it was, prior to the fall of 2005 when some of its municipal land was abandoned as part of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, the largest Israeli regional council in municipal area.

In August 2015, Yossi Dagan was elected to position of Chairman of Shomron Regional Council, with 62% of the vote.
North Macedonia Film Agency
The North Macedonia Film Agency, also known as the Film Fund, is a governmental agency in North Macedonia established in 2006 to help, support, and contribute to the North Macedonia film industry. Formed by the Government of North Macedonia, the Film Fund is a legal entity under The Law for the Film Fund and its registered office is located in Skopje, officially beginning work in 2008. The agency's purpose is to provide artistic and financial support to film projects inside North Macedonia, or made by Macedonian filmmakers. It provides resources to studios and independent filmmakers in North Macedonia and has control over cinemas and film festivals.

Cinema of North Macedonia
Cinema of North Macedonia refers to film industry based in North Macedonia or any motion-picture made by Macedonians abroad. Janaki and Milton Manaki are considered the founding fathers. The first feature film produced by the country was Frosina (1952) and the most famous director is Milčo Mančevski. The first and only Macedonian movie theater chain is Kinoverzum.

Throughout the past century, the medium of film has depicted the history, culture and everyday life of the people of North Macedonia. Over the years many Macedonian films have been presented at film festivals around the world and several of these films have won prestigious awards. Two Macedonian films have been nominated for an Academy Award, namely Before the Rain (1994) and Honeyland (2019).
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) comprise a category of otherwise unrelated disease-modifying drugs defined by their use in rheumatoid arthritis to slow down disease progression. The term is often used in contrast to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (which refers to agents that treat the inflammation, but not the underlying cause) and steroids (which blunt the immune response but are insufficient to slow down the progression of the disease).

The term "antirheumatic" can be used in similar contexts, but without making a claim about an effect on the disease course. Other terms that have historically been used to refer to the same group of drugs are "remission-inducing drugs" (RIDs) and "slow-acting antirheumatic drugs" (SAARDs).

Disease-modifying treatment
A disease-modifying drug, or disease-modifying therapy, is a treatment that delays, slows or reverses the progression of a disease by targeting its underlying cause. They are distinguished from symptomatic treatments that treat the symptoms of a disease but do not address its underlying cause.
Ecclesiae Regimen
The Ecclesiae Regimen, also Remonstrance, xxxvii Conclusiones Lollardorum,  or Thirty Seven Articles against Corruptions in the Church, is a church reformation declaration against the Catholic Church of England in the Late Middle Ages. It had no official title given to it when written and the author(s) did not identify themselves in the original manuscript. This public declaration by the English medieval sect called the Lollards was announced to the English parliament at the end of the manifesto Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards published in 1395.

Lollardy
Lollardy was a proto-Protestant Christian religious movement that was active in England from the mid-14th century until the 16th-century English Reformation. It was initially led by John Wycliffe, a Catholic theologian who was later dismissed from the University of Oxford in 1381 for heresy. The Lollards' demands were primarily for reform of Western Christianity. They formulated their beliefs in the Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards.
Transitive relation
In mathematics, a binary relation R on a set X is transitive if, for all elements a, b, c in X, whenever R relates a  to b and b to c, then R also relates a to c.

Every partial order and every equivalence relation is transitive. For example, less than and equality among real numbers are both transitive: If a < b and b < c then a < c; and if x = y and y = z then x = z.

Intransitivity
In mathematics, intransitivity (sometimes called nontransitivity) is a property of binary relations that are not transitive relations.  That is, we can find three values , , and  where the transitive condition does not hold.

Antitransitivity is a stronger property which describes a relation where, for any three values, the transitivity condition never holds.

Some authors use the term intransitive to refer to  antitransitivity.
Namiai, Nagano
Namiai (浪合村, Namiai-mura) was a village located in Shimoina District, Nagano Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 766 and a density of 13.38 persons per km2. The total area was 57.24 km2.

On January 1, 2006, Namiai was merged into the expanded village of Achi.

Achi, Nagano
Achi (阿智村, Achi-mura) is a village located in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 April 2019, the village had an estimated population of 6,379 in 2360 households, and a population density of 30.7 persons per km2. The total area of the village is 214.43 square kilometres (82.79 sq mi).
AXN (Asian TV channel)
AXN is a pan-Asian pay television channel owned by KC Global Media Asia and headquartered in Singapore. The channel primarily airs action shows, notably police procedural dramas, with most of its content originating in North America. Formerly a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Pictures Entertainment, AXN's operations in the Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa were sold to KC Global Media in January 2020.

Animax (Asian TV channel)
Animax is an Asian pay television channel owned by KC Global Media Asia. The channel was originally owned by Sony Pictures Entertainment, and took its name from the Japanese satellite TV network; which was then-majority owned by subsidiary Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan. The channel would be sold to its current owners on January 1, 2020.

Animax is the first television channel in Asia dedicated to anime, and was initially launched in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia in January 2004. The channel primarily broadcasts Japanese language programming (including same-day simulcasts, and other anime-related content) through English-language feeds in Southeast Asia (excluding Brunei), South and East Asia (excluding Mainland China).
Shangrao Normal University
Shangrao Normal University (SNU, simplified Chinese: 上饶师范学院; traditional Chinese: 上饒師範學院; pinyin: Shàngráo Shīfànxuéyuàn) is a teacher's college in Shangrao, Jiangxi, China. It has an area of 983 mu or 65.5 hectares (162 acres).

Shangrao
Shangrao (simplified Chinese: 上饶; traditional Chinese: 上饒; pinyin: Shàngráo) is a medium-sized prefecture-level city located in the northeast of Jiangxi province, People's Republic of China. The city borders the province of Anhui to the north, the province of Zhejiang to the east, and the province of Fujian to the south. Also, the city's western reaches extend into Poyang Lake. Shangrao had a population of 6,491,088 as of 2020 census whom 1,293,399 lived in the built up (or metro) area made of Xinzhou and Guangxin districts, Guangfeng District not being conurbated yet. Shangrao itself is at the very western edge of the Wu-speaking areas, while most of its associated counties speak Gan.
Ulmus pumila 'Chinkota'
The Siberian elm cultivar Ulmus pumila 'Chinkota'  was developed from seed of the cultivar 'Dropmore' by the Horticulture & Forestry Department of South Dakota State University c.1955, as one of a seed-produced line of extremely cold-hardy and drought-resistant trees for use in the Great Plains.

Ulmus pumila 'Dropmore'
The Siberian elm cultivar Ulmus pumila 'Dropmore'  was grown from seed collected in Harbin, Manchuria, China, by F. L. Skinner, of Dropmore, Manitoba. Green reported (1964) a suggestion to merge the Siberian elm cultivars 'Harbin' and 'Manchu'  with 'Dropmore', as all came from the Harbin area. In the event, 'Dropmore' appears to have superseded these earlier cultivars.

The cultivar 'Chinkota' was raised in North Dakota from 'Dropmore' seed.
Max Lowenthal
Max Lowenthal (February 26, 1888 – May 18, 1971) was a Washington, DC, political figure in all three branches of the federal government in the 1930s and 1940s, during which time he was closely associated with the rising career of Harry S. Truman; he served under Oscar R. Ewing on an "unofficial policy group" within the Truman administration (1947–1952).

Carol Weiss King
Carol Weiss King (24 August 1895 – 22 January 1952) was a well-known immigration lawyer, renowned for her advocacy in defending the civil rights of immigrants, key founder of the International Juridical Association, and a founding member of the National Lawyers Guild in the United States.  Her left-leaning career spanned from the Palmer Raids to the McCarthy Era.
Izhevsk
Izhevsk or Ijevsk (Russian: Иже́вск, IPA: [ɪˈʐɛfsk] ⓘ; Udmurt: Ижкар, romanized: Ižkar, or Иж, Iž) is the capital city of Udmurtia, Russia. It is situated along the Izh River, west of the Ural Mountains in Eastern Europe. It is the 21st-largest city in Russia, and the most populous in Udmurtia, with over 600,000 inhabitants.

From 1984 to 1987, the city was called Ustinov (Russian: Усти́нов), named after Soviet Minister of Defence Dmitry Ustinov. The city is a major hub of industry, commerce, politics, culture and education in the Volga Region. It is known for its defense, engineering and metallurgy industries. Izhevsk has the titles of the Armory Capital of Russia and the City of Labor Glory.

Peter Ivanovich Shuvalov
Count Peter Ivanovich Shuvalov (Russian: Пётр Иванович Шувалов, romanized: Pëtr Ivanovič Šuvalov; 1711 – 15 January [O.S. 4 January] 1762) was a Russian statesman and Field Marshal who, together with his brother Aleksandr Shuvalov, paved the way for the elevation of the Shuvalov family to the highest offices of the Russian Empire. He is also remembered as the founder of Izhevsk, the capital of Udmurtia.
Studio Trigger
Trigger, Inc. (Japanese: 株式会社トリガー, Hepburn: Kabushiki-gaisha Torigā), also known as Studio Trigger, is a Japanese independent animation studio founded by former Gainax employees Hiroyuki Imaishi and Masahiko Ōtsuka in 2011. It has produced anime works including Kill la Kill (2013), Little Witch Academia (short films, 2013 and 2015; TV series, 2017), Promare (2019), BNA: Brand New Animal (2020), Cyberpunk: Edgerunners (2022), and Delicious in Dungeon (2024), as well as the animated continuations of Gridman the Hyper Agent: SSSS.Gridman (2018), SSSS.Dynazenon (2021), and Gridman Universe (2023).

SSSS.Dynazenon
SSSS.Dynazenon (stylized as SSSS.DYNΛZENON, and also known as Special Signature to Save a Soul.Dynazenon) is a 2021 Japanese anime television series produced by Studio Trigger. It is the sequel to the 2018 anime SSSS.Gridman and the second installment in the shared Gridman Universe established in 2018 after the 1993–94 tokusatsu drama Gridman the Hyper Agent by Tsuburaya Productions. The 12-episode series aired in Japan from April to June 2021.
Cockatoo Island (Western Australia)
Cockatoo Island is an island in the Buccaneer Archipelago off the coast of Western Australia near the town of Derby. It was mined for iron ore by BHP from 1951 until 1984. Koolan Island is a neighbouring island that was also mined by BHP for high grade iron ore. It was most recently mined by Perth-based mining company, Pluton Resources until the company was placed under administration in September 2015.

Koolan Island
Koolan Island is an island off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia in the Buccaneer Archipelago.  It is about 1,900 km (1,181 miles) north of Perth, and about 130 km (81 mi) north of Derby. It hosts deposits of high-grade iron ore.
Gaffelgränd
Gaffelgränd  is an alley in Gamla stan, the old town of Stockholm, Sweden, connecting Skeppsbron to Lilla Hoparegränd and Pelikansgränd, both of which are leading to Österlånggatan. It is a parallel street to Ferkens Gränd, Lilla Hoparegränd, Pelikansgränd, and Johannesgränd.

Österlånggatan
Österlånggatan (Swedish for 'Eastern Long Street') is a street in Gamla stan, the old town of Stockholm, Sweden.  Stretching southward from Slottsbacken to Järntorget, it forms a parallel street to Baggensgatan and Skeppsbron.  Major sights include the statue of Saint George and the Dragon on Köpmanbrinken and the restaurant Den Gyldene Freden on number 51, established in 1722 and mentioned in Guinness Book of Records as one of the oldest with an unaltered interior.
Luigi Pirandello
Luigi Pirandello (/pɪrənˈdɛloʊ/; Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature "for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art". Pirandello's works include novels, hundreds of short stories, and about 40 plays, some of which are written in Sicilian. Pirandello's tragic farces are often seen as forerunners of the Theatre of the Absurd.

Theatre of the absurd
The theatre of the absurd (French: théâtre de l'absurde [teɑtʁ(ə) də lapsyʁd]) is a post–World War II designation for particular plays of absurdist fiction written by a number of primarily European playwrights in the late 1950s. It is also a term for the style of theatre the plays represent. The plays focus largely on ideas of existentialism and express what happens when human existence lacks meaning or purpose and communication breaks down. The structure of the plays is typically a round shape, with the finishing point the same as the starting point. Logical construction and argument give way to irrational and illogical speech and to the ultimate conclusion—silence.
Family tree of Scottish monarchs
This is a family tree for the kings and queens of Scotland, since the unification under the House of Alpin in 834, to the personal union with England in 1603  under James VI of Scotland. It includes also the Houses of Dunkeld, Balliol, Bruce, and Stewart.

See also: List of Scottish monarchs - Scotland - History of Scotland - List of British monarchs - Family tree of the British royal family - Family tree of British monarchs

Family tree of British monarchs
The following is a simplified family tree of the English, Scottish, and British monarchs.

For more-detailed charts see:

Family tree of English monarchs, from Alfred the Great and Æthelstan to Elizabeth I;

Family tree of Scottish monarchs, from Kenneth MacAlpin also to James VI and I;

Family tree of Welsh monarchs; and

Family tree of the British royal family from James VI and I to the present.
Bowelling, Western Australia
Bowelling is the site of a former railway station in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, and is now a locality in the Shire of West Arthur.

It was a junction of the Narrogin to Collie (usually known as Bowelling to Narrogin) and the Wagin to Collie (usually known as Bowelling to Wagin) railway lines.

Narrogin and Wagin were the locations of junctions on the Great Southern Railway, while the railway to Collie connected with the South Western Railway at Brunswick Junction.

The branch lines were regularly reviewed as to their viability in the 1980s by Westrail management, and also by the Transport Commission.

Wagin, Western Australia
Wagin /ˈweɪdʒɪn/ is a town and shire in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, approximately 225 km (140 mi) south-east of Perth on the Great Southern Highway between Narrogin and Katanning. It is also on State Route 107. The main industries are wheat and sheep farming.