hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pine Street Neighborhood Historic District
The Pine Street Neighborhood Historic District encompasses a neighborhood of Cambridge, Maryland with more than 150 years of history as an African-American neighborhood. The district covers about 100 acres (40 ha) of Cambridge, centered on the triangular intersection of High, Washington, and Pine Streets. It is a predominantly residential area with some commercial development. The majority of the district's housing consists of somewhat uniform factory worker housing. There are rows of two-story, two-bay, gable-front frame houses, sometimes with four-bay duplexes.

The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.

Cambridge, Maryland
Cambridge is a city in Dorchester County, Maryland, United States. The population was 13,096 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Dorchester County and the county's largest municipality. Cambridge is the fourth most populous city in Maryland's Eastern Shore region, after Salisbury, Elkton and Easton.
Churubusco, Indiana
Churubusco (/ˌtʃɛrəˈbʌskoʊ/ or /ˌtʃɛriˈbʌskoʊ/); often shortened to Busco (/ˈbʌskoʊ/), is a town located near the headwaters of the Eel River in the extreme northeast corner of Whitley County, Indiana, United States, in Smith Township, about 16 miles (26 km) northwest of Fort Wayne. As of the 2020 census, Churubusco had a population of 1,870.

Whitley County, Indiana
Whitley County is a rural county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 36,825. Whitley County is the 49th most populous county in Indiana. The county seat (and only incorporated city) is Columbia City. The county has the highest county number (92) on Indiana license plates, as it is alphabetically the last in the state's list of counties. It is part of the Fort Wayne Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Fort Wayne–Huntington–Auburn Combined Statistical Area.
Tom Matchick
John Thomas Matchick (September 7, 1943 – January 4, 2022) was an American professional baseball infielder who played six seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB).  He played for the Detroit Tigers, Boston Red Sox, Kansas City Royals, Milwaukee Brewers, and Baltimore Orioles from 1967 to 1972.  He compiled a .215 batting average with four home runs and 64 runs batted in 292 major league games.  He was also named the top all-star in the International League on four occasions.

Matchick appeared in 80 games for the Detroit Tigers team that won the World Series in 1968.  The UPI wrote in July 1968 that his two-run walk-off home run against the Baltimore Orioles "looms as the biggest blow so far in the 1968 pennant races" and called him the Tigers' most unlikely hero since Floyd Giebell in 1940.

1968 Detroit Tigers season
The 1968 Detroit Tigers season was the team's 68th season and the 57th season at Tiger Stadium. The Tigers won the 1968 World Series, defeating the St. Louis Cardinals four games to three. The 1968 baseball season, known as the "Year of the Pitcher," was the Detroit Tigers' 68th since they entered the American League in 1901, their eighth pennant, and third World Series championship. Detroit pitcher Denny McLain won the Cy Young Award and was named the American League's Most Valuable Player after winning 31 games. Mickey Lolich pitched three complete games in the World Series – and won all three – to win World Series MVP honors.
Transfer operator
In mathematics, the transfer operator encodes information about an iterated map and is frequently used to study the behavior of dynamical systems, statistical mechanics, quantum chaos and fractals. In all usual cases, the largest eigenvalue is 1, and the corresponding eigenvector is the invariant measure of the system.

The transfer operator is sometimes called the Ruelle operator, after David Ruelle, or the Perron–Frobenius operator or Ruelle–Perron–Frobenius operator, in reference to the applicability of the Perron–Frobenius theorem to the determination of the eigenvalues of the operator.

Subshift of finite type
In mathematics, subshifts of finite type are shift spaces defined by a finite set of forbidden words. They are used to model dynamical systems, and in particular are objects of study in symbolic dynamics and ergodic theory. They also describe the set of all possible sequences executed by a finite-state machine. The most widely studied shift spaces are the subshifts of finite type.
Turnpike trusts in South East England
This is a list of turnpike trusts that maintained roads in South East England.

Between 1663 and 1836, the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed a series of acts of Parliament that created organisations – turnpike trusts – that collected road tolls, and used the money to repair the road. These applied to major roads, around a fifth of the road network. The turnpike system was phased out in the 1870s, and major roads transitioned in the 1880s to the maintenance of the new county councils.

The counties used for these lists are the historic counties of England that existed at the time of the turnpike trusts. This article lists those in the south east of England: Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Hampshire, Kent, Middlesex, Oxfordshire, Surrey and Sussex.

Turnpike trust
Turnpike trusts were bodies set up by individual acts of Parliament, with powers to collect road tolls for maintaining the principal roads in Britain from the 17th but especially during the 18th and 19th centuries. At the peak, in the 1830s, over 1,000 trusts  administered around 30,000 miles (48,000 km) of turnpike road in England and Wales, taking tolls at almost 8,000 toll-gates and side-bars.

During the early 19th century the concept of the turnpike trust was adopted and adapted to manage roads within the British Empire (Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, and South Africa) and in the United States.

Turnpikes declined with the coming of the railways and then the Local Government Act 1888 gave responsibility for maintaining main roads to county councils and county borough councils.
2016 California Democratic presidential primary
The 2016 California Democratic presidential primary was held on June 7 in the U.S. state of California as one of the Democratic Party's primaries ahead of the 2016 presidential election.

The Democratic Party's primaries in  Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico and South Dakota were held the same day, as were Republican primaries in the same five states. Additionally, the Democratic Party held North Dakota caucuses the same day.

2016 New Mexico Democratic presidential primary
The 2016 New Mexico Democratic presidential primary was held on June 7 in the U.S. state of New Mexico as one of the Democratic Party's primaries ahead of the 2016 presidential election.

The Democratic Party's primaries in California, Montana, New Jersey and South Dakota were scheduled to be held the same day, as were the Republican primaries in the same five states, including their own New Mexico primary. Additionally, the Democratic Party held the North Dakota caucuses the same day.
Tomato bushy stunt virus
Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) is a virus of the tombusvirus family. It was first reported in tomatoes in 1935 and primarily affects vegetable crops, though it is not generally considered an economically significant plant pathogen. Depending upon the host, TBSV causes stunting of growth, leaf mottling, and deformed or absent fruit. The virus is likely to be soil-borne in the natural setting, but can also be transmitted mechanically, for example through contaminated cutting tools. TBSV has been used as a model system in virology research on the life cycle of plant viruses, particularly in experimental infections of the model host plant Nicotiana benthamiana.

RNA silencing suppressor p19
RNA silencing suppressor p19 (also known as Tombusvirus P19 core protein and 19 kDa symptom severity modulator) is a protein expressed from the ORF4 gene in the genome of tombusviruses. These viruses are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that infect plant cells, in which RNA silencing forms a widespread and robust antiviral defense system. The p19 protein serves as a counter-defense strategy, specifically binding the 19- to 21-nucleotide double-stranded RNAs that function as small interfering RNA (siRNA) in the RNA silencing system. By sequestering siRNA, p19 suppresses RNA silencing and promotes viral proliferation. The p19 protein is considered a significant virulence factor and a component of an evolutionary arms race between plants and their pathogens.
Maiuma (city)
Maiuma (also Maiumas or Maiouma, Maioumas) is one of the names of the main ancient port of Gaza, at times functioning as a separate city; the other ancient port of Gaza was Anthedon. Its remains are situated at present-day Rimal near Gaza City in the Gaza Strip.

Rimal
Rimal or Remal (Arabic: حي الرمال, lit. 'sands') is a neighborhood in Gaza City located three kilometers (two miles) from the city center. Situated along the coastline, it was considered the most prosperous neighborhood of Gaza. The main street that runs through Gaza, Omar Mukhtar Street, runs northwest–southeast in the district and the main coastal road, Ahmad Orabi/Rasheed Street, northeast-southwest. Rimal is divided into the city districts of southern Rimal and northern Rimal. The neighborhood is the site of multiple government ministries and has been severely damaged during the ongoing Gaza war.
Scareware
Scareware is a form of malware which uses social engineering to cause shock, anxiety, or the perception of a threat in order to manipulate users into buying unwanted software (or other products). Scareware is part of a class of malicious software that includes rogue security software, ransomware and other scam software that tricks users into believing their computer is infected with a virus, then suggests that they download and pay for fake antivirus software to remove it. Usually the virus is fictional and the software is non-functional or malware itself. According to the Anti-Phishing Working Group, the number of scareware packages in circulation rose from 2,850 to 9,287 in the second half of 2008. In the first half of 2009, the APWG identified a 585% increase in scareware programs.

The "scareware" label can also apply to any application or virus which pranks users with intent to cause anxiety or panic.

Anti-Phishing Working Group
The Anti-Phishing Working Group (APWG) is an international consortium focused on providing guidance and collecting data to reduce the risks of fraud and identity theft caused by phishing and related incidents. It was founded in 2003 by a US-based company, Tumbleweed Communications in collaboration with banks, financial institutions, and e-commerce service providers.

Some APWG members are undisclosed, but as of December 2024, public members of the steering committee include Microsoft, RSA Security, Verisign, PayPal, Adobe, ICANN, Docusign, LinkedIn, Corporation Service Company, and Fortra. Research partners include the Institution of Electrical Engineers, the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, CERT Polska, and other CERT organizations from various countries, including the Czech Republic, Azerbaijan, and Japan.
4-Nitrobiphenyl
4-Nitrobiphenyl is an organic compound with the formula C6H5−C6H4NO2.  It is one of three isomers of nitrobiphenyl and probably the most widely used.  It is a precursor to the antioxidant 4-aminobiphenyl.  4-Nitrobiphenyl is readily prepared by nitration of biphenyl. It can also be prepared by cross-coupling reactions.

4-Nitrobiphenyl is commonly invoked as a pollutant.

4-Aminobiphenyl
4-Aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) is an organic compound with the formula C6H5C6H4NH2. It is an amine derivative of biphenyl. It is a colorless solid, although aged samples can appear colored. 4-Aminobiphenyl was commonly used in the past as a rubber antioxidant and an intermediate for dyes. Exposure to this aryl-amine can happen through contact with chemical dyes and from inhalation of cigarette smoke. Researches showed that 4-aminobiphenyl is responsible for bladder cancer in humans and dogs by damaging DNA. Due to its carcinogenic effects, commercial production of 4-aminobiphenyl ceased in the United States in the 1950s.
VRPM
vRPM, or virtual Revolutions Per Minute, was a term for a synthetic measurement of performance introduced by SanDisk for solid state drive (SSD) storage devices inside client PCs. vRPM was created to give users a metric to compare SSD performance to the hard disk drive (HDD) and other SSDs.

vRPM calculates how fast one would have to spin a virtual HDD to achieve the equivalent performance of an SSD in a client PC. It uses RPM (revolutions per minute), a de facto industry standard to measure the performance of the HDD inside PCs.

Hard disk drive performance characteristics
Higher performance in hard disk drives comes from devices which have better performance characteristics. These performance characteristics can be grouped into two categories: access time and data transfer time (or rate).
Flavour (particle physics)
In particle physics, flavour or flavor refers to the species of an elementary particle. The Standard Model counts six flavours of quarks and six flavours of leptons. They are conventionally parameterized with flavour quantum numbers that are assigned to all subatomic particles. They can also be described by some of the family symmetries proposed for the quark-lepton generations.

Generation (particle physics)
In particle physics, a generation or family is a division of the elementary particles. Between generations, particles differ by their flavour quantum number and mass, but their electric and strong interactions are identical.

There are three generations according to the Standard Model of particle physics. Each generation contains two types of leptons and two types of quarks. The two leptons may be classified into one with electric charge −1 (electron-like) and neutral (neutrino); the two quarks may be classified into one with charge −1⁄3 (down-type) and one with charge +2⁄3 (up-type). The basic features of quark–lepton generation or families, such as their masses and mixings etc., can be described by some of the proposed family symmetries.
Hamrane Heights
The Hamrane Heights (72°32′S 0°36′E﻿ / ﻿72.533°S 0.600°E﻿ / -72.533; 0.600) are ice-free heights between Skarsdalen Valley and Hei Glacier in the Sverdrup Mountains of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. They were photographed from the air by the Third German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39). The heights were mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition (1949–52) and from air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named Hamrane (the crags).

Skarsdalen Valley
Skarsdalen Valley (72°33′S 0°30′E﻿ / ﻿72.550°S 0.500°E﻿ / -72.550; 0.500) is an ice-filled valley between Roots Heights and Hamrane Heights in the Sverdrup Mountains, Queen Maud Land. Photographed from the air by the German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39). Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named Skarsdalen (the gap valley).

This article incorporates public domain material from "Skarsdalen Valley". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
Takatori Castle
Takatori Castle (高取城, Takatori jō) was a Sengoku to Edo period yamajiro-style Japanese castle located in what is now the town of Takatori, Nara Prefecture, in the Kinki region of Japan. Its ruins been protected by the central government as a National Historic Site since 1953. Takatori Castle was listed as one of Japan's Top 100 Castles by the Japan Castle Foundation in 2006.

Takatori, Nara
Takatori (高取町, Takatori-chō) is a town located in Takaichi District, Nara Prefecture, Japan. As of 30 September 2024, the town had an estimated population of 6,081 in 2820 households, and a population density of 240 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 25.79 km2 (9.96 sq mi).
Yobe State House of Assembly
11°44′41″N 11°59′40″E﻿ / ﻿11.74478778°N 11.99437402°E﻿ / 11.74478778; 11.99437402

Yobe State House of Assembly is the legislative arm of the Yobe State Government. It is a unicameral body consisting of 24 members elected into 24 state constituencies and presided by a Speaker. The current Speaker of the house is Hon. Chiroma Buba Mashio. The age of voting is 18.

Chiroma Mashio
Chiroma Mashio is a Nigerian politician. He is the current Speaker of the Yobe State House of Assembly. He represents the Jajere Constituency and was elected unopposed as Speaker of the 8th Yobe State House of Assembly.
Chiaramonti
Chiaramonti (Gallurese: Chjaramònti, Sardinian: Tzaramònte, literally "Clear Mountains") is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Sassari in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 170 kilometres (110 mi) north of Cagliari and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) east of Sassari. It is part of the Anglona historical regione.

Chiaramonti borders the following municipalities: Ardara, Erula, Martis, Nulvi, Ozieri, Perfugas, Ploaghe.

Erula
Erula (Gallurese: Èrula, Sardinian: Èrula) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Sassari in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 180 kilometres (110 mi) north of Cagliari and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) east of Sassari. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 807 and an area of 40.1 square kilometres (15.5 sq mi).

The municipality of Erula contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Sa Mela and Tettile.

Erula borders the following municipalities: Chiaramonti, Ozieri, Perfugas, Tempio Pausania, Tula.
Galashiels Academy
Galashiels Academy is the high school in Galashiels, Scotland, that serves the surrounding area including Stow. Refounded in 1938, the school's history goes back as far as 1696. The current building was built in 1964. A new building, The Galashiels Community campus, was completed in 2025 and opened to pupils and public in January 2026.

Galashiels
Galashiels, (/ˌɡæləˈʃiːlz/; Scots: Gallae; Scottish Gaelic: An Geal Àth) colloquially known as Gala, is a town in the Scottish Borders with a population of around 10,060. The town is a major commercial centre for the Borders region with extensive history in the textile industry. Galashiels is the location of Heriot-Watt University's School of Textiles and Design.
Kim Sterelny
Kim Sterelny (born 1950) is an Australian philosopher and professor of philosophy in the Research School of Social Sciences at Australian National University and Victoria University of Wellington. He is the winner of several international prizes in the philosophy of science, and was previously editor of Biology and Philosophy. He is also a member of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. He is currently the First Vice President of the Division for Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science and Technology of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science and Technology (2020–2023).

Lakatos Award
The Lakatos Award is given annually for an outstanding contribution to the philosophy of science, widely interpreted. The contribution must be in the form of a monograph, co-authored or single-authored, and published in English during the previous six years. The award is in memory of the influential Hungarian philosopher of science and mathematics Imre Lakatos, whose tenure as Professor of Logic at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) was cut short by his early and unexpected death. While administered by an international management committee organised from the LSE, it is independent of the LSE Department of Philosophy, Logic, and Scientific Method, with many of the committee's members being academics from other institutions. The value of the award, which has been endowed by the Latsis Foundation, is £10,000, and to take it up a successful candidate must visit the LSE and deliver a public lecture.
Bettystown
Bettystown (Irish: Baile an Bhiataigh), previously known as Betaghstown and transliterated to Beattystown/Bettystown, is a village in County Meath, Ireland. Together with the neighbouring villages of Laytown, Mornington and Donacarney, it comprises the urban area of Laytown–Bettystown–Mornington–Donacarney with a combined population of 15,642 at the 2022 census. During the Celtic Tiger, with increasing property prices in Dublin, Bettystown expanded to cater for large numbers of commuters to Dublin. The area was well known before that as a spot for Dublin summer holiday visitors, with a number of caravan parks and seaside amusements.

In 2011, Bettystown and Laytown as far as the River Nanny were transferred from the three-seat constituency of Meath East to the five-seat constituency of Louth.

Laytown–Bettystown–Mornington–Donacarney
Laytown–Bettystown–Mornington–Donacarney (Irish: An Inse–Baile an Bhiataigh–Baile Uí Mhornáin–Domhnach Cairnigh) is a built up area in County Meath, Ireland, comprising the adjoining villages of Laytown, Bettystown, Mornington and Donacarney. Prior to 2016, it was listed as Laytown–Bettystown–Mornington.

On the east of County Meath, its coastline stretches from the River Boyne, which borders County Louth to the River Delvin, which borders County Fingal. This stretch of beach is 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) long and constitutes the whole coastline of County Meath.

It is one of the fastest-growing areas of the country, with a population increase of 31.8% from 2016 to 2022.
Confessions from a Holiday Camp
Confessions from a Holiday Camp is a 1977 British comedy film directed by Norman Cohen and starring Robin Askwith. It was written by Christopher Wood. The film was released in North America in 1978 under the title Confessions of a Summer Camp Counsellor. It is the last film in the series which began with Confessions of a Window Cleaner (1974).

Christopher Wood (writer)
Christopher Hovelle Wood (5 November 1935 – 9 May 2015) was an English screenwriter and novelist, best known for the Confessions series of novels and films which he wrote as Timothy Lea. Under his own name, he adapted two James Bond novels for the screen: The Spy Who Loved Me (1977, with Richard Maibaum) and Moonraker (1979).

Wood's many novels divide into four groups: semi-autobiographical literary fiction, historical fiction, adventure novels, and pseudonymous humorous erotica.