hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mespilus
Mespilus, commonly called medlar, is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Rosaceae containing the single species Mespilus germanica of southwest Asia. It is also found in some countries in the Balkans, especially in Albanian, Macedonian and Bulgarian regions, and in Azerbaijan and Caucasian Georgia. A second proposed species, Mespilus canescens, discovered in North America in 1990, proved to be a hybrid between M. germanica and one or more species of hawthorn, and is properly known as × Crataemespilus canescens.

× Crataemespilus
× Crataemespilus (or Cratae-mespilus) is the generic name applied to hybrids between the genera Crataegus and Mespilus. It should not be confused with + Crataegomespilus, which is applied to graft-chimeras between those genera.
Petralia Soprana
Petralia Soprana (Sicilian: Pitralìa Suprana) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Palermo in the Italian region Sicily, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Palermo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 3,630 and an area of 56.8 square kilometres (21.9 sq mi).

The municipality of Petralia Soprana contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Acquamara, Borgo Aiello, Borgo Pala, Cipampini, Cozzo Bianco, Fasanò, Gioiotti, Gulini, LoDico, Lucia, Madonnuzza, Miranti, Pellizzara, Pianello, Pira, Raffo, San Giovanni, SS. Trinità, Sabatini, Saccù, Salaci, Salinella, Scarcini, Scarpella, Serra di Lio, Stretti, Verdi I e Verdi II, and Villa Letizia.

Petralia Soprana borders the following municipalities: Alimena, Blufi, Bompietro, Gangi, Geraci Siculo, Petralia Sottana. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

I Borghi più belli d'Italia
I borghi più belli d'Italia (Italian: [i ˈborɡi pju bˈbɛlli diˈtaːlja]) is a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest. It was founded in March 2001 on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities, with the aim of preserving and maintaining villages of quality heritage. Its motto is Il fascino dell'Italia nascosta ("The charm of hidden Italy").

Participants in the group are small population centres which risk neglect and abandonment because they lie outside the main tourist circuits. Initially they comprised about a hundred villages, but had increased to 361 in 2023.

In 2012, the Italian association was one of the founding members of the international association The Most Beautiful Villages in the World, a private organization that brings together various territorial associations promoting small inhabited centres of particular historical and landscape interest.
Hamre Municipality
Hamre (historically, Hammer) is a former municipality in the old Hordaland county, Norway. The 80.8-square-kilometre (31.2 sq mi) municipality existed from 1838 until its dissolution in 1964. The area is now divided between Alver Municipality and Osterøy Municipality in the traditional district of Nordhordland in Vestland county. The administrative centre was the village of Hamre, where Hamre Church was located.

Prior to its dissolution in 1964, the 80.8-square-kilometre (31.2 sq mi) municipality was the 545th largest by area out of the 689 municipalities in Norway. Hamre Municipality was the 354th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of about 2,579. The municipality's population density was 31.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (83/sq mi) and its population had decreased by 7.2% over the previous 10-year period.

Hamre, Osterøy
Hamre is a village in Osterøy Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The village of Hamre is located near the extreme western point on the island of Osterøy, across the Osterfjorden from the village of Knarvik. Hamre sits about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north of the village of Valestrandsfossen.

The 0.21-square-kilometre (52-acre) village has a population (2025) of 216 and a population density of 1,029 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,670/sq mi).
Nepenthes maxima
Nepenthes maxima (/nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˈmæksɪmə/; from Latin: maximus "greatest"), the great pitcher-plant, is a carnivorous pitcher plant species of the genus Nepenthes.  It has a relatively wide distribution covering New Guinea, Sulawesi, and the Maluku Islands. It may also be present on Wowoni Island.

Nepenthes maxima belongs to the loosely defined "N. maxima complex", which also includes, among other species, N. boschiana, N. chaniana, N. epiphytica, N. eymae, N. faizaliana, N. fusca, N. klossii, N. platychila, N. stenophylla, and N. vogelii.

Nepenthes
Nepenthes (/nɪˈpɛnθiːz/ nih-PEN-theez) is a genus of carnivorous plants, also known as tropical pitcher plants, or monkey cups, in the monotypic family Nepenthaceae. The genus includes about 170 species, and numerous natural and many cultivated hybrids. They are mostly liana-forming plants of the Old World tropics, ranging from South China, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines; westward to Madagascar (two species) and the Seychelles (one); southward to Australia (four) and New Caledonia (one); and northward to India (one) and Sri Lanka (one). The greatest diversity occurs on Borneo, Sumatra, and the Philippines, with many endemic species. Many are plants of hot, humid, lowland areas, but most are tropical, montane plants, receiving warm days but cool to cold, humid nights year-round. A few are considered tropical alpine, with cool days and nights near freezing.  The name "monkey cups" refers to the fact that monkeys were once thought to drink rainwater from the pitchers.
Margo Wilson
Margo Wilson FRSC (1942–2009) was a Canadian evolutionary psychologist. She was a professor of psychology at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, noted for her pioneering work in the field of evolutionary psychology and her contributions to the study of violence.

Human Behavior and Evolution Society
The Human Behavior and Evolution Society (HBES) is an interdisciplinary, international society of researchers, primarily from the social and biological sciences, who use modern evolutionary theory to help to discover human nature — including evolved emotional, cognitive and sexual adaptations.  It was founded on October 29, 1988 at the University of Michigan.

The official academic journal of the society is Evolution and Human Behavior, and the society has held annual conferences since 1989.

The membership is broadly international and consists of scholars from many fields, such as psychology, anthropology, medicine, law, philosophy, biology, economics and sociology.  Despite the diversity, HBES members "all speak the common language of Darwinism."
Lewisian complex
The Lewisian complex or Lewisian gneiss is a suite of Precambrian metamorphic rocks that outcrop in the northwestern part of Scotland, forming part of the Hebridean terrane and the North Atlantic Craton. These rocks are of Archaean and Paleoproterozoic age, ranging from 3.0 to 1.7 billion years (Ga). They form the basement on which the Stoer Group, Wester Ross Supergroup and probably the Loch Ness Supergroup sediments were deposited. The Lewisian consists mainly of granitic gneisses with a minor amount of supracrustal rocks. Rocks of the Lewisian complex were caught up in the Caledonian orogeny, appearing in the hanging walls of many of the thrust faults formed during the late stages of this tectonic event.

Stoer Group
The Stoer Group is a sequence of Mesoproterozoic sedimentary rocks that outcrops on the peninsula of Stoer, near Assynt, Sutherland. The dominant lithology is sandstone with breccias and conglomerates developed near the base It is subdivided into three formations. It lies unconformably on the underlying Archaean to Paleoproterozoic age gneisses of the Lewisian complex and is in turn unconformably overlain by the Neoproterozoic Torridon Group.
DisCoCat
DisCoCat (Categorical Compositional Distributional) is a mathematical framework for natural language processing which uses category theory to unify distributional semantics with the principle of compositionality. The grammatical derivations in a categorial grammar (usually a pregroup grammar) are interpreted as linear maps acting on the tensor product of word vectors to produce the meaning of a sentence or a piece of text. String diagrams are used to visualise information flow and reason about natural language semantics.

Categorical quantum mechanics
Categorical quantum mechanics is the study of quantum foundations and quantum information using paradigms from mathematics and computer science, notably monoidal category theory. The primitive objects of study are physical processes, and the different ways these can be composed. It was pioneered in 2004 by Samson Abramsky and Bob Coecke.  Categorical quantum mechanics is entry 18M40 in MSC2020.
Ligovka-Yamskaya Municipal Okrug
Ligovka-Yamskaya Municipal Okrug (Russian: муниципа́льный о́круг Ли́говка-Ямска́я) is a municipal okrug in Tsentralny District, one of the eighty-one low-level municipal divisions  of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 16,825, up from 14,740 recorded during the 2002 Census.

Tsentralny District, Saint Petersburg
Tsentralny District (Russian: Центра́льный райо́н) is a district of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 214,625; down from 236,856 recorded in the 2002 Census.
João Marinho Neto
João Marinho Neto (born 5 October 1912) is a Brazilian supercentenarian who, at the age of 113 years, 132 days, is the world's oldest verified living man following the death of John Tinniswood from the United Kingdom.

John Tinniswood
John Alfred Tinniswood (26 August 1912 – 25 November 2024) was a British supercentenarian who was the world's oldest verified living man from the death of 112-year-old Shi Ping of China on 29 June 2024 until his own death on 25 November 2024, at the age of 112 years and 91 days.
Julleuchter
Julleuchter (German pronunciation: [ˈjuːlˌlɔʏçtɐ]; "Yule lantern") or Turmleuchter ("tower lantern") are modern terms used to describe a type of earthenware candle-holder originating in 16th-century Sweden, later redesigned and manufactured in Nazi Germany.

Allach (porcelain)
Porzellan Manufaktur Allach (German pronunciation: [ˈalax]; Allach porcelain manufacture) was produced in Germany between 1935 and 1945. After its first year of operation, the enterprise was run by the SS with forced labor provided by the Dachau concentration camp. The emphasis was on decorative ceramics —objets d'art for the Nazi regime. The company logo included stylized SS runes. Sometimes in place of the company name, the pottery markings mentioned the SS: "DES  - WIRTSCHAFTS - VERWALTUNGSHAUPTAMTES" ('SS Main Economic [and] Administrative Office'). Ceramic artist, master potter and author Edmund de Waal describes the double-lightning insignia of the SS that marked the Allach products as a clever transposition of Germany's famed Meissen porcelain mark of two crossed swords.
Alex Glasgow
Alex Glasgow (14 October 1935 – 14 May 2001) was an English singer-songwriter from Low Fell, Gateshead, England. He wrote the songs and music for the musical plays Close the Coal House Door and On Your Way, Riley! by Alan Plater, and scripts for the TV drama When the Boat Comes In, the theme song of which he sang.

Alan Plater
Alan Frederick Plater CBE FRSL (15 April 1935 – 25 June 2010) was an English playwright and screenwriter, who worked extensively in British television from the 1960s to the 2000s. He is best known for the sitcom Oh No It's Selwyn Froggitt and the comedy drama serials The Beiderbecke Trilogy. He also contributed to the BBC series Dalziel and Pascoe, and adapted Chris Mullin's novel A Very British Coup (1988) for television. He was the driving force behind the TV version of Flambards Among his few feature films were The Virgin and the Gypsy and Priest of Love.

Plater was president of the Writers' Guild of Great Britain from September 1991 until April 1995. In the Queen's New Year's Honours of 2005, he was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for services to drama.
ABQ RIDE
ABQ RIDE, formerly known as the City of Albuquerque Transit Department, is the local transit agency serving Albuquerque, New Mexico. ABQ RIDE operates a variety of city bus routes including two Albuquerque Rapid Transit (ART) bus rapid transit lines. It is the largest public transportation system in the state, serving 6,854,200 passengers in 2024, or about 23,100 per weekday as of the third quarter of 2025.

The name "ABQ RIDE" and a new logo depicting the Alvarado Transportation Center clock tower were chosen in a contest, replacing the previous name SunTran in September 2004. The current ABQ RIDE color scheme is yellow-green, white, and turquoise, though most of the existing fleet wears the previous maroon, white, and gold livery.

Central Avenue (Albuquerque)
Central Avenue is a major east–west street in Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States, which historically served as the city's main thoroughfare and principal axis of development. It runs through many of Albuquerque's oldest neighborhoods, including Downtown, Old Town, Nob Hill, and the University of New Mexico area. Central Avenue was part of U.S. Route 66 from 1937 until the highway's decommissioning in 1985 and also forms one axis of Albuquerque's house numbering system. It was also signed as Business Loop 40 until the early 1990s when ownership of Central Avenue was transferred from the New Mexico State Highway Department to the City of Albuquerque.
Gmina Chełm
Gmina Chełm is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Pokrówka, which lies approximately 500 metres (0 mi) south-west of border Chełm and 73 km (45 mi) east of the regional capital Lublin.

The gmina covers an area of 221.82 square kilometres (85.6 sq mi), and as of 2014 its total population is 14,146 and is one of the largest municipalities of Lublin Voivodeship.

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Chełm Landscape Park.

Chełm Landscape Park
Chełm Landscape Park (Chełmski Park Krajobrazowy) is a protected area (Landscape Park) in eastern Poland, established in 1983, covering an area of 143.50 square kilometres (55.41 sq mi). The Park lies within Lublin Voivodeship, in Chełm County (Gmina Chełm, Gmina Dorohusk).

There is a large amount of carbon and limestone in the soil and the area is covered with peat-bogs. There are 152 bird species such as black stork, common crane, lesser spotted eagle, aquatic warbler, short-eared owl, Eurasian curlew, whilst reptiles include the European pond turtle.   The other three nature reserves located around the area are: Bachus (established in 1958), Brzeźno (1973) and Bagno Serebryjskie (1991).
Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh offensive
The Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh offensive (Russian: Острогожско-Россошанская операция) was an offensive of the Voronezh Front on the Eastern Front of World War II against the Hungarian 2nd Army and parts of the Italian 8th Army as part of the Voronezh–Kharkov offensive.

The offensive came after Operation Little Saturn, made in support of the Stalingrad encirclement. The offensive was supported from the south by the right flank of the Soviet 6th Army and the 3rd Tank Army of Pavel Rybalko.

Italian Army in Russia
The Italian Army in Russia (Italian: Armata Italiana in Russia; ARMIR) was a combined force the size of a field army unit of the Regio Esercito (Royal Italian Army) which fought on the Eastern Front during World War II between July 1942 and April 1943. The ARMIR was also known as the 8th Italian Army and initially had 235,000 soldiers. The bulk of this force was destroyed by the Soviet Red Army at the Battle of Stalingrad, after which Mussolini withdrew the remnants from Russia to the West.
Varde Kaserne railway halt
Varde Kaserne railway halt (Danish: Varde Kaserne Trinbræt) is a railway halt serving the southwestern part of the town of Varde in West Jutland, Denmark. The halt is located c. 300 m (980 ft) from the army barracks Varde Kaserne.

Varde Kaserne railway halt is located on the Esbjerg–Struer railway line from Esbjerg to Struer. The railway halt opened in 1984. It offers regional rail services to Aarhus, Esbjerg, Herning and Skjern, operated by the railway company GoCollective.

Varde
Varde is a Danish city in southwestern Jutland and is the primary city in the municipality of Varde, in Region of Southern Denmark. In 2015 municipality changed its motto to "We in nature" to emphasize its rural atmosphere. The town has an old market environment and is located by Varde stream/river and is a short distance away from the beaches by the North Sea. These features make it a tourist destination. The age of Varde is not known precisely, but it is mentioned in written sources from 1107 A.D. and is therefore thought have been founded sometime in the early Middle Ages.
Ilga (river)
The Ilga (Russian: Илга) is a river in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. It is the 32nd longest tributary of the Lena with a length of 289 kilometres (180 mi) and a drainage basin area of 10,400 square kilometres (4,000 sq mi).

There are a number of settlements near the river, such as Lukinovo (Лукиново), Bachai (Бачай), Zakharova (Захарова), Timoshino (Тимошино), Butyrina (Бутырина), Kaidakan (Кайдакан), Chichek (Чичек), Kachen (Качень), Znamenka (Знаменка), and Nizhnyaya Sloboda (Нижняя Слобода), mostly in Zhigalovsky District. Ust-Ilga is located by the Lena River at the confluence with the Ilga. In the summer tourists visit the Ilga mainly for rafting.

Lena River
The Lena is a river in the Russian Far East and is the easternmost river of the three great rivers of Siberia which flow into the Arctic Ocean, the others being Ob and Yenisey. The Lena River is 4,294 km (2,668 mi) long and has a capacious drainage basin of 2,490,000 km2 (960,000 mi2); thus the Lena is the eleventh-longest river in the world and the longest river entirely within Russia. Geographically, permafrost underlies all the Lena River's catchment and it is continuous in over 75 percent of the basin.
Scholz's Star
Scholz's Star /ˈʃoʊlz(əz)/ (WISE designation WISE 0720−0846 or fully WISE J072003.20−084651.2) is a dim binary stellar system 22 light-years (6.8 parsecs) from the Sun in the constellation Monoceros near the galactic plane. It was discovered in 2013 by astronomer Ralf-Dieter Scholz. In 2015, Eric Mamajek and collaborators reported that the system passed through the Solar System's Oort cloud roughly 70,000 years ago in a stellar encounter, and dubbed it Scholz's Star.

Monoceros
Monoceros (Greek: Μονόκερως, "unicorn") is a faint constellation on the celestial equator. Its definition is attributed to the 17th-century cartographer Petrus Plancius. It is bordered by Orion to the west, Gemini to the north, Canis Major to the south, and Hydra to the east. Other bordering constellations include Canis Minor, Lepus, and Puppis.
Gergei
Gergei is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Cagliari. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,413 and an area of 36.1 square kilometres (13.9 sq mi).

Gergei borders the following municipalities: Barumini, Escolca, Gesturi, Isili, Mandas, Serri.

Mandas
Mandas is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Cagliari. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,401 and an area of 45.0 square kilometres (17.4 sq mi).

Mandas borders the following municipalities: Escolca, Gergei, Gesico, Nurri, Serri, Siurgus Donigala, Suelli.

In January 1921, D. H. Lawrence and his wife Frieda (the Queen-Bee) visited the city on their way to Sorgono. An account of their visit can be read in one of Lawrence's travel books, Sea and Sardinia (1921).
Coercive deficiency
In United States federal government finance, coercive deficiency is a process by which budget holders can allow themselves to run out of money prior to the end of a fiscal period, on the assumption that Congress will then feel morally obligated to supply the missing funding in order to prevent cessation of services or breach of contracts.

The phrase was coined by American political economist and historian Lucius Wilmerding, Jr. in his 1943 book The Spending Power: A History of the Efforts of Congress to Control Expenditures.

The first attempt to control for coercive deficiency requests to Congress was the Anti-Deficiency Act of 1870, which prevented agencies from obligating more funds than had been appropriated by Congress. Historians have documented examples of coercive deficiencies at the U.S. Post Office in 1879 and 1947 and at the Defense Department.

Antideficiency Act
The Antideficiency Act (ADA) (Pub. L. 97–258, 96 Stat. 923) is legislation enacted by the United States Congress to prevent the incurring of obligations or the making of expenditures (outlays) in excess of amounts available in appropriations or funds. The law was initially enacted in 1884, with major amendments occurring in 1950 (64 Stat. 765) and 1982 (96 Stat. 923). It is now codified at 31 U.S.C. § 1341, § 1342, §§ 1349–1351 and §§ 1511–1519. The Act was previously enacted as section 3679 of the Revised Statutes.

The ADA prohibits the U.S. federal government from entering into a contract that is not "fully funded" because doing so would obligate the government in the absence of an appropriation adequate to the needs of the contract. Accordingly, it is often cited during U.S. government shutdowns as a reason for the closure of certain departments or facilities.
Foothill Horizons Outdoor School
Foothill Horizons Outdoor School is an outdoor school located in Sonora, California. The center's formal name is Neal E. Wade Outdoor Education Center. It is operated by the Stanislaus County Office of Education. Stanislaus County Office of Education has been operating an Outdoor Education program for over 50 years.

The current director is Jessica Hewitt.

Sonora, California
Sonora is the only incorporated city in Tuolumne County, California, United States, of which it is also the county seat. Founded during the California Gold Rush by Mexican miners from Sonora (after which the city is named), the city population was 5,003 during the 2020 census, an increase from the 4,610 counted during the 2010 census.
Taikoo Dockyard
22°17′10″N 114°13′01″E﻿ / ﻿22.286°N 114.217°E﻿ / 22.286; 114.217

Taikoo Dockyard and Engineering Company (Chinese: 太古船塢; Jyutping: taai3 gu2 syun4 ou3) was a dockyard in what is now Taikoo Shing, MTR Tai Koo station and part of Taikoo Place of Quarry Bay on the Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong. It predates the era before the reclamation of Victoria Harbour.

Taikoo Shing
Taikoo Shing or Tai Koo Shing (Cantonese pronunciation: [tʰāːi.kǔː sȅŋ]), is a private residential development in Quarry Bay, in the eastern part of Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. It is a part of Swire's property business, along with Taikoo Place, the adjacent Cityplaza retail and office complex, and EAST, a lifestyle business hotel.