hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Speculative philosophy
Speculative philosophy is philosophy that seeks to reflect on all aspects of human experience to construct a comprehensive view of reality. Its aim is to integrate the insights from various domains into a unified understanding of existence.

Historically, speculative philosophy has been central to the work of philosophers like Plato, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and Alfred North Whitehead, who all developed large-scale theories about reality, existence, and knowledge. The term was coined by C. D. Broad as a distinction from critical philosophy.

Critical philosophy
Critical philosophy (German: kritische Philosophie) is a movement inaugurated by Immanuel Kant (1724–1804). It is dedicated to the self-examination of reason with the aim of exposing its inherent limitations, that is, to defining the possibilities of knowledge as a prerequisite to advancing to knowledge itself. According to Kant, only after such self-criticism does it become possible to develop metaphysics in a non-dogmatic way.

The three critical texts of the Kantian corpus are the Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason and Critique of Judgement, published between 1781 and 1790 and primarily concerned, respectively, with metaphysics, morality, and teleology.

Contemporaries of Kant such as Johann Georg Hamann and Johann Gottfried Herder rejected the notion of "pure" reason upon which this project depends. They claim that reason depends upon language, which always introduces historical contingencies.
Ed Zschau
Edwin Van Wyck Zschau (/ˈɛdwɪn ˈvæn wɪk ˈʃaʊ/; born January 6, 1940) is an American educator who represented California's 12th District in the United States House of Representatives from 1983 to 1987. In 1986 he ran as the Republican candidate for a seat in the United States Senate. He prevailed in a crowded Republican primary that included, among others, conservative commentator Bruce Herschensohn, Los Angeles County supervisor Michael D. Antonovich and Congresswoman Bobbi Fiedler, but then lost to incumbent Democrat Alan Cranston by a narrow margin.

Zschau briefly re-entered the political arena as the vice presidential running mate to former Colorado Governor Dick Lamm, a Democrat, who challenged Ross Perot for the Reform Party presidential nomination in 1996.

On May 26, 2019, Dr. Zschau became the Interim President of Sierra Nevada College, a role he held until the appointment of his successor the following year.

Richard Lamm
Richard Douglas Lamm (August 3, 1935 – July 29, 2021) was an American politician, writer, and attorney. He served three terms as the 38th Governor of Colorado as a Democrat (1975–1987) and ran for the Reform Party's nomination for President of the United States in 1996.
Lamm was a Certified Public Accountant and was the co-director of the Institute for Public Policy Studies at the University of Denver.
Sonata in C major for piano four-hands, D 812 (Schubert)
Franz Schubert wrote his Sonata in C major for piano four-hands, D 812, in June 1824 during his second stay at the Esterházy estate in Želiezovce. The extended work, in four movements, has a performance time of around 40 to 45 minutes. It was published as Grand Duo, Op. 140, in 1837, nine years after the composer's death.

Robert Schumann saw Beethoven's influence in the work, and thought of it as the piano version of a symphony. Joseph Joachim's orchestration of the work was performed from the 19th to the 21st century. From the second half of the 20th century the Sonata was however more readily appreciated as a piano piece with orchestral effects, like many other piano works by Schubert, than as a symphony in disguise.

Piano four hands
Piano four hands (French: À quatre mains, German: Zu vier Händen, Vierhändig, Italian: a quattro mani) is a type of piano duet in which the two players play a piece arranged for four hands on the same piano simultaneously.  A duet with the two players playing separate pianos is generally referred to simply as a piano duet or piano duo.

Music written for piano four hands is usually printed so that left-hand pages contain only the part for the pianist sitting on the left, while right-hand pages contain only the part for the pianist sitting on the right. The upper part (right) is called primo while the lower part (left) is called secondo.
WCA National Division One
The WCA National Division One is the top league for women in the sport of shinty, and is run by the Women's Camanachd Association. Below that from season 2016 there was a return to regional second level set-up with a WCA North Division 2 and WCA South Division 2. All three leagues are sponsored by Marine Harvest. This progression is evidence of the fact that women's shinty is the fastest growing section in Scotland's oldest sport.

In 2016, Skye Camanachd won the league for the first time, clinching the title by comprehensively beating Aberdour Ladies 9-0 in their final league fixture at Silver Sands, Fife on Sunday 14 August 2016. The Skye team narrowly missed out on a famous double when they were beaten 4-2 by Lochaber in the Valerie Fraser Trophy later that month.

Skye Camanachd
Skye Camanachd is a shinty team from the Isle of Skye, Highland, Scotland.  It plays in the Premier Division and has a reserve team in North Division One, as well as a Ladies team in the WCA National Division One and a Ladies reserve team in the WCA Development League.  The club is based at Pairc nan Laoch, Portree.
Departments of the Republic of the Congo
The Republic of the Congo is divided into 15 departments since the adoption of the corresponding laws in October 2024. These departments replaced former regions (régions, singular région) in 2002:

According to the laws published in October 2024 and the cartographic coordinates, the new regions are:

Congo-Oubangui. Formed by the districts of Bokoma, Liranga (formerly in Likouala), Loukoléla District and Mossaka.

Nkéni-Alima. Formed by the districts of Makotimpoko District, Ongogni District, Gamboma, Abala and Allembé District.

Djoué-Léfini. Formed by the districts of Ngabé, Mayama, Vindza, Kimba and Ignié.

These regions are subdivided into more than 100 districts and 16 communes; which are further subdivided into urban communities (communautés urbaines) and rural communities (communautés rurales); which are further subdivided into quarters or neighborhoods (quartiers) and villages.

Nkéni-Alima Department
Nkéni-Alima is a department of the Republic of the Congo. It was created on 8 October 2024 from the northern part of Plateaux Department. Its capital is Gamboma. It is named after the Nkéni and Alima rivers.
Burke River (Queensland)
The Burke River is an ephemeral river in Central West Queensland, Australia. The river was named in memory of Robert O'Hara Burke of the Burke and Wills expedition.

The Burke River rises in the Standish Range north of Boulia. It flows south through Boulia towards the Simpson Desert in the Lake Eyre Basin. The river flows into Eyre Creek, a tributary of the Georgina River. The Hamilton River is the second major Queensland river that flows into the Georgina downstream from the confluence with the Burke.

Yulluna (also known as Yalarnga, Yalarrnga, Jalanga, Jalannga, Wonganja, Gunggalida, Jokula) is an Australian Aboriginal language. The Yulluna language region includes the  local government boundaries of the Shire of Cloncurry and other areas near the Gulf of Carpentaria including the area around the Burke River.

Central West Queensland
Central West Queensland (abbreviated CWQ) is a remote region in the Australian state of Queensland which covers 396,650.2 km2. The region lies to the north of South West Queensland and south of the Gulf Country. It has a population of approximately 12,387 people. As of 2018, it is one of 16 Aged Care Planning Regions (ACPR) in Queensland.
Robb Banks
Richard O'Neil Burrell (born September 24, 1994), better known by his stage name Robb Banks (often stylized as Robb Bank$), is an American rapper. Born in New York City and raised in Broward County, Florida, he gained recognition with the Raider Klan movement in 2012. In that year, he released his debut mixtape Calendars and its follow-up, Tha City the following year. He is best known for his association with fellow South Florida-based cloud rap artists, namely XXXTentacion and the group Members Only, as well as his 2013 singles "All the Way Live" and "On Me". He signed with 300 Entertainment to release his debut studio album, Year of the Savage (2015).

Burrell has been described as having an abrasive and brash vocal delivery, with his lyrics and public image containing frequent references or tributes to anime such as Naruto.

Chris Travis
Christopher Reginald Travis (born December 2, 1993) is an American rapper and record producer from Orange Mound, Memphis, Tennessee. He began his career in 2012, joining the hip hop collective Raider Klan in 2013.  Since then, he has formed his own independent label, Water Boyz Entertainment. He is a former member of Seshollowaterboyz, a collective with fellow American rappers Bones, Xavier Wulf and Eddy Baker.
Albuzzano
Albuzzano (Lombard: Albussan) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 30 km south of Milan and about 9 km east of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,500 and an area of 15.3 km2.

The municipality of Albuzzano contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Barona, Cascina De Mensi, Alperolo, Torre d'Astari, and Vigalfo.

Albuzzano borders the following municipalities: Belgioioso, Cura Carpignano, Filighera, Linarolo, Valle Salimbene, Vistarino.

Vistarino
Vistarino is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 30 km southeast of Milan and about 13 km east of Pavia.

Vistarino borders the following municipalities: Albuzzano, Copiano, Cura Carpignano, Filighera, Magherno, Marzano, Roncaro, Torre d'Arese.
2018 Masters Tournament
The 2018 Masters Tournament was the 82nd edition of the Masters Tournament and the first of golf's four major championships in 2018. It was held April 5–8 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia.

Patrick Reed won his first major title with a final round 71 (−1) for 273 (−15), one stroke ahead of runner-up Rickie Fowler.

Doug Ghim
Doug Ghim (born April 16, 1996) is an American professional golfer who grew up in Arlington Heights, Illinois and graduated from Buffalo Grove High School. In May 2018, Ghim became the top-ranked golfer in the World Amateur Golf Ranking.
Redouane Bouchtouk
Redouane Bouchtouk (born December 19, 1976) is a boxer from Morocco who participated in the 2004 Summer Olympics for his native North African country. At these games he was stopped in the first round of the Light Flyweight (48 kg) division by Colombia's Carlos José Tamara. He then qualified for the Athens Games by winning the silver medal at the 1st AIBA African 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Casablanca, Morocco. In the final of the event he lost to Ugandan fighter Jolly Katongole.

At the first qualifier for the 2008 Summer Olympics he lost to Japhet Uutoni. At his second try he qualified for the Beijing Games, too, even though he lost in the final round to Thomas Essomba. In Beijing he lost his only bout to Paulo Carvalho.

Carlos Tamara
Carlos José Tamara Paternina (born 15 March 1983) is a Colombian former professional boxer who competed from 2005 to 2013. He held the IBF light flyweight title in 2010 and previously challenged for the WBO flyweight title in 2008. As an amateur, he competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal at the 2003 Pan American Games.
Rhyd-ddu
Rhyd-ddu (/ˌriːdˈðiː/; Welsh: [ˌr̥iːdˈðiː]; lit. 'black ford') is a small village in Snowdonia, North Wales which is a starting point for walks up Snowdon (via the Rhyd Ddu Path), Moel Hebog, Yr Aran and the Nantlle Ridge.

It lies on the A4085 between Beddgelert and Caernarfon, at its junction with the B4418 to Nantlle and Penygroes.

Rhyd Ddu railway station is one of the stops on the Welsh Highland Railway between Caernarfon and Porthmadog.

T. H. Parry-Williams, the poet, author and academic was born and raised at Rhyd-ddu. He twice won both the chair and the Crown at the National Eisteddfod, in 1912 and 1915.

Penygroes, Gwynedd
Penygroes (Welsh pronunciation: [ˌpɛnəˈɡroːɨs] ⓘ) is a village in Gwynedd, Wales. The village is located to the south of Caernarfon, and north of Porthmadog, by the A487 road. Penygroes' population stands at 1,793 at the 2011 census, of which 88% are Welsh-speaking, making it one of the most predominantly Welsh-speaking areas of the country. The population of Llanllyfni community, which includes Penygroes and Llanllyfni village, which practically adjoins Penygroes, plus Talysarn, is 4,135 according to the 2011 census.
Lazar Matveev
Lazar Lazarevich Matveev (Russian: Ла́зарь Лазаре́вич Матве́ев; born 17 April 1927) is a former Soviet intelligence leader. He served as a senior KGB liaison officer to the Stasi in Dresden, East Germany, during 1982 to 1989, where Vladimir Putin, the current President of Russia, worked for him.
On Matveev's 90th birthday, Russian President Vladimir Putin and his former KGB colleagues Sergey Chemezov and Nikolay Tokarev who also worked for Matveev, visited him in his home in Zhulebino, Moscow to celebrate his birthday. Putin brought him a wrist watch with the presidential coat of arms and a rare copy of the Pravda newspaper that was published on 17 April 1927 – the day Matveev was born.

Sergey Chemezov
Sergey Viktorovich Chemezov (Russian: Сергей Викторович Чемезов; born 20 August 1952) is a Russian businessman and politician who is the CEO of Rostec Corporation, a state-owned defense conglomerate. A former KGB agent and high-ranking general, Chemezov befriended Vladimir Putin when both were stationed in East Germany in the 1980s. In 2007, Putin appointed him as CEO of Rostec.

The Pandora Papers leaks revealed that Chemezov and his family maintained a large network of offshore wealth, including a $600 million superyacht.
Nauru Airlines
Nauru Air Corporation, trading as Nauru Airlines (formerly trading as Our Airline and Air Nauru), is the flag carrier of the Republic of Nauru. It operates scheduled international services to other Pacific islands and Australia. Its main base is Nauru International Airport. Its head office is on the premises of Nauru International Airport, Yaren District and its operations office is in Brisbane in the Australian state of Queensland. In August 2014, the airline changed its name from Our Airline to Nauru Airlines.

Yaren
Yaren (in earlier times Makwa or Moqua) is a district of the Pacific island country of Nauru. It is the de facto capital of Nauru and is coextensive with Yaren Constituency. Yaren is located on the southern coast of the island and is the location of Nauru's government offices.
Louisiana Swashbucklers
The Louisiana Swashbucklers were a professional indoor football team based in Lake Charles, Louisiana.  They were formed in 2005 as an expansion member of the National Indoor Football League (NIFL) and were originally known as the Southwest Louisiana Swashbucklers.  They replaced another NIFL franchise, the Lake Charles Land Sharks.  In 2006, they moved to the Intense Football League (IFL) and shortened their name to Louisiana Swashbucklers. They were originally set to play in the Indoor Football League due to the IFL's merger with United Indoor Football, but later had to bow out over financial concerns.  For their next three seasons, they were a member of the new Southern Indoor Football League.  Later a member of the Professional Indoor Football League, they played their home games at Sudduth Coliseum in Lake Charles, Louisiana.  On May 24, 2013, the team announced that they would be ceasing operations due to low turnout and cancelled the team's final home game.

Lake Charles Land Sharks
The Lake Charles Land Sharks were an indoor football team.  They were a charter member of the National Indoor Football League (NIFL). They played their home games at the Sudduth Coliseum in Lake Charles, Louisiana.  Despite having pretty good success throughout their existence, the team folded after the 2004 season and were replaced by the Louisiana Swashbucklers.
FIM Sand Races World Championship
The FIM Sand Races World Championship is the world championship series for beach racing, a variant of off-road motorcycle racing.

Rounds of the series are mass-start, mass-participation events taking place on beaches or in other sandy coastal areas.

The series originated as an FIM-sanctioned World Cup, held in 2023 and 2024, before being upgraded to a full FIM World Championship for 2025 onwards. Famous events such as the Enduropale du Touquet and the Enduro del Verano in Argentina have formed part of the series since its inception.

Beach racing in France
Beach racing in France has a long history dating back to at least 1919. Its premier event is the Enduropale du Touquet, which is the longest sand race in the world. There is a national Championnat de France des sables (CFS) [French Sandracing Championship] and rounds of the FIM Sand Races World Championship are held in France.
Benoni, South Africa
Benoni is a town on the East Rand, Gauteng, South Africa, some 26 kilometres (16 mi) east of Johannesburg, within the City of Ekurhuleni municipality.

Benoni was also the setting for the MTV-inspired movie Crazy Monkey: Straight Outta Benoni, released internationally in 2005.

City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality
The City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality (Zulu: UMasipala weDolobhakazi laseKurhuleni; Afrikaans: Ekurhuleni Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit; Northern Sotho: Mmasepala wa Toropokgolo ya Ekurhuleni; Sotho: Masepala wa Toropohadi ya Ekurhuleni) is a metropolitan municipality that forms the local government of the East Rand region of Gauteng, a large suburban region east of Johannesburg. Ekurhuleni means "place of peace" in XiTsonga. Ekurhuleni is one of the five districts of Gauteng and one of the eight metropolitan municipalities of South Africa. The seat of Ekurhuleni is Germiston and the most spoken language is Zulu at 28.6%. The city is home to South Africa's busiest airport, OR Tambo International Airport, which is in the Kempton Park area of Ekurhuleni.
IAMX
IAMX is the solo musical project of Chris Corner founded in 2002 in London, England after the hiatus of his former band Sneaker Pimps. It is an independent music project with a secondary focus on the experimentation of visual art.

Volatile Times
Volatile Times is the fourth studio album from IAMX. It was released on 18 March 2011 and the tracks on the album keep alive the cabaret-esque and dark electronic sound that Chris Corner has become known for. The track "Volatile Times" was featured on season 1 episode 5 of How to Get Away with Murder, both the US and instrumental versions of "I Salute You Christopher" on episode 11, as well as the US version of "Music People" on episode 14.
Fluctuation theorem
The fluctuation theorem (FT), which originated from statistical mechanics, deals with the relative probability that the entropy of a system which is currently away from thermodynamic equilibrium (i.e., maximum entropy) will increase or decrease over a given amount of time. While the second law of thermodynamics predicts that the entropy of an isolated system should tend to increase until it reaches equilibrium, it became apparent after the discovery of statistical mechanics that the second law is only a statistical one, suggesting that there should always be some nonzero probability that the entropy of an isolated system might spontaneously decrease; the fluctuation theorem precisely quantifies this probability.

Jarzynski equality
The Jarzynski equality (JE) is an equation in statistical mechanics that relates free energy differences between two states and the irreversible work along an ensemble of trajectories joining the same states. It is named after the physicist Christopher Jarzynski (then at the University of Washington and Los Alamos National Laboratory, currently at the University of Maryland) who derived it in 1996.  Fundamentally, the Jarzynski equality points to the fact that the fluctuations in the work satisfy certain constraints separately from the average value of the work that occurs in some process.
Prince Maximilian of Baden
Maximilian, Margrave of Baden (Maximilian Alexander Friedrich Wilhelm; 10 July 1867 – 6 November 1929), also known as Max von Baden, was a German prince, general, and politician. He was heir presumptive to the throne of the Grand Duchy of Baden, and in October and November 1918 briefly served as the last chancellor of the German Empire and minister-president of Prussia. He sued for peace on Germany's behalf at the end of World War I based on U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points and took steps towards transforming the government into a parliamentary system. As the German Revolution of 1918–1919 spread, he handed over the office of chancellor to SPD Chairman Friedrich Ebert and unilaterally proclaimed the abdication of Emperor Wilhelm II. Both events took place on 9 November 1918, marking the beginning of the Weimar Republic.

Princess Marie Louise of Hanover
Princess Marie Louise of Hanover and Cumberland (11 October 1879 – 31 January 1948) was the eldest child of Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover, and Princess Thyra of Denmark, the youngest daughter of Christian IX of Denmark and Louise of Hesse-Kassel. Through her father, Marie Louise was a great-great-granddaughter of George III of the United Kingdom and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. She was a first cousin of Nicholas II of Russia, Constantine I of Greece, Christian X of Denmark, Haakon VII of Norway and Queen Maud of Norway and George V of the United Kingdom.
Tribal chief
A tribal chief, chieftain, or headman is a political leader of a social group commonly described as a tribe, band, or confederation of tribes. Chiefs’ authority varies widely by society and context, and in many cases depends on consensus and customary legitimacy rather than coercive power. In anthropology, terms such as tribe, chief, and chiefdom have been used in comparative models of sociopolitical organization, but the analytic use of tribe has also been widely criticized as imprecise and historically burdened. In some contemporary states, forms of chiefly authority are formally recognized or regulated by constitutions and statutes.

Afro-Bolivian monarchy
The Afro-Bolivian Royal House (Spanish: la Casa Real Afroboliviana) is a ceremonial monarchy recognized as part of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, which does not interfere with the system of the Presidential republic in force within the country. It was established in 1823 with the coronation of King Uchicho and is centered in Mururata, a village in the Yungas region of Bolivia. The monarchy is treated as a customary leader of the Afro-Bolivian community. The powers of the Afro-Bolivian king are similar to those of a traditional king, representing the Afro-Bolivian community. The current Afro-Bolivian monarchs are King Julio Pinedo and Queen Angélica Larrea.
Big Dave (rapper)
Big Dave (real name David Lewis Blevins) is an Australian rapper, record producer, radio host and Community Advocate. He is also the founder and owner of KP Records.

Since his release from Long Bay Jail in 2005, Big Dave has gone on to become a well-known Australian MC.

Kurupt
Ricardo Emmanuel Brown (born November 23, 1972), better known by his stage name Kurupt, is an American rapper and record producer. Born in Philadelphia and raised in Los Angeles, he formed Tha Dogg Pound in 1992 along with Daz Dillinger; the rap duo has released eight albums. He also formed the hip-hop group The Hrsmn in 1996, with whom he has released two albums. His debut solo album, Kuruption! (1998) was released by A&M Records and peaked at number eight on the Billboard 200.