hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
John Thomas Springer
John Thomas Springer (January 31, 1831 – October 8. 1909) was an American lawyer and politician.

Springer was born in Sullivan County, Indiana. He lived with his family in Jacksonville, Illinois. Springer went to Illinois College and then moved to California where he was involved with the mining industry. Springer moved back to Jacksonville, Illinois. He studied law and was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1858. He practiced law in Jacksonville, Illinois and was also involved with the banking business.

A War Democrat, he supported Abraham Lincoln. Springer served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1864 to 1868 and was a Democrat. Springer died in Jacksonville, Illinois. His son was John W. Springer who also served in the Illinois General Assembly.

John W. Springer
John W. Springer (July 16, 1859 – January 10, 1945) was an attorney and banker in the states of Illinois, Texas, and Colorado.

Earlier he was a clerk during the 50th United States Congress (1887–1889) and represented his district in the state legislature of the General Assembly of Illinois at the state capital of Springfield.

He later was active in business, politics, and society in Denver, Colorado. Springer had a 10,000 acre ranch and farm, which included the Highlands Ranch Mansion. The ranch became the suburb of Highlands Ranch, Colorado. His second wife, Isabel Patterson Springer, was the center of a scandal that resulted in the murder of two men at the famous Brown Palace Hotel in Denver.
Nelson W. Winbush
Nelson Wyman Winbush (born 1929) is an American educator and Civil War historian. He is one of a few African-American members of the Sons of Confederate Veterans and is known for his controversial views, such as his support of the modern display of the Confederate flag.

Sons of Confederate Veterans
The Sons of Confederate Veterans (SCV) is an American neo-Confederate nonprofit organization of male descendants of Confederate soldiers: 6–9  that commemorates these ancestors, funds and dedicates monuments to them, and promotes the pseudohistorical Lost Cause ideology and corresponding white supremacy.

The SCV was founded on July 1, 1896, in Richmond, Virginia, by R. E. Lee Camp, No. 1 of the Confederate Veterans. Its headquarters is at Elm Springs in Columbia, Tennessee.: 29

In recent decades, governors, legislators, courts, corporations, and anti-racism activists have emphasized the increasingly controversial public display of Confederate symbols—especially after the 2014 Ferguson unrest, the 2015 Charleston church shooting, and the 2020 murder of George Floyd. SCV has responded with its coordinated display of larger and more prominent public displays of the battle flag, some in directly defiant counter-protest.
Sonika Vaid
Sonika Vaid (born August 4, 1995) is an American television personality, real estate agent, and singer. She placed fifth in the fifteenth season of American Idol, and appeared as a main cast member on the Netflix reality television series Buying Beverly Hills.

Buying Beverly Hills
Buying Beverly Hills is an American television series on Netflix. The first season premiered in 2022. The unscripted series focuses on Mauricio Umansky and his staff at The Agency RE. In August 2024, it was confirmed that the series was canceled after two seasons.
Andal Ampatuan Jr.
Andal Uy Ampatuan Jr. (born August 15, 1976) is a Filipino convicted mass murderer and former politician. He is one of the main perpetrators of the Maguindanao massacre along with his father, brothers, and nephews. At the time of the massacre, he was the outgoing mayor of Datu Unsay, Maguindanao, and was planning to run for provincial governor, the position his father, Andal Sr., was set to vacate. Esmael Mangudadatu, from a rival political clan, declared his candidacy for the 2010 gubernatorial elections, thus challenging Ampatuan for the post. The Ampatuans carried out the massacre to kill Mangudadatu.

On December 19, 2019, Andal Ampatuan Jr., alongside his brother Zaldy and other co-accused, were convicted of 57 counts of murder and sentenced to reclusión perpetua.

Maguindanao
Maguindanao (locally [maˈɡindɐnaʊ, -ginˈdanaʊ]; Maguindanaon: Dairat nu Magindanaw; Iranun: Perobinsia a Magindanao; Filipino: Lalawigan ng Maguindanao) was a province of the Philippines located in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). From 2014 to 2023, its provincial capital was Buluan, but the legislative branch of government, the Maguindanao Provincial Board, convened at the old provincial capitol in Sultan Kudarat. It bordered Lanao del Sur to the north, Cotabato to the east, Sultan Kudarat to the south, and Illana Bay to the west.

It is now used collectively to refer to the provinces of Maguindanao del Sur and Maguindanao del Norte, with which it was replaced with since January 9, 2023 after a division of the province was approved in a plebiscite on September 18, 2022 .
Toric lens
A toric lens is a lens with different optical power and focal length in two orientations perpendicular to each other. One of the lens surfaces is shaped like a "cap" from a torus (see figure at right), and the other one is usually spherical. Such a lens behaves like a combination of a spherical lens and a cylindrical lens. Toric lenses are used primarily in eyeglasses, contact lenses and intraocular lenses to correct astigmatism.

Cylindrical lens
A cylindrical lens is a lens which focuses light into a line instead of a point as a spherical lens would.  The curved face or faces of a cylindrical lens are sections of a cylinder, and focus the image passing through it into a line parallel to intersection of the surface of the lens and a plane tangent to it along the cylinder's axis. The lens converges or diverges the image in the direction perpendicular to this line, and leaves it unaltered in the direction parallel to its cylinder's axis (in the tangent plane).

A toric lens combines the effect of a cylindrical lens with that of an ordinary spherical lens.

If a thin cylindrical rod is placed on a ruled white paper with the axis of the rod making an angle θ with the ruled lines, the lines will appear broken and tilted at some angle α as shown in the figure, the Refractive Index of the rod can be given as:
Dillon v. Gloss
Dillon v. Gloss, 256 U.S. 368 (1921), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that Congress, when proposing a constitutional amendment under the authority given to it by Article V of the Constitution, may fix a definite period for its ratification, and further, that a seven-year period, such as that fixed by Congress in the resolution proposing the Eighteenth Amendment, is reasonable.

Additionally, the Court, upon taking judicial notice that the Eighteenth Amendment became a part of the Constitution on January 16, 1919, when its ratification in the state legislatures was consummated, held that the National Prohibition Act, known informally as the Volstead Act, entered into force on January 16, 1920.

Coleman v. Miller
Coleman v. Miller, 307 U.S. 433 (1939), is a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court which clarified that when proposing for the ratification of an amendment to the United States Constitution, pursuant to Article V thereof, if the Congress of the United States chooses not to set a deadline by which the proposed amendment must be acted upon by the requisite three-fourths of state legislatures or state ratifying conventions, then the proposed amendment remains pending business before the state legislatures (or ratifying conventions). The case centered on the Child Labor Amendment, which was proposed for ratification by Congress in 1924.
Abhaneri
Abhaneri, also spelled Abaneri, is a village in the Dausa district of the Indian state of Rajasthan, situated on the Jaipur-Agra Highway. Modern day Abhaneri contains the ruins of an ancient city, Abhangari, as well as the popular tourist sites of the Chand Baori step well and the Harshat Mata Temple. The site was first reported by B L Dhama in 1903 when he published a List of Objects of Antiquarian Interest in the States of Rajputana. Beside the step well and the temple, it has many examples of early (circa 8th-9th century CE) Pratihara art. Many sculptures from the area have been removed and are now contained in the collections of museums around India such as the Government Museum, Amber; the Albert Hall Museum, Jaipur; the Hawamahal City Palace; and the Archaeological Survey of India. The Indian Government issued a postal stamp depicting the Chand Baori in 2017.

Chand Baori
Chand Baori is a stepwell situated in the village of Abhaneri in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It extends approximately 30 m (100 ft) into the ground, making it one of the deepest and largest stepwells in India. It is named after a local ruler of Nikumbh Rajput dynasty called Raja Chanda and its construction is dated to the 8th-9th century. It has 3500 steps cascading 13 stories deep into a massive tank at the bottom and has been constructed in an upside-down pyramid style.
Plus Ultra (aircraft)
Plus Ultra  is a Dornier Do J flying boat which completed the first transatlantic flight between Spain and South America in January 1926 with a crew of Spanish aviators, that included: the major Ramón Franco, the captain Julio Ruiz de Alda Miqueleiz, the sub-lieutenant Juan Manuel Durán, and the mechanic Pablo Rada.

Ramón Franco
Ramón Franco Bahamonde (2 February 1896 – 28 October 1938) was a Spanish pioneer of aviation, a political figure and brother of later caudillo Francisco Franco. Well before the Spanish Civil War, during the reign of Alfonso XIII, both brothers were acclaimed as national heroes in Spain; however, the two had strongly differing political views. They had a less-known brother, Nicolás, who was a military man like Francisco and Ramón, and also a politician.
Wordtank
The Wordtank series is a line of Japanese electronic dictionaries manufactured by Canon.  Although officially only sold in Japan, several of the multi-language models are popular among students of the Japanese language around the world. The ability to change menu display options to English on many of the Wordtank models is cited as a reason for the relatively wide foreign adoption. The ability to highlight an entire Japanese word (as opposed to just one character) and display a hiragana rendering of it is unique to the Wordtank series and is an extremely popular function for advanced learners. This function applies to all Wordtank models. One of the latest Wordtank models, the G70, offers this function for over 400,000 words.

Wordtank G50
The Wordtank G50 was the flagship model of the Wordtank line of Electronic Japanese dictionary by Canon before it was replaced by the Wordtank G55, which was again superseded in capability by the later G70 (though not replaced – it is still available as a cheaper alternative to the G70).  It was introduced in May 2004.
Canadian cricket team in the United States in 1844
The Canadian cricket team in the United States in 1844 was a tour consisting of the first international cricket match. The match took place between 24 and 26 September 1844 at the St George's Cricket Club's ground at what is now 30th Street and Broadway (then Bloomingdale Road) in Manhattan, New York. The game was billed as 'United States of America versus the British Empire's Canadian Province’.

Canada won by 23 runs in a low-scoring game. On the first day, there were from 5,000 to 20,000 spectators and an estimated $100,000 to $120,000 worth of bets were placed on the match. The prize money was $1,000 (equivalent to $33,746 in 2024). The United States team played a subsequent match in Canada in 1845; the teams' meetings later became the Auty Cup.

K. A. Auty Cup
The K.A. Auty Cup Trophy is an international cricket series played between Canada and the United States, founded in 1963. It is a revival of a series that took place between 1844 and 1912, which was cricket's earliest international series.

The Auty Cup has been played intermittently since 1963. It is hosted alternately by Cricket Canada and USA Cricket, previously the USACA. No matches were held between 1995 and 2011, and the series was last held in 2017.

The Auty Cup trophy is named after the engineer, writer and cricketer Karl Andre Auty, who was born in Dewsbury, England in 1881 and died in Chicago, Illinois in 1959, "who for many years had been a driving force in American cricket, mainly around the Chicago area".

Traditionally held as a single two-day match, the series between 2012 and 2017 included 50-over and Twenty20 matches.
Tottie Goldsmith
Caroline "Tottie" Goldsmith OAM (born 27 August 1962) is an Australian actress and singer, known for her roles as Trixie Sheldon in Starting Out, Toni Sheffield in The Young Doctors, Marilyn "Tex" Perez in Fire, and Cassandra Freedman in Neighbours. She hosted the Network Ten program Sex/Life in 1996, and was a contestant on I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! in 2022. In addition to her film and television work, Goldsmith is a founding member of the Chantoozies, a pop group formed in 1986.

The Young Doctors
The Young Doctors is an Australian early-evening soap opera originally broadcast on the Nine Network and produced by the Reg Grundy Organisation, it aired from Monday 8 November 1976 until Wednesday 30 March 1983. The series is primarily set in the fictional Albert Memorial Hospital, as well as the restaurant/nightclub Bunny's Place, and is fundamentally concerned with the romances and relations between younger members of the hospital staff, rather than typical medical issues and procedures.

The program was shown and exported internationally including throughout North America and Canada and Europe including the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France and Spain.
The Magician: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel
The Magician: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel (often shortened to The Magician) is a fantasy novel by Michael Scott. It is the sequel to The Alchemyst, and the second installment in the six part book series, The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel. It was released on 5 June 2008 in the United Kingdom, and 24 June 2008 in the United States. It was nominated for an Irish Book of the Year Award, The Dublin Airport Authority Irish Children's Book of the Year – Senior Category.

The Alchemyst: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel
The Alchemyst: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel (often shortened to The Alchemyst) is the first installment in the six volume fantasy novel series, The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel. It was written by Irish author Michael Scott and published in May 2007. The Alchemyst has been translated into 20 languages, and is available in 37 countries.
Zainul Abidin (politician)
Zainul Abidin bin Mohamed Rasheed (born 17 March 1948) is a Singaporean diplomat, former politician and journalist. A former member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), Zainul has been the Member of Parliament (MP) representing Eunos ward of Aljunied Group Representation Constituency between 2001 and 2011 and Cheng San Group Representation Constituency representing Punggol East ward from 1997 to 2001.

He previously served as Senior Minister of State for Foreign Affairs between 2006 and 2011 and the Mayor of North East District from 2001 to 2009. He has been serving as Singapore Ambassador to the State of Kuwait and Special Envoy to the Middle East.

Cheng San Group Representation Constituency
Cheng San Group Representation Constituency was a group representation constituency (GRC) in the north-eastern part of Singapore. It comprised the eastern section of Ang Mo Kio, Jalan Kayu, Seletar Hills, part of Serangoon North, much of Hougang and Buangkok as well as the entirety of both Sengkang and Punggol.

The constituency came into national prominence during the 1997 general election, which was the final contest before its abolition and redrawing for the 2001 general election. Its last Members of Parliament (MPs) were Lee Yock Suan, Heng Chiang Meng, Michael Lim Chun Leng, Zainul Abidin Bin Mohamed Rasheed and Yeo Guat Kwang, all representing the People's Action Party (PAP).
Alexei Kovalev
Alexei Vyacheslavovich Kovalev (Russian: Алексей Вячеславович Ковалёв, IPA: [ɐlʲɪkˈsʲej vʲɪtɕɪˈslavəvʲɪtɕ kəvɐˈlʲɵf]; born 24 February 1973) is a Russian professional ice hockey coach, executive and former professional player.

During his career, he played in over 1,300 National Hockey League (NHL) games over 18 seasons for the New York Rangers, Pittsburgh Penguins, Montreal Canadiens, Ottawa Senators, and Florida Panthers between 1992 and 2013. He was originally drafted by the Rangers and won a Stanley Cup with them in 1994.

Kovalev also played in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) with Atlant Moscow Oblast, and was last active with EHC Visp of Switzerland's National League B.

Sergei Zubov
Sergei Alexandrovich Zubov (Russian: Сергей Александрович Зубов; born 22 July 1970) is a Russian professional ice hockey coach and former defenceman. Zubov played for the Dallas Stars, New York Rangers and Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League as well as SKA Saint Petersburg of the KHL. He won the Stanley Cup twice: with the Rangers in 1994 and the Stars in 1999. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame as part of the class of 2019.
Rapman
Andrew Onwubolu MBE, better known by his stage name Rapman, is a British rapper, record producer, screenwriter, and film director. He is known for his three-part YouTube series Shiro's Story (2018), his debut feature film Blue Story (2019), and the Netflix superhero series Supacell (2024)

He made his debut with the Blue Story Trilogy (2013–2014), which he followed up with several charity music videos for SB.TV including Hope (2015), Pay As You Go (2016), and Promise (2017). After the success of Shiro's Story (2018),  he signed with Jay-Z's Roc Nation.

Rapman was appointed MBE in the 2022 Birthday Honours from Elizabeth II for services to drama and music.

Roc Nation
Roc Nation is an American entertainment company founded by Jay-Z in 2008. Headquartered in New York City, the company is a successor to his previous Roc-A-Fella Records label, with additional offices in Los Angeles and London. It serves as a record label, talent agency, media production firm and clothing line along with educational and philanthropic programs.

It is co-owned by Jay-Z & Live Nation Entertainment.
Créteil
Créteil (French pronunciation: [kʁetɛj] ⓘ) is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, Île-de-France. It is located 11.7 km (7.3 mi) from the centre of Paris. Créteil is the préfecture (capital) of the Val-de-Marne department as well as the seat of the Arrondissement of Créteil. The city is also the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese, and of one of France's 30 nationwide académies (districts) of the Ministry of National Education.

Val-de-Marne
Val-de-Marne (French pronunciation: [val də maʁn] ⓘ; lit. 'Vale of Marne') is a department of France located in the Île-de-France region. Named after the river Marne, it is situated in the Grand Paris metropolis to the southeast of Paris’ city centre. In 2019, Val-de-Marne had a population of 1,407,124.

Its INSEE and postcode number is 94.
Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (simplified Chinese: 黄南藏族自治州; traditional Chinese: 黃南藏族自治州; pinyin: Huángnán Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu; Tibetan: རྨ་ལྷོ་བོད་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ་, Wylie: rma lho bod rigs rang skyong khul) is an autonomous prefecture of eastern Qinghai, northwest China, bordering Gansu to the east. The prefecture has an area of 17,921 km2 (6,919 sq mi) and its seat is in Tongren County.

Tongren, Qinghai
Tongren (Tibetan: ཐུན་རིན་, Wylie: thun rin; Chinese: 同仁; pinyin: Tóngrén), known to Tibetans as Rebgong (Tibetan: རེབ་གོང་, རེབ་ཀོང་ or རེབ་སྐོང་, Amdo Tibetan pronunciation: [ɾɛʋ koŋ]) in the historic region of Amdo, is the capital and second smallest administrative subdivision by area within Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai, China.

The city has an area of 3465 square kilometers and a population of ~80,000 (2002), 75% Tibetan. The economy of the city includes agriculture and aluminium mining.
Stefan Żeromski Park (Szczecin)
The Stefan Żeromski Park (Polish pronunciation: [ˈstɛ.fan ʐɛˈrɔm.ski]; Polish: Park im. Stefana Żeromskiego) until 1945 known as the Grabowo Gardens (Polish pronunciation: [ɡraˈbɔ.vɔ]; German: Grabower Anlagen; Polish: Ogrody Grabowskie) is an urban park and arboretum in Szczecin, Poland. It is located in the Old Town neighborhood, within the Downtown district, between Matejki, Malczewskiego, Parkowa, Kapitańska, Storrady, Wawelska, Starzyńskiego, and Zygmunta Starego Streets. With an area of 21.97 ha, it is the second largest park in the city. It was established in 1910, in place of the former Grabowo Cemetery.

Stanisław Nadratowski Park
The Stanisław Nadratowski Park is an urban park in Szczecin, Poland. It is located in the Drzetowo-Grabowo neighborhood, within the Downtown district, between Malczewskiego, Kazimierza, Plater, and Parkowa Streets. It was established in 1910, in place of the former Grabowo Cemetery.
Phiomorpha
The rodent parvorder or infraorder Phiomorpha comprises several living and extinct families found wholly or largely in Africa. Along with Anomaluromorpha and perhaps the extinct Zegdoumyidae, it represents one of the few early colonizations of Africa by rodents.

Hystricomorpha
Hystricomorpha (from Ancient Greek ὕστριξ, (hústrix), meaning "porcupine", and μορφή (morphḗ), meaning "form") is a term referring to families and orders of rodents which has had many definitions throughout its history. In the broadest sense, it refers to any rodent (except dipodoids) with a hystricomorphous zygomasseteric system. This includes the Hystricognathi, Ctenodactylidae, Anomaluridae, and Pedetidae. Molecular and morphological results suggest the inclusion of the Anomaluridae and Pedetidae in Hystricomorpha may be suspect. Based on Carleton & Musser 2005, these two families are discussed here as representing a distinct suborder Anomaluromorpha.
South African Class 7 4-8-0
The South African Railways Class 7 4-8-0 of 1892 is a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Cape of Good Hope.

In 1892, the Cape Government Railways placed six 7th Class steam locomotives with a 4-8-0 Mastodon type wheel arrangement in service and, until 1893, another 32 were acquired. They were initially placed in service on the Midland System, but were later distributed between the Midland and Eastern Systems. The locomotives were renumbered in 1912, when they were assimilated into the South African Railways, but retained their Class 7 classification.

South African Class 7B 4-8-0
The South African Railways Class 7B 4-8-0 of 1900 was a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in Transvaal.

In 1900, the Imperial Military Railways placed 25 Cape 7th Class 4-8-0 Mastodon type steam locomotives in service. In that same year, three Cape 7th Class locomotives which had been ordered by the Pretoria-Pietersburg Railway were also placed in service. All these locomotives were taken onto the Central South African Railways roster at the end of the Second Boer War in 1902. In 1906, three of these locomotives were sold to the Natal Government Railways.

In 1912, 26 of these 28 locomotives were assimilated into the South African Railways. They were followed in 1913 by the remaining two, which had been leased to Paulings as construction locomotives. All but one of these locomotives were renumbered and reclassified to Class 7B. In 1915, one more Cape 7th Class locomotive was obtained from the Rhodesia Railways and erroneously also designated Class 7B.