hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Edge mill
An edge mill is a mill used for crushing or grinding in which stones roll around on their edges on a level circular bed.  They were developed in China in the third century and are still used today in remote villages around the world.  When the millstones were replaced with iron or steel disks in the 19th century, the mills were known as Chilean mills.

It is used for milling ore and as an oil mill. Horse or oxen-driven versions were used in pre–Industrial Revolution America as bark mills to shred tree bark to derive tannins for the leather industry.

Oil mill
An oil mill is a grinding mill designed to crush or bruise oil-bearing seeds, such as linseed or peanuts, or other oil-rich vegetable material, such as olives or the fruit of the oil palm, which can then be pressed to extract vegetable oils, which may be used as foods or for cooking, as oleochemical feedstocks, as lubricants, or as biofuels.  The pomace or press cake – the remaining solid material from which the oil has been extracted – may also be used as a food or fertilizer.
Milieudefensie
Milieudefensie (Dutch for "environmental defense") is a Dutch environmental organisation, founded on 6 January 1971, by a group of scientists in response to a report by the Club of Rome. It is the Dutch branch of Friends of the Earth.
Milieudefensie is part of the 30 national organisations that Friends of the Earth Europe represents and unites at the European level.

Milieudefensie's mission is a good life for all people on earth and for generations to come. Its focus is on climate justice, more specifically a fair distribution of the benefits and burdens of solutions to the climate crisis. In recent years its focus is specifically on corporate accountability in relation to the climate crisis.

Milieudefensie has approximately 90,000 members and a support base of 175,000 people. It engages its support base in its activities, which are a combination of public campaigns, legal actions and political lobbying.

Milieudefensie v Royal Dutch Shell
Milieudefensie v Royal Dutch Shell (2021) is a human rights law and tort law case heard by the district court of The Hague in the Netherlands in 2021 related to efforts by several NGO's to curtail carbon dioxide emissions by multinational corporations. It was brought by the Dutch branch of Friends of the Earth and a group of other NGO's against the oil corporation, Shell plc. In May 2021, the court ordered Shell to reduce its global carbon emissions from its 2019 levels by 45% by 2030, relating not only to the emissions from its operations, but also those from the products it sells.

However, on 12 November 2024, The Hague's appeals court dismissed the 2021 ruling that had required Shell to cut its emissions, determining that there was no "societal standard of care" to enforce specific emissions reductions on Shell.
Alderwood, Toronto
Alderwood is a neighbourhood in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is in the western section of Toronto, within the district of Etobicoke. It is bounded by the Etobicoke Creek to the west, the Gardiner Expressway to the north, the CPR railway to the east and the CNR railway to the south.

Alderwood is named after Etobicoke, the municipality of which it originally was a part, which is a native word meaning "place where the alder trees grow."

Etobicoke Creek
Etobicoke Creek /ɛˈtoʊbɪkoʊ/ ⓘ is a river in the Greater Toronto Area of Ontario, Canada. It is a tributary of Lake Ontario and runs from Caledon to southern Etobicoke, part of the City of Toronto. The creek is within the jurisdiction of the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority.
Monte Carlo methods in finance
Monte Carlo methods are used in corporate finance and mathematical finance to value and analyze (complex) instruments, portfolios and investments by simulating the various sources of uncertainty affecting their value, and then determining the distribution of their value over the range of resultant outcomes. This is usually done by help of stochastic asset models. The advantage of Monte Carlo methods over other techniques increases as the dimensions (sources of uncertainty) of the problem increase.

Monte Carlo methods were first introduced to finance in 1964 by David B. Hertz through his Harvard Business Review article, discussing their application in Corporate Finance. In 1977, Phelim Boyle pioneered the use of simulation in derivative valuation in his seminal Journal of Financial Economics paper.

This article discusses typical financial problems in which Monte Carlo methods are used. It also touches on the use of so-called "quasi-random" methods such as the use of Sobol sequences.

Credit valuation adjustment
A Credit valuation adjustment (CVA), 

in financial mathematics, is an "adjustment" to a derivative's price, as charged by a bank to a counterparty to compensate it for taking on the credit risk of that counterparty during the life of the transaction. 
"CVA" can refer more generally to several related concepts, as delineated aside.
The most common transactions attracting CVA involve interest rate derivatives, foreign exchange derivatives, and combinations thereof. 
CVA has a specific capital charge under Basel III, and may also result in earnings volatility under IFRS 13, and is therefore managed by a specialized desk.
CVA is one of a family of related valuation adjustments, collectively xVA;  for further context here see Financial economics § Derivative pricing.
Erlau (Hasidic dynasty)
Erlau (Hebrew: ערלוי, also spelled Erloi), is a Haredi dynasty of Hungarian origin, which follows the teachings of the Chasam Sofer and is often considered Hasidic.

The Erlau community was established by Rabbi Yochanan Sofer in Jerusalem after World War II to continue the legacy of his grandfather, Rabbi Shimon Sofer, who was Chief Rabbi of Erlau and rosh yeshiva of the Yeshivas Chasam Sofer there. This community uniquely follows Ashkenazic tradition blended with Hasidic customs.

Moshe Sofer (II)
Moshe Sofer (II) (May 10, 1885 – June 12, 1944) (German; Moses Schreiber) was a prominent Orthodox Jewish (Charedi) Rabbi in the early 20th century. He was Dayan of Erlau, Hungary and author of a halachic responsa sefer named Yad Sofer.

He was the son of Rabbi Shimon Sofer (II) (Hisorerus Tshuva), grandson of Rabbi Avraham Shmuel Binyamin Sofer (Ksav Sofer) and great-grandson of Rabbi Moshe Sofer (Chasam Sofer).

He was the father of Rabbi Yochanan Sofer, the rebbe of Erlau until his death in 2016.

He was murdered at Auschwitz during the Holocaust.
Santo Amaro, São Tomé and Príncipe
Santo Amaro is a town in São Tomé and Príncipe. It is located in Lobata District, northern São Tomé Island. Its population is 1063 (2012 census). It lies 0.8 km north of Bela Vista, 3 km east of Conde and 6 km northwest of the city centre of the capital São Tomé.

Conde, São Tomé and Príncipe
Conde is a small town in Lobata District on São Tomé Island in São Tomé and Príncipe. Its population is 758 (2012 census). The town is located 3 km east of Guadalupe, 3 km northwest of Santo Amaro and 4 km southwest of Micoló.
Mrs Watson's Cottage
Mrs Watson's Cottage is a heritage-listed house ruin at Lizard Island National Park, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It is also known as Stone ruin at Lizard Island. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

Lizard Island
Lizard Island, also known as Jiigurru or Dyiigurra, is an island on the Great Barrier Reef in Queensland, Australia, 1,624 kilometres (1,009 mi) northwest of Brisbane. It is part of the Lizard Island Group that also includes Palfrey Island, and also part of the Lizard Island National Park. Lizard Island is within the locality of Lizard in the Cook Shire. The traditional owners of the Lizard Island group are the Aboriginal Australian clan known as the Dingaal (or Dingiil) people.
Yarragon railway station
Yarragon railway station is a regional railway station on the Gippsland line, part of the Victorian railway network. It serves the town of Yarragon, in Victoria, Australia. Yarragon station is a ground level unstaffed station, featuring two side platforms. It opened on 1 August 1878.

Initially opened as Waterloo, the station was given its current name of Yarragon on 17 December 1883.

Yarragon
Yarragon is a town in the Shire of Baw Baw in the West Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia.  The town lies on the Princes Highway and the Gippsland railway line approximately halfway between the major towns of Warragul and Moe.  Hills of the Strzelecki Ranges rise over 500 metres (1,600 ft) immediately to the south of the town, providing a spectacular backdrop, while the Moe River and the lowlands lie to the north and east. Mount Worth at 515 m (1,690 ft) above sea level is the highest near peak to the south in the Mount Worth State Park 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) SSW of Yarragon. Mount Baw Baw at 1,563 m (5,128 ft) in the Baw Baw Ranges as part of the Great Dividing Range to the north is approximately 85 kilometres (53 mi) NNE of Yarragon. The township sits at approximately 88 metres (289 ft) above sea level. At the 2006 census, Yarragon had a population of 1131.
Huimin County
Huimin County, also known by its Chinese name as Huimin Xian, is a county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Binzhou in northwestern Shandong Province, China. Its population was 569,975 in 2020.

Binzhou
Binzhou (Chinese: 滨州, bin-joe), formerly Putai, is a prefecture-level city in northern Shandong Province in the People's Republic of China. The city proper sits on the northern bank of the Yellow River, while its administrative area straddles both sides of its lower course before its present delta. As of the 2020 Chinese census, its population was 3,928,568 inhabitants (3,748,474 in 2010), and its built-up (or metro) area made of Bincheng and Zhanhua urban Districts was home to 1,188,597 inhabitants.
A New Theory of the Earth
A New Theory of the Earth is a book written by William Whiston, in which he presents a description of the divine creation of the Earth and a posited global flood. He also postulates that the earth originated from the atmosphere of a comet and that all major changes in earth's history can be attributed to the action of comets – a position now known as "catastrophism." It was published in 1696 and was well received by intellectuals of the day such as Isaac Newton and John Locke.

Flood myth
A flood myth or a deluge myth is a myth in which a great flood, usually sent by a deity or deities, destroys civilization, often in an act of divine retribution. Parallels are often drawn between the flood waters of these myths and the primeval cosmic ocean which appear in certain creation myths, as the flood waters are described as a measure for the cleansing of humanity, for example in preparation for rebirth. Most flood myths also contain a culture hero, who "represents the human craving for life".

The oldest known narrative of a divinely initiated flood originates from the Sumerian culture in Mesopotamia, among others expressed in the Akkadian Atra-Hasis epic, which dates to the 18th century BCE. Comparable flood narratives appear in many other cultures, including the biblical Genesis flood narrative, manvantara-sandhya in Hinduism, Deucalion in Greek mythology, and in indigenous North American cultures.
Pepinster
Pepinster (French pronunciation: [pepɛ̃stɛʁ] or [pəpɛ̃stɛʁ]) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

On 1 January 2006 Pepinster had a total population of 9,560. The total area is 24.79 km2 which gives a population density of 386 inhabitants per km2. Pepinster is situated at the confluence of the rivers Hoëgne and Vesdre.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Cornesse, Pepinster (including the hamlet of Tancrémont), Soiron, and Wegnez.

Pepinster was hit extremely hard by the 2021 European floods, the village was temporarily cut off from roads.

Soiron
Soiron (French pronunciation: [swaʁɔ̃]; Walloon: Sweron) is a village of Wallonia and a district of the municipality of Pepinster, located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

Soiron is a member of the Les Plus Beaux Villages de Wallonie ("The Most Beautiful Villages of Wallonia") association. As of 2022, the population of Soiron was estimated to be at 850 people.
Scar House Reservoir
Scar House Reservoir is the second of the three reservoirs in Upper Nidderdale, North Yorkshire, England, the others are Angram Reservoir and Gouthwaite Reservoir. Between them they attract around 150,000 visitors a year.

Angram and Scar House were built to supply water to the Bradford area of West Yorkshire. Water from here is transferred to Chellow Heights via the Nidd Aqueduct using only gravity and no pumping.

The dam contains more than a million tonnes of masonry, it rises to 55 metres (180 ft) above the river and is almost 600 m (2,000 ft) long. It was completed in 1936. The dam height is 71 m (233 ft). The reservoir is fed almost exclusively from Angram Reservoir, which in turn is fed predominantly from the flanks of Great Whernside.

Great Whernside
Great Whernside is a fell in the Yorkshire Dales, England, not to be confused with Whernside, some 17 miles (27 km) to the west. Its summit is the highest point of the eastern flank of Wharfedale above Kettlewell. Great Whernside forms the watershed between Wharfedale and Nidderdale, and is on the boundary between the Yorkshire Dales National Park and Nidderdale National Landscape.  The River Nidd rises on the eastern slopes of Great Whernside, above Angram Reservoir.
Kalafina
Kalafina (カラフィナ) is a Japanese vocal group formed by composer Yuki Kajiura in 2007, mainly to perform theme songs for the anime The Garden of Sinners, but later expanded to include many other theme songs for other anime shows and films including the Puella Magi Madoka Magica, Black Butler, The Heroic Legend of Arslan and Fate/stay night franchises. They released five albums that have charted in the top 10 for Oricon. Kalafina disbanded in 2019, but regrouped on October 3, 2024.

Hikaru (singer)
Hikaru Masai (born July 2, 1987), formerly known professionally as Helical (stylized H-el-ical//), is a Japanese pop singer. She was one of the core members of the vocal group Kalafina, which was started by Yuki Kajiura to perform anime television and film theme songs.
Casals Festival
The Casals Festival is a classical music event celebrated every year in San Juan, Puerto Rico, in honor of classical musician Pablo Casals. When the festival first started, the majority of the musicians contracted by the festival orchestra for the event came from the United States. Some of the exceptions to this practice were Jesús María Sanromá, Henry Hutchinson Sr., Fernando Valenti and Narciso Figueroa and his brothers. Plays by authors like Mahler, Strauss, Prokofiev, Hidensmith, Debussy, De Falla, Stravinsky, Bartok, Ginastera, Chávez, Copland and Ravel were feature during the first 12 years under Castro and Tevah. By 1970, the majority of the members of the festival's orchestra were Puerto Ricans.

Pablo Casals
Pau Casals i Defilló (Catalan: [ˈpaw kəˈzalz i ðəfiˈʎo]; 29 December 1876 – 22 October 1973), also known in English as Pablo Casals, was a Catalan and Puerto Rican cellist, composer, and conductor, born in Spain. He made many recordings throughout his career of solo, chamber, and orchestral music, including some as conductor, but he is perhaps best remembered for the recordings he made of the Cello Suites by Bach. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963 by President John F. Kennedy (though the ceremony was presided over by Lyndon B. Johnson).
Sarez Lake
Sarez Lake (/səˈrɛz/ sə-REZ) is a lake in Rushon District of Gorno-Badakhshan province, Tajikistan. Its length is about 75.8 kilometres (47.1 mi), its depth about a few hundred meters, its water surface elevation about 3,263 metres (10,705 ft) above sea level, and volume of water over 16 cubic kilometres (3.8 cu mi). The mountains around it rise over 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) above the lake level.

The lake formed in 1911, after a great earthquake, when the Murghab River was blocked by a big landslide. Scientists believe that the landslide dam formed by the earthquake, known as the Usoi Dam, is unstable given local seismicity, and that the terrain below the lake is in danger of catastrophic flood if the dam were to fail during a future earthquake. The Usoi Dam wall survived a localised 7.2 magnitude earthquake, the 2015 Tajikistan earthquake, on 7 December 2015 with no visible signs of deterioration.

Shadau Lake is a small water body southwest of the Usoi Dam and west of Sarez Lake.

Bartang
The Bartang (Russian and Tajik: Бартанг, Persian: برتنگ) is a river of Central Asia, and is a tributary to the Panj which itself is a tributary to the Amu Darya. In its middle and upper reaches, it is respectively known as the Murghab and Aksu; it flows through the Wakhan District of Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan, then through the Rushon District of the Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous region, Tajikistan. The river is 528 km (328 mi) long (133 km (83 mi) excluding Aksu and Murghab) and has a basin area of 24,700 km2 (9,500 mi2).
Wakefield Trinity
Wakefield Trinity is a professional rugby league club in Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England. The club play their home fixtures at the DIY Kitchen Stadium, Belle Vue and currently compete in the Super League, the top tier of the British rugby league system.

The club was one of the original twenty-two clubs that formed the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895. They have won the League Championship twice and Challenge Cup five times.

Wakefield have local rivalries with Castleford Tigers and Featherstone Rovers as well as Leeds Rhinos. Their traditional kit colours are white with a red or blue V. Between 1999 and 2016 the club was known as Wakefield Trinity Wildcats.

History of rugby league
The history of rugby league as a separate form of rugby football goes back to 1895 in Huddersfield, West Riding of Yorkshire when the Northern Rugby Football Union broke away from England's established Rugby Football Union to administer its own separate competition. Similar schisms occurred later in Australia and New Zealand in 1907. Gradually the rugby played in these breakaway competitions evolved into a distinctly separate sport that took its name from the professional leagues that administered it. Rugby league in England went on to set attendance and player payment records and rugby league in Australia became the most watched sport on television. The game also developed a significant place in the culture of France, New Zealand and several other Pacific Island nations, such as Papua New Guinea, where it has become the national sport.
Albero I of Louvain
Albero I of Louvain (1070 – 1 January 1128) was the 57th Prince-Bishop of Liège from 1123 until his death.

Albero was the third son of Henry II, Count of Leuven and Adela of Tweisterbant.

After the suspicious death of Prince-Bishop Frederick of Liege in 1121, Holy Roman Emperor Henry V appointed Alexander of Jülich as his successor. But Friedrich von Schwarzenburg, Archbishop of Cologne refused to ordain Alexander, and the see remained vacant.

The next year, the Concordat of Worms was signed between the Emperor and Pope Callixtus II. As a consequence, Albero of Leuven became the new Bishop of Liège in 1123.

Albero restored order in the Bishopric with the support of his brother Godfrey I, Count of Leuven.

Henry II, Count of Louvain
Henry II (Dutch: Hendrik, French: Henri) was the Count of Louvain (Leuven) from 1054 through 1071 (?). Henry II was the son of Lambert II, Count of Louvain and Oda of Verdun. His maternal uncles included Pope Stephen IX and Duke Godfrey the Bearded of Lorraine.
Dorothy Spinner
Dorothy Spinner is a fictional character created by Paul Kupperberg, appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. She was a former member of the Doom Patrol with the ability to bring imaginary beings to life. Dorothy first appeared in Doom Patrol vol. 2, #14 (November 1988) as a background character until she was made a full member a few issues later.

Dorothy Spinner appears in Doom Patrol (2019), portrayed by Abi Monterey.

Robotman (Cliff Steele)
Robotman (Clifford "Cliff" Steele, called Automaton in first two appearances) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is best known as a member of the Doom Patrol, being the only character to appear in every version of the team since its introduction in June 1963.

Robotman has appeared in numerous television series. Robotman made his first live adaptation as a guest star on the Titans television series for DC Universe played by Jake Michaels. Riley Shanahan took over from Michaels in the role. He is part of the main cast of its spin-off Doom Patrol which is also on Max. Brendan Fraser provides the voice of Robotman and portrays Cliff Steele in flashbacks in the series.
FC Arsenal Tula
FC Arsenal Tula (Russian: ФК Арсенал Тула) is a Russian professional football club from Tula playing in the second-tier Russian First League.

Originally founded in 1923, FC Arsenal Tula was promoted to the Russian Premier League in 2014 for the first time in its history after finishing as runners-up in the 2013–14 Russian National Football League. This achievement marked three successive promotions for the club. On its debut season in the 2014–15 Russian Premier League, it finished in last place and was relegated back to the FNL. The club spent one season in the FNL before returning to the Premier League for the 2016–17 season, in which they have competed until the 2021–22 Russian Premier League season, when they were relegated again after finishing last.

The team currently plays its home games in Arsenal Stadium, which has a capacity of 19,241.

2012–13 Russian Second Division
The 2012–13 Russian Second Division  was the third strongest division in Russian football. The Second Division is geographically divided into 5 zones.
The winners of each zone are automatically promoted into the First Division. The bottom finishers of each zone lose professional status and are relegated into the Amateur Football League.
2018 Women's Premier Hockey League (South Africa)
The 2018 Women's Premier Hockey League was the 3rd edition of the Premier Hockey League, the annual tournament women's field hockey championship of South Africa.

The Blyde River Bunters won the tournament for the first time, defeating the Madikwe Rangers 1–0 in the final.

Blyde River Bunters
Blyde River Bunters is a South Africa field hockey club. The club was established in 2016, and is one of 6 established to compete in South African Hockey Association's new premier domestic competition, Premier Hockey League.
Love & Hip Hop: New York season 7
The seventh season of the reality television series Love & Hip Hop: New York aired on VH1 from November 21, 2016 until February 27, 2017. The season was primarily filmed in New York City, New York. It was executively produced by Mona Scott-Young and Stephanie R. Gayle for Monami Entertainment, Toby Barraud, Stefan Springman, Mala Chapple, David DiGangi, and Josh Richards for Eastern TV, and Nina L. Diaz and Vivian Gomez for VH1.

The series chronicles the lives of several women and men in the New York area, involved in hip hop music. It consists of 16 episodes, including a two-part reunion special hosted by Nina Parker.

Bianca Bonnie
Bianca Dupree, also known as Bianca Bonnie and formerly Young B, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, and television personality. Born in Harlem, New York, she first gained recognition after being featured on Webstar's 2006 debut album Caught in the Web. The lead single "Chicken Noodle Soup" peaked at number 45 on the Billboard Hot 100 and became Dupree's signature song.