hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Magnetic vector potential
In classical electromagnetism, magnetic vector potential (often denoted A) is the vector quantity defined so that its curl is equal to the magnetic field, B: . Together with the electric potential φ, the magnetic vector potential can be used to specify the electric field E as well. Therefore, many equations of electromagnetism can be written either in terms of the fields E and B, or equivalently in terms of the potentials φ and A. In more advanced theories such as quantum mechanics, most equations use potentials rather than fields.

Magnetic vector potential was independently introduced by Franz Ernst Neumann and Wilhelm Eduard Weber in 1845 and in 1846, respectively to discuss Ampère's circuital law. William Thomson also introduced the modern version of the vector potential in 1847, along with the formula relating it to the magnetic field.

Lorenz gauge condition
In electromagnetism, the Lorenz gauge condition or Lorenz gauge (after Ludvig Lorenz) is a partial gauge fixing of the electromagnetic vector potential by requiring  The name is frequently confused with Hendrik Lorentz, who has given his name to many concepts in this field. The condition is Lorentz invariant.  The Lorenz gauge condition does not completely determine the gauge: one can still make a gauge transformation  where  is the four-gradient and  is any harmonic scalar function: that is, a scalar function obeying  the equation of a massless scalar field.

The Lorenz gauge condition is used to eliminate the redundant spin-0 component in Maxwell's equations when these are used to describe a massless spin-1 quantum field. It is also used for massive spin-1 fields where the concept of gauge transformations does not apply at all.
Paul Scharner
Paul Josef Herbert Scharner (born 11 March 1980) is an Austrian retired footballer. He operated mainly as a defender, although he could play almost every midfield position as well. He was known for his great positional versatility and haircuts.

Scharner started his professional career with Austrian Bundesliga sides Austria Wien and SV Salzburg, before moving to Norwegian Tippeligaen in late 2004, starting for SK Brann. In January 2006, he entered the Premier League where he played for over six years, playing for Wigan Athletic and West Bromwich Albion, respectively. After a short time as a free agent, he transferred to Bundesliga veteran club Hamburger SV in August 2012, before returning to Wigan Athletic on loan in January 2013 - winning the FA Cup. He announced his retirement, at age 33, in September 2013.

SV Austria Salzburg
SV Austria Salzburg is an Austrian professional football club based in the city of Salzburg. The club was formed in 2005 by some supporters of the original SV (Austria) Salzburg after it was renamed FC Red Bull Salzburg by its new owners, who also changed the club's colours from its traditional violet and white to red and white.

The club started participation in the seventh tier of Austria's national league system in 2006, then rose through four successive championships to the third tier, Regionalliga West, in 2010. In 2015, the club gained promotion to the Erste Liga, one tier below the Austrian Bundesliga, only to be relegated a year later. Austria currently competes in Austrian Second League in the 2025–2026 season, after promotion from Austrian Regionalliga in 2024–25.
Loch Castle (Eichhofen)
Loch Castle (German: Burg Loch) is a protected ruin in the municipality of Loch in the Bavarian market borough of Nittendorf. It is also the symbol of Eichhofen, a village within the borough.

Loch is a rare example of a cave castle in Bavaria; only in Stein an der Traun in Upper Bavaria is there another surviving example of this type of fortification.

Cave castle
A cave castle (German: Höhlenburg) or grotto castle (German: Grottenburg) is a residential or refuge castle that has been built into a natural cave. It falls within the category of hill castles. Unlike other types (such as water castles), such castles can only be assaulted from the front, or by drilling through the rock above; the gateway is usually located in the middle of a rock face, which makes it much more difficult to penetrate. Archaeological discoveries have revealed that caves were used as places of refuge as early as the Stone Age. The first medieval cave castles emerged in the 11th and 12th centuries. In the 14th and 15th centuries this type became more widespread, especially in certain parts of France and Switzerland.
Mouat Street, Fremantle
Mouat Street is a 300-metre-long (980 ft) street in Fremantle, Western Australia. Historically, the name was often spelled as Mouatt Street.

It is a one-way street, running from Phillimore Street in the north to Marine Terrace in the south. It runs parallel to and in between Cliff Street to the west and Henry Street to the east.
Along the way it intersects High Street and Croke Street.

Mouat Street was named after lieutenant J. A. Mouat, of HMS Challenger.

New kerbing was laid along Mouat Street in 1890.

It is the location of a number of historical buildings: the Adelaide Steamship House, the Strelitz Buildings, the former Tarantella Night Club and the Howard Smith Building. There are also several buildings owned and used by the Fremantle campus of the University of Notre Dame, such as the former P&O Hotel building, as well as many other commercial buildings that use their heritage status.

Former buildings in the street include His Lordships Larder Hotel.

Cliff Street, Fremantle
Cliff Street is a  street in Fremantle, Western Australia. It is the furthest west cross street on High Street, running parallel to Mouat Street.

The proximity to government offices, and the connection between the Swan River and the ocean jetties, made the street a significant thoroughfare in the early stages of Fremantle development

In the 1860s an early union organization, the Western Australian Working Men's Association chose rooms in Cliff Street after their Phillimore Street rooms lease was finished.

In the late 1880s and early 1900s offices were established for a range of businesses and organisations, such as the West Australian newspaper in 1886,

By the early 1900s street was an important part of the route of the Fremantle Tramway system, as the tram shed had been situated just west of the junction of Cliff Street with High Street.
Hotdog (band)
Hotdog was a Filipino band formed by brothers Dennis and Rene Garcia that achieved fame in the Philippines during the mid-1970s. Their first album, Unang Kagat, was released in 1974 by Villar Records. The album led to the 1975 movie of the same name, also starring the band. The band was credited by local journalists as a major influence on and leading exponent of the Manila Sound, a musical genre popular during that period.

Hotdog officially dissolved upon the death of its co-founder and bass guitarist, Dennis Garcia, in January 2020.

Parokya ni Edgar
Parokya ni Edgar (lit: Edgar's Parish) is a Filipino rock band formed in 1993, composed of Chito Miranda (lead vocals), Gab Chee Kee (rhythm guitar, vocals), Buwi Meneses (bass guitar), Darius Semaña (lead guitar), Dindin Moreno (drums, percussion), and Vinci Montaner (backing vocals). The band is known for its original rock novelty songs and often satirical covers of popular songs both foreign and local. The band is adept at playing in various musical genres.

Parokya ni Edgar has been referred to by local media outlets as "The National Band of the Philippines". As of 2005, the band has reportedly sold 600,000 albums in the Philippines for their first eight albums.
Cedar Creek (Dix River tributary)
Cedar Creek, located in Lincoln County in south-central Kentucky, USA, is an 8-mile-long (13 km) tributary to the Dix River. Via the Dix, Kentucky and Ohio rivers, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed.  In 2002, a section of Cedar Creek was impounded to form Cedar Creek Lake.

Dix River
The Dix River is a 79.3-mile-long (127.6 km) tributary of the Kentucky River in central Kentucky in the United States. It begins in western Rockcastle County, about 5 miles (8 km) west of Mount Vernon. It flows generally northwest, in a tight meandering course, passing north of Stanford and east of Danville. Northeast of Danville it is impounded by the Dix Dam to form the Herrington Lake reservoir. The river flows about 2 miles (3 km) before joining the Kentucky River near High Bridge, about 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Lexington, in the region of the Kentucky River Palisades.

At Danville the river has a mean annual discharge of 480 cubic feet per second. The watershed of the river is largely agricultural land, with undulating hills over a bed of limestone. The river is a popular destination for fly fishing, in particular for varieties of bass.  Occasionally, recreational kayakers and canoeists can be found on same-day trips.  Water levels are Class I+ with possible mild class II.
LSU Tigers women's volleyball
The LSU Tigers women's volleyball team represents Louisiana State University in the sport of indoor volleyball.  The Tigers compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Southeastern Conference (SEC), and play their home matches in the Pete Maravich Assembly Center on the university's Baton Rouge, Louisiana campus. Since the 2022 season, the head coach is Tonya Johnson, after former long time head coach Fran Flory announced her retirement.

LSU Tigers and Lady Tigers
The LSU Tigers and Lady Tigers (also known as the Fighting Tigers) are the athletic teams representing Louisiana State University (LSU), a state university located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. LSU competes in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC).
KQDX
KQDX (106.3 MHz) is a radio station licensed to Hibbing, Minnesota. The station serves the Hibbing area as a simulcast of KQDS-FM, a classic rock station in Duluth. KQDX is owned by Midwest Communications.

KQDX is part of a Midwest cluster of stations on the Iron Range that also includes KDAH, WMFG, WTBX and WUSZ. All stations share the same studio location at 807 W. 37th Street, Hibbing.

Midwest Communications
Midwest Communications, Inc. is a Wausau, Wisconsin–based radio broadcasting company. It owns 82 radio stations located primarily within the Midwest United States, in Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Tennessee, Illinois and Wisconsin. The company is a family-owned business and is headed by the Wright family.
Liverpool Exchange railway station
Liverpool Exchange was a railway station located in the city centre of Liverpool, England. Of the four terminus stations in the city, Exchange was the only not accessed via a tunnel.

The station was damaged during World War II and lost a proportion of the trainshed roof, which was never rebuilt. The station's long-distance services were switched to Liverpool Lime Street in the 1960s, and, as a terminus, the station became redundant in the late 1970s, when its remaining local services switched to the newly opened Merseyrail tunnels under Liverpool city centre. It was closed in 1977, being replaced by the new Moorfields underground station nearby.

Ormskirk railway station
Ormskirk railway station in Ormskirk, Lancashire, England, is a cross-platform interchange between Merseyrail services from Liverpool Central and Northern Trains services from Preston on the Ormskirk branch line, 12+3⁄4 miles (20.5 km) northeast of Liverpool.  The station building and three arch road bridge are both Grade II listed structures.
Pepita de Oliva
Josefa Durán y Ortega (c. 1830–6 March 1872), known by the stage name Pepita de Oliva, was a Romani Spanish dancer who performed across Europe, popularizing Spanish flamenco dancing and costumes. Despite her official marriage with her dance teacher Juan Antonio Gabriel de la Oliva in 1851, the following year she established a partnership with the British diplomat Lionel Sackville-West with whom she had five children. Her daughter Victoria gave birth to the English writer Vita Sackville-West, who in 1937 published a biography of her grandmother titled Pepita.

Vita Sackville-West
Victoria Mary, Lady Nicolson, CH (née Sackville-West; 9 March 1892 – 2 June 1962), usually known as Vita Sackville-West, was an English author and garden designer.

Sackville-West was a successful novelist, poet and journalist, as well as a prolific letter writer and diarist. She published more than a dozen collections of poetry and 13 novels during her life. She was twice awarded the Hawthornden Prize for Imaginative Literature: in 1927 for her pastoral epic, The Land, and in 1933 for her Collected Poems. She was the inspiration for the protagonist of Orlando: A Biography, by her friend and lover Virginia Woolf.

She wrote a column in The Observer from 1946 to 1961 and is remembered for the celebrated garden at Sissinghurst in Kent, created with her husband, Sir Harold Nicolson.
Bob Argo
Robert Eugene Argo Jr. (November 18, 1923 – July 7, 2016) was an American politician and insurance executive. An alumnus of the University of Georgia, Argo served in the Civil Air Patrol and later in the United States Coast Guard during World War II. Argo was first elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in 1976, and he served until 1986.

He was the father of Marty Kemp, First Lady of Georgia.

Marty Kemp
Marty Kemp (née Argo; born May 4, 1966) is the first lady of Georgia since 2019, as the wife of the 83rd governor of Georgia, Brian Kemp. She leads initiatives and advocates for the passing of legislation to combat human trafficking and support youth victims of sex trafficking.
Pete Sears
Peter Roy Sears (born 27 May 1948) is an English rock musician. In a career spanning more than six decades, he has been a member of many bands and has moved through a variety of musical genres, from early R&B, psychedelic improvisational rock of the 1960s, folk, country music, arena rock in the 1970s, and blues. He usually plays bass, keyboards, or both in bands.

John Cipollina
John Cipollina (August 24, 1943 – May 29, 1989) was a guitarist best known for his role as a founder and the lead guitarist of the prominent San Francisco rock band Quicksilver Messenger Service.  After leaving Quicksilver he formed the band Copperhead, was a member of the San Francisco All Stars and later played with numerous other bands.
Pedernales, Texas
Pedernales was an early settlement of German immigrants in Gillespie County, Texas, United States, and was part of the Adelsverein colonization of Texas. No trace of the settlement remains today. It was located 7 miles (11 km) southwest of Fredericksburg near what is now Texas State Highway 16. The Pedernales school received a Texas Historical Commission Subject Marker in 1993, Marker number 10095.

Gillespie County, Texas
Gillespie County is a county located on the Edwards Plateau in the U.S. state of Texas. Gillespie county is prominent in the Texas German belt region, a region settled by German emigrants in the 1800s.  As of the 2020 census, its population was 26,725. 
Gillespie County comprises the Fredericksburg, TX Micropolitan Statistical Area. The county seat is Fredericksburg. It is located in the heart of the rural Texas Hill Country in Central Texas. Gillespie is named for Robert Addison Gillespie, a soldier in the Mexican–American War.

On December 15, 1847, a petition was submitted to create Gillespie County. In 1848, the legislature formed Gillespie County from Bexar and Travis Counties. The signers were overwhelmingly German immigrants.

President of the United States of America Lyndon B. Johnson was born in the county's unincorporated community of Stonewall, and where he later maintained his ranch.
Anbarrhacus
Anbarrhacus is an extinct genus of millipede in the family Platyrhacidae known from a fossil found in North America.  There is one described species in the genus, Anbarrhacus adamantis, which is one of three millipedes described from Mexican amber.

Mexican amber
Mexican amber, also known as Chiapas Amber is amber found in Mexico, created during the Early Miocene  and middle Miocene epochs of the Cenozoic Era in southwestern North America. As with other ambers, a wide variety of taxa have been found as inclusions including insects and other arthropods, as well as plant fragments and epiphyllous fungi.
New Mexico State Auditor
The state auditor of New Mexico is a constitutional officer in the executive branch of government of the U.S. state of New Mexico. Twenty-eight individuals have held the office of state auditor since statehood. The incumbent is Joseph Maestas, a Democrat.

Joseph Maestas
Joseph M. Maestas (born 1960/1961) is an American politician and engineer who is the current Auditor of New Mexico. He previously served as a member of the New Mexico Public Regulation Commission. Elected in 2020, he assumed office on January 1, 2021, succeeding Valerie Espinoza. He announced his candidacy for State Auditor on July 19, 2021. He was elected in 2022 and assumed office in January 2023, succeeding Brian Colón.
Offingawier
Offingawier (West Frisian: Offenwier) is a neighbourhood of Sneek and former village in Súdwest-Fryslân municipality in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 205 in January 2017. In 1984, it was annexed by the city of Sneek and became a neighbourhood.

Súdwest-Fryslân
Súdwest-Fryslân (West Frisian pronunciation: [ˈsytʋɛst ˈfrislɔ̃ːn]; lit. 'Southwest Friesland') is a municipality in the northern Netherlands, located in the province of Friesland. It had a population of 89,999 in January 2021. Sneek is the municipal seat. With a total area of 841.56 km2, Southwest-Friesland is the largest municipality by area in the Netherlands.
Siege of Thala
The siege of Thala, part of the Jugurthine War, was an invasion of the Numidian town of Thala by a Roman army. The Romans were commanded by the proconsul Quintus Caecilius Metellus, the Thalans by an unknown Numidian commander. The Romans' main objective was to capture the Numidian king Jugurtha who was reported to be in Thala, but he escaped before the legions reached the fortress town. Metellus then besieged the town to get hold of one of Jugurtha's treasuries which was stored in Thala. The fortress town was besieged for forty days after which most of its inhabitants committed suicide by setting fire to the town.

Jugurthine War
The Jugurthine War (Latin: Bellum Iugurthinum; 111–105 BC) was an armed conflict between the Roman Republic and King Jugurtha of Numidia, a kingdom on the north African coast roughly corresponding to modern-day Algeria. Jugurtha was the nephew and adopted son of Micipsa, king of Numidia, whom he succeeded to the throne; he had done so by overcoming his rivals through assassination, war, and bribery.

Following Jugurtha's usurpation of the throne of Numidia, a loyal ally of Rome since the Punic Wars, Rome felt compelled to intervene. The war constituted an important phase in the Roman subjugation of Northern Africa and the rise of the empire, but Numidia did not become a Roman province until 46 BC.
Šodolovci
Šodolovci (Serbian Cyrillic: Шодоловци, Hungarian: Páznán) is a village and a municipality in Osijek-Baranja County in eastern Croatia. In the seven villages of the Šodolovci Municipality, there were 1,653 inhabitants at the time of the 2011 census.

The landscape of the Šodolovci Municipality is marked by the Pannonian Basin plains and agricultural fields of maize, wheat, common sunflower and sugar beet.

Osijek-Baranja County
Osijek-Baranja County (pronounced [ôsijeːk bǎraɲa], Croatian: Osječko-baranjska županija, Hungarian: Eszék-Baranya megye) is a county in Croatia, located in northeastern Slavonia and Baranja which is defined part of the Pannonian Plain. Its center is Osijek. Other towns include Đakovo, Našice, Valpovo, Belišće, and Beli Manastir.
Mana (Japanese musician)
Mana (Japanese: まな, 魔名) is a Japanese musician, songwriter, record producer, and fashion designer, best known as guitarist of the visual kei rock band Malice Mizer from their formation in 1992 until their indefinite hiatus in 2001. A year later, Mana formed the gothic metal band Moi dix Mois as his solo project.

Mana founded the independent record label Midi:Nette in 1994. In addition to signing electronic music duo Schwarz Stein, it has released the majority of Malice Mizer's musical output and all of Moi dix Mois' material as well as 2 albums and 2 singles by Kanon Wakeshima. His clothing label, Moi-même-Moitié, was established in 1999 and is credited with helping popularize the Gothic Lolita fashion movement.

Gothic Lolita
Gothic Lolita (Japanese: ゴシック・アンド・ロリータ/ゴスロリ 哥特洛丽塔) is a fashion subculture that originated from the European goth subculture and is also a branch of the Japanese Lolita fashion. It was originally based on traditional European clothing and then adopted by the Japanese street culture in the 1980s. Gothic Lolita combines the loveliness of Lolita and the darkness and mystery of the gothic style and is renowned for its abundant use of black elements such as lace, ruffles, and straps.
Williamstown Pier railway station
Williamstown Pier was the original terminus of the Williamstown railway line, on the Melbourne suburban rail system. It was in the suburb of Williamstown, to the west of central Melbourne. The station existed primarily to serve the Williamstown docks precinct.

Williamstown, Victoria
Williamstown is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 11 km (6.8 mi) south-west of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Hobsons Bay local government area. Williamstown recorded a population of 14,407 at the 2021 census.
Fearchar, Earl of Ross
Fearchar of Ross or Ferchar mac in tSagairt (Fearchar mac an t-sagairt, often anglicized as Farquhar MacTaggart), was the first of the Scottish Ó Beólláin (O’Beolan, Beolan) family who received by Royal Grant the lands and Title of Mormaer or Earl of Ross (1223–1251) we know of from the thirteenth century, whose career brought Ross into the fold of the Scottish kings for the first time, and who is remembered as the founder of the Earldom of Ross.

MacWilliam pretenders
The Meic Uilleim (MacWilliams) were the Gaelic descendants of William fitz Duncan, grandson of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, king of Scots. They were excluded from the succession by the descendants of Máel Coluim's son David I during the 12th century and raised a number of rebellions to vindicate their claims to the Mormaerdom of Moray and perhaps to the rule of Scotland.
Japanese submarine I-29
I-29, code-named Matsu (松, Japanese for "pine tree"), was a B1 type submarine of the Imperial Japanese Navy used during World War II on two secret Yanagai missions with Germany, sinking seven cargo ships. She was sunk while returning from the second mission.

Type B1 submarine
The Type B1 submarine (巡潜乙型潜水艦, Junsen Otsu-gata sensuikan; lit. "Cruiser submarine type B"), also called the I-15-class submarine (伊一五型潜水艦, I-jū-go-gata sensuikan) after its lead submarine, was the first group of boats of the Type B cruiser submarines built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during the 1940s. In total 20 were built, starting with I-15, which gave the series their alternative name.
Tanypteryx
Tanypteryx is a small genus of dragonflies in the family Petaluridae. The genus contains only two species. One Tanypteryx hageni (Selys, 1879), the black petaltail, occurs in the Pacific Northwest and the other, Tanypteryx pryeri (Selys, 1889), is found in Japan.

Tanypteryx hageni
Tanypteryx hageni, commonly known as the black petaltail, is a species of dragonfly in the family Petaluridae. It is native to the Pacific Northwest of the North America and is one of only two members of the genus Tanypteryx. The other species lives in Japan.