hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Trojan Room coffee pot
The Trojan Room coffee pot was a coffee machine located in the Computer Laboratory of the University of Cambridge, England. It was the subject of the world's first webcam, created by Quentin Stafford-Fraser and Paul Jardetzky in 1991.

To save people working in the building the disappointment of finding the coffee machine empty after making the trip to the room, a camera was set up providing a live picture of the coffee pot to all desktop computers on the office network. After the camera was connected to the Internet a few years later, the coffee pot gained international renown as a feature of the fledgling World Wide Web, until being retired in 2001.

Coffeemaker
A coffeemaker, coffee maker or coffee machine is a cooking appliance used to brew coffee. While there are many different types of coffeemakers, the two most common brewing principles use gravity or pressure to move hot water through coffee grounds. In the most common devices, coffee grounds are placed into a paper or metal filter inside a funnel, which is set over a glass or ceramic coffee pot, a cooking pot in the kettle family. Cold water is poured into a separate chamber, which is then boiled and directed into the funnel and allowed to drip through the grounds under gravity. This is also called automatic drip-brew. Coffee makers that use pressure to force water through ground coffee are called espresso makers, and they produce espresso coffee.
Soap scum
Soap scum or lime soap is the white solid composed of calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, and similar alkaline earth metal derivatives of fatty acids.  These materials result from the addition of soap and other anionic surfactants to hard water. Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions, which react with the surfactant anion to give these metallic or lime soaps.

2 C17H35COONa + Ca2+  →  (C17H35COO)2Ca + 2 Na+

In this reaction, the sodium cation in soap is replaced by calcium to form calcium stearate.

Lime soaps build deposits on fibres, washing machines, and sinks. Synthetic surfactants are less susceptible to the effects of hard water. Most detergents contain builders that prevent the formation of lime soaps.

Magnesium stearate
Magnesium stearate is a metal-organic compound, a salt of magnesium and stearic acid with the idealized chemical formula (C17H35CO2)2Mg. It is classified as a metallic soap, i.e. a metal derivative of a fatty acid.  Magnesium stearate is a white, water-insoluble powder. Its applications exploit its softness, insolubility in many solvents, and low toxicity. It is used as a release agent and as a component or lubricant in the production of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
All Ladakh Gonpa Association
All Ladakh Gonpa Association (ALGA) is the central organisation of the Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh, India. It aims to preserve and strengthen the monastic institutions. It was founded by the 19th Kushok Bakula Rinpoche in 1949 and he acted as its president for 41 years, from 1949 until 1991. In 1949, the first meeting of the great monasteries was held and ten monasteries took part. All Ladakh Gonpa Association was registered in 1959 and is run by a governing body consisting of fifteen lama members belonging to all four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. There are sixteen major monastic institutions with hundreds of monks in each monastery.

Zangla Monastery
Current day Zangla village has no monastery, only a nunnery. Zangla Palace is sometimes called Zangla Monastery due to a mistake  probably first made by Tivadar Duka, biographer of Alexander Csoma de Kőrös, and later by Ervin Baktay, an Indologist who visited Zangla in 1928 to identify the locations related to Alexander Csoma de Kőrös. Suffering from malaria, he described Zangla Palace – probably due to the shrine and the monks living there – as a monastery.

Tsazar Monastery is a Buddhist monastery in the village of Tsa-zar, 6 kilometres south of Zangla, Zanskar, Kargil district, Ladakh, northern India, formerly part of the Zangla Kingdom.

Tsazar Monastery is home to a small number of lamas and has some notable wall paintings.

Hungarian philologist Sándor Kőrösi Csoma edited the first Tibetan-English dictionary while living at Zangla Palace in 1823. The dictionary was published in 1824.
Powerset construction
In the theory of computation and automata theory, the powerset construction or subset construction is a standard method for converting a nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA) into a deterministic finite automaton (DFA) that recognizes the same formal language. It is important in theory because it establishes that NFAs, despite their additional flexibility, are unable to recognize any language that cannot be recognized by some DFA. It is also important in practice for converting easier-to-construct NFAs into more efficiently executable DFAs. However, if the NFA has n states, the resulting DFA may have up to 2n states, an exponentially larger number, which sometimes makes the construction impractical for large NFAs.

The construction, sometimes called the Rabin–Scott powerset construction (or subset construction) to distinguish it from similar constructions for other types of automata, was first published by Michael O. Rabin and Dana Scott in 1959.

DFA minimization
In automata theory (a branch of theoretical computer science), DFA minimization is the task of transforming a given deterministic finite automaton (DFA) into an equivalent DFA that has a minimum number of states. Here, two DFAs are called equivalent if they recognize the same regular language. Several different algorithms accomplishing this task are known and described in standard textbooks on automata theory.
2008 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania
The 2008 congressional elections in Pennsylvania was held on November 4, 2008, to determine who will represent the state of Pennsylvania in the United States House of Representatives.  Pennsylvania has 19 seats in the House, apportioned according to the 2000 United States census.   Representatives are elected for two-year terms; those elected will serve in the 111th Congress from January 4, 2009, until January 3, 2011. The election coincides with the 2008 U.S. presidential election.

District 3 was the only seat which changed party (from Republican to Democratic), although CQ Politics had forecasted districts 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 15 and 18 to be at some risk for the incumbent party. This was the last time the Democrats would win a majority of congressional districts in Pennsylvania until 2022.

Glenn Thompson (politician)
Glenn William "GT" Thompson Jr. (born July 27, 1959) is an American politician serving as the U.S. representative for Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district since 2019. A member of the Republican Party, he was first elected to Congress in 2008 for the state's 5th congressional district; Thompson was redistricted to the 15th congressional district in the 2018 election by an order of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. Since 2023, he has chaired the House Agriculture Committee. Thompson became the dean of the Pennsylvania's congressional delegation in 2025 following the defeat of Senator Bob Casey Jr.
Bolivarian Communication and Information System
The Bolivarian Communication and Information System (SiBCI; Spanish: Sistema Bolivariano de Comunicación e Información) is a conglomerate of Venezuela state media that manages public radio, television, and multimedia attached to the Ministry of Popular Power for Communication and Information. It is located on channel 24.4 in Digital Terrestrial Television in Venezuela.

Ministry of Communication and Information (Venezuela)
The Ministry of Popular Power for Communication and Information (Spanish: Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Comunicación y la Información, Minci) is a public ministry of the Government of Venezuela dedicated to communication, informing the Venezuelan public and promoting the Venezuelan government.
Henry of Blois
Henry of Blois (c. 1096 –  8 August 1171), often known as Henry of Winchester, was Abbot of Glastonbury Abbey from 1126, and Bishop of Winchester from 1129 to his death.

He was the son of Stephen II, Count of Blois and Adela of Normandy, a younger brother of Stephen, King of England, and a grandson of William the Conqueror. Henry was also a major patron of the arts, funding the Winchester Bible and the font in Winchester Cathedral. He founded the Hospital of St Cross and built much of Wolvesey Castle.

William of Malmesbury
William of Malmesbury (Latin: Willelmus Malmesbiriensis; c. 1095 – c. 1143) was the foremost English historian of the 12th century. Modern historian C. Warren Hollister described him as "a gifted historical scholar and an omnivorous reader, impressively well versed in the literature of classical, patristic, and earlier medieval times as well as in the writings of his own contemporaries. Indeed William may well have been the most learned man in twelfth-century Western Europe."

William was born about 1095 or 1096 in Wiltshire, England. His father was Norman and his mother English. He spent his whole life in England and his adult life as a monk at Malmesbury Abbey in Wiltshire.
Jane Wenham (alleged witch)
Jane Wenham (died 1730) was one of the last people to be condemned to death for witchcraft in England, although her conviction was set aside. Her trial in 1712 is widely considered to be the last witch trial in England.

Witch trials in England
In England, witch trials were conducted from the 15th century until the 18th century. They are estimated to have resulted in the death of perhaps 500 people, 90 percent of whom were women. The witch hunt was at its most intense stage during the English Civil War (1642–1651) and the Puritan era of the mid-17th century.
Hertfordshire (European Parliament constituency)
Hertfordshire was a constituency of the European Parliament located in the United Kingdom, electing one Member of the European Parliament by the first-past-the-post electoral system. Created in 1979 for the first elections to the European Parliament, it was abolished in 1999 on the adoption of proportional representation for European elections in Great Britain. It was succeeded by the East of England region.

Bedfordshire South (European Parliament constituency)
Bedfordshire South was a constituency of the European Parliament located in the United Kingdom, electing one Member of the European Parliament by the first-past-the-post electoral system. Created in 1984 from parts of Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire, it was abolished in 1994 and succeeded by Bedfordshire and Milton Keynes.
Poor Knights Islands
The Poor Knights Islands (Māori: Tawhiti Rahi) are a group of islands off the east coast of the Northland Region of the North Island of New Zealand. They lie 50 kilometres (31 mi) to the northeast of Whangārei, and 22 kilometres (14 mi) offshore halfway between Bream Head and Cape Brett. Uninhabited since the 1820s, they are a nature reserve and popular underwater diving spot, with boat tours typically departing from Tutukaka. The Poor Knights Islands Marine Reserve surrounds the island.

Historian John Beaglehole (1955) comments that the origin of the islands' name is not clear, and speculates that the name could be related to the Poor Knights of Windsor, or that the islands were named for their resemblance to Poor Knight's Pudding, a bread-based dish topped with egg and fried, popular at the time of discovery by Europeans.

Tutukaka
Tutukaka (Māori: Tūtūkākā) is a locality on the east coast of Northland, New Zealand, in an area commonly referred to as the Tutukaka Coast which includes Ngunguru and Matapouri. The city of Whangārei is to the southwest. The residential areas of Tutukaka fringe the hills surrounding Tutukaka Harbour, which has a history as a local fishing port and hosts the Tutukaka marina. The Māori name comes from the term tūtū kākā, which means a parrot (kākā) snaring tree (tūtū).

As the closest marina to the Poor Knights Islands, Tutukaka  the base for boat tours for diving and snorkelling in the waters around these  islands, a protected marine reserve.  At the peak of the busy summer months, the population of Tutukaka swells from around 600 permanent residents to over 2,400. A walking track leads from Tutukaka to a small lighthouse at Tutukaka Head (South Gable).
Morobe Province
Morobe is a province on the northern coast of Papua New Guinea. The provincial capital and largest city is Lae. The province covers 33,705 km2, with a population of 674,810 (2011 census), and since the division of Southern Highlands Province in May 2012 it is the most populous province. It includes the Huon Peninsula, the Markham River, and delta, and coastal territories along the Huon Gulf. The province has nine administrative districts. At least 101 languages are spoken, including Kâte and Yabem language.  English and Tok Pisin are common languages in the urban areas, and in some areas pidgin forms of German are mixed with the native language.

Finschhafen
Finschhafen is a town 80 kilometers (50 mi) east of Lae on the Huon Peninsula in Morobe Province of Papua New Guinea. The town is commonly misspelt as Finschafen or Finschaven.  During World War II, the town was also referred to as Fitch Haven in the logs of some U.S. Navy men.
Cork and Youghal Railway
The Cork and Youghal Railway (C&YR) was a company that built and operated a short 27 miles (43 km) railway built in the early 1860s in Ireland linking Cork with Youghal, a small resort with harbour at the mouth of the Munster Blackwater.   There was an additional 6-mile (9.7 km) branch to Cobh (Queenstown), a deepwater port in Cork Harbour associated with transatlantic liners.  The railway was forced into administration within a few short years due to the bankruptcy of major shareholder David Leopold Lewis and was taken over by the much larger Great Southern and Western Railway (GS&WR).  The branch to Cobh became the main line and by the late 1980s was the only part of the previously extensive rail network around Cork City to remain operational apart from the main line to Dublin. 2009 saw the Midleton branch re-open to Cork while the remainder of the route is being converted to a greenway in the 2020s.

Dunkettle railway station
Dunkettle railway station was a railway station to the east of Cork City in Ireland. Originally part of the Cork and Youghal Railway, it opened on 10 November 1859 and was closed on 7 February 1966.

In May 1911, an assistant platelayer was struck by a train travelling from Cork to Queenstown (Cobh). He was transported to hospital in Cork City but died shortly afterwards.

In the early 21st century, it was proposed to reopen a station at Dunkettle on the Cobh line of the Cork Suburban Rail network. These plans were refused planning permission in 2009. As of mid-2024, an updated strategic transport plan (including a possible station at Dunkettle) was reportedly projected for planning submission "by the end of [2025]".
Lied Glacier
Lied Glacier is a glacier close north of Cape Arkona on the southwest side of Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean. To the southeast of Lied Glacier is Gotley Glacier, whose terminus is located between Cape Arkona and Cape Labuan. Cape Arkona separates Lied Glacier from Gotley Glacier. To the north of Lied Glacier is Abbotsmith Glacier.

Cape Arkona (Heard Island)
Cape Arkona is a rocky headland between the mouths of Lied Glacier and Gotley Glacier on the southwest side of Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean. The feature appears to be roughly charted on an 1860 sketch map prepared by Captain H.C. Chester, an American sealer operating in the area during this period. The German frigate Arkona (named after a cape on the north of Rügen) (Captain von Reibnitz) examined the south coast of the island in February 1874 and, in Melbourne, provided the officers of HMS Challenger with a position for the cape which was used in preparation of the Admiralty chart. In so doing, however, the misspelling "Cape Arcona" was used on the British chart.
White v Chief Constable of the South Yorkshire Police
White v Chief Constable of the South Yorkshire Police was a 1998 case in English tort law in which police officers who were present in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster sued for post traumatic stress disorder. The claim was rejected by the House of Lords on the basis that none of the claimants could be considered "primary victims" "since none of them were at any time exposed to personal danger nor reasonably believed themselves to be so".

The decision could have been disposed of in the manner of Chadwick v British Railways Board, where the rescuer may not have been in physical danger but was awarded damages due to his putting himself in the 'zone of danger', after the event. This was not followed and the "rescuers" category was thus limited in terms of people acting in the course of their job.

Chadwick v British Rlys Board
Chadwick v. British Railways Board [1967] 2 All ER 945 was an English High Court (Queen's Bench Division) judgement, dealing with the possibility of recovering psychiatric harm suffered by helpers who have witnessed and assisted at an accident. The Court ruled that such helpers, as "primary victims" of the accident, could recover the damage caused by nervous shock in the same way as personal injury, unlike "secondary victims", who have merely witnessed the accident without being directly involved in it.
West Dog Island
West Dog Island is an uninhabited islet of the British Virgin Islands in the Caribbean.  It is located in a smaller sub-group of islands referred to as the Dog Islands, or more commonly, "The Dogs".  Other islets in The Dogs include Little Seal Dog Island, East Seal Dog Island and George Dog Island, all of which are to the northwest of Virgin Gorda.

The island provides habitat for the crested anole (Anolis cristatellus wileyae), and the big-scaled least gecko (Sphaerodactylus macrolepis macrolepis).

Dog Islands
Dog Islands are a small group of islets among the British Virgin Islands in the Caribbean.

The islands originally received their names from sailors who heard barking when they moored there, and assumed that they must be dogs.  However, the barking noises were made by Caribbean monk seals.  The sailors also regarded the Caribbean monk seal as a good source of fresh seal meat, and as a result, they are now extinct.
Motoharu Yoshizawa
Motoharu Yoshizawa (吉沢元治) (1931 – September 12, 1998) was a Japanese bassist and composer known for playing in a distinctive free jazz and free improvisation style, sometimes deploying electronics and using the unusual self-designed five-string bass he referred to as the "Tiritack".

Yoshizawa collaborated with innumerable musicians over his long career; some of the better known include Masayuki Takayanagi, Masahiko Togashi, Takehisa Kosugi, Mototeru Takagi, Kaoru Abe, Steve Lacy, Dave Burrell, Derek Bailey, Evan Parker, Barre Phillips, Butch Morris, Elliott Sharp, Ikue Mori, Keiji Haino, Kan Mikami, Kazuki Tomokawa, Christopher Yohmei Blasdel & Tenko.

Keiji Haino
Keiji Haino (灰野 敬二 Haino Keiji; born May 3, 1952) is a Japanese musician and singer-songwriter whose work has included rock, free improvisation, noise music, percussion, psychedelic music, minimalism and drone music. He has been active since the 1970s and continues to record regularly and in new styles.
Helgeland Hospital Trust
Helgeland Hospital Trust is a health trust covering Helgeland in Nordland, Norway. It is part of Northern Norway Regional Health Authority and was established on 1 January 2002. The main facilities are in Mo i Rana, Mosjøen and Sandnessjøen Hospital. It has a polyclinic in Brønnøysund. The director is Hulda Gunnlaugsdottir.

Northern Norway Regional Health Authority
Northern Norway Regional Health Authority (Norwegian: Helse Nord RHF) is one of four regional health authorities in Norway. It covers the counties of Finnmark, Nordland and Troms. The authority owns six health trusts.

The health trusts owned are Finnmark Hospital Trust, University Hospital of North Norway, Nordland Hospital Trust and Helgeland Hospital Trust as well as Northern Norway Pharmaceutical Trust that operates nineteen pharmacies, and Northern Norway Regional Health Authority ICT Trust.
Pohang Space Walk
Pohang Space Walk (Korean: 포항 스페이스워크) is a walkable sculpture located in Hwanho Park, Buk-gu, Pohang, North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. It was completed on November 18, 2021 and opened to the public the following day. The original name for the structure was Cloud, and it received its current name before its completion.

The sculpture was created as part of a joint effort by the city of Pohang and South Korean steel company POSCO, in order to increase local tourism. It is meant to evoke a feeling of reaching utopia and "swimming in space above the clouds", as well as to symbolize aspects of Pohang's prominent manufacturing and steel industries.

It is now a popular tourist attraction. By the end of 2023, it had a total of over two million visitors. It has also won a number of awards, including the 2022 Structure of the Year award from the Korean Steel Structure Society and South Korea's "2023 Star of Tourism".

Pohang
Pohang (Korean: 포항; Korean pronunciation: [pʰo.ɦaŋ]), formerly spelled Po-Hang, is the largest city in  North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea, with a population of 499,363 as of 2022, bordering the East Sea to the east, Yeongcheon to the west, Gyeongju to the south, and Cheongsong and Yeongdeok County to the north.

The city has food, textile, and metal industries. Agricultural products such as grapes, persimmons and garlic chives are abundant, and the city's proximity to the East Sea has led to the development of a fishing industry. Hagfish is a local specialty.

The South Korean Marine Corps 1st Division is stationed in Pohang, and their Education and Training Command is located there as well.

Tourist attractions include the Jukdo Fish Market, where fresh seafood is sold, as well as the Yeongildae Beach, Wolpo Beach, and Pohang Songdo Beach. Naejangsan Mountain divides Pohang and Yeongdeok and has twelve waterfalls.
Maria Kazakova (figure skater)
Maria Evgenyevna Kazakova (Russian: Мария Евгеньевна Казакова, Georgian: მარია ევგენიევნა კაზაკოვა, born 15 July 2001) is a Russian-Georgian ice dancer who competes for Georgia. With her former partner, Georgy Reviya, she is a three-time ISU Challenger Series bronze medalist.

On the junior level, she is the 2020 World Junior silver medalist, the 2019 Junior Grand Prix Final champion, the 2019 JGP Croatia champion, the 2018 Toruń Cup champion, the 2019 NRW Trophy champion and the 2018 Volvo Open Cup champion.

2019–20 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final
The 2019–20 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final and ISU Junior Grand Prix Final  was held from December 5–8, 2019 at the Torino Palavela in Turin, Italy. The combined event was the culmination of two international series — the Grand Prix of Figure Skating and the Junior Grand Prix. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dance on the senior and junior levels.

Strasbourg, France was announced as the provisional host, before being changed to Turin.
Fritigern
Fritigern (fl. 370s) was a Thervingian Gothic chieftain whose decisive victory at Adrianople during the Gothic War (376–382) led to favourable terms for the Goths when peace was made with Gratian and Theodosius I in 382.

Gothic War (376–382)
The Gothic War of 376–382 was one of several Gothic Wars in Roman history in which the Goths fought against the Roman Empire. This particular conflict included the catastrophic Roman defeat at the Battle of Adrianople, which is commonly seen as a cause of the decline of the Western Roman Empire, although its significance is widely debated.