hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Autonomous consumption
Autonomous consumption (also exogenous consumption, autonomous spending) is the consumption expenditure that occurs when income levels are zero. Such consumption is considered autonomous of income only when expenditure on these consumables does not vary with changes in income; generally, it may be required to fund necessities and debt obligations. If income levels are actually zero, this consumption counts as dissaving, because it is financed by borrowing or using up savings.  Autonomous consumption contrasts with induced consumption, in that it does not systematically fluctuate with income, whereas induced consumption does. The two are related, for all households, through the consumption function:

where

C = total consumption,

c0 = autonomous consumption (c0 > 0),

c1 = the marginal propensity to consume (the gradient of induced consumption) (0 < c1 < 1), and

Yd = disposable income (income after government taxes, benefits, and transfer payments).

Induced consumption
Induced consumption is the portion of consumption that varies with disposable income. When a change in disposable income “induces” a change in consumption on goods and services, then that changed consumption is called “induced consumption”. In contrast, expenditures for autonomous consumption do not vary with income. For instance, expenditure on a consumable that is considered a normal good would be considered to be induced.

In the simple linear consumption function,

induced consumption is represented by the term , where  denotes disposable income and  is called the marginal propensity to consume.
Joy Padgett
Joy Padgett (born Joy Ann Conrad, February 4, 1947 in Coshocton, Ohio) is a former Republican member of the Ohio Senate, representing the 20th district until the end of 2008.  In 2006, dogged by personal scandals, she ran unsuccessfully for Lieutenant Governor of Ohio and for Congress in Ohio's 18th congressional district. Her run for Congress was the result of the decision of Bob Ney to bow out of the race and plead guilty to corruption charges.

Jim Petro
James M. Petro (born October 25, 1948) is an American lawyer and politician of the Republican Party who served as the Attorney General of Ohio.  Previously, Petro also served as Ohio State Auditor and he was a candidate for the Republican nomination for Governor of Ohio during the 2006 Ohio primaries, but lost to Ken Blackwell.
Martin Chittenden
Martin Chittenden (March 12, 1763 – September 5, 1840) was an American politician from Vermont. He served as a United States representative from 1803 to 1813 and as the seventh governor of Vermont from 1813 to 1815, during a crucial portion of the War of 1812.

Williston, Vermont
Williston is a town in Chittenden County, Vermont, United States. Originally rural and laid out with many farms, in recent decades it has developed into a thriving suburb of Burlington, the largest city in the state of Vermont. As of the 2020 census, the population of Williston was 10,103, an increase of over 1,000 people since the 2010 census. Williston is one of the fastest-growing towns in Vermont, and while becoming more populated, it has also developed as a major retail center for the Burlington area as well as much of central and northern Vermont. The town has a National Register Historic District in its unincorporated central village.
The Word (US magazine)
The Word was an American magazine focusing on individualist anarchism and free love. It was founded in 1872 and ran until 1893. The magazine was edited by Ezra Heywood and Angela Heywood from 1872–1890 and 1892–1893, and was issued first from Princeton and then from Cambridge, Massachusetts.

The Word was subtitled "A Monthly Journal of Reform", and it included contributions from Josiah Warren, Benjamin Tucker, and Joshua K. Ingalls. Initially, The Word presented free love as a minor theme which was expressed within a labor reform format, but the publication later evolved into an explicitly free love periodical.  At some point Tucker became an important contributor but later became dissatisfied with the journal's focus on free love since he desired a concentration on economics.

Ezra Heywood
Ezra Hervey Heywood (/ˈheɪˌwʊd/; September 29, 1829 – May 22, 1893), known as Ezra Hervey Hoar before 1848, was an American individualist anarchist, slavery abolitionist, and advocate of equal rights for women.
2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race
The Senior men's race at the 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held at the Myślęcinek Park in Bydgoszcz, Poland, on March 24, 2013.  Reports of the event were given in the Herald and for the IAAF.

Complete results for individuals, and for teams were published.

2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
The 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships took place on March 24, 2013.  The races were held at the Myślęcinek Park in Bydgoszcz, Poland. 
Kenya topped the medal standings in the competition with 5 gold, and Ethiopia had the most overall medals with 10.
Reports of the event were given in the Herald and for the IAAF.
1/3–2/3 conjecture
In order theory, a branch of mathematics, the 1/3–2/3 conjecture states that, if one is comparison sorting a set of items then, no matter what comparisons may have already been performed, it is always possible to choose the next comparison in such a way that it will reduce the number of possible sorted orders by a factor of 2/3 or better. Equivalently, in every finite partially ordered set that is not totally ordered, there exists a pair of elements x and y with the property that at least 1/3 and at most 2/3 of the linear extensions of the partial order place x earlier than y.

Linear extension
In order theory, a branch of mathematics, a linear extension of a partial order is a total order (or linear order) that is compatible with the partial order. As a classic example, the lexicographic order of totally ordered sets is a linear extension of their product order.
Fox Sports Asia
Fox Sports Asia (formerly ESPN Star Sports) was a pan-Asian pay television network operated by Fox Networks Group Asia Pacific, a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company (Southeast Asia) Pte. Ltd. It also oversaw a version of Star Sports available in mainland China and South Korea.

The network was originally launched in 1991 as Star Sports (previously Prime Sports) and ESPN by Satellite Television Asian Region (Star TV) and ESPN International. The two companies combined their Asian operations in October 1996. News Corporation assumed full control of the venture in 2012 and relaunched the channels in two phases, in January 2013 and August 2014.

Mola (streaming service)
Mola (previously Mola TV) was an Indonesian subscription video on demand and over-the-top streaming service. They previously founded as pay TV channels for live sports. Mola is owned and operated by Djarum Group's subsidiary Polytron and is headquartered in Jakarta.

Mola holds live and on-demand broadcasting rights for multiple sports competitions, including the Premier League in Indonesia and Timor Leste. Mola also offers on-demand streaming from a library of films and television series, including some original programming.
14th Panzer Division
The 14th Panzer Division (German: 14. Panzer-Division) was an armoured division in the German Army during World War II. It was created in 1940 by the conversion of the 4th Infantry Division.

The division took part in the invasion of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, eventually being destroyed in the Battle of Stalingrad. Reformed, the 14th Panzer Division soon returned to the Eastern Front and eventually surrendered to Soviet forces in Courland in May 1945.

4th Panzer Division
The 4th Panzer Division (English: 4th Tank Division) was an armored division in the Army of Nazi Germany.

In World War II, it participated in the 1939 invasion of Poland, the 1940 invasion of France, and the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union. It remained on the Eastern Front, mainly under Army Group Center, until it was trapped on the coast at Courland in the summer of 1944. It was evacuated by sea and returned to the main front in West Prussia in January 1945. There it surrendered to the Red Army at the end of the war.
Trams in Naumburg
The Naumburg (Saale) tramway (German: Straßenbahn Naumburg (Saale)) is a tramline forming part of the public transport system in Naumburg (Saale), a city in the federal state of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.  At only 2.9 km (1.8 mi) long, it is the smallest urban tramway in Germany, and one of the smallest in Europe.

Naumburg
Naumburg (German: [ˈnaʊmbʊɐ̯k] ⓘ) is a town in (and the administrative capital of) the district Burgenlandkreis, in the state of Saxony-Anhalt, Central Germany. It has a population of around 33,000. The Naumburg Cathedral became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2018. This UNESCO designation recognizes the processes that shaped the European continent during the High Middle Ages between 1000 and 1300: Christianization, the so-called "Landesausbau"  and the dynamics of cultural exchange and transfer characteristic for this very period.
Grenade launcher
A grenade launcher is a weapon that fires a specially designed, large caliber projectile, often with an explosive, smoke, or gas warhead. Today, the term generally refers to a class of dedicated firearms firing unitary grenade cartridges - for example the widely used 40mm type. The most common type are man-portable, shoulder-fired weapons issued to individuals, although larger crew-served launchers are issued at higher levels of organization by military forces.

Grenade launchers are produced in the form of standalone weapons (either single shot or repeating) or as attachments mounted to a parent firearm, usually a rifle. Larger crew-served automatic grenade launchers such as the Mk 19 are mounted on tripods or vehicles.

Some armored fighting vehicles also mount fixed arrays of short-range, single-shot grenade launchers as a means of defense.

Special Purpose Individual Weapon
The Special Purpose Individual Weapon (SPIW) was a long-running United States Army program to develop, in part, a flechette-firing "rifle", though other concepts were also involved. The concepts continued to be tested under the Future Rifle Program and again in the 1980s under the Advanced Combat Rifle program, but neither program resulted in a system useful enough to warrant replacing the M16.
National Sports Center for the Disabled
The National Sports Center for the Disabled (NSCD) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization that began in 1970 providing ski lessons for children with amputations. Today, the NSCD is one of the largest therapeutic recreation organizations in the world, serving more than 3,000 children and adults with disabilities.  The NSCD is based out of Winter Park Resort in Winter Park, Colorado, and NSCD Front Range Adaptive Program Center located at the Jefferson County Fairgrounds in Golden, Colorado.

Winter Park Resort
Winter Park Resort is an alpine ski resort in the western United States, in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado at Winter Park. Located in Grand County just off U.S. Highway 40, the resort is about a ninety-minute drive from Denver.
Arfa Karim
Arfa Abdul Karim Randhawa 
(Urdu: ارفع عبد الکریم رندھاوا‎, Punjabi: ارفع عبد الکریم رندھاوا‎; 2 February 1995 – 14 January 2012) was a Pakistani student and computer prodigy who became the youngest Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP) in 2004. She was submitted to the Guinness Book of World Records for her achievement. Arfa kept the title until 2008 and went on to represent Pakistan on various international forums, including the TechEd Developers Conference. She received Pakistan's highest literary award, the Presidential Pride of Performance from General Pervez Musharraf in 2005. A science park in Lahore, the Arfa Software Technology Park, is named in her honour. At the age of 10, Arfa was invited by Bill Gates to visit Microsoft's headquarters in the United States. She died in 2012, aged 16, from a cardiac arrest.

Ram Diwali
Ram Diwali (Punjabi: رام دیوالی) is a locality in Faisalabad District, Punjab, Pakistan. It comprises four villages: Chak 112 JB, Chak 2 JB, Chak 3 JB and Chak 4 JB. The locality is situated on Sargodha Road and lies to the north of the city of Faisalabad, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the M–4 motorway. It is mainly inhabited by ethnic Punjabi Jats of the Randhawa clan. Prior to the Partition of British India in August 1947, the predominantly Muslim locality was also inhabited by Sikhs, who migrated to Amritsar after the creation of Pakistan. Other ethnic Punjabi Jat clans, namely Gill and Sandhu, are also settled in Ram Diwali.
Leiria
Leiria (European Portuguese pronunciation: [lɐjˈɾi.ɐ] ⓘ) is a city and municipality in the Central Region of Portugal. It is the 2nd largest city in that same region, after Coimbra, with a municipality population of 128,640 (as of 2021) in an area of 565.09 square kilometres (218.18 sq mi). It is the seat of its own district and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Leiria-Fátima. The city is part of the historical province of Beira Litoral.

Polytechnic Institute of Leiria
The Polytechnic of Leiria (IPL) is a public institution of Higher Education that offers courses of training on an Undergraduate Degree, Masters, Post-Graduate, Technology Specialization and Preparation Courses for Access to Higher Education level. It began its activity in 1980 and is present in the Leiria and West region through its five schools, divided into five campus, located in the cities of Leiria (School of Education and Social Sciences, School of Technology and Management and School of Health Sciences), Caldas da Rainha (School of Fine Art and Design) and Peniche (School of Tourism and Maritime Technology). IPL offers Undergraduate and master's degrees courses in the areas of: Art and Design, Law studies, Education and Communication, Engineering and Technology and Tourism and Health.
Astano
Astano is a former municipality in the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 6 April 2025, the former municipalities of Astano, Bedigliora, Curio, Miglieglia and Novaggio merged to form the new municipality of Lema.

Curio, Ticino
Curio is a former municipality in the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 6 April 2025, the former municipalities of Astano, Bedigliora, Curio, Miglieglia and Novaggio merged to form the new municipality of Lema.
Staszów County
Staszów County (Polish: powiat staszowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, south-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Staszów, which lies 53 kilometres (33 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce. The county also contains the towns of Połaniec, lying 17 km (11 mi) south-east of Staszów, and Osiek, 21 km (13 mi) east of Staszów.

The county covers an area of 924.80 square kilometres (357.1 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is  67,331, out of which the population of Staszów is  14,762, that of Połaniec is  8,098, that of Osiek is  2,007, and the rural population is  42,464.

Osiek, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Osiek [ˈɔɕɛk] ⓘ is a town in Staszów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland, with 2,001 inhabitants (2010). The town lies in Lesser Poland, along the National Road nr. 79, which goes from Warsaw to Bytom. Osiek is located 15 kilometers northeast of Połaniec, and 18 kilometers west of Tarnobrzeg, 180 meters above sea level.

Its main point of interest is St. Stanisław parish church, built in the late 17th century. Osiek has a rail station called Osiek Staszowski, on a secondary importance line which joins Tarnobrzeg with Włoszczowice.
Geospatial Information Authority of Japan
The Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (国土地理院, Kokudo Chiri-in), or GSI, is the national institution responsible for surveying and mapping the national land of Japan. The former name of the organization from 1949 until March 2010 was Geographical Survey Institute; despite the rename, it retains the same initials. It is an extraordinary organ of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Its main offices are situated in Tsukuba City of Ibaraki Prefecture.

It also runs a museum, situated in Tsukuba, the Science Museum of Map and Survey.

Special organization (Japan)
A special organization (特別の機関, Tokubetsu no kikan) is a Japanese government organization established under the Cabinet Office, ministries or their external organs (commission and agencies) when particularly necessary. It is distinguished from a facility. The classification was created when the amendments to the National Government Organization Act were promulgated on July 1, 1984. The amendments, in particular, made it clear that the National Police Agency is an extraordinary organ attached to the National Public Safety Commission, which is an external organ of the Cabinet Office.
Candangolândia
Candangolândia (Portuguese pronunciation: [kɐn.dɐn.ɡoˈlɐ̃n.dʒiɐ]) is an administrative region in the Federal District in Brazil. It is bordered by Brasília to the north, Lago Sul to the east, Park Way and Núcleo Bandeirante to the south, and Guará to the west. Its population is 16,196 according to a 2010 report.

Park Way
Park Way is an administrative region in the Federal District in Brazil. It is located southwest of Paranoá Lake. Consisting of two separated portions, it is bordered clockwise by Águas Claras, Guará, Núcleo Bandeirante, and Arniqueira in its northern half; and Núcleo Bandeirante, Candangolândia, Lago Sul, Jardim Botânico, Santa Maria, Gama, Riacho Fundo and Riacho Fundo II in its southern half. Park Way was founded on 13 March 1961, receiving the status of administrative region, according to Law 3255, of 29 December 2003.
Kelly Moran (speedway rider)
Kelly Michael Moran (September 21, 1960 – April 4, 2010) was an American professional speedway rider who earned 47 caps for the United States national speedway team. His younger brother Shawn Moran was also a successful speedway rider.

1979 Individual Speedway World Championship
The 1979 Individual Speedway World Championship was the 34th edition of the official World Championship to determine the world champion rider.

In his 14th straight World Final appearance (dating back to 1966), New Zealand's Ivan Mauger won his 6th Speedway World Championship, breaking the previous record of 5 wins held by himself and legendary Swede Ove Fundin. Mauger scored 14 points to defeat local favourite Zenon Plech (13) and young English tearaway Michael Lee (11), with Lee the only rider to defeat Mauger on the day. Lee also had to defeat Kelly Moran (USA), Billy Sanders (Australia) and defending champion Ole Olsen in a runoff for third after all four riders finished on 11 points. This would prove to be the last appearance for Ivan Mauger as a rider in a World Final.

Qualification results.
Mercer County, Illinois
Mercer County is a county in Illinois. According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 15,699. Its county seat is Aledo. Mercer County is included in the Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Quad Cities
The Quad Cities is a region of five cities in the U.S. states of Iowa and Illinois: Davenport and Bettendorf in southeastern Iowa, and Rock Island, Moline, and East Moline in northwestern Illinois. These cities are the center of the Quad Cities metropolitan area, a region within the Mississippi River Valley, which as of 2023, had a population estimate of 467,817 and a Combined Statistical Area (CSA) population of 474,019, making it the 90th-largest CSA in the nation.
Cypriot Fourth Division
The Cypriot Fourth Division (Greek: Τέταρτη Κατηγορία) was the fourth tier football league competition in Cyprus, ran by the Cyprus Football Association. Each year, the top finishing teams of the league were promoted to the Cypriot Third Division, and the lowest finishing teams were relegated to the amateur leagues.

2014–15 Cypriot Fourth Division
The 2014–15 Cypriot Fourth Division was the 30th season of the Cypriot fourth-level football league. Alki Oroklini won their 1st title. The 2014–15 season was the last one ever for the Cypriot Fourth Division, as the league was dissolved and replaced by the STOK Elite Division.
Carols by Candlelight
Carols by Candlelight  is an annual Australian Christmas tradition that  was popularised in Melbourne in 1938. The tradition has since spread around the world. It involves people gathering, usually outdoors in a park, to sing carols by candlelight, featuring live performances by both national and international celebrities accompanied by a symphony orchestra.

Christmas in Australia
Christmas traditions in Australia, like Christmas in New Zealand, have many similarities to British, Irish, American and Canadian traditions, including traditional Christmas symbols featuring winter iconography. This means a red fur-coated Father Christmas or Santa Claus riding a sleigh, songs such as "Jingle Bells", and various Christmas scenes on Christmas cards and decorations. However, the timing of Christmas occurring during the Southern Hemisphere's summer season has resulted in the development of some local traditions as a result of the warmer weather.
Zayed Khan (Bangladeshi actor)
Mohammad Zahirul Haque, best known by his stage name as Zayed Khan, is a Bangladeshi film actor who has appeared in more than 25 films to date. He began his career in 2006 with the film Bhalobasha Bhalobasha. Since then, he has appeared in the films  Nagar Mastan opposite Pori Moni and Dabangg. He was cast in Antor Jala (2017) due to director Malek Afsary's preference for him as an actor. He was the former general secretary of Bangladesh Film Artistes Association, the organization of local film artists.

Nipun Akter
Nasrin Akter Nipun, known by her stage name as Nipun is a Bangladeshi film actress. She was the former general secretary of Bangladesh Film Artistes Association, the organisation of local film artists.  She won the National Film Awards twice - Best Actress for Shajghor (2007) and Best Supporting Actress for Chander Moto Bou (2009). As of 2014, she has acted in a total of 35 films, including Pitar Ason, Rickshawalar Prem, Praner Shami, and Porichoi.

Deubiting with film Pitar Ason, she quickly made her prominence as a lead actress with films such as Power,   Babar Kosom,   Koti Takar Fokir,    Boro Loker Jamai,     Jomidar Barir Meye,  &   Ma Boro Na Bou Boro. Her notable films as a supporting actress include Tiger Number One ,   Amar Praner Swami,    Boss Number One ,  Premik Number One ,   Dhakar King  &  Adorer jamai
Nationalist Party (Northern Ireland)
The Nationalist Party (Irish: An Páirtí Náisiúnach) was the continuation of the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP), and was formed after the partition of Ireland, by the Northern Ireland-based members of the IPP.

House of Commons of Northern Ireland
The House of Commons of Northern Ireland was the lower house of the Parliament of Northern Ireland created under the Government of Ireland Act 1920. The upper house in the bicameral parliament was called the Senate. It was abolished with the passing of the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973.