hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shiina macrolactonization
Shiina macrolactonization (or Shiina lactonization) is an organic chemical reaction that synthesizes cyclic compounds by using aromatic carboxylic acid anhydrides as dehydration condensation agents. In 1994, Prof. Isamu Shiina (Tokyo University of Science, Japan) reported an acidic cyclization method using Lewis acid catalyst, and, in 2002, a basic cyclization using nucleophilic catalyst.

Lactone
Lactones are cyclic carboxylic esters. They are derived from the corresponding hydroxycarboxylic acids by esterification. They can be saturated or unsaturated.

Lactones are formed by lactonization, the intramolecular esterification of the corresponding hydroxycarboxylic acids.
USS Exploit (AM-95)
USS Exploit (AM-95) was an Adroit-class minesweeper of the United States Navy. Laid down on 11 May 1942 by the Jakobson Shipyard, Inc., Oyster Bay, Long Island, New York, launched on 7 September 1942, and commissioned on 5 February 1943. The ship was reclassified as a submarine chaser, PC-1599, 1 June 1944, and reclassified again as a control submarine chaser, PCC-1599, 20 August 1945.

Adroit-class minesweeper
The Adroit-class minesweepers were a class of United States Navy PC-461-class submarine chasers completed as minesweepers. However, they were considered unsatisfactory in this role, and were all eventually converted back into submarine chasers.
Triozidae
Triozidae is one of seven families, collectively referred to as plant lice, based on the type genus Trioza. They had traditionally been considered part of a single family, Psyllidae, but recent classifications divide the superfamily into a total of seven families; most of the genera remain in the Psyllidae, but Triozidae is the third-largest family in the group.

The family contains a number of agricultural pest species including:

Baeoalitriozus diospyri, the persimmon psyllid

Bactericera cockerelli, the potato psyllid

Lauritrioza alacris, infesting bay trees and their relatives

Trioza erytreae, the African citrus psyllid

Trioza erytreae
Trioza erytreae, the African citrus psyllid, is a sap-sucking insect, a hemipteran bug in the family Triozidae. It is an important pest of citrus, being one of only two known vectors of the serious citrus disease, huanglongbing or citrus greening disease. It is widely distributed in Africa. The other vector is the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri.
Fitjanuten
Fitjanuten is a mountain in southern Norway.  The 1,504-metre (4,934 ft) tall mountain lies on the border of the municipality of Suldal (in Rogaland county) and the municipality of Vinje (in Telemark county).  The mountain lies just north of the lake Holmavatnet and about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of the mountain Vassdalseggi.

Suldal
Suldal is a municipality in the northeast corner of Rogaland county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Ryfylke. Since 1965, the administrative centre of Suldal is the village of Sand i Ryfylke (prior to that it was the village of Suldalsosen). Other villages in Suldal include Erfjord, Jelsa, Marvik, Nesflaten, Vanvik, and Suldalsosen.

The 1,737-square-kilometre (671 sq mi) municipality is the 46th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Suldal is the 210th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 3,815. The municipality's population density is 2.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (6.2/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 1.5% over the previous 10-year period.
Farsund (town)
Farsundⓘ is the administrative centre of Farsund municipality in Agder county, Norway.  The town is located near the mouth of the Lyngdalsfjorden, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) east of the village of Vanse. Frelserens Church is the main church for the town. The 2.96-square-kilometre (730-acre) town has a population (2019) of 3,377 and a population density of 1,140 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,000/sq mi). In Norway, Farsund is considered a by which can be translated as either a "town" or "city" in English.

Frelseren Church
Frelseren Church (lit. 'The Saviour's Church'; Norwegian: Frelserens kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Farsund Municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located in the town of Farsund. It is one of the three churches for the Farsund parish which is part of the Lister og Mandal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark. The white, stone church was built in a rectangular design in 1905 using plans drawn up in 1785 (for the previous church) by the architect George Johnstone from Scotland. The church seats about 380 people.
Roger Vangheluwe
Roger Joseph Vangheluwe (born 7 November 1936) is a Belgian former prelate of the Catholic Church. He was Bishop of Bruges from 1985 to 2010, when he resigned after admitting that as a priest and bishop he had sexual relations over 15 years with his nephew, who was a minor when it began. He later described similar behavior with a second nephew, also a minor, over the course of a year. Pope Francis laicized him in March 2024. Belgium's statute of limitations prevented him from being prosecuted.

André-Joseph Léonard
André-Joseph Léonard (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃dʁe ʒozɛf leɔnaʁ]; born 6 May 1940) is a Belgian Catholic retired prelate who served as the Archbishop of Mechelen-Brussels and Primate of Belgium from 2010 to 2015. He previously served as Bishop of Namur from 1991 until 2010 under the name André-Mutien Léonard.
Retro-soul
Retro soul, sometimes written as retro-soul, is a contemporary popular music genre that emulates the singing, arrangements and recording techniques of traditional American soul music from the 1950s to the 1970s. This differs from neo-soul and contemporary R&B as it intentionally emphasizes a vintage style.

This music was brought to mainstream popularity by singer Amy Winehouse in 2006. Her Grammy Award-winning Back to Black record production sported a vintage soul style and featured the backing from the Dap-Kings. Subsequent releases by artists Sharon Jones, Mayer Hawthorne, Adrian Younge, Raphael Saadiq, Lee Fields, Shoshana Bean and Charles Bradley continued in this tradition.

Truth and Soul Records
Truth & Soul was a record label and production team based in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. It was formed in 2004 by Leon Michels and Jeff Silverman with Philippe Lehman. The label was best known for their releases with Lee Fields & The Expressions and other New York retro-soul / funk groups. As a production house and recording studio, Truth & Soul worked with artists like Aloe Blacc ("I Need a Dollar") and Adele ("Right as Rain"). In 2016, Truth & Soul's catalog was acquired by The Orchard, and was succeeded by Big Crown Records and Mighty Eye Records.
Aquitanian age
The Aquitanian is, in the International Commission on Stratigraphy's (ICS) geologic timescale, the oldest age or lowest stage in the Miocene. It spans the time between 23.03 Ma and 20.44 Ma (million years ago) during the Early Miocene. It was a dry, cooling period. The Aquitanian succeeds the Chattian (the youngest age of the Oligocene) and precedes the Burdigalian.

The Aquitanian Age overlaps with the Harrisonian, Agenian, Pareora, Landon, Otaian, and Waitakian Ages from various regional timescales.

Harrisonian
The Harrisonian North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American  faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology (NALMA), typically set from 24,800,000 to 20,600,000 years BP, a period of 4.2 million years. It is usually considered to overlap the Chattian and Aquitanian stages within the late Paleogene. The Harrisonian is preceded by the Monroecreekian and followed by the Hemingfordian NALMA stage.
Tamaz Stepania Stadium
Tamaz Stephania Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Bolnisi, Georgia.  It is used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Sioni Bolnisi. The stadium is able to hold 3,000 people.

The stadium is named after Tamaz Stepania, - former player, who was a goalkeeper for Dinamo Tbilisi. He died in a road accident at the age of 21.

Bolnisi
Bolnisi (Georgian: ბოლნისი) is a city in the country of Georgia, located in the Kvemo Kartli region and capital of the Bolnisi district. It currently has an estimated 8,348 inhabitants as of January 1, 2024.
Lakshmikarna
Lakshmikarna (IAST: Lakśmi-Karṇa; r.  c. 1041–1073 CE), also known as Karna, was a ruler of the Kalachuri dynasty of Tripuri in central India. His kingdom was centered around the Chedi or Dahala region in present-day Madhya Pradesh.

The most famous king of his dynasty, Lakshmikarna raided territories of several neighbouring kingdoms, including those of the Chandras, the Cholas, the Kalyani Chalukyas, the Chaulukyas, the Chandelas, and the Palas. After several military successes, he assumed the title of Chakravartin in 1052-1053 CE. Around 1055 CE, he played an important role in the downfall of the Paramara king Bhoja, and captured a part of the Paramara kingdom of Malwa after Bhoja's death. By the end of his reign, however, he suffered several setbacks and lost control of Malwa to Bhoja's brother Udayaditya.

Jayasimha I of Malwa
Jayasimha (reigned c. 1055–1070) was the ruler of the Kingdom of Malwa in central India. He was the successor, and possibly the son, of the dynasty's most powerful king Bhoja. He appears to have ascended the throne with the support of the Kalyani Chalukya prince Vikramaditya VI, and appears to have been dethroned by Vikramaditya's rival brother Someshvara II.
Naval gunfire support
Naval gunfire support (NGFS), also known as naval surface fire support (NSFS), or shore bombardment, is the use of naval artillery to provide fire support for amphibious assault and other troops operating within their range. NGFS is one of several disciplines encompassed by the term naval fires. Modern naval gunfire support is one of the three main components of amphibious warfare assault operations support, along with aircraft and ship-launched land-attack missiles. Shipborne guns have been used against shore defences since medieval naval warfare.

Artillery observer
An artillery observer, artillery spotter, or forward observer (FO) is a soldier responsible for directing artillery and mortar fire support onto a target. An artillery observer usually accompanies a tank or infantry unit. Spotters ensure that indirect fire hits targets which those at a fire support base cannot see.
Zibello
Zibello is a town in the Province of Parma in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 110 kilometres (68 mi) northwest of Bologna and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Parma. It was an independent comune until 1 January 2016, when it merged with Polesine Parmense to form the new comune of Polesine Zibello.

The town is also known for the production of culatello di Zibello.

Zibello is a member of Cittaslow.

Culatello di Zibello
Culatello di Zibello is a cured meat with a protected designation of origin (PDO) in the EU and UK typical of the province of Parma. Listed among the Slow Food Presidia of Emilia-Romagna, culatello, mentioned for the first time in a document dating back to 1735, is produced from the leg of pork, which is then stuffed into the pig's bladder.
798 Ruth
798 Ruth is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by the German astronomer Max Wolf on 21 November 1914. It may have been named after the biblical character Ruth. This main belt asteroid has an orbital period of 5.23 years and is orbiting at a distance of 3.0 AU from the Sun with an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.036. The orbital plane is tilted by 9.2° from the plane of the ecliptic.

This is a member of the dynamic Eos family of asteroids that most likely formed as the result of a collisional breakup of a parent body. It is an M-type (metallic) asteroid that displays a significant component of the mineral olivine in its spectrum. 798 Ruth spans 43.19±2.9 km and rotates on its axis once every 8.55 h.

Max Wolf
Maximilian Franz Joseph Cornelius Wolf (21 June 1863 – 3 October 1932) was a German astronomer and a pioneer in the field of astrophotography. He was the chairman of astronomy at the University of Heidelberg and director of the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory from 1902 until his death in 1932.
Majengo, Muheza
Majengo (Kata ya Majengo, in Swahili)  is an administrative ward in Muheza District of Tanga Region in Tanzania. Tanganyika forms the northern boundary of the ward. Genge is in the east. Kilulu is to the south. Kwemkabala and Masuguru wards are to the west. The ward covers an area of 1.6 km2 (0.62 sq mi). According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 6,992.

Kwemkabala
Kwemkabala (Kata ya Kwemkabala, in Swahili)  is an administrative ward in Muheza District  of Tanga Region in Tanzania. The ward is part of the Muheza urban area. North of the ward, Mbaramo, Masuguru, and Magila form its borders. East of here is Majengo. Kilulu is to the south. Tingeni is in the west. The ward covers an area of 3.2 km2 (1.2 sq mi), According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 6,672.
Fibula
The fibula (pl.: fibulae or fibulas) or calf bone is a leg bone on the lateral side of the tibia, to which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones and, in proportion to its length, the most slender of all the long bones. Its upper extremity is small, placed toward the back of the head of the tibia, below the knee joint and excluded from the formation of this joint. Its lower extremity inclines a little forward, so as to be on a plane anterior to that of the upper end; it projects below the tibia and forms the lateral part of the ankle joint.

Inferior tibiofibular joint
The inferior tibiofibular joint, also known as the distal tibiofibular joint (tibiofibular syndesmosis), is formed by the rough, convex surface of the medial side of the distal end of the fibula, and a rough concave surface on the lateral side of the tibia.

Below, to the extent of about 4 mm, these surfaces are smooth and covered with cartilage, which is continuous with that of the ankle joint.

The ligaments are:

Anterior ligament of the lateral malleolus

Posterior ligament of the lateral malleolus

Interosseous membrane of leg

The inferior transverse ligament of the tibiofibular syndesmosis is included in older versions of Gray's Anatomy, but not in Terminologia Anatomica. However, it still appears in some anatomy textbooks.

It should not be confused with the superior tibiofibular joint, which is the only synovial tibiofibular joint, and is sometimes simply called the "tibiofibular articulation".
Azure-rumped parrot
The azure-rumped parrot (Tanygnathus sumatranus) is a large bird endemic to Indonesia. It is found in Sulawesi and the Sangir Islands. It was previously conspecific with the blue-backed parrot, which is differentiated with its red iris and blue back versus the azure-rumped parrot's yellow iris and plain back. It is found in forests. Flocks are small and often active at night. Its main threats are habitat loss and trapping for the pet trade.

Blue-backed parrot
The blue-backed parrot (Tanygnathus everetti), also known as Müller's (or Mueller's) parrot  and Burbridge's parrot (for the Sulu subspecies) is a large, endangered species of parrot endemic to the Philippines. It is found in tropical moist lowland forest but is now feared locally extinct in a large part of its range including Negros, Panay, Leyte, Luzon and Polilio. The only recent records are in Samar, Mindanao and Tawi-tawi with the population being estimated below 250 individuals. Flocks are small and often active at night. Its main threats are habitat loss and trapping for the pet trade.

It is illegal to hunt, capture or possess blue-backed parrots under Philippine Law RA 9147.
Minister for Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and Digitalisation
The Minister for Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and Digitalisation (Irish: An tAire Caiteachais Phoiblí, Bonneagair, Athchóiriúcháin Seirbhíse Poiblí agus Digitiúcháin) is a senior minister in the Government of Ireland and leads the Department of Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and Digitalisation.

The Minister for Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and Digitalisation since January 2025 is Jack Chambers, TD.

He is assisted by two Ministers of State:

Kevin "Boxer" Moran, TD – Minister of State for the Office of Public Works; and

Emer Higgins, TD – Minister of State for public procurement, digitalisation and eGovernment.

The office was created in July 2011, taking over some of the functions of the Minister for Finance.

Minister of State at the Department of Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and Digitalisation
The Minister of State at the Department of Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and Digitalisation is a junior ministerial post in the Department of Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and Digitalisation of the Government of Ireland who performs duties and functions delegated by the Minister for Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and Digitalisation. A Minister of State does not hold cabinet rank.

As of 2025, there are two ministers of state:

Kevin "Boxer" Moran, TD – Minister of State with responsibility for the Office of Public Works; and

Frank Feighan, TD – Minister of State with responsibility for public procurement, digitalisation and eGovernment.
Mamia III Dadiani
Mamia III Dadiani (Georgian: მამია III დადიანი; died 31 January 1533) was a member of the House of Dadiani and eristavi ("duke") of Odishi, that is, Mingrelia, in western Georgia from 1512 until his death. Mamia was a son and successor of Liparit II Dadiani, who had emerged as a semi-independent ruler in the process of dissolution of the Kingdom of Georgia. Mamia was culturally active in Abkhazia and continued his predecessors' efforts to secure borders against the North Caucasian mountainous tribes of Zygia. His naval expedition against them and landing in Zygia ended in a fiasco and Mamia was killed in battle.

House of Dadiani
The House of Dadiani (Georgian: დადიანი [dadiani]), later known as the House of Dadiani-Chikovani, was a Georgian family of nobles, dukes and princes, and a ruling dynasty of the western Georgian province of Mingrelia.
Pouilly-Loché
Pouilly-Loché is an Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) for white wine in the Mâconnais subregion Burgundy in central France, located in the commune of Loché, an associated commune of Mâcon. Pouilly-Loché has Chardonnay as the only allowed grape variety. There are no Premier Cru vineyards within the AOC, as the local growers at the time the regulations were being drawn up never applied for this. The AOC was created in 1940.

Pouilly-Loché is located adjacent to the appellations Pouilly-Fuissé, which is considerably larger than Pouilly-Loché, and Pouilly-Vinzelles, but is located slightly closer to Mâcon. These three neighbouring appellations all produce white wines of a similar style.

Mâconnais
The Mâconnais (French pronunciation: [makɔnɛ] ⓘ) district is located in the south of the Burgundy wine region in France, west of the Saône river. It takes its name from the town of Mâcon. It is best known as a source of good value white wines made from the Chardonnay grape; the wines from Pouilly-Fuissé are particularly sought after. Almost all the wine made in the Mâconnais is white wine. Chardonnay is the main grape grown in the district—in fact, there is a village of that name in the far north of the region. Some plantations of Gamay and Pinot noir are made into red and rosé Mâcon, making up no more than 30% of the total wine production. Gamay is grown in the Beaujolais cru of Moulin-à-Vent, which extends into the Mâconnais, but has little in common with the wines north of the border.
Manga, Tarime
Manga is a ward in Tarime District, Mara Region of northern Tanzania, East Africa. In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 7,999 people in the ward, from 7,249 in 2012.: 155-156 : 183

Tarime District
Tarime District is one of the seven districts of the Mara Region of Tanzania, East Africa. It was previously known as the "North Mara District". Its district capital is Tarime town. It is bordered from the north to east by the Kenyan districts of Migori, Trans Mara and Kuria East and West Districts, and to the east by the Maasai Mara game reserve. To the south, it is bordered across the Mara River by the Serengeti and Butiama districts, and to the west by Rorya District.

North Mara Gold Mine is located within the Tarime District. It is operated by Acacia Mining.

According to the 2002 Tanzania National Census, the population of the Tarime District was 492,798. According to the 2022 Tanzania National Census, the population of Tarime District was 404,848.
Samaresh Basu
Samaresh Basu (Bengali pronunciation: [/səˈmɑːrɛʃ/]; 11 December 1924 – 12 March 1988) was an Indian writer in modern Bengali literature, known for his versatility and vast range of themes. He wrote under the pen name Kalkut. Basu was awarded the 1980 Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali, by Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters, for his novel, Shamba. He won the 1983 Filmfare Awards for Best Story for Namkeen.

Bibar
Bibar (Bengali: বিবর pronounced Bengali pronunciation: [ˈbibar]) is a 2006 Indian Bengali drama film directed by Subrata Sen starring Subrat Dutta, Tannishtha Chatterjee, Payel Sarkar, Sabyasachi Chakrabarty, Kunal Mitra, Shiladitya Patranabis, Pradip Mukherjee, Anuradha Ray, Kanchan Mullick, Rajesh Sharma, Dulal Lahiri and Biswajit Chakraborty. Based on Samaresh Basu's 1965 controversial novel Calcutta, Unabashed, Bibar deals with the angst of city youth in Calcutta, who are caught between the lures of a new, liberalized society and fast-fading traditional values.
West Suffolk College
West Suffolk College is a Further Education college in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. The college delivers a range of courses, including vocational and technical courses, apprenticeships, and an array of higher-apprenticeships and bachelor's degree courses accredited by the University of East Anglia. Over 14,170 learners are enrolled across Eastern Education Group, with around 10,629 of those at West Suffolk College.

Bury St Edmunds
Bury St Edmunds (/ˈbɛri sənt ˈɛdməndz/), commonly referred to locally as Bury, is a cathedral as well as market town and civil parish in the West Suffolk district, in the county of Suffolk, England. The town is best known for Bury St Edmunds Abbey and St Edmundsbury Cathedral. Bury is the seat of the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich of the Church of England, with the episcopal see at St Edmundsbury Cathedral. The town, originally called Beodericsworth, was built on a grid pattern by Abbot Baldwin around 1080. It is known for brewing and malting (Greene King brewery) and for a British Sugar processing factory, where Silver Spoon sugar is produced. The town is the cultural and retail centre for West Suffolk and tourism is a major part of the economy. The built up area had a population of 41,280 at the 2021 census.
The Champion, Wells Street
The Champion is a 19th-century public house in Wells Street in the Fitzrovia area of the City of Westminster, London. It is notable for the presence of stained glass windows and a snob screen, a Victorian feature preserved to the present day in only a few pubs.

The building in Grade II listed. It was built around 1860 to 1870 of gault brick with stucco dressings and a slate roof. Historic England comment on its "lively classical detailing". It was refitted by architects John Robson Reid and Sylvia Reid in the 1950s following a competition in Architectural Review.

The stained glass windows in the pub are a more recent feature, and were designed by Ann Sotheran, commissioned by Samuel Smith Old Brewery when they purchased the pub in the 1980s. CAMRA's WhatPub guide lists the pub as an outstanding example of restoration.

Wells Street
Wells Street is a street in the City of Westminster. It runs from Riding House Street in the north to Oxford Street in the south. It is crossed by Mortimer Street and Eastcastle Street. It is joined on its western side by Marylebone Passage and on the eastern side by Booth's Place and Wells Mews.