hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Women in classical music
Women are active in all aspects of classical music, such as instrumental performance, vocal performance, orchestral conducting, choral conducting, scholarly research, and contemporary composition. However, proportionately to men, their representation and recognition -especially at higher levels- falls a long way below their numbers.

Although women have not had roles in symphony orchestras until recently, it has been much more common for women to study musical instruments. In the 1800s, upper-class women were often expected to learn an instrument, for example the harp, piano, guitar, or, sometimes, the violin, or to learn to sing. It is only in recent years that women have performed in the soloist setting more frequently. Pianist (and composer) Clara Schumann and vocalist Jenny Lind were two rarer examples prominent in the nineteenth century.

Vienna Philharmonic
Vienna Philharmonic (VPO; German: Wiener Philharmoniker) is an orchestra that was founded in 1842 and has been considered to be one of the finest in the world.

The Vienna Philharmonic is based at the Musikverein in Vienna, Austria. Its members are selected from the orchestra of the Vienna State Opera. Selection involves a lengthy process, with each musician demonstrating their capability for a minimum of three years' performance for the opera and ballet. After this probationary period, the musician may request an application for a position in the orchestra from the Vienna Philharmonic's board. The Vienna Philharmonic hires no musician over 35 years of age, and has a mandatory retirement age of 65; 30 years of service are required for full pension.
Interior-point method
Interior-point methods (also referred to as barrier methods or IPMs) are algorithms for solving linear and non-linear convex optimization problems. IPMs combine two advantages of previously-known algorithms:

Theoretically, their run-time is polynomial—in contrast to the simplex method, which has exponential run-time in the worst case.

Practically, they run as fast as the simplex method—in contrast to the ellipsoid method, which has polynomial run-time in theory but is very slow in practice.

In contrast to the simplex method which traverses the boundary of the feasible region, and the ellipsoid method which bounds the feasible region from outside, an IPM reaches a best solution by traversing the interior of the feasible region—hence the name.

Barrier function
In constrained optimization, a field of mathematics,  a barrier function is a continuous function whose value increases to infinity as its argument approaches the boundary of the feasible region of an optimization problem. Such functions are used to replace inequality constraints by a penalizing term in the objective function that is easier to handle. A barrier function is also called an interior penalty function, as it is a penalty function that forces the solution to remain within the interior of the feasible region.

The two most common types of barrier functions are inverse barrier functions and logarithmic barrier functions. Resumption of interest in logarithmic barrier functions was motivated by their connection with primal-dual interior point methods.
Battle of Kesselsdorf
The Battle of Kesselsdorf was fought on 15 December 1745, between the Kingdom of Prussia and the combined forces of the Archduchy of Austria and the Electorate of Saxony during the part of the War of the Austrian Succession known as the Second Silesian War. The Prussians were led by Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, while the Austrians and Saxons were led by Field Marshal Rutowsky. The Prussians were victorious over the Royal Saxon Army and the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Emperor.

Royal Saxon Army
The Royal Saxon Army (German: Königlich Sächsische Armee) was the military force of the Electorate (1682–1807) and later the Kingdom of Saxony (1807–1918). A regular Saxon army was first established in 1682 and it continued to exist until the abolition of the German monarchies in 1918. With the formation of the Confederation of the Rhine by Napoleon the Royal Saxon Army joined the French "Grande Armée" along with 37 other German states.
St. Clair Township, Pennsylvania
St. Clair Township is a township in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,339 at the 2020 census. It is also one of three communities within the county to utilise the 814 area code, alongside New Florence and Seward.

Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
Westmoreland County is a county in the state of Pennsylvania, United States, in the Pittsburgh Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census the population was 354,663. The county seat is Greensburg and the most populous community is Hempfield Township. It is named after Westmorland, a historic county of England. The county is part of the Southwest Pennsylvania region of the state.
Sacramento First Courthouse
Sacramento First Courthouse also, Former California State Capitol site, is historical site  in Sacramento, California. The Courthouse was also the first and second California State Capitol. The site is California Historical Landmark No. 869, registered on January 11, 1974.  At the northwest corner of 7th Street and I Street, 651 I Street, Sacramento was a building that served as California's State Capitol. The first period was January 16, 1852 to May 4, 1852, and the second period was from March 1, 1854, to May 15, 1854, with the California State Legislature third and fifth sessions. The 651 I Street building was the Sacramento County courthouse. The site of former California State Capitol - Sacramento County courthouse is now the Main Sacramento County Jail built in 1989. A California Historical marker was place at the site in 2007 by California State Parks working the Sacramento Trust for Historic Preservation.

Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo (Monterey, California)
The Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo (Spanish: Catedral de San Carlos Borromeo), also known as the Royal Presidio Chapel, is a Catholic cathedral located in Monterey, California, United States. The cathedral is the oldest continuously operating parish and the oldest stone building in California.  It was built in 1791-94 making it  the oldest (and smallest) serving cathedral in the United States, along with St. Louis Cathedral in New Orleans, Louisiana. It is the only existing presidio chapel in California and the only existing building in the original Monterey Presidio.
Huangdi Sijing
The Huangdi Sijing (simplified Chinese: 黄帝四经; traditional Chinese: 黃帝四經; pinyin: Huángdì sìjīng; lit. "Yellow Emperor's Four Classics") are ancient Chinese texts thought to be long-lost, manuscripts of which however are generally thought to have been discovered among the Mawangdui Silk Texts in 1973. Also known as the Huang-Lao boshu (simplified Chinese: 黄老帛书; traditional Chinese: 黃老帛書; pinyin: Huáng-Lǎo bóshū; lit. 'Huang-Lao Silk Texts'), or Huangdi shu 黄帝書 (Yellow Thearch Manuscripts), they are thought by modern scholars to reflect a lost branch of early syncretist Daoism, referred to as the "Huang–Lao school of thought" named after the legendary Huangdi (黃帝; "Yellow Emperor") and Laozi (老子; "Master Lao"). One finds in it "technical jargon" derived of Taoism, Legalism, Confucianism and Mohism.

Lüshi Chunqiu
The Lüshi Chunqiu (simplified Chinese: 吕氏春秋; traditional Chinese: 呂氏春秋; lit. 'Lü's Spring and Autumn'), abbreviated Lülan 吕览 "Lu Survey", also known in English as Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, is an encyclopedic Chinese classic text compiled around 239 BC under the patronage of late pre-imperial Qin Chancellor Lü Buwei. In the evaluation of Michael Loewe, "The Lü shih ch'un ch'iu is unique among early works in that it is well organized and comprehensive, containing extensive passages on such subjects as music and agriculture, unknown elsewhere." One of the longest early texts, it extends to over 100,000 words.

Combining ideas from many different 'schools', it was traditionally classified as 'Syncretist', though there was no school that called itself Syncretist. Almost certainly written for review by Qin authorities, or those who were going to come into a position of authority, Yuri Pines considered it more moral leaning than the Strategies of the Warring States.
Certified 8-VSB specialist
Certified 8-VSB Specialist (8-VSB) is a specialist title granted to an individual who successfully meets the prerequisite certification and examination requirements in the United States. The certification is regulated by the Society of Broadcast Engineers (SBE), and demonstrates competence in the various aspects of 8-VSB (ATSC) digital television  facilities. The "Certified 8-VSB Specialist" title is protected by copyright laws. Individuals who use the title without consent from the Society of Broadcast Engineers could face legal action.

The SBE certifications were created to recognize individuals who practice in career fields which are not regulated by state licensing or Professional Engineering programs. Marine Radio and radar systems still require a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license apart from an SBE certification. Broadcast Engineering is regulated at the national level and not by individual states.

Society of Broadcast Engineers
The Society of Broadcast Engineers (SBE) is a professional organization for engineers in broadcast radio and television. The SBE also offers certification in various radio frequency and video and audio technology areas for its members.
Lincolnshire Gate
Lincolnshire Gate is the name given to a corner in the road between Holywell, Lincolnshire and Pickworth, Rutland to the south-west of Castle Bytham, in Lincolnshire, England. It is situated approximately 5 miles (8 km) north from Stamford. It describes a point where this small country road crosses the county border between Lincolnshire and Rutland, to pass between Newell Wood and Howitts Gorse.  On either side are the remains of small quarries, worked from the Middle Ages till the early 20th century for building and road stone for nearby use.

Robert's Field, a 10 acres (0.04 km2) calcareous grassland nature reserve and Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), is 250 yards (229 m) to the north.

There are no human settlements at Lincolnshire Gate.

Holywell, Lincolnshire
Holywell is a tiny settlement in the civil parish of Careby Aunby and Holywell, in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It lies 5.5 miles (9 km) north from Stamford and 6 miles (10 km) south-west from Bourne. It is a collection of houses around a country house and park. The park includes a small private church dedicated to St Wilfrid. Ornamental lakes have been restored over the last 20 years, and new gardens laid out.  In 2009 the gardens were open to the public through the National Garden Scheme.

Two venerated springs are reported in the village, Holy Well and St Winifred's.  Only the location of the first is known.  There are no other place names associated with venerated springs in Lincolnshire, although other Holy Wells exist such as those near the site of Sempringham Priory and nearby Ryhall.
Kai Chōshizuka Kofun
The Kai Chōshizuka Kofun (甲斐銚子塚古墳) is a kofun burial mound located in the Shimosone neighborhood of the city of Kōfu, Yamanashi in the Chūbu region of Japan. Together with the adjacent Maruyamazuka Kofun (丸山塚古墳) it was designated as a National Historic Site of Japan in 1930. It is one of the largest keyhole-shaped tumuli in eastern Japan and has a total length of 169 meters. The tumuli are located a three minute walk from the "Kenritsukōkohakubutsukan" bus stop on the Yamanashi Kōtsu Kankō Bus from Kōfu Station.

Kōfu
Kōfu (甲府市, Kōfu-shi; Japanese: [ko̞ːɸɯᵝ]) is the capital city of Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 April 2019,  the city had an estimated population of 187,985 in 90,924 households, and a population density of 880 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 212.41 square kilometres (82.01 sq mi).
Ice hockey in Ottawa
In Ottawa, Canada, ice hockey clubs date back to the first decade of recorded organized ice hockey play. The men's senior-level Ottawa Hockey Club is known to have played in a Canadian championship in 1884. Today, Ottawa hockey clubs are represented in all age brackets, in both men's and women's, in amateur and professional.

Ottawa Senators (senior hockey)
The Ottawa Senators,  also known as the Ottawa Commandos and Senior Senators, was an amateur, later semi-professional, senior-level men's ice hockey team based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. In 1934, the Ottawa Auditorium, owners of the Ottawa Hockey Association decided it could no longer operate the Senators of the National Hockey League in Ottawa due to mounting financial losses. The Association split its hockey operations, relocating the NHL franchise to St. Louis, and continuing the Senators as an amateur club. The club operated from 1934 until 1955, winning the Allan Cup Canadian men's senior ice hockey championship in 1943 and 1949. During the war years from 1942 until 1944, it operated as the Ottawa Commandos.
Hired armed brig Ann
There were two, and possibly three, vessels named His Majesty's hired armed brig Ann (or Anne) that served the British Royal Navy. The first participated in an engagement in 1807 that would earn her crew the Naval General Service Medal. She is sometimes referred to in sources as the hired armed cutter Ann or the hired armed brig Anne. Little or nothing is known of the second and third hired armed brigs Ann or Anne.

Hired armed vessels
During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Royal Navy made use of a large number of hired armed vessels. These were generally smaller vessels, often cutters and luggers, that the Royal Navy used for duties ranging from carrying despatches and passengers to convoy escort, particularly in British coastal waters, and reconnaissance.
Masterpiece (TV series)
Masterpiece, styled as MASTERPIECE (formerly known as Masterpiece Theatre), is a drama anthology television series produced by WGBH Boston. It premiered on PBS on January 10, 1971. The series has presented numerous acclaimed British productions. Many of these are produced by the BBC, but the lineup has also included programs shown on the UK channels ITV1, Channel 4, and Channel 5.

Jean-Joseph Mouret
Jean-Joseph Mouret (11 April 1682 in Avignon, Papal States – 10 December 1738 in Charenton-le-Pont) was a French composer whose dramatic works made him one of the leading exponents of Baroque music in his country.  Even though most of his works are rarely performed, Mouret's name survives today thanks to the popularity of the Fanfare-Rondeau from his first Suite de symphonies, which has been adopted as the signature tune of the PBS program Masterpiece and is a popular musical choice in many modern weddings.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center
The Pennington Biomedical Research Center is a health science-focused research center in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It is part of the Louisiana State University System and conducts clinical, basic, and population science research. It is the largest academically-based nutrition research center in the world, with the greatest number of obesity researchers on faculty.  The center's over 500 employees occupy several buildings on the 222-acre (0.90 km2) campus. The center was designed by the Baton Rouge architect John Desmond.

Louisiana State University System
The Louisiana State University System is a system of public colleges and universities in Louisiana.  It is budgetarily the largest public university system in the state.

Wade Rousse is president of the LSU system and the chancellor of its flagship campus and namesake, Louisiana State University. Administrative headquarters are located in the University Administration Building on the property of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. The system had an endowment of $955.5 million in fiscal year 2020.
Boston College Main Campus Historic District
Boston College Main Campus Historic District encompasses the historic heart of the campus of Boston College in the Chestnut Hill area of Newton, Massachusetts.  It consists of a collection of six Gothic Revival stone buildings, centered on Gasson Hall, designed by Charles Donagh Maginnis and begun in 1909.

The district has been ambiguously listed in the National Park Service's NRIS database (the official repository for listings on the National Register of Historic Places) as "pending" since January 9, 1990 (1990-01-09).

Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
Chestnut Hill is a village located six miles (10 km) west of downtown Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It is best known for being home to Boston College and a section of the Boston Marathon route. Like all Massachusetts villages, Chestnut Hill is not an incorporated municipal entity. It is located partially in Brookline in Norfolk County, partially in the city of Boston in Suffolk County, and partially in the city of Newton in Middlesex County. Chestnut Hill's borders are defined by the 02467 ZIP Code. The name refers to several small hills that overlook the 135-acre (546,000 m2) Chestnut Hill Reservoir rather than one particular hill.
Mentone, Victoria
Mentone is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 21 km south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Kingston local government area. Mentone recorded a population of 13,197 at the 2021 census.

It is known locally for Mentone Beach, which extends alongside Beaumaris Bay from the cliffs in Beaumaris and ends at Warrigal Road where it meets Parkdale.

Mentone is associated with the Heidelberg School of Australian artists.

Mentone Beach
Mentone Beach is a beach located in Mentone, on Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia, 21 kilometres south from the Melbourne City Centre. Mentone beach is the northern section of a beach that extends alongside Beaumaris Bay from the cliffs at Rickett's Point in Beaumaris to Frankston in the south on the eastern shoreline of Port Phillip Bay.

Mentone Beach is one of the Port Phillip Bay beaches associated with the Heidelberg School of Australian artists.
Crataegus arcana
Crataegus arcana, the Carolina Hawthorn, is a rare and poorly known species of hawthorn in the rose family. It grows as a shrub or tree and is endemic to the eastern United States in North America. It is thought to be allied with series Pruinosae.

Crataegus
Crataegus (/krəˈtiːɡəs/), commonly called hawthorn, quickthorn, thornapple, May-tree, whitethorn, Mayflower or hawberry, is a genus of several hundred species of shrubs and trees in the family Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. The name "hawthorn" was originally applied to the species native to northern Europe, especially the common hawthorn C. monogyna, and the unmodified name is often so used in Britain and Ireland. The name is now also applied to the entire genus and to the related Asian genus Rhaphiolepis.
Düben family
The Düben family (German pronunciation: [ˈdyːbm̩]) is a noble family of German descent, originating in Saxony, Holy Roman Empire, whose members were elevated to the Swedish nobility, that rose to prominence with Andreas Düben (c. 1597–1662), an organist to the German Church in Stockholm, Swedish Empire.

During the 17th century, the Düben family exerted a significant influence on music at the Royal Court Orchestra, which experienced a golden age during those years. The family collected and composed various works, resulting in a compilation known as the Düben collection. Gustaf Düben, the son of Andreas Düben, was responsible for compiling this collection.

Its members use different surnames; the ennobled individuals and their descendants incorporate a nobiliary particle, "von," into their surnames, as seen in "von Düben" (German pronunciation: [fɔnˈdyːbm̩]), while the un-ennobled members do not include this particle in their surnames.

Gustaf Düben
Gustaf Düben (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈɡɵ̂sːtav dy:ʹbən]; 1624/1628 – December 19, 1690) was a Swedish organist and composer. Düben is best known for his contributions to the Düben collection, a collection of baroque music manuscripts.
The Pludds
The Pludds is a hamlet in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, England (grid reference SO617161). Lydbrook and Joys Green are to the west, Ruardean is to the north, and Ruardean Woodside is to the east. The Pludds has a village hall.

Ruardean
Ruardean is a village in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, England, to the North West of Cinderford. It is situated on a hillside with views west towards the mountains of South Wales. Little now remains of the village's industrial history, but once it was a centre for iron-ore smelting furnaces, forges and coal mines. The Norman castle, now little more than a mound, commanded the shortest route from Gloucester Castle to the Welsh Marches and the Wye Valley.
Chromis
Chromis is a genus of fish in the family Pomacentridae.  While the term damselfish describes a group of marine fish including more than one genus, Chromis is the largest genus of damselfishes. Certain species within the genus are common in the aquarium trade.

Pomacentridae
Pomacentridae is a family of ray-finned fish, comprising the damselfishes and clownfishes. This family were formerly placed in the order Perciformes or as indeterminate percomorphs, but are now considered basal blenniiforms.
They are primarily marine, while a few species inhabit freshwater and brackish environments (e.g., Neopomacentrus aquadulcis, N. taeniurus, Pomacentrus taeniometopon, Stegastes otophorus). They are noted for their hardy constitutions and territoriality.  Many are brightly colored, so they are popular in aquaria.
Upeh Island
Upeh Island (Malay: Pulau Upeh) is an islet located 600 metres off the coast of the town of Klebang in the Malaysian state of Malacca (2 kilometres before land reclamation). It used to be one of the places in the state with the highest number of hawksbill turtle landings and nesting sites. But a series of ongoing land reclamation projects near the island cause rapid coastal erosion, degradation of its beach and a dwindling number of turtle landings at the islet for nesting and egg laying. A now-abandoned resort can be seen within the islet's dense forest.

Klebang
Klebang is a suburb of Malacca City and a mukim of Melaka Tengah District in the Malaysian state of Malacca. Located along the Strait of Malacca, the town is rapidly developing due to a series of ongoing land reclamation projects in and around the town since the late 1990s. However, these projects have negative impacts on the town's coastal environment and the livelihood of the fishermen.
HMS Enard Bay
HMS Enard Bay was a Bay-class anti-aircraft frigate of the British Royal Navy, named for Enard Bay in Caithness.

The ship was originally ordered from the Smiths Dock Company of South Bank, Middlesbrough on 25 January 1943 as the Loch-class frigate Loch Bracadale, and laid down on 27 May 1944. However the contract was then changed, and the ship was completed to a revised design as a Bay-class anti-aircraft frigate, launched on 31 October 1944, and completed on 4 January 1946.

Bay-class frigate
The Bay class was a class of 26 anti-aircraft (A/A) frigates built for the Royal Navy under the 1943 War Emergency Programme during World War II (one of which was cancelled and six completed as despatch vessels or survey ships). They were based on the hulls of incomplete Loch class anti-submarine (A/S) frigates.

In 1959 and 1961, four frigates of the class (Bigbury Bay, Burghead Bay, Morecambe Bay and Mounts Bay) were transferred to the Portuguese Navy. Between 1966 and 1968, based in Mozambique, these ships were part of the Portuguese naval deterrent force against the Royal Navy Beira Patrol which was trying to enforce sanctions against Rhodesia. In 1966 the Portuguese Navy also bought the survey vessel Dalrymple which served until 1983.