hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sheepshooters' War
The Sheepshooters' War was an armed conflict fought in central and eastern Oregon. Like other range wars in the Old West, the war pitted cattlemen against sheepherders. Because the cattlemen were unwilling to share the open range with the sheepherders, due to concerns about overgrazing, they formed paramilitary organizations with the goal of eliminating the flocks of sheep and anyone who attempted to stop them. Between 1895 and 1906, the Sheepshooters, as they were called, slaughtered at least 25,000 sheep. A few men were also killed during gunfights or related incidents.

Sheep wars
The sheep wars, or the sheep and cattle wars, were a series of armed conflicts in the Western United States fought between sheepmen and cattlemen over grazing rights. Sheep wars occurred in many western states, though they were most common in Texas, Arizona, and the border region of Wyoming and Colorado. Generally, the cattlemen saw the sheepherders as invaders who destroyed the public grazing lands, which they had to share on a first-come, first-served basis. Between 1870 and 1920, approximately 120 engagements occurred in eight states or territories. At least 54 men were killed and some 50,000 to over 100,000 sheep were slaughtered.
Soldier Lakes (Nevada)
The Soldier Lakes are a cluster of more than a dozen glacial tarns in the Ruby Mountains, in Elko County in the northeastern part of the state of Nevada. They are located on the shelf of Soldier Basin on the eastern side of the mountains (although draining to the west via Soldier Creek) at an elevation of 9,100 feet (2,800 m).  They have a combined area of approximately 6 acres (2.4 ha), and a depth of up to 14 feet (4.3 m).

The Soldier Lakes are some of the sources of Soldier Creek, which flows from the eastern side of the Ruby Mountains through Soldier Canyon, exits the mountains to the west into Lamoille Valley, and then merges with the main branch of the Humboldt River.

Ruby Mountains
The Ruby Mountains (Shoshoni: 'Duka Doya', meaning “Snowcapped”) are a mountain range, primarily located within Elko County with a small extension into White Pine County, in Nevada, United States. Most of the range is included within the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest. The range reaches a maximum elevation of 11,387 feet (3,471 m) on the summit of Ruby Dome. To the north is Secret Pass and the East Humboldt Range, and from there the Rubies run south-southwest for about 80 miles (130 km). To the east lies Ruby Valley, and to the west lie Huntington and Lamoille Valleys. The Ruby Mountains are the only range of an introduced bird, the Himalayan snowcock, in North America. The mountain range was named after the garnets found by early explorers. The central core of the range shows extensive evidence of glaciation during recent ice ages, including U-shaped canyons, moraines, hanging valleys, and steeply carved granite mountains, cliffs, and cirques.
Festa della Repubblica
Festa della Repubblica (Italian: [ˈfɛsta della reˈpubblika]; English: Republic Day) is the Italian National Day and Republic Day, which is celebrated on 2 June each year, with the main celebration taking place in Rome. The Festa della Repubblica is one of the national symbols of Italy.

The day commemorates the 1946 Italian institutional referendum held by universal suffrage, in which the Italian people were called to the polls to decide on the form of government following the Second World War and the fall of Fascism.

The ceremony of the event, organized in Rome, includes the deposition of a laurel wreath as a tribute to the Italian Unknown Soldier at the Altare della Patria by the President of the Italian Republic and a military parade along Via dei Fori Imperiali in Rome.

Tricolour Day
Tricolour Day (Italian: Festa del Tricolore), officially National Flag Day (Italian: Giornata Nazionale della Bandiera), is the Flag Day of Italy. Celebrated on 7 January, it was established by Law 671 on 31 December 1996. It is intended as a celebration, though not a public holiday. The official celebration of the day is held in Reggio Emilia, the city where the Italian tricolour was first adopted as flag by an Italian sovereign state, the Cispadane Republic, on 7 January 1797.
10-in-1 food parcel
The 10-in-1 food parcel, commonly known as the 10-in-1 ration, was a United States military ration issued during World War II. As its name implies, the 10-in-1 provided the needs of ten soldiers in a single ration package.

United States military ration
United States military ration refers to the military rations provided to sustain United States Armed Forces service members, including field rations and garrison rations, and the military nutrition research conducted in relation to military food. U.S. military rations are often made for quick distribution, preparation, and eating in the field and tend to have long storage times in adverse conditions due to being thickly packaged or shelf-stable.
1993–94 Moroccan Throne Cup
The 1993–94 season of the Moroccan Throne Cup was the 38th edition of the competition.

Wydad Athletic Club won the cup, beating Olympique de Khouribga 1–0 in the final, played at the Stade Mohamed V in Casablanca. Wydad Athletic Club won the competition for the 6th time in their history.

Moroccan Throne Cup
The Throne Cup (Arabic: كأس العرش), also referred to as the Moroccan Throne Cup or Moroccan Cup is a knockout football competition in Moroccan football, organized by the Royal Moroccan Football Federation.

The competition was founded in 1956, making it the oldest Moroccan football competition currently played. Throne Cup winners qualify for the following season's CAF Confederation Cup. If the winners are the league winners or qualified for the CAF Champions League through their league position, the CAF Confederation Cup spot is given to the Cup runner-up's.

AS FAR is the most successful club in the competition, having won 12 titles. Olympic Club Safi is the most recent winner, having defeated RS Berkane in the 2025 final.
Tsuyoshi Kitazawa
Tsuyoshi Kitazawa (北澤 豪, Kitazawa Tsuyoshi; born 10 August 1968) is a Japanese former football player who played for the Japan national team. He currently works on television as a football commentator.

Tokyo Verdy
The Tokyo Verdy 1969 (東京ヴェルディ1969, Tōkyō Berudi) is a professional football club based in Tokyo, Japan. They compete in the J1 League, the top tier of Japanese football.the inaugural champions of the J1 League.
Xhosa Wars
The Xhosa Wars were a series of nine wars (from 1779 to 1879) between the Xhosa Kingdom and the British Empire as well as Trekboers from the Dutch colonial empire in what is now the Eastern Cape in South Africa.

Tensions existed between the various Europeans in the Cape region, tensions between Empire administration and colonial governments, and tensions within the Xhosa Kingdom, e.g. chiefs rivaling each other, which usually led to Europeans taking advantage of the situation to meddle in Xhosa politics. A perfect example of this is the case of chief Ngqika and his uncle, chief Ndlambe.

The conflicts between the Xhosa and British were covered extensively in the metropolitan British press, generating increased demand among the British public for information about their country's far-off colonial conflicts.

Amathole Mountains
Amatola, Amatole or Amathole are a range of densely forested mountains, situated in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The word Amathole means ‘calves’ in Xhosa, and Amathole District Municipality, which lies to the south, is named after these mountains.
Brambles Farm Peace Camp
The Brambles Farm Peace Camp was a peace camp set up in the Spring of 1982 on farmland at Waterlooville, Hampshire by local residents and peace campaigners to protest at and to disrupt the planned construction of a torpedo factory on the site. The demonstrators occupied the land for 10 weeks before being evicted in September of that year. The site was soon re-occupied for a short time although this was short-lived and the peace camp folded soon after. The Torpedo Town Festival was born out of the camp and was held at various locations, wandering from Hampshire to as far away as Wales, until the early nineties.

Peace camp
Peace camps are a form of physical protest camp that is focused on anti-war and anti-nuclear activity. They are set up outside military bases by members of the peace movement who oppose either the existence of the military bases themselves, the armaments held there, or the politics of those who control the bases. They began in the 1920s and became prominent in 1982 due to the worldwide publicity generated by the Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp. They were particularly a phenomenon of the United Kingdom in the 1980s where they were associated with sentiment against American imperialism but Peace Camps have existed at other times and places since the 1920s.
Vestiges of the Gallo-Roman wall, Grenoble
The Vestiges (traces) of the Gallo-Roman wall are the remains of a fortification, constructed in Grenoble, France (formerly called Cularo) at the end of the 3rd century, under the reign of the Emperors Diocletian and Maximian. The status of Civitas marked the city of Cularo as an administrative capital of the Roman Empire. The Gallo-Roman wall was 1,150 meters in length, and had 39 semi-circular watchtowers which were 7.5 meters in diameter. It had two monumental gates decorated by inscriptions identifying the two Roman emperors. The Gallo-Roman wall played an important role in the protection of the 9-hectare urban surface of the Roman settlement. It served as a symbol of the status of Civitas. The wall was built up of small limestone blocks and was covered with plaster. Some parts of the wall were 4 meters thick and made up of limestone, pebble and tuileau rubble. These materials were held together by mortar.

Grenoble Cathedral
Grenoble Cathedral (French: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Grenoble) is a Roman Catholic church located in the town of Grenoble, France. It is a national monument, and is the seat of the Bishop of Grenoble (since 2006 Bishop of Grenoble–Vienne).
Iskar Glacier
Iskar Glacier (Bulgarian: Искарски ледник, romanized: Iskarski lednik, IPA: [ˈiskɐrski ˈlɛdnik]) is a glacier in Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands in Antarctica situated southeast of lower Huron Glacier, west-southwest of Sopot Ice Piedmont, and north of Dobrudzha and Magura Glaciers. It drains the north slopes of the Tangra Mountains between Helmet Peak to the west and Delchev Peak to the east, and flows northward into Bruix Cove between Yana Point and Rila Point.

The feature is named after the Iskar River in western Bulgaria.

Magura Glacier
Magura Glacier (Bulgarian: ледник Магура, romanized: lednik Magura, IPA: [ˈlɛdnik mɐˈɡurɐ]) on the southeast side of Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is located to the north of M'Kean Point, northeast of Srebarna Glacier, south of Iskar Glacier and southwest of Dobrudzha Glacier.
Molyvdoskepastos
Molyvdoskepastos (Greek: Μολυβδοσκέπαστος), known as Depalitsa (Greek: Δεπαλίτσα) until 1929, is a village located in the municipality of Konitsa, in the Ioannina regional unit, Epirus, Greece. It has a population of 45 people (2021) and is the birthplace of former Greek President Karolos Papoulias. Although traditionally included in the historical region of Pogoni, it is not a part of the municipality of Pogoni.

The village was renamed after the Monastery of Panagia Molyvdoskepastos.

Pogoni
Pogoni (Greek: Πωγώνι, Aromanian: Pugon) is a municipality in the Ioannina regional unit of Epirus, Greece. The seat of the municipality is the village Kalpaki. The municipality has an area of 701.059 km2. Its population was 6,848 at the 2021 census.
International Science Council
The International Science Council (ISC) is an international non-governmental organization that unites scientific bodies at various levels across the social and natural sciences. The ISC was formed with its inaugural general assembly on 4 July 2018 by the merger of the former International Council for Science (ICSU) and the International Social Science Council (ISSC), making it one of the largest organisations of this type.

Daya Reddy, mathematician, served (2018–2021) as the ISC's inaugural President. Sir Peter Gluckman, pediatrician, biomedical scientist, and science-policy expert, was elected President in October 2021. Other ISC's inaugural Officers elected for the term of 2018–2021 were Elisa Reis (Vice President), Jinghai Li (Vice President), Renée van Kessel (Treasurer), and Alik Ismail-Zadeh (Secretary). Until February 2022, Heide Hackmann served as the Council's CEO. In 2023, Salvatore Aricò was elected Chief Executive Officer.

International Social Science Council
The International Social Science Council (ISSC) was an international non-governmental organization promoting the social sciences, including the economic and behavioural sciences. Founded in 1952, the organization was based out of UNESCO headquarters in Paris, France.
Bakdash (ice cream parlor)
Bakdash (Arabic: بَكْدَاش, romanized: Bakdāš), alternatively romanised as Bakdach, is a landmark ice cream parlor in the Al-Hamidiyah Souq in the ancient city of Damascus. Established in 1895, it is famous for its traditional Middle Eastern booza—a mastic frozen dairy dessert. It is noted around the Arab world and has become a popular tourist attraction.

A second branch opened in Amman, Jordan in 2013. Branches unaffiliated with the original founders also opened neighboring countries, sometimes with their permission.

Booza
Booza (Arabic: بُوظَة, romanized: Būẓah, lit. 'ice cream') is a frozen dairy dessert. It is traditionally made through a process of pounding and stretching in a freezer drum, instead of the more usual churning method used in other ice creams, leading to a creamy yet dense texture. Orange flower water or rose water are sometimes added for flavoring. The firmness of booza allows it to be shaped into a roll, which is a popular traditional serving method.
Cortandone
Cortandone is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Turin and about 13 kilometres (8 mi) northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2019, it had a population of 308 and an area of 5.02 square kilometres (1.94 mi2).

Cortandone borders the following municipalities: Camerano Casasco, Cinaglio, Cortazzone, Maretto, and Monale.

Monale
Monale is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Turin and about 11 kilometres (7 mi) northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 948 and an area of 9.1 square kilometres (3.5 mi2).

Monale borders the following municipalities: Asti, Baldichieri d'Asti, Castellero, Cinaglio, Cortandone, Maretto, and Villafranca d'Asti.
1st Confederate States Congress
The 1st Confederate States Congress, consisting of the Confederate States Senate and the Confederate States House of Representatives, convened between February 18, 1862, and February 17, 1864.  This assembly took place during the first two years of Jefferson Davis's presidency, convening at the Virginia State Capitol in Richmond, Virginia.

William E. Simms
William E. Simms (born William Elliott Simms; January 2, 1822 – June 25, 1898) was a U.S. representative from Kentucky. He also served as a commissioner for the Confederate government of Kentucky and in several posts in the Confederate States government during the American Civil War.
Don Pedro (Much Ado About Nothing)
Don Pedro, Prince of Aragon, is a fictional character from William Shakespeare's play Much Ado About Nothing. In the play, Don Pedro is a nobleman who visits his friend Leonato in Messina, Italy, after a successful military conquest. Don Pedro helps Claudio to woo Hero and helps set up Benedick and Beatrice who together form the two key couples in the play.

Don Pedro is considered a stable middleman in the story, providing counsel for Claudio and Benedick as well as conversing with Leonato. However, Don Pedro also experiences some dramatic irony: For example, he is deceived by his brother Don John's plot to frame Hero as unchaste.

Don Pedro has been portrayed by Denzel Washington in the Samuel Goldwyn Company 1993 film Much Ado About Nothing. He was played by Reed Diamond in Joss Whedon's interpretation of the play, which was released in 2012.

Beatrice (Much Ado About Nothing)
Beatrice is a fictional character in William Shakespeare's play Much Ado About Nothing. In the play, she is the niece of Leonato and Antonio and the cousin of Hero. Atypically for romantic heroines of the sixteenth century (but see Rosalind in Love's Labour's Lost and Katherina in The Taming of the Shrew), she is feisty and sharp-witted; these characteristics have led some scholars to label Beatrice a protofeminist character. During the play, she is tricked into falling in love with Benedick, a soldier with whom she has a "merry war", after rumours are spread that they are in love with each other.

Beatrice has been portrayed by many actors including Frances Abington, Ellen Terry, Judi Dench, Maggie Smith, Tamsin Greig, Emma Thompson, Catherine Tate, Danielle Brooks, and Amy Acker.
Balloon (aeronautics)
In aeronautics, a balloon is an unpowered aerostat, which remains aloft or floats due to its buoyancy. It may use hot air as a lifting gas, or it may use gas that is not air like hydrogen or helium. A balloon may be free, moving with the wind, or tethered to a fixed point. It is distinct from an airship, which is a powered aerostat that can propel itself through the air in a controlled manner.

Many balloons have a basket, gondola, or capsule suspended beneath the main envelope for carrying people or equipment (including cameras and telescopes, and flight-control mechanisms).

Circumnavigation
Circumnavigation is the complete navigation around an entire island, continent, or astronomical body (e.g. a planet or moon). This article focuses on the circumnavigation of Earth.

The first circumnavigation of the Earth was the Magellan Expedition, which sailed from Sanlucar de Barrameda, Spain in 1519 and returned in 1522, after crossing the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. Since the rise of commercial aviation in the mid 20th century, circumnavigating Earth is straightforward, usually taking days instead of years. Today, the challenge of circumnavigating Earth has shifted towards human and technological endurance, speed, and less conventional methods.
Bhuma Singh Bhangi
Bhuma Singh Bhangi (died 1746) was a Jat Sikh warrior of the 18th century in Punjab and the second leader of the Bhangi Misl succeeding Sardar Chhajja Singh.

Sardar Bhuma Singh was a Dhillon Jat of the village of Hung, near Badhni in present-day Moga district, who made a name for himself in skirmishes with Nadir Shah's troops in 1739. Bhuma Singh's latent genius as an organiser and commander helped the Bhangi misl grow. Historical records indicate he died in the Chhota Ghallughara (massacre) in 1746, while defending the Sikh community, from hostile attacks. Bhuma Singh was childless and had adopted his nephew, Hari Singh. On Bhuma Singh's death in 1746, Hari Singh Bhangi assumed the leadership of the Bhangi Misl. The Bhangi Misl got its name due to Bhuma Singh's addiction of hashish (bhang).

Chhajja Singh
Sardar Chhajja Singh was a Jat Sikh warrior and leader of Jathâ succeeding Banda Singh Bahadur of the early 18th century Punjab region. He was also the founder of the Bhangi Misl He was the first companion of Banda Singh Bahadur to receive Sikh baptism of Amrit. According to Kanaihya Lal, he had taken Amrit at the hands of Guru Gobind Singh.
Ted Firth
Edward Buckland Firth AFC (27 September 1905 – 6 May 1978) was a New Zealand manufacturer, aviator, and military leader. He co-founded Firth Concrete with his younger brother Tony Firth.

Firth was born in Auckland in 1905. His father was the inventor and manufacturer Ned Firth and his mother was Blanch Emily Banks. Clifton Firth (1904–1980) was his elder brother and Tony Firth (1907–1980) was his younger brother. Josiah Firth was his grandfather.

In the 1942 King's Birthday Honours, Firth was awarded the Air Force Cross.

Clifton Firth
Reginald Clifton Firth (12 April 1904 – 31 August 1980) was a New Zealand graphic designer and photographer. Influenced by writings of the Bauhaus and contemporaries, especially the Swiss typographer Jan Tschichold, Firth's design work of the late 1920s and early 1930s was some of the earliest modernist graphic design in New Zealand. Firth later went on to be a successful portrait photographer in Auckland during and after the Second World War.
Court End
37°32′38″N 77°25′53″W﻿ / ﻿37.54389°N 77.43139°W﻿ / 37.54389; -77.43139

Court End is a neighborhood in Richmond, Virginia, that sits to the north of the Capitol Square and East Broad Street. It developed in the Federal era, after Virginia's capital moved from Williamsburg.

American Civil War Museum
The American Civil War Museum is a multi-site museum in the Greater Richmond Region of central Virginia, dedicated to the history of the American Civil War. The museum operates three sites: The White House of the Confederacy, the American Civil War Museum at Historic Tredegar in Richmond, and the American Civil War Museum at Appomattox. It maintains a comprehensive collection of artifacts, manuscripts, Confederate books and pamphlets, and photographs.

In November 2013, the Museum of the Confederacy and the American Civil War Center at Tredegar merged, creating the American Civil War Museum. Its current name was announced in January 2014.
Paremhat 24
Paremhat 23 – Coptic calendar – Paremhat 25

The twenty-fourth day of the Coptic month of Paremhat, the seventh month of the Coptic year. In common years, this day corresponds to March 20, of the Julian calendar, and April 2, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Shemu, the season of the Harvest.

Paremhat 25
Paremhat 24 – Coptic calendar – Paremhat 26

The twenty-fifth day of the Coptic month of Paremhat, the seventh month of the Coptic year. In common years, this day corresponds to March 21, of the Julian calendar, and April 3, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Shemu, the season of the Harvest.
2020 Botswana FA Cup
The 2020 FA Challenge Cup was the 47th edition of the FA Challenge Cup, Botswana's premier football knockout tournament. It was sponsored by Orange and was known as the Orange FA Cup or Orange FA Cup Season 2 for sponsorship reasons. It started with the preliminary round on the weekend of 14 December 2019 and concluded with the final on 11 December 2021.

Orapa United were the defending champions but were eliminated by Gaborone United in the round of 16.

Botswana FA Challenge Cup
The FA Challenge Cup, currently known as the Orange FA Cup or Orange Cup for sponsorship reasons, is the premier club football tournament in Botswana. Started in 1968 and first played as the Lions Cup, the tournament is based on the idea of giving lower league and amateur teams a chance to compete with top flight teams. It is based on the English FA Cup, which has become known for "giant killings" (lower league teams defeating top flight.