hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Newman's lemma
In theoretical computer science, specifically in term rewriting, Newman's lemma, also commonly called the diamond lemma, is a criterion to prove that an abstract rewriting system is confluent. It states that local confluence is a sufficient condition for confluence, provided that the system is also terminating. This is useful since local confluence is usually easier to verify than confluence.

The lemma was originally proved by Max Newman in 1942. A considerably simpler proof (given below) was proposed by Gérard Huet. A number of other proofs exist.

Rewriting
In mathematics, linguistics, computer science, and logic, rewriting covers a wide range of methods of replacing subterms of a formula with other terms. Such methods may be achieved by rewriting systems (also known as rewrite systems, rewrite engines, or reduction systems). In their most basic form, they consist of a set of objects, plus relations on how to transform those objects.

Rewriting can be non-deterministic. One rule to rewrite a term could be applied in many different ways to that term, or more than one rule could be applicable. Rewriting systems then do not provide an algorithm for changing one term to another, but a set of possible rule applications. When combined with an appropriate algorithm, however, rewrite systems can be viewed as computer programs, and several theorem provers and declarative programming languages are based on term rewriting.
Strong Kobayashi
Shozo "Strong" Kobayashi (Japanese: ストロング小林, 25 December 1940 – 31 December 2021), also known by the stage name Strong Kongô, was a Japanese professional wrestler and actor. He is known for his appearances with International Wrestling Enterprise and New Japan Pro-Wrestling, as well as his appearances on television series including Choudenshi Bioman and Takeshi's Castle.

Asia Tag Team Championship
The Asia Tag Team Championship (アジアタッグ王座, ajiataggu ōza) was a tag team championship established and promoted by New Japan Pro-Wrestling. It was New Japan Pro-Wrestling's version of the All Asia Tag Team Championship. The first champions were Seiji Sakaguchi and Strong Kobayashi, who defeated Tiger Jeet Singh and Gama Singh in a tournament final. The second and final champions were Tiger Jeet Singh and Umanosuke Ueda, who dethroned the previous champions on July 15, 1977. Both tag teams also won the NWA North American Tag Team Championship at some point during their reigns, but the title was defended separately. The title was retired on April 23, 1981, due to an announcement of the IWGP, a new governing body, which would promote their own-branded championships.
Shanna the She-Devil
Shanna the She-Devil (Shanna O'Hara, Lady Plunder) is a jungle adventurer superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Carole Seuling and penciller George Tuska, the character first appeared in Shanna the She-Devil #1 (December 1972).

Shanna is depicted as an Irish woman, though she was raised in Zaire by an expatriate father. Following the death of her mother, Shanna migrated to the United States to live with relatives. As an adult, she worked as a veterinarian and a zoologist. She eventually settled in the Savage Land and married the jungle lord Ka-Zar.

Savage Wolverine
Savage Wolverine was an ongoing comic book series published by Marvel Comics and starring Wolverine. The series began in January 2013 as part of Marvel's relaunch initiative, Marvel NOW!. The series ended after 23 issues.
KERA-TV
KERA-TV (channel 13) is a PBS member television station licensed to Dallas, Texas, United States, serving the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. Owned by North Texas Public Broadcasting, Inc., it is sister to NPR member station KERA (90.1 FM), adult album alternative station KKXT (91.7 FM), and classical music station WRR (101.1 FM, which is operated under a management services agreement with the City of Dallas). The stations share studios on Harry Hines Boulevard; KERA-TV's transmitter is located in Cedar Hill, Texas.

KDTN
KDTN (channel 2) is a religious television station licensed to Denton, Texas, United States, serving the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex as the flagship outlet of the Daystar Television Network. The station's studios are co-located with Daystar headquarters off SH 121 in Bedford, and its transmitter is located on Tar Road in Cedar Hill, just south of the Dallas–Ellis county line. It is operated separately from sister station KPTD-LP (channel 51) in Paris, Texas, which shares spectrum with full-power KDTN despite being licensed as a low-power station.
Houwhoek Pass
34°12′49.5″S 19°10′02.1″E﻿ / ﻿34.213750°S 19.167250°E﻿ / -34.213750; 19.167250

Houwhoek Pass is a pass on the N2 national road between Grabouw and Botrivier in the Western Cape province of South Africa.  The pass is a dual carriageway and the summit is at 340m above sea level.  The Overberg branch line as well as the gravel road of the old Houwhoek Pass are nearby, following a similar route but closer to the Jakkals River.  The Houw Hoek Hotel and Houw Hoek Farm Stall are close to the summit of the pass.

N2 (South Africa)
The N2 is a national route in South Africa that runs from Cape Town through George, Gqeberha, East London, Mthatha, Port Shepstone and Durban to Ermelo. It is the main highway along the Indian Ocean coast of the country. Its current length of 2,255 kilometres (1,401 mi) makes it the longest numbered route in South Africa.

Prior to 1970, the N2 designation only applied to the route from Cape Town to Durban.

There are plans to realign the N2 national route from Port Shepstone to Mthatha along a shorter stretch of road that passes through Port Edward, Lusikisiki and Port St. Johns.

The project was initially scheduled for completion in 2024 and is expected to reduce the length of the route by 85 kilometres (53 mi). Combined with the existing N2 route from Mthatha to East London, the realigned route will form the Wild Coast Toll Route.
Monogenic system
In classical mechanics, a physical system is termed a monogenic system if the force acting on the system can be modelled in a particular, especially convenient mathematical form. The systems that are typically studied in physics are monogenic. The term was introduced by Cornelius Lanczos in his book The Variational Principles of Mechanics (1970).

In Lagrangian mechanics, the property of being monogenic is a necessary condition for certain different formulations to be mathematically equivalent. If a physical system is both a holonomic system and a monogenic system, then it is possible to derive Lagrange's equations from d'Alembert's principle; it is also possible to derive Lagrange's equations from Hamilton's principle.

Holonomic constraints
In classical mechanics, holonomic constraints are relations between the position variables (and possibly time) that can be expressed in the following form:

where  are n generalized coordinates that describe the system (in unconstrained configuration space) and  is a continuous function. For example, the motion of a particle constrained to lie on the surface of a sphere is subject to a holonomic constraint, but if the particle is able to fall off the sphere under the influence of gravity, the constraint becomes non-holonomic. For the first case, the holonomic constraint may be given by the equation

where  is the distance from the centre of a sphere of radius , whereas the second non-holonomic case may be given by

Velocity-dependent constraints (also called semi-holonomic constraints) such as

are not usually holonomic.
Julia Brannen
Julia Brannen, FRSA, FAcSS, is professor of the sociology of the family at the Institute of Education, University of London. She has an international reputation for her research on family life, work-life issues, and intergenerational relations.

She is seen as a pioneer of mixed method research and an issue of the journal International Journal of Social Research Methodology was dedicated to a celebration of her contribution to the field. Her 2016 book was praised for the strength of the study's mixed methodology.

She is a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences and a visiting professor at the University of Bergen in Norway.

Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences
The Fellowship of the Academy of Social Sciences (FAcSS) is an award granted by the Academy of Social Sciences to leading academics, policy-makers, and practitioners of the social sciences.

Fellows were previously known as Academicians and used the post-nominal letter "AcSS". This was changed in July 2014 to bring the academy in line with other British learned societies.
Hyotan Onsen
Hyotan Onsen (ひょうたん温泉) is a large onsen bathing facility located in Kannawa, Beppu, Ōita Prefecture. Opened in 1922, Hyotan Onsen is notable for being the only onsen facility in Japan to have received three Michelin Stars from Michelin Green Guides Japan.

Beppu
Beppu (別府市, Beppu-shi) is a city in Ōita Prefecture on the island of Kyushu, Japan. As of November 30, 2023, the city had a population of 113,045 in 62,702 households, and a population density of 900 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 125.34 km2 (48.39 sq mi). Beppu is famous for its hot springs. In 2024, Beppu celebrated its centenary as a city.
Barawa
Barawa (Somali: بَراوِّ Barāwe, Maay: Barawy, Swahili: بَرَأَاوٖ Baraawe, Arabic: ﺑﺮﺍﻭة Barāwa, Italian: Brava), also known as Barawe and Brava, is the capital of the South West State of Somalia. It functions as a port town in the southwestern Lower Shebelle region of Somalia. Facing the Indian Ocean, Barawa serves as the main port of South West State.

Rahanweyn
The Rahanweyn (Maay: Reewin, Somali: Raxanweyn, Arabic: رحنوين), also known as the Digil and Mirifle (Somali: Digil iyo Mirifle) is a major Somali clan. It is one of the major Somali clans in the Horn of Africa, with a large territory in the densely populated fertile valleys of the Jubba and Shebelle rivers and the areas inbetween, which are mainly inhabited by settlers from the Digil and Mirifle lineages.
Ariari River
The Ariari River is a river of Colombia, located entirely within the Meta Department. Part of the Orinoco River basin, it merges with the Guayabero River to forms the Guaviare River, one of the principle tributaries of the Orinoco.

Guayabero River
The Guayabero River is a river of Colombia. It is primarily located in the Meta Department, forming a portion of its border with the Guaviare Department. It is part of the Orinoco River basin. Its confluence with the Ariari River gives rise to the Guaviare River, one of the Orinoco's largest tributaries.
Woshan WS-6
The WS-6 (Chinese: 涡扇-6; pinyin: Wōshàn-6; lit. 'Turbofan-6') was an unsuccessful turbofan development program from the People's Republic of China.

Development started as part of the "Aviation Industry Science and Technology Development Program for 1978-1985" with the larger goal of developing an industry capable of designing and building aircraft engines. No workable engines were produced when the program was cancelled in 1986.

Experience from the WS-6 was applied to the later Shenyang WS-10.

Shenyang WS-10
The Shenyang WS-10 (Chinese: 涡扇-10; pinyin: Wōshàn-10; lit. 'turbofan-10'), codename Taihang, is a turbofan engine designed and built by the People's Republic of China.

Chinese media reported 266 engines were manufactured from 2010 to 2012 for the J-11 program. Unofficial estimates placed production at more than 300 units by May 2015.
Yu Koshikawa
Yu Koshikawa (越川 優, Koshikawa Yū; born June 30, 1984) is a Japanese volleyball player who plays for Voreas Hokkaido in V.League Division 2.

In July 2009, Suntory Sunbirds announced that Koshikawa would move to Pallavolo Padova next season.

In July 2012, Suntory Sunbirds announced Koshikawa would join the club in the next season.

2007 Asian Men's Volleyball Championship
The  Asian Men's Volleyball Championship was the fourteenth staging of the Asian Men's Volleyball Championship, a biennial international volleyball tournament organised by the Asian Volleyball Confederation (AVC) with Indonesian Volleyball Federation (PBVSI). The tournament was held in Jakarta, Indonesia from 31 August to 9 September 2007.
Harun Nasution
Harun Nasution (September 23, 1919 – September 18, 1998) was an Indonesian Islamic scholar and philosopher whose works and thoughts are part of Islamic thought which prioritizes rationalism, scientific and humanism principles. He was known for his advocacy and support of Mu'tazilite thought, which he saw as a potential solution to the multidimensional decline of many countries in the Muslim world. He is also known for reforming the education system at Islamic universities in Indonesia.

Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta
State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta (Indonesian: Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Dutch: Staat Islamitisch Universiteit van Sjarief Hidajatoellah) is a public university in Indonesia, located in Ciputat, South Tangerang, Banten.
2006 Shinjuku mayoral election
Shinjuku held a mayoral election on November 12, 2006. Hiroko Nakayama, backed by the LDP and New Komeito Party was re-elected. Polling turnout was extremely low, only 26% but still about 1% more than last election.

Shinjuku
Shinjuku (Japanese: 新宿区, Hepburn: Shinjuku-ku; IPA: [ɕiɲdʑɯkɯ] ⓘ), officially called Shinjuku City, is one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo.

Since the end of World War II, Shinjuku has become a major secondary center of Tokyo (fukutoshin), rivaling the original city center in Marunouchi. Today, it is a major commercial and administrative center, housing the busiest railway station in the world (Shinjuku Station) as well as the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building, the administrative center of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government.

As of 2025, the ward has an estimated population of 355,981, living in a total area of 18.23 km2.
Guy Halsall
Guy Halsall FRHistS (born 1964) is an English historian, archaeologist and academic, specialising in Early Medieval Europe. He is currently based at the University of York, and has published a number of books, essays, and articles on the subject of early medieval history and archaeology. Halsall's current research focuses on western Europe in the important period of change around AD 600 and on the application of continental philosophy (especially the work of Jacques Derrida) to history. He taught at the University of Newcastle and Birkbeck, University of London, before moving to the University of York.

Vienna School of History
The Vienna School of History is an influential school of historical thinking based at the University of Vienna. It is closely associated with Reinhard Wenskus, Herwig Wolfram and Walter Pohl. Partly drawing upon ideas from sociology and critical theory, scholars of the Vienna School have utilized the concept of ethnogenesis to reassess the notion of ethnicity as it applies to historical groups of peoples such as the Germanic tribes. Focusing on Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, the Vienna School has a large publishing output, and has had a major influence on the modern analysis of barbarian identity.
Harnam Folk Dance Ensemble
The Harnam Folk Dance Ensemble (alternatively The Representative Ensemble of The Łódź Voivodeship; in Polish: Zespół Tańca Ludowego "Harnam") is the oldest folk ensemble in Poland. It was established in 1947 by Jadwiga Hryniewiecka. Harnam meets in the Ludwik Geyer’s White Factory in Łódź.

Polish folk dances
Polish folk dances are a tradition rooted in ten centuries of Polish culture and history. Many of the dances stem from regional customs and historical events and are distinct from Czech, Slovak and Germanic styles. National dances include formal ballroom or ballet elements. Nowadays, the dances are only performed during major events, holidays or in tourist-oriented public spaces.

The most notable and renowned dances of Poland, also known as Poland's National Dances, are the Krakowiak, Mazurka, Oberek, Polonaise and Bohemian Polka. A great promoter of Polish folk music abroad was pianist and composer Frédéric Chopin, who often incorporated folklore into his works.
Rukainiai
Rukainiai (Lithuanian: Rukainiai; Polish: Rukojnie) is a village in the Vilnius District Municipality, Lithuania, located 12 km east of Vilnius city municipality, the Lithuanian capital, and 16 km from the border with Belarus. According to the 2021 census, Rukainiai had a population of 662, a decrease from 770 in 2011 and from 865 in 1989.

Vilnius District Municipality
Vilnius District Municipality (Lithuanian: Vilniaus rajono savivaldybė) is one of the 60 municipalities in Lithuania. It surrounds the capital city of Vilnius on three sides. The municipality is also bordered by Trakai district and Elektrėnai municipality in the west, Astravyets and Ashmyany districts of Belarus in the east, Širvintos, Molėtai and Švenčionys districts in the north and Šalčininkai district in the south.

The population of the district is one of the fastest growing in Lithuania because of the migration of Vilnius' inhabitants to the suburbs. It stood at 116,584 in January 2024, up from 84 thousand in the early 1990s, meaning an increase by more than a third in less than 30 years.
Fuse, Shimane
Fuse (布施村, Fuse-mura) was a village located in Oki District, Shimane Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 520 and a density of 28.03 persons per km2. The total area was 18.55 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Fuse, along with the town of Saigō, and the villages of Goka and Tsuma (all from Oki District), was merged to create the town of Okinoshima.

Tsuma, Shimane
Tsuma (都万村, Tsuma-mura) was a village located in Oki District, Shimane Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 2,132 and a density of 42.95 persons per km2. The total area was 49.64 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Tsuma, along with the town of Saigō, and the villages of Fuse and Goka (all from Oki District), was merged to create the town of Okinoshima.
Granger, Iowa
Granger is a city in Dallas and Polk counties in the U.S. state of Iowa. The population was 1,654 at the time of the 2020 census, up 184% from 583 in 2000. It is part of the Des Moines–West Des Moines Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Des Moines metropolitan area
The Des Moines metropolitan area, officially known as the Des Moines–West Des Moines, IA Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) is located at the confluence of the Des Moines River and the Raccoon River. Des Moines serves as the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Iowa. The metro area consists of six counties in central Iowa: Polk, Dallas, Warren, Madison, Guthrie, and Jasper. The Des Moines–Ames–West Des Moines Combined Statistical Area (CSA) encompasses the separate metropolitan area of Ames (Story County), and the separate micropolitan area of Boone (Boone County). The Des Moines area is a fast-growing metro area.
Book of the Zodiac
The Book of the Zodiac (Classical Mandaic: ࡎࡐࡀࡓ ࡌࡀࡋࡅࡀࡔࡉࡀ, romanized: Sfar Malwašia; Modern Mandaic: Asfar Malwāši) is a Mandaean text. It covers Mandaean astrology in great detail. The book is used to obtain a Mandaean's baptismal name (malwasha). It is also an important source on Mandaean numerology.

Numerology
Numerology (known before the 20th century as arithmancy) is the belief in an occult, divine or mystical relationship between a number and metaphysical phenomena or ideas. It is also the study of the numerical value, via an alphanumeric system, of the letters in words and names (e.g. gematria). When numerology is applied to a person's name, it is a form of onomancy. It is often associated with astrology and other divinatory arts.

Number symbolism is an ancient and pervasive aspect of human thought, deeply intertwined with religion, philosophy, mysticism, and mathematics. Different cultures and traditions have assigned specific meanings to numbers, often linking them to divine principles, cosmic forces, or natural patterns.
Chambly (provincial electoral district)
Chambly (French pronunciation: [ʃɑ̃bli]) is a provincial electoral district in the Montérégie region of Quebec, Canada. It includes the city of Chambly and other smaller municipalities.

It was created for the 1867 election (and an electoral district of that name existed earlier in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada and the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada).

In the change from the 2001 to the 2011 electoral map, it lost Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville to the newly created Montarville electoral district.

Montarville (provincial electoral district)
Montarville (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃taʁvil]) is a provincial electoral district in the Montérégie region of Quebec, Canada that elects members to the National Assembly of Quebec. It consists of the municipalities of Boucherville and Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, both of which are part of the urban agglomeration of Longueuil.

It was created for the 2012 election from parts of the Marguerite-D'Youville and Chambly electoral districts.

Marguerite-D'Youville, which ceased to exist, consisted of Boucherville and Sainte-Julie. To create Montarville, Sainte-Julie was moved to the Verchères electoral district and Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville was taken from Chambly.
John W. Hart
John William Hart (July 30, 1833 – June 2, 1907) was a soldier from Maryland who fought in the American Civil War. He received the United States' highest medal for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor, for his actions during the Battle of Gettysburg on 2 July 1863. He was issued the medal on 3 August 1897.

6th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment
The 6th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment also known as the 35th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army as part of the Pennsylvania Reserves Infantry Division during the American Civil War.
Donegore
54°44′06″N 6°08′10″W﻿ / ﻿54.735°N 6.136°W﻿ / 54.735; -6.136
Donegore (historically Dunogcurra, from Irish  Dún Ó gCorra 'stronghold of the O'Corra') is the name of a hill, a townland, a small cluster of residences, and a civil parish in the historic barony of Antrim Upper, County Antrim, Northern Ireland. Donegore lies approximately 5 miles (8 km) east of Antrim town. 154 acres of the townland lies in the civil parish of Grange of Nilteen (also in Antrim Upper).

The largest settlement in the parish is the village of Parkgate. Donegore Hill stands prominently above the Six Mile Water valley, with views to the east, south, and most notably the west, where it overlooks Lough Neagh and the Sperrins beyond.

Parkgate, County Antrim
Parkgate is a small village in County Antrim, Northern Ireland.  It lies at the foot of Donegore Hill, near the Six Mile Water. It is about midway between Ballyclare and Antrim town. It lies within the Borough of Antrim. It had a population of 676 people in the 2011 Census.
Ellenbrook Christian College
Ellenbrook Christian College is a Christian non-denominational, co-educational school catering for students from pre-kindergarten to Year 12. Commencing in 2001, the College was built in the satellite town of Ellenbrook in the north-eastern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia. The College is a member of the Swan Christian Education Association Inc.

Ellenbrook, Western Australia
Ellenbrook is an outer suburb and planned community in Perth, Western Australia, within the City of Swan local government area. It is 28 km (17 mi) north-east of Perth's central business district and 18 km (11 mi) north of the regional metropolitan centre of Midland. It was first developed in the 1990s as a joint venture between the Government of Western Australia and private landowners in the area.

Ellenbrook is a designated secondary activity centre within the Perth metropolitan area, serving Perth's north-eastern corridor. It forms a contiguous urban area with the adjoining communities of The Vines, Aveley and Henley Brook.