hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nilradical of a ring
In algebra, the nilradical of a  commutative ring is the ideal consisting of the nilpotent elements:

It is thus the radical of the zero ideal and is also denoted  or . If the nilradical is the zero ideal, the ring is called a reduced ring. The nilradical of a commutative ring is the intersection of all prime ideals.

In the non-commutative ring case the same definition does not always work. This has resulted in several radicals generalizing the commutative case in distinct ways; see the article Radical of a ring for more on this.

For Lie algebras there is a similar definition of nilradical.

Commutative ring
In mathematics, a commutative ring is a ring in which the multiplication operation is commutative. The study of commutative rings is called commutative algebra. Complementarily, noncommutative algebra is the study of ring properties that are not specific to commutative rings. This distinction results from the high number of fundamental properties of commutative rings that do not extend to noncommutative rings.

Commutative rings appear in the following chain of class inclusions:

rngs ⊃ rings ⊃ commutative rings ⊃  integral domains ⊃ integrally closed domains ⊃ GCD domains ⊃ unique factorization domains ⊃ principal ideal domains ⊃ Euclidean domains ⊃ fields ⊃ algebraically closed fields
Jirès Kembo Ekoko
Jirès Kembo Ekoko (born 8 January 1988) is a French former professional footballer who played as a striker. His father is Kembo Uba Kembo, who played for Zaire national team in the 1974 FIFA World Cup. Born in Zaire, Kembo Ekoko is a former youth international for France.

Kembo Uba Kembo
Jean Kembo Uba-Kembo (27 December 1947 – 26 March 2007) was a Congolese football midfielder who played for Zaire in the 1974 FIFA World Cup.

Born in Matete, Kembo played club football for AS Vita Club

He made several appearances for Zaire, including appearances at the 1968 and 1974 African Cup of Nations finals. Kembo scored two goals in the decisive qualifier versus Morocco in a 3–0 win that clinched Zaire's place in the 1974 World Cup.

Kembo's son, Jirès Kembo Ekoko, was a professional footballer who played for Rennes.
Crataegus visenda
Crataegus visenda is a species of hawthorn from the southeastern United States, in Alabama, Florida, and Georgia. It is a large shrub or small tree to 10 m tall.
It has been considered as a synonym of Crataegus flava Aiton (Ref. USDA Plants Profile)

Crataegus
Crataegus (/krəˈtiːɡəs/), commonly called hawthorn, quickthorn, thornapple, May-tree, whitethorn, Mayflower or hawberry, is a genus of several hundred species of shrubs and trees in the family Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. The name "hawthorn" was originally applied to the species native to northern Europe, especially the common hawthorn C. monogyna, and the unmodified name is often so used in Britain and Ireland. The name is now also applied to the entire genus and to the related Asian genus Rhaphiolepis.
William L. Dickinson High School
William L. Dickinson High School is a four-year comprehensive community public high school located in Jersey City, Hudson County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, serving students in ninth through twelfth grades as part of the Jersey City Public Schools. Dickinson occupies a prominent location on Bergen Hill overlooking lower Jersey City and the New York Harbor. The school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Elementary and Secondary Schools since 1929.

As of the 2023–24 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,856 students and 129.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 14.4:1. There were 1,143 students (61.6% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 94 (5.1% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

Hudson County Interscholastic League
The Hudson County Interscholastic League (formerly known as the Hudson County Interscholastic Athletic Association) is a New Jersey high school sports association operating under the jurisdiction of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA)and consisting of public and parochial high schools in Hudson County. The Hudson County Interscholastic Athletic Association was in hiatus for the 2009-10 school year, as all schools played in the temporary North Jersey Tri-County Conference, where they were joined with the non-Hudson County schools from the former Northern New Jersey Interscholastic League.
GLAAD Stephen F. Kolzak Award
The GLAAD Stephen F. Kolzak Award is a special GLAAD Media Award presented annually by the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. It is named in honor of the Los Angeles casting director Stephen F. Kolzak, who devoted the last part of his life to fighting homophobia and AIDS-phobia within the entertainment industry. The award is given to an openly LGBT member of the entertainment or media community for their work toward eliminating homophobia. It has been awarded since 1991, with Kolzak being the posthumous inaugural recipient.

GLAAD Media Award
The GLAAD Media Award is a US accolade bestowed by GLAAD to recognize and honor various branches of the media for outstanding portrayals of LGBTQ people and the issues that affect their lives.  In addition to film and television, the Awards also recognize achievements in other branches of the media and arts, including theatre, music, journalism and advertising.

Honorees are selected by a process involving over 700 GLAAD Media Award voters and volunteers and are evaluated using four criteria: "Fair, Accurate and Inclusive Representations" of the LGBT community, "Boldness and Originality" of the project, significant "Cultural Impact" on mainstream culture, and "Overall Quality" of the project.  Results are then certified by a "Review Panel" who determine the final list of recipients based on voting results and their own "expert opinions".

The 1st GLAAD Media Awards ceremony honoring the 1989 season was held in 1990, and recognized 34 nominees in 7 competitive categories.
Paremhat 9
Paremhat 8 – Coptic calendar – Paremhat 10

The ninth day of the Coptic month of Paremhat, the seventh month of the Coptic year. In common years, this day corresponds to March 5, of the Julian calendar, and March 18, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Shemu, the season of the Harvest.

Paremhat 10
Paremhat 9 – Coptic calendar – Paremhat 11

The tenth day of the Coptic month of Paremhat, the seventh month of the Coptic year. In common years, this day corresponds to March 6, of the Julian calendar, and March 19, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Shemu, the season of the Harvest. On this day, the coptic Church celebrates second Feast of the cross, commemorating the appearation of the Cross to Emperor Constantine.
Scurelle
Scurelle (Scurełe in local dialect) is a comune (municipality) in Trentino in the northern Italian region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) east of Trento. As of December 31st 2004, it had a population of 1,322 and an area of 29.9 square kilometres (11.5 mi2).

Scurelle borders the following municipalities: Pieve Tesino, Castello Tesino, Telve, Cinte Tesino, Bieno, Strigno, Spera, Carzano, Villa Agnedo and Castelnuovo.

Telve
Telve (Télve in local dialect) is a comune (municipality) in Trentino in the northern Italian region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) east of Trento. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,914 and an area of 64.8 square kilometres (25.0 mi2).

Telve borders the following municipalities: Castello-Molina di Fiemme, Valfloriana, Pieve Tesino, Scurelle, Baselga di Pinè, Palù del Fersina, Telve di Sopra, Carzano, Borgo Valsugana and Castelnuovo.
David Murray, 2nd Earl of Mansfield
David Murray, 2nd Earl of Mansfield, 7th Viscount of Stormont, KT, PC (9 October 1727 – 1 September 1796) known as the Viscount of Stormont from 1748 to 1793, was a British diplomat and politician. He succeeded to both the Mansfield and Stormont lines of the Murray family, inheriting two titles and two fortunes.

Henry Murray (British Army officer)
General Sir Henry Murray KCB (6 August 1784 – 29 July 1860) was a distinguished British Army officer who fought in the Napoleonic Wars. As the younger son of an earl, he is sometimes styled "the Honourable".
Sister city
A sister city or a twin town relationship is a form of legal or social agreement between two geographically and politically distinct localities for the purpose of promoting cultural and commercial ties. While there are early examples of international links between municipalities akin to what are known as sister cities or twin towns today dating back to the 9th century, the modern concept was first established and adopted worldwide during World War II.

Council of European Municipalities and Regions
The Council of European Municipalities and Regions (CEMR) is the largest organisation of local and regional governments in Europe. Its members are 60 national associations of towns, municipalities and regions from 41 countries that are part of the Council of Europe. Together these associations represent about 130,000 local and regional authorities.

At the head of its political structure is its president, currently the councillor of Vestfold and Telemark, Norway and president of the Norwegian Association of Local and Regional Authorities, Gunn Marit Helgesen. It has a staff of about 30, headed by its secretary-general, Fabrizio Rossi.

CEMR’s annual budget is about €2.5 million. Membership fees from its national associations make up the bulk of its funding. About 15% are paid by the European Commission through an annual grant.

The organisation has also assumed the function of the European section of the new worldwide organisation United Cities and Local Governments.
Monument to the Unknown Soldier, Lima
The Monument to the Unknown Soldier is a memorial located on a plain on the slopes of the northern side of Morro Solar in the district of Chorrillos, in Lima, Peru. It is dedicated to those killed during the War of the Pacific.

José Castro Mendivil Digital Planetarium
José Castro Mendivil Digital Planetarium (Spanish: Planetario Digital José Castro Mendivil), also known simply as the Morro Solar Planetarium (Spanish: Planetario del Morro Solar), is a planetarium and site museum dedicated to astronomy in the Morro Solar of Chorrillos District, Lima, Peru. It is named after the engineer who designed it.

It is administered by the Peruvian Astronomy Association (Spanish: Asociación Peruana de Astronomía, APA), founded on August 15, 1946, and then headed by Peruvian astronomer Víctor Estremadoyro Robles. Besides its 360° theatre, it also features remnants of the Battle of San Juan during the War of the Pacific.
870 Manto
870 Manto (prov. designation: A917 JC or 1917 BX) is a stony background asteroid and slow rotator from the inner region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 12 May 1917, by astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The likely heavily elongated S-type asteroid has a long rotation period of 122.3 hours and measures approximately 13 kilometers (8 miles) in diameter. It was named after Manto, a prophetess in Greek mythology.

Max Wolf
Maximilian Franz Joseph Cornelius Wolf (21 June 1863 – 3 October 1932) was a German astronomer and a pioneer in the field of astrophotography. He was the chairman of astronomy at the University of Heidelberg and director of the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory from 1902 until his death in 1932.
Union of the Ukrainians of Romania
The Union of the Ukrainians of Romania (Romanian: Uniunea Ucrainenilor din România, UUR; Ukrainian: Союз українців Румунії, romanized: Soyuz Ukrayintsiv Rumuniyi, SUR) is an ethnic minority political party in Romania representing the Ukrainian community.

Romanian ethnic minority parties
The Romanian Constitution (Article 62) provides seats in the Chamber of Deputies for representatives of ethnic minorities in Romania (with the limitation that each national minority is to be represented by one organization only). Minority organizations are exempt from the electoral threshold, and are guaranteed a seat so long as they earn at least 10% of the vote that was required for the last party eligible to earn a seat through the threshold.

The representatives elected in this manner sit in the Parliamentary Group of National Minorities (Romanian: Grupul parlamentar al minorităților naționale) in the Chamber of Deputies; the Group traditionally give confidence and supply to the government. The number of seats awarded to ethnic minorities varied from 10 in 1990 to 19 since 2024 onwards.
Gephyrostegidae
Gephyrostegidae is an extinct family of stegocephalian tetrapodomorphs from the Late Carboniferous including the genera Gephyrostegus, Bruktererpeton, and Eusauropleura. Gephyrostegus is from the Czech Republic, Brukterepeton is from Germany, and Eusauropleura is from the eastern United States.

Bruktererpeton
Bruktererpeton is an extinct genus of gephyrostegid tetrapodomorph known from the Late Carboniferous of the Rhein-Ruhr-District, western Germany. It was first described and named by Jürgen A. Boy and Klaus Bandel in 1973 and the type species is Bruktererpeton fiebigi. Recent phylogenetic analyses confirmed that Bruktererpeton is a sister taxon of the better known genus Gephyrostegus.
Hood Theological Seminary
Hood Theological Seminary is a Christian seminary sponsored by the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church in Salisbury, North Carolina. It is a graduate and professional school sponsored by the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (A.M.E. Zion) and approved by the University Senate of The United Methodist Church. From its founding in 1879 until 2001, the seminary was part of Livingstone College; it is now independent. The seminary is accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada.

African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, or the AME Zion Church (AMEZ) is a historically African-American Christian denomination based in the United States. It was officially formed in 1821 in New York City, but operated for a number of years before then. The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church adheres to Wesleyan-Arminian theology.

The AME Zion Church is not to be confused with the similarly named African Methodist Episcopal Church, which was officially formed in 1816 by Richard Allen and Daniel Coker in Philadelphia. The denomination was made up of AME churches in the Philadelphia region, including Delaware and New Jersey. Though the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church was founded to grant equal rights to African Americans in Methodist Christianity, its church membership is composed of people of all racial backgrounds.
Andreas Arntzen (barrister)
Andreas Arntzen (1 June 1928 – 21 May 2012) was a Norwegian barrister.

He was a son of Sven Arntzen and father of presiding judge Wenche Elizabeth Arntzen.

He took the cand.jur. degree in 1952, studied at Harvard Law School and was a lecturer at the Faculty of Law, University of Oslo. In 1960 he became a barrister with access to work with Supreme Court cases. He was hired in the law firm founded by his father, today named Arntzen de Besche. He is best known as the defender of Arne Treholt in 1984–1985, together with Jon Lyng and Ulf Underland. From 1987 to 1989 he led the commission that delivered the Norwegian Official Report 1989: 2, scrutinizing the bankruptcy of Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk. He died in May 2012.

Arne Treholt
Arne Treholt (13 December 1942 – 12 February 2023) was a Norwegian civil servant, diplomat and Labour Party politician who was convicted of spying for the Soviet Union and Iraq. Treholt served as the State Secretary under Norwegian Minister of Maritime Law, Jens Evensen, from 1976–78,  as a Norwegian counsellor at the United Nations in New York from 1979–82, as a student at the Norwegian Joint Staff College from 1982–83, and head of the press department at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1983. He held connections with Soviet and Iraqi agents during this period. Treholt was arrested in 1984 and the following year sentenced to 20 years in prison for espionage but was pardoned in 1992. He was the first Norwegian to be convicted of espionage.

His father Thorstein Treholt was a senior member of the Labour Party who served as the Minister of Agriculture in the 1970s. Before entering politics Arne was a journalist for the Arbeiderbladet.
Rio Hair Naturalizer System
The Rio Hair Naturalizer System was a hair relaxer distributed by the World Rio Corporation Inc. It was available in two types; "Neutral", and one that claimed to have a "Color Enhancement Formula" that contained a black hair dye. As a product designed for home use, it was promoted through infomercials in the early to mid-1990s.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and state government offices began receiving complaints about the Rio hair products in mid-1994. Many complainants said they had bought the hair relaxers by mail after viewing a 30-minute TV infomercial targeted to African Americans.

Some complainants reported that their hair began falling out immediately after applying the products, while others said they had problems after multiple applications. Some said they had seen doctors for treatment of scalp irritation. Many women said they had to cut their hair short to deal with bald spots.

Relaxer
A relaxer is a type of lotion or cream generally used by people with tight curls or very curly hair which makes hair easier to straighten by chemically "relaxing" the natural curls. The active agent is usually a strong alkali, although some formulations are based on ammonium thioglycolate or formaldehyde.
Blue Swallow Motel
The Blue Swallow Court in Tucumcari, New Mexico, United States, is a 12-unit L-shaped motel listed on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico as a part of historic U.S. Route 66. Original architectural features included a façade with pink stucco walls decorated with shell designs and a stepped parapet, on-site office and manager's residence, and garages located between the sleeping units for travelers to park their motorcars. It is one of the longest continuously operated motels along New Mexico's slice of Route 66. The swallow from the sign can be seen in the movie Back to the Future Part II, and inspired the creators of Pixar's movie Cars to create the "Cozy Cone Motel" (and the town of Tucumcari itself inspired the mountain in Radiator Springs).

Tucumcari, New Mexico
Tucumcari (/ˈtuːkəmˌkæriː/; TOO-cum-carry) is a city in and the county seat of Quay County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 5,278 at the 2020 census. Tucumcari was founded in 1901, two years before Quay County was established.
Relic
In religion, a relic is an object or article of religious significance from the past. It usually consists of the physical remains or personal effects of a saint or other person preserved for the purpose of veneration as a tangible memorial. Relics are an important aspect of some forms of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Shamanism, and many other religions. Relic derives from the Latin reliquiae, meaning "remains", and a form of the Latin verb relinquere, to "leave behind, or abandon". A reliquary is a shrine that houses one or more religious relics.

Andrew the Apostle
Andrew the Apostle (Koine Greek: Ἀνδρέας, romanized: Andréas [anˈdre.aːs̠]; Latin: Andreas [än̪ˈd̪reː.äːs]; Aramaic: אַנדּרֵאוָס; Classical Syriac: ܐܰܢܕ݁ܪܶܐܘܳܣ, romanized: ʾAnd'raʾwās) was an apostle of Jesus. According to the New Testament, he was a fisherman and one of the Twelve Apostles chosen by Jesus.

The title First-Called (Πρωτόκλητος, Prōtoklētos) used by the Eastern Orthodox Church stems from the Gospel of John, where Andrew, initially a disciple of John the Baptist, follows Jesus and, recognising him as the Messiah, introduces his brother Peter to him.

According to Eastern Orthodox tradition, the apostolic successor to Andrew is the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.
Graduate School of Science and Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo
Faculty of Science (東京大学理学部) is one of the 10 constituent faculties, and Graduate School of Science (東京大学大学院理学系研究科) is one of the constituent 15 graduate schools at University of Tokyo. The faculty and the graduate school operate as one with the exception of mathematics and computer science. Founded in 1877, Faculty of Science is one of the oldest 4 faculties (Science, Medicine, Law and Letters) of the University of Tokyo.

Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Science have produced 6 Nobel laureates (Esaki, Koshiba, Nanbu, Kajita, Osumi, Manabe) and one Fields Medallist (Kodaira).

Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo
The Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo are a single, merged department at the University of Tokyo.  The Faculty of Medicine (東京大学医学部) is one of the 10 constituent faculties, and the Graduate School of Medicine (東京大学大学院医学系研究科) is one of the 15 constituent graduate schools at University of Tokyo. The Faculty of Medicine was founded in 1877 and is one of the four oldest faculties (along with the Faculties of Science, Medicine, Law, and Letters) at the University of Tokyo.
Sir Graham Moore Islands (Western Australia)
The Sir Graham Moore Islands (13°52′54″S 126°36′11″E﻿ / ﻿13.88167°S 126.60306°E﻿ / -13.88167; 126.60306) are located off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia.

The group was named in 1819 by Phillip Parker King after Sir Graham Moore (1764–1843), who held a seat of the board of the English Admiralty Board.

The group includes: Sir Graham Moore Island, Scorpion Island, Troughton Island.

Troughton Island
Troughton Island is an island located off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia, at the entrance of Vansittart Bay, about 80 kilometres (50 mi) north-west of  Kalumburu and 45 kilometres (28 mi) north-west of the Mungalalu Truscott Airbase. Troughton Island is used as a helicopter base for the Timor Sea oil rigs approximately 500 kilometres (300 mi) west of Darwin.
Tree of Science (sculpture)
The Tree of Science (Turkish: Bilim Ağacı) is a Turkish sculpture at the Middle East Technical University Ankara Campus at the door of the monument Eskişehir Yolu. The sculpture was constructed through the second drop-Atatürk Monument Competition in 1966 and was made by Tamer Başoğlu.

At the time this sculpture was erected, much of the surrounding area was barren, but an intense forestation campaign was in progress, led by then university president Kemal Kurdas. Over the years around 12 million trees were planted on the 11,100 acre METU land. Thanks to this effort, the white Tree of Science is surrounded by the deep green of the forest that replaced arid brown hills. METU is now the largest green area around Ankara.

According to the Aga Khan Award for Architecture, shared in 1995 by Kemal Kurdaş and Behruz Çinici, the campus' planner and first architect, and Alattin Egemen, director of forestation, the forest helps mitigate the city's pollution.

Middle East Technical University
Middle East Technical University (commonly referred to as METU; in Turkish, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, ODTÜ) is a public research university located in Ankara, Turkey.

The university offers 41 undergraduate programs across five faculties and 105 master's and 70 doctoral programs through five graduate schools. The main campus of METU spans an area of 11,100 acres (4,500 ha), comprising, in addition to academic and auxiliary facilities, a forest area of 7,500 acres (3,000 ha), and the natural Lake Eymir. METU has more than 120,000 alumni worldwide. The official language of instruction at METU is English.

METU had the greatest share in national research funding by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) in the last five years. Over 40% of METU's undergraduate alumni choose to pursue graduate studies.