hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sampling (signal processing)
In signal processing, sampling is the reduction of a continuous-time signal to a discrete-time signal. A common example is the conversion of a sound wave to a sequence of "samples".
A sample is a value of the signal at a point in time and/or space; this definition differs from the term's usage in statistics, which refers to a set of such values.

A sampler is a subsystem or operation that extracts samples from a continuous signal. A theoretical ideal sampler produces samples equivalent to the instantaneous value of the continuous signal at the desired points.

The original signal can be reconstructed from a sequence of samples, up to the Nyquist limit, by passing the sequence of samples through a reconstruction filter.

In-phase and quadrature components
A sinusoid with modulation can be decomposed into, or synthesized from, two amplitude-modulated sinusoids that are in quadrature phase, i.e., with a phase offset of one-quarter cycle (90 degrees or π/2 radians). All three sinusoids have the same center frequency. The two amplitude-modulated sinusoids are known as the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components, which describes their relationships with the amplitude- and phase-modulated carrier.

Or in other words, it is possible to create an arbitrarily phase-shifted sine wave, by mixing together two sine waves that are 90° out of phase in different proportions.

The implication is that the modulations in some signal can be treated separately from the carrier wave of the signal.  This has extensive use in many radio and signal processing applications. I/Q data is used to represent the modulations of some carrier, independent of that carrier's frequency.
Coffee Springs, Alabama
Coffee Springs is a town in Geneva County, Alabama, United States. It was incorporated in 1900 and is part of the Dothan, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, Coffee Springs had a population of 206.

Geneva County, Alabama
Geneva County is a county located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2020 census, the population was 26,659. Its county seat is Geneva.  Geneva County is a dry county. However, beer and wine are sold in the city limits of Geneva, Samson, Slocomb, and most recently in Hartford, after residents voted to become wet in a 2022 election.

Geneva County is part of the Dothan, Alabama metropolitan area.
Clementi, Singapore
Clementi (IPA: /kləˈmɛnti/ klə-MEN-tee, locally /ˈklɛmənti/ KLEM-ən-tee) is a planning area and residential town located at the easternmost fringe of the West Region of Singapore. The town borders Bukit Batok to the north, Bukit Timah to the northeast, Queenstown to the east and Jurong East to the west.

Queenstown, Singapore
Queenstown is a planning area and satellite residential town situated on the south-westernmost fringe of the Central Region of Singapore. It borders Bukit Timah to the north, Tanglin to the northeast, Bukit Merah to the east and southeast, as well as Clementi to the northwest and west. Its southern and southwesternmost limits are bounded by the Pandan Strait.

Developed by the Singapore Improvement Trust in the 1950s and subsequently by the Housing and Development Board in the 1960s, Queenstown was the first satellite town to be built in the country. Most apartments within the township consists of simple one, two, or three-room flats, typically in low-rise, walk-up blocks. Major development work was carried out during the first Five-Year Building Programme between 1960 and 1965.  A total of 19,372 dwelling units were constructed between 1952 and 1968.

The headquarters of Grab, Razer and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) are located in Queenstown.
2014 North Carolina Central Eagles football team
The 2014 North Carolina Central Eagles football team represented North Carolina Central University as a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC) during the 2014 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by first-year head coach Jerry Mack, the Eagles compiled an overall record of 7–5 with a mark of 6–2, placing in a five-way tie for the MEAC title with Bethune–Cookman, Morgan State, North Carolina A&T, and South Carolina State. Morgan State earned the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Division I Football Championship playoffs, while none of the other four co-champions earned an at-large bid. North Carolina Central played home games at O'Kelly–Riddick Stadium in Durham, North Carolina.

2014 North Carolina A&T Aggies football team
The 2014 North Carolina A&T Aggies football team represented North Carolina A&T State University as a member of Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC) during the 2014 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by fourth-year head coach Rod Broadway, the Aggies compiled an overall record of 9–3 with a mark of 6–2 in conference play, placing in a five-way tie for the MEAC title with Bethune–Cookman, Morgan State, North Carolina Central, and South Carolina State. Morgan State received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Division I Football Championship. None of the other co-champions earned an at-large bid. North Carolina A&T played home games at Aggie Stadium in Greensboro, North Carolina.
Cell Global Identity
Cell Global Identity (CGI) is a globally unique identifier for a Base Transceiver Station in mobile phone networks. It consists of four parts: Mobile Country Code (MCC), Mobile Network Code (MNC), Location Area Code (LAC) and Cell Identification (CI). It is an integral part of 3GPP specifications for mobile networks, for example, for identifying individual base stations to "handover" ongoing phone calls between separately controlled base stations, or between different mobile technologies.

MCC and MNC make up a PLMN identifier, and PLMN and LAC make up a location area identity (LAI), which uniquely identifies a Location Area of a given operator's network. So a CGI can be seen as a LAI with added Cell Identification, to further identify the individual base station of that Location Area.

Public land mobile network
In telecommunication, a public land mobile network (PLMN) is a combination of wireless communication services offered by a specific operator in a specific country. A PLMN typically consists of several cellular technologies like GSM/2G, UMTS/3G, LTE/4G, NR/5G, offered by a single operator within a given country, often referred to as a cellular network.
Universities and higher education in Brazil
Brazil adopts a mixed system of public and privately funded universities. Public universities can be federally funded or financed by State governments (such as USP, Unicamp and Unesp in the State of São Paulo). Private schools can be for-profit or, in the case of Catholic universities, not-for-profit.

Ministry of Education (Brazil)
The Ministry of Education (Portuguese: Ministério da Educação), commonly known as MEC, originates from its previous name, the Ministry of Education and Culture (Portuguese: Ministério da Educação e Cultura), is a cabinet-level federal ministry of Brazil.

Its responsibilities include coordinating national education policies and managing daily affairs, covering from early childhood education to post-graduate levels.
Somerville, Massachusetts
Somerville (/ˈsʌmərvɪl/ SUM-ər-vil) is a city located directly to the northwest of Boston, and north of Cambridge, in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. As of the 2020 United States census, the city had a total population of 81,045 people. With an area of 4.12 square miles (10.7 km2), the city has a density of 19,671/sq mi (7,595/km2), making it the most densely populated municipality in New England and the 19th most densely populated incorporated municipality in the country. Somerville was established as a town in 1842, when it was separated from Charlestown. In 2006, the city was named the best-run city in Massachusetts by The Boston Globe. In 1972, 2009, and 2015, the city received the All-America City Award. It is home to Tufts University, which has its campus along the Somerville and Medford border.

Powder House Square
Powder House Square is a neighborhood and landmark rotary in Somerville, Massachusetts, United States.  It is also known locally as Powder House Circle.  It is the six-way intersection of College Avenue, Broadway, Warner Street, and Powder House Boulevard. Powder House Square stands at the southern tip of Tufts University's main Somerville/Medford campus, and borders the northern edge of Nathan Tufts Park.  The square takes its name from the 18th century Powder House, which overlooks the rotary from Nathan Tufts Park.

Powder House Square was home to one of the first hostile acts of the American Revolution. The removal of colonial gunpowder by British soldiers, and the massive popular reaction known as Powder Alarm that ensued, are considered to be a turning point in the events leading up to war.
Loop (Amtrak train)
The Loop was a daily passenger train operated by Amtrak between Chicago and Springfield, Illinois. The Loop began on April 27, 1986, with funding support from the state of Illinois. The train acted as a counterpart to the State House, departing Chicago in the morning and returning in the afternoon. Funding shortfalls eliminated Saturday service in mid-1995, and the train ended altogether on June 28, 1996, after Illinois withdrew its support.: 229–233

The Loop originally operated with refurbished bilevel cars from the Chicago & North Western Railway, but by 1987 Amtrak substituted Amfleet coaches, later supplemented by Horizon Fleet coaches.: 235–236

In 2006 Amtrak restored and exceeded the service level that had been provided by the Loop by adding two new round trips to the State House, which was rebranded as the Lincoln Service.

Lincoln Service
The Lincoln Service is a 284-mile (457 km) higher-speed rail service operated by Amtrak that runs between Chicago, Illinois and St. Louis, Missouri. The train is a part of the Illinois Service and is partially funded by the Illinois Department of Transportation. The train uses the same route as the long-distance Texas Eagle, which continues to San Antonio and Los Angeles. A connection with the Kansas City-bound Missouri River Runner is available in St. Louis.

As of June 2023, the average trip time between Chicago and St. Louis was 4 hours 59 minutes.

During fiscal year 2023, the Lincoln Service trains carried 523,304 passengers, an increase of 9.9% from FY2022. This is a 16.7% decrease from pre-COVID-19 pandemic ridership, with 627,599 passengers in FY2019. In FY2016, the service had a total revenue of $14,266,964, a decrease of 1.3% from FY2015.
Gmina Kamień Krajeński
Gmina Kamień Krajeński is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Sępólno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. Its seat in the historic Krajna region is the town of Kamień Krajeński, which lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north of Sępólno Krajeńskie and 56 km (35 mi) north-west of Bydgoszcz.

The gmina covers an area of 163.21 square kilometres (63.0 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 6,850 (out of which the population of Kamień Krajeński amounts to 2,251, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 4,599).

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Krajna Landscape Park.

Krajna Landscape Park
Krajna Landscape Park (Krajeński Park Krajobrazowy) is a protected area (Landscape Park) in the Krajna region of north-central Poland. The Park was established in 1998, and covers an area of 543.95 square kilometres (210.02 sq mi).

The Park lies within Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship: in Nakło County (Gmina Mrocza) and Sępólno County (Gmina Sępólno Krajeńskie, Gmina Kamień Krajeński, Gmina Sośno, Gmina Więcbork).

Within the Landscape Park are five nature reserves.
Local government areas of the Gambia
The Gambia is divided into eight local government areas.  They are:

Banjul

Basse

Brikama

Janjanbureh

Kanifing

Kerewan

Kuntaur

Mansakonko

Brikama is the fastest growing LGA in Gambia as of 2024.

Sexual and reproductive health education is supposed to be handled by LGAs, but they do it poorly.

Kuntaur
Kuntaur is a town located in central part of the Gambia.

According to the 2013 census, there are 3074 inhabitants. The town is the seat of the Kuntaur Local Government Area in the district of Niani (the western half of the former Central River Division), which has a population of 98,966.
Kanzu
A kanzu is a white or cream coloured robe worn by men in the African Great Lakes region. It is referred to as a tunic in English, and as the thawb in Arab countries. The kanzu is an ankle or floor length garment. It serves as the national costume of Tanzania as well as the Comoros, where it is called a kandu as well as a thawb. The robe is also worn in some coastal Muslim regions of Tanzania and Kenya. The men of Uganda consider it their most important dress. Kanzu is a Ganda word of Swahili origin, which means "robe" or "tunic". In Tanzania, the term is used interchangeably with kaftan.

Bisht (clothing)
A bisht (Arabic: بِشْت; plural: بِشُوت bishūt and بْشُوت bshūt), known in some Arabic spoken dialects as mishlaḥ (Arabic: مِشْلَح) or ʿabāʾ (Arabic: عَبَاء), is a traditional men's cloak popular in the Arab world, and worn in general for thousands of years.

The bisht is a flowing outer cloak worn over a thawb.
St. George Defence
The St. George Defence (also known as the Baker's Defence, Birmingham Defence, or Basman Counterattack) is an unorthodox chess opening for Black. The opening begins with the moves:

1. e4 a6

The St. George Defence is given ECO code B00 as a King's Pawn Opening.

King's Pawn Game
The King's Pawn Game is any chess opening starting with the move:

1. e4

It is the most popular opening move in chess, followed by 1.d4, the Queen's Pawn Game. Black's most common replies are  1...c5 (the Sicilian Defence) and 1...e5, which leads to the Ruy Lopez, Italian Game, and others. Also quite common are 1...e6 (the French Defence) and 1...c6 (the Caro-Kann Defence).
Engsh
Engsh is a cant in Kenya whose base language is English that includes borrowings from spoken urban Kenyan Swahili.

While Sheng, a mostly Swahili-based AUYL, is rooted in the poor eastern neighborhoods of Nairobi (where it has become a mother tongue), Engsh is English-based and is spoken in the more affluent Westlands area. It is "a youth register that keeps tabs on American slang and rap music", and sufficiently different from Sheng to be treated separately, according to linguist Erik Kioko.

In the past, there was no distinction made between Sheng and Engsh, but the youth speakers of both languages noticed their inability to understand each other properly, as the languages had evolved differently primarily due to the different economic backgrounds. Nevertheless, there are still many similarities between Sheng and Engsh, but Engsh is unique enough to stand as a cant of its own.

Cant (language)
A cant is the jargon or language of a group, often employed to exclude or mislead people outside the group. It may also be called a cryptolect, argot, pseudo-language, anti-language or secret language. Each term differs slightly in meaning; their uses are inconsistent.
Djègbè, Collines
Djègbè, Collines is an arrondissement in the Collines department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Ouèssè. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 5,455.

Arrondissements of Benin
Arrondissements are administrative units of Benin, after departments and communes. In turn they contain villages and may often have several quartiers or city districts/urban neighborhoods. There are currently 545 arrondissements.

The arrondissements, ordered by department and commune, are as follows:
Claydon High School
Claydon High School is a relatively small mixed secondary school in Claydon, Suffolk, England. The school is on the outskirts of Ipswich, just off the A14 and close to the A12 southbound. It shared a joint sixth form with Thurleston High School until July 2010, when their sixth form closed.

On 1 June 2017, Claydon High School joined the South Suffolk Learning Trust, a multi-academy trust.

Claydon, Suffolk
Claydon is a village just north of Ipswich in Suffolk, England. The meaning of the name is "clay-on-the-hill".

The village gives its name to the hundred of Bosmere-and-Claydon, one of the 21 administrative districts into which Suffolk was divided for administrative purposes between Saxon and Victorian times.
Ghaspani II Assembly constituency
Ghaspani II is one of the 60 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Nagaland state in India.

Previously part of Dimapur district, it is now part of Chümoukedima district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the Scheduled Tribes.

Chümoukedima district
Chümoukedima district is the 15th district of the Indian state of Nagaland. It was created on 18 December 2021. The district is bounded by Kohima District to the east, Peren District to the south, Tseminyü District & Niuland District to the  north-east, Dimapur District to the north and Karbi Anglong District of Assam to the west and north-west. The district headquarter is located in the municipality of Chümoukedima.
St. Anthony High School, Lahore
St. Anthony's High School is a Catholic school system for boys and girls located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. In spite of its name as a high school, the school delivers a pre-school, primary, high school and college education across three campuses in Lahore. Established in 1892 by the Capuchin Friars from Belgium, the school is part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lahore. The school's main campus is situated at Lahore's historical road, The Mall, adjacent to the Sacred Heart Cathedral.

When Lt. Col (ret) L. C. Rath was the principal in 1992, nearly 2,000 pupils were enrolled at the school with a staff of 100. As of now, the school had more than 100 qualified teachers.

The school's motto is Scientia cum Virtute translated from Latinas "Knowledge with Virtue".

The Mall, Lahore
The Mall, also known as Mall Road, is a major thoroughfare in Lahore, Pakistan. Constructed following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the road serves as the city's primary arterial corridor, linking the historic Walled City in the west to the civil and military lines in the east. It is known for its colonial-era architecture, which evolves from Neoclassical and Neo-Gothic styles in the west to the syncretic Indo-Saracenic style in the east.
Carbice Corp. v. American Patents Development Corp.
Carbice Corp. v. American Patents Development Corp., 283 U.S. 27 (1931), is a decision of the United States Supreme Court extending the patent misuse doctrine against tie-ins to cases in which patents were used to tie the purchase of unpatented elements of patented combinations. The Court had previously held that it was unlawful to require the purchase of supplies as a condition of a patent license, where the supplies were not claimed as part of the patented combination.

Patent misuse
In United States patent law, patent misuse is a patent holder's use of a patent to restrain trade beyond enforcing the exclusive rights that a lawfully obtained patent provides. If a court finds that a patent holder committed patent misuse, the court may rule that the patent holder has lost the right to enforce the patent. Patent misuse that restrains economic competition substantially can also violate United States antitrust law.
2018 Copa Colsanitas
The 2018 Copa Colsanitas (also known as the 2018 Claro Open Colsanitas for sponsorship reasons) was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 21st edition of the Copa Colsanitas, and part of the International category of the 2018 WTA Tour. It took place at the Centro de Alto Rendimiento in Bogotá, Colombia, from April 9 through April 15, 2018.

2018 WTA Tour
The 2018 WTA Tour was the elite professional tennis circuit organised by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for the  2018 tennis season. The 2018 WTA Tour calendar comprises the Grand Slam tournaments, supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF); the WTA Premier tournaments (Premier Mandatory, Premier 5, and regular Premier); the WTA International tournaments; the Fed Cup (organized by the ITF) and the year-end championships (the WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Elite Trophy). Also included in the 2018 calendar is the Hopman Cup, which is organized by the ITF and does not distribute ranking points.
New Hampshire State Prison for Women
New Hampshire State Prison for Women is the only women's prison in the U.S. state of New Hampshire.   The New Hampshire Department of Corrections facility is located in Concord.

The new prison opened in 2018 after decades of legal battles concerning the services offered at the old Goffstown facility. It houses maximum, medium, and minimum security prisoners and overflow prisoners from the county prisons, which often lack appropriate facilities for women.

Since 2008, the Saint Anselm College Knights of Columbus and a group of women from the prison have started a recycling program within the prison. In 2009, Saint Anselm's Knights of Columbus Council #4875 won the National Community Activity Award from the Supreme Council in Connecticut. To date, the Knights and the women have recycled over 2,000 pounds of recyclable material.

Saint Anselm College
Saint Anselm College is a private Benedictine liberal arts college in Goffstown, New Hampshire, United States. Founded in 1889, it is named after Saint Anselm of Canterbury.  As of 2024, the college's enrollment was 2,094 students.
Montescano
Montescano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 km south of Milan and about 20 km southeast of Pavia.

Montescano borders the following municipalities: Canneto Pavese, Castana, Montù Beccaria.

Castana, Lombardy
Castana is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 km south of Milan and about 20 km southeast of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 739 and an area of 5.2 km2.

Castana borders the following municipalities: Canneto Pavese, Cigognola, Montescano, Montù Beccaria, Pietra de' Giorgi, Santa Maria della Versa.
Blandings (TV series)
Blandings is a British comedy television series adapted by Guy Andrews from the Blandings Castle stories of P. G. Wodehouse. It was first broadcast on BBC One from 13 January 2013, and stars Timothy Spall, Jennifer Saunders, Jack Farthing, Tim Vine and Mark Williams.
The series was produced with the partial financial assistance of the European Regional Development Fund.

Freddie Threepwood
The Honourable Frederick Threepwood is a fictional character in the Blandings stories by P. G. Wodehouse. A member of the Drones Club affectionately known as "Freddie", he is the second son of Lord Emsworth, and a somewhat simple-minded youth who brings his father nothing but trouble.

Freddie has one brother, George, and a sister, Mildred.
Trichostema gracile
Trichostema gracile, commonly known as Flatwoods Bluecurls, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family (Lamiaceae). It is endemic to Florida in the southeastern United States. The species was described in 2023 as part of a taxonomic revision recognizing previously unrecognized diversity within North American members of the genus Trichostema.

Trichostema
Trichostema is a genus of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae, which are aromatic herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs. These plants are native to North America. Most species in this genus are referred to by the common name bluecurls because of their blue to purple flowers and relatively long, curled stamens.