hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Curiously recurring template pattern
The curiously recurring template pattern (CRTP) is an idiom, originally in C++, in which a class X derives from a class template instantiation using X itself as a template argument. More generally it is known as F-bound polymorphism, and it is a form of F-bounded quantification.

Active Template Library
The Active Template Library (ATL) is a set of template-based C++ classes developed by Microsoft, intended to simplify the programming of Component Object Model (COM) objects. The COM support in Microsoft Visual C++ allows developers to create a variety of COM objects, OLE Automation servers, and ActiveX controls. ATL includes an object wizard that sets up primary structure of the objects quickly with a minimum of hand coding. On the COM client side ATL provides smart pointers that deal with COM reference counting. The library makes heavy use of the curiously recurring template pattern.
Diagnostic equation
In a physical (and especially geophysical) simulation context, a diagnostic equation (or diagnostic model) is an equation (or model) that links the values of these variables simultaneously, either because the equation (or model) is time-independent, or because the variables all refer to the values they have at the identical time. This is by opposition to a prognostic equation.

For instance, the so-called ideal gas law (PV = nRT) of classical thermodynamics relates the state variables of that gas, all estimated at the same time. It is understood that the values of any one of these variables can change in time, but the relation between these variables will remain valid at each and every particular instant, which implies that one variable cannot change its value without the value of another variable also being affected.

Prognostic equation
In the context of physical (and especially geophysical) simulation, a prognostic equation predicts the value of variables for some time in the future on the basis of the values at the current or previous times.

For instance, the well-known Navier-Stokes equations that describe the time evolution of a fluid are prognostic equations that predict the future distribution of velocities in that fluid on the basis of current fields such as the pressure gradient.
Jäder Church
Jäder Church, Swedish: Jäders kyrka, is a church building in the village of Jäder, Eskilstuna Municipality, Södermanland County, Sweden, approximately 10 km east of Eskilstuna. Belonging to the Lutheran Church of Sweden, it is part of Kafjärden Parish in the Diocese of Strängnäs. Until 1995, it was the main church of the historical Jäder Parish.

Axel Oxenstierna
Axel Gustafsson Oxenstierna (Swedish: [ˈǎksɛl ˈʊ̂ksɛnˌɧæːɳa] ⓘ; 1583–1654) was a Swedish statesman and Count of Södermöre. He became a member of the Swedish Privy Council in 1609 and served as Lord High Chancellor of Sweden from 1612 until his death. He was a confidant of King Gustavus Adolphus and then Queen Christina, for whom he was at first regent.

Oxenstierna is widely considered one of the most influential people in Swedish history. He played an important role during the Thirty Years' War and was appointed Governor-General of occupied Prussia; he is also credited for having laid the foundations of the modern central administrative structure of the State, including the creation of counties (Swedish: län).
Ormsavatnet
Ormsavatnet is a lake in the municipality of Bykle in Agder county, Norway.  The 3.11-square-kilometre (1.20 sq mi) lake flows into the Vatndalsvatnet via a dam and canal.  The lake is located in the Setesdalsheiene mountains near the lakes Store Urevatn, Holmevatnet, and Hartevatnet. The nearest village area is Hovden, about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) to the northeast.  The mountain Kaldafjellet lies about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the west of the lake.

Kaldafjellet
Kaldafjellet is a mountain on the border of Agder and Rogaland counties in southern Norway.  The mountain lies on the border of the municipality of Suldal (in Rogaland county) and the municipality of Bykle (in Agder county).  The mountain has two peaks: the eastern one lies on the municipal-county border reaching 1,452 metres (4,764 ft), while the highest point on the mountain lies less than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) to the west, reaching a peak of 1,480 metres (4,860 ft). The prominence of the mountain is 210 metres (690 ft) and the isolation is 4.2 kilometres (2.6 mi).

The mountain sits about 17 kilometres (11 mi) southeast of the village of Nesflaten, just east of the mountain Steinkilenuten (in Suldal) and it is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) west of Hovden in Bykle. The lake Ormsavatnet lies just east of the mountain and the lake Holmevatnet.
Blood as food
Blood is used as food in many religions and cultures, often in combination with meat. The blood may be in the form of blood sausage or other solidified form, as a thickener for sauces, a cured salted form for times of food scarcity, or in a blood soup. This is a product from domesticated animals, obtained at a place and time where the blood can run into a container and be swiftly consumed or processed. In many cultures, the animal is slaughtered. In some cultures and religions, blood is a taboo food. In  Singapore the sale of blood products for consumption is illegal.

Blood consists predominantly of protein and water, and is sometimes called "liquid meat" because its composition is similar to that of lean meat. Blood collected hygienically can be used for human consumption; otherwise it is converted to blood meal. Certain fractions of animal blood are used in human medicine.

Black pudding
Black pudding, also called blood pudding, is a type of blood sausage originating in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It is made from pork or occasionally beef blood, with pork fat or beef suet, and a cereal, usually oatmeal, oat groats, or barley groats. The high proportion of cereal, along with the use of certain herbs, such as pennyroyal, distinguishes black pudding from other blood sausages.
Jan I of Żagań
Jan I of Żagań (Polish: Jan I żagański) (c. 1385 – 12 April 1439) was a duke of Żagań-Głogów from 1397 (until 1412 with his brothers as co-rulers), from 1403 Duke of Żagań, Krosno Odrzańskie and Świebodzin (again, until 1412 with his brothers as co-rulers) and from 1412 sole ruler of Żagań and Przewóz.

He was the eldest son of Henry VIII the Sparrow, Duke of Głogów by his wife Katharina, daughter of Duke Władysław of Opole.

Henry VIII the Sparrow
Henry VIII (VI) the Sparrow (Polish: Henryk VIII Wróbel; c. 1357 – 14 March 1397) was Duke of Żagań–Głogów from 1368 to 1378 (as a co-ruler with his brothers), after 1378 ruler over Zielona Góra, Szprotawa, Kożuchów, Przemków and Sulechów, and after 1395 ruler over half of Głogów, Ścinawa and Bytom Odrzański. He was the second son of Henry V the Iron, Duke of Żagań–Głogów, by his wife Anna, daughter of Duke Wenceslaus of Płock. The origin of his nickname "Sparrow" (Wróbel) is unknown.
Big Gulp
Big Gulp is a line of fountain drinks owned by 7-Eleven and used at its namesake stores as well as A-Plus, Speedway, and Stripes Convenience Stores. While the name is in reference to the original 32-US-fluid-ounce (950 ml) drink, it has since expanded to include various other sizes.

Speedway (store)
Speedway is an American convenience store and fuel station chain  headquartered in Irving, Texas, with locations primarily in the Midwest, East Coast, and Southwestern regions of the United States wholly owned and operated by 7-Eleven. Speedway stations are located in 36 states, up significantly from its core seven-state region in the Midwest since 2012. Prior to 2021, Speedway LLC was a wholly owned subsidiary of the Marathon Petroleum Corporation and headquartered in Enon, Ohio. It is the largest convenience store chain in central Ohio.

On August 2, 2020, Marathon announced that Seven & i Holdings Co., Ltd. would be acquiring Speedway for $21 billion. The deal closed on May 14, 2021.
Alford plea
In United States law, an Alford plea, also called a Kennedy plea in West Virginia, an Alford guilty plea, and the Alford doctrine, is a guilty plea in criminal court, whereby a defendant in a criminal case does not admit to the criminal act and asserts innocence, but accepts imposition of a sentence.

This plea is allowed even if the evidence to be presented by the prosecution would be likely to persuade a judge or jury to find the defendant guilty beyond reasonable doubt. This can be caused by circumstantial evidence and testimony favoring the prosecution, and difficulty finding evidence and witnesses that would aid the defense.

Alford pleas are permissible in all U.S. federal and state courts except Indiana, Michigan, and New Jersey. They are not permitted in United States military courts.

Plea
In law, a plea is a defendant's response to a criminal charge. A defendant may plead guilty or not guilty. Depending on jurisdiction, additional pleas may be available, including nolo contendere (no contest), no case to answer (in the United Kingdom), or an Alford plea (in the United States).

Under common law systems, a defendant who pleads guilty will be convicted if the court                                                                                                                       accepts the plea. The court will then determine and impose a sentence. Plea bargaining involves discussions between the prosecutor and defendants to reach an agreement for a guilty plea in exchange for a more lenient punishment.

In civil law jurisdictions, a confession by the defendant is treated like any other piece of evidence. A full confession does not prevent a full trial or relieve the prosecutor from presenting a case to the court.
Hippeastreae
Hippeastreae is a tribe of plants belonging to the subfamily Amaryllidoideae of the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae). Species in this tribe are distributed in South America. Flowers are large and showy, zygomorphic, with the stamens in varying lengths, inflorescence bracts are often fused basally (along one side). The seeds are flattened, winged or D-shaped. Reported basic chromosome numbers are x= 8-13, 17, and higher. All the species in this tribe present a remarkable aesthetic interest and horticultural value.

Amaryllidoideae
Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae s.s., amaryllids) is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. The most recent APG classification, APG IV, takes a broad view of the Amaryllidaceae, which then has three subfamilies, one of which is Amaryllidoideae (the old family Amaryllidaceae), and the others are Allioideae (the old family Alliaceae) and Agapanthoideae (the old family Agapanthaceae). The subfamily consists of about seventy genera, with over eight hundred species, and a worldwide distribution.
Disulfurous acid
Disulfurous acid, metabisulfurous acid or pyrosulfurous acid is an oxoacid of sulfur with the formula H2S2O5. Its structure is HO−S(=O)2−S(=O)−OH. The salts of disulfurous acid are called disulfites or metabisulfites. Disulfurous acid is, like sulfurous acid (H2SO3), a phantom acid, which does not exist in the free state. In contrast to disulfate (S2O2−7), disulfite has two directly connected sulfur atoms. The oxidation state of the sulfur atom bonded to three oxygen atoms is +5 and its valence is 6, while that of the other sulfur is +3 and 4 respectively.

Disulfite
A disulfite, commonly known as metabisulfite or pyrosulfite, is a chemical compound containing the ion S2O2−5.  It is a colorless dianion that is primarily marketed in the form of sodium metabisulfite or potassium metabisulfite.  When dissolved in water, these salts release the hydrogensulfite HSO−3 anion. These salts act equivalently to sodium hydrogensulfite or potassium hydrogensulfite.
Crisp (dessert)
A crisp is a type of American dessert, usually consisting of a type of fruit, baked with a crispy topping, hence the name. The topping usually consists of butter, flour, oats, brown sugar and usually spices such as cinnamon and/or nutmeg. The most familiar type of crisp is apple crisp, where apples are baked with this topping. However, many other kinds of fruit can be used, such as cherries, pears, peaches, blueberries, etc.

The dessert is similar to a crumble.

Crumble
A crumble (British English) or crisp (American English) is a dessert with a crumbly cake-like topping, sometimes with oats, baked over a fruit filling. Apple and rhubarb are two popular varieties. Savoury fillings such as meat, cheese or vegetables may alternatively be used. As a dessert, crumbles are traditionally served with custard, cream, or ice cream.

An apple crumble recipe involving a simple streusel topping appeared in the Canadian Farmer's Magazine in February 1917. British chef and food writer Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall describes crumbles as a "national institution" that became popular in Britain since World War II, the topping being easier to prepare than pastry. Crumbles in varying forms are common in Britain, Ireland, and across the Commonwealth of Nations. While the dish is also found in the US, the most common variant is known as an "apple crisp" in American English.
National Register of Historic Places listings in Bradley County, Tennessee
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Bradley County, Tennessee.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Bradley County, Tennessee, United States.  Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.

There are 24 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted May 2, 2025.

Bradley County, Tennessee
Bradley County is a county located in the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2020 census, the population was 108,620, making it the thirteenth most populous county in Tennessee. Its county seat is Cleveland. It is named for Colonel Edward Bradley of Shelby County, Tennessee, who was colonel of Hale's Regiment in the American Revolution and the 15th Regiment of the Tennessee Volunteers in the War of 1812. Bradley County is included in the Cleveland, Tennessee Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Chattanooga-Cleveland-Dalton, TN-GA-AL Combined Statistical Area.
Cəngan, Neftchala
39°33′45″N 49°01′27″E﻿ / ﻿39.56250°N 49.02417°E﻿ / 39.56250; 49.02417

Cəngan (also, Dzhalyan-Sal’yany and Dzhangyan) is a village in the Neftchala Rayon of Azerbaijan.  The village forms part of the municipality of Ərəbqardaşbəyli.

Ərəbqardaşbəyli, Neftchala
Ərəbqardaşbəyli is a village and municipality (bələdiyyə) in the Neftchala Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,022. The municipality consists of the villages of Ərəbqardaşbəyli, Bala Surra, and Cəngan.
Huanggang Port
Huanggang Port (Chinese: 皇岗口岸)  is a port of entry on the border between mainland China and Hong Kong, in the Futian District of Shenzhen, Guangdong. Its counterpart in Hong Kong is the Lok Ma Chau Control Point, located in Lok Ma Chau in Hong Kong's New Territories, across the Sham Chun River from Huanggang.

Huanggang Port, close to Shenzhen city centre, is one of the five most important ports that connect the city and Hong Kong. On its west is the start of the Guangshen Expressway, which is the main thoroughfare connecting Shenzhen and Hong Kong. At present, it is both the largest comprehensive road crossings for passengers and cargo in China and one of the largest land crossings. Every day, about 20,000 vehicles pass through it. At the same time, it is also a passenger transit point. It is the second busiest in Shenzhen after Luohu Port and the third largest passenger crossing after the Gongbei Port in Zhuhai.

Lok Ma Chau Control Point
Lok Ma Chau Control Point (Chinese: 落馬洲管制站) is an immigration control point in Lok Ma Chau, Yuen Long District, New Territories, Hong Kong, which is on the border between Hong Kong and mainland China. It opened in 1989 as the third road crossing between the then British dependent territory and China. It started providing 24-hour passenger clearance in January 2003, and is still the only Hong Kong control point with Shenzhen in mainland China to do so. Its counterpart is the Huanggang Port in mainland China, across Sham Chun River and interconnected by the Lok Ma Chau Bridge.

Before reaching this point, vehicles must pass through police checkpoints along San Sham Road to Lok Ma Chau Control Point. Permits must be carried in order to pass these points and to travel to the control points.
Zhongfang County
Zhongfang County (simplified Chinese: 中方县; traditional Chinese: 中方縣; pinyin: Zhōngfāng Xiàn) is a county of Hunan Province, China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Huaihua.

Located on the west of the province, Zhongfang County is proximately to the city proper of Huaihua. The Yuan River flows through its east part south to north, Wu River runs through its west part north to south. The county is bordered to the northwest by Hecheng District, to the north by Chenxi County, to the east by Xupu County, to the south by Hongjiang City, and to the west by Zhijiang County. Zhongfang County covers an area of 1,515.4 km2 (585.1 sq mi), and as of 2015, it had a registered population of 289,054 and a resident population of 242,800. Zhongfang County has 11 towns and a township under its jurisdiction, and the county seat is Zhongfang Town (中方镇).

Zhongfang Town
Zhongfang Town (Chinese: 中方镇; pinyin: Zhōngfāng Zhèn) is a town and the county seat of Zhongfang County in Hunan, China. The town is located in the southwest of the county. It was reformed to merge with Luting'ao Township (Chinese: 炉亭坳乡), Pailou Town (Chinese: 牌楼镇) and the former Zhongfang Town on November 24, 2015. It has an area of 288.2 km2 (111.3 sq mi) with a population of 58,400 (as of 2015).  Its seat of local government is at Longjing Village (Chinese: 龙井村).
Ahmad Khomeini
Ahmad Khomeini (14 March 1946 – 17 March 1995) was an Iranian cleric and politician who was Custodian of the Mausoleum of Khomeini from 1989 until his death in 1995. A member of the Khomeini family and the second son of the first Iranian supreme leader Ruhollah Khomeini, Khomeini was the "right-hand" of his father before, during and after the Iranian Revolution, and also held key positions during his father's rule.

Khomeini family
The Khomeini family (Persian: خاندان خمینی, romanized: Khāndān-e Khomeini, IPA: [xomejˈniː]), also transliterated as Khomeyni, is an Iranian religious Shia family that migrated from Nishapur, to Kintoor in the 18th century, and then resettling back to Iran in Khomeyn in the early 19th century. They claim descent from the seventh Shiite Imam, Musa al-Kadhim, and hence are a Musawi family.
Eccleshill, Bradford
Eccleshill is an area, former village, and ward within the Bradford district, in the county of West Yorkshire, England.
The ward population of Eccleshill is 17,540, increasing at the 2011 Census to 17,945.
Eccleshill is a more or less completely residential urban area with very little open space although there is substantial open land directly to the east.

The origins of the name Eccleshill are uncertain.
At the time of the Domesday Book the area was known as Egleshill either meaning 'eagles hill'
or perhaps named after a Saxon landlord called Aikel or Eckil—alternatively it could mean Ecclesiastical Hill.

Bolton and Undercliffe
Bolton and Undercliffe is an electoral ward in the City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council, England.
The population of the ward at the 2011 Census was 16,365. Bolton and Undercliffe covers the area east of Bradford Beck, between Shipley & Wrose to the north and central Bradford to the south. It is a largely urban area.
QWERTY
QWERTY (/ˈkwɜːrti/ KWUR-tee) is a keyboard layout for Latin-script alphabets; the name comes from the order of the first six keys on the top letter row of the keyboard: QWERTY. The design evolved for the quick typing of English on typewriters.

The QWERTY design is based on a layout included on the Sholes and Glidden typewriter sold by E. Remington and Sons from 1874. The layout became popular with the success of the Remington No. 2 of 1878 and remains in widespread use as a de facto standard on computers, as of 2026. Two prominent alternatives, Dvorak and Colemak, have been developed.  In Europe, two types of modified layouts, QWERTZ and AZERTY, are used predominantly for German and French, respectively.

ChromeOS
ChromeOS (sometimes styled as chromeOS and formerly styled as Chrome OS) is a proprietary operating system designed and developed by Google. It is derived from the open-source ChromiumOS operating system (which itself is derived from Gentoo Linux), and uses the Google Chrome web browser as its principal user interface.

Google announced the project in July 2009, initially describing it as an operating system where applications and user data would reside in the cloud. ChromeOS was used primarily to run web applications. The operating system first shipped with Chromebooks in 2011. It is also offered since 2020 as an installable Linux distribution as ChromeOS Flex.

ChromeOS supports progressive web applications, Android apps from Google Play and Linux applications.

In 2025, Google announced that ChromeOS will be merged into Android as part of a project called AluminiumOS, with the new project using the Android kernel rather than the older "vanilla" Linux kernel based on Gentoo.
Directorate-General for Research and Innovation
The Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (DG RTD) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission, located in Brussels, and responsible for the European Union's research and innovation policy and coordination of research and innovation activities. Since September 2023, it is headed by Commissioner Ekaterina Zaharieva and Director-General Marc Lemaître.

Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development
The Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development, also called Framework Programmes or abbreviated FP1 to FP9, are funding programmes created by the European Union/European Commission to support and foster research in the European Research Area (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named Horizon.

The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, Horizon Europe, has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over 7 years.

The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In Horizon 2020, the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies.
Jack Cassin
John William Cassin (1 July 1915 – 3 September 1994) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Essendon in the Victorian Football League (VFL) over eleven seasons in twelve years, and served as the captain coach of the Euroa Football Club in 1948, and of the Colac Football Club from 1949 to 1951. He served with the RAAF in World War II.

1947 VFL grand final
The 1947 VFL grand final was an Australian rules football match contested between the Carlton Football Club and Essendon Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on 27 September 1947. It was the 49th annual grand final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1947 VFL season. The match, attended by 85,793 spectators, was won by Carlton by one point, marking that club's eighth VFL premiership.
The winning goal was kicked by Fred Stafford in the dying seconds of the match to give Carlton the win.