hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Problem finding
Problem finding is part of the larger problem process that includes problem shaping and problem solving. Problem finding requires intellectual vision and insight into what is missing. Problem finding plays a major role in application of creativity.

Different terms have been used for problem finding in literature including problem discovery, problem formulation, problem identification, problem construction, and problem posing.: 200  It has been studied in many fields. Mathematics and science prefer to the term problem posing.

Problem shaping
Problem shaping means revising a question so that the solution process can begin or continue.  
It is part of the larger problem process that includes problem finding and problem solving. Problem shaping (or problem framing) often involves the application of critical thinking.

Algorithmic approach to technical problems reformulation was introduced by G. S. Altshuller in ARIZ.
Hannoversche Waggonfabrik
Hannoversche Waggonfabrik AG was a German aircraft manufacturer of the World War I era. It was known as a railway rolling stock constructor until required by the German government in 1916 to start the construction of aeroplanes. The aircraft branch of the company was established at Hannover-Linden where other types were first manufactured under licence until 1916 when the Hannover type itself came on stream.

Hannover CL.III
The Hannover CL.III was a two-seat, single-bay biplane built by the Hannoversche Waggonfabrik during the First World War for the Imperial German Army's (Deutsches Heer) Imperial German Air Service (Luftstreitkräfte). It was a multi-role aircraft derived from the CL.II, used to escort reconnaissance aircraft and as a ground-attack machine. It entered service early in 1918.
Wenche Lowzow
Wenche Bryn Lowzow (27 May 1926 – 24 September 2016) was a Norwegian politician in the Conservative Party of Norway. She was a member of the Norwegian parliament as a representative from Oslo from 1977 to 1985. When same-sex civil unions were accepted by Norwegian law in 1993, Lowzow and her partner, author and activist Karen-Christine Friele, were among the first to formalize their relationship.

Lowzow died on 24 September 2016 at the age of 90.

Kim Friele
Karen-Christine Friele (née Wilhelmsen; 27 May 1935 – 22 November 2021), known as Kim Friele, was a Norwegian gay rights and human rights activist, famous for being the first gay Norwegian to publicly acknowledge and advocate for her sexuality, in June 1965. She acted as the leader for the previously secret organization Forbundet av 1948 between 1966 and 1971, and as its secretary general until 1989.
Cathcart Wason
John Cathcart Wason (17 November 1848 – 19 April 1921), generally known as Cathcart Wason, was a Scottish farmer and politician who served as a Member of Parliament in two countries: first in New Zealand and then in Scotland. He established Barrhill, a model village, and after the failure of this colonial venture, he returned to Scotland. An unusually large man (he was more than 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 m) tall), he is noted both as an innovative farmer and for having passed his time in the British House of Commons by knitting.

Rigby Wason
(Peter) Rigby Wason (1797 – 24 July 1875) was a Scottish barrister and farmer, and a Whig politician.  He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Ipswich in Suffolk from 1831 until his defeat at the 1835 general election. However, the election was declared void on petition, and he was returned to the House of Commons at the resulting by-election, holding the seat until he was defeated again at the 1837 general election.

He regained the seat at the 1841 general election, but that election was overturned on petition and he did not stand again.

Wason married Euphemia McTier.  Their children included Cathcart Wason (1848–1921), a New Zealand settler and MP who returned to Scotland and became MP for Orkney and Shetland, and Eugene Wason (1846–1927), a lawyer and Liberal MP. Peter Cathcart Wason was Eugene's grandchild.
Dalkey Island
Dalkey Island (/ˈdɔːki/ DAW-kee) (Irish: Oileán Dheilginse) is an island for which the nearby village of Dalkey is named (Irish: Oileán Dheilginse meaning "thorn island", with ey the Old Norse (Viking) version of "island").   It is an uninhabited island located in the county of Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown, about 16 kilometres (8+1⁄2 nautical miles) south of Dublin and 3 km (1+1⁄2 nmi) south of Dún Laoghaire harbour. An important site of pilgrimage for centuries, it has been known as "St Begnet's Isle" since records began. The earliest reference to "Dalkey Island" is from c. 1782. The island had a population of eight in 1841.

Dalkey
Dalkey (/ˈdɔːki/ DAW-kee; Irish: Deilginis, meaning 'thorn island') is a suburban town in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown county southeast of Dublin, Ireland. It was founded as a Viking settlement and became a port in the Middle Ages. According to chronicler John Clyn (c.1286–c.1349), it was one of the ports through which the plague entered Ireland in the mid-14th century. Dalkey lies within a townland and civil parish of the same name, in the barony of Rathdown.

One of Dublin's wealthiest districts, it has been home to writers, artists, and celebrities, including George Bernard Shaw, Jane Emily Herbert, Julius Olsson, Maeve Binchy, Robert Fisk, and Hugh Leonard.
Borghetto d'Arroscia
Borghetto d'Arroscia (Ligurian: O Borghetto d'Areuscia, locally Burghettu) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Imperia in the Italian region Liguria, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southwest of Genoa and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Imperia.

Borghetto d'Arroscia borders the following municipalities: Aquila di Arroscia, Caprauna, Casanova Lerrone, Pieve di Teco, Ranzo, and Vessalico. It gets its name from the Arroscia, a large creek flowing down from Ligurian Alps.

Ranzo
Ranzo (Ligurian: Ranso) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Imperia in the Italian region Liguria, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southwest of Genoa and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Imperia.

Ranzo borders the following municipalities: Aquila di Arroscia, Borghetto d'Arroscia, Casanova Lerrone, Nasino, and Onzo.
Ostereidet
Ostereidet is a village in Alver Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The village is located along the Osterfjorden in eastern Alver. The European route E39 highway runs through the village. Ostereidet is one of the larger settlements in eastern Alver, and it is the site of Ostereidet Church. The village of Askeland lies about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the north, near the Austfjorden.

Alver Municipality
Alver is a municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Nordhordland. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Knarvik. Other villages include Alversund, Alver, Isdalstø, Lindås, Ostereidet, Seim, Manger, Askeland, Austmarka, Bøvågen, Haugland, Sæbø, Sletta, Frekhaug, Hjartås, Holme, Io, Krossneset, Meland, and Rossland.

The 679.15-square-kilometre (262.22 sq mi) municipality is the 168th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Alver Municipality is the 37th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 30,169. The municipality's population density is 44.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (115/sq mi) and its population has increased by 8.4% over the previous 10-year period.
Country House Sunday
Country House Sunday is a British television series presented by Lynda Bellingham. In the program the actress Lynda Bellingham. along with her travel team visit some of Britain's largest and grandest stately homes. It was produced by Twofour.

The show aired on Sunday mornings on ITV at 8.25am (during the ITV Breakfast slot). The series began broadcasting on 21 April 2013 and ended on 8 September 2013, with 21 episodes being made.

Lynda Bellingham
Lynda Bellingham (/ˈbɛlɪŋəm/ BEL-in-gəm; 31 May 1948 – 19 October 2014) was an English actress, broadcaster and author. She acted in television series such as All Creatures Great and Small, Doctor Who, Second Thoughts and Faith in the Future. She was also known for her appearances as the mother in the long-running series of "Oxo Family" British TV advertisements between 1983 and 1999, and as a panellist on the ITV lunchtime chat show Loose Women between 2007 and 2011.
Airbus RACER
The Airbus RACER (Rapid and Cost-Effective Rotorcraft) is an experimental high-speed compound helicopter developed by Airbus Helicopters from the Eurocopter X³.

It was revealed at the June 2017 Paris air show, final assembly slated to start in mid-2020 for a 2021 first flight. Actual first flight was in 2024.

Cruising up to 400 km/h (216 kn), it aims for a 25% cost reduction per distance over a conventional helicopter.

Rolls-Royce Turbomeca RTM322
The Rolls-Royce Turbomeca RTM322 is a turboshaft engine currently produced by Safran Helicopter Engines. The RTM322 was originally conceived and manufactured by Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Limited, a joint venture between Rolls-Royce and Turbomeca (now Safran Helicopter Engines). The engine was designed to suit a wide range of military and commercial helicopter designs. The RTM322 can also be employed in maritime and industrial applications.

The Safran Aneto is a later development targeted for the super-medium and heavy helicopters, developed by Safran Helicopter Engines covering the 2,500 to 3,000 hp (1,900 to 2,200 kW) range.
Cytochrome c
The cytochrome complex, or cyt c, is a small hemeprotein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, where it plays a critical role in cellular respiration. 
It transfers electrons between Complexes III (Coenzyme Q – Cyt c reductase) and IV (Cyt c oxidase). Cytochrome c is highly water-soluble, unlike other cytochromes. It is capable of undergoing oxidation and reduction as its iron atom converts between the ferrous and ferric forms, but does not bind oxygen.  It also plays a major role in cell apoptosis. In humans, cytochrome c is encoded by the CYCS gene.

Cytochrome
Cytochromes are redox-active proteins containing a heme, with a central iron (Fe) atom at its core, as a cofactor. They are involved in the electron transport chain and redox catalysis. They are classified according to the type of heme and its mode of binding. Four varieties are recognized by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB), cytochromes a, cytochromes b, cytochromes c and cytochrome d.

Cytochrome function is linked to the reversible redox change from ferrous (Fe(II)) to the ferric (Fe(III)) oxidation state of the iron found in the heme core.  In addition to the classification by the IUBMB into four cytochrome classes, several additional classifications such as cytochrome o and cytochrome P450 can be found in biochemical literature.
Pelargonium capitatum
Pelargonium capitatum is one of several species (including Pelargonium graveolens) known as rose geranium or rose-scented pelargonium in English. The popular names refer to the scent of the essential oils extracted from glandular tissue, not the flowers, which have hardly any scent to speak of. Some of the species are known as kusmalva (meaning, roughly, "coastal geranium") in Afrikaans.

It is in the subgenus Pelargonium along with Pelargonium graveolens, Pelargonium tomentosum and Pelargonium crispum.

Pelargonium crispum
Pelargonium crispum (the "crisped-leaf pelargonium") is a Pelargonium species native to the Western Cape Province, South Africa. It is in the subgenus Pelargonium along with Pelargonium graveolens and Pelargonium capitatum and Pelargonium tomentosum.
The Sorceress (play)
The Witch of Botoşani or simply The Witch or The Sorceress (original Yiddish title Di Kishefmakhern) was an 1878, or possibly 1877, play by Abraham Goldfaden. Like most of Goldfaden's major works, it included music.

The play was based on popular superstition; Goldfaden would later remark, "I wrote Di kishefmakhern (The Witch) in Romania, where the populace – Jews as much as Romanians – believe strongly in witches." [Bercovici, 1998] The title role, a female character, was written to be played by a man; it was first played by Israel Grodner. The play survived into a far different era of Yiddish theater: Maurice Schwartz played it at New York City's Yiddish Art Theatre in 1925. [Adler, 1999, 107 (commentary)]

Jacob Adler made his 1878 stage debut in the role of the lover Marcus, in a production in Kherson, Ukraine, in which Israel Rosenberg played the title role. [Adler, 1999, 107]

Folksbiene
The National Yiddish Theatre Folksbiene, commonly known as NYTF, is a professional theater company in New York City which produces both Yiddish plays and plays translated into Yiddish, in a theater equipped with simultaneous superscript translation into English. The company's leadership consists of executive director Dominick Balletta and artistic director Zalmen Mlotek. The board is co-chaired by Sandra Cahn and Carol Levin.
Secret files scandal
The Fichenaffäre or Secret files scandal shook public opinion in Switzerland in 1989. That year, it was revealed that the Swiss federal authorities, as well as the cantonal police forces, had put in place a system of mass surveillance of the population.

Parliamentary Inquiry Committee in Switzerland
The Parliamentary Investigation Committee (In German, Parlamentarische Untersuchungskommission, or PUK) is a temporary committee formed by parliamentarians within Switzerland's political system. It exercises political oversight over the government, administration, or judiciary in exceptional cases of significant importance to investigate controversial incidents. After issuing its final report, the committee is dissolved. PUKs exist at the federal, cantonal, and, in some cases, municipal levels. Their findings are presented in a report. The establishment of a PUK is regulated by law at all levels.
Charles II Street
Charles II Street is a street in St James's in the City of Westminster, London.

It runs roughly west to east, starting from the middle of the east side of St James's Square, crossing Regent Street, where it becomes Waterloo Place, and ending at Haymarket. At its eastern end it is joined by St Alban's Street on its north side and the Royal Opera Arcade, which runs south to join Pall Mall.

The street, originally known as Charles Street, was built by about 1665, and the first recorded mention was in 1672. Until 1818, when it was extended to join the Haymarket, Charles Street terminated at (the former) Market Lane. Access to the Haymarket was only available via the courtyard of the Bell Inn.

The Security Service (MI5) was based at 16 Charles Street from 1916 to 1919. The road was renamed Charles II Street in 1939.

Regent Street
Regent Street is a major shopping street in the West End of London. It is named after George, the Prince Regent (later George IV) and was laid out  under the direction of the architect John Nash and the owner James Burton. It runs from Waterloo Place in St James's at the southern end, through Piccadilly Circus and Oxford Circus, to All Souls Church. From there Langham Place and Portland Place continue the route to Regent's Park.

Burton's street layout, which was completed in 1825 and was an early example of town planning in England, replaced earlier roads including Swallow Street, and has survived despite that its buildings except All Souls Church were replaced during the late 19th century. The street is known for its flagship retail stores, including Liberty, Hamleys, Jaeger and the Apple Store. The Royal Polytechnic Institution, now the University of Westminster, has been based on Regent Street since 1838.
Bagvarti
Bagmashtu (also known as Bagparti, Bagvarti, Bagbartu) is an Araratian (Urartian) goddess, and the consort or wife of the chief Urartian god Haldi. Although throughout most of Urartu Arubani is known as Khaldi's wife, at the excavation of Musasir references to "Khaldi and his wife, Bagmashtu" were found inscribed on some of the items. It is assumed that when Urartu expanded its territories to include the area Musasir, local gods were incorporated and a new pantheon was created for that region. The locality and addition of Bagmashtu are supported by the fact that her name is of Armenian origin.

Mythology portal

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Ḫaldi
Ḫaldi (d,Ḫaldi, also known as Khaldi) was one of the three chief deities of Urartu (Urarat/Ararat Kingdom) along with Teisheba and Shivini. He was a warrior god to whom the kings of Urartu would pray for victories in battle. Ḫaldi was portrayed as a man with or without wings, standing on a lion.

His principal shrine was at Ardini (Muṣaṣir). The temples dedicated to Khaldi were adorned with weapons such as swords, spears, bows and arrows, and shields hung from the walls and were sometimes known as "the house of weapons".
Katarapko Wood Camp
Katarapko Wood Camp was a World War II prisoner of war camp, located on Katarapko Island, on the River Murray near Loxton, in South Australia's Riverland. It was officially part of the Loveday Camp complex, and housed Italian prisoners of war, who were employed as wood cutters for the Allied war effort. It was similar to wood camps throughout South Australia at the time, including two others attached to the Loveday POW camps - Moorook West (Wood Camp) and Woolenook (Wood Camp).

The camp consisted of a tented compound, surrounded by barbed wire. The first Italian prisoners arrived at the camp on 3 May 1942. The camp guard was provided by members of the 25/33 Garrison Battalion, a militia unit of the Australian Army.

Cut timber was used as fuel for the power station and the pumping station at Berri.

Loveday, South Australia
Loveday is a town and locality in the Riverland region of South Australia, located east of the Moorook Game Reserve, 6 km south-west of Barmera, and 30 km north-west of Loxton. Administratively it is part of the Berri Barmera Council LGA. During World War II, it housed the largest internment camp complex in Australia, with some 5,000 detainees.
McGovern Medical School
The John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, located in the Texas Medical Center in Houston, Texas, is the graduate medical school associated with the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston). Established by the Texas Legislature in 1969 as the University of Texas Medical School at Houston, the McGovern Medical School enrolled its first class of 19 students in 1970. Today, the school annually enrolls a class size of 240 students, making it the seventh-largest medical school in the United States.

Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center
Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center is a hospital located at Texas Medical Center neighborhood in Houston, Texas. It is affiliated with the Memorial Hermann Health System.

It is the first hospital founded at the neighborhood of Texas Medical Center (and its founding predates the Texas Medical Center). Founded in 1925, it is the primary teaching hospital for McGovern Medical School (formerly The University of Texas Medical School at Houston (UTHealth Medical School)) and the flagship location of 13 hospitals in the Memorial Hermann Healthcare System. It is one of two certified Level I Trauma Centers in the greater Houston area. The Memorial Hermann Life Flight air ambulance service operates its fleet of helicopters from Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center. Pediatric care to the hospital is provided by Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital which treats infants, children, teens, and young adults age 0-21.
Battle of Pachgaon
The Battle of Pachgaon was fought on 26 January 1775 for accession to the throne of the Nagpur Kingdom in central India. Mudhoji Bhonsle killed his brother and rival Sabaji, securing the undisputed regency for Mudhoji's infant son Raghoji II. The battle ended a struggle begun when their brother, the ruler Janoji Bhonsle, died in 1772 after adopting Raghoji II as his heir.

The battle occurred six miles south of Nagpur in modern-day Maharashtra, India. The fortune of the day had declared for Sabaji, and Mudhoji was surrounded by his brother's troops. Flushed with the fight and his apparent victory, Sabaji drove his elephant against his brother's, and called on him to surrender. Mudhoji replied with a pistol shot, killing Sadhoji and gaining the undisputed regency on behalf of his infant son Raghoji II, Janoji's adopted heir, and the title of Sena Dhurandhar.

Muhammad Yusuf Gardi, a chief assassin of the Peshwa Narayanrao in 1773, fought for Mudhoji.

Kingdom of Nagpur
The Kingdom of Nagpur was a kingdom within the Maratha Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was ruled by the Maratha Bhonsle dynasty in the mid-18th century. The city of Nagpur was the capital of the state.

After the Third Anglo-Maratha War, it became a princely state of the British Empire in 1818, and was annexed to British India in 1853 becoming Nagpur Province.
Ateliers et Chantiers de France
The Ateliers et Chantiers de France (ACF, Workshops and Shipyards of France) was a major shipyard that was established in Dunkirk, France, in 1898.
The shipyard boomed in the period before World War I (1914–18), but struggled in the inter-war period. It was badly damaged during World War II (1939–45).
In the first thirty years after the war the shipyard again experienced a boom and employed up to 3,000 workers making oil tankers, and then liquid natural gas tankers.
Demand dropped off in the 1970s and 1980s.
In 1972 the shipyard became Chantiers de France-Dunkerque, and in 1983 merged with others yards to become part of Chantiers du Nord et de la Mediterranee, or Normed.
The shipyard closed in 1987.

SS Flandre (1951)
Flandre, later called Carla C, Carla Costa, and Pallas Athena, was an ocean liner and cruise ship that took passengers on transatlantic voyages and on Caribbean and Mediterranean cruises from 1952 to 1994. She was operated by the Compagnie Générale Transatlantique (CGT), Costa Cruises, and the Epirotiki Line.
Museum and Archives of North Vancouver
The Museum and Archives of North Vancouver (MONOVA) first opened in 1972, with the new and current location opening on December 4, 2021. The museum is located in the City of North Vancouver. As an institution, MONOVA includes the Archives of North Vancouver, which is located in the District of North Vancouver.

North Vancouver (city)
The City of North Vancouver is a municipality city on the North Shore of the Burrard Inlet, in British Columbia, Canada. Anchored by the downtown town centre of Lonsdale, with which its urban core is largely synonymous, it consists of the smallest and most urbanized of the communities situated north of the city of Vancouver, and is part of the Metro Vancouver regional district, though it has significant industry of its own – including shipping, chemical production, and film production. The city is served by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, British Columbia Ambulance Service, and the North Vancouver City Fire Department.
National Zoo & Aquarium
The National Zoo and Aquarium is a privately owned 19-hectare (47-acre) zoo and aquarium in the Australian capital city of Canberra. It is located in Yarralumla at the western end of Lake Burley Griffin, next to Scrivener Dam. A major expansion opened in May 2017, with 12 ha (30 acres) of open range exhibits.

Scrivener Dam
Scrivener Dam is a concrete gravity dam that impounds the Molonglo River in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. The dam creates Lake Burley Griffin, which was established for recreational and ornamental purposes. Named in honour of surveyor Charles Scrivener, the dam was officially inaugurated on 20 September 1963 (1963-09-20) and the official filling of the lake commemorated on 17 October 1964 (1964-10-17) by the Prime Minister, Robert Menzies.

The dam wall is located on Lady Denman Drive and is adjacent to the National Zoo & Aquarium and a viewing area for the official residence of the Governor-General of Australia.