hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Two-step M-estimator
Two-step M-estimators deals with M-estimation problems that require preliminary estimation to obtain the parameter of interest. Two-step M-estimation is different from usual M-estimation problem because asymptotic distribution of the second-step estimator generally depends on the first-step estimator.  Accounting for this change in asymptotic distribution is important for valid inference.

Heckman correction
The Heckman correction is a statistical technique to correct bias from non-randomly selected samples or otherwise incidentally truncated dependent variables, a pervasive issue in quantitative social sciences when using observational data. Conceptually, this is achieved by explicitly modelling the individual sampling probability of each observation (the so-called selection equation) together with the conditional expectation of the dependent variable (the so-called outcome equation). The resulting likelihood function is mathematically similar to the tobit model for censored dependent variables, a connection first drawn by James Heckman in 1974. Heckman also developed a two-step control function approach to estimate this model, which avoids the computational burden of having to estimate both equations jointly, albeit at the cost of inefficiency. Heckman received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2000 for his work in this field.
Ray McAnally
Ray McAnally (30 March 1926 – 15 June 1989) was an Irish actor. He was the recipient of three BAFTA Awards in the late 1980s: two BAFTA Film Awards for Best Supporting Actor (for The Mission in 1986 and My Left Foot in 1989), and a BAFTA Television Award for Best Actor for A Very British Coup in 1989. In 2020, he was ranked at number 34 on The Irish Times's list of Ireland's greatest film actors.

BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role
Best Actor in a Supporting Role is a British Academy Film Award presented annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) to recognise an actor who has delivered an outstanding supporting performance in a film.

The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), is a British organisation that hosts annual awards shows for film, television, children's film and television, and interactive media. Since 1968, selected actors have been awarded with the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role at an annual ceremony.

In the following lists, the titles and names in bold with a gold background are the winners and recipients respectively; those not in bold are the nominees. The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released, not the year of the ceremony, which always takes place the following year.
Flick affair
The Flick affair was a West German political scandal of the early 1980s relating to donations by the Flick company, a major German conglomerate, to various political parties, according to Flick manager Eberhard von Brauchitsch, "for the cultivation of the political landscape". Otto Graf Lambsdorff, the federal minister for economic affairs, was forced to resign in 1984 after being accused of accepting bribes from CEO Friedrich Karl Flick.

The affair was made public by the news magazine Der Spiegel, which also gave the public access to documents and files that had been confiscated from the Flick company.

Flick family
The Flick family is a wealthy German family with an industrial empire that formerly embraced holdings in companies involved in coal, steel and a minority holding in Daimler AG.

Friedrich Flick (1883–1972) was the founder of the dynasty, establishing a major industrial conglomerate during the Weimar Republic; he was found guilty at the Flick Trial, which formed part of the Nuremberg Trials. During the Second World War Flick's industrial enterprises used 48,000 forced labourers from Germany's concentration camps. Friedrich Flick was pardoned 3 years later and received a full refund of the proceeds of crime paid, from the governments.

Friedrich Christian Flick, known as Mick Flick, is an art collector and grandson of Friedrich Flick.
Free matroid
In mathematics, the free matroid over a given ground-set E is the matroid in which the independent sets are all subsets of E. It is a special case of a uniform matroid; specifically, when E has cardinality , it is the uniform matroid . The unique basis of this matroid is the ground-set itself, E. Among matroids on E, the free matroid on E has the most independent sets, the highest rank, and the fewest circuits.

Every free matroid with a ground set of size n is the graphic matroid of an n-edge forest.

Uniform matroid
In mathematics, a uniform matroid is a matroid in which the independent sets are exactly the sets containing at most r elements, for some fixed integer r. An alternative definition is that every permutation of the elements is a symmetry.
Hankel singular value
In control theory, Hankel singular values, named after Hermann Hankel, provide a measure of energy for each state in a system. They are the basis for balanced model reduction, in which high energy states are retained while low energy states are discarded. The reduced model retains the important features of the original model.

Hankel singular values are calculated as the square roots, {σi ≥ 0, i = 1,…,n}, of the eigenvalues, {λi ≥ 0, i = 1,…,n}, for the product of the controllability Gramian, WC, and the observability Gramian, WO.

Observability Gramian
In control theory, we may need to find out whether or not a system such as

is observable, where , ,  and  are, respectively, , , and  matrices.

One of the many ways one can achieve such goal is by the use of the Observability Gramian.
Neale-Wade Academy
Neale-Wade Academy (formerly Neale-Wade Community College) is a secondary school and sixth form with academy status in the market town of March, Cambridgeshire, England. As with many state schools, the current school was the product of a merger of a grammar school and a comprehensive school. The merged school has since grown to be Fenland's largest secondary school. It was designated Mathematics & Computing specialist status in 2005, and gained academy status in 2013.

The current head teacher is Graham Horn who started his role there in 2020.

March, Cambridgeshire
March is a Fenland market town and civil parish in the Isle of Ely area of Cambridgeshire, England. It was the county town of the Isle of Ely which was a separate administrative county from 1889 to 1965. The administrative centre of Fenland District Council is located in the town.

The town grew by becoming an important railway centre. Like many Fenland towns, March was once an island surrounded by marshes. It occupied the second largest "island" in the Great Level. As the land was drained, the town grew and prospered as a trading and religious centre. It was also a minor port before becoming, in more recent times, a market town and an administrative and railway centre. March is situated on the banks of the navigable old course of the River Nene, today mainly used by pleasure boats.
Océan Lock
Océan Lock is a single chamber lock on the Canal du Midi. The adjacent locks are Mediterranee Lock 5190 metres to the east and Emborrel Lock 4157 metres to the west. Ocean Lock marks the start of the summit section of the canal when travelling west to east.

It is located in the commune of Montferrand, Aude.

Mediterranee Lock
The Mediterranee Lock is a single chamber lock on the Canal du Midi. It was built around 1670, and it is 46.6km from Toulouse. The adjacent locks are the Roc Lock to the east and the Océan Lock to the west. The Mediterranee Lock marks the start of the descending section of the canal going east to west towards the Mediterranean Sea.

It is located in the town of Mas-Saintes-Puelles in the Aude department in the Occitanie region.
Chata
Chata (茶太; born November 21, 1979) is a Japanese singer who has performed theme songs for video games and anime series. She has also participated in various dōjin music circles. Her own private circle is called Usagi Kinoko.

Doujin music
Doujin music (同人音楽, dōjin ongaku), also called otokei doujin (音系同人) in Japan, is a sub-category of doujin activity. Doujin are non-official self-published Japanese works which can be based on official products or completely original creations. Such products are sold online on specialized sites, on the authors' own sites, and at conventions such as Comiket and the audio-focused M3.
Juddmonte
Juddmonte is a thoroughbred horse racing and breeding enterprise. It was founded in 1983 by Prince Khalid bin Abdullah of Saudi Arabia. Upon his death in 2021, ownership passed to members of his family.

Arrogate
Arrogate (April 11, 2013 – June 2, 2020) was a Thoroughbred racehorse.  He was notable as the all-time leading North American-based runner by earnings.

Arrogate won the 2016 Travers Stakes in a record time in his first stakes appearance. He won the Breeders' Cup Classic and was named the American Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse and World's Best Racehorse of 2016. As a four-year old, Arrogate won the 2017 Pegasus World Cup and the Dubai World Cup.

Upon returning to the United States, however, Arrogate suffered three straight defeats. He retired with a record of seven wins from eleven starts. Despite having only four stakes race wins, the large purses made him the all-time leading money earner in North America.

Arrogate was euthanized at age seven.

In 2023, Arrogate was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame.
2024 ATP Lyon Open
The 2024 ATP Lyon Open (also known as the Open Parc Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Lyon) was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 7th edition of the Lyon Open and part of the ATP Tour 250 series of the 2024 ATP Tour. It took place in the city of Lyon, France, from 18 to 25 May 2024.

2024 ATP Tour
The 2024 ATP Tour was the global elite men's professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2024 tennis season. The 2024 ATP Tour calendar comprised the Grand Slam tournaments, supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF), the ATP Finals, the ATP Masters 1000, the United Cup (organized with the WTA), the ATP 500 series and the ATP 250 series. Also included in the 2024 calendar are the Davis Cup (organised by the ITF), the Summer Olympics in Paris, Next Gen ATP Finals and Laver Cup, none of which distribute ranking points.

Jannik Sinner finished the year as world No. 1 for the first time in his career. He won eight tournaments during the season, including two majors at the Australian Open and US Open, as well as the ATP Finals. He also won three ATP Masters 1000 events.
Villa Bartolomea
Villa Bartolomea is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Verona in the Italian region Veneto, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southwest of Venice and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) southeast of Verona.

Villa Bartolomea borders the following municipalities: Castagnaro, Castelnovo Bariano, Giacciano con Baruchella, Legnago, and Terrazzo.

Legnago
Legnago (Italian pronunciation: [leɲˈɲaːɡo]; Venetian: Lenjago) is a town and comune in the Province of Verona, Veneto, northern Italy, with population (2012) of 25,439. It is located on the Adige river, about 43 kilometres (27 mi) from Verona. Its fertile land produces crops of rice, other cereals, sugar, and tobacco.
Segelsällskapet Fjord
Segelsällskapet Fjord (Danish: Segelsällskapets Fjord) is a fjord in King Christian X Land, eastern Greenland.

Administratively it lies in the Northeast Greenland National Park area. This fjord is part of the King Oscar Fjord system.

King Oscar Fjord
King Oscar Fjord (Danish: Kong Oscar Fjord; Greenlandic: Kangerluk Kong Oscar) is a fjord in East Greenland, marking the northern border of the Scoresby Land Peninsula.

It was named by A.G. Nathorst on his 1899 expedition as Konung Oscars Fjord for Oscar II, King of Sweden from 1872 to 1907 and of Norway from 1872 until 1905.
Park Avenue and State Street Historic District
Park Avenue and State Street Historic District is a national historic district located at Brockport in Monroe County, New York. The district encompasses 90 contributing buildings and 1 contributing site in a predominantly residential section of Brockport.   The district developed between about 1830 and 1930, and includes buildings in a variety of architectural styles including Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, Italianate, Queen Anne, and Colonial Revival.  Located in the district is the separately listed First Presbyterian Church.  Other notable buildings include houses dated to the 1830s and 1840s.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.

Brockport, New York
Brockport is a village in Monroe County, New York, United States. Most of the village is within the town of Sweden, with two small portions in the town of Clarkson. The population was 7,104 at the 2020 U.S. census, down from 8,366 in 2010. The name is derived from Hiel Brockway, an early settler. It is home to SUNY Brockport.

Brockport is called "the Victorian village on the Erie Canal". In 2021, the village portion of the Erie Canal was remodeled, providing a bricked walkway, a brand-new canal visitor center, and several pieces of art of historical significance.
HMS Swale (1905)
HMS Swale was a Palmer Type River Class Destroyer ordered by the Royal Navy under the 1903 – 1904 Naval Estimates.  Named after the River Swale north east of York, she was the second ship to carry this name since it was introduced in 1841 for a lighter.

River-class destroyer (1903)
The River-class destroyer (re-designated in 1913 as the E class)  was a class of torpedo boat destroyer built for the Royal Navy in the first few years of the 20th century, and which saw extensive service in World War I. These 37 vessels (33 formally ordered under three annual construction programmes, plus another three built on speculation and then purchased by the Admiralty, and a final unit building in Italy for the Portuguese Navy and purchased in 1915) were all constructed to disparate builders' designs, just like the preceding classes.

The class introduced new features to destroyer design, placing a greater emphasis on seakeeping and endurance and less on a high maximum speed in good weather. All the ships were named after British, Irish and Portuguese rivers, and as such were the first Royal Navy destroyer class to be named systematically.
Ugljevik Power Plant
The Ugljevik Power Plant (Serbian: Термоелектрана "Угљевик") is a coal-fired power plant in Ugljevik, Bosnia and Herzegovina.  It is owned and operated by Rudnik i termoelektrana Ugljevik, a subsidiary of Elektroprivreda Republike Srpske. RiTE Ugljevik is an integrated coal mining and power generating company.

Ugljevik
Ugljevik (Serbian Cyrillic: Угљевик) is a town and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013, the municipality has a population of 15,710 inhabitants, while the town of Ugljevik has a population of 4,155 inhabitants.

The municipality is located in the countryside of the eastern foothills of Mount Majevica, where the mountains start descending towards the flatlands of Semberija, to which it is tied to more than any other surrounding area. It is the home of miners and other energy resource professionals.
Slovak First Football League
The Slovak First Football League (Slovak: 1. slovenská futbalová liga), officially known as Niké liga for sponsorship reasons, is a professional association football league in Slovakia and the highest level of the Slovak football league system. It was formed in 1993 following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. The record for most titles is fifteen, held by Slovan Bratislava, who are the current title holders.

2017–18 Slovak First Football League
The 2017–18 Slovak First Football League (known as the Slovak Fortuna Liga for sponsorship reasons) was the 25th season of first-tier football league in Slovakia, since its establishment in 1993. MŠK Žilina were the defending champions, after winning their 7th Slovak championship.
John Stephen Cummins
John Stephen Cummins (March 3, 1928 – December 3, 2024) was an American Catholic prelate who served as bishop of Oakland in California from 1977 to 2003 and as an auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Sacramento in California from 1974 to 1977.

Diocese of Sacramento
The Diocese of Sacramento (Latin: Diœcesis Sacramentensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory, or diocese, of the Catholic Church in the northern California region of the United States. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of San Francisco.

The mother church of the Diocese of Sacramento is the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament in Sacramento. The diocese was established by Pope Leo XIII on May 28, 1886. The current bishop, as of 2023, is Jaime Soto.
Argentine Naval Aviation
The Argentine Naval Aviation (Spanish: Comando de la Aviación Naval Argentina, COAN) is the naval aviation branch of the Argentine Navy and one of its four operational commands. Argentina, along with Brazil is one of two South American countries to have operated two aircraft carriers.

The acronym CANA is often used in English language bibliographies, but is not correct Spanish usage.

Eurocopter Fennec
The Airbus Helicopters H125M Fennec (formerly Eurocopter AS550) and AS555 Fennec 2 are lightweight, multipurpose military helicopters manufactured by Airbus Helicopters (formerly Eurocopter Group). Based on the AS350 Ecureuil and AS355 Ecureuil 2 series, they are named after the fennec fox. The armed versions of the AS550 and AS555 can be fitted with coaxial weapons, rockets, torpedoes and various other munitions.
Federal law enforcement in the United States
The federal government of the United States empowers a wide range of federal law enforcement agencies (informally known as the "Feds") to maintain law and public order related to matters affecting the country as a whole.

While the majority of federal law enforcement employees work for the Department of Justice and Homeland Security, there are dozens of other federal law enforcement agencies under the other executive departments, as well as under the legislative and judicial branches of the federal government.

Federal agencies employ approximately 137,000 full-time personnel authorized to make arrests and/or carry firearms in the 50 states and the District of Columbia, out of the more than 800,000 law enforcement officers in the United States.

United States Secret Service
The United States Secret Service (USSS or Secret Service) is a federal law enforcement agency under the United States Department of Homeland Security. It is tasked with conducting criminal investigations and providing protection to American political leaders, their families, and visiting heads of state or government.

The Secret Service was, until 2003, part of the United States Department of the Treasury, due to their initial mandate of combating counterfeiting of United States currency. The agency has protected United States presidents and presidential candidates since 1901.
2013 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000
The 2013 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000 was an Australian touring car motor race for V8 Supercars, the twenty-ninth race of the 2013 International V8 Supercars Championship. It was held on 13 October 2013 at the Mount Panorama Circuit in Bathurst, New South Wales.

Mark Winterbottom and Steven Richards won the race for Ford Performance Racing, ahead of the pole-sitting Triple Eight Race Engineering car of Jamie Whincup and Paul Dumbrell and their team-mates Craig Lowndes and Warren Luff. The winning race time of six hours, eleven minutes and 27.9 seconds was a new record for a full 1,000-kilometre event, beating the previous record set in 2010 by 84 seconds. Along with the 2010 race, it was the second to be covered at an average speed of over 160 kilometres per hour (100 mph).

2010 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000
The 2010 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000 was a motor race for V8 Supercars. The race, which was held on Sunday, 10 October 2010 at the Mount Panorama Circuit just outside Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia was Race 18 of the 2010 V8 Supercar Championship Series. It was the fourteenth running of the Australian 1000 race, first held after the organisational split over the Bathurst 1000 that occurred in 1997. It was also the 53rd race for which the lineage can be traced back to the 1960 Armstrong 500 held at Phillip Island.
Japanese seaplane tender Notoro
Notoro (能登呂)  was an oiler of the Imperial Japanese Navy commissioned in 1920, which was rebuilt in 1924 into a seaplane tender and in 1941 back into an oiler. She participated in the First Shanghai Incident in 1932 and the Second Sino-Japanese War since 1937. In the fall of 1941, she was rebuilt back into an oiler. On 9 January and 20 September 1943, she was damaged by US Navy submarines but returned to service after repairs. On 29 June 1944, she was hit by two torpedoes launched by submarine USS Flasher. During repairs in Singapore Notoro was again damaged on 5 November 1944, this time by B-29 bombers. No further repairs were made until the end of the war and she was probably scrapped in 1947.

Yokosuka E1Y
The Yokosuka E1Y was a Japanese floatplane of the 1920s. A single-engined biplane that was designed and developed by the Yokosuka Naval Air Technical Arsenal as a reconnaissance aircraft for the Imperial Japanese Navy, 320 were built as the Type 14 Reconnaissance Seaplane, entering service in 1925 and remaining in operational service until 1932.
First Battle of Çatalca
The First Battle of Çatalca was one of the heaviest battles of the First Balkan War fought between 17 and 18 November [O.S. 4–5 November] 1912. It was initiated as an attempt of the combined Bulgarian First and Third armies, under the overall command of lieutenant general Radko Dimitriev, to defeat the Ottoman Army stationed in Çatalca and break through the last Turkish defensive line before the capital Constantinople. The high casualties however forced the Bulgarians to call off the attack.

Çatalca
Çatalca (Turkish pronunciation: [tʃaˈtaɫdʒa]) is a municipality and district of Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its area is 1142 km2, making it the largest district in Istanbul Province by area. Its population is 77,468 (2022). It is in East Thrace, on the ridge between the Marmara and the Black Sea. Most people living in Çatalca are  farmers or owners of vacation homes. Many families from Istanbul come to Çatalca for weekend hiking or picnics.
Standard American
Standard American is a  bidding system for the game of bridge widely used in North America and elsewhere. Owing to the popularization of the game by Charles Goren in the 1940s and 1950s, its early versions were sometimes referred to simply as 'Goren'.  With the addition and evolution of various treatments and conventions, it is now more generally referred to as Standard American. It is a bidding system based on five-card majors and a strong notrump; players may add conventions and refine the meanings of bids through partnership agreements summarized in their convention card. One standardised version, SAYC (Standard American Yellow Card), is widely used by casual partnerships and in online bridge.

Stayman convention
Stayman is a bidding convention in the card game contract bridge. It is used by a partnership to find a 4-4 or 5-3 trump fit in a major suit after making a one notrump (1NT) opening bid and it has been adapted for use after a 2NT opening, a 1NT overcall, and many other natural notrump bids.

The convention is named for Sam Stayman, who wrote the first published description in 1945, but its inventors were two other players: the British expert Jack Marx in 1939, who published it only in 1946, and Stayman's regular partner George Rapée in 1944.