hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken
Count Palatine Wolfgang of Zweibrücken (German: Pfalzgraf Wolfgang von Zweibrücken; 26 September 1526 – 11 June 1569) was member of the Wittelsbach family of the Counts Palatine and Duke of Zweibrücken from 1532. With the support of his regent, his uncle Rupert (later made the Count of Veldenz), Wolfgang introduced the Reformation to Zweibrücken in 1537.

House of Wittelsbach
The House of Wittelsbach (German: Haus Wittelsbach) is a former Bavarian dynasty, with branches that have ruled over territories including the Electorate of Bavaria, the Electoral Palatinate, the Electorate of Cologne, Holland, Zeeland, Sweden (with Swedish-ruled Finland), Denmark, Norway, Hungary, Bohemia, and Greece. Their ancestral lands of Bavaria and the Palatinate were prince-electorates, and the family had three of its members elected emperors and kings of the Holy Roman Empire. They ruled over the Kingdom of Bavaria which was created in 1805 and continued to exist until 1918.

The House of Windsor, the reigning royal house of the British monarchy, are descendants of Sophia of Hanover (1630–1714), a Wittelsbach Princess of the Palatinate by birth and Electress of Hanover by marriage, who had inherited the succession rights of the House of Stuart and passed them on to the House of Hanover.
Ahmadiyya Jabrayilov
Ahmadiyya Mikayil oghlu Jabrayilov (Azerbaijani: Əhmədiyyə Mikayıl oğlu Cəbrayılov, Russian: Ахмедия Микаил оглы Джебраилов; French: Akmed Michel; 22 September 1920 – 11 October 1994) was a purported French Resistance member of Azerbaijani ethnicity. The factual existence of Jabrailov is in dispute, with allegations that his official wartime biography was entirely fabricated Soviet propaganda.

Mikayil Jabrayilov
Mikayil Ahmadiyya oghlu Jabrailov (Azerbaijani: Mikayıl Əhmədiyyə oğlu Cəbrayılov; 27 April 1952 in Shaki, Azerbaijan – 15 December 1990 in Khojaly, Azerbaijan) was the National Hero of Azerbaijan, and the warrior of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.
Acyl chloride
In organic chemistry, an acyl chloride (or acid chloride) is an organic compound with the functional group −C(=O)Cl. Their formula is usually written R−COCl, where R is a side chain.  They are reactive derivatives of carboxylic acids (R−C(=O)OH).  A specific example of an acyl chloride is acetyl chloride, CH3COCl. Acyl chlorides are the most important subset of acyl halides.

Amide
In organic chemistry, an amide, also known as an organic amide or a carboxamide, is a compound with the general formula R−C(=O)−NR′R″, where R, R', and R″ represent any group, typically organyl groups or hydrogen atoms. The amide group is called a peptide bond when it is part of the main chain of a protein, and an isopeptide bond when it occurs in a side chain, as in asparagine and glutamine. It can be viewed as a derivative of a carboxylic acid (R−C(=O)−OH) with the hydroxyl group (−OH) replaced by an amino group (−NR′R″); or, equivalently, an acyl (alkanoyl) group (R−C(=O)−) joined to an amino group.

Common amides are formamide (H−C(=O)−NH2), acetamide (H3C−C(=O)−NH2), benzamide (C6H5−C(=O)−NH2), and dimethylformamide (H−C(=O)−N(−CH3)2).

Amides are qualified as primary, secondary, and tertiary according to the number of acyl groups bounded to the nitrogen atom.
Long Tuma
Long Tuma is a settlement in the Lawas division of Sarawak, Malaysia. It lies approximately 667.1 kilometres (415 mi) east-north-east of the state capital Kuching.

Neighbouring settlements include:

Long Sabuloh 3.7 kilometres (2.3 mi) south

Kampung Gaya 3.7 kilometres (2.3 mi) north

Kampung Belu 5.6 kilometres (3.5 mi) south

Lawas 5.6 kilometres (3.5 mi) north

Kampung Pangaleh 5.8 kilometres (3.6 mi) east

Kampung Lawas 5.9 kilometres (3.7 mi) north

Kampung Sitakong 5.9 kilometres (3.7 mi) north

Kampung Surabaya 8.3 kilometres (5.2 mi) northeast

Kampung Sulai 10.8 kilometres (6.7 mi) northwest

Kampung Melipat 11.1 kilometres (6.9 mi) north

Kampung Sitakong
Kampung Sitakong is a settlement in the Lawas division of Sarawak, Malaysia. It lies approximately 671.7 kilometres (417 mi) east-north-east of the state capital Kuching.

Neighbouring settlements include:

Kampung Lawas 0 kilometres (0.0 mi) north

Lawas 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi) west

Kampung Surabaya 2.6 kilometres (1.6 mi) northeast

Kampung Gaya 2.6 kilometres (1.6 mi) southwest

Kampung Pangaleh 5.2 kilometres (3.2 mi) southeast

Kampung Melipat 5.9 kilometres (3.7 mi) north

Long Tuma 5.9 kilometres (3.7 mi) south

Kampung Tagai Bangkor 7.6 kilometres (4.7 mi) north

Kampung Sulai 8.3 kilometres (5.2 mi) northwest

Punang 9.3 kilometres (5.8 mi) northwest
Pulegone
Pulegone is a naturally occurring organic compound obtained from the essential oils of a variety of plants such as Nepeta cataria (catnip), Mentha piperita, and pennyroyal. It is classified as a monoterpenoid, which means that it is an oxidized derivative of a terpene, a large class of naturally occurring C10 hydrocarbons.

Pulegone is a colorless oil with a pleasant odor similar to pennyroyal, peppermint, and camphor.  It is used in flavoring agents, in perfumery, and in aromatherapy.

Menthofuran
Menthofuran is an organic compound found in a variety of essential oils including that of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium).  It is highly toxic and believed to be the primary toxin in pennyroyal responsible for its potentially fatal effects.  After ingestion of menthofuran, it is metabolically activated to chemically reactive intermediates that are hepatotoxic.
Julie Fitzgerald
Julie Fitzgerald AM is a veteran Australian netball coach. Between 1997 and 2007, Fitzgerald served as head coach of Sydney Swifts in the Commonwealth Bank Trophy league. She guided Swifts to premierships in 2001, 2004, 2006 and 2007. Between 2008 and 2011, she served as head coach of New South Wales Swifts in the ANZ Championship. In 2008, she guided Swifts to the inaugural ANZ Championship title. Between 2014 and 2016, she guided Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic to the Finals Series every year in the ANZ Championship. Since 2017, Fitzgerald has served as head coach of Giants Netball in Suncorp Super Netball, guiding them to two grand finals and two minor championships. In 2020, Fitzgerald was made a Member of the Order of Australia.

2011 New South Wales Swifts season
The 2011 New South Wales Swifts season saw New South Wales Swifts compete in the 2011 ANZ Championship. During the regular season, Swifts finished in third place. They qualified for the playoffs but subsequently lost to Northern Mystics in the minor semi-final, finishing the season in 4th place. After fifteen seasons as Sydney Swifts/New South Wales Swifts head coach, this was the last season Julie Fitzgerald served as head coach. Following a controversial "internal review", Fitzgerald was replaced as head coach by Lisa Beehag. The review was conducted during the 2011 season. Catherine Cox and Liz Ellis publicly criticized Netball New South Wales for distracting players with the review and even alleged that it was responsible for Swifts losing the 2011 minor semi-final.
Norris Dam
Norris Dam is a hydroelectric and flood control structure located on the Clinch River in Anderson County and Campbell County, Tennessee, United States.  The dam was the first major project for the Tennessee Valley Authority, which had been created in 1933 to bring economic development to the region and control the rampant flooding that had long plagued the Tennessee Valley.  The dam was named in honor of Nebraska Senator George Norris (1861–1944), a longtime supporter of government-owned utilities in general, and of TVA in particular. The infrastructure project was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.

Norris Dam is a straight concrete gravity-type dam.  The dam is 1860 feet (570 m) long and 265 feet (81 m) high. Norris Lake, the largest reservoir on a tributary of the Tennessee River, has 33,840 acres (137 km2) of water surface and 809 miles (1302 km) of shoreline.  The dam has a maximum generating capacity of 126 megawatts.

Norris Lake
Norris Lake, also known as Norris Reservoir, is a reservoir in Tennessee, US. The lake was created by the Norris Dam at the Cove Creek Site on the Clinch River in 1936 by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) for flood control, water storage, and hydroelectric power. Norris Dam and its reservoir were the first major project taken on by the TVA. The lake, the dam, and the town of Norris, Tennessee are named for George W. Norris, who was a U.S. Senator from Nebraska and who wrote the legislation that created the TVA.
Heavy Rocks (2002 album)
Heavy Rocks  is the third studio album by Japanese band Boris, released in 2002. It is the first of three Boris albums titled Heavy Rocks, with the others released in 2011 and 2022; all feature the band exploring hard rock and heavy metal sounds.

Alternate takes of "1970" and "Wareruraido" were used for a single, while re-recordings of "Korosu" and "1970" with Michio Kurihara appear on Boris / Variations + Live in Japan. Music videos were shot for the tracks "1970" and "Korosu" and were originally viewable on FoodUnited's website. Both videos were later included on the 2003 DVD Live at Shimokitazawa Shelter.

The album was issued digitally and on vinyl for the first time in September 2023, through Third Man Records. That reissue was accompanied by an American tour in which the band played the album in its entirety.

Heavy Rocks (2022 album)
Heavy Rocks is the twenty-seventh studio album by Japanese experimental band Boris, released on 12 August 2022 by Relapse Records. It is the third Boris album of this title, with the previous ones released in 2002 and 2011; all feature the band exploring hard rock and heavy metal sounds. The band described the album as both a celebration of their 30th anniversary and as part of a continuous evolution in their music. The album was preceded by the singles "She Is Burning", "Question 1", and "My Name Is Blank".
Harper's Choice, Columbia, Maryland
Harper's Choice is one of the ten villages that comprise Columbia, Maryland, United States. It lies in the northwest part of Columbia and consists of the neighborhoods of Longfellow, Swansfield, and Hobbit's Glen and had a December 1998 population of 8,695.

Columbia, Maryland
Columbia is a planned community in Howard County, Maryland, United States, consisting of 10 self-contained villages. With a population of 104,681 at the 2020 census, it is the second-most-populous community in Maryland, after Baltimore. Columbia, located between Baltimore and Washington, D.C., is part of the Baltimore metropolitan area and is tracked by the United States Census Bureau as a census-designated place. Columbia proper consists only of territory governed by the Columbia Association, a not-for-profit management company. The United States Postal Service also uses the name for other communities that predate Columbia, including Simpsonville and Atholton; the Census Bureau also counts part of Clarksville as Columbia.

Developer James Rouse founded Columbia in 1967, aiming to create a community that would avoid the inconveniences of then-current subdivision design; eliminate racial, religious and class segregation; and reduce leapfrog and spot zoning development.
History of the Jews in Italy
The history of the Jews in Italy spans more than two thousand years to the present. The Jewish presence in Italy dates to the pre-Christian Roman period and has continued, despite periods of extreme persecution and expulsions, until the present. As of 2019, the estimated core Jewish population in Italy numbers around 45,000. In 2023, the Center for Studies of New Religions estimated the total at 36,000 while the Union of Italian Jewish Communities put the number at 27,000.

Italian racial laws
The Italian racial laws, otherwise referred to as the Racial Laws (Italian: Leggi Razziali), were a series of laws promulgated by the government of Benito Mussolini in Fascist Italy from 1938 to 1944 in order to enforce racial discrimination and segregation in the Kingdom of Italy. The main victims of the Racial Laws were Italian Jews and the African inhabitants of the Italian Empire.

In the aftermath of Mussolini's fall from power and the invasion of Italy by Nazi Germany, the Badoglio government suppressed the laws in January 1944. In northern Italy, they remained in force and were made more severe in the territories ruled by the Italian Social Republic until the end of the Second World War.
S'Argamassa Roman Fish Farm
S'Argamassa Roman Fish Farm can be found 2.8 miles (4.5 km) eastwards along the coast from the town of Santa Eulària des Riu on the Spanish island of Ibiza. It is in the municipality of Santa Eulària des Riu. The Romans built this fish farm and connecting aqueduct following their occupation of the island in 146 BC.

Santa Eulària des Riu
Santa Eulària des Riu (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈsantə əwˈlaɾiə ðəz ˈriw], Spanish: Santa Eulalia del Río) is a coastal town on the south eastern coast of the Spanish island of Ibiza. The town is located on the designated road EI-200. Santa Eulària is the third largest town on the island and also has the only river on the island which flows into the sea at the western end of the town.
Gopalganj district, India
Gopalganj district is one of the administrative districts in the Indian state of Bihar. The district headquarters is the town of Gopalganj, and the district is part of Saran Division. Major languages spoken are Hindi and Bhojpuri. Gopalganj located in west Bihar.

Saran division
Saran division is an administrative geographical unit of Bihar state of India. Chhapra is the administrative headquarters of the division.  Currently (2005), the division consists of Saran district, also called Chhapra District, Siwan district, Gopalganj district.This is the only division in Bihar, in which all the districts share a boundary with another state; Uttar Pradesh. This region was Ruled by Royal Family of Hathwa Raj.

Hathwa Raj was a zamindari in the Saran Division of Bihar belonging to Bhumihars which encompassed 1,365 villages, was inhabited by more than 391,000 people, and produced an annual rental of almost a million rupees.
M7 bayonet
The M7 bayonet (NSN 1095-00-017-9701) is a bayonet that was used by the U.S. military for the M16 rifle, it can also be used with the M4 carbine as well as many other assault rifles, carbines, and combat shotguns. It can be used as a fighting knife and utility tool. It was introduced in 1964, when the M16 rifle entered service during the Vietnam War.

Bayonet
A bayonet (from Old French bayonette, now spelt baïonnette) is a knife, dagger, sword, or spike-shaped melee weapon designed to be mounted on the end of the barrel of a rifle, carbine, musket or similar long firearm, allowing the gun to be utilized as a spear in close combat.

The term is derived from the town of Bayonne in southwestern France, where bayonets were supposedly first used by Basques in the 17th century. From the early 17th to the early 20th century, it was an infantry melee weapon used for both offensive and defensive tactics, usually when charging in mass formations (human wave attacks). In contemporary times, bayonets are considered a weapon of last resort and are rarely used in combat, although they are still used regularly for non-combat purposes such as military parades, crowd control and as utility knives.
National Register of Historic Places listings in Downtown and Midtown Detroit
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Downtown and Midtown Detroit, Michigan. It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Downtown and Midtown neighborhoods in Detroit, Michigan, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in online maps.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted September 26, 2025.

Fisher Building
The Fisher Building is a landmark office tower located at 3011 West Grand Boulevard in the heart of the New Center area of Detroit, Michigan. The ornate 30-story building, completed in 1928, is one of the major works of architect Albert Kahn, and is designed in an Art Deco style, faced with limestone, granite, and several types of marble. The Fisher family financed the building with proceeds from the sale of Fisher Body to General Motors. It was designed to house office and retail space.

The building, which contains the elaborate 2,089-seat Fisher Theatre, was designated a National Historic Landmark on June 29, 1989. It also houses the headquarters for the Detroit Public Schools and the studios of radio stations WJR, WDVD, and WUFL.
Diano Castello
Diano Castello (Ligurian: Dian Castello) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Imperia in the Italian region Liguria, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southwest of Genoa and about 5 kilometres (3 mi) northeast of Imperia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,061 and an area of 6.0 square kilometres (2.3 sq mi).

Diano Castello borders the following municipalities: Diano Arentino, Diano Marina, Diano San Pietro, Imperia, and San Bartolomeo al Mare. The hills surrounding the village are covered with olive groves and with vineyards that produce Vermentino, a white wine. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

Diano San Pietro
Diano San Pietro (Ligurian: Dian San Pê) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Imperia in the Italian region Liguria, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southwest of Genoa and about 6 kilometres (4 mi) northeast of Imperia.

Diano San Pietro borders the following municipalities: Diano Arentino, Diano Castello, San Bartolomeo al Mare, Stellanello, and Villa Faraldi.

Diano San Pietro is the setting for the books by the English writer Annie Hawes, Extra Virgin and Ripe for the Picking.
Tracheole
Tracheole (trā'kē-ōl') is a fine respiratory tube of the trachea of an insect or a spider, part of the respiratory system.

Tracheoles are about 1 μm in diameter, and they convey oxygen to cells while providing a means for carbon dioxide to escape.

Tracheoles branch from the larger tracheae (which can be several mm in diameter) much like capillaries branch from arteries, or twigs from branches of a tree.  This increases the surface area for gas exchange in the insect.  Areas of intense metabolic activity, such as the digestive tract and flight muscles, have very dense aggregations of tracheoles.

Though usually closely associated with cells, tracheoles physically penetrate only the flight muscle cells which have the highest oxygen demands.

Unlike the larger tracheae which are derived of ectodermal stem cells, tracheoles do not molt with the insect. Instead, they remain in place and fuse themselves to new tracheae at each molt by a cement they produce.

Respiratory system of insects
An insect's respiratory system is the  system with which it introduces respiratory gases to its interior and performs gas exchange.

Air enters the respiratory systems of insects through a series of external openings called spiracles. These external openings, which act as muscular valves in some insects, lead to the internal respiratory system, a densely networked array of tubes called tracheae. This network of transverse and longitudinal tracheae equalizes pressure throughout the system.

It is responsible for delivering sufficient oxygen (O2) to all cells of the body and for removing carbon dioxide (CO2) that is produced as a waste product of cellular respiration. The respiratory system of insects (and many other arthropods) is separate from the circulatory system.
Scolopia
Scolopia is an Old World genus of plants in the family Salicaceae.

Species include:

Scolopia braunii (Klotzsch) & Sleumer - an Australian rainforest tree

Scolopia buxifolia Gagnep.

Scolopia chinensis (Lour.) Clos

Scolopia crassipes Clos.

Scolopia crenata (Wight & Arn.) Clos

Scolopia erythrocarpa H. Perrier

Scolopia lucida Wall. ex Kurz

Scolopia mundii (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Warb. - a South African Afromontane forest tree

Scolopia oldhamii Hance

Scolopia oreophila Killick

Scolopia pusilla (Gaertn.) Willd.

Scolopia rhinanthera

Scolopia saeva (Hance) Hance

Scolopia schreberi J.F.Gmel.

Scolopia steenisiana Sleumer

Scolopia zeyheri (Nees) Szyszyl.

The caterpillars of the rustic (Cupha erymanthis), a brush-footed butterfly, utilize species of this genus as food plants.

Scolopia mundii
Scolopia mundii, the red pear or mountain saffron, is a tree in the family Salicaceae found in Eswatini, Lesotho, South Africa and Zimbabwe. It has dark green foliage and bright yellow or orange berries. A very adaptable species, it can be found in forests, forest edges and mountain slopes from 30-2200m in elevation. While it is not considered threatened over its entire range, it is rare and considered Critically Endangered (CR) in Zimbabwe.
Civil procedure
Civil procedure is the body of law that sets out the rules and regulations along with some standards that courts follow when adjudicating civil lawsuits (as opposed to procedures in criminal law matters). These rules govern how a lawsuit or case may be commenced; what kind of service of process (if any) is required; the types of pleadings or statements of case, motions or applications, and orders allowed in civil cases; the timing and manner of depositions and discovery or disclosure; the conduct of trials; the process for judgment; the process for post-trial procedures; various available remedies; and how the courts and clerks must function.

Service of process
Each legal jurisdiction has rules and discrete terminology regarding the appropriate procedures for serving legal documents on a person being sued or subject to legal proceedings. In the U.S. legal system, service of process is the procedure by which a party to a lawsuit gives an appropriate notice of initial legal action to another party (such as a defendant), court, or administrative body in an effort to exercise jurisdiction over that person so as to force that person to respond to the proceeding in a court, body, or other tribunal. Notice is furnished by delivering a set of court documents (called "process") to the person to be served.
Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft
Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft (often just called Germaniawerft, "Germania shipyard") was a German shipbuilding company, located in the harbour at Kiel, and one of the largest and most important builders of U-boats for the Kaiserliche Marine in World War I and the Kriegsmarine in World War II. The original company was founded in 1867 but went bankrupt and was bought out by Friedrich Krupp. Krupp was very interested in building warships and in the time before the First World War built a number of battleships for the Kaiserliche Marine, including SMS Posen, SMS Prinzregent Luitpold, SMS Kronprinz, and SMS Sachsen. A total of 84 U-boats were built in the shipyard during the war. After the war it returned to the normal production of yachts and transports.

Type II submarine
The Type II U-boat was designed by Nazi Germany as a coastal U-boat, modeled after the CV-707 submarine, which was designed by the Dutch front company NV Ingenieurskantoor voor Scheepsbouw Den Haag (I.v.S) (set up by Germany after World War I in order to maintain and develop German submarine technology and to circumvent the limitations set by the Treaty of Versailles) and built in 1933 by the Finnish Crichton-Vulcan shipyard in Turku, Finland. It was too small to undertake sustained operations far away from the home support facilities. Its primary role was found to be in the training schools, preparing new German naval officers for command. It appeared in four sub-types.