hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Causal decision theory
Causal decision theory (CDT) is a school of thought within decision theory which states that, when a rational agent is confronted with a set of possible actions, one should select the action which causes the best outcome in expectation. CDT contrasts with evidential decision theory (EDT), which recommends the action which would be indicative of the best outcome if one received the "news" that it had been taken.: 7

Newcomb's problem
In philosophy and mathematics, Newcomb's problem, also known as Newcomb's paradox, is a thought experiment involving a decision problem where a player must decide whether to take one or two boxes in conditions where a being, often called the "predictor", is able to predict his choices with near-certainty.

Newcomb's paradox was created by William Newcomb of the University of California's Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. However, it was first analyzed in a philosophy paper by Robert Nozick in 1969 and appeared in the March 1973 issue of Scientific American, in Martin Gardner's "Mathematical Games". Today it is a much debated problem in the philosophical branch of decision theory.
Valencia International Piano Competition Prize Iturbi
The Valencia International Piano Competition Prize Iturbi (also referred to as the José Iturbi International Piano Competition) is an international piano competition held in Valencia, Spain. It is named after virtuoso José Iturbi, born in Valencia. Created in 1981, it has been held ever since in the month of September and is part of the World Federation of International Music Competitions.

After four annual editions, in 1986 it became a biennial competition. In 2004 Valencia's Palau de la Música replaced the city's Teatro Principal as the competition's headquarters. In 2013 the competition was changed to a triennial periodicity. The competition consists of five rounds, as shown in the chart below. The prize has always included a cash award, recital and orchestral engagements, and a recording contract. As of 2013, the winner is awarded €18,000 in cash. On two occasions, 1982 and 1992, a First Prize was not awarded.

The Valencia Orchestra takes part in the finals.

José Iturbi
José Iturbi Báguena (Valencia, 28 November 1895 –  Los Angeles, 28 June 1980) was a conductor, pianist, harpsichordist and actor from Valencia, Spain. He also appeared in several Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer musical films including Thousands Cheer (1943), Music for Millions (1944), Anchors Aweigh (1945), That Midnight Kiss (1949), and Three Daring Daughters (1948), his only leading role.
2021 Orange Bowl (December)
The 2021 Orange Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 31, 2021, at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida. It was the 88th edition of the Orange Bowl and the second of two College Football Playoff semifinal games, the game featured two of the four teams selected by the College Football Playoff Selection Committee— The No. 2 Michigan Wolverines from the Big Ten Conference and the No. 3 Georgia Bulldogs from Southeastern Conference, with the winner of the game advancing to face the winner of the Cotton Bowl, Alabama, in the 2022 College Football Playoff National Championship, which is at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis. The game began at 7:30 p.m. EST and aired on ESPN. The game was one of the 2021–22 bowl games concluding the 2021 FBS football season. Sponsored by bank holding company Capital One, the game was officially known as the College Football Playoff Semifinal at the Capital One Orange Bowl.

2021–22 NCAA football bowl games
The 2021–22 NCAA football bowl games were a series of college football games scheduled to complete the 2021 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The main games concluded with the 2022 College Football Playoff National Championship played on January 10, 2022, while the all-star portion of the schedule concluded February 19, 2022.
Carl Ramsauer
Carl Wilhelm Ramsauer (German: [ˈʁamsaʊɐ] ⓘ; 6 February 1879 – 24 December 1955) was a German physicist known for the discovery of the Ramsauer–Townsend effect. He pioneered the field of electron and proton collisions with gas molecules.

Ernst Brüche
Ernst Carl Reinhold Brüche (28 March 1900 in Hamburg – 8 February 1985 in Mosbach) was a German physicist. From 1944 to 1972, he was the editor of the Physikalische Blätter, a publication of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.
Anthrol
Anthrols (sometimes called anthranols) are the hydroxylated derivatives of anthracene. For the monohydroxo derivatives, three isomers are possible: 1-anthrol, 2-anthrol, and 9-anthrol. The latter exists as a minor tautomer of 9-anthrone.

Anthrone
Anthrone is a tricyclic aromatic ketone. It is used for a common cellulose assay and in the colorimetric determination of carbohydrates.

Derivatives of anthrone are used in pharmacy as laxative. They stimulate the motion of the colon and reduce water reabsorption. Some anthrone derivatives can be extracted from a variety of plants, including Rhamnus frangula, Aloe ferox, Rheum officinale, and Cassia senna. Glycosides of anthrone are also found in high amounts in rhubarb leaves, and alongside concentrated amounts of oxalic acid are the reason for the leaves being inedible.
National Museum of Beirut
The National Museum of Beirut (Arabic: متحف بيروت الوطنيّ, Matḥaf Bayrūt al-waṭanī) is the principal museum of archaeology in Lebanon. The collection begun after World War I, and the museum was officially opened in 1942. The museum has collections totaling about 100,000 objects, most of which are antiquities and medieval finds from excavations undertaken by the Directorate General of Antiquities.

During the 1975 Lebanese Civil War, the museum stood on the front line that separated the  warring factions. The museum's Egyptian Revival building and its collection suffered extensive damage in the war, but most of the artifacts were saved by  last-minute preemptive measures. Today, after a major renovation, the National Museum of Beirut has regained its former position, with about 1,300 artifacts exhibited ranging in date from prehistoric times to the medieval Mamluk period.

Sidon
Sidon (/ˈsaɪdən/ SY-dən), or Saida (/ˈsaɪdə, ˈsɑːɪdə/ SY-də, SAH-id-ə; Arabic: صيدا, romanized: Ṣaydā), is the third-largest city in Lebanon. It is located on the Mediterranean coast in the South Governorate, of which it is the capital. Tyre, to the south, and the Lebanese capital of Beirut, to the north, are each about 40 kilometres (25 miles) away. Sidon has a population of about 80,000 within the city limits, while its metropolitan area has more than a quarter-million inhabitants.
Tennenbach Abbey
Tennenbach Abbey (German: Kloster Tennenbach) was a Cistercian abbey in what is now the district of Freiamt in the town of Emmendingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It was originally named Porta Coeli (Latin: 'Heaven's Gate').

It was founded around 1158 by monks from Frienisberg Abbey, a daughter house of Lucelle Abbey. Tennenbach later became a daughter house of Morimond Abbey and from 1182 of Salem Abbey. The abbot of Tennenbach was also supervisory abbot of Günterstal Abbey, a nearby nunnery, from shortly after its foundation in 1224 until around 1380.

It was dissolved in 1806 and demolished in 1829, though the abbey's hospital chapel from the second half of the 13th century survives. The abbey church was taken down and rebuilt in Freiburg im Breisgau as a parish church dedicated to Saint Louis; this was destroyed by Allied bombing in 1944 and a new parish church built to replace it.

Günterstal Abbey
Günterstal Abbey, earlier also Güntersthal Abbey (German: Kloster Günterstal or Güntersthal), was a Cistercian nunnery that existed from 1221 to 1806 located in Günterstal, which today is a district in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
Hovden, Nordland
Hovden is a fishing village in Bø Municipality in Nordland county, Norway.  The village is located at the northern tip of a peninsula on the island of Langøya, on the west side of the Malnesfjorden. The ocean lies to the north and west of the village. The road that goes to Hovden ends at the village. The habitation of Hovden, on the outermost point on a peninsula of the third-largest island in Norway (Langøya) is because of the closeness to the rich fishing banks off of the Vesterålen archipelago. Fish processing and fishing are the main employment of dwellers in Hovden.

Archaeological findings show that Hovden have been populated at least since 400 to 800 CE.

The village of Malnes lies to the south of Hovden. Malnes was the clerical center for the northern part of Bø until 1829 when Malnes Church was moved from Malnes to the village of Eidet. The name of the parish is still called Malnes.

Fishing village
A fishing village is a village, usually located near a fishing ground, with an economy based on catching fish and harvesting seafood. The continents and islands around the world have coastlines totalling around 356,000 kilometres (221,000 mi). From Neolithic times, these coastlines, as well as the shorelines of inland lakes and the banks of rivers, have been punctuated with fishing villages. Most surviving fishing villages are traditional.
Wolfenbüttel
Wolfenbüttel (German pronunciation: [ˌvɔlfn̩ˈbʏtl̩] ⓘ; Low German: Wulfenbüddel) is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, the administrative capital of Wolfenbüttel District. It is best known as the location of the internationally renowned Herzog August Library and for having the largest concentration of timber-framed buildings in Germany, around 1,000. It is an episcopal see of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Brunswick. It is also home to the Jägermeister distillery, houses a campus of the Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, and the Landesmusikakademie of Lower Saxony.

Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Julius of Brunswick-Lüneburg (also known as Julius of Braunschweig; 29 June 1528 – 3 May 1589), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1568 until his death. From 1584, he also ruled over the Principality of Calenberg. By embracing the Protestant Reformation, establishing the University of Helmstedt, and introducing a series of administrative reforms, Julius was one of the most important Brunswick dukes in the early modern era.
James H. Hyslop
James Hervey Hyslop, Ph.D., LL.D, (August 18, 1854 – June 17, 1920) was an American psychical researcher, psychologist, and professor of ethics and logic at Columbia University.  He was one of the first American psychologists to connect psychology with psychic phenomena. In 1906 he helped reorganize the American Society for Psychical Research (ASPR) in New York City and served as the secretary-treasurer for the organization until his death.

Hereward Carrington
Hereward Carrington (17 October 1880 – 26 December 1958) was an American investigator of psychic phenomena and author. His subjects included several of the most high-profile cases of apparent psychic ability of his times, and he wrote over 100 books on subjects including the paranormal and psychical research, conjuring and stage magic, and alternative medicine. Carrington promoted fruitarianism and held pseudoscientific views about dieting.
Early Cyrillic alphabet
The Early Cyrillic alphabet, also called classical Cyrillic or paleo-Cyrillic, is an alphabetic writing system that was developed in Bulgaria in the Preslav Literary School during the late 9th century. The systematization of Cyrillic may have been undertaken at the Council of Preslav in 893. It is used to write the Church Slavonic language, and was historically used for its ancestor, Old Church Slavonic.

It was also used for other languages, but between the 18th and 20th centuries was mostly replaced by the modern Cyrillic script, which is used for some Slavic languages (such as Russian), and for East European and Asian languages that have experienced a great amount of Russian cultural influence.

Cyrillic numerals
Cyrillic numerals are a numeral system derived from the Cyrillic script, developed in the First Bulgarian Empire in the late 10th century. It was used in the First Bulgarian Empire and by South and East Slavic peoples. The system was used in Russia as late as the early 18th century, when Peter the Great replaced it with Hindu-Arabic numerals as part of his civil script reform initiative. Cyrillic numbers played a role in Peter the Great's currency reform plans, too, with silver wire kopecks issued after 1696 and mechanically minted coins issued between 1700 and 1722 inscribed with the date using Cyrillic numerals. By 1725, Russian Imperial coins had transitioned to Arabic numerals. The Cyrillic numerals may still be found in books written in the Church Slavonic language.
Humber Gas Tunnel
The Humber Gas Tunnel is a natural gas-carrying pipeline that runs underneath the Humber Estuary between Paull in the East Riding of Yorkshire, and Goxhill in Lincolnshire, England. The project was started in April 2018, and the pipeline was used to transport gas for the first time in December 2020. It is designed to carry 20% of the gas used in the United Kingdom, and is a crucial feeder pipeline to carry gas to the south of England. It is the longest pipe in a tunnel in Europe, and due to being inserted into the tunnel that was deliberately flooded with water, it is the longest hydraulically inserted gas pipeline in the world.

National Transmission System
The United Kingdom's National Transmission System (NTS) is the network of gas pipelines that supply gas to about forty power stations and large industrial users from natural gas terminals situated on the coast, and to gas distribution companies that supply commercial and domestic users. It covers Great Britain, i.e. England, Wales and Scotland.
Phantom (high-speed camera brand)
Phantom is Vision Research's brand of high-speed video cameras.

The Phantom TMX 7510 is currently the company's fastest camera as of November 2022. It can record video at up to 76,000 frames per second (fps) at its maximum resolution of 1280 x 800, and can record at 1,750,000 frames per second at a resolution of 1280 x 32, or in binned mode with a resolution of 640 x 64.

The Phantom v2512, the company's fastest camera as of August 2018, can record video at over 25,000  at its full one megapixel resolution, and up to one million frames per second at a reduced resolution of 256 x 32 pixels. The Phantom v2640 records 6,600 fps at its full resolution of four megapixels, and 12,500 fps at full HD resolution.

Fox Network uses the Phantom cameras to provide slow-motion replays in live sports broadcasts.

High-speed camera
A high-speed camera is a device capable of capturing moving images with exposures of less than ⁠1/1000⁠ second, or frame rates in excess of 250 frames per second. It is used for recording fast-moving objects as photographic images onto a storage medium.  After recording, the images stored on the medium can be played back in slow motion. Early high-speed cameras used photographic film to record the high-speed events, but have been superseded by entirely electronic devices using an image sensor (e.g. a charge-coupled device (CCD) or a MOS active pixel sensor (APS)), typically recording over 1000 frames per second onto DRAM, to be played back slowly to study the motion for scientific study of transient phenomena.
Jennifer Hills
Jennifer Hills is a fictional character in the I Spit on Your Grave horror film series, portrayed by Camille Keaton in the original film and by Sarah Butler in the remake films. She appears in four out of the five I Spit on Your Grave films. She is a vigilante in the 1978 original, its 2019 sequel Deja Vu, the 2010 remake, and the sequel to the 2010 film, I Spit on Your Grave III: Vengeance Is Mine. In the films, she seeks vengeance against her rapists and other sexual predators.

I Spit on Your Grave (film series)
I Spit on Your Grave is an American rape and revenge film series that comprises two films written and directed by Meir Zarchi and three remake films, each installment following a woman who exacts revenge on each of her tormentors after four men gang rape and leave her for dead. The original 1978 film has gained a large cult following. Jennifer Hills (portrayed by Camille Keaton and Sarah Butler) is the only character to appear in every film, with the exception of the 2013 film I Spit on Your Grave 2.
2016 Trinity Bantams football team
The 2016 Trinity Bantams football team was an American football team that represented Trinity College of Hartford, Connecticut as a member of the New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC) during the 2016 NCAA Division III football season. In their 11th season under head coach Jeff Devanney, the Bantams compiled a perfect 8–0 record and won the NESCAC championship.

The 2016 season was one of several perfect seasons for the Trinity football program, including 1934, 1949, 1954, 1955, 1993, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2012, and 2022.

The team played its home games at Jessee/Miller Field in Hartford.

2008 Trinity Bantams football team
The 2008 Trinity Bantams football team was an American football team that represented Trinity College of Hartford, Connecticut as a member of the New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC) during the 2008 NCAA Division III football season. In their third season under head coach Jeff Devanney, the Bantams compiled a perfect 8–0 record and won the NESCAC championship.

The 2012 season was one of several perfect seasons for the Trinity football program, including 1934, 1949, 1954, 1955, 1993, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2012, 2016, and 2022.

The team played its home games at Jessee/Miller Field in Hartford.
Monument to Grace Darling
The Monument to Grace Darling, in the churchyard of St Aidan's Church, Bamburgh, Northumberland is a Victorian Gothic memorial. The monument was designed by Anthony Salvin, with later renovations by Frederick Wilson, C. R. Smith and W. S. Hicks. Grace Darling was born on 24 November 1815, the daughter of the lighthouseman at Longstone Lighthouse. In 1838, Darling became a national heroine when she and her father rescued nine people from the wreck of the SS Forfarshire, a ship that had run aground off Big Harcar, an island off the Northumbrian coast. Darling died of tuberculosis aged 26 in 1842, and the monument was raised some distance to the north of her grave to make it visible to passing sailors, at the west edge of the churchyard in the same year. It is a Grade II* listed structure.

Bamburgh
Bamburgh (/ˈbæmbərə/ BAM-bər-ə) is a village and civil parish on the coast of Northumberland, England. It had a population of 454 in 2001, decreasing to 414 at the 2011 census.

Bamburgh was the centre of an independent north Northumbrian territory between 867 and 954. Bamburgh Castle was built by the Normans on the site of an Anglo-Saxon fort. The Victorian era heroine Grace Darling is buried there.

The extensive beach by the village was awarded the Blue Flag rural beach award in 2005. The Bamburgh Dunes, a Site of Special Scientific Interest, stand behind the beach. Bamburgh is popular with holidaymakers and is within the Northumberland Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
School-Live!
School-Live! (Japanese: がっこうぐらし!, Hepburn: Gakkō Gurashi!; lit. "Living at School!") is a Japanese manga series written by Norimitsu Kaihō and illustrated by Sadoru Chiba. The series was serialized from May 2012 to November 2019 in the Houbunsha's Manga Time Kirara Forward magazine and is licensed in English by Yen Press.

An anime adaptation by Lerche aired between July and September 2015. A live-action film adaptation was released in January 2019.

School-Live! (film)
School-Live! (Japanese: がっこうぐらし!, Hepburn: Gakkō Gurashi!) is a 2019 Japanese horror film. It is an adaptation of the manga series of the same name by Norimitsu Kaihō and Sadoru Chiba. The film was announced in an issue of Manga Time Kirara Forward in November 2017, and it was released by Universal Pictures and Regents in Japan on January 25, 2019.

The film is directed by Issei Shibata and starred the members of the idol group Last Idol. Sentai Filmworks distributed the film in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Latin America, Nordic countries, the Netherlands, Spain and Portugal.
Fleischmanns, New York
Fleischmanns is a village within the town of Middletown in Delaware County, New York, United States. The population was 351 at the 2010 census. It is named after Charles Louis Fleischmann, a Hungarian Jewish manufacturer.

Congregation B'nai Israel Synagogue
Congregation Bnai Israel Synagogue is a Conservative synagogue located on Wagner Avenue in Fleischmanns, New York, in the United States.

The wooden building dates from the 1920s, built two years after local farmers founded the congregation. Originally an Orthodox synagogue, it has since become Conservative. It is the only synagogue in the Catskills with an exposed truss roof. In 2002, the synagogue was added to the National Register of Historic Places, after a multi-year effort by Bernard Rosenberg, the descendant of a founding member. Congregation Bnai Israel Synagogue is the only synagogue in Delaware County to be listed.
Under-19 World Floorball Championships
Under-19 World Floorball Championships is a tournament for national junior teams from member countries of the International Floorball Federation. It has been held regularly every two years since 2001 for men and since 2004 for women. Men's tournaments take place in odd-numbered years, while women's tournaments are held in even-numbered years. The tournament takes place in May.

The reigning champion and the most successful nation in both categories is Sweden, with six titles in the men's competition and eight in the women's.

The most recent Men's U19 World Floorball Championship in 2023 was hosted in Denmark, while the next edition in 2025 will be held in Switzerland. The latest Women's U19 World Floorball Championship in 2024 took place in Finland, with the next tournament scheduled for 2026 in Italy.

2025 Men's U-19 World Floorball Championships
The 2025 Men's U-19 World Floorball Championships was the 13th edition of the championship. The tournament was played in Zurich, Switzerland, and took place from 29 April to 4 May. This was the second time that Switzerland hosted the junior championship, with the first time being in 2007.

Finland won the tournament by defeating the Czech Republic in the final during overtime. It was Finland's fifth title overall. Their last victory was in 2017. In the bronze medal game, Switzerland defeated the defending champions, Sweden, in a shootout. This was only the second time in history that Sweden finished without a medal.

The entire tournament drew a record attendance of 35,290 spectators, nearly double the previous high from the last championship. The final match, with 5,321 fans, likewise significantly surpassed the previous record set in 2017.
Kerikeri
Kerikeri (Māori: [kɛɾikɛɾi]) is a town in the Bay of Islands, in the Far North District of the North Island of New Zealand. It lies at the head of Kerikeri Inlet, a northwestern arm of the Bay of Islands, where fresh water of the Kerikeri River enters the Pacific Ocean. It is sometimes called the Cradle of the Nation, as it was the site of the first permanent Christian mission station in the country, and has some of the oldest buildings in the country. It is a rapidly expanding centre of subtropical and allied horticulture.

Ngāpuhi
Ngāpuhi (also known as Ngāpuhi-Nui-Tonu or Ngā Puhi) is a Māori iwi associated with the Northland regions of New Zealand centred in the Hokianga, the Bay of Islands, and Whangārei.

According to the 2023 New Zealand census, the estimated population of Ngāpuhi is 184,470. This compares to 125,601 in 2001, 102,981 in 2006, 122,214  in 2013. and 165,201 in 2018. It is formed from 150 hapū or subtribes, with 55 marae.

Despite such diversity, the people of Ngāpuhi maintain their shared history and self-identity. Te Rūnanga ā Iwi o Ngāpuhi, based in Kaikohe, administers the iwi. The Rūnanga acts on behalf of the iwi in consultations with the New Zealand government. It also ensures the equitable distribution of benefits from the 1992 fisheries settlement with the government, and undertakes resource management and education initiatives.