hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Earl of Richmond
The now-extinct title of Earl of Richmond was created many times in the Peerage of England.  The earldom of Richmond was initially held by various Breton nobles; sometimes the holder was the Breton duke himself, including one member of the cadet branch of the French Capetian dynasty. The historical ties between the Duchy of Brittany and this English earldom were maintained ceremonially by the Breton dukes even after England ceased to recognize the Breton dukes as earls of England and those dukes rendered homage to the King of France, rather than the English crown. It was then held either by members of the English royal families of  Plantagenet and Tudor, or English nobles closely associated with the English crown. It was eventually merged into the English crown during the reign of Henry VII of England and has been recreated as a dukedom.

Honour of Richmond
The Honour of Richmond (or Richmondshire) was a feudal barony in what is now mainly North Yorkshire, England. The honour was two tiers below Yorkshire, the middle tier being the North Riding.

Before the honour was created, the land was held by Edwin, Earl of Mercia who died in 1071. The honour was granted to Count Alan Rufus (also known as Alain le Roux) by King William the Conqueror (as a gift of thanks for his services in the Conquest) sometime from after the Domesday Book of 1068 to just after the earl's death in 1071, the date is uncertain.

The honour comprised 60 knight's fees and was one of the most important fiefdoms in Norman England. According to the 14th-century Genealogia of the lords of Richmond, Alan Rufus built a stronghold in the district. The buildings were later known as Richmond Castle which is alluded to in the Domesday survey as forming a ‘castlery’.
Nenano
Phthora nenano (Medieval Greek: φθορὰ νενανῶ, also νενανὼ) is the name of one of the two "extra" modes in the Byzantine Octoechos—an eight-mode system, which was proclaimed by a synod of 792 (792). The phthorai nenano and nana were favoured by composers at the Monastery Agios Sabas, near Jerusalem, while hymnographers at the Stoudiou-Monastery obviously preferred the diatonic mele.

Genus (music)
In the musical system of ancient Greece, genus (Greek: γένος [genos], pl. γένη [genē], Latin: genus, pl. genera "type, kind") is a term used to describe certain classes of intonations of the two movable notes within a tetrachord. The tetrachordal system was inherited by the Latin medieval theory of scales and by the modal theory of Byzantine music; it may have been one source of the later theory of the jins of Arabic music. In addition, Aristoxenus (in his fragmentary treatise on rhythm) calls some patterns of rhythm "genera".
Battle of Bir Hakeim
The Battle of Bir Hakeim (Arabic pronunciation: [biʔr ħaˈkiːm] ⓘ) took place at Bir Hakeim, an oasis in the Libyan desert south and west of Tobruk, during the Battle of Gazala (26 May – 21 June 1942). The 1st Free French Brigade under Général de brigade Marie-Pierre Kœnig defended the position from 26 May – 11 June against Axis forces of Panzerarmee Afrika commanded by Generaloberst Erwin Rommel. The Panzerarmee captured Tobruk ten days later.

The delay imposed on the Axis offensive by the defence of Bir Hakeim influenced the cancellation of Operation Herkules, the Axis invasion of Malta. Rommel invaded Egypt, slowed by British delaying actions until the First Battle of El Alamein in July, where the Axis advance was stopped. Both sides used the battle for propaganda, Winston Churchill declared the Free French to be the "Fighting French".

Dimitri Amilakhvari
Prince Dimitri Zedginidze-Amilakhvari, more commonly known as Dimitri Amilakhvari (Georgian: დიმიტრი ამილახვარი, French: Dimitri Amilakvari; 31 October 1906 – 24 October 1942) was a French military officer of noble Georgian descent and Lieutenant Colonel of the French Foreign Legion. Under the nickname "Bazorka", he became an iconic figure who played an influential role in the Free French Forces fight against the Nazis in World War II.

Strategic Dialogue Format between France and Georgia bears his name.
St. Francis Xavier University
St. Francis Xavier University is a public undergraduate liberal arts university located in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada. It is a member of the Maple League, a group of primarily undergraduate universities in Eastern Canada.

Maple League
The Maple League of Universities, previously known as the U4, is an association of four universities in eastern Canada. The four member schools, Acadia University, Bishop's University, Mount Allison University, and St. Francis Xavier University, are all small, residential, primarily undergraduate liberal arts institutions.
American Woolen Company Foxcroft Mill
The American Woolen Company Foxcroft Mill or Mayo & Son Woolen Mill is a group of seven historic buildings and three structures on East Main Street in downtown Dover-Foxcroft, Maine. The district is located on 2.77 acres (1.12 ha). The Foxcroft Mill is located on the west side of the Piscataquis River, which flows through downtown Dover-Foxcroft. The buildings were built between 1844 and 1941, and have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Dover-Foxcroft, Maine
Dover-Foxcroft is the largest town in and the seat of Piscataquis County, Maine, United States. The population was 4,422 at the 2020 census. The town is located near the geographic center of the state.  It contains a census-designated place of the same name.
Mickey Arthur
John Michael Arthur (born 17 May 1968) is a South African-Australian cricket coach, commentator and former cricketer, who played in South African domestic cricket from 1986 to 2001. He has served as the head coach of the Derbyshire County Cricket Club since November 2021.

He coached the South African national team from 2005 to 2010, was the coach of the Australia national cricket team from 2010 until his sacking in June 2013 (then to be replaced by Darren Lehmann) and was the coach of the Pakistan cricket team from 2016 to 2019. During his time with Pakistan, he led the team to being the winners of the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy. In December 2019, Mickey was appointed as the new head coach of Sri Lanka by the Sri Lanka Cricket replacing interim coach Rumesh Ratnayake.

Rumesh Ratnayake
Rumesh Joseph Ratnayake (born 2 January 1964), is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in 23 Test matches and 70 One Day Internationals from 1982 to 1993. He was an interim head coach of Sri Lanka national cricket team in 2017.

Ratnayake was born in Colombo. During a career often blighted by injury, he was a strapping right arm fast-medium bowler who was capable of swinging the new ball and generating considerable pace and bounce. He spearheaded the Sri Lankan fast bowling attack in his heyday although his international career was relatively short due to being injury prone. He was also a more than useful hard-hitting lower order batsman, as Test match fifties against Pakistan and England testify. He is usually known for his appointments as interim coach of Sri Lanka national cricket teamusually in between permanent appointments. He also works as fast bowling coach being attached to the High Performance Center of Sri Lanka Cricket on a full-time basis.
Danilo Vizmanos
Captain Danilo Poblete Vizmanos, PN, Ret. (November 24, 1928 — June 23, 2008) was a Filipino activist and retired captain of the Philippine Navy. He is best known for his resistance against the Martial Law regime of former Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos. On November 30, 2016, Vizmanos' name was engraved on the Wall of Remembrance of the Bantayog ng mga Bayani, which honors the martyrs and heroes who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.

Romulo Espaldon
Romulo Mercader Espaldon (September 16, 1925 – August 27, 2005) was a Filipino politician, military officer, civil servant and diplomat. He was the first naval officer to attain the rank of Rear Admiral in the Philippine Navy. He became overall military commander in Mindanao at the height of the Muslim secessionist movement led by the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) in the mid-1970s, during which he promoted a "Policy of Attraction" which won the respect of many Muslims and led 35,411 rebels to return to the fold of law by late 1978, and over 40,000 rebels by the early 1980s.
Discovery and development of gliflozins
Gliflozins are a class of drugs in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). They act by inhibiting sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2), and are therefore also called SGLT-2 inhibitors. The efficacy of the drug is dependent on renal excretion and limits glucose from returning to blood circulation by promoting glucosuria. The mechanism of action is insulin independent.

Five drugs have been accepted by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States;  bexagliflozin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, and ertugliflozin. Canagliflozin was the first SGLT-2 inhibitor that was approved by the FDA, being accepted in March 2013. Dapagliflozin and empagliflozin were approved in 2014, ertugliflozin in 2017, and bexagliflozin in 2023.

Sodium-glucose transport proteins
Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters (or sodium-glucose linked transporter, SGLT) are a family of glucose transporter found in the intestinal mucosa (enterocytes) of the small intestine (SGLT1) and the proximal tubule of the nephron (SGLT2 in PCT and SGLT1 in PST). They contribute to renal glucose reabsorption. In the kidneys, 100% of the filtered glucose in the glomerulus has to be reabsorbed along the nephron (98% in PCT, via SGLT2). If the plasma glucose concentration is too high (hyperglycemia), glucose passes into the urine (glucosuria) because SGLT are saturated with the filtered glucose.
Andersen Island
Andersen Island is an island 7 kilometres (4 nmi) west of Thorgaut Island, and 4 kilometres (2 nmi) east of Child Rocks, in the Robinson Group, Antarctica. It was mapped by the British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition under Douglas Mawson in February 1931. The island was also charted from the whaler Thorgaut about the same time. It was named after Captain Lars Andersen of the whaler Falk who had assisted the Discovery with coal.

Thorgaut Island
Thorgaut Island is an island off Antarctica, the largest island in the northeast part of the Robinson Group, lying 7 nautical miles (13 km) northwest of Cape Daly on the coast of Antarctica, 4 nautical miles (7 km) east of Andersen Island, and 3 to 4 nautical miles (5 – 6 km) north-west of Kirton Island and Macklin Island, which are also part of the Robinson Group.

The islands were sighted in 1931 by the crew of the Norwegian whaling ships Thorgaut and Robinson. The name Robinson was applied to the group, and the name Thorgaut to its most conspicuous member.
Chanelle: Wannabe Popstar
Chanelle: Wannabe Popstar is a British reality show following former Big Brother contestant Chanelle Hayes as she attempts to become a singer and performer. The episodes follow her as she learns how to dance and improve her singing voice, hoping eventually to sign with a record company, record a song and release a video in the charts.

Wannabe (TV series)
Wannabe is a British reality and talent show with Toby Anstis and ex-Big Brother housemate Chanelle Hayes, David Laudat and Roseanne McBride. It is a search for a new girl group similar to the Spice Girls consisting of five women over 25 years old.

The Spice Girls's attorneys found out about the show and had conversations with the show's representatives. Originally called Wannabe: Spice Girls, the show was renamed to Wannabe to prevent a protracted legal dispute with the girl group.
René Yañez
René Yañez (19 September 1942 – 29 May 2018) was a Mexican-American painter, assemblage artist, performance artist, curator and community activist located in San Francisco, California. He was a well-known contributor to the arts of San Francisco and is a co-founder of Galería de la Raza, a non-profit community focused gallery that features Latino and Chicano artists and their allies. In the early 1970s, he was one of the first curators in the United States to introduce Mexico's Día de Muertos (Day of the Dead) as a contemporary focus and an important cultural celebration.

Yolanda López
Yolanda Margarita López (November 1, 1942 – September 3, 2021) was an American painter, printmaker, educator, and film producer. She was known for her Chicana feminist works focusing on the experiences of Mexican-American women, often challenging the ethnic stereotypes associated with them. Lopez was recognized for her series of paintings which re-imagined the image of the Virgen de Guadalupe. Her work is held in several public collections including the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
Jacqueline Dark
Jacqueline Lisa Dark (also Jacqueline Moran; 1967 or 1968 – 3 October 2023) was an Australian operatic mezzo-soprano who appeared mainly with Australian companies, for a while as a member of Opera Australia. She was known for her voice in leading roles, including world premieres, but also for her stage presence and "a unique sense of comic timing".

Dark was awarded a Green Room Award for performing as Donna Elvira in Mozart's Don Giovanni in 2011, and a 2013 Helpmann Awards for Herodias in  Salome, among others. Active also in music theatre and cabaret, she toured Australia and New Zealand in 2015 as Mother Abbess in The Sound of Music, and a reviewer wrote: "She embodies the firm but caring mother and her towering, glorious voice closes the first act with a stunning rendition of 'Climb Ev'ry Mountain'."

Victorian Opera (Melbourne)
Victorian Opera is an opera company based in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The company was founded in 2005 by the Victorian Government as a replacement for the Victoria State Opera. It commenced operations in January 2006 with Richard Gill as Artistic Director. Stuart Maunder is the current Artistic Director. The company is supported through government funding, patron contributions and corporate sponsorship.
United States Judo Association
The United States Judo Association is a sports association in the United States. It was formed in 1969 following a reorganization of the Armed Forces Judo Association, and is one of three national judo associations in the United States, the other two being USA Judo and the United States Judo Federation.

USA Judo
USA Judo (officially known as United States Judo, Inc.) is a non-profit organization which represents all areas of U.S. judo practitioners, including athletes, coaches, referees and others. The organization is managed by a staff of seven at the USA Judo National Office which is located at the U.S. Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Yosh Uchida became the newly elected President of US Judo Inc in 1996. Keith Bryant was the CEO/Executive Director of USA Judo as of August 2016. Mark C. Hill replaced Lance Nading as Board President in 2017.
Sulfate mineral
The sulfate minerals are a class of minerals that include the sulfate ion (SO2−4) within their structure. The sulfate minerals occur commonly in primary evaporite depositional environments, as gangue minerals in hydrothermal veins and as secondary minerals in the oxidizing zone of sulfide mineral deposits. The chromate and manganate minerals have a similar structure and are often included with the sulfates in mineral classification systems.

Sulfate minerals include:

Anhydrous sulfates
Barite BaSO4
Celestite SrSO4
Anglesite PbSO4
Anhydrite CaSO4
Hanksite Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl

Hydroxide and hydrous sulfates
Gypsum CaSO4·2H2O
Chalcanthite CuSO4·5H2O
Kieserite MgSO4·H2O
Starkeyite MgSO4·4H2O
Hexahydrite MgSO4·6H2O
Epsomite MgSO4·7H2O
Meridianiite MgSO4·11H2O
Melanterite FeSO4·7H2O
Antlerite Cu3SO4(OH)4
Brochantite Cu4SO4(OH)6
Alunite KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
Jarosite KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6
Löweite Na12Mg7(SO4)13·15H2O

Löweite
Löweite is a rare evaporite sulfate mineral with the chemical formula Na12Mg7(SO4)13·15H2O. It occurs in marine salt deposits, saline playa crusts, and occasionally as a volcanic sublimation product. The mineral crystallizes in the hexagonal–trigonal system (space group R3) and is typically colorless, though it may appear reddish-yellow due to impurities. Löweite has a vitreous luster and a Mohs hardness of 2.5–3.
Houtan station
Houtan (simplified Chinese: 后滩; traditional Chinese: 後灘; pinyin: Hòutān), formerly Pujiang Yaohua Station, is a station on Line 7 of the Shanghai Metro. It opened in April 2010, 3 months later than the rest of the stations on the line.

The station is located in Pudong New Area and was one of the stations that was a part of the Expo 2010 zone.

Line 7 (Shanghai Metro)
Line 7 is a northwest–southeast line of the Shanghai Metro network. It connects the Baoshan District of Shanghai with the downtown core as well as the Pudong New Area and the Expo 2010 site. It currently runs from Meilan Lake in Baoshan District to Huamu Road in Pudong, which is near Shanghai New International Expo Center. Qihua Road serves as a terminus for trains returning to Chentai Road Depot. The line is colored orange on system maps.
Altstätten Stadt railway station
Altstätten Stadt railway station (German: Bahnhof Altstätten Stadt) is a railway station in Altstätten, in the Swiss canton of St. Gallen. It is the eastern terminus of the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge Altstätten–Gais line and is served by local trains only.

Altstätten
Altstätten is a small historic rural town and a municipality in the district Rhine Valley, in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It is located with some secure distance of about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) west from the Alpine Rhine in the flat and wide St. Gall Rhine Valley, which also designates the border with Austria. It further gives access to the higher situated Appenzell to the west.

The official language of Altstätten is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.
Packet aggregation
In a packet-based communications network, packet aggregation is the process of joining multiple packets together into a single transmission unit, in order to reduce the overhead associated with each transmission.

Packet aggregation is useful in situations where each transmission unit may have significant overhead (preambles, headers, cyclic redundancy check, etc.) or where the expected packet size is small compared to the maximum amount of information that can be transmitted.

In a communication system based on a layered OSI model, packet aggregation may be responsible for joining multiple MSDUs into a single MPDU that can be delivered to the physical layer as a single unit for transmission.

The ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides a way to create a high-speed (up to 1 Gigabit/s) Local area network using existing home wiring (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables), is an example of a protocol that employs packet aggregation to increase efficiency.

Protocol data unit
In telecommunications, a protocol data unit (PDU) is a single unit of information transmitted among peer entities of a computer network. It is composed of protocol-specific control information and user data. In the layered architectures of communication protocol stacks, each layer implements protocols tailored to the specific type or mode of data exchange.

For example, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) implements a connection-oriented transfer mode, and the PDU of this protocol is called a segment, while the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) uses datagrams as protocol data units for connectionless communication. A layer lower in the Internet protocol suite, at the Internet layer, the PDU is called a packet, irrespective of its payload type.
Debub Bench
6°50′N 35°30′E﻿ / ﻿6.83°N 35.5°E﻿ / 6.83; 35.5

Debub Bench is one of the woredas in the South West Ethiopia Peoples' Region of Ethiopia. It is named for the Bench people. Part of the Bench Maji Zone, Debub Bench is bordered on the south by Meinit Shasha, on the west by Guraferda, on the north by Sheko, on the northeast by Semien Bench, on the east by She Bench, and on the southeast by Meinit Goldiya. Town of Mizan Aman is surrounded by Debub Bench. Debub Bench is part of former Bench woreda.

Rivers in Debub Bench include the Akobo, which has its source in this woreda.

She Bench
SheyBench is one of the woredas in the South West Ethiopia Peoples' Region of Ethiopia. It is named after the subgroup of Bench people. Part of the Bench Maji Zone, She Bench is bordered on the east and south by Meinit Goldiya, on the west by Debub Bench, on the northwest by Semien Bench, and on the north by the Keffa Zone. Shey Bench is part of former Bench woreda. The capital town of Shey Bench woreda is Siz-ሲዝ.
Sengkang
Sengkang (locally /ˈseɪŋkɑːŋ/, Chinese: 盛港, Tamil: செங்காங்) is a planning area and residential town located in the North-East Region of Singapore. The town is the second-most populous in the region, being home to 249,370 residents in 2020. Sengkang shares boundaries with Seletar and Punggol in the north, Pasir Ris and Paya Lebar in the east, Hougang and Serangoon to the south, as well as Yishun and Ang Mo Kio to the west.

Originally a fishing village, Sengkang was rapidly developed by the Housing and Development Board (HDB) into a mature housing estate.

Fernvale, Singapore
Fernvale is a neighbourhood of Sengkang New Town in Singapore. It is located between Sungei Punggol and the proposed Sengkang West Industrial Estate. The house numbers of the public apartment blocks in Fernvale begin with the number '4' (4xx). Fernvale is the newest neighbourhood in Sengkang Town to be completed by the Housing and Development Board (HDB). Seletar Mall, a new shopping amenity which houses Sengkang's first cineplex, is located within this neighbourhood. In 2017, a proposed community facility to be located next to Seletar Mall was announced, which houses a community club, childcare centre, hawker centre and wet market. The community facility which was slated to be ready by the second half of 2020, had stopped construction in April 2020 due to the COVID-19 measures set by the government. Construction of the facility has since continued in the second half of 2020 and was completed in 2022.
1st arrondissement of Porto-Novo
The 1st arrondissement is an arrondissement in the Ouémé department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Porto-Novo. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 33,830.

The district Akron is the more historical location from Benin to be lived by humans.

Arrondissements of Benin
Arrondissements are administrative units of Benin, after departments and communes. In turn they contain villages and may often have several quartiers or city districts/urban neighborhoods. There are currently 545 arrondissements.

The arrondissements, ordered by department and commune, are as follows:
Hanin Tamim
Hanin Maher Tamim (Arabic: حنين ماهر تميم; born 5 April 2000) is a Lebanese former footballer who played as a forward. She played 21 games for the Lebanon national team between 2018 and 2024, scoring eight goals.

2019 WAFF Women's Championship
The 2019 WAFF Women's Championship was the sixth edition of the WAFF Women's Championship, the international women's football championship of Western Asia organised by the West Asian Football Federation (WAFF). It was held in Bahrain from 7 January to 15 January 2019. The tournament was won by Jordan for the fourth time, and Bahrain became the first host nation to not win the WAFF Women's Championship.