hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gmina Piątnica
Gmina Piątnica is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Łomża County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Piątnica, which lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) north-east of Łomża and 72 km (45 mi) west of the regional capital Białystok.

The gmina covers an area of 218.69 square kilometres (84.4 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 10,642 (10,787 in 2011).

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Łomża Landscape Park.

Łomża Landscape Park
Łomża Landscape Park of the Narew Valley (Polish: Łomżyński Park Krajobrazowy Doliny Narwi) is a protected area (Landscape Park) in north-eastern Poland, on the banks of the Narew river, close to the town of Łomża, to the south-east.
Akrar (Skagafjörður)
Akrar is a cluster of farms at the base of Akrafjall mountain in the Blönduhlíð district of Skagafjörður, Iceland. There are four farms, located in close proximity, collectively named Akratorfa: Minni-Akrar, Stóru-Akrar, Höskuldsstaðir, and Miðhús. Akrar includes the Akradalur valley, which goes far into the mountains east of Blönduhlíð.

The lögréttumaður Eggert Jónsson had a residence in Akrar, but his son Jón Eggertsson managed the abbey in Möðruvellir. There used to be a ferry landing on the Héraðsvötn at Akrar, and by 1930, it was the last cable ferry.

Blönduhlíð
Blönduhlíð is a district in Iceland in eastern Skagafjörður that lies along the Héraðsvötn river. It spans the area from the Bóluá river in the south of Blönduhlíð and the Kyrfisá river to the north.

Brekknapláss is the outermost part of Blönduhlíð in Skagafjöur, from the Þverá to the Kyrfisá river. There are a few farms there, such as Þverá, the birthplace of the priest Jón Steingrímsson—known as the "fire-and-brimstone" preacher—which is in the southernmost part of Blönduhlíð. Syðri-Brekkur, a little further south, is where prime minister Hermann Jónasson was from and where there is a monument in his honor. Hermann was the father of Steingrímur Hermansson, who also served as Iceland's prime minister.
METRORapid University Line
The University Line is a planned 25 mi (40 km) bus rapid transit route that would be operated by Metro in Houston, Texas, United States. It replaces a former METRORail light rail line that was proposed in the 2000s and 2010s. The University Line is scheduled to begin construction in 2025 and would be built in five sections between Westchase Park and Ride, Uptown, the University of Houston, and Tidwell Transit Center.

The name of the line is in reference to the fact that the line is planned to go through all of the main universities in Houston (Rice, University of St. Thomas, University of Houston, and Texas Southern).

METRORail
METRORail is the 22.7-mile (36.5 km) light rail system in Houston, Texas (United States). In 2025, the system had a ridership of 13,456,400, or about 41,900 per weekday as of the fourth quarter of 2025. METRORail ranks as the second most-traveled light rail system in the Southern United States and the 10th most-traveled light rail system in the United States, and has the highest ridership per mile for light rail systems in the Southern US. METRORail is operated by the Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County (METRO).
Pete Vonachen
Harold Albert "Pete" Vonachen, Jr. (August 31, 1925 – June 10, 2013) was an American businessman and Minor league baseball team owner. Born in Peoria, Illinois, he was often dubbed "Peoria's Mr. Baseball, although this was usually only done for press consumption.

Shea Stadium (Peoria, Illinois)
Shea Stadium is a soccer stadium in Peoria, Illinois, less than a mile north of Bradley University and just to the west of the USDA National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research.  Converted from a baseball stadium to soccer in 2003, it is owned and operated by Bradley University as home of the Bradley Braves men's and women's soccer teams.
Grenville M. Dodge House
The Grenville M. Dodge House is a historic house museum in Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States. This Second Empire mansion, built in 1869, was the home of Grenville M. Dodge (1831-1916), a Union Army general, politician, and a major figure in the development of the railroads across the American West. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961 for its association with Dodge; in 2005 it was included as a contributing property in the Willow-Bluff-3rd Street Historic District. It is now owned by the city of Council Bluffs and is open for tours.

Grenville M. Dodge
Grenville Mellen Dodge (April 12, 1831  – January 3, 1916) was a Union Army general on the frontier and a pioneering figure in military intelligence during the Civil War, who served as Ulysses S. Grant's intelligence chief in the Western Theater. He served in several notable assignments, including command of the XVI Corps during the Atlanta campaign.

He later commanded troops against Native Americans and served as a US Congressman, businessman, and railroad executive who helped direct the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad. Historian Stanley P. Hirshon suggested that Dodge, "by virtue of the range of his abilities and activities," could be considered "more important in the national life after the Civil War than his more famous colleagues and friends, Grant, Sherman, and Sheridan."
Arlington County v. White
Arlington County v. White, 528 S.E.2d 706 (Va. 2000), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of Virginia that prohibited the local government of Arlington County from expanding its employee health insurance benefits beyond spouses or financial dependents.  Although the issue was resolved as a question of local government power and statutory interpretation, the ruling was a setback for gay rights activists who had long sought benefits for domestic partners and who were prohibited from marrying under the state constitution.  The partial dissent by Justice Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr. accused the County of using the health care expansion as a disguised attempt to legitimize same sex unions and argued that the state public policy against homosexual unions should have dictated the outcome rather than the narrower statutory interpretation relied upon by the majority.

John Forrest Dillon
John Forrest Dillon (December 25, 1831 – May 6, 1914) was an American attorney in Iowa and New York, a justice of the Iowa Supreme Court and a United States circuit judge of the United States Circuit Court for the Eighth Circuit. He authored a highly influential treatise on the power of states over municipal governments.
Diocese of Honolulu
The Diocese of Honolulu (Latin: Diœcesis Honoluluensis) is a Catholic diocese for the state of Hawaii in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of San Francisco. The mother church is the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace in Honolulu. The bishop is Clarence Silva.

Archdiocese of San Francisco
The Archdiocese of San Francisco (Latin: Archdiœcesis Sancti Francisci; Spanish: Arquidiócesis de San Francisco) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in the northern California region of the United States. The Archdiocese of San Francisco was erected on July 29, 1853, by Pope Pius IX. Its cathedral is the Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption.
Sørli Municipality
Sørli is a former municipality in the old Nord-Trøndelag county in Norway. The 1,431-square-kilometre (553 sq mi) municipality existed from 1915 until its dissolution in 1964. The area is now the southern part of Lierne Municipality in Trøndelag county. The administrative centre of the municipality was the village of Mebygda.

Prior to its dissolution in 1964, the 1,431-square-kilometre (553 sq mi) municipality was the 51st largest by area out of the 689 municipalities in Norway. Sørli Municipality was the 625th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of about 908. The municipality's population density was 0.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (1.6/sq mi) and its population had decreased by 0.5% over the previous 10-year period.

Mebygda
Mebygda is a village in Lierne Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The village is located on the southeast shore of the lake Lenglingen. It is located only 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) west of the border with Sweden and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of the municipal centre of Sandvika. The village was the administrative centre of the old Sørli Municipality which existed from 1915 until its dissolution in 1964. And is currently the inofficial centre of Lierne's southern district, ecompassing the local kindergarten, school (1st to 10th grade), grocery store and post office. Mebygda lies 5 km east of the village Devika, where the Sørli church is located.
Bengoechea Hotel
The Bengoechea Hotel was founded in 1910 by Jose Bengoechea. The building is a focal point of Basque American culture in Mountain Home, Idaho. The Bengochea Hotel and its surrounding area are known as "The Bengoechea Block". In June 2007 the building was sold to Mirazim Shakoori who plans on restoring the building to its original condition for the 100th anniversary in 2010.

Basque Americans
Basque Americans (Basque: Euskal estatubatuarrak, Spanish: Vascos estadounidenses) are Americans of Basque descent. According to the 2000 US census, there are 57,793 Americans of full or partial Basque descent.
Archdiocese of Dubuque
The Archdiocese of Dubuque (Latin: Archidiœcesis Dubuquensis) is an archdiocese of the Catholic Church in the northeastern quarter of the state of Iowa in the United States. Erected in 1837, the dioces was elevated to an archdiocese in 1893. It is a metropolitan archdiocese with three suffragan dioceses.

John Hennessy (bishop)
John Hennessy (August 20, 1825 – March 4, 1900) was a 19th-century Irish-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States. He served as bishop and then as the first archbishop of the Archdiocese of Dubuque in Iowa from 1866 to 1900.
Tuyet Nguyet
Tuyet Nguyet ("Snow Moon") is the Vietnamese publisher, editor and founder of Arts of Asia magazine which has been published continuously since 1970. Nguyet conceived of the magazine after her brother was killed in the Vietnam War in 1969.

Arts of Asia
Arts of Asia, founded in 1970, is an international magazine of Asian arts and antiques, and has the largest circulation of any Asian art magazine. It is published four times a year, and is distributed to 90 countries. It offers reading about Asian art and culture, and provides collectors and scholars of the field with a research resource, as well as information about industry trends.
Churchill (snow cone)
Churchill is a very popular snow cone from Costa Rica.

The first Churchills were served in the city of Puntarenas. According to tradition, in the 1940s there was a local businessman named Joaquín Agüilar Ezquivel, aka "Quinico", who used to go to the Paseo de los Turistas; there he purchased a snow cone with different ingredients. Ice cream sellers considered those ingredients very exotic, so they decided to name the combination "Churchill", because Mr Quinico looked like the British politician Sir Winston Churchill.

Puntarenas
Puntarenas (Spanish pronunciation: [puntaˈɾenas]) is a city in the Puntarenas Province, on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. As the seat of the Municipality of Puntarenas canton, it is awarded the title of city, which comprises the Puntarenas, Chacarita and El Roble districts. As the city of the first canton of the province, it is the capital city of the Puntarenas Province as well, according to the Administrative divisions of Costa Rica.
Speaking of Jane Roberts
Speaking of Jane Roberts is a biography of author Jane Roberts written by Susan M. Watkins. It was published on August 21, 2006. Roberts is known for such works as the Seth Material and The Oversoul Seven Trilogy.

Jane Roberts
Dorothy Jane Roberts (May 8, 1929 – September 5, 1984) was an American author and poet, who claimed to be psychic and a spirit medium channeling a personality who called himself "Seth."  Her publication of the Seth texts, known as the Seth Material, established her as one of the preeminent figures in the world of paranormal phenomena.
Oscott (ward)
Oscott is a ward in the northwest of Birmingham, England, within the formal district of Perry Barr.

The Ward is centred on the area known as Old Oscott, originally just "Oscott", and should not be confused with nearby New Oscott. It includes the former Booths Farm sand quarry, Aldridge Road Recreation Ground, and Kingstanding Circle. The ward borders the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall and areas such as Perry Beeches and Queslett. Parts fall within Great Barr.

The nearest library serving the ward is Kingstanding Library.

Great Barr
Great Barr is a large and loosely defined area to the north-west of Birmingham, in the county of the West Midlands, England. The area was historically in Staffordshire, and the parts now in Birmingham were once known as Perry Barr, which is still the name of an adjacent Birmingham district. Other parts still known as Great Barr are now in the Metropolitan Boroughs of Walsall and Sandwell.

"Barr" means "hill", and the name refers to nearby Barr Beacon. The name Barr Magna is used on some old maps. Others show it as "Gt. Barr".
Juniata Township, Adams County, Nebraska
Juniata Township is one of sixteen townships in Adams County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 957 at the 2020 census.

The village of Juniata lies within the township.  The ZIP Code for Juniata Township is 68955.

Adams County, Nebraska
Adams County is a county located in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2020 census, the population was 31,205, and was estimated to be 31,196 in 2024, The county seat and the largest city is Hastings.

Adams County comprises the Hastings, NE Micropolitan Statistical Area.

In the Nebraska license plate system, Adams County was represented by the prefix "14" (as it had the 14th-largest number of vehicles registered in the state when the license plate system was established in 1922).
Laser power scaling
Power scaling of a laser is increasing its output power without changing the geometry, shape, or principle of operation. Power scalability is considered an important advantage in a laser design. This means it can increase power without changing outside features.

Usually, power scaling requires a more powerful pump source, stronger cooling, and an increase in size. It may also require reduction of the background loss in the laser resonator and, in particular, in the gain medium.

Disk laser
A disk laser or active mirror (Fig.1) is a type of diode pumped solid-state laser characterized by a heat sink and laser output that are realized on opposite sides of a thin layer of active gain medium. Despite their name, disk lasers do not have to be circular; other shapes have also been tried. The thickness of the disk is considerably smaller than the laser beam diameter. Initially, this laser cavity configuration had been proposed and realized experimentally for thin slice semiconductor lasers.

The disk laser concepts allow very high average and peak powers due to its large area, leading to moderate power densities on the active material.
Nawada district
Nawada district is one of the thirty-eight districts of the Indian state of Bihar. Nawada is its administrative headquarters. The district is the easternmost district of the Magadh division, one of the nine administrative divisions of Bihar. The area of the modern district was historically part of the Magadha, Shunga and Gupta empires. Koderma and Giridih districts of the state of Jharkhand lie on the southern border of the district; it also shares borders with the Gaya, Nalanda, Sheikhpura, and Jamui districts of Bihar.

Magadh division
Magadh division is an administrative geographical unit of Bihar state of India. Gaya is the administrative headquarters of the division.  Currently (2005), the division consists Gaya district, Nawada district, Aurangabad district, Jehanabad district, and Arwal district. The current divisional commissioner is Prem Singh Meena, an IAS officer of batch 2000 of Bihar cadre. Magadh is home to the Magahi culture. People speak Magahi language here.
Las Cabezas de San Juan (Puerto Rico)
Las Cabezas de San Juan (Spanish for 'the San Juan capes' or 'headlands'), officially Cabo San Juan (Cape San Juan in English), is a coastal area and nature reserve located in the northeastern corner of the main island of Puerto Rico, particularly in the Cabezas barrio of the municipality of Fajardo. The reserve is famous for its biodiversity, with its bioluminescent lagoon (Laguna Grande, one of the three year-round bioluminescent bodies of water in the territory and one of seven in the Caribbean), its coral reefs, and its subtropical dry and mangrove forests, and for its history, particularly for its lighthouse and its role during the Puerto Rico campaign of the Spanish–American War.

Fajardo, Puerto Rico
Fajardo (Spanish pronunciation: [faˈxaɾðo]) is a town and a municipality part of the San Juan-Caguas-Fajardo Combined Statistical Area in Puerto Rico.

Fajardo is the hub of much of the recreational boating in Puerto Rico and a popular launching port to Culebra, Vieques, and the U.S. and British Virgin Islands. It is also home to the largest marina in the Caribbean, called Puerto del Rey. The town contains various hotels and inns.

Offshore, near Fajardo, a few islets can be found. These are Icacos, Isla Palomino, Palominito, and Diablo, among other uninhabited coral islands and barrier reefs.
Enugu (city)
Enugu (/eɪˈnuːɡuː/ ⓘ ay-NOO-goo; Igbo: Enụgwụ) is the capital city of Enugu State in Nigeria. The city had a population of 876,000 (2024 estimate) spread across the three LGAs of Enugu East, Enugu North and Enugu South, according to the 2022 Nigerian census.

Aba, Nigeria
Aba is a city in southeastern Nigeria. It lies along the west bank of the Aba River and is at the intersection of roads leading to cities such as Port Harcourt, Owerri, Umuahia, Ikot Ekpene, and Ikot-Abasi.

Aba was established by the Ngwa clan of the Igbo people in Nigeria as a market town. Later, a military post was placed there by the British colonial administration in 1901. The city became a collection point for agricultural products following construction of a British-made railway running through it to Port Harcourt. Aba is a major urban settlement and commercial centre in Abia State, which is surrounded by small villages and towns. The indigenous people of Aba are the Ngwa. Aba is well known for its craftsmen, and as of 2016, Aba had an estimated population of 2,534,265, making it the biggest city in southeastern Nigeria.
Wheelus Air Base
Wheelus Air Base was a United States Air Force base located in British-occupied Libya and the Kingdom of Libya from 1943 to 1970.  Wheelus Air Base was originally built by the Italian Royal Air Force in 1923 and was known as Mellaha Air Base.

At one time Wheelus AB was the largest US military facility outside the US. It had an area of 52 km2 (20 sq mi) on the coast of Tripoli. It had a beach club, the largest military hospital outside the US, a multiplex cinema, a bowling alley and a high school for 500 students. The base had a radio and TV station, a shopping mall and fast food outlets. At its height, over 15,000 military personnel and their dependents lived at the base.

Today the facility is known as Mitiga International Airport.

58th Rescue Squadron
The 58th Rescue Squadron was one of five active-duty squadrons under the command of the 563rd Rescue Group at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona but located at Operating Site Alpha, Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada. The squadron was inactivated on June 18, 2025, at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada..
Guaraguao
Guaraguao (Barrio Guaraguao) is one of the 31 barrios in the municipality of Ponce, Puerto Rico. Along with Anón,  Coto Laurel, Marueño, Quebrada Limón, Real, and San Patricio, and the coastal barrios of Canas and  Capitanejo, Guaraguao is one of the municipality's nine bordering barrios. It borders the municipalities of Adjuntas and Peñuelas. The name of this barrio is of native Taino Indian origin. It was created in 1878. Barrio Guaraguao is one of three Ponce barrios (the others are Barrio Anón and Barrio San Patricio) located on the Cordillera Central mountain range.

Real, Ponce, Puerto Rico
Real is one of the 31 barrios of the municipality of Ponce, Puerto Rico. Along with Anón, Coto Laurel, Guaraguao, Quebrada Limón, Marueño, and San Patricio, and the coastal barrios of Canas and  Capitanejo, Real is one of the municipality's nine bordering barrios. It borders the municipality of Juana Diaz. It was founded in 1878.
Trailer (computing)
In information technology, a trailer or footer refers to supplemental data (metadata) placed at the end of a block of data being stored or transmitted, which may contain information for the handling of the data block, or simply mark the block's end.

In data transmission, the data following the end of the header and preceding the start of the trailer is called the payload or body.

It is vital that trailer composition follow a clear and unambiguous specification or format, to allow for parsing. If a trailer is not removed properly, or part of the payload is removed thinking it is a trailer, it can cause confusion.

The trailer contains information concerning the destination of a packet being sent over a network. So for instance, in the case of emails, the destination of the email is contained in the trailer.

Header (computing)
In information technology, header is supplemental data placed at the beginning of a block of data being stored or transmitted. In data transmission, the data following the header is sometimes called the payload or body.

It is vital that header composition follows a clear and unambiguous specification or format, to allow for parsing.
Communist Refoundation Party
The Communist Refoundation Party (Italian: Partito della Rifondazione Comunista, abbr. PRC) is a communist political party in Italy that emerged from a split of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) in 1991. The party's secretary is Maurizio Acerbo, who replaced Paolo Ferrero in 2017. Armando Cossutta was the party's founder, while Fausto Bertinotti its longest-serving leader (1994–2008). The latter transformed the PRC from a traditional communist party into a collection of radical social movements.

The PRC is a member of the Party of the European Left (PEL), of which Bertinotti was the inaugural president in 2004. The PRC has not been represented in the Italian Parliament since 2008, but had a member of the European Parliament, Eleonora Forenza, who sat with the European United Left–Nordic Green Left (GUE/NGL) group in 2014–2019.

The Left – The Rainbow
The Left – The Rainbow (Italian: La Sinistra – L'Arcobaleno, SA), frequently referred as Rainbow Left (Italian: Sinistra Arcobaleno), was a left-wing federation of parties in Italy that participated in the 2008 general election.
Random Hand
Random Hand is a British punk band, formed in Keighley in 2002.  Their sound combines a variety of genres, including ska, reggae, punk rock, metal, hip hop and dub. The band is typically associated with the punk subculture, due to their ethics and sociopolitical lyrical content.

Sonic Boom Six
Sonic Boom Six (often shortened to SB6) are an English five-piece band from Manchester, United Kingdom. Their eclectic sound combines different elements of several genres and has been described by Kerrang! as "taking ska, pop, grime, dubstep, punk and metal apart, then rebuilding them as a hyperactive hybrid". Their lyrics tend to focus on social commentary with a live show known for "clashing activism and good times". The band's influences include Bad Brains, Public Enemy, The Fugees, The Specials, The Streets, and The Clash.