hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Flare
A flare is a type of pyrotechnic that produces a bright light or intense heat without an explosion. Flares are used for distress signaling, illumination, or defensive countermeasures in civilian and military applications. Flares may be ground pyrotechnics, projectile pyrotechnics, or parachute-suspended to provide maximum illumination time over a large area. Projectile pyrotechnics may be dropped from aircraft, fired from rocket or artillery, or deployed by flare guns or handheld percussive tubes.

Martha Coston
Martha Jane Coston (December 12, 1826 – July 9, 1904) was an American inventor and businesswoman who invented the Coston flare, a device for signaling at sea, and the owner of the Coston Manufacturing Company.
Suffix
In linguistics, a suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns and adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs.

Suffixes can carry grammatical information (inflectional endings) or lexical information (derivational/lexical suffixes). Inflection changes the grammatical properties of a word within its syntactic category. Derivational suffixes fall into two categories: class-changing derivation and class-maintaining derivation.

Particularly in the study of Semitic languages, suffixes are called affirmatives, as they can alter the form of the words. In Indo-European studies, a distinction is made between suffixes and endings (see Proto-Indo-European root).

A word-final segment that is somewhere between a free morpheme and a bound morpheme is known as a suffixoid or a semi-suffix (e.g., English -like or German -freundlich "friendly").

Grammatical number
In linguistics, grammatical number is a feature of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one", "two" or "three or more"). English and many other languages present number categories of singular or plural. Some languages also have a dual, trial and paucal number or other arrangements.

The word "number" is also used in linguistics to describe the distinction between certain grammatical aspects that indicate the number of times an event occurs, such as the semelfactive aspect, the iterative aspect, etc. For that use of the term, see "Grammatical aspect".
2011 Dublin West by-election
A by-election was held in the Dáil Éireann constituency of Dublin West in Ireland on Thursday, 27 October 2011, following the death of Fianna Fáil TD and former Minister for Finance Brian Lenihan Jnr on 10 June 2011. The 2011 Irish presidential election and two constitutional referendums were held on the same day.

Patrick Nulty of the Labour Party was elected after a prolonged count.

2011 Irish constitutional referendums
Two constitutional referendums were held simultaneously in Ireland on 27 October 2011, each on a proposed amendment of the Constitution of Ireland. The proposed amendments are on judicial salaries pay cuts, and to provide additional powers to Oireachtas committees.

They were held on the same day as the 2011 presidential election and a Dáil by-election in Dublin West. An application to prevent both referendums from going ahead was refused by the Supreme Court on 26 October 2011. The Irish Council for Civil Liberties said the information provided to voters in advance of polling in the two constitutional referendums was "tardy and inadequate".
Post Telecom
LuxGSM S.A., now known as POST, is a Luxembourgish mobile phone network operator.  It has 250,000 subscribers, making it the largest network in Luxembourg. From 2004 until 2009, LuxGSM was the national partner of Vodafone, and its customers had access to Vodafone's network whilst roaming. However, the agreement ended in early 2009, with Tango replacing LuxGSM as the partner network for Luxembourg of Vodafone.

It is 100% owned by P&TLuxembourg, a government-owned corporation that provides mail and telecommunication services.

LuxGSM competes with Tango, Orange Luxembourg (formerly VOX mobile) and Join Experience.

On September 30, 2013, P&TLuxembourg and LuxGSM merged into a single brand, POST Luxembourg. The LUXGSM network was therefore renamed POST.

Vodafone
Vodafone Group Public Limited Company (/ˈvoʊdəfoʊn/) is a British multinational telecommunications company. Its registered office and global headquarters are in Newbury, Berkshire, England. It predominantly operates services in Asia, Africa, Europe, and Oceania.

As of January 2025, Vodafone owns and operates networks in 15 countries, with partner networks in 46 further countries.

Vodafone has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. The company has a secondary listing on the NASDAQ as American depositary receipts (ADRs).
BBC Essex
BBC Essex is the BBC's local radio station serving the county of Essex.

It broadcasts on FM, DAB, digital TV and via BBC Sounds from studios on New London Road in Chelmsford.

According to RAJAR, the station has a weekly audience of 136,000 listeners as of May 2025.

BBC Local Radio
BBC Local Radio (also referred to as Local BBC Radio) is the BBC's local and regional radio division for England and the Channel Islands, consisting of 39 stations.

As of December 2024, the network broadcasts to a combined audience of 7.1 million, with a listening share of 4.6%, according to RAJAR.

BBC Local Radio does not operate in Northern Ireland, Scotland or Wales, which instead have their own national stations.
Appleby Jazz Festival
The Appleby Jazz Festival was a jazz festival held annually in Appleby-in-Westmorland and organized by Neil Ferber: the first edition was in 1989 with a concert by the Stan Tracey Quartet and the last one was in 2007.

Appleby-in-Westmorland
Appleby-in-Westmorland is a market town and civil parish in Westmorland and Furness, Cumbria, England, with a population of 3,048 at the 2011 Census. Crossed by the River Eden, Appleby is the county town of the historic county of Westmorland. It was known just as Appleby until 1974–1976, when the council of the successor parish to the borough changed it to retain the name Westmorland, which was abolished as an administrative area under the Local Government Act 1972, before being revived as Westmorland and Furness in 2023. It lies 14 miles (23 km) south-east of Penrith, 32 miles (51 km) south-east of Carlisle, 27 miles (43 km) north-east of Kendal and 45 miles (72 km) west of Darlington.
Alejandrina Cox incident
The Alejandrina Cox incident (Spanish: Incidente Alejandrina Cox) was a political scandal in Chile that took place on 27 June 1973, involving General Carlos Prats, then Minister of the Interior and commander-in-chief of the Chilean Army. During a traffic altercation in Santiago, Prats fired his weapon at a civilian vehicle, mistakenly believing the driver—Alejandrina Cox, a woman with short hair—to be a man mocking him. The incident caused public outrage and media frenzy, leading to a severe blow to Prats' credibility and authority within the military. Though he briefly regained prestige by quelling a failed coup two days later, the scandal ultimately forced his resignation in August 1973. He was replaced by General Augusto Pinochet, removing the last institutional barrier to the military coup that overthrew President Salvador Allende on 11 September 1973.

Carlos Prats
Carlos Prats González (Spanish: [ˈkaɾlos ˈpɾats]; February 24, 1915 – September 30, 1974) was a Chilean Army officer and politician. He served as a minister in Salvador Allende's government while Commander-in-chief of the Chilean Army. He resigned in August 1973 amid growing national discontent. Immediately after General Augusto Pinochet's September 11, 1973 coup, Prats went into voluntary exile in Argentina. The following year, he and his wife, Sofía Cuthbert, were assassinated in Buenos Aires by a car bomb planted by the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional.
Truman State University Press
Truman State University Press (also known as TSU Press) was a university press associated with Truman State University, located in Kirksville, Missouri. Truman State University Press, which was established in 1986 as "Thomas Jefferson University Press", began to phase out its operations in 2017; it officially closed in 2021.

During its time in operation, the press published the Peter Martyr Vermigli Library (now published by the Davenant Institute) and the Early Modern Studies series (now published by Penn State University Press). Until its closure, the Truman State University Press was a member of the Association of University Presses.

Truman State University
Truman State University (TSU or Truman) is a public liberal arts university in Kirksville, Missouri, United States. It had 3,664 enrolled students in the fall of 2024 pursuing degrees in 55 undergraduate and twelve graduate programs.

The university is named for U.S. President Harry Truman, who was a Missouri native. From 1972 until 1996, the school was known as Northeast Missouri State University.
Cyclo-cross Maasmechelen
The Cyclo-cross Maasmechelen race, sometimes called Cyclocross Maasmechelen  or Wereldbeker Maasmechelen is a cyclo-cross race held in Maasmechelen, in the Province of Limburg in Belgium. The race has been held since 2022 and has been  part of the UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup since then. The race is held in Hoge Kempen National Park on the location of the former coal mines of Eisden. The course has some steep down ramps and a longer off-camber section.

Part of the course runs alongside large mirrors belonging to the Ecotron Lab of Hasselt University.

Hoge Kempen National Park
Hoge Kempen National Park (Nationaal Park Hoge Kempen) is the first National Park in Flanders, Belgium. It is located in the Campine in the East of the Province of Limburg, between Genk and the river Meuse (Dutch: Maas) Valley. It includes the elevated ground that defines the watershed between that river and the low ground of the drainage basin of the river Demer that covers most of Belgian Limburg.
Besate
Besate (Milanese: Besàa) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) southwest of Milan.

Besate borders the following municipalities: Morimondo, Vigevano, Casorate Primo, and Motta Visconti.

Casorate Primo
Casorate Primo (Milanese dialect of Western Lombard: Casurà) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of Milan and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of Pavia.

Casorate Primo borders the following municipalities: Besate, Bubbiano, Calvignasco, Morimondo, Motta Visconti, Trovo, Vernate. It also borders the Province of Milan.
John Steell
Sir John Robert Steell RSA (Aberdeen 18 September 1804 – 15 September 1891) was a Scottish sculptor. He modelled many of the leading figures of Scottish history and culture, and is best known for a number of sculptures displayed in Edinburgh, including the statue of Sir Walter Scott at the base of the Scott Monument.

Edinburgh City Chambers
Edinburgh City Chambers in Edinburgh, Scotland, is the meeting place of the City of Edinburgh Council and its predecessors, Edinburgh Corporation and Edinburgh District Council. It is a Category A listed building.
Syringa × persica
Syringa × persica, the Persian lilac, is a  hybrid, thought to originate from a cross of  Syringa × laciniata and S. afghanica. More compact than common lilacs, it grows up to 4–8 feet (1.2–2.4 m) and spreads about 5–10 ft (1.5–3.0 m). Persian lilac prefers warmer winter climates (hardiness zones 5–9) than many species of lilac. Its hybrid with Syringa vulgaris, the common lilac, is Syringa × chinensis, sometimes called Rouen lilac.

This is a different plant than Melia azedarach, also sometimes called Persian lilac.

Syringa vulgaris
Syringa vulgaris, the lilac or common lilac, is a species of flowering plant in the olive family, Oleaceae. Native to the Balkan Peninsula, it is widely cultivated for its scented flowers in Europe (particularly the north and west) and North America.
Walthourville, Georgia
Walthourville (/ˈwɔːltaʊərvɪl/) is a city in Liberty County, Georgia, United States. When it was incorporated in 1974, it had a government entirely composed of women; and in 1978 it elected Carrie Kent, the first African-American woman mayor in Georgia history. Walthourville is a part of the Hinesville-Fort Stewart metropolitan statistical area (MSA). The population was 3,680 at the 2020 Census.

Liberty County, Georgia
Liberty County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population is 65,256. The county seat is Hinesville.

Liberty County is part of the Hinesville, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Savannah metropolitan area.
Archaeal transcription factor B
Archaeal transcription factor B (ATFB or TFB) is a protein family of extrinsic transcription factors that guide the initiation of RNA transcription in organisms that fall under the domain of Archaea. It is homologous to eukaryotic TFIIB and, more distantly, to bacterial sigma factor. Like these proteins, it is involved in forming transcription preinitiation complexes. Its structure includes several conserved motifs which interact with DNA and other transcription factors, notably the single type of RNA polymerase that performs transcription in Archaea.

Transcription preinitiation complex
The preinitiation complex (abbreviated PIC) is a complex of approximately 100 proteins that is necessary for the transcription of protein-coding genes in eukaryotes and archaea.  The preinitiation complex positions RNA polymerase II (Pol II) at gene transcription start sites, denatures the DNA, and positions the DNA in the RNA polymerase II active site for transcription.

The minimal PIC includes RNA polymerase II and six general transcription factors: TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH. Additional regulatory complexes (such as the mediator coactivator and chromatin remodeling complexes) may also be components of the PIC.

Preinitiation complexes are also formed during RNA Polymerase I and RNA Polymerase III transcription.
Baika Women's University
Baika Women's University (梅花女子大学, Baika joshi daigaku) is a private women's college in Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan. The predecessor of the school was founded in 1878 by educator Poro Sawayama. It was chartered as a junior women's college in 1950 and became a four-year college in 1964.

Ibaraki, Osaka
Ibaraki (茨木市, Ibaraki-shi) is a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan.  As of 31 March 2023, the city had an estimated population of 285,224 in 132,300 households and a population density of 3,700 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 76.49 square kilometres (29.53 sq mi). It is a suburban city of Osaka City and a part of the Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe metropolitan area.
Rural Municipality of Prince Albert No. 461
The Rural Municipality of Prince Albert No. 461 (2016 population: 3,562) is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 15 and SARM Division No. 5. The RM lies between the North Saskatchewan River and the South Saskatchewan River, and is located south of Prince Albert.

Division No. 15, Saskatchewan
Division No. 15 is one of eighteen census divisions in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada, as defined by Statistics Canada. It is located in the north-central part of the province. The most populous community in this division is Prince Albert.
Chernobyl (Hasidic dynasty)
Chernobyl (Yiddish: טשערנאָביל) is a Hasidic dynasty which was founded by Grand Rabbi Menachem Nachum Twersky, known by his work as the Meor Einayim. The dynasty is named after the northern Ukrainian city of Chernobyl, where Rabbi Nachum was the maggid (lit. '[communal] preacher'). The lineage continues to exist, although not always with the name Chernobyl. Several rebbes are named Chernobyl. The central court is in Bnei Brak, headed by Rabbi Menachem Nachum Twersky.

"Chernobyl dynasty" is also used as a general term for the sects of the descendants of Rabbi Mordechai of Chernobyl; the dynasties of Chernobyl, Skver, Trisk, Rachmastrivka, Hornosteipel, and the past dynasty of Machnovka. It is similar to the Belz, Makarov and Shpikov dynasties and their offshoots.

Machnovka (Hasidic dynasty)
Machnovka (various spellings) is a Hasidic dynasty Chernobyl dynastic group of families.

It takes its name from the village Makhnivka in Ukraine, where its founder lived. Machnovka is an extant Hasidic group which survived the Holocaust. Its Hasidic court is now located in Bnei Brak, Israel.

Machnovka is also a sub-dynasty of Skver. It is a living legacy of the unique culture of the Polish and Ukrainian Jews and their Hasidic dynasties.
Lwów dialect
The Lwów dialect (Polish: gwara lwowska, Yiddish: לעמבערג דיאלעקט) is a subdialect (gwara) of the Polish language characteristic of the inhabitants of the then Polish city of Lviv (Polish: Lwów, Yiddish: לעמבעריק), now in Ukraine. Based on the substratum of the Lesser Polish dialect, it was heavily influenced by borrowings (mostly lexical) from other languages spoken in Galicia, notably Ukrainian (Ruthenian), German and Yiddish.

One of the peculiarities of the Lwów dialect was its popularity. Unlike many other Polish dialects, it was seen by its speakers as neither inferior to standard Polish nor denoting people of humble origin. That caused it to be used both by common people and university professors alike. It was also one of the first Polish dialects to be properly classified and to have a dictionary published. Despite that, the best known form of the Lwów dialect was the bałak, a sociolect of the lower class (batiars), street hooligans and youngsters.

Batiar
Batiar (Polish: batiar, baciar; Ukrainian: батяр, romanized: batiar), a popular name for a certain class of inhabitants of city of Lviv. It is considered a part of the city's subculture, Lviv's knajpa lifestyle, and became a phenomenon at the beginning of the twentieth century, although its roots go back to the mid-nineteenth century when Lviv was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It declined after the Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland and its annexation to the Soviet Union as part of the Ukrainian SSR in 1939 and again in 1945. The Soviet authorities expelled most of the Polish inhabitants and suppressed the local Polish culture. However, the use of the term continued, and it is a popular term of endearment in today's Lviv. Since 2008 Lviv has celebrated "International Batiar Day", started by the "Dik-Art" company in cooperation with the Lviv City Council.
Jathika Hela Urumaya
The Jathika Hela Urumaya (abbrv. JHU; Sinhala: ජාතික හෙළ උරුමය; Tamil: ஜாதிக்க ஹெல உறுமய), less commonly known by its English name the National Heritage Party, is a Sinhala Buddhist nationalist political party in Sri Lanka. The JHU was launched in February 2004 by the lay-based, Sinhalese nationalist political party Sihala Urumaya.

Founding members include Kolonnawe Sumangala Thera, Uduwe Dhammaloka Thera, Ellawala Medhananda Thera, Omalpe Sobhitha Thera, Athuraliye Rathana Thera and Thilak Karunaratne. Some Sri Lankan Buddhists, including the All Island Clergy Organisation, denounced the monks' entrance into politics. The party mainly drew support from middle class conservatives and Buddhist youth.

United National Party
The United National Party (UNP; Sinhala: එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය, romanized: Eksath Jāthika Pakshaya, Tamil: ஐக்கிய தேசியக் கட்சி, romanized: Aikkiya Tēciyak Kaṭci) is a centre-right political party in Sri Lanka. Founded in 1946, the party was one of Sri Lanka's two main parties for several decades, serving as either the country's ruling party or as part of its governing coalition for several periods of the country's independent history. After suffering a major split in the lead-up to the 2020 parliamentary elections, the UNP saw a collapse in parliament, with the party only winning one national list seat and losing all its votes to the new Samagi Jana Balawegaya alliance. Currently, the UNP is a notable third party in Sri Lankan politics.

The UNP has been led by former president Ranil Wickremesinghe since 1994. The party is a member of the International Democracy Union.
Mezzani
Mezzani (Parmigiano: Amzan or Mzan, IPA: [(a)mˈzaŋ]) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Parma in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) northwest of Bologna and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) northeast of Parma. The principal centres of the municipality are Casale, Mezzano Rondani, Mezzano Inferiore, Mezzano Superiore, whereas Bocca d’Enza, Ghiare Bonvisi, Valle are only hamlets.
Mezzani borders the following municipalities: Brescello, Casalmaggiore, Colorno, Parma, Sorbolo, Torrile, Viadana.

Torrile
Torrile (Parmigiano: Toril) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Parma in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) northwest of Bologna and about 13 kilometres (8 mi) north of Parma.

Torrile borders the following municipalities: Colorno, Mezzani, Parma, Sissa Trecasali.
Pilot (Nikita)
"Pilot" is the series premiere of the American television series Nikita. It premiered in the United States on The CW on September 9, 2010. The episode was written by series creator Craig Silverstein and directed by Danny Cannon.

This episode introduces the series' main characters and the motivation behind the title character Nikita's mission to bring down a secret agency in the government called Division. "Pilot" received mostly positive reviews from television critics. It was watched by 3.6 million viewers and earned a 1.9 rating for women 18–34, matching the CW's highest rating ever in the Thursday 9:00pm timeslot and drawing the largest audience that the CW had had in over a year and a half.

Nikita (TV series)
Nikita is an American action thriller drama television series that aired on the CW from September 9, 2010, to December 27, 2013, in the United States. The series is an adaptation of Luc Besson's French film La Femme Nikita, the second such adaptation after the 1997 Canadian TV series La Femme Nikita.

The series focuses on Nikita (Maggie Q), a woman who escaped from a secret government-funded organization known as  "Division" and, after a three-year hiding period, is back to bring down the organization. The main cast in various seasons features Q, Lyndsy Fonseca, Shane West, Aaron Stanford, Melinda Clarke, Xander Berkeley, Noah Bean, Tiffany Hines, Ashton Holmes, Dillon Casey, and Devon Sawa.
Buelliastrum
Buelliastrum is a fungal genus of uncertain familial and ordinal placement in the class Lecanoromycetes. The genus was circumscribed by the lichenologist Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1930 to contain two little-known species found in China. He did not indicate a type species for the genus. In his work Lichenes. Übersicht über sämtliche bisher aus China bekannten Flechten ('Lichens. An overview on all hitherto known lichens from China'), Zahlbruckner described more than 280 new taxa, mostly collected from the greater Tibetan region of North Yunnan and South west Sichuan.

Lecanoromycetes
Lecanoromycetes is the largest class of lichenized fungi. It belongs to the subphylum Pezizomycotina in the phylum Ascomycota. The asci (spore-bearing cells) of the Lecanoromycetes most often release spores by rostrate dehiscence.

The group is monophyletic (composed only of all the descendants of a common ancestor).
PFC Lokomotiv Tashkent
PFC Lokomotiv Tashkent (Uzbek: Профессионал футбол Клуби Локомотив Тошкент) is an Uzbek professional football club based in Tashkent.

The owner and main sponsor of the club is the state-owned Uzbek Railways.

2017 Uzbek League
The 2017 Uzbek League (Футбол бўйича 2017-йилги Ўзбекистон Суперлигаси) was the 26th season of top-level football in Uzbekistan since 1992. Lokomotiv Tashkent were the defending champions from the 2016 campaign.