hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Flocculation
In colloidal chemistry, flocculation is a process by which colloidal particles come out of suspension to sediment in the form of  floc or flake, either spontaneously or due to the addition of a clarifying agent. The action differs from precipitation in that, prior to flocculation, colloids are merely suspended, under the form of a stable dispersion (where the internal phase (solid) is dispersed throughout the external phase (fluid) through mechanical agitation) and are not truly dissolved in solution.

Coagulation and flocculation are important processes in fermentation and water treatment with coagulation aimed to destabilize and aggregate particles through chemical interactions between the coagulant and colloids, and flocculation to sediment the destabilized particles by causing their aggregation into floc.

Iron(III) chloride
Iron(III) chloride describes the inorganic compounds with the formula FeCl3(H2O)x. Also called ferric chloride, these compounds are some of the most important and commonplace compounds of iron.  They are available both in anhydrous and in hydrated forms, which are both hygroscopic. They feature iron in its +3 oxidation state. The anhydrous derivative is a Lewis acid, while all forms are mild oxidizing agents. It is used as a water cleaner and as an etchant for metals.
Deadstar (mixtape)
Deadstar is the debut commercial mixtape by American rapper Smokepurpp. It was released on September 29, 2017, by Alamo Records and Interscope Records. The mixtape features guest appearances from frequent collaborator Lil Pump, alongside Chief Keef, Yo Gotti, Juicy J, Travis Scott, and DRAM.

It was supported by five singles – "Audi.", "Different Color Molly", "To the Moon", "OK", and "Bless Yo Trap". In December 2019, a sequel to the mixtape was released, Deadstar 2.

Deadstar 2
Deadstar 2 is the debut studio album by American rapper Smokepurpp. It was released on December 13, 2019, by Alamo Records and Interscope Records.

The album features guest appearances from frequent collaborator Lil Pump, as well as Denzel Curry, Ty Dolla Sign, Lil Skies, Moneybagg Yo, and Trippie Redd. Smokepurpp describes it as his "best body of work."
Greek investments in North Macedonia
North Macedonia generally has good business relations with Greece and enjoys substantial inward investment from Greece. However, the naming dispute had inhibited the establishment of full diplomatic relations so far but has not prevented both countries from engaging in military and security co-operation, cross-border investments, and cultural exchanges.

Stopanska Banka
Stopanska banka (full legal name: Stopanska banka AD Skopje; Macedonian: Стопанска банка АД Скопје) is a bank founded in 1944 with headquarters in Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia. It is currently the largest bank in the Republic of North Macedonia by equity and branch network.

As of December 31, 2015, it operated a network of 64 branches.
The Great Helmsman (play)
The Great Helmsman is a 2007 play by American playwright David Henry Hwang. It deals with two women who are debating who will be chosen for a night with Chairman Mao Zedong. The play premiered as part of the production Ten, a night of short plays. It premiered April 30, 2007, at the Joseph Papp Public Theater. It was directed by Lloyd Suh.

It is published as part of 2007: The Best Ten-Minute Plays for Three or More Actors by Smith and Kraus.

David Henry Hwang
David Henry Hwang (born August 11, 1957) is an American playwright, librettist, screenwriter, and theater professor at Columbia University in New York City. He has won three Obie Awards for his plays  FOB, Golden Child, and Yellow Face. He has one Tony Award (M. Butterfly) and three other nominations (Golden Child, Flower Drum Song, and Yellow Face). Three of his works (M. Butterfly, Yellow Face, and Soft Power) have been finalists for the Pulitzer Prize for Drama.
Rural Municipality of Heart's Hill No. 352
The Rural Municipality of Heart's Hill No. 352 (2016 population: 244) is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 13 and SARM Division No. 6. Located in the west-central portion of the province, it is adjacent to the Alberta boundary.

Division No. 13, Saskatchewan
Division No. 13 is one of eighteen census divisions in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada, as defined by Statistics Canada. It is located in the western part of the province, bordering Alberta. The most populous community in this division is Kindersley.
Florence Wyle
Florence Norma Wyle RCA (November 14, 1881 – January 14, 1968) was an American-Canadian sculptor, designer and poet; a pioneer of the Canadian art scene. She practiced chiefly in Toronto, living and working with her partner Frances Loring, with whom she shared a studio and home for almost sixty years. In 1928, with Loring, Alfred Laliberté, Elizabeth Wyn Wood, Emanuel Hahn and Henri Hébert, she co-founded the Sculptors' Society of Canada, for which she served as president in 1942.
She was the first woman sculptor to become a full member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. Throughout her career, alongside Loring, she persistently and convincingly advocated for policy, tax benefits and living wages in support of artists' work.

Emanuel Hahn
Emanuel Otto Hahn RCA (30 May 1881 – 14 February 1957) was a German-born Canadian sculptor and coin designer. He taught and later married Elizabeth Wyn Wood. He co-founded and was the first president of the Sculptors' Society of Canada.
Piano Sonata No. 2 (Szymanowski)
Karol Szymanowski's Piano Sonata No. 2 in A major, Op. 21, M25, is a piano sonata in two movements. It was completed in 1911 and published in 1912 by Universal Edition Vienna. The sonata is still a relatively early work of Szymanowski, but represents the apogee of his Late Romantic period. It was premiered by Arthur Rubinstein on 7 May 1911.

Piano sonata
A piano sonata is a sonata written for a solo piano. Piano sonatas are usually written in three or four movements, although some piano sonatas have been written with a single movement (Liszt, Scriabin, Prokofiev, Berg), others with two movements (Haydn, Beethoven), some contain five (Brahms' Third Piano Sonata, Czerny's Piano Sonata No. 1, Godowsky's Piano Sonata) or even more movements. The first movement is generally composed in sonata form.
Honorary whites
Honorary whites was a political term that was used by the apartheid regime of South Africa to grant some of the rights and privileges of whites to those who would otherwise have been treated as non-whites under the Population Registration Act. It was enacted by the then-ruling National Party (NP).

This designation was made on a case-by-case basis as its underlying intent was utilized to select individuals within the context of various circumstances such as competitive sporting events and diplomatic exchanges. The term was also applied towards certain racial groups, most notably, East Asians who were ascribed as honorary whites. Such examples included the Japanese, Koreans (although this status was rejected by the South Korean state), Hong Kongers and Taiwanese who were granted "honorary white" status, and later the local Chinese community of South Africa and individually designated figures of various other races were added as well.

Chinese South Africans
Chinese South Africans (traditional Chinese: 華裔南非人; simplified Chinese: 华裔南非人) are Overseas Chinese who reside in South Africa, including those whose ancestors came to South Africa in the early 20th century until Chinese immigration was banned under the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1904. Significant numbers of Taiwanese industrialists immigrated to South Africa between the 1970s and early 1990s, and post-apartheid immigrants to South Africa (predominantly from mainland China) now outnumber locally-born Chinese South Africans. South Africa has the largest population of ethnic Chinese people in Africa, and most of them live in Johannesburg, an economic hub in southern Africa.
Marie d'Albret, Countess of Rethel
Marie d'Albret, Countess of Rethel, Countess of Nevers (25 March 1491 – 27 October 1549) was the suo jure Countess of Rethel, a title which she inherited at the age of nine upon the death of her mother, Charlotte of Nevers, Sovereign Countess of Rethel, on 23 August 1500. She was the wife of Charles II of Cleves, Count of Nevers.

Charles II, Count of Nevers
Charles II (died 1521) was the Count of Nevers (1506–1521). He was the son of Engelbert de La Marck and Catherine de Bourbon-Vendome.

He belongs to the House de La Marck. His father Engelbert, Count of Nevers (1491–1506) was son of John I, Duke of Cleves (1384–1404) and Elisabeth Countess of Nevers. Elisabeth was great-granddaughter of Philip II duke of Burgundy.

Charles II succeeded his father in 1506. He married in 1504 to Marie d'Albret, Countess of Rethel, daughter of Jean d'Albret and Charlotte Countess of Rethel. Thus he became Count of Rethel jure uxoris. They had:

Francis I 1516–1561, Duke of Nevers (1521–1561)

Charles II became entangled in intrigues at the court of King Francis I and was imprisoned in a tower of the Louvre in 1521. His mother and Charles III, Duke of Bourbon tried to get him released, but he died before they could secure his release.
Spectral Hash
Spectral Hash is a  cryptographic hash function submitted to the NIST hash function competition by Gokay Saldamlı, Cevahir Demirkıran, Megan Maguire, Carl Minden, Jacob Topper, Alex Troesch, Cody Walker, Çetin Kaya Koç. It uses a Merkle–Damgård construction and employs several mathematical structures including finite fields and discrete Fourier transforms. The authors claim 512-bit hashes at 51.2 gigabits per second on a 100-MHz Virtex-4 FPGA.

Spectral hash is insecure; a method exists to generate arbitrary collisions in the hash state, and therefore in the final hash digest.

NIST hash function competition
The NIST hash function competition was an open competition held by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to develop a new hash function called SHA-3 to complement the older SHA-1 and SHA-2. The competition was formally announced in the Federal Register on November 2, 2007. "NIST is initiating an effort to develop one or more additional hash algorithms through a public competition, similar to the development process for the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)." The competition ended on October 2, 2012, when NIST announced that Keccak would be the new SHA-3 hash algorithm.

The winning hash function has been published as NIST FIPS 202 the "SHA-3 Standard", to complement FIPS 180-4, the Secure Hash Standard.

The NIST competition has inspired other competitions such as the Password Hashing Competition.
Urkash
Urkash (Kazakh: Орқаш; Russian: Уркаш) is a lake in Kamysty District, Kostanay Region, Kazakhstan.

The nearest inhabited place is Urkash village, located 20 kilometers (12 mi) to the west. Salt has been mined at the lake since the 19th century, mostly for household purposes.

Kamysty District
Kamysty (Kazakh: Қамысты ауданы, Qamysty audany) is a district of Kostanay Region in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the selo of Kamysty. Population: 14,482 (2013 estimate); 15,807 (2009 census results); 23,146 (1999 census results).
Viscous liquid
In condensed matter physics and physical chemistry, the terms viscous liquid, supercooled liquid, and glass forming liquid are often used interchangeably to designate liquids that are at the same time highly viscous (see Viscosity of amorphous materials), can be or are supercooled, and able to form a glass.

Supercooling
Supercooling, also known as undercooling, is the process of lowering the temperature of a liquid below its freezing point without it becoming a solid. Per the established international definition, supercooling means "cooling a substance below the normal freezing point without solidification". While it can be achieved by different physical means, the postponed solidification is most often due to the absence of seed crystals or nuclei around which a crystal structure can form. The supercooling of water can be achieved without any special techniques other than chemical demineralization, down to −48.3 °C (−54.9 °F). Supercooled water can occur naturally, for example in the atmosphere, animals or plants.

This phenomenon was first described in 1724 by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, while developing the Fahrenheit scale.
Debub Bench
6°50′N 35°30′E﻿ / ﻿6.83°N 35.5°E﻿ / 6.83; 35.5

Debub Bench is one of the woredas in the South West Ethiopia Peoples' Region of Ethiopia. It is named for the Bench people. Part of the Bench Maji Zone, Debub Bench is bordered on the south by Meinit Shasha, on the west by Guraferda, on the north by Sheko, on the northeast by Semien Bench, on the east by She Bench, and on the southeast by Meinit Goldiya. Town of Mizan Aman is surrounded by Debub Bench. Debub Bench is part of former Bench woreda.

Rivers in Debub Bench include the Akobo, which has its source in this woreda.

Meinit Goldiya
Meinit Goldiya is one of the woredas in the South West Ethiopia Peoples' Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Bench Maji Zone, Meinit Goldiya is bordered on the south by Meinit Shasha, on the west by Debub Bench, on the northwest by She Bench, and on the north and east by the Keffa Zone. Towns in Meinit Goldiya include Bachuma. Meinit Goldiya was part of former Meinit woreda, southern part of Bench woreda was added to Meinit Goldiya.
Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton
Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton (18 April 1613 – 4 February 1696) was an English soldier, politician and diplomat. He was a Parliamentarian during the English Civil War.

Wharton was the son of Sir Thomas Wharton of Aske Hall and his wife Lady Philadelphia Carey, daughter of Robert Carey, 1st Earl of Monmouth and Elizabeth Trevannion. His father died in 1622 and he inherited the peerage on the death of his grandfather in 1625.

Thomas Wharton (died 1622)
Sir Thomas Wharton (c 1588 – 17 April 1622) was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1614 and 1622.

Wharton was the second son of Philip Wharton, 3rd Baron Wharton  and his wife Lady Frances Clifford, second daughter of Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl of Cumberland.  He purchased the estate of Aske Hall at Easby, Yorkshire from Lady Eleanor Bowes, a distant relative early in 1611 and was knighted at Whitehall on 25 April 1611. In 1614, he was elected Member of Parliament for Westmorland and re-elected in 1621.

King James came to Aske on 16 April 1617.

Wharton died at the age of about 34. He had married Lady Philadelphia Carey, daughter of Robert Carey, 1st Earl of Monmouth on 11 April 1611.  His elder brother George had been killed in a duel in 1609, and thus his eldest son young Philip inherited the barony when the 3rd Baron died in 1625. Wharton's second son Thomas was also MP for Westmorland.
Afghan clothing
Clothing in Afghanistan consists of the traditional style of clothing worn in Afghanistan. The various cultural exchanges in the nation's history have influenced the styles and flavors of contemporary Afghan designs. The styles can be subdivided into the various ethnicities with unique elements for each. Traditional dresses for both men and women tend to cover the whole body, with trousers gathered at the waist, a loose shirt or dress, and some form of head covering.

Chapan
Chapan or chopon (Persian: چپان; Pashto: چپنه; Kyrgyz: Чапан; Kazakh: Шапан, romanized: Şapan; Uzbek: Чопон, romanized: Chopon) is a coat worn over clothes, usually during the cold winter months. Usually worn by men, these coats are adorned with intricate threading and come in a variety of colors and patterns. It is worn in Central Asia, including Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. A chapan cape was often worn by former Afghan president Hamid Karzai.

The etymology of the term is believed to derive either from the Persian chapān, which means 'old', 'threadbare' and 'run-down costume'; or the Chagatai chāpān, itself derived from the Persian jobbe, from the Arabic jubba meaning 'wrapper', 'cloak', 'coat' or 'outer garment'.
Deep Freeze Range
The Deep Freeze Range (74°15′S 163°45′E﻿ / ﻿74.250°S 163.750°E﻿ / -74.250; 163.750) is a rugged mountain range, over 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) long and about 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) wide, rising between Priestley and Campbell Glaciers in Victoria Land, Antarctica, and extending from the edge of the polar plateau to Terra Nova Bay.
It is southwest of the Southern Cross Mountains, south of the Mesa Range and northeast of the Eisenhower Range of the Prince Albert Mountains.

Mesa Range
The Mesa Range (73°11′S 162°55′E﻿ / ﻿73.183°S 162.917°E﻿ / -73.183; 162.917﻿ (Mesa Range)) is a range of flat-topped mesas comprising the Sheehan, Pain, Tobin and Gair Mesas, situated at the head of the Rennick Glacier in Victoria Land, Antarctica. 
It was given this descriptive name by the northern party of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (NZGSAE) of 1962–63.
Deinophloeus
Deinophloeus is a small genus of beetles in the family Laemophloeidae, limited to the New World, where five species are known to occur from Arizona south to Panama. Members of the genus are relatively large for the family, ranging from about 2.5mm to over 4mm in length. Members of the genus are characterized by the absence of a frontoclypeal suture, closed procoxal cavities and, in the male, elongate mandibles, clypeal horns, and modified elytral apices. The immature stages are unknown, and nothing is known about their habits or habitats.

The genus contains the following species:

Deinophloeus ducalis Sharp

Deinophloeus hirsutus Thomas

Deinophloeus impressifrons (Schaeffer)

Deinophloeus sheilae Thomas

Deinophloeus sinuatus Sharp

Laemophloeidae
Laemophloeidae, lined flat bark beetles, is a beetle family in the superfamily Cucujoidea characterized by predominantly dorso-ventrally compressed bodies, head and pronotal discs bordered by ridges or grooves, and inverted male genitalia. Size range of adults is 1–5 mm (0.04–0.2 in) in length. Currently, it contains 40 genera and about 450 species, and is represented on all continents except Antarctica; species richness is greatest in the tropics.
Wilmont, Roanoke, Virginia
37°17′4″N 80°0′2″W﻿ / ﻿37.28444°N 80.00056°W﻿ / 37.28444; -80.00056

Wilmont is a Roanoke, Virginia neighborhood located in far western Roanoke. It borders the neighborhoods of South Washington Heights on the north, Cherry Hill on the south, Shenandoah West on the east and Ridgewood Park on the west.

Ridgewood Park, Roanoke, Virginia
Ridgewood Park is a Roanoke, Virginia neighborhood located in far western Roanoke. It borders the neighborhoods of Edgewood-Summit Hills on the north, Cherry Hill on the south and Wilmont on the east. The western border is shared with the city of Salem.
Ładoś Group
Ładoś Group, Bernese Group (Polish: grupa berneńska or grupa Ładosia, French: groupe bernois) is a name given to a group of Polish diplomats and Jewish activists who during Second World War elaborated in Switzerland a system of illegal production of Latin American passports aimed at saving European Jews from the Holocaust. It is estimated that thanks to the action about 10,000 people were saved from being sent to German extermination camps.

Jakub Kumoch
Jakub Radomir Kumoch (born 16 November 1975, Warsaw) is a Polish political scientist, journalist and diplomat, since 2023 serving ambassador to China. He previously served as the Head of the International Policy Bureau in the Chancellery of the President of Poland, and as the Polish ambassador to Turkey (2020–2021), as well as to Switzerland (2016–2020).
Lavar Scott
Lavar Stephon Scott (born September 6, 2003) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He competes full-time in the NASCAR O'Reilly Auto Parts Series, driving the No. 45 Chevrolet Camaro SS for Alpha Prime Racing. He has previously competed in the ARCA Menards Series. He is also a former member of NASCAR's Driver Development Program.

Carneys Point Township, New Jersey
Carneys Point Township is a township in Salem County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 8,637, an increase of 588 (+7.3%) from the 2010 census count of 8,049, which in turn reflected an increase of 365 (+4.8%) from the 7,684 counted in the 2000 census.

Upper Penns Neck Township was formed on July 10, 1721, when Penn's Neck Township was subdivided and Lower Penns Neck Township (now Pennsville Township) was also formed. The township was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798, as one of New Jersey's original group of 104 townships. Portions of the township were taken to form Oldmans Township (February 7, 1881) and Penns Grove borough (March 8, 1894). The township was renamed Carneys Point Township based on the results of a Township meeting held on November 10, 1976, after voters approved a referendum held eight days earlier.
Ukrainian resistance in Russian-occupied Ukraine
When Russia invaded Ukraine in early 2022, it occupied vast portions of the country, having already occupied parts of the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts as well as the entirety of Crimea since the beginning of the Russia-Ukraine war in 2014. Partisan groups began to be organized in mid-2022. These groups have been involved in intelligence-gathering, sabotage, and assassinations. Much of their activity has taken place in the Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts of southern Ukraine.

Dzhankoi Raion
Dzhankoi Raion (Ukrainian: Джанкойський район, Russian: Джанкойский район, Crimean Tatar: Canköy rayonı) is one of the 25 regions of Crimea, currently subject to a territorial dispute between the Russian Federation and Ukraine. Population: 68,429 (2014 Census).

It is located in the northern part of the Crimean steppe near the Syvash Bay. The city of Dzhankoi is the raion's administrative centre, but it is excluded from the region and forms a separate municipality. The North-Crimean canal (the main waterway of northern Crimea supplying the republic with water from the Dnieper river) runs through the district.
USSR Premier Basketball League
The USSR Premier Basketball League, or Soviet Union Premier Basketball League (also called Supreme League), was the first-tier men's professional basketball league in the former Soviet Union. The league existed from 1923 to 1991, as the top professional basketball league of the Soviet Union, and from 1991 to 1992, as the top professional basketball league of the CIS. In the years 1924, 1928, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1956, 1959, 1963, and 1967, the league was contested by city teams, regional teams, and state national teams, rather than individual sports clubs.

CSKA Moscow was the league's most successful club, having won the league's championship 24 times, including winning 9 consecutive championships, from 1976 to 1984. The league featured the players of the senior men's Soviet Union national basketball team. The league exists in a similar format today, as the VTB United League. Although, the VTB United League can include clubs from countries that were not a part of the Soviet Union.

BC Spartak Saint Petersburg
BC Spartak Saint Petersburg was a Russian professional basketball team that is based in Saint Petersburg, Russia. During the 2016–17 season, the club was named BC Kondrashin Belov (BCKB), after its former player Alexander Belov and its former head coach Vladimir Kondrashin.