hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bema, Lombardy
Bema is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Sondrio in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) northeast of Milan and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) west of Sondrio.

Bema borders the following municipalities: Albaredo per San Marco, Averara, Cosio Valtellino, Gerola Alta, Morbegno, Pedesina, and Rasura.

Cosio Valtellino
Cosio Valtellino is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Sondrio in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) northeast of Milan and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) west of Sondrio.

Cosio Valtellino borders the following municipalities: Bema, Cercino, Mantello, Morbegno, Rasura, Rogolo, Traona.

The principal seat of Galbusera (confectionery company) resides in Cosio.
4th meridian east
The meridian 4° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, Europe, Africa, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.

The 4th meridian east forms a great circle with the 176th meridian west.

176th meridian west
The meridian 176° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.

The 176th meridian west forms a great circle with the 4th meridian east.
Ziadiyah
Ziadiyah (Arabic: زيادية, romanized: az-Ziyādīyah) is a town in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria. It is located on the Queiq Plain, between Akhtarin and al-Rai, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of the city of Aleppo, and 10 km (6.2 mi) south of the border to the Turkish province of Kilis.

Administratively the town belongs to Nahiya Akhtarin in A'zaz District. Nearby localities include Ghurur 1 km (0.62 mi) to the east, and Turkman Bareh 4 km (2.5 mi) to the southwest. In the 2004 census, Ziadiyah had a population of 3,576.

Ghurur
Ghurur (Arabic: غرور, romanized: Ghurūr) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria. It is located on the Queiq Plain, between Akhtarin and al-Rai, and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of the city of Aleppo.

Administratively the village belongs to Nahiya Akhtarin in A'zaz District. Nearby localities include Ziadiyah 1 km (0.62 mi) to the west, and Tal'ar Gharbi 3 km (1.9 mi) to the north. In the 2004 census, Ghurur had a population of 915.
Black and Yellow Trail
The Black and Yellow Trail was the promotional name for the portion of U.S. Route 14 (US 14) nominally linking the Black Hills of South Dakota to Yellowstone National Park. The signed auto trail route was extended by promoters to Chicago in the east. In 1919, it was proposed as a brand for a continuous route from Boston, Massachusetts to Seattle, Washington The headquarters for the promotional association were established in Huron, South Dakota with the aim of diverting traffic from the better-known Yellowstone Trail to the north. The Black and Yellow Trail also included portions of US 16, US 20, and US 41.

The Black and Yellow Trail is notable for a 1924 speech by South Dakota state historian Doane Robinson given to the route's organizers, where he first mentioned his proposal to carve figures of historical figures at Mount Rushmore.

U.S. Route 14
U.S. Route 14 or U.S. Highway 14 (US 14), an east–west route, is one of the original United States Numbered Highways of 1926. It is about 1,445 miles (2,326 km) long. It is roughly parallel to Interstate 90 (I-90).

The highway's eastern terminus is in Chicago, Illinois. Its western terminus is the east entrance of Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, with the western terminus of US 16 and the western terminus of the eastern segment of US 20.
Justin Harwood
Justin Harwood is a New Zealand bass guitarist, notable for his work with several indie rock bands of the 1980s and 1990s, The Chills, Luna, and Tuatara. He worked alongside New Zealand's Martin Phillipps (The Chills), Dean Wareham (Galaxie 500, Luna), and Peter Buck (R.E.M., Tuatara).

Dean Wareham
Dean Wareham (born 1 August 1963) is an American musician and actor who co-founded the band Galaxie 500 in 1987. He departed from Galaxie 500 in April 1991 and went on to establish the band Luna. Following Luna's dissolution in 2005, Wareham has collaborated on albums with fellow Luna band member (and wife) Britta Phillips, forming the duo known as Dean & Britta. They have also ventured into film composition, notably contributing to the soundtracks of Noah Baumbach's films The Squid and the Whale (2005) and Mistress America. In 2014, Wareham released a self-titled album and in 2015, he reformed Luna.
Laupstad
Laupstad is a village in Vågan Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is located on the island of Austvågøya at the end of the Austnesfjorden, about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) north of the village of Liland. The European route E10 highway runs through the village. The mountain Higravstindan lies about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) east of Laupstad and the boundary with Hadsel Municipality lies just north of the village.

Higravtindan
Higravtindan is the tallest mountain on the island of Austvågøya in the Lofoten archipelago in Nordland county, Norway. It is located on the border of Hadsel Municipality and Vågan Municipality. The village of Laupstad and the European route E10 highway are located about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) west of the mountain and the village of Liland is located about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) southwest of the mountain.  There is a glacier located on the east side of the mountain. The mountain is 1,148 m (3,766 ft) high.
Woodville, Perquimans County, North Carolina
Woodville is an unincorporated community in Perquimans and Pasquotank counties in North Carolina, United States. It lies on U.S. Highway 17, southwest of Elizabeth City. Stockton is a historic home located south of Woodville and is on the National Register of Historic Places due to its distinct Federal style.

Perquimans County, North Carolina
Perquimans County (/pɜːrˈkwɪmənz/ pur-KWIM-unz) is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 13,005. Its county seat is Hertford. The Harvey Point Defense Testing Activity facility is located in Perquimans County.
Unterpremstätten
Unterpremstätten is a former municipality in the district of Graz-Umgebung in the Austrian state of Styria. Since the 2015 Styria municipal structural reform, it is part of the municipality Premstätten.

AMS-Osram, formerly known as austriamicrosystems AG, is headquartered within Unterpremstätten.

Premstätten
Premstätten is since January 2016 a new market town with 5,784 residents (as of 1 January 2016) in Graz-Umgebung District of Styria, Austria. However, it was previously founded in January 2015 as the town name "Unterpremstätten-Zettling".

The municipality was founded as part of the Styria municipal structural reform,
on 31 December 2014, from the dissolved independent municipalities Unterpremstätten and Zettling.

One petition from the municipality Zettling against merging, at the Constitutional Court, was introduced but was unsuccessful.

After a corresponding municipal council, the municipality carries since 2016 the name "Premstätten".
Reforms of French orthography
French orthography was already (more or less) fixed and, from a phonological point of view, outdated when its lexicography developed in the late 17th century and the Académie française was mandated to establish an "official" prescriptive norm. Still, there was already much debate at the time opposing the tenets of a traditional, etymological orthography, and supporting those of a reformed, phonological transcription of the language.

César-Pierre Richelet chose the latter (reformed) option when he published the first monolingual French dictionary in 1680, but the Académie chose to adhere firmly to tradition in the first edition of its dictionary (1694).

Various other attempts at simplification followed, culminating in the "rectifications" of 6 December 1990. Further, more radical proposals also exist to simplify the existing writing system, but these have failed to gather much interest to date.

Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
The Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (French pronunciation: [diksjɔnɛːʁ də lakademi fʁɑ̃sɛːz]; English: Dictionary of the French academy) is a French language dictionary published by the Académie française.

The Académie française is an institution tasked with establishing rules for the use of the French language, the compilation of a dictionary being one of its primary tasks. Although it makes recommendations for the correct use of French, they carry no legal power, and are frequently disregarded, including by government authorities. The ninth edition was completed in November 2024, and is available online in its entirety along with all previous editions.
Agusta
Agusta was an Italian helicopter manufacturer. It was based in Samarate, Northern Italy. The company was founded by Count Giovanni Agusta in 1923, who flew his first aeroplane in 1907. The MV Agusta motorcycle manufacturer began as an offshoot of the Agusta aviation company at the end of the Second World War, as a means to save the jobs of employees of the Agusta firm.

In July 2000, Agusta merged with Westland Helicopters to form AgustaWestland S.p.A., a multinational helicopter design and manufacturing company, and a wholly owned subsidiary of Leonardo S.p.A.

Agusta A.101
The Agusta A.101 (originally designated AZ.101) was a large prototype transport helicopter developed in Italy during the 1960s. Despite prospective orders from the Italian armed forces, no buyers emerged and the project was abandoned in 1971.
Khan-Uul Stadium
The Khan-Uul Stadium is a 500-seat association football stadium in Khan Uul District, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Located near the AIC Steppe Arena, the area also includes a winter sports complex. The stadium meets all FIFA standards to host A-level matches and competitions.

Khan Uul
Khan-Uul (Mongolian: Хан-Уул [χaɴ‿ʊ́ːɬ]; lit. 'Mount Khan') is one of nine districts of Ulaanbaatar. It is subdivided into 24 subdistricts. This district is located in the south, at the foot of one of the four hills of Ulaanbaatar—the Bogd Khan Uul.
G. G. Allen Steam Station
G. G. Allen Steam Station was a 1.140 GW coal-fired electricity generating facility, located in South Point Township, Gaston County, North Carolina, on man-made Lake Wylie (part of the Catawba River). Units 1 and 2 (165 MW each) began operating in 1957; units 3, 4, and 5 (275 MW each) in 1959, 1960, and 1961 respectively. Named for George Garland Allen, a former president and first chairman of the board for Duke Power, the Allen facility is the only Duke Energy station with five units under one roof. The plant is equipped with a flue-gas desulfurization  system, completed in 2009, that decreases the air emissions coming from the plant. In February 2021, Duke Energy in a filing to the North Carolina Utilities Commission advanced their planned closure for Unit 3 from December 31, 2021 to March 31, 2021. Two additional units were retired in 2021, followed by another in September 2023, and the final in December of 2024.

Duke Energy
Duke Energy Corporation is an American electric power and natural gas holding company headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina. The company serves over 7 million customers in the eastern United States. In 2024 it ranked as the 141st largest company in the United States – its highest-ever placement on the Fortune 500 list.
Taxonomy of the Cactaceae
In 1984, the International Organization for Succulent Plant Study set up a working party, now called the International Cactaceae Systematics Group, to produce a consensus classification of the cactus family, down to the level of genus. Their classification has been used as the basis for systems published since the mid-1990s. Treatments in the 21st century have generally divided the family into around 125–130 genera and 1,400–1,500 species, which are then arranged in a number of  tribes and subfamilies. However, subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that a very high proportion of the higher taxa (genera, tribes and subfamilies) are not monophyletic, i.e. they do not contain all of the descendants of a common ancestor. As of August 2023, the internal classification of the family Cactaceae remained uncertain and subject to change. A classification incorporating many of the insights from the molecular studies was produced by Nyffeler and Eggli in 2010.

Opuntioideae
Opuntioideae is a subfamily of the cactus family, Cactaceae. It contains 15 genera divided into five tribes.  The subfamily encompasses roughly 220–250 species, and is geographically distributed throughout the New World from Canada, to Argentina. Members of this subfamily have diverse habits, including small geophytes, hemispherical cushions, shrubs, trees, and columnar cacti consisting of indeterminate branches or determinate terete or spherical segments.
OpenAL
OpenAL (Open Audio Library) is a cross-platform audio application programming interface (API). It is designed for efficient rendering of multichannel three-dimensional positional audio. Its API style and conventions deliberately resemble those of OpenGL. OpenAL is an environmental 3D audio library, which can add realism to a game by simulating attenuation (degradation of sound over distance), the Doppler effect (change in frequency as a result of motion), and material densities.

OpenAL aimed to originally be an open standard and open-source replacement for proprietary (and generally incompatible with one another) 3D audio APIs such as DirectSound and Core Audio, though in practice has largely been implemented on various platforms as a wrapper around said proprietary APIs or as a proprietary and vendor-specific fork. While the reference implementation later became proprietary and unmaintained, there are open source implementations such as OpenAL Soft available.

LWJGL
The Lightweight Java Game Library (LWJGL) is an open-source software library that provides bindings to a variety of C libraries for video game developers to Java. It exposes cross-platform libraries commonly used in developing video games and multimedia titles, such as Vulkan, OpenGL, GLFW, OpenAL and OpenCL.

The primary goal of the project is to provide a way for Java developers to get access to resources that are otherwise unavailable or poorly implemented on the existing Java platform. The main philosophy is to expose underlying technology as a thin wrapper, thus creating an API close to the original. It is also the basis of many high-level Java game engines and libraries, such as libGDX or the jMonkeyEngine.
Settler colonialism in Canada
Settler colonialism in Canada refers to the process and effects of colonization on the Indigenous peoples of Canada. As colonization progressed, Indigenous peoples were subject to policies of forced assimilation and cultural genocide. Governments in Canada in many cases ignored or chose to deny the aboriginal title of First Nations. The traditional governance of many of the First Nations was replaced with government-imposed structures. Many Indigenous cultural practices were banned.

The relationship between Aboriginal Canadians and the Crown has been heavily defined by the effects of settler colonialism and Indigenous resistance. Canadian courts and recent governments have recognized and eliminated many discriminatory practices.

Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada
The association between the monarchy of Canada and Indigenous peoples in Canada stretches back to the first interactions between North American Indigenous peoples and European colonialists and, over centuries of interface, treaties were established concerning the monarch and Indigenous nations. First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples in Canada have a unique relationship with the reigning monarch and, like the Māori and the Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand, generally view the affiliation as being not between them and the ever-changing Cabinet, but instead with the continuous Crown of Canada, as embodied in the reigning sovereign.

These agreements with the Crown are administered by Canadian Aboriginal law, overseen by the minister of Crown–Indigenous relations, and expressed through numerous meetings and ceremonies, as well as exchanges of gifts and honours, involving Indigenous leaders, the monarch, his viceroy or viceroys, and/or other members of the Canadian royal family.
David Werdyger
David Werdyger (Hebrew: אלתר דוד יצחק ורדיגר; 30 October 1919 – 2 April 2014) was a Polish-American Hasidic hazzan and solo singer. A Holocaust survivor who was incarcerated in several Nazi concentration camps, including the factory run by Oskar Schindler, Werdyger moved to Brooklyn, New York, after World War II and began recording albums featuring the music of the Bobov, Boyan, Skulen, Melitz, Radomsk, and Ger Hasidic dynasties, recording 60 albums in all. He also established the Jewish record label Aderet Records, now managed and owned by his son Mendy Werdyger.

He was the father of singer Mordechai Ben David and the grandfather of singer Yeedle Werdyger (Mordechai's son). Werdyger collaborated with Velvel Pasternak, among others, in his recordings.

Hazzan
A hazzan (/ˈhɑːzən/; Hebrew: [χaˈzan], lit. 'hazan') or chazzan (Hebrew: חַזָּן, romanized: ḥazzān, plural ḥazzānim; Yiddish: חזן, romanized: khazn; Ladino: חזן, romanized: hasan) is a Jewish musician or precentor trained in the vocal arts who leads the congregation in songful Jewish prayer. In English, a hazzan is often referred to as a cantor, a term also used in Christianity.

An individual leading a Jewish congregation in public prayer is also called a sh'liaḥ tzibbur (Hebrew: שליח ציבור, lit. 'messenger of the public'). Any person is called a sh'liach tzibbur while leading prayer. However, the term hazzan more commonly refers to someone with formal specialized training in leading prayers or who is appointed to lead prayers regularly in a given synagogue without a formally trained hazzan.
Blaby District
Blaby is a local government district in Leicestershire, England. The district is named after the village of Blaby, although the council is based in Narborough. The district covers an area lying south-west of the city of Leicester. Several of the district's settlements form part of the wider Leicester Urban Area, including Glenfield, where Leicestershire County Council has its headquarters at County Hall, and the town of Braunstone.

The neighbouring districts are Hinckley and Bosworth, Charnwood, Leicester, Oadby and Wigston, Harborough and Rugby.

Harborough District
Harborough (/ˈhɑːrbərə/) is a local government district in Leicestershire, England. It is named after its main town, Market Harborough, which is where the council is based. The district also includes the town of Lutterworth and numerous villages and surrounding rural areas. In the north of the district it includes parts of the Leicester Urban Area, notably at Thurnby, Bushby and Scraptoft. Covering 230 square miles (600 km2), the district is the largest by area of the eight districts in Leicestershire and covers almost a quarter of the county.

The neighbouring districts are Blaby, Oadby and Wigston, Leicester, Charnwood, Melton, Rutland, North Northamptonshire, West Northamptonshire and Rugby.
St. Raphael Academy
Saint Raphael Academy (known colloquially as Saint Ray's, or simply, Saints) is a Roman Catholic, coeducational, college preparatory school in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, USA.  It was founded in the tradition of Saint John Baptist de Lasalle and rooted in the Holy Gospel of Jesus Christ. It is located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Providence.

Diocese of Providence
The Diocese of Providence (Latin: Dioecesis Providentiensis) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in Rhode Island in the United States. The diocese was erected by Pope Pius IX on February 17, 1872.

The Diocese of Providence is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Hartford. The Cathedral of SS. Peter and Paul in Providence is the mother church of the diocese. Bishop Bruce Lewandowski is the bishop of the diocese.
Peninsula Gateway
The Peninsula Gateway is a newspaper based out of Gig Harbor, Washington, founded in 1917. The newspaper covers the local news of Gig Harbor and Key Peninsula. The Peninsula Gateway is published once a week on Wednesdays. Its online content can be found via the websites News Tribune and the Seattle Times.

Gig Harbor, Washington
Gig Harbor (Lushootseed: txʷaalqəɬ) is the name of both a bay on Puget Sound and a city on its shore in Pierce County, Washington. The population was 12,029 at the 2020 census.

Gig Harbor bills itself as "the Maritime City" and maintains a strong connection to its maritime heritage. Due to its close access to several state and city parks, and historic waterfront that includes boutiques and fine dining, it has become a popular tourist destination. Gig Harbor is located along State Route 16, about 6 mi (9.7 km) from its origin at Interstate 5, over the Tacoma Narrows Bridge.
Kimball lifecycle
The Kimball lifecycle is a methodology for developing data warehouses, and has been developed by Ralph Kimball and a variety of colleagues. The methodology "covers a sequence of high level tasks for the effective design, development and deployment" of a data warehouse or business intelligence system. It is considered a "bottom-up" approach to data warehousing as pioneered by Ralph Kimball, in contrast to the older "top-down" approach pioneered by Bill Inmon.

Bill Inmon
William H. Inmon (born 1945) is an American computer scientist, recognized by many as the father of the data warehouse. Inmon wrote the first book, held the first conference (with Arnie Barnett), wrote the first column in a magazine and was the first to offer classes in data warehousing. Inmon created the accepted definition of what a data warehouse is - a subject-oriented, non-volatile, integrated, time-variant collection of data in support of management's decisions. Compared with the approach of the other pioneering architect of data warehousing, Ralph Kimball, Inmon's approach is often characterized as a top-down approach.
Georgia State Route 520
State Route 520 (SR 520), also known as the South Georgia Parkway, is a 261-mile-long (420 km) state highway in the southern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. It travels from the Alabama state line at the Chattahoochee River, along the Phenix City, Alabama–Columbus, Georgia line, to Jekyll Island. It has many concurrencies along its path, including U.S. Route 280 (US 280) from the Alabama state line to Richland; US 27 from Columbus to Cusseta; and especially US 82 from Dawson to a point southwest of Brunswick. SR 520 serves as Corridor Z, a high-priority corridor to the Coastal Georgia Regional Development Center and a GRIP (Governor's Road Improvement Program) corridor, but not an Appalachian Regional Development highway, despite its green shield.

U.S. Route 84 in Georgia
U.S. Route 84 (US 84) is a 259-mile-long (417 km) U.S. Highway in the U.S. state of Georgia, is also signed as State Route 38 for its entire length in Georgia. After entering Georgia from Alabama west-northwest of Jakin, the highway travels through the southern portion of the state, meeting its east end at Interstate 95 (I-95) east of Midway. US 84 through Georgia is also known as the Wiregrass Georgia Parkway.