hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Law of excluded middle
In logic, the law of excluded middle or the principle of excluded middle states that for every proposition, either this proposition or its negation is true. Symbolically expressed, the law is (p ∨ ~p).

The law  of the excluded middle is also known as the law/principle of the excluded third, in Latin principium tertii exclusi. Another Latin designation for the law is tertium non datur or "no third [possibility] is given".

In classical logic, the law of the excluded middle is taken as a tautology. Intuitionistic logic, by contrast, does not affirm the law.

Liar paradox
In philosophy and logic, the classical liar paradox or liar's paradox or antinomy of the liar is the statement of a liar that they are lying: for instance, declaring that "I am lying". If the liar is indeed lying, then the liar is telling the truth, which means the liar just lied. In "this sentence is a lie", the paradox is strengthened in order to make it amenable to more rigorous logical analysis. It is still generally called the "liar paradox" although abstraction is made precisely from the liar making the statement. Trying to assign to this statement, the strengthened liar, a classical binary truth value leads to a contradiction.

Assume that "this sentence is false" is true, then we can trust its content, which states the opposite and thus causes a contradiction. Similarly, we get a contradiction when we assume the opposite.
Eléctrico F.C.
Eléctrico Futebol Clube is a Portuguese football club from Ponte de Sor founded in 1929. Eléctrico Futebol Clube currently plays in the AF Portalegre 1ª Divisão district league. They currently play their home games at the Estádio Municipal de Ponte de Sor in Ponte de Sor with a capacity of 1,100.

Ponte de Sor
Ponte de Sor (European Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpõtɨ ðɨ ˈsoɾ] ⓘ) is a city and municipality in Portalegre District in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 16,722, in an area of 839.71 km2.

The present Mayor is Hugo Hilário, elected by the Socialist Party. The municipal holiday is Easter Monday.
Taypi Qullu (Sabaya)
Taypi Qullu (Aymara taypi center, middle, qullu mountain, "center mountain", Hispanicized spelling Taypi Kkollu) is a mountain in the Cordillera Occidental in the Andes of Bolivia, about 4,600 metres (15,092 ft) high. It is located in the Oruro Department, Sabaya Province, Sabaya Municipality, Parajaya Canton, near the border with Chile. Taypi Qullu lies south-east of the mountain Lliscaya and south-west of the mountains Laram Pukara and Kimsa Chata.

Laram Pukara
Laram Pukara (Aymara larama blue, pukara fortress / mountain of protection, "blue fortress" or "blue mountain of protection", Hispanicized spelling Laram Pucara, labeled Larani Pacara in the BIGM map) is a  5,292-metre-high (17,362 ft) mountain in the Cordillera Occidental in the Andes of Bolivia. It is located in the Oruro Department, Mejillones Province, La Rivera Municipality. Laram Pukara lies south-east of the mountain Kimsa Chata and north-east of the mountain Taypi Qullu.
Chelsea Court
Chelsea Court (Chinese: 爵悅庭) is a private housing estate in Yeung Uk Road, Tsuen Wan, New Territories, Hong Kong, which was developed by Sun Hung Kai Properties in 2005. Formerly Swire Cola Factory, it has two towers of 45 and 54 floors, offering 1,624 serviced apartments, overlooking the Tai Mo Shan and Rambler Channel.

Like nearby Nina Tower, Vision City and Indi Home, Chelsea Court is a high-rise building estate.

Sun Hung Kai Properties
Sun Hung Kai Properties Limited (SHKP) is a listed corporation and one of the largest property developers in Hong Kong. The company's businesses include property sales, property rental, telecommunications (SmarTone, SUNeVision), hotel operation, transport and logistics, and others. The company is controlled by the Kwok family trust, largely the Kwok brothers.
Joshua Jewett
Joshua Husband Jewett (September 30, 1815 – July 14, 1861) was a United States representative from Kentucky and the brother of Hugh Judge Jewett. He was born at Deer Creek, Maryland. He attended the common schools, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1836 commencing practice in Elizabethtown, Kentucky.

Jewett served as the prosecuting attorney of Hardin County, Kentucky. He was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Congresses (March 4, 1855 – March 3, 1859). While in Congress, he served as chairman, Committee on Expenditures in the Department of War (Thirty-fourth Congress), and as chairman, Committee on Invalid Pensions (Thirty-fifth Congress). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1858 to the Thirty-sixth Congress. After leaving Congress, he resumed the practice of law. He died in Elizabethtown, Kentucky in 1861 and was buried in the City Cemetery

Hugh J. Jewett
Hugh Judge Jewett (July 1, 1817 – March 6, 1898) was an American railroader and politician. He served as the United States representative from Ohio's 12th congressional district in the 43rd United States Congress.
Gilbert Bécaud
François Gilbert Léopold Silly (24 October 1927 – 18 December 2001), known professionally as Gilbert Bécaud (French pronunciation: [ʒilbɛʁ beko]), was a French singer, composer, pianist and actor, known as "Monsieur 100,000 Volts" for his energetic performances. His best-known hits are "Nathalie" and "Et maintenant", a 1961 release that became an English language hit as "What Now My Love". He remained a popular artist for nearly fifty years, identifiable in his dark blue suits, with a white shirt and "lucky tie"; blue with white polka dots. When asked to explain his gift he said, "A flower doesn't understand botany." His favourite venue was the Paris Olympia under the management of Bruno Coquatrix. He debuted there in 1954 and headlined in 1955, attracting 6,000 on his first night, three times the capacity. On 13 November 1997, Bécaud was present for the re-opening of the venue after its reconstruction.

Bruno Coquatrix
Bruno Coquatrix (French pronunciation: [bʁyno kɔkatʁi]; 5 August 1910, Ronchin, Nord – 1 April 1979) was a French record producer, the owner and manager of Olympia in Paris from 1954 until his death in 1979.
Cobalt(II) cyanide
Cobalt(II) cyanide is  the inorganic compound with the empirical formula Co(CN)2 and structural formula Co3[Co(CN)5]2. It is a coordination polymer that has attracted intermittent attention over many years in the areas of inorganic synthesis and homogeneous catalysis. The anhydrous and octahydrate forms are both blue solids insoluble in water.

Pentacyanocobaltate
In chemistry, pentacyanocobaltate is the coordination complex with the formula [Co(CN)5]3−.  When crystallized with a quaternary ammonium cation, it can be obtained as a yellow solid. Pentacyanocobaltate attracted attention as an early example of a metal complex that reacts with hydrogen.  It contains low-spin cobalt(II), with a doublet ground state.
Meisterwerk 1
Meisterwerk 1 is the third compilation album by English doom metal band My Dying Bride, which features both album tracks and rare recordings. Its
companion piece - Meisterwerk 2 - was released the following year. It is the second of four My Dying Bride compilation albums, following 1995's Trinity and followed by Meisterwerk 2 later the same year and "Anti-Diluvian Chronicles" in 2005.

Anti-Diluvian Chronicles
Anti-Diluvian Chronicles is the fifth compilation album by English doom metal band My Dying Bride, which features both album tracks and new remixes. It is the fourth My Dying Bride compilation album, following 1995's Trinity and 2000's Meisterwerk 1 and Meisterwerk 2.
Grand Ronde, Oregon
Grand Ronde is a census-designated place (CDP) and unincorporated community in Polk and Yamhill counties, Oregon, United States. Historically noted as a village in Polk County, the sphere of influence and community is in both Polk and Yamhill counties. The name of the community is a variation of the French Grande Ronde or "Grand Round" which could be about the large round-up of Native American peoples in the area who were settled on what was known as the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation, or possibly referencing the shape of the valley in which the community is located. As of the 2020 census, Grand Ronde had a population of 2,010. It is part of the Salem Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Polk County, Oregon
Polk County is one of the 36 counties in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2020 census, the population was 87,433. The county seat is Dallas. The county is named for James Knox Polk, the 11th president of the United States.

Polk County is part of the Salem, OR Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Portland-Vancouver-Salem, OR-WA Combined Statistical Area. It is located in the Willamette Valley.
Isaiah Hartenstein
Isaiah Hartenstein (/ˈhɑːrtənʃtaɪn/ HAR-tən-shtyne, German: [ˈhaʁtn̩ʃtaɪn] ⓘ) (born May 5, 1998) is an American-German professional basketball player for the Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Listed at 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m), Hartenstein plays the center position.

Before playing in the NBA, Hartenstein played in Germany before playing in Lithuania for Zalgiris Kaunas, with which he won a Lithuanian League championship in 2017. After he left Lithuania in 2017, the Houston Rockets selected him with the 43rd overall pick in the 2017 NBA draft, but he didn’t make his NBA debut with the Rockets until the next season. In 2024, Hartenstein signed with the Thunder and won the 2025 NBA Finals in his first season with the team. He has also played for the Denver Nuggets, Cleveland Cavaliers, Los Angeles Clippers, New York Knicks, and the Germany men's national basketball team.

Artland Dragons
QTSV Quakenbrück, widely known as Artland Dragons is a professional basketball club based in Quakenbrück, Germany. The club's home arena is the Artland Arena, which has a capacity of 3,000 spectators. From 2003 till 2015 the club played in the Basketball Bundesliga and in several European competitions.

On May 3, 2015, the club announced that it would fold. Ultimately, the management  decided to continue operations in the third tier Bundesliga ProB.

In 2018, the Dragons were promoted to the ProA.
Intersubjective verifiability
Intersubjective verifiability is the capacity of a concept to be readily and accurately communicated between individuals ("intersubjectively"), and to be reproduced under varying circumstances for the purposes of verification. It is a core principle of empirical, scientific investigation.

Although there are areas of belief that do not consistently employ intersubjective verifiability (e.g., many religious claims), intersubjective verifiability is a near-universal way of arbitrating truth claims used by people everywhere. In its basic form, it can be found in colloquial expressions, e.g., "I'm from Missouri. Show me!" or "Seeing is believing". The scientific principle of replication of findings by investigators other than those that first reported the phenomenon is simply a more highly structured form of the universal principle of intersubjective verifiability.

Intersubjectivity
Intersubjectivity describes the shared understanding that emerges from interpersonal interactions.

The term first appeared in social science in the 1970, and later incorporated into psychoanalytic theory by George E. Atwood and Robert Stolorow, the term has since been adopted across various fields. In phenomenology, philosophers such as Edmund Husserl and Edith Stein examined intersubjectivity in relation to empathy and experience, while in psychology it is used to analyze how individuals attribute mental states to others and coordinate behavior.
Kandija Bridge
The Kandija Bridge (in Slovene: Kandijski most), or the Old Bridge (Stari most) is an iron bridge in Novo Mesto, Slovenia. It connects the old city core on the left side of the Krka River with Kandija, a historical suburb of Novo Mesto, on its right side. The bridge stands at the lower part of Main Square. It was built in 1898 to replace the old wooden bridge from 1600, located a few dozen metres upstream. The opening took place on 23 November 1898. The riveted structure bridging the Krka with a single 75-metre (246 ft) arch is a unique structure in Slovenia. Since 1992, it has been protected as a cultural monument. It was renovated in 1977, 1996, and 2009.

Novo Mesto
Novo Mesto (pronounced [ˈnɔ̀ːʋɔ ˈmèːstɔ] ⓘ; Slovene: Novo mesto; also known by alternative names) is the seventh-largest city of Slovenia. It is the economic and cultural centre of the traditional region of Lower Carniola (southeastern Slovenia) and the seat of the City Municipality of Novo Mesto. It lies on a bend of the Krka River, close to the border with Croatia.
Department of Local Government and the Environment
In the Isle of Man, the Department of Local Government and the Environment (Manx: Rheynn Reiltys Ynnydagh as y Çhymmyltaght) or DLGE/DoLGE was responsible for the environment, social housing policy, local authorities, building control, health and safety, town planning, listed buildings and historic sites, waste disposal, conservation areas, management of the government estate, and provision of a Government Laboratory to monitor pollution, air and water quality, radioactivity and the Island's official mapping service.

The Department was replaced during the April 2010 Government restructure.

Local government in the Isle of Man
Local government in the Isle of Man was formerly based on six sheadings, which were divided into seventeen parishes (today referred to as "ancient parishes").  The island is today divided for local government purposes into town districts, village districts, parish districts, and "districts", as follows:

Four town districts: Douglas (city), Castletown, Peel and Ramsey

Two "districts": Michael, Onchan

Two village districts: Port Erin and Port St Mary

Thirteen parish districts: Andreas, Arbory and Rushen, Ballaugh, Braddan, Bride, Garff, German, Jurby, Lezayre, Malew, Marown,  Patrick, Santon
Hama
Hama (Arabic: حَمَاة Ḥamāh, [ħaˈmaː]) is a city on the banks of the Orontes River in west-central Syria. It is located 213 kilometres (132 mi) north of Damascus and 46 km (29 mi) north of Homs. It is the provincial capital of the Hama Governorate, which is the only Governorate with no land borders with any foreign countries. With a population of 996,000 (2023 census), Hama is one of the four largest cities in Syria, with Damascus, Aleppo and Homs. Hama is known for its cheese-making tradition, notably reflected in a signature local dessert Halawet el Jibn.

The city is renowned for its seventeen norias used for watering the gardens, which are claimed to date back to 1100 BC. Though historically used for irrigation, the norias are used purely for show today and currently serve no direct purpose, being used as a tourist attraction and a symbol of the city, also this city is popular in protest during the assad regime (ex: Yalla Erhal Ya Bashar (song)

Nur al-Din Mosque
The Nur Al-Din Mosque (Arabic: جَامِع نُور ٱلدِّين, romanized: Jāmiʿ Nūr ad-Dīn) is a Zengid-era mosque in Hama, Syria. It was founded by Nur al-Din in 1163-64 CE. It also contained a historic minbar from the same date, which has subsequently been relocated to the local Hama Museum.

The mosque was profoundly damaged in the 1982 shelling of the city and subsequently restored to its current state.
Rullestad Tunnel
The Rullestad Tunnel (Norwegian: Rullestadtunnelen) is a road tunnel in Etne Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The 2,920-metre (9,580 ft) long tunnel is located on the European route E134 highway, about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) east of the village of Fjæra and about 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) southwest of the village of Skare in neighboring Ullensvang Municipality. The tunnel opened on 30 June 2006 to replace a narrow, winding mountain road that included some hairpin turns. The new tunnel has a maximum grade of 6.6%.

Etne Municipality
Etne is a municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Sunnhordland, although it is also sometimes considered to be part of the district of Haugaland. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Etnesjøen. Other villages in the municipality include Skånevik and Fjæra. Etne Municipality is situated south of the city of Bergen, along the border with Rogaland county.

The 735.28-square-kilometre (283.89 sq mi) municipality is the 154th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Etne Municipality is the 201st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 4,093. The municipality's population density is 5.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (15/sq mi) and its population has increased by 0.4% over the previous 10-year period.

A Norwegian motion picture called United was shot in Etne Municipality with local people as actors.
Miss Universe Thailand 2015
Miss Universe Thailand 2015, the 16th Miss Universe Thailand pageant, was held at Royal Paragon Hall, Siam Paragon in Bangkok on 18 July 2015. Forty entrants from across the country camped in Ubon Ratchathani before flying back to Bangkok for the final stage. Since this year, Miss Universe Thailand has gotten the license of Miss Earth again.

The final round was broadcast live on Channel 3. The 2015 pageant was the first time ever that Miss Universe Thailand used the same format as Miss Universe pageant; Top 15 (Swimsuit competition), Top 10 (Evening gown competition), and Top 5 (Final questions and final look).

Pimbongkod Chankaew, as the deputy of Miss Universe Thailand 2014, crowned Aniporn Chalermburanawong  (a representative from Lampang) at the end of the event. Aniporn Chalermburanawong went on to represent Thailand at the Miss Universe 2015 competition in Las Vegas, United States. 1st Runner-Up Chavika Watrsang represented Thailand at Miss Earth 2015 held in Vienna, Austria.

Miss Earth 2015
Miss Earth 2015 was the 15th edition of the Miss Earth pageant, held at the Marx Halle in Vienna, Austria, on December 5, 2015.

Jamie Herrell of the Philippines crowned her compatriot Angelia Ong as her successor at the end of the event. It was the first time the pageant was held in Europe and outside of Asia. It was also the first ever back-to-back victory in Miss Earth history.

The theme of this year's pageant was the promotion of environmental awareness by focusing on the Climate Change campaign thru the 5R's :   Re-think, Reduce, Re-use, Recycle and Respect.
Conolly's Folly
The Conolly Folly (Irish: Baois Uí Chonghaile), a.k.a. The Obelisk, is an obelisk structure located between Celbridge, Leixlip and Maynooth in County Kildare, Ireland. It was built in the mid-18th century by the Conolly family, then owners of the Castletown Estate. It was restored in the mid-20th century by the Irish Georgian Society, and is now a national monument in state care.

Celbridge
Celbridge (/ˈsɛlbrɪdʒ/; Irish: Cill Droichid [ˌciːl̠ʲ ˈd̪ˠɾˠeːdʲ]) is a town and townland on the River Liffey in County Kildare, Ireland. It is 23 km (14 mi) west of Dublin. Both a local centre and a commuter town within the Greater Dublin Area, it is located at the intersection of the R403 and R405 regional roads. As of the 2022 census, Celbridge was the third largest town in County Kildare by population, with 20,601 residents.

The town originated in the 13th century, the name Cill Droichid being anglicised to Celbridge after 1714.
Baktash
Baktash (Persian: بکتاش) is a city in, and the capital of, Baktash District in Miandoab County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran. It was the capital of Zarrineh Rud Rural District until its capital was transferred to the village of Satelmish-e Mohammadlu.

Satelmish-e Mohammadlu
Satelmish-e Mohammadlu (Persian: ساتلميش محمدلو) is a village in, and the capital of, Zarrineh Rud Rural District in Baktash District of Miandoab County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Baktash, now a city.
Wellstar North Fulton Hospital
Wellstar North Fulton Hospital (formerly North Fulton Medical Center and North Fulton Regional Hospital) is a major hospital located in Roswell, the ninth-largest city in Georgia. The hospital serves most of north Fulton County, Georgia, as well as neighboring Cherokee, Cobb, Forsyth and Gwinnett counties. Wellstar North Fulton Hospital is the third largest employer in the city of Roswell and is considered the epicenter of the city's growing healthcare industry.

Wellstar North Fulton Hospital is a Level II trauma center, a Level II emergency cardiac care center, and a Joint Commission primary stroke center. Additionally, the hospital is fully accredited and recognized by the American College of Surgeons' Commission on Cancer as an Accredited Cancer Program.

Roswell, Georgia
Roswell is a city in northern Fulton County, Georgia, United States. At the official 2020 census, the city had a population of 92,883, making Roswell the state's ninth largest city. A suburb of Atlanta, Roswell has an affluent National Register Historic District.
Ngangla Gewog
Ngangla Gewog (Dzongkha: ངང་ལ་) is a gewog (village block) of Zhemgang District, Bhutan, bordering India. Ngangla Gewog is also a part of Panbang Dungkhag (sub-district), along with Goshing, Bjoka, and Phangkhar Gewogs.

In the 2005 census, the gewog had a population of 1018.

Goshing Gewog
Goshing Gewog (Dzongkha: སྒོ་ཤིང་) is a gewog (village block) of Zhemgang District, Bhutan. Goshing Gewog is also a part of Panbang Dungkhag (sub-district), along with Bjoka, Ngangla, and Phangkhar Gewogs.
Kylmäkoski
Kylmäkoski (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈkylmæˌkoski]; literally meaning "cold rapids") is a former municipality of Finland. It was consolidated with the town of Akaa on 1 January 2011. It was located in the Pirkanmaa region. The municipality had a population of 2,610 (31 October 2010) and covered a land area of 190.96 square kilometres (73.73 sq mi). At the end of 2011, the urban area of Kylmäkoski had 674 inhabitants. The population density was 13.67 inhabitants per square kilometre (35.4/sq mi). The municipality was unilingually Finnish.

The coat of arms of Kylmäkoski was designed by Kaj Kajander and confirmed in 1965. In the 1980s, oven-baked pikeperch and horseradish sauce were named Kylmäkoski's traditional parish dishes.

The Kylmäkoski Prison (Kylmäkosken vankila) is located in the Tipuri's industrial area.

Akaa
Akaa (Finnish: [ˈɑkɑː]; Swedish: Ackas) is a town and a municipality in Pirkanmaa, Finland. It was created on 1 January 2007, when the town of Toijala and the town of Viiala were united into a single municipality. The municipality of Kylmäkoski was consolidated with Akaa on 1 January 2011.

The convert has a population of 16,402 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 314.38 square kilometres (121.38 sq mi) of which 21.24 km2 (8.20 sq mi) is water. The population density is 55.93 inhabitants per square kilometre (144.9/sq mi).
Ballylanders GAA
Ballylanders GAA (Irish: CLG Baile an Londraigh) is a Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) located in the parish of Ballylanders/Knockadea in County Limerick. The club was founded in 1888 and is solely a Gaelic football club as hurlers from the parish play with neighbouring Glenroe. They won the County Senior Football Championship on four occasions in 1917, 1999, 2007 and 2014.

Garryspillane GAA
Garryspillane GAA club is a Gaelic Athletic Association club located in the parish of Knocklong/Glenbrohane, County Limerick, Ireland. The club was founded in 1952 and is almost exclusively concerned with hurling with footballers catered for by neighbouring Galbally.