hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Challenge International de Tourisme 1930
The International Touring Competition in 1930 (French: Challenge International de Tourisme) was the second FAI international touring aircraft contest, that took place between July 18 and August 8, 1930 in Berlin, Germany. Four Challenges, from 1929 to 1934, were major aviation events in pre-war Europe.

BFW M.23
The BFW M.23, sometimes known as the Messerschmitt M 23, was a 1920s two-seat sporting aircraft designed by Willy Messerschmitt, and produced by Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW). Examples won several prestigious races in 1929 and 1930.
Internal drainage board
An internal drainage board (IDB) is a type of operating authority which is established in areas of special drainage need in England and Wales with permissive powers to undertake work to secure clean water drainage and water level management within drainage districts. The area of an IDB is not determined by county or metropolitan council boundaries, but by water catchment areas within a given region. IDBs are geographically concentrated in the Broads, Fens in East Anglia and Lincolnshire, Somerset Levels and Yorkshire.

In comparison with public bodies in other countries, IDBs are most similar to the Waterschappen of the Netherlands, Consorzi di bonifica e irrigazione of Italy, wateringen of Flanders and Northern France, Watershed Districts of Minnesota, United States and Marsh Bodies of Nova Scotia, Canada.

Swinefleet Warping Drain
Swinefleet Warping Drain is an artificial waterway in the English county of the East Riding of Yorkshire, which was built to allow silt to be deposited on the peat moors, but now functions as a land drainage channel. It was constructed by Ralph Creyke, and the first section was completed in 1821.
Kowloon Hospital
Kowloon Hospital is a general care hospital located in Kowloon City District, in Kowloon, Hong Kong. The complex was built on land between Argyle Street and Prince Edward Road.

The hospital used to be an acute hospital with accident and emergency service. It was later converted to a chronic hospital to provide extended supportive care to patients from Queen Elizabeth Hospital. The hospital has specialist services in psychiatry, rehabilitation, respiratory medicine and geriatrics. The respiratory medicine unit provides teaching opportunities for medical students from the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong.

With 1,281 beds, the hospital was the first to establish a rehabilitation unit in Hong Kong.

Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong
Queen Elizabeth Hospital (Chinese: 伊利沙伯醫院; Cantonese Yale: Yīleihsābaak Yīyún), abbreviated as QE or QEH, is one of the largest district general hospital in Hong Kong. It was named after Queen Elizabeth II. Queen Elizabeth Hospital is a major tertiary hospital in southern Kowloon, with over 1,900 beds. It employs more than 500 physicians and surgeons.

The hospital was once the largest in the Commonwealth.
Metrotranvía Mendoza
The Metrotranvía Mendoza (Spanish for Mendoza Light Rail or fast tramway) is a public light rail transport system for the city of Mendoza, Argentina, served by articulated light rail cars operating on newly relaid tracks in former-General San Martín Railway mainline right-of-way.

The 12.5-kilometre (7.8 mi) line runs between Mendoza and General Gutierrez in Maipú, on 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge double-track rail. The Metrotranvía of Mendoza serves the metropolitan area of Mendoza, which includes the departments of Las Heras, Central district, Godoy Cruz, Maipú and Luján de Cuyo. Service operates from 6:00 to 22:00. The line has been named the Línea Verde, or Green Line.  The line operates on the right-hand side like road traffic, in contrast to the left-handed operation of the majority of the Argentine railway network.

General San Martín Railway
The General San Martín Railway (FCGSM) (Spanish: Ferrocarril General San Martín), named after the former Argentine general José de San Martín, was one of the six state-owned Argentine railway companies formed after President Juan Perón's nationalisation of the railway network in 1948. The six companies were managed by Ferrocarriles Argentinos which was later broken up during the process of railway privatisation beginning in 1991 during Carlos Menem's presidency.

The FCGSM took over the 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge British-owned company Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway.

The principal lines departed from Retiro terminus in Buenos Aires to the west through the provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Córdoba, Mendoza, San Luis and San Juan.
Politics of Quebec
The politics of Quebec are centred on a provincial government resembling that of the other Canadian provinces, namely a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. The capital of Quebec is Quebec City, where the Lieutenant Governor, Premier, the legislature, and cabinet reside.

The legislature — the Parliament of Quebec — is unicameral, consisting of the Lieutenant Governor and the National Assembly, which has 125 members. Government is conducted based on the Westminster model.

Reference Re Secession of Quebec
Reference Re Secession of Quebec, [1998] 2 SCR 217 is a landmark judgment of the Supreme Court of Canada regarding the legality, under both Canadian and international law, of a unilateral secession of Quebec from Canada.

Both the Quebec government and the Canadian government stated they were pleased with the Supreme Court's opinion, pointing to different sections of the ruling.
Z/OS
z/OS is a 64-bit operating system for IBM z/Architecture mainframes, introduced by IBM in October 2000. It derives from and is the successor to OS/390, which in turn was preceded by a string of MVS versions. Like OS/390, z/OS combines a number of formerly separate, related products, some of which are still optional. z/OS has the attributes of modern operating systems but also retains much of the older functionality that originated in the 1960s and is still in regular use—z/OS is designed for backward compatibility.

IBM WebSphere Application Server
WebSphere Application Server (WAS) is a software product that performs the role of a web application server. More specifically, it is a software framework and middleware that hosts Java-based web applications. It is the flagship product within IBM's WebSphere software suite. It was initially created by Donald F. Ferguson, who later became CTO of Software for Dell. The first version was launched in 1998. This project was an offshoot from IBM HTTP Server team starting with the Domino Go web server.
Tupig
Tupig, also known as tinupíg or intemtém, is a Filipino sticky rice dessert characterized by its thin, elongated, log-shaped form wrapped in banana leaves and cooked over charcoal, giving it a smoky aroma and chewy texture. It is typically made from glutinous rice flour that is soaked and lightly fermented, combined with muscovado sugar or molasses, coconut milk, and strips of young coconut meat. Originated in the Ilocos Region of northwestern Luzon, Philippines, and is considered a staple dessert among the Ilocano and Pangasinan people.

Tupig is widely sold as street food and as pasalubong (homecoming gifts), particularly in Ilocos, La Union, Pangasinan, Tarlac, and the Cagayan Valley. It is traditionally consumed during the Christmas season and is commonly paired with coffee or ginger tea (salabat). In Ilocano culture, tupig is also prepared as a food offering known as atang during All Saints’ Day and other commemorative rituals for the dead.

Rice cake
A rice cake may be any kind of food item made from rice that has been shaped, condensed, or otherwise combined into a single object. A wide variety of rice cakes exist in many different cultures in which rice is eaten. Common variations include cakes made with rice flour, those made from ground rice, and those made from whole grains of rice compressed together or combined with some other binding substance.
Wellington Pit
Wellington Colliery was a coal mine operating on the Manchester Coalfield before 1869 in Tyldesley, Greater Manchester, then in the historic county of Lancashire, England.

Originally named Messhing Trees, the colliery was sunk by William Ramsden and, with Nelson Pit, formed Ramsden's Shakerley Collieries. The colliery worked the Trencherbone mine at 360 yards and was ventilated by furnace in 1895. Coal to make gas and household coal was produced in 1896 from the Arley, Hell hole, Trencherbone and Yard mines. Shakerley Collieries' combined workforce for the two pits was 422 underground and 87 surface workers.

The colliery lasted until 1935 when the company was taken over by Manchester Collieries and closed the same year.

Manchester Collieries
Manchester Collieries was a coal mining company with headquarters in Walkden formed from a group of independent companies operating on the Manchester Coalfield in 1929. The Mining Industry Act 1926 attempted to stem the post-war decline in coal mining and encourage independent companies to merge in order to modernise and better survive the economic conditions of the day. Robert Burrows of the Atherton company Fletcher Burrows proposed a merger of several independent companies operating to the west of Manchester. The merger was agreed and took place in March 1929.
Oenomaus (rebel slave)
Oenomaus was a Gallic gladiator, who escaped from the gladiatorial school of Lentulus Batiatus in Capua. Together with Spartacus, Crixus, Castus, and Gannicus, he became one of the leaders of rebellious slaves during the Third Servile War (73–71 BC)

Oenomaus was involved in one of the first major successes of the slave army, the rout of the army of the praetor Gaius Claudius Glaber, who had tried to lay siege to the slave army near Mount Vesuvius.

Oenomaus fell in an early battle, possibly during the winter of 73–72 BC when the slave armies were plundering cities and towns in the south of Italy.

Battle of Mount Vesuvius
The Battle of Vesuvius was the first conflict of the Third Servile War which pitted the escaped slaves against a military force of militia specifically dispatched by Rome to deal with the rebellion.

When the militia, led by the Roman Praetor Gaius Claudius Glaber, besieged the group of escaped slaves on Mount Vesuvius, Spartacus's men adopted unusual tactics, rappelling down the steeper cliff face opposite the Roman forces, flanking and defeating them.
The Dawn (band)
The Dawn is a Filipino rock band which first achieved commercial success during the late 1980s in the Philippines. The band broke up in 1995 with lead vocalist Jett Pangan forming another band, the Jett Pangan Group. The Dawn reunited in late 1999. The Dawn is considered the "longest-lived and most prolific rock band in the Philippines".

NU Rock Awards
The NU Rock Awards was an annual accolade presented from 1994 to 2010 by the Metro Manila-based radio station NU 107, known for prominent performances by the most influential pinoy rock artists of each year.
Ca' d'Andrea
Ca' d'Andrea is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southeast of Milan and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Cremona.

Ca' d'Andrea borders the following municipalities: Cappella de' Picenardi, Cingia de' Botti, Derovere, San Martino del Lago, Torre de' Picenardi, Voltido.

Cingia de' Botti
Cingia de' Botti (Cremunés: Singia) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) southeast of Milan and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Cremona.

Cingia de' Botti borders the following municipalities: Ca' d'Andrea, Cella Dati, Derovere, Motta Baluffi, San Martino del Lago, Scandolara Ravara.

In a 2005 ruling of the European Court of Justice, the comune's award of a concession contract for public gas distribution services was criticised, as the contract had been awarded to a company called Padania without a competitive procurement process, contrary to EU regulations. Padania was a public-sector company owned by the Province of Cremona and most of the comunes within the province, including Cingia de’ Botti, but also open, at least to some degree, to private part-ownership.
Alston & Bird
Alston & Bird LLP is an American multinational law firm with over 900 lawyers in 13 offices throughout the United States, Europe, and the UK. The firm provides legal services to both domestic and international clients who conduct business worldwide. Alston & Bird has advised companies including Amazon.com, The Coca-Cola Company, Microsoft, Bank of America, Starbucks, Toyota, Dell, UPS, and Nokia. Since 2000, Fortune has ranked the firm in the 100 Best Companies to Work For list. The firm's core practices include intellectual property, complex litigation, corporate and tax, with national industry focusing on energy and sustainability, health care, financial services, and public policy.

Walter, Conston, Alexander & Green
Walter, Conston, Alexander & Green (officially Walter, Conston, Alexander & Green, P.C.) was a mid-sized full service New York–based law firm that existed from 1843 to 2001 when it merged with Atlanta-based Alston & Bird to launch the New York office of that national firm. The firm was formed with the merger of Walter, Conston & Schurtman established in 1955 by Otto Walter and Alexander & Green, an old-line firm established in 1843.
Lake Murray of Richland, South Carolina
Lake Murray of Richland is a census-designated place (CDP) in Richland County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 8,110 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Columbia, South Carolina metropolitan area.

Richland County, South Carolina
Richland County is a county located in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 census, its population was 416,147, making it the second-most populous county in South Carolina, behind only Greenville County. The county seat and largest community is Columbia, the state capital. The county was established on March 12, 1785. Richland County is part of the Columbia, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 2020, the center of population of South Carolina was located in Richland County, in the city of Columbia. The county is also the location of the geographic center of South Carolina, southeast of Columbia.
It is located in the Midlands region of South Carolina.
SYSTEM.INI
SYSTEM.INI is an initialization (INI file) used in early versions of Microsoft Windows (from 1.01 up to Me) to load device drivers and the default Windows shell (Program Manager or Windows Explorer), among other system settings. Many of these settings were honored in Windows 9x (95, 98 and Me), although the INI files had begun to be phased out in favor of the Windows Registry. Windows NT 4.0, 2000, XP and Server 2003 still acknowledge some SYSTEM.INI entries in order to provide backwards compatibility with older 16-bit applications. Windows Vista and beyond also have SYSTEM.INI as well. However, when a fresh install of XP/Server 2003 is performed, the SYSTEM.INI file created contains by default only these lines:

INI file
An INI file is a configuration file for computer software that consists of plain text with a structure and syntax comprising key–value pairs organized in sections. The name of these configuration files comes from the filename extension INI, short for initialization, used in the MS-DOS operating system which popularized this method of software configuration. The format has become an informal standard in many contexts of configuration, but many applications on other operating systems use different file name extensions, such as conf and cfg.
Al-Judeira
Al-Judeira (Arabic: الجديرة) is a Palestinian village in the Jerusalem Governorate of the State of Palestine, in the central West Bank.

According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 2,634 in 2017.

Quds Governorate
The Quds Governorate (Arabic: محافظة القدس, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat al-Quds), also known as Jerusalem Governorate, is one of the 16 governorates of Palestine and located in the central part of the West Bank. The current governor, appointed by the Palestinian National Authority, is Adnan Ghaith since 2018, who succeeded Adnan al-Husayni, appointed in 2008. The Governorate has two sub-districts: Jerusalem J1, which includes the localities within the territory controlled by the Israeli Jerusalem municipality (East Jerusalem), and Jerusalem J2, which includes the remaining parts of the Jerusalem Governorate. The district capital of the Governorate is East Jerusalem (al-Quds).

The total land area of the governorate is 344 km2. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the governorate had a population of 429,500 residents in 2005, accounting for 10.5% of Palestinians living in the Palestinian territories in 2022 population had risen to 482,854 as official Statistics.
Robert Irving (industrialist)
Robert K. Irving ONB is a Canadian industrialist based in Moncton, New Brunswick.
A grandson of Kenneth Colin Irving and son of James K. Irving and Jean E. Irving, Robert is responsible for several businesses within the "Irving Group of Companies" with operations extending across North America.

Jean E. Irving
Jean E. Irving ONB (20 April 1926–29 October 2019) was a Canadian heiress and philanthropist. She was married to James K. Irving, a member of the prominent Irving family of New Brunswick, and was well known in the province for her philanthropic work. She was awarded the Order of New Brunswick in 2013. She had an estimated net worth of 900 million dollars (1.09 billion in 2022 inflation) and donated most of her wealth by the time she died. She amassed a collection of modern art, which was donated to the Beaverbrook Art Gallery upon her death..

Her and her husband had four children, Jim Jr., Robert, Mary Jean and Judith.
Kleinbettingen railway station
49°38′38″N 05°54′58″E﻿ / ﻿49.64389°N 5.91611°E﻿ / 49.64389; 5.91611

Kleinbettingen railway station (Luxembourgish: Gare Klengbetten, French: Gare de Kleinbettingen, German: Bahnhof Kleinbettingen) is a railway station serving Kleinbettingen, in the commune of Steinfort, in western Luxembourg.  It is operated by Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois, the state-owned railway company.

The station is situated on Line 50, which connects Luxembourg City to the west of the country and the Belgian town of Arlon.

Steinfort
Steinfort (German pronunciation: [ˈʃtaɪnfɔʁt]; Luxembourgish: Stengefort [ˈʃtæŋəfoχt] ⓘ) is a commune and town in western Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Capellen.

As of 2025, the town of Steinfort, which lies in the north of the commune, has a population of 3,172.  Other towns within the commune include Hagen, Kleinbettingen and Grass.
University of Tartu Old Observatory
University of Tartu Old Observatory or Tartu Old Observatory (Estonian: Tartu Tähetorn) is an observatory in Tartu, Estonia. Tartu Observatory was an active observatory from 1810 to 1964. The building now serves as a museum and belongs to the University of Tartu Museum.

University of Tartu Museum
University of Tartu Museum is the museum for the University of Tartu. Its entities include the University of Tartu Museum in the historic Tartu Cathedral, the University of Tartu Old Observatory, the University of Tartu Natural History Museum, the University of Tartu Botanical Gardens, and the University of Tartu Art Museum.
Phoenix Park Hotel
Phoenix Park Hotel (formerly the Commodore) is a hotel located in Washington, D.C. on North Capitol Street, at the corner of F St. NW and Massachusetts Avenue. The hotel is on Capitol Hill, close to the Capitol Building and Union Station.

It is a Georgian Revival-style hotel built in 1927 and originally known as The Commodore. It was bought in 1982 by Daniel J. Coleman and renamed after Dublin, Ireland's Phoenix Park. Its Irish themes include its toiletries and the Dubliner, Washington DC's oldest continually operating Irish bar. It has been a member of the Historic Hotels of America since 2002, and it was renovated in 2016.

Historic Hotels of America
Historic Hotels of America is a program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation that was founded in 1989 with 32 charter members; the program identifies hotels in the United States that have maintained authenticity, sense of place, and architectural integrity from their respective time periods.

As of 2025, the program includes 288 hotels in 44 of the 50 states, as well as Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Washington, D.C..
Dam (Indian coin)
A dam was a small Indian copper coin. The coin was first introduced by Sher Shah Suri during his rule of India between 1540 and 1545, along with Mohur, the gold coin and Rupiya the silver coin. Later on, the Mughal Emperors standardised the coin along with other silver (Rupiya) and gold (Mohur) coins in order to consolidate the monetary system across India. A rupee was divided into 40 dams.

It is believed that this coin is one of the possible sources for the English word "damn" and the phrase "I don't care a damn", due to its small worth. 'To not care a copper dam', the older version of the phrase, was in use in the 20th century, as is evident from its usage in The Chicago Citizen issued on 27 November 1897, wherein it is stated: 'As a matter of fact, the majority of the people don't care a copper dam about the Arbitration Treaty...'

Rupee
Rupee (UK: /ˌruːˈpiː/, US: /ˈruːpiː/) is the common name for the currencies of India,  Mauritius, Nepal, Pakistan, Seychelles, and Sri Lanka, and of former currencies of Afghanistan, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, the United Arab Emirates (as the Gulf rupee), British East Africa, Burma, German East Africa (as Rupie/Rupien), and Tibet. In Indonesia and the Maldives, the unit of currency is known as rupiah and rufiyaa respectively, cognates of the word rupee.

The Indian rupee and Pakistani rupee are subdivided into one hundred paise (singular paisa) or pice. The Nepalese rupee (रू) subdivides into one hundred paisa (singular and plural) or four sukaas. The Mauritian, Seychellois, and Sri Lankan rupees subdivide into 100 cents.
St Germain (musician)
Ludovic Navarre (French pronunciation: [lydovik navaʁ], born 10 April 1969), known by his stage name St Germain, is a French DJ and musical artist. His style has been described as a combination of house music and nu jazz music.

Shazz
Shazz (born Didier Delesalle; 1967), is a French record producer and remixer.

Shazz is the alias for Soul house and Jazz.

Shazz is one of the first artists signed to the label Fnac Music Dance Division. He collaborated with Ludovic Navarre (Saint Germain) under the name L'n'S, and with Laurent Garnier under the name "Choice"

Shazz has also produced music in this musical genre and has been releasing records for French musical labels since 1992. His El Camino part 1 was used in the 1998 film Homeboys at the Beach.

In the late 1990s, Shazz signed with a major label Columbia Records. With his second album In The Light (Epic Records), composed in the space of one year, Shazz combined house, pop and African-American music. His third album Beautiful was more song-based.
Bombus sonorus
Bombus sonorus, commonly known as the Sonoran bumble bee, is a species of bumble bee in the family Apidae. It is found in Mexico and southwestern North America. Although it has often been categorized as a subspecies of Bombus pensylvanicus, it has since been shown to not hybridize with B. pensylvanicus over a broad area of geographic overlap, confirming its status as a distinct species.

Bombus pensylvanicus
Bombus pensylvanicus, the American bumblebee, is a threatened species of bumblebee native to North America. It occurs in eastern Canada, throughout much of the Eastern United States, and much of Mexico.

Once the most prevalent bumblebee in the southern United States, populations of Bombus pensylvanicus have decreased significantly in recent years, including in its scientific namesake state of Pennsylvania, where its numbers are considered critically low. Overall, the population dropped nearly 90% in just the first two decades of the 21st century.

Bombus pensylvanicus tends to live and nest in open farmland and fields. It feeds on several food plants, favoring sunflowers and clovers, and functions as a pollinator.