hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Courland
Courland is one of the Historical Latvian Lands in western Latvia. Courland's largest city is Liepāja, which is the third largest city in Latvia.

The literal meaning of the name is "Land of Curonians".

Latvians
Latvians (Latvian: latvieši) are a Baltic ethnic group and nation native to Latvia and the immediate geographical region, the Baltics. They are occasionally also referred to as Letts, especially in older bibliography. Latvians share a common Latvian language, culture, history and ancestry.
Musa nagensium
Musa nagensium is a species of the genus Musa, found in the Eastern Himalayas in Asia. The native range extends from India (Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Assam) through Myanmar, into western portions of Yunnan province in China, typically growing in humid, forested ravines at elevations between 400 and 1100m.

Musa (genus)
Musa is one of three genera in the family Musaceae. The genus includes 83 species of flowering plants producing edible bananas and plantains (also known as cooking bananas), and fiber (abacá), used to make paper and cloth. Though they grow as high as trees, banana and plantain plants are not woody and their apparent "stem" is made up of the bases of the huge leaf stalks. Thus, they are technically gigantic herbaceous plants.
Cypriot Greek
Cypriot Greek (Greek: κυπριακή ελληνική, locally [cipriaˈci elːiniˈci] or κυπριακά [cipriaˈka]) is the variety of Modern Greek that is spoken by the majority of the Cypriot populace and Greek Cypriot diaspora. It is considered a divergent dialect as it differs from Standard Modern Greek in various aspects of its lexicon, phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and even pragmatics, not only for historical reasons but also because of geographical isolation, and extensive contact with typologically distinct languages.

Aspirated consonant
In phonetics, aspiration is a strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most North American languages, South Asian languages  and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.
Amefurikozō
Amefurikozō (雨降小僧, 雨降り小僧) is a type of Japanese yōkai. There is a depiction of this yōkai in Sekien Toriyama's collection of yōkai drawing the Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki, and they can also be seen in the kibyōshi among other publications of the same era.

Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki
Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki (今昔画図続百鬼, "The Illustrated One Hundred Demons from the Present and the Past") is the second book of Japanese artist Toriyama Sekien's famous Gazu Hyakki Yagyō tetralogy, published c. 1779. A version of the tetralogy translated and annotated in English was published in 2016. These books are supernatural bestiaries, collections of ghosts, spirits, spooks, and monsters, many of which Toriyama based on literature, folklore, other artwork. These works have had a profound influence on subsequent yōkai imagery in Japan. Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki is preceded in the series by Gazu Hyakki Yagyō, and succeeded by Konjaku Hyakki Shūi and Gazu Hyakki Tsurezure Bukuro.
Great Meadows-Vienna, New Jersey
Great Meadows-Vienna was an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Independence Township, in Warren County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2000 United States census, the CDP's population was 1,264.

The combined CDP existed through the 2000 Census. Effective with the 2010 United States census, the CDP was split into its components, Great Meadows (with a 2010 Census population of 303) and Vienna (981 as of 2010).

Independence Township, New Jersey
Independence Township is a township in Warren County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 5,469, a decrease of 193 (−3.4%) from the 2010 census count of 5,662, which in turn reflected an increase of 59 (+1.1%) from the 5,603 counted in the 2000 census.
2012 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team
The 2012 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team represented the University of Delaware as a member of the Colonial Athletic Association (CAA) during the 2012 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by K. C. Keeler in his 11th and final season as head coach, the Fightin' Blue Hens compiled an overall record of 5–6 with a mark of 2–6 in conference play, placing eighth in the CAA. The team played home games at Delaware Stadium in Newark, Delaware.

Keeler was fired after the season.

K. C. Keeler
Kurt Charles Keeler (born July 26, 1959) is an American football coach and former player. He is the head football coach at Temple University. Keeler was the head coach at Sam Houston State University from 2014 to 2024; the University of Delaware, his alma mater, from 2002 to 2012; and at Rowan University from 1993 to 2001.

Keeler is the all-time winningest coach in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision playoff history and, after winning the national championship with Delaware in 2003 and Sam Houston in 2020, the only coach in FCS history to win a national championship at two institutions. In 2019, an ESPN Blue Ribbon Panel selected Keeler as one of the 150 greatest coaches in college football history.
VA-55 (U.S. Navy)
VA-55 was an Attack Squadron of the U.S. Navy. It was established as Torpedo Squadron VT-5 on 15 February 1943, redesignated VA-6A on 15 November 1946, and finally designated VA-55 on 16 August 1948. The squadron was disestablished on 12 December 1975. It was the first squadron to be designated VA-55, the second VA-55 was established on 7 October 1983 and disestablished on 1 January 1991.

The squadron's nickname was the Torpcats from 1943-1955, and the Warhorses from 1955 onward. Its insignia changed several times over its lifetime, ending up as a winged seahorse. They were established in 1943.

When VA-55 was stood up again in 1983, it was flying the Grumman A-6E Intruder medium-attack jet aircraft.

Douglas A-1 Skyraider
The Douglas A-1 Skyraider (formerly designated AD before the 1962 unification of Navy and Air Force designations) is an American single-seat attack aircraft in service from 1946 to the early 1980s, which served during the Korean War and Vietnam War. The Skyraider had an unusually long career, remaining in frontline service well into the Jet Age (when most piston-engine attack or fighter aircraft were replaced by jet aircraft); thus becoming known by some as an "anachronism". The aircraft was nicknamed "Spad", after the French World War I fighter.

It was operated by the United States Navy (USN), the United States Marine Corps (USMC), and the United States Air Force (USAF), and also saw service with the British Royal Navy, the French Air Force, the Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF), and others. It remained in US service until the early 1970s.
World Sailing
World Sailing, formerly the International Yacht Racing Union and International Sailing Federation (ISAF), is the international sports governing body for sailing; it is recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).

Windsurfing
Windsurfing is a wind-propelled water sport that is a combination of sailing and surfing. It is also referred to as "sailboarding" and "boardsailing", and emerged in the late 1960s from the Californian aerospace and surf culture. Windsurfing gained a popular following across Europe and North America by the late 1970s and had achieved significant global popularity by the 1980s. Windsurfing became an Olympic sport in 1984.
CHWY-FM
CHWY-FM is a radio station in Weyburn, Saskatchewan. Broadcasting on 106.7 FM, the station is owned by Golden West Broadcasting, which received approval from the CRTC on February 17, 2012. It shares studios with Golden West's other Weyburn stations at 305 Souris Avenue in downtown Weyburn.

Weyburn
Weyburn is the tenth-largest city in Saskatchewan, Canada. The city has a population of 11,019. It is on the Souris River 110 kilometres (68 mi) southeast of the provincial capital of Regina and is  70 kilometres (43 mi) north from the North Dakota border in the United States. The name is reputedly a corruption of the Scottish "wee burn," referring to a small creek. The city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Weyburn No. 67.
Ratwatte Nilame
Loku Nilame Adikaram Ratwatte ( - 1827) (known as Ratwatte Nilame) was a courtier of the Kingdom of Kandy. He was the 2nd Adigar (Adigaram) from 1825 to 1827 during the British rule. He was one of the signatories of the Kandyan Convention which made the Kandyan Kingdom part of the British Empire.

Maha Adigar
The Mahâ Adigâr (Sinhala: මහා අධිකාරම්) (also known as Adikārama, Adikār) was a Great Officer in the Amātya Mandalaya, or Sinhalese Council of State, in the Sinhalese Kingdoms of monarchical Sri Lanka. The office was second in power and dignity to the King. Like many of the existing high offices at the time it had combined legislative and judicial powers and functioned primarily equivalent to that of a prime minister and chief justice, but also had duties in the governance of a province. During the Kandyan period there were two Adigars, who were styled Mahâ Nilames (Grand Officers), the Pallegampahê Mahâ Nilamê and the Udagampahê Mahâ Nilamê, the former taking precedence over the latter.
Parliamentary constituencies in Hampshire
The ceremonial county of Hampshire, which includes the unitary authorities of Portsmouth and Southampton, is divided into 19 parliamentary constituencies: 9 borough constituencies and 10 county constituencies. One of the county constituencies, Farnham and Bordon is split between Hampshire and Surrey

Romsey and Southampton North
Romsey and Southampton North is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since its 2010 creation by Caroline Nokes for the Conservative Party. For the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer it is a county constituency.
2024 Manitoba Scotties Tournament of Hearts
The 2024 Manitoba Scotties Tournament of Hearts presented by RME, the provincial women's curling championship for Manitoba, was held from January 24 to 28 at the Access Event Centre in Morden, Manitoba. The winning Kaitlyn Lawes rink represented Manitoba at the 2024 Scotties Tournament of Hearts, Canada's national women's curling championship in Calgary, Alberta.

2024 Scotties Tournament of Hearts
The 2024 Scotties Tournament of Hearts, Canada's national women's curling championship, was held from February 16 to 25 at the Markin MacPhail Centre at Canada Olympic Park in Calgary, Alberta. The winning Rachel Homan team represented Canada at the 2024 World Women's Curling Championship at Centre 200 in Sydney, Nova Scotia where they won the gold medal.
Archibald Campbell Fraser of Lovat
Archibald Campbell Fraser of Lovat, (16 August 1736 – 8 December 1815) was British consul at Tripoli and Algiers, and later colonel of the 1st Inverness local militia.  Upon the death of his brother, Simon Fraser (1726–1782), Archibald became the 20th MacShimidh (chief) of Clan Fraser of Lovat, and sat in the House of Commons from 1782 to 1784.

Clan Fraser of Lovat
Clan Fraser of Lovat (Scottish Gaelic: Friseal [ˈkʰl̪ˠãũn̪ˠ ˈfɾʲiʃəl̪ˠ]) is a Highland Scottish clan and the principal branch of Clan Fraser. The Frasers of Lovat are strongly associated with Inverness and the surrounding area since the Clan's founder gained lands there in the 13th century.

The Clan Fraser of Lovat in Inverness-shire has historically dominated local politics and been active in every major military conflict involving Scotland. It has also played a considerable role in most major political turmoils. "Fraser" remains the most prominent family name within the Inverness area. The Clan's current chief is Simon Fraser, the 16th Lord Lovat, and 25th Chief of Clan Fraser.
TT100
The Theban Tomb TT100 is located in Sheikh Abd el-Qurna, part of the Theban Necropolis, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite to Luxor. It is the mortuary chapel of the ancient Egyptian vizier Rekhmire. There is no burial chamber next to this chapel. The vizier's tomb is elsewhere, perhaps even in the Valley of the Kings.  Rekhmire's tomb is important both because of its numerous painted reliefs and because it outlines the "Duties of the Vizier" which involved dealing with managing state taxation and the state treasury, remaining impartial and avoiding favouritism as judges and enforcers of the pharaoh's orders in trials, managing the temple's economies, appointing high state and religious officials and managing the proper performance of religious rituals all in accordance with Maat (the ancient Egyptian concepts of truth, balance, order, harmony, law, morality).

Sheikh Abd el-Qurna
The necropolis of Sheikh Abd el-Qurna (Arabic: شيخ عبدالقرنة) is located on the West Bank at Thebes in Upper Egypt. It is part of the archaeological area of Deir el-Bahari, and named after the domed tomb of the local saint. This is the most frequently visited cemetery on the Theban west bank, with the largest concentration of private tombs.
José Cassandra
José Cardoso Cassandra (born 17 February 1964 in Príncipe) is a São Toméan politician. He was President of the Regional Government of Príncipe from 2006 to 2020.

Cassandra is leader of the Union for Change and Progress in Príncipe (UMPP), a regionalist independent group supported by the ruling Force for Change Democratic Movement-Democratic Convergence Party (MDFM-PCD) coalition.

He was reelected in 2010, 2014 and 2018.

Príncipe
Príncipe (/ˈprɪnsɪpə, -peɪ/; Portuguese: [ˈpɾĩsɨpɨ]) is the smaller, northern major island of the country of São Tomé and Príncipe lying off the west coast of Africa in the Gulf of Guinea. It has an area of 142 square kilometres (55 sq mi) (including offshore islets) and a population of 7,324 at the 2012 Census; the latest official estimate (at May 2018) was 8,420. The island is a heavily eroded volcano speculated to be over three million years old, surrounded by smaller islands including Ilheu Bom Bom, Ilhéu Caroço, Tinhosa Grande and Tinhosa Pequena. Part of the Cameroon Line archipelago, Príncipe rises in the south to 947 metres at Pico do Príncipe. The island is the main constituent of the Autonomous Region of Príncipe, established in 1995, and of the coterminous district of Pagué.
Semi-continuity
In mathematical analysis, semicontinuity (or semi-continuity) is a property of extended real-valued functions that is weaker than continuity. An extended real-valued function  is upper (respectively, lower) semicontinuous at a point  if, roughly speaking, the function values for arguments near  are not much higher (respectively, lower) than  Briefly, a function on a domain  is lower semi-continuous if its epigraph  is closed in , and upper semi-continuous if  is lower semi-continuous.

A function is continuous if and only if it is both upper  and lower semicontinuous. If we take a continuous function and increase its value at a certain point  to  for some , then the result is upper semicontinuous; if we decrease its value to  then the result is lower semicontinuous.

The notion of upper and lower semicontinuous function was first introduced and studied by René Baire in his thesis in 1899.

Order topology
In mathematics, an order topology is a specific topology that can be defined on any totally ordered set.  It is a natural generalization of the topology of the real numbers to arbitrary totally ordered sets.

If X is a totally ordered set, the order topology on X is generated by the subbase of "open rays"

for all a, b in X. Provided X has at least two elements, this is equivalent to saying that the open intervals

together with the above rays form a base for the order topology. The open sets in X are the sets that are a union of (possibly infinitely many) such open intervals and rays.

A topological space X is called orderable or linearly orderable if there exists a total order on its elements such that the order topology induced by that order and the given topology on X coincide. The order topology makes X into a completely normal Hausdorff space.

The standard topologies on R, Q, Z, and N are the order topologies.
Atwater Avenue
Atwater Avenue (officially in French: avenue Atwater) is a major north–south street located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It links Doctor Penfield Avenue in the Ville-Marie borough to the north, and Henri Duhamel Street in the Verdun borough to the south. It is named for Edwin Atwater. The street runs through the Atwater Tunnel near the Atwater Market in Saint-Henri, before climbing and straddling the border of the city of Westmount.

The Montreal Forum, Place Alexis-Nihon, Dawson College, Atwater and Lionel-Groulx stations of the Montreal Metro, and the Atwater Market are located on this street. Below downtown Montreal, it runs through the Little Burgundy district and, by way of the Atwater Tunnel under the Lachine Canal, through the Pointe Saint-Charles district.

Ville-Marie, Montreal
Ville-Marie (French pronunciation: [vil maʁi]) is the name of a borough (arrondissement) in the centre of Montreal, Quebec. The borough is named after Fort Ville-Marie, the French settlement that would later become Montreal (now Old Montreal), which was located within the present-day borough. Old Montreal is a National Historic Site of Canada.

The borough comprises all of downtown Montreal, including the Quartier des spectacles; Old Montreal and the Old Port; the Centre-Sud area; most of Mount Royal Park as well as Saint Helen's Island and Île Notre-Dame.

In 2016, it had a population of 104,944 and an area of 16.5 square kilometres (6.4 mi2).
Phillip Jeong
Phillip Jeong (Korean: 정필립; born August 9, 1989) is a South Korean tenor, crossover artist, and musical theatre actor. He studied vocal performance at the Korea National University of Arts, and became known to the Korean public after appearing on JTBC's television program Phantom Singer 2 in 2017. Jeong is a member of the crossover quartet Miraclass and has performed as part of the duo Feel in with fellow Miraclass member Tain Han. In 2023, Jeong released an album featuring classical vocal pieces and held a concert. Since 2019, he has also been involved in Korean musical theater.

Kang-hyun Park
Kang-hyun Park (Korean: 박강현) is a South Korean musical theater actor, singer, crossover artist and TV actor. He debuted in 2015 with the Korean original musical Liar Time, and has since played leading roles in various musicals in South Korea. He gained prominence by appearing on the JTBC audition program Phantom Singer Season 2 in 2017, where he reached the finals, and was part of the runner-up team Miraclass. Park made his TV drama debut in 2023 with Heartbeat on KBS2, and released the single album "Magic".
Zamorin
The Samoothiri (Anglicised as Zamorin; Malayalam: sāmūtiri, sāmūri, [saːmuː(d̪i)ɾi,], Arabic: sāmuri, Portuguese: Samorim, Dutch: Samorijn, Chinese: Shamitihsi) was the title of the erstwhile ruler and monarch of the Calicut kingdom in the South Malabar region of India. Originating from the former feudal kingdom of Nediyiruppu Swaroopam, the Samoothiris and their vassal kings from Nilambur Kovilakam established Calicut as one of the most important trading ports on the southwest coast of India. At the peak of their reign, they ruled over a region extending from Kozhikode Kollam to the forested borders of Panthalayini Kollam (Koyilandy). The Samoothiris belonged to the Eradi subcaste of the Samantan community of colonial Kerala, and were originally the ruling chiefs of Eranad. The final Zamorin of Calicut committed suicide by setting fire to his palace and burning himself alive inside it, upon learning that Hyder Ali had captured the neighboring country of Chirakkal in Kannur.

Ibn Battuta
Ibn Battuta (/ˌɪbən bætˈtuːtɑː/; 24 February 1304 – 1368/1369) was a Maghrebi Muslim traveller, explorer and scholar. Over a period of 30 years from 1325 to 1354, he visited much of Africa, Asia, and the Iberian Peninsula. Near the end of his life, Ibn Battuta dictated an account of his journeys, titled A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling, commonly known as The Rihla. Ibn Battuta travelled more than any other explorer in pre-modern history, totalling around 117,000 km (73,000 mi), surpassing Zheng He with about 50,000 km (31,000 mi) and Marco Polo with 24,000 km (15,000 mi).
Augustów Governorate
Augustów Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of Congress Poland of the Russian Empire.

It was created in 1837 from the Augustów Voivodship, and had the same borders and capital (Suwałki) as the voivodship. In 1867 territories of the Augustów Governorate and the Płock Governorate were divided into a smaller Płock Governorate, Suwałki Governorate (consisting mostly of the Augustów Governorate territories) and recreated Łomża Governorate.

Suwałki Governorate
Suwałki Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of Congress Poland of the Russian Empire, which had its seat in the city of Suwałki. It covered a territory of about 12,300 square kilometres (4,700 sq mi).
Chris Riddell
Chris Riddell OBE (/rɪdˈɛl/ rid-EL) (born 13 April 1962) is a South African-born English illustrator and occasional writer of children's books and a political cartoonist for the Observer. He has won three Kate Greenaway Medals – the British librarians' annual award for the best-illustrated children's book, and two of his works were commended runners-up, a distinction dropped after 2002.

Books that he wrote or illustrated have won three Nestlé Smarties Book Prizes and have been silver or bronze runners-up four times. On 9 June 2015, he was appointed the UK Children's Laureate.

Richard Platt (writer)
Richard Platt (born 15 April 1953) is a British writer of nonfiction and information books and multimedia works, primarily for children.

Platt was born in Northumberland, England. He started writing when aged 27 with how-to articles and books about photography. By 1992 he had begun writing non-fiction books for children, initially collaborating with Stephen Biesty in a successful series that capitalized on the illustrator's facility for cross-sectional drawings. Since then, Richard Platt has gone on to complete some 100 books for UK publishers Oxford University Press, Kingfisher, Dorling Kindersley and Walker Books (Candlewick Press in the U.S.). Most have been for children and young people, though he also writes books for adults on maritime themes, especially smuggling.
Tree wrap
A tree wrap or tree wrapping is a wrap for garden tree saplings, roses, and other delicate plants to protect them from frost damage (e.g. frost cracks or complete death). In the past it was made of straw (straw wrap). Now there are commercial tree wrap materials, such as crepe paper or burlap tapes. Tree wrapping is also used to protect saplings from sunscald and drying of the bark. A disadvantage of tape wrapping is dampness under the wrapping during rainy seasons.

Sun scald
Sun scald is the freezing of bark following high temperatures in the winter season, resulting in permanent visible damage to bark. Fruits may also be damaged. In the northern hemisphere, it is also called southwest injury.