hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kronverk
The Kronverk (Russian: Кронверк, from the German word for "crownwork") is a ground fortification for the Sts. Peter and Paul Fortress in Saint Petersburg, Russia.  The Kronverk is situated on Petrogradsky Island, across the small island of the fortress proper (separated by the Kronverksky Strait).  It was built in 1705–08, with reconstructions in 1752 and 1800.

Strictly speaking, it is on its own island: Artillery Island (Kronverksky Island), which is separated from the rest of Petrogradsky Island by the Kronverksky Canal.

On 13 July 1826, five participants of the Decembrists' conspiracy were hanged on the eastern rampart of the Kronverk (in 1975, an obelisk was installed on the supposed site of execution).

Today, it houses the Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps, which is also known as the Artillery Museum.

Kronverksky Strait
The Kronverksky Strait (Russian: Кронверкский пролив) is a narrow channel separating Petrogradsky and Zayachy islands in Saint Petersburg, Russia.
It forms an arc approximately 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) long, about 50 metres (160 ft) wide and 4 metres (13 ft) deep. To the south is Zayachy Island, which is dominated by the Sts. Peter and Paul Fortress, and to the north is the Kronverk on Petrogradsky Island.  It is spanned by the Kronverksky Bridge to the east and the Ioannovsky Bridge to the west.

The Ioannovsky Bridge was the first bridge built in Saint Petersburg.  It was originally constructed in 1703 as a floating wooden bridge, but was reinforced and rebuilt of sturdier materials over the years.
Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania
Mt. Lebanon (locally /ˈlɛb.ə.nən/) is a township with home rule status in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 34,075 at the 2020 census. It is a first ring suburb of Pittsburgh located 4–6 miles (6–10 km) south of the city's downtown.

Established in 1912 as a farming community, Mt. Lebanon became a streetcar suburb with the arrival of transit lines and a real estate subdivision in 1901, offering easy access to Downtown Pittsburgh. The 1924 opening of the Liberty Tunnel further improved automobile access. In 1975, it adopted one of Pennsylvania's first home rule charters.

Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Allegheny County (/ˌælɪˈɡeɪni/ AL-ig-AY-nee) is a county in Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,250,578, making it the state's second-most populous county, after Philadelphia County. Its county seat and most populous city is Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania's second most populous city. The county is part of the Greater Pittsburgh region of the commonwealth, and is the center of the Pittsburgh media market.

Allegheny was the first county in Pennsylvania to be given a Native American name. It was named after the Lenape word for the Allegheny River. The meaning of "Allegheny" is uncertain. It is usually said to mean "fine river". Some historians state that the name may come from a Lenape account of an ancient mythical tribe called "Allegewi" who lived along the river before being taken over by the Lenape.
Magas Airport
Sulom-Bek Oskanov Magas International Airport (Ingush: Сулумбик Осканаькъан Магас Аьрсий-пачхьалкх Баьрг-ий, Russian: Международный аэропорт «Магас» им. С.С. Осканова), also known as Sleptsovskaya Airport is an airport in the Republic of Ingushetia near Sunzha, serving the capital city of Magas and the largest regional city of Nazran. The name comes from the medieval capital of Alania. The name is translated from Ingush as a Sun City. Prior to 1992, Magas Airport was a Soviet military air base. It is sometimes referred to as Magas Oskanov Airport, in honour of Soviet General and MiG-29 pilot Sulom-Bek Oskanov.

Nazran
Nazran (Russian: Назра́нь; Ingush: Наьсаре, romanized: Näsare) is the largest city in Ingushetia, Russia. It served as the republic's capital from 1991 to 2000, until it was replaced by Magas, which was built for this purpose. It is the most populous city in the republic, with a population of 122,350 in the 2021 census.
Double patenting
Double patenting is the granting of two patents for a single invention, to the same proprietor and in the same country or countries. According to the European Patent Office, it is an accepted principle in most patent systems that two patents cannot be granted to the same applicant for one invention. However, the threshold for double patenting varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.

Continuing patent application
Under United States patent law, a continuing patent application is a patent application that follows, and claims priority to, an earlier-filed patent application. A continuing patent application may be one of three types: a continuation, divisional, or continuation-in-part. Although continuation and continuation-in-part applications are generally available in the U.S. only, divisional patent applications are also available in other countries, as such availability is required under Article 4G of the Paris Convention.
Milton, Ontario
Milton (2021 census population 132,979) is a town in Southern Ontario, Canada, and part of the Halton Region in the Greater Toronto Area. Between 2001 and 2011, Milton was the fastest growing municipality in Canada, with a 71.4% increase in population from 2001 to 2006 and another 56.5% increase from 2006 to 2011. In 2016, Milton's census population was 110,128 with an estimated growth to 228,000 by 2031. It remained the fastest growing community in Ontario but was deemed to be the sixth fastest growing in Canada at that time.

Milton is located 54 km (34 mi) west of Downtown Toronto on Highway 401, and is the western terminus for the Milton line commuter train and bus corridor operated by GO Transit. Milton is situated on the Niagara Escarpment, a UNESCO world biosphere reserve and the Bruce Trail.

Georgetown, Ontario
Georgetown is a large unincorporated community in the town of Halton Hills, Ontario, Canada, in the Regional Municipality of Halton. The town includes several small villages or settlements such as Norval, Limehouse, Stewarttown and Glen Williams near Georgetown and another large population centre, Acton. In 2021, the population of Georgetown was 44,058. It sits on the banks of the Credit River, approximately 40 km west of Toronto, and is part of the Greater Toronto Area.  Georgetown was named after entrepreneur George Kennedy who settled in the area in 1821 and built several mills and other businesses.
VLSI Project
The VLSI Project was a DARPA-program initiated by Robert Kahn in 1978 that provided research funding to a wide variety of university-based teams in an effort to improve the state of the art in microprocessor design, then known as Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI).

The VLSI Project is one of the most influential research projects in modern computer history. Its offspring include Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Unix, the reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processor concept, many computer-aided design (CAD) tools still in use today, 32-bit graphics workstations, fabless manufacturing and design houses, and its own semiconductor fabrication plant (fab), MOSIS, starting in 1981. A similar DARPA project partnering with industry, VHSIC had little or no impact.

The VLSI Project was central in promoting the Mead and Conway revolution throughout industry.

Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Program
The Very High Speed Integrated Circuit (VHSIC) Program was a United States Department of Defense (DOD) research program that ran from 1980 to 1990. Its mission was to research and develop very high-speed integrated circuits for the United States Armed Forces.
Dock (macOS)
The Dock is a prominent feature of the graphical user interface of macOS. It is used to launch applications and to switch between running applications. The Dock is also a prominent feature of macOS's predecessor NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP operating systems. The earliest known implementations of a dock are found in operating systems such as RISC OS and NeXTSTEP. iOS has its own version of the Dock for the iPhone and iPod Touch, as does iPadOS for the iPad.

Apple applied for a US patent for the design of the Dock in 1999 and was granted the patent in October 2008, nearly a decade later. Any application can be dragged and dropped onto the Dock to add it to the dock, and any application can be dragged from the dock to remove it, except for Finder and Trash, which are permanent fixtures as the leftmost and rightmost items (or highest and lowest items if the Dock is vertically oriented), respectively. Part of the macOS Core Services, Dock.app is located at /System/Library/CoreServices/.

OpenStep
OpenStep is an object-oriented application programming interface (API) specification developed by NeXT. It provides a framework for building graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and developing software applications. OpenStep was designed to be platform-independent, allowing developers to write code that could run on multiple operating systems, including NeXTSTEP, Windows NT, and various Unix-based systems. It has influenced the development of other GUI frameworks, such as Cocoa for macOS, and GNUstep.

OpenStep was principally developed by NeXT and Sun Microsystems, to allow advanced application development on Sun's operating systems, specifically Solaris. NeXT produced a version of OpenStep for its own Mach-based Unix OS, stylized in all capital letters as OPENSTEP. The software libraries that shipped with OPENSTEP are a superset of the original OpenStep specification, including many features from the original NeXTSTEP.
Asdal (village)
Asdal is a village in Arendal municipality in Agder county, Norway.  The village is located along Norwegian County Road 407 between the European route E18 highway and the river Nidelva.  The village sits between the village of Fevik to the south and the town of Arendal to the northeast. The village of Vrengen lies immediately north of Asdal and the village of Rød lies across the river to the southeast.

Norwegian County Road 407
Norwegian county road 407 (Fylkesvei 407) is a Norwegian county road in Agder county, Norway.  The 13.9-kilometre (8.6 mi) highway runs between the village of Vik in Grimstad municipality and Sponvika on the south side of the city of Arendal in Arendal municipality.  Prior to the transportation reforms of 2010, this road was a Norwegian national road, but since then it was taken over by the county.
Stacey Francis-Bayman
Stacey Francis-Bayman (née Francis, born 1 January 1988) is a former England netball international. She was a member of the England teams that won bronze medals at the 2010 Commonwealth Games and at the 2011 and 2015 Netball World Cups. At club level she has played for both Team Bath and Yorkshire Jets in the Netball Superleague, for Canterbury Tactix in the ANZ Championship and for West Coast Fever in Suncorp Super Netball. Between 2005–06 and 2013 she was a prominent member of the Team Bath squad as they won five Superleague titles. She played in the 2010 and 2013 grand finals and in both 2011 and 2013 she was named the Netball Superleague Player of the Season. In 2017 she was inducted into the University of Bath/Team Bath Hall of Fame for Sport.

2005–06 Netball Superleague season
The 2005–06 Netball Superleague season (known for sponsorship reasons as the figleaves.com Netball Superleague) was the inaugural season of the new Netball Superleague which replaced the Super Cup as the top level netball competition in England. The inaugural champions were Team Bath, who defeated Galleria Mavericks in the grand final.
Herbert Hupka
Herbert Hupka (August 15, 1915 – August 24, 2006) was a German journalist, politician (SPD and later the CDU), and advocate for the Germans expelled from neighbouring countries after the Second World War.

Racibórz
Racibórz (pronounced [raˈt͡ɕibuʂ] ⓘ, German: Ratibor, Czech: Ratiboř, Silesian: Racibōr) is a city in Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland. It is the administrative seat of Racibórz County.

With Opole, Racibórz is one of the historic capitals of Upper Silesia, being the residence of the Dukes of Racibórz from 1172 to 1521.
Ysgol Gymraeg Dewi Sant, Llanelli
Ysgol Gymraeg Dewi Sant, (St David's Primary School) Llanelli, Wales, was the first Welsh medium school to be run by a local authority. It was opened by Miss Olwen Williams on  Saint David's Day (1 March) 1947. The school was run in the Zion chapel school room.

In 2017 a plaque was put up marking the school's 70th anniversary.

Llanelli
Llanelli (Welsh for 'St Elli's Parish'; Welsh: [ɬaˈnɛɬi] ⓘ) is a market town and community in Carmarthenshire and the preserved county of Dyfed, Wales. It is on the estuary of the River Loughor and is the largest town in the county of Carmarthenshire.

The town is 11 miles (18 km) north-west of Swansea and 12 miles (19 km) south-east of Carmarthen. At the 2021 census the community had a population of 25,366, and the built up area had a population of 42,155. The local authority was Llanelli Borough Council when the county of Dyfed existed, and it has been under Carmarthenshire County Council since 1996.
French India
French India, formally the Établissements français dans l'Inde (English: French Settlements in India), was a French colony comprising five geographically separated enclaves on the Indian subcontinent that had initially been factories of the French East India Company. They were de facto incorporated into the Republic of India in 1950 and 1954. The enclaves were Pondichéry, Karikal, Yanaon on the Coromandel Coast, Mahé on the Malabar Coast and Chandernagor in Bengal. The French also possessed several loges ('lodges', tiny subsidiary trading stations) inside other towns, but after 1816, the British denied all French claims to these, which were not reoccupied.

By 1950, the total area measured 510 km2 (200 sq mi), of which 293 km2 (113 sq mi) belonged to the territory of Pondichéry. In 1936, the population of the colony totalled 298,851 inhabitants, of which 63% (187,870) lived in the territory of Pondichéry.

Joseph François Dupleix
Joseph Marquis Dupleix (French pronunciation: [ʒozɛf maʁki dyplɛks]; Unknown – 10 November 1763) was Governor-General of French India and rival of Robert Clive. He was the son of wealthy general of Taxes and Director general of the company of Indies. Due to his Father's influence he got high position in Pondicherry .
West of Memphis
West of Memphis is a 2012 New Zealand-American documentary film about the West Memphis Three that was directed and co-written by Amy Berg, and produced by Berg, Fran Walsh and Peter Jackson, and Damien Echols (who is the primary subject of the film) and his wife, Lorri Davis. It was released in the US by Sony Pictures Classics to critical acclaim, and received a nomination for Best Documentary Screenplay from the Writers Guild of America.

Damien Echols
Damien Wayne Echols (born Michael Wayne Hutchison; December 11, 1974) is an American author who first became known as one of three teenagers, the West Memphis Three, convicted of a triple murder in 1994 despite the lack of physical evidence connecting them to the crime and the dubious nature of the other evidence. Upon his release from death row in 2011 under an Alford plea, Echols authored several autobiographical and spiritual books. He has been featured in multiple books, documentaries, and podcasts about his spiritual works and the West Memphis Three case.
Hypolimnas octocula marianensis
Hypolimnas octocula marianensis, known as the Mariana eight-spot butterfly or forest flicker, is a subspecies of Hypolimnas octocula, the eight-spot butterfly.

The species is in found on Guam and Saipan in the Mariana Islands and feeds on two host plants: Procris pedunculata and Elatostema calcareum. These two herbs grow only on karst limestone forest.  It occurs with certainty only on Guam and is a candidate for listing under the Endangered Species Act.  The Mariana eight-spot butterfly suffers from numerous threats, including habitat destruction, competition from introduced species and increased predation from ants and wasps.

Hypolimnas octocula
Hypolimnas octocula, the eight-spot butterfly, is a species of eggfly or diadem endemic to several islands and island chains in Oceania, including New Caledonia, Vanuatu and the Mariana Islands.

It includes the following subspecies:

H. o. octocula Butler, 1869

H. o. pallas Grose-Smith

H. o. elsina Butler

H. o. formosa Herrich-Schäffer

H. o. marianensis
Snodland railway station
Snodland railway station is on the Medway Valley Line in Kent, England. It serves the town of Snodland, which lies some way to the west. The station is 36 miles 59 chains (59.1 km) down the line from London Charing Cross via Strood and it is situated between Halling and New Hythe. All trains that serve the station, and the station itself, are operated by Southeastern.

Snodland
Snodland is a town in the borough of Tonbridge and Malling in Kent, England. It lies on the River Medway, between Rochester and Maidstone, and 34 miles (55 km) from central London. At the 2011 Census, it had a population of 10,211.
Tambovskaya Bratva
The Tambovskaya Bratva is a large gang in Saint Petersburg, Russia. According to common allegations, it was organised in Leningrad in 1988 by two men from Tambov Oblast, Vladimir Kumarin and one from St. Petersburg. The gang is named after their region of origin. Despite allegations, Kumarin continues to deny his involvement. Originally the gangsters were recruited from people of Tambov origin and sportsmen, and were engaged in a protection racket.

It became famous in the city after coverage from Alexander Nevzorov in his 600 seconds TV show in the city.

Yury Chaika
Yury Yakovlevich Chaika (Russian: Юрий Яковлевич Чайка; born 21 May 1951) is a Russian lawyer and statesman who currently serves as the Presidential Envoy to the North Caucasian Federal District since 2020. He previously served as Prosecutor-General of Russia from 2006 to 2020 and Minister of Justice from 1999 to 2006.

He has the federal state civilian service ranks of State Councillor of Justice of the Russian Federation and 1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation, and also the prosecutor's rank of Active State Councillor of Justitia.
Speen, Berkshire
Speen is a suburb, village and civil parish in West Berkshire, England. It is 2 miles (3 km) north west of the town of Newbury, Speen has clustered settlements, the largest of which is Speen village, which is contiguous with Newbury, and the others, buffered from the town by the A34 road, are Bagnor, Stockcross, Woodspeen and Marsh Benham. Its other land is an approximately even mixture of woodland and agricultural fields including hay meadows for livestock feed and pasture. The area varies greatly in elevation, having the Reading to Taunton Line alongside the north bank of the River Kennet as its southern boundary and both banks of the River Lambourn in its north with elevated ground in between. Benham Park in the south-west of the area is a listed landscape garden and house.

Stockcross
Stockcross is a village in Berkshire, England. The village lies to the west of Newbury in the civil parish of Speen and the district of West Berkshire. Close to the cross-road in the middle of the village were the stocks hence the name Stock-Cross, which were removed in the early 1980s.
Venus figurines of Balzi Rossi
The Venus figurines of Balzi Rossi (also: Venus figurines of Grimaldi, Venus figurines from the Balzi-Rossi-Caves) are thirteen Palaeolithic sculptures of the female body, from the caves near Grimaldi, Ventimiglia, Italy. Additionally, two small depictions of the human head were discovered at the same place. The age of these figurines cannot be determined because of missing archaeological context data. It is usually accepted that these figurines stem from the Gravettian, about 24,000 to 19,000 years old. Most of the sculptures consist of soapstone and are between 2.4 and 7.5 centimetres (1–3 inches) in height.‍

Between 1883 and 1895, the figurines were discovered by the antique dealer Louis Alexandre Jullien at the cave complex Balzi Rossi ('red rocks') at the Ligurian coast. Eight of these sculptures are housed in the museum Saint-Germain-en-Laye near Paris.

Balzi Rossi
43°47′02″N 7°32′02″E﻿ / ﻿43.784°N 7.534°E﻿ / 43.784; 7.534

The Balzi Rossi caves (Ligurian: baussi rossi "red rocks") in Ventimiglia comune, Liguria, Italy, is one of the most important archaeological sites of the early Upper Paleolithic in Western Europe. Constance Fenimore Woolson visited in 1880 the Cavillon cave overlooking the via Julia Augusta and presented an account, in her travel piece "At Mentone", of the discovery in the Balzi-Rossi (red rocks) of a prehistoric skeleton and culture.  It has been continually excavated by archaeologists for more than 150 years.

Riparo Mochi remains evidence for the earliest presence of modern humans in Europe (early Aurignacian, 35,000 years ago).

Grimaldi Man (Gravettian, c. 25,000 years)

Venus figurines of Balzi Rossi (Gravettian, c. 22,000 years)
Arachalur
Arachalur is a panchayat town in Erode district in the state of  Tamil Nadu, India. It is situated 22 kilometres from Erode and an important junction on SH 83A en route Erode  to Dharapuram and other important small towns like Kodumudi and Chennimalai.

Chennimalai
Chennimalai is a town in Erode district, Tamil Nadu, India. It is situated away from Erode of about 28kms., Chenni which means Chief and  Malai means Hill. It is popularly known as the 'Handloom Town'.
Cyril Nichols
Cyril Nichols is a former Democratic member of the Illinois House of Representatives, representing the 32nd district from 2021 to 2025.

Nichols was appointed on April 8, 2021, to fill the seat of former state Representative Andre Thapedi after Thapedi resigned on March 17, 2021. Nichols dropped out of the 2024 Democratic primary for re-nomination, leaving Lisa Davis, an assistant public defender, the sole candidate in the primary.

Andre Thapedi
André Thapedi was a Democratic member of the Illinois House of Representatives, representing the 32nd District from 2009 to 2021. During his tenure, the 32nd district included all or portions of Auburn Gresham, Chicago Lawn, Ashburn, Chatham and West Englewood as well as portions of suburban Justice and Hickory Hills.
Terceira Island
Terceira (Portuguese pronunciation: [tɨɾˈsɐjɾɐ]) is a volcanic island in the Azores archipelago of Portugal, 1,181 km (734 mi) due west of Lisbon. It is one of the larger islands of the archipelago, with a population of 53,311 inhabitants in an area of approximately 396.75 km2 (153.19 sq mi).

Terceira is the location of the Azores' oldest city, Angra do Heroísmo, the historical capital of the archipelago and a UNESCO World Heritage Site; the seat of the judicial system (Supreme Court); and the main insular Portuguese Air Force base, Base Aérea nº 4 at Lajes, with a United States Air Force detachment.

Terceira island has two main sea ports, one at Angra do Heroísmo and the other at Praia da Vitória, and a commercial airport integrated with the flight operations at Lajes. Portuguese bullfighting is popular on the island, in two versions: the traditional equestrian bullfight (in the ring) and the popular "tourada à corda" that occurs in the streets.

Serra de Santa Bárbara
Serra de Santa Bárbara is the peak of an dormant volcano in the western part of the island of Terceira, Azores, Portugal. At 1,021 m (3,350 ft) elevation, it is the highest point of the island. It is named after the village located on the coast to the south, Santa Bárbara in the municipality of Angra do Heroísmo.

The peak lies on the south rim of the Santa Barbara Caldera which is approximately one kilometer wide, having two smaller peaks in the center of the caldera.  The upper slopes and the floor of the caldera are covered by holly and juniper forests, almost all of which are protected in the Nature Reserve of Serra de Santa Barbara e dos Mistérios Negros.

In 1761 a portion of the volcano erupted, and according to local religious lore, the villagers took a holy relic up to the erupting lava, and the lava stopped.