hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Price of fairness
In the theory of fair division, the price of fairness (POF) is the ratio of the largest economic welfare attainable by a division to the economic welfare attained by a fair division. The POF is a quantitative measure of the loss of welfare that society has to take in order to guarantee fairness.

In general, the POF is defined by the following formula:

The exact price varies greatly based on the kind of division, the kind of fairness and the kind of social welfare we are interested in.

The most well-studied type of social welfare is utilitarian social welfare, defined as the sum of the (normalized) utilities of all agents. Another type is egalitarian social welfare, defined as the minimum (normalized) utility per agent.

Fair division
Fair division is an optimisation problem in game theory of dividing a set of resources among several parties who have an entitlement to them so that each party receives their due share. The central tenet of fair division is that such a division should be performed by the players themselves, without the need for external arbitration, as only the players themselves really know how they value the goods.

There are many different kinds of fair division problems, depending on the nature of goods to divide, the criteria for fairness, the nature of the players and their preferences, and other criteria for evaluating the quality of the division. The archetypal fair division algorithm is divide and choose. The research in fair division can be seen as an extension of this procedure to various more complex settings.
Cute aggression
Cute aggression, also known as playful aggression or gigil, is the urge to squeeze or bite things perceived as being cute without the desire to cause any harm. It is a common type of dimorphous display, where a person experiences positive and negative expressions simultaneously in a disorganised manner. Individuals experiencing cute aggression may find themselves clenching their jaw or fists, with the urge to squish, pinch, or bite an adorable baby, animal, or object. About half of adults report experiencing cute aggression.

Cuteness
Cuteness is a type of attractiveness commonly associated with youth and appearance, as well as a scientific concept and analytical model in ethology, first introduced by Austrian ethologist Konrad Lorenz. Lorenz proposed the concept of baby schema (Kindchenschema), a set of facial and body features that make a creature appear "cute" and activate ("release") in others the motivation to care for it. Cuteness may be ascribed to people as well as things that are regarded as attractive or charming.
Bihari Lal Fitrat
Bihari Lal Fitrat was an Indian historian who focused on the history of Mithila. His major work was the Aina-i-Tirhut which was written in Urdu and published in 1883. The book was considered the first serious attempt at cataloguing the history of Mithila.

Bihari Lal Fitrat was born in 1829 into an elite family in Darbhanga. He qualified as a lawyer in 1856 and was made an honorary magistrate in 1877. He later worked in the court of Raj Darbhanga. He was versed in Maithili, Hindi, Urdu, Persian and Arabic.

Aina-i-Tirhut
'Aina-i-Tirhut (آئینۂ ترہت) is a history book written by Bihari Lal Fitrat in Urdu language. It is one of the first attempt to cataloguing and compiling the history of Mithila, Bihar. It was first published in 1883 by Bahar Kashmir Press, Lucknow. The book full name is 'Tawarikh-ul-Fitrat Maroof Aina-i-Tirhut'.

The modern version of this book is edited by Hetukar Jha and includes materials in both Hindi and Urdu to maintain the work's original linguistic and cultural context. The book title of the new version is Mithila in the nineteenth century: Aina-i-Tirhut of Bihari Lal "Fitrat". This book has been completed with the support of then Darbhanga Maharaj Lakshmeshwar Singh.
Cahuilla
The Cahuilla, also known as ʔívil̃uqaletem or Ivilyuqaletem, are a Native American people of the various tribes of the Cahuilla Nation, living in the inland areas of southern California. Their original territory encompassed about 2,400 square miles (6,200 km2). The traditional Cahuilla territory was near the geographic center of Southern California. It was bounded to the north by the San Bernardino Mountains, to the south by Borrego Springs and the Chocolate Mountains, to the east by the Colorado Desert, and to the west by the San Jacinto Plain and the eastern slopes of the Palomar Mountains.

Desert Hot Springs, California
Desert Hot Springs is a city in Riverside County, California, United States. The city is located within the Coachella Valley geographic region. The population was 32,512 as of the 2020 census, up from 25,938 at the 2010 census. The city has experienced rapid growth since the 1970s when there were 2,700 residents. The city is commonly referred to by its initials, DHS.

It is named for its many natural hot springs. It is one of several places in the world with naturally occurring hot and cold mineral springs.: 7  More than 20 natural mineral spring lodgings can be found in town. Unlike hot springs with high sulfur content, the mineral springs in town are odorless.
Michalis Kakiouzis
Michalis "Mika" Kakiouzis (alternate spellings: Michail, Michailis, Mihalis) (Greek: Μιχάλης Κακιούζης; born November 29, 1976) is a Greek former professional basketball player and coach. He is currently working as the head coach for Prishtina of the Kosovo Superleague. During his playing career, at a height of 2.07 m (6 ft. 9 1⁄2 in.) tall, Kakiouzis was able to play at both the small forward and power forward positions.

Cyprus Basketball Division A
The Cyprus Basketball Division A, known for sponsorship reasons as ECOMMBX Basket League, is currently the top-tier level men's professional basketball competition of the Cypriot basketball league system. It is run and governed by the Cyprus Basketball Federation.
Nirjara
Nirjara is one of the seven fundamental principles, or Tattva in Jain philosophy, and refers to the shedding or removal of accumulated karmas from the atma (soul), essential for breaking free from samsara, the cycle of birth-death and rebirth, by achieving moksha, liberation.

Literally meaning "falling off", the concept is described first in chapter 9 of the classical Jain text, Tattvartha Sutra (True nature of Reality) written by  Acharya Umasvati, in 2nd century CE, the only text authoritative in both Śvetāmbara and Digambara sects of Jainism. Later it also finds mention in Dravyasamgraha  (Compendium of substances), a 10th-century Jain text by Acharya Nemichandra.

Ratnatraya
The ratnatraya are the three jewels of Jainism, namely samyak darshana (right faith or view), samyak gyana (right knowledge), and samyak charitra (right conduct), which constitute the path to liberation.
Playland Park (Houston, Texas)
Playland Park was an amusement park located in Houston, Texas operating between 1940 and 1967. Louis Slusky opened Playland Park in 1940 at 9200 South Main. It is remembered for its wooden roller coaster, Giant Skyrocket. Texas' first elevated monorail train briefly operated near the park. Next to the park was an adjoining stock-car racetrack known as Playland Speedway. Playland Park closed in 1967, just prior to nearby AstroWorld opening in 1968.  Several of its rides had already ceased operations years prior. By 1973, the land where the park once stood was entirely vacant. Years later, it was redeveloped into retail space and apartments.

Playland Park, Houston should not be confused with the Playland Park located in San Antonio, Texas which opened around the same time and had a wooden roller coaster similarly named The Rocket.

Venice Park (Houston)
Venice Park (originally Luna Park) was an amusement park in Houston, Texas that operated from 1924 to around 1934. The 36-acre (150,000 m2) park was built at a cost of $325,000 and featured a carousel, picnic areas, live entertainment (including diving horses), a dance hall, and various mechanical rides, including the Giant Skyrocket roller coaster. At its inception, it was a trolley park.
Pteria (Cappadocia)
Pteria (Ancient Greek: Πτερία) was the capital of the Leucosyri in northern Cappadocia. They were said by Herodotus to have been taken and ruined by Croesus in 547 BCE. It also was the place of the Battle of Pteria, an undecided battle between Cyrus the Great and Croesus.

Stephanus of Byzantium cites two towns with this or a similar name: a Pterium, which he calls a town of the Medes, and Pteria, a town in the territory of Sinope.

Its site is located near Kerkenes Dağ, Asiatic Turkey.

Croesus
Croesus (/ˈkriːsəs/ KREE-səs; Ancient Greek: Κροῖσος, romanized: Kroîsos; Latin: Croesus; reigned: c. 561 – c. 547 BC)
was the king of Lydia, who reigned from 561 BC until his defeat by the Persian king Cyrus the Great in December 547 BC. According to Herodotus, he reigned 14 years. Croesus was renowned for his wealth; Herodotus and Pausanias noted that his gifts were preserved at Delphi.

The fall of Croesus had a profound effect on the Greeks, providing a fixed point in their calendar. "By the fifth century at least", J. A. S. Evans has remarked, "Croesus had become a figure of myth, who stood outside the conventional restraints of chronology."
Mills River (North Carolina)
The Mills River is located in Transylvania and Henderson counties, North Carolina, United States is a tributary of the French Broad River.  The river flows out of the Pisgah Ranger District of the Pisgah National Forest in two forks: the North Fork, which drains the slopes just south of the Blue Ridge Parkway between Asheville and Mount Pisgah, and the South Fork, which drains the area of the Pisgah Ranger District just east of the Cradle of Forestry in America, including the slopes of Black Mountain.  The Mills River flows into the French Broad River northwest of Hendersonville between NC 191 and Interstate 26.

The North Mills River Recreation Area, located on the North Fork of the river, is a popular local attraction for camping, hiking, and fishing. The Mills River is used as a water source for the cities of Asheville and Hendersonville.

Pisgah National Forest
Pisgah National Forest is a National Forest in the Appalachian Mountains of western North Carolina. It is administered by the United States Forest Service, part of the United States Department of Agriculture. The Pisgah National Forest is completely contained within the state of North Carolina. The forest is managed together with the other three North Carolina National Forests (Croatan, Nantahala, and Uwharrie) from common headquarters in Asheville, North Carolina. There are local ranger district offices located in Pisgah Forest, Mars Hill, and Nebo.
September 1 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Aug. 31 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - Sep. 2

All fixed commemorations below celebrated on September 14 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For September 1st, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on August 19.

September 2 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Sep. 1 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - Sep. 3

All fixed commemorations below celebrated on September 15 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For September 2nd, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on August 20.
Buonvicino
Buonvicino (Calabrian: Vommicìnu) is a town and comune in the province of Cosenza in the Calabria region of southern Italy. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

I Borghi più belli d'Italia
I borghi più belli d'Italia (Italian: [i ˈborɡi pju bˈbɛlli diˈtaːlja]) is a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest. It was founded in March 2001 on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities, with the aim of preserving and maintaining villages of quality heritage. Its motto is Il fascino dell'Italia nascosta ("The charm of hidden Italy").

Participants in the group are small population centres which risk neglect and abandonment because they lie outside the main tourist circuits. Initially they comprised about a hundred villages, but had increased to 361 in 2023.

In 2012, the Italian association was one of the founding members of the international association The Most Beautiful Villages in the World, a private organization that brings together various territorial associations promoting small inhabited centres of particular historical and landscape interest.
Mary Mack
"Mary Mack", also known as "Miss Mary Mack", is a clapping game of unknown origin. It is well known in various parts of the United States, Australia, Canada, and in New Zealand and has been called "the most common hand-clapping game in the English-speaking world".

Clapping game
A clapping game (subset of hand games) is a type of usually cooperative (i.e., non-competitive) game which is generally played by two players and involves clapping as a rhythmic accompaniment to a singing game or reciting of a rhyme, often nursery rhymes. Clapping games are found throughout the world and similar games may be known throughout large areas with regional variation.
Lord Lieutenant of Argyllshire
This is a list of people who served as Lord Lieutenant of Argyllshire. The office was created on 6 May 1794 and replaced by the Lord Lieutenant of Argyll and Bute in 1975.

John Campbell, 5th Duke of Argyll 17 March 1794 – 1799

George Campbell, 6th Duke of Argyll 16 April 1799 – 22 October 1839

John Campbell, 2nd Marquess of Breadalbane 4 December 1839 – 8 November 1862

George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll 15 November 1862 – 24 April 1900

John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll 27 July 1900 – 2 May 1914

Gavin Campbell, 1st Marquess of Breadalbane 17 August 1914 – 19 October 1922

Niall Campbell, 10th Duke of Argyll 20 February 1923 – 20 August 1949

Sir Bruce Atta Campbell 5 December 1949 – 28 August 1954

Charles Maclean, Baron Maclean 24 November 1954 – 1975

John Campbell, 5th Duke of Argyll
Field Marshal John Campbell, 5th Duke of Argyll (June 1723 – 24 May 1806), styled Marquess of Lorne from 1761 to 1770, was a British Army officer and politician. After serving as a junior officer in Flanders during the War of the Austrian Succession, he was given command of a regiment and was redeployed to Scotland where he opposed the Jacobites at Loch Fyne at an early stage of the Jacobite Rebellion and went on to fight against them at the Battle of Falkirk Muir and then at the Battle of Culloden. He later became adjutant-general in Ireland and spent some 20 years as a Member of Parliament before retiring to Inveraray Castle.
Batalpashinsky otdel
The Batalpashinsky otdel was a Cossack district (otdel) of the Kuban oblast of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the Stavropol Governorate to the north, the Labinsky and Maykopsky otdels to the west, the Sochi and Sukhumi okrugs to the south, and the Terek Oblast to the east. The area of the Batalpashinsky otdel included most of the contemporary Karachay-Cherkessia region of Russia. The administrative capital was the city of Batalpashinskaya (present-day Cherkessk).

Cherkessk
Cherkessk (Russian: Черке́сск; Adyghe: Шэрджэс къалэ; Kabardian: Черкес-къалэ) is the capital city of Karachay-Cherkessia, Russia, as well as its political, economic, and cultural center. Population: 129,069 (2010 census). 112,782 (2024).

It was previously known as Batalpashinskaya (until 1931), Batalpashinsk  (until 1934), Sulimov (until 1937), Yezhovo-Cherkessk (until 1939).
Ground Equipment Facility J-33
Ground Equipment Facility J-33 is a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) radar station of the Joint Surveillance System's Western Air Defense Sector (WADS) with an Air Route Surveillance Radar (ARSR-4).  The facility was previously a USAF general surveillance radar station during the Cold War.

The site is located on West Peak of Mount Tamalpais, in Marin County, California.

Mount Tamalpais
Mount Tamalpais (/tæməlˈpaɪɪs/; TAM-əl-PY-iss; Miwok: Támal Pájiṣ), known locally as Mount Tam, is a peak in Marin County, California, United States, often considered symbolic of Marin County. Much of Mount Tamalpais is protected within public lands such as Mount Tamalpais State Park, the Marin Municipal Water District watershed, and National Park Service land, such as Muir Woods.
Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003
The Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003 (asp 13) is an act of the Scottish Parliament which was passed in March 2003, and came into effect on 5 October 2005. The act establishes that medical professionals can legally detain and treat people through short term detention on the grounds of exhibiting signs of mental disorders, with the Mental Health Tribunal for Scotland and the Mental Welfare Commission for Scotland providing safeguards against mistreatment on the grounds of maintaining non-discrimination practices. It received royal assent on 25 April 2003. It largely replaces the Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1984.

Mental Welfare Commission for Scotland
The Mental Welfare Commission for Scotland is a non-departmental public body, responsible for safeguarding the rights and welfare of people in Scotland with a learning disability, mental illness or other mental disorder. The Commission was original established by the Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1960 (8 & 9 Eliz. 2. c. 61).

It enquires into cases of alleged ill treatment or deficiency of care or treatment, with investigations that include visits to alleged victims in hospitals and community settings.

The Commission is accountable to the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates for its statutory duties and how its public money is spent. It is required to follow NHS customary accounting rules and to meet NHS financial targets.
Cynoglottis
Cynoglottis is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Boraginaceae.

Its native range is southeastern Europe and Western Asia.

Species:

Cynoglottis barrelieri (All.) Vural & Kit Tan

Cynoglottis chetikiana Vural & Kit Tan

Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae, the borage or forget-me-not family, has two significantly different circumscriptions as of December 2025. In the narrower circumscription, Boraginaceae sensu stricto is one of 11 families placed in the order Boraginales and includes about 90–120 genera. This approach was developed by the Boraginales Working Group. In the older, broader circumscription, Boraginaceae sensu lato is the only family in the order Boraginales, and includes about 155 genera.
Akuapim North Municipal District
Akuapim North Municipal District is one of the thirty-three districts in Eastern Region, Ghana. It was originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988, when it was known as Akuapim North District, which was created from the former Akuapim District Council. It was elevated to municipal district assembly status on 15 March 2012 to become Akuapim North Municipal District. On 15 March 2018, the northeast part of the district was split off to create Okere District; thus the remaining part has been retained as Akuapim North Municipal District. The municipality is located in the southeast part of Eastern Region and has Akropong as its capital town. Akropong is known as a key location for the celebration of Odwira, which has contributed to tourism in the area.

Akuapim District
Akuapim District is a former district council that was located in Eastern Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1975. However, on 10 March 1989, it was split off into two new district assemblies: Akuapim South District (capital: Nsawam) and Akuapim North District (capital: Akropong). The district assembly was located in the southeast part of Eastern Region and had Nsawam as its capital town.
Mabe, Perranarworthal and St Gluvias (electoral division)
Mabe, Perranarworthal and St Gluvias (Cornish: Lannvab, Peranarwodhel ha Pluw Luwyek) was an electoral division of Cornwall in the United Kingdom which returned one member to sit on Cornwall Council between 2013 and 2021. It was abolished at the 2021 local elections, being succeeded by Mylor, Perranarworthal and Ponsanooth and Constantine, Mabe and Mawnan.

Constantine, Mabe and Mawnan (electoral division)
Constantine, Mabe and Mawnan is an electoral division of Cornwall in the United Kingdom which returns one member to sit on Cornwall Council. It was created at the 2021 local elections, being created from the former divisions of Constantine, Mawnan and Budock, and Mabe, Perranarworthal and St Gluvias. The current councillor is Anna Thomason-Kenyon, who won the election as a member of Reform UK but has now changed party to the Cornish independent non aligned group.
155th (South Scottish) Brigade
The 155th (South Scottish) Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in both the First and the Second World Wars. Assigned to the 52nd (Lowland) Division, the brigade saw active service in the Middle East and on the Western Front during the First World War. During the Second World War, now the 155th Infantry Brigade, it continued to serve with the 52nd Division in Operation Dynamo, and later in North-western Europe from late 1944 until May 1945.

King's Own Scottish Borderers
The King's Own Scottish Borderers (KOSB) was a line infantry regiment of the British Army, part of the Scottish Division. On 28 March 2006 the regiment was amalgamated with the Royal Scots, the Royal Highland Fusiliers (Princess Margaret's Own Glasgow and Ayrshire Regiment), the Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment), the Highlanders (Seaforth, Gordons and Camerons), the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's), 52nd Lowland Regiment, and 51st Highland Regiment to form the Royal Regiment of Scotland. However, after just a few months the battalion merged with the Royal Scots Battalion to form the Royal Scots Borderers.
Wolverine
The wolverine (/ˈwʊlvəriːn/ WUUL-və-reen, US also /ˌwʊlvəˈriːn/ WUUL-və-REEN; Gulo gulo), also called the carcajou or quickhatch (from East Cree, kwiihkwahaacheew), is the largest land-dwelling member of the family Mustelidae. It is a muscular carnivore and a solitary animal. The wolverine has a reputation for ferocity and strength out of proportion to its size, with the documented ability to kill prey many times larger than itself.

The wolverine is found primarily in remote reaches of the northern boreal forests and subarctic and alpine tundra of the Northern Hemisphere, with the greatest numbers in Northern Canada, the U.S. state of Alaska, the mainland Nordic countries of Europe, and throughout western Russia and Siberia. Its population has steadily declined since the 19th century owing to trapping, range reduction and habitat fragmentation. The wolverine has become essentially absent from the southern end of its range in both Europe and North America.

Ubly, Michigan
Ubly is a village in Huron County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, Ubly had a population of 836. The village is within Bingham Township.

On February 25, 2004, a wolverine was spotted near Ubly, the first one sighted in Michigan in over 200 years.