hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Oscar II
Oscar II (Oscar Fredrik; 21 January 1829 – 8 December 1907) was King of Sweden from 1872 until his death in 1907 and King of Norway from 1872 to 1905.

Oscar was the son of King Oscar I and Queen Josephine. He inherited the Swedish and Norwegian thrones when his brother died in 1872. Oscar II ruled during a time when both countries were undergoing a period of industrialization and rapid technological progress. His reign also saw the gradual decline of the Union of Sweden and Norway, which culminated in its dissolution in 1905. In 1905, the throne of Norway was transferred to his grandnephew Prince Carl of Denmark under the regnal name Haakon VII. When Oscar died in 1907, he was succeeded in Sweden by his eldest son, Gustaf V.

Princess Pauline of Württemberg (1810–1856)
Princess Pauline Friederike Marie (25 February 1810, Stuttgart – 7 July 1856, Wiesbaden) was Duchess consort of Nassau from 1829 to 1839 as the second wife of William, Duke of Nassau. She was a member of the House of Württemberg and a princess of Württemberg by birth.

Pauline is an ancestress of the present Belgian, Danish, Dutch, Norwegian, and Swedish royal families, as well as the Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg through her youngest daughter Sophia, Queen of Sweden and Norway.
Relative homology
In algebraic topology, a branch of mathematics, the (singular) homology of a topological space relative to a subspace is a construction in singular homology, for pairs of spaces. The relative homology is useful and important in several ways. Intuitively, it helps determine what part of an absolute homology group comes from which subspace.

Exact sequence
In mathematics, an exact sequence is a sequence of morphisms between objects (for example, groups, rings, modules, and, more generally, objects of an abelian category) such that the image of one morphism equals the kernel of the next.
Polyakov loop
In quantum field theory, the Polyakov loop is the thermal analogue of the Wilson loop, acting as an order parameter for confinement in pure gauge theories at nonzero temperatures. In particular, it is a Wilson loop that winds around the compactified Euclidean temporal direction of a thermal quantum field theory. It indicates confinement because its vacuum expectation value must vanish in the confined phase due to its non-invariance under center gauge transformations. This also follows from the fact that the expectation value is related to the free energy of individual quarks, which diverges in this phase. Introduced by Alexander M. Polyakov in 1975, they can also be used to study the potential between pairs of quarks at nonzero temperatures.

Color confinement
In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), color confinement or infrared slavery,: 1125  often simply called confinement, is the phenomenon that color-charged particles (such as quarks and gluons) cannot be isolated, and therefore cannot be directly observed in normal conditions below the Hagedorn temperature of approximately 2 terakelvin (corresponding to energies of approximately 130–140 MeV per particle).  Quarks and gluons must clump together to form hadrons. The two main types of hadron are the mesons (one quark, one antiquark) and the baryons (often three quarks or antiquarks, though other exotic variants exist).  In addition, colorless glueballs formed only of gluons are also consistent with confinement, though difficult to identify experimentally.  Quarks and gluons cannot be separated from their parent hadron without producing new hadrons.
Lower Trenton Bridge
The Lower Trenton Toll Supported Bridge, commonly called the Lower Free Bridge, Warren Street Bridge or Trenton Makes Bridge, is a two-lane Pennsylvania (Petit) through truss bridge that crosses over the Delaware River between Trenton, New Jersey and Morrisville, Pennsylvania.

Owned and operated by the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission (DRJTBC), it is known as the Trenton Makes Bridge because of large lettering of its motto that was installed on the south side of the structure in 1935 that states, "TRENTON MAKES - THE WORLD TAKES".

In addition to being an important bridge from Pennsylvania to New Jersey, this structure is a major landmark in the city of Trenton. It is signed as US 1 Business, though it does not officially carry that route.

This bridge is the southernmost free road crossing of the Delaware; no toll is collected. All road crossings downstream are tolled in the westbound direction (leaving New Jersey).

Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission
The Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission (DRJTBC) is a bistate, public agency that maintains and operates river crossings connecting the U.S. states of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The agency's jurisdiction stretches roughly 140 miles (230 km) along the Delaware River from Philadelphia and Bucks County in southeast Pennsylvania and then north through the Lehigh Valley and to Pennsylvania-New York state border.

DRJTBC operates eight toll bridges and 12 toll-supported (free) bridges, two of which are pedestrian-only crossings, and 34 approach structures throughout its jurisdiction. Revenues from the eight toll bridges subsidize the other bridges. Since 1987, the commission has not received any state or federal tax revenues and relies solely on toll collections for its financing.

In 2019, more than 138 million cars and trucks used the DRJTBC's network of Delaware River bridge crossings.
353 Ruperto-Carola
353 Ruperto-Carola (prov. designation: A893 BB or 1893 F) is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg Observatory on 16 January 1893. It is named after the Ruprecht Karls University (University of Heidelberg), whose Latin name is Ruperto Carola Heidelbergensis.

Max Wolf
Maximilian Franz Joseph Cornelius Wolf (21 June 1863 – 3 October 1932) was a German astronomer and a pioneer in the field of astrophotography. He was the chairman of astronomy at the University of Heidelberg and director of the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory from 1902 until his death in 1932.
Ibrahima Sonko
Ibrahima Sonko (born 22 January 1981) is a Senegalese former professional footballer who played as a centre back.

Sonko moved to France from Senegal at a young age and began his career with Olympique Noisy-le-Sec and AS Saint-Étienne, before turning professional with Grenoble. In 2002 Sonko moved to English side Brentford where he spent two seasons before moving to Reading in 2004. Sonko spent four seasons with the Royals and helped them gain promotion to the Premier League in 2005–06. Following their relegation, Sonko joined Stoke City for a fee of £2 million in August 2008. However, he failed to establish himself in the first team at Stoke and spent time out on loan at Hull City and Portsmouth before being released. He spent the 2011–12 season with Ipswich Town and then played for Turkish side Akhisar Belediyespor from 2012 until 2015.

2005–06 Reading F.C. season
The 2005–06 season was Reading's 135th year in existence and fourth consecutive season in the Championship, since their promotion from the Second Division in 2002, and covers the period from 1 July 2005 to 30 June 2006.

Reading finished the season as Champions, winning promotion to the Premier League for the first time, and registered the highest points total gained in a professional league season with 106, bettering the previous record held by Sunderland by 1 point.
Palestinian Declaration of Independence
The Palestinian Declaration of Independence formally established the State of Palestine, and was written by Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish and proclaimed by Yasser Arafat on 15 November 1988 (5 Rabiʽ al-Thani 1409) in Algiers, Algeria. It had previously been adopted by the Palestinian National Council (PNC), the legislative body of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), by a vote of 253 in favour, 46 against, and 10 abstaining. It was read at the closing session of the 19th PNC to a standing ovation. Upon completing the reading of the declaration, Arafat, as chairman of the PLO, assumed the title of President of Palestine. In April 1989, the PLO Central Council elected Arafat as the first president of the State of Palestine.

Palestinian National Council
The Palestinian National Council (PNC; Arabic: المجلس الوطني الفلسطيني, romanized: Al-majlis Al-wataniu Al-filastiniu) is the legislative body - in Arabic, the Majlis - of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). The PNC is intended to serve as the parliament that represents all Palestinians inside and outside the Palestinian territories, and all sectors of the worldwide Palestinian community, including political parties, popular organizations, resistance movements, and independent figures from all sectors of life.

The Council met formally 20 times in the 27 years between 1964 and 1991. Since the Oslo Accords, the council met formally only twice: in 1996 and 2018.

The PNC is intended to be responsible for formulating the policies and programs for the PLO, and elects the PLO Executive Committee, which assumes leadership of the organization between its sessions. Resolutions are passed by a simple majority with a quorum of two-thirds. The PNC elects its own Chairman.
Flash Gordon (1954 TV series)
Flash Gordon is a science-fiction television series based on the King Features characters of the Alex Raymond-created comic strip of the same name. The black and white television series was a West German, French, and American international co-production by Intercontinental Television Films and Telediffusion. The show aired from October 1, 1954, to July 15, 1955, on the DuMont Television Network.

Hans Zarkov
Dr. Hans Zarkov is a fictional character appearing in the Flash Gordon comic strip and the following serials, films, television shows and comic books. He was created by Alex Raymond.

Zarkov is a brilliant scientist who creates a rocket and forces Flash and Dale Arden to come with him to the planet Mongo, and fight against Ming the Merciless. In the original comic strip, he was first thought to have died when his ship crashed into the planet Mongo. It is later revealed that Ming's minions pulled him out of the wreckage. Zarkov's character in the 1980s DC comic was handled the same way.
Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra
The Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra was an American civil passenger and cargo aircraft built by the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation during the late 1930s. An outgrowth of the earlier Model 10 Electra, the Model 14 was also developed into larger, more capable civil and military versions.

Tachikawa Aircraft Company
Tachikawa Aircraft Company Limited (立川飛行機株式会社, Tachikawa Hikōki Kabushiki Kaisha) was an aircraft manufacturer in the Empire of Japan, specializing primarily in aircraft for the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force. It was based at Tachikawa, in Tokyo Prefecture.
Prostitution in Cambodia
Prostitution in Cambodia is illegal, but prevalent. A 2008 Cambodian Law on Suppression of Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation
has proven controversial, with international concerns regarding human rights abuses resulting from it, such as outlined in the 2010 Human Rights Watch report.

The comprehensive Law on Suppression of Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation was enacted in 2008. It punishes the trafficking of people, the managing of prostitutes and the maintaining of a brothel, as well as soliciting in public and distributing pornography. The mere act of exchanging sex for money is not outlawed.

The Women’s Network for Unity is a Cambodian sex worker organization which was established in 2000. It lobbies for legal and human rights and better working conditions for sex workers and aims to amend the 2008 law.

In 2016 UNAIDS  estimated there to be 34,000 prostitutes in the country, many from Vietnam.

Women's Network for Unity
The Women's Network for Unity (WNU) is a sex workers' organization in Cambodia which was established in 2000 and currently has about 6,400 members. It works against the stigmatization of sex work and lobbies for the legal and human rights of sex workers and for safer working conditions. Accordingly, the organization aims to amend the 2008 Law on Suppression of Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation. The WNU was established by the Women's Agenda for Change (WAC) organisation that was founded by the Australian aid worker Rosanna Barbero. In 1999 several NGOs working on the issue of women's rights in development came together to discuss sex workers' rights with the aim of creating spaces and opportunities for sex workers to be at the forefront of the development agenda. The WNU was sponsored, supported and received training from the WAC activist, both local and international staff.
Hembury
Hembury is a Neolithic causewayed enclosure and Iron Age hillfort near Honiton in Devon. Its history stretches from the late fifth and early fourth millennia BC to the Roman invasion. The fort is situated on a south facing promontory at the end of a 240m high ridge in the Blackdown Hills. It lies to the north of and overlooking the River Otter valley and this location was probably chosen to give good views of the surrounding countryside as well as for defensive reasons. The Devon Archaeological Society bought the hillfort in 2022.

Causewayed enclosure
A causewayed enclosure is a type of large prehistoric earthwork common to the early Neolithic in Europe. It is an enclosure marked out by ditches and banks, with a number of causeways crossing the ditches. More than 100 examples are recorded in France and 70 in Southern England and Wales, while further sites are known in Scandinavia, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Ireland and Slovakia.

The term "causewayed enclosure" is now preferred to the older term, causewayed camp, as it has been demonstrated that the sites did not necessarily serve as occupation sites.

Archaeologists have speculated on the purposes of such sites, but have not arrived at a consensus as to their function.
Shivamara II
Shivamara II or Saigotta Shivamara was the son of Sripurusha and ruled the Western Ganga Dynasty from 788 – 816 C.E. He was also a noted an important patron of Jainism. He was also known as a scholar, writing works such as "Gajashtaka" (in Kannada), "Gajamathakalpana" (in Sanskrit), and Sethubandha (in Prakrit), though these texts are now lost. According to historian Kamath, he is considered to be one of the famous kings of the Western Ganga Dynasty.

He succeeded to the Ganga throne during a time when the Rashtrakuta were the empire on the rise in South India and the Deccan.

Dhruva Dharavarsha
Dhruva Dharavarsha (r. 780 – 793 CE) Also known as "Kalivallabha" was one of the most notable rulers of the Rashtrakuta Empire. He ascended the imperial throne after replacing his elder brother Govinda II, who had become unpopular among his subjects on account of his various misconducts as a monarch, including excessive indulgence in sensual pleasures. This according to the historian Kamath is evident from the Karhad plates of Krishna III. The Dhulia grant of 779 and Garugadahalli inscription of 782 proclaim Dhruva the emperor. Though some historians claim that Dhruva revolted and grabbed the throne, other  historians feel the transition of the throne from Govinda II to Dhruva was peaceful and may have happened willingly. He earned titles like Kalivallabha, Srivallabha, Dharavarsha, Maharajadhiraja and Parameshvara.
Mong Kok Computer Centre
Mong Kok Computer Centre (Chinese: 旺角電腦中心; Jyutping: mong6 gok3 din6 nou5 zung1 sam1) is a shopping mall for computers and computer related products in Nelson Street, in Mong Kok, Hong Kong.

The three floor mall houses more than 70 computer shops and attracts some 10,000 customers daily. Shops sell various kinds of products, including laptops, computer software, hardware and other accessories. Most shops offer made-to-order computers with customizable configurations, while others offer individual parts for customers who prefer to build own machines.

Free Wi-Fi access is offered in the shopping mall.

Mong Kok
Mong Kok (Chinese: 旺角), also spelled Mongkok, often abbreviated as MK, is an area in Kowloon, Hong Kong. The Prince Edward subarea occupies the northern part of Mong Kok.

As one of the major shopping areas in Hong Kong, Mong Kok is characterised by a mixture of old and new multi-story buildings, with shops and restaurants at street level, and commercial or residential units above. Major industries in Mong Kok are retail, restaurants (including fast food) and entertainment. It has been described and portrayed in films as an area in which triads run bars, nightclubs, and massage parlours. With its extremely high population density of 130,000/km2 (340,000/sq mi), Mong Kok was described as the busiest district in the world by the Guinness World Records.
Lithium nitrate
Lithium nitrate is an inorganic compound with the formula LiNO3. It is the lithium salt of nitric acid (an alkali metal nitrate). The salt is deliquescent, absorbing water to form the hydrated form, lithium nitrate trihydrate.  Its eutectics are of interest for heat transfer fluids.

It is made by treating lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide with nitric acid.

Alkali metal nitrate
Alkali metal nitrates are chemical compounds consisting of an alkali metal (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium) and the nitrate ion. Only two are of major commercial value, the sodium and potassium salts. They are white, water-soluble salts with melting points ranging from 255 °C (LiNO3) to 414 °C (CsNO3) on a relatively narrow span of 159 °C

The melting point of the alkali metal nitrates tends to increase  from 255 °C to 414 °C (with an anomaly for rubidium being not properly aligned in the series) as the atomic mass and the ionic radius (naked cation) of the alkaline metal increases, going down in the column. Similarly, but not presented here in the table, the solubility of these salts in water also decreases with the atomic mass of the metal.
Haven Creek (Ontario)
Haven Creek is a stream in the Unorganized Part of Kenora District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is in the Hudson Bay drainage basin, is a left tributary of the Rostoul River, and is within Woodland Caribou Provincial Park.

Rostoul River
The Rostoul River is a river in the Unorganized Part of Kenora District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is in the Hudson Bay drainage basin, is a left tributary of the Gammon River, and is within Woodland Caribou Provincial Park.
Ċirkewwa
Ċirkewwa (Maltese: Iċ-Ċirkewwa) is a harbour and zone situated at the northernmost point of Malta, part of the locality of Mellieħa.

It is the site of the Ċirkewwa Ferry Terminal, from where regular car ferries operate to the port of Mġarr in Gozo. In the summer, boat trips to Comino also operate, as well as organised diving excursions. As Ċirkewwa is a point on the northernmost end of the island, and not a town, there is no major infrastructure besides the terminal, but near the harbour there is a hotel resort. Paradise Bay, a sandy beach, is also nearby, to the south of the Ċirkewwa peninsula.

Visitors travelling to Gozo can reach Ċirkewwa by car by following road signs to Gozo, and by bus directly from Valletta, Sliema, Buġibba and St. Paul's Bay.

Mellieħa
Mellieħa (Maltese: il-Mellieħa [ɪl mɛˈlːɪːħɐ]) is a large village in the Northern Region of Malta. It has a population of 11,389 as of 2019. Mellieħa is also a tourist resort, popular for its sandy beaches, natural environment, and Popeye Village nearby.
Estrellas de Areito
Estrellas de Areito (The Stars of Areito) was an ensemble involving over thirty of Cuba's musicians, including Rubén González, Richard Egües, Nino Rivera, Félix Chappotín, Miguelito Cuní, Pío Leyva, Arturo Sandoval, Tata Güines and Paquito D'Rivera.

Formed in 1979, the Estrellas explored the roots of Afro-Cuban music, with many of their tracks lasting over ten minutes. They produced a series of five albums for the Cuban state recording company Egrem.

Rubén González (pianist)
Rubén González Fontanills (26 May 1919 – 8 December 2003) was a Cuban pianist. Together with Lilí Martínez and Peruchín he is said to have "forged the style of modern Cuban piano playing in the 1940s".

Between the 1940s and his retirement in the 1980s, he played with Cuba's most successful acts, including Paulina Álvarez, Arsenio Rodríguez, Orquesta América del 55, Orquesta Riverside and Enrique Jorrín. In the 1990s, he came out of retirement to play in the revival ensembles Afro-Cuban All Stars and Buena Vista Social Club, also recording solo material and performing live until 2002.
Onsen UI
Onsen UI is an open-source UI framework and components for HTML5 hybrid mobile app development, based on PhoneGap / Cordova. It allows developers to create mobile apps using Web technologies like CSS, HTML5, and JavaScript. While it was originally based on AngularJS and supported jQuery, with version 2, Onsen UI has become JavaScript framework-agnostic, meaning developers can create mobile apps with or without any JavaScript framework. Onsen UI also provides comprehensive tools and services through Monaca, as both products are developed by the same company. Onsen UI was created in 2013.

Monaca (software)
Monaca is a collection of software tools and services for building and deploying HTML5 mobile hybrid apps. Built using open-source Apache Cordova (formerly known as PhoneGap), it provides resources including Cloud IDE, local development tools, a debugger, and backend support.
TC Smith
TC Smith, also known as "TC/TNT," is an American singer and live programmer best known for her work with Triggerpimp, Anna Thema, TCR, Satiate, and Meridian Dream (with Rae DiLeo) as well as her voiceover work with producer Joseph Bishara. Her voice talents have been featured in movie trailers for films such The Village, The Amityville Horror (2005), and Silent Hill. Her voice work also appears in the movie score for The Gravedancers, a 2005 horror film, along with Melora Creager of Rasputina.

Robin Moulder
Robin Moulder (born April 2, 1966) is an American entrepreneur, producer, and musician, best known as being one of the founders of the riot goth-girl group Jack Off Jill and her subsequent project, TCR. She is a bassist, pianist, and programmer. She is the CEO and co-founder of 3lb Games, a virtual and mixed reality video game developer.
Nils Johan Ekdahl
Nils Johan Ekdahl (27 April 1799 in Fågeltofta, Sweden – 20 December 1870 in Stockholm, Sweden) was a Swedish theologian, political writer and cultural historian.

Student in Lund in 1820, ordination as pastor in 1822, employed as a preacher in Stockholm in 1825. In his spare time, he devoted himself to historical and archaeological research, and traveled from 1827 to 1830 through the landscape of Norrland in the north of Sweden, about which he reports in his treatise Om vattuminskningen i norra poltrakterna (1865).
In his last years of life Ekdahl was also a staunch supporter of the Icelandic theologian Magnús Eiríksson (1806–1881), of whom he translated two books into Swedish.

Magnús Eiríksson
Magnús Eiríksson was also the Old Norse name of Magnus IV of Sweden.

Magnús Eiríksson (22 June 1806 – 3 July 1881) was an Icelandic theologian and a contemporary critic of Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (1813–1855) and Hans Lassen Martensen (1808–1884) in Copenhagen.

Due to his very critical attitude towards the church dogma, especially the dogmas of the Trinity of God and the Divinity of Christ, in contrast to which he stressed (at least in his late work) the essential unity of God and the leadership of Jesus (merely) as prophet and teacher, Eiríksson often was labeled as a “pioneer” or “precursor”  to the Unitarian movement in Denmark.