hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shock diamond
Shock diamonds (also known as Mach diamonds or thrust diamonds, and less commonly Mach disks) are a formation of standing wave patterns that appear in the supersonic exhaust plume of an aerospace propulsion system, such as a supersonic jet engine, rocket, ramjet, or scramjet, when it is operated in an atmosphere. The "diamonds" are actually a complex flow field made visible by abrupt changes in local density and pressure as the exhaust passes through a series of standing shock waves and expansion fans. The physicist Ernst Mach was the first to describe a strong shock perpendicular to the direction of fluid flow, the presence of which causes the diamond pattern.: 48

Ernst Mach
Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel Mach (/mɑːx/ MAHK; Austrian German: [ˈɛrnst ˈmax] ⓘ; 18 February 1838 – 19 February 1916) was an Austrian-Czech physicist and philosopher who contributed to the understanding of the physics of shock waves. The ratio of the speed of a flow or object to that of sound is named the Mach number in his honor. As a philosopher of science, he was a major influence on logical positivism and American pragmatism. Through his criticism of Isaac Newton's theories of space and time, he foreshadowed Albert Einstein's theory of relativity.
Flavius Antiochianus
Flavius Antiochianus (flourished 3rd century) was a prominent Roman politician during the reigns of the emperors Gallienus, Claudius Gothicus, Quintillus and Aurelian, in the period referred to as the Crisis of the Third Century in the Roman Empire.

Claudius Gothicus
Marcus Aurelius Claudius "Gothicus" (10 May 214 – August/September 270), also known as Claudius II, was Roman emperor from 268 to 270. During his reign he fought successfully against the Alemanni and decisively defeated the Goths at the Battle of Naissus. He died after succumbing to a "pestilence", possibly the Plague of Cyprian that had ravaged the provinces of the Empire.
Battle of Tifernum
The Battle of Tifernum (297 BC) was an important battle of the Third Samnite War, fought in 297 BC near Castropignano, either on the banks of the river Biferno (latin: Tifernus) or near the Matese mountains (latin: Tifernus Mons) in the province of Campobasso, in what is now southern Italy, where the Romans overcame a determined Samnite army. The result would lead to the decisive Battle of Sentinum, which granted Rome the domination of central Italy.

Samnite Wars
The First, Second, and Third Samnite Wars (343–341 BC, 326–304 BC, and 298–290 BC) were fought between the Roman Republic and the Samnites, who lived on a stretch of the Apennine Mountains south of Rome and north of the Lucanian tribe.

The first of these wars was the result of Rome's intervention to rescue the Campanian city of Capua from a Samnite attack.

The second one was the result of Rome's intervention in the politics of the city of Naples and developed into a contest over the control of central and southern Italy.

Similarly the third war also involved a struggle for control of this part of Italy.

The wars extended over half a century, and also drew in the peoples to the east, north, and west of Samnium (land of the Samnites) as well as those of central Italy north of Rome (the Etruscans, Umbri, and Picentes) and the Senone Gauls, but at different times and levels of involvement.
Leptodactylus hylodes
Leptodactylus hylodes is a species of frog in the family Leptodactylidae. It was found at a single site: Sergipe, Brazil.

Scientists know little about its habits. It was found in an area with small forest fragments near urban areas, farms, and pastures. They suspect that, like its congeners, it lays eggs in foam nests and has some tolerance to human-altered habitats.

The species is unique within the genus Leptodactylus in that it has heterogeneous fingertips, with digits II and III bearing rounded, non-expanded tips, while digits IV and V have small ungrooved disks. Its specific epithet "hylodes" is derived from Greek, meaning "bushy." It has not been assigned to any of the four Leptodactylus species groups.

Leptodactylus
Leptodactylus is a genus of leptodactylid frogs. It includes the species commonly called ditch frogs or white-lipped frogs. It is very similar to Physalaemus, a close relative, and indeed the 2005 described Leptodactylus lauramiriamae is in some aspects intermediate between them.
Ferrotitanium
Ferrotitanium is a ferroalloy, an alloy of iron and titanium with between 10 and 20% iron and 45–75% titanium and sometimes a small amount of carbon. It is used in steelmaking as a cleansing agent for iron and steel; the titanium is highly reactive with sulfur, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen, forming insoluble compounds and sequestering them in slag, and is therefore used for deoxidizing, and sometimes for desulfurization and denitrogenation. In steelmaking, the addition of titanium yields metal with finer grain structure.  Ferrotitanium can be manufactured by mixing titanium sponge and scrap with iron and melting them together in an induction furnace.  Ferrotitanium powder can be also used as a fuel in some pyrotechnic compositions.

Ferroalloy
A ferroalloy is an alloy of iron with a high proportion of one or more other elements such as manganese (Mn), aluminium (Al), or silicon (Si).  They are used in the production of steels and alloys. The alloys impart distinctive qualities to steel and cast iron or serve important functions during production and are, therefore, closely associated with the iron and steel industry, the leading consumer of ferroalloys. The leading producers of ferroalloys in 2014 were China, South Africa, India, Russia and Kazakhstan, which accounted for 84% of the world production. World production of ferroalloys was estimated as 52.8 million tonnes in 2015.
Claude of Valois
Claude of Valois (12 November 1547 – 21 February 1575) was a French princess as the second daughter of King Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici, and Duchess of Lorraine by marriage to Charles III, Duke of Lorraine.

Henry II, Duke of Lorraine
Henry II (French: Henri II; 8 November 1563 – 31 July 1624), known as "the Good (le Bon)", was Duke of Lorraine from 1608 until his death. Leaving no sons, both of his daughters became Duchesses of Lorraine by marriage. He was a brother-in-law of Henry IV of France.
Lander County Courthouse
The Lander County Courthouse, at 122 Main St. in Austin, Nevada, is a historic courthouse that was built of brick in 1871 with Greek Revival influence in its style.  It was designed by Daniel P. Bell.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.

It served as courthouse from 1871 to 1979, when the court moved to a courthouse in Battle Mountain, and the building has since been used as county offices.

Austin, Nevada
Austin is an unincorporated census-designated place in, and former county seat of, Lander County, Nevada, United States. In 2020, the place had a population of 167. It is located on the western slopes of the Toiyabe Range at an elevation of 6,575 feet (2,004 m); U.S. Route 50 passes through.
Epinette des Vosges
The épinette des Vosges (French pronunciation: [epinɛt dɛ voʒ])  is a traditional plucked-string instrument of the zither family, whose use was confined to two areas in the Vosges mountains of France approximately 50 km apart: around Val-d'Ajol and around Gérardmer.

Appalachian dulcimer
The Appalachian dulcimer (many variant names; see below) is a fretted string instrument of the zither family, typically with three or four strings, originally played in the Appalachian region of the United States.

The body extends the length of the fingerboard, and its fretting is generally diatonic.
Heald Island
Heald Island (78°15′S 163°49′E﻿ / ﻿78.250°S 163.817°E﻿ / -78.250; 163.817) is an island, 3 miles (5 km) long and 555 metres (1,820 ft) high, which projects through the ice of Koettlitz Glacier just east of Walcott Bay, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was discovered and named by the British National Antarctic Expedition (1901–04) for Seaman William L. Heald, a member of the expedition who saved the life of Hartley T. Ferrar when the latter was suffering from scurvy in 1902.  In 2012 a cape on Heald Island was named Tuttell Point. The point is on the central part of the southern shore of Heald Island jutting into Koettlitz Glacier, 7.3 miles northwest of Gandalf Ridge, and approximately 10 miles west of Discovery Glacier. The feature is named by US-ACAN BGN for Lieutenant Commander Robert Joseph Tuttell, a Naval Aviator in Antarctic Development Squadron Six (VXE-6).

Tuttell Point
Tuttell Point is a cape that is located on the center of the southern shore of Heald Island Antarctica.  Heald Island is 3 miles (4.8 km) long, and is completely surrounded by the Koettlitz Glacier.

Tuttell Point was named for Lieutenant Commander Robert J. Tuttell of the United States Navy. He was a Naval Aviator in Antarctic Development Squadron Six (VXE-6) who flew logistics missions, including several high profile missions, in a ski-equipped LC-130 Hercules aircraft.  He flew missions in Antarctica during the Antarctic Summer Seasons from 1983 to 1986 in support of Operation Deep Freeze. He also flew Winter Fly In (WINFLY) missions in 1984 and 1985.  The feature's name was approved on October 23, 2012 by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names, of the U.S. Board on Geographic Names.
Jotbani Union
Jotbani Union (Bengali: জোতবানী ইউনিয়ন) is one of the seven union parishads under Birampur Upazila of Dinajpur District in the Rangpur Division of northwestern Bangladesh. It has an area of 36.60 km2 . It has 4,500 households. The union porishod office of Jotbani Union is only one hours road journey away from Birampur Upazila.

Birampur Upazila
Birampur (Bengali: বিরামপুর) is an upazilla of Dinajpur District in the Division of Rangpur, Bangladesh. Birampur is an important city near India Border. This upazila is 256 km away from Capital Dhaka and nearly 56 km away from Dinajpur City. In spite of being far from Capital this north Bengal city is flourishing economically and culturally. A branch of the Jamuna River flows through Birampur Upazila.
Sanna, Ardnamurchan
Sanna (Scottish Gaelic: Sanna) is a hamlet at the far western tip of the Scottish peninsula of Ardnamurchan, in Lochaber, Highland. It is one of the most westerly settlements on the mainland of Great Britain, and consists of a small collection of crofts and houses around a series of unspoilt sandy beaches.  It is the setting for most of Alasdair Maclean's autobiographical book Night Falls on Ardnamurchan.

Ardnamurchan
Ardnamurchan (/ˌɑːrdnəˈmɜːrxən/, Scottish Gaelic: Àird nam Murchan [aːrˠʃtʲ nə ˈmuɾuxan]) is a 50-square-mile (130-square-kilometre) peninsula in the ward management area of Lochaber, Highland, Scotland, noted for its remoteness and rural nature. Its remoteness is accentuated by the main access route being a single track road for much of its length. The most westerly point of mainland Great Britain, Corrachadh Mòr, is in Ardnamurchan.

The area was historically ruled by the Clan MacDonald of Ardnamurchan from the 1300s until 1618.

From 1930 to 1975 Ardnamurchan also gave its name to a landward district of Argyll, which covered a much wider area, including the districts of Morvern, Sunart and Ardgour.
Enda of Aran
Saint Enda of Aran (Éanna, Éinne or Endeus, died c. 530 AD) is an Irish saint. His feast day is 21 March.

Enda was a warrior-king of Oriel in Ulster, converted by his sister, Saint Fanchea, an abbess. About 484 he established the first Irish monastery at Killeaney on Inis Mór. St Enda is described as the "patriarch of Irish monasticism". Most of the great Irish saints had some connection with Aran.

Fanchea
Saint Fanchea of Rossory is an Irish saint recognized by the Orthodox Church, the Church in Wales, and the Roman Catholic Church. She was the sister of Saint Enda of Arran, whom she persuaded to become a monk. Her feast day is January 1.
World War III (G.I. Joe)
World War III is the title of a 12-issue comic book story that took place in issues #25-36 of the comic G.I. Joe: America's Elite, published by Devil's Due Publishing. The plot concerns Cobra Command's final attempt to take over the world. Originally begun to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero franchise, World War III also marked the end of the original G.I. Joe comic continuity, which was begun by Larry Hama in the first G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero comic book series.

Cobra Troopers
The Cobra Troopers serve as the basic foot soldiers of the Cobra Organization, as part of the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline, comic books and animated series. They are generally depicted as legions of uniformed soldiers, nearly all of them masked to appear anonymous, and widely diversified according to specialties and functions.
Piceatannol
Piceatannol is the organic compound with the formula ((HO)2C6H3)2CH)2. It can be classified as a stilbenoid, a phenol, and a polyphenol. It is a white solid, although samples often are yellow owing to impurities. The chemical structure of piceatannol was established as being an analog of resveratrol.

Stilbenoid
Stilbenoids are hydroxylated derivatives of stilbene. They have a C6–C2–C6 structure. In biochemical terms, they belong to the family of phenylpropanoids and share most of their biosynthesis pathway with chalcones. Most stilbenoids are produced by plants, and the only known exception is the antimicrobial stilbenoid drug tapinarof which is biosynthesized by the Gram-negative bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens.
Siemens SX1
The Siemens SX1 was a GSM mobile phone running version 1.2 of the Series 60 platform for the Symbian OS. It was the first such smartphone from Siemens following its licensing agreement with Nokia for the use and development of Series 60. Though unveiled in February 2003, it was not launched until December 2003.

Siemens Mobile
Siemens Mobile was a German mobile phone manufacturer and a division of Siemens AG. Siemens sold Siemens Mobile to the Taiwan-based BenQ in 2005, subsequently becoming BenQ-Siemens and succeeded by Gigaset. The last Siemens-branded mobile phones, the AL21, A31 and AF51, were released in November 2005.
Syed Rafi Mohammad
Qāḍī Sayyid Rāfiʿ Muḥammad Dasondhi (Urdu: قاضي سيد رافع محمد; died ca 1090 AH/1679 AD) was a scholar of repute from Sakras, District Gurgaon (now in Nuh district, Haryana). He belonged to the family of Gardēzī Sadaat.

Ferozepur Jhirka
Ferozepur Jhirka, occasionally called Jhirka, is a town and historical settlement in the Ferozepur Jhirka, a sub-division of the Nuh district in the Indian state of Haryana.

Sh Rajkumar Gupta won the presidential election of Bar Association Ferozepur Jhirka held on Feb 28, 2025 and serving as PRESIDENT of Bar Association.
Versailles, Kentucky
Versailles is a home rule-class city in Woodford County, Kentucky, United States. It lies 13 miles (21 kilometers) by road west of Lexington and is part of the Lexington-Fayette Metropolitan Statistical Area. Versailles has a population of 10,534 according to 2024 census estimates. It is the county seat of Woodford County. The city's name is pronounced /vərˈseɪlz/ vər-SAYLZ, an anglicization different from the French pronunciation of the royal city of the same name near Paris.

Lexington–Fayette metropolitan area
The Lexington–Fayette metropolitan area is the 109th-largest metropolitan statistical area (MSA) in the United States. It was originally formed by the United States Census Bureau in 1950 and consisted solely of Fayette County until 1980, when surrounding counties saw increases in their population densities and the number of their residents employed within Lexington-Fayette, which led to them meeting Census criteria to be added to the MSA.

The Lexington-Fayette MSA is the primary MSA of the Lexington-Fayette–Richmond–Frankfort, KY combined statistical area which includes the Micropolitan Statistical Areas of Frankfort (Franklin and Anderson counties), Mount Sterling (Montgomery, Bath, and Menifee counties), and Richmond–Berea (Madison and Rockcastle counties). The Lexington-Fayette–Frankfort–Richmond, KY combined statistical area has a July 1, 2012 Census Bureau estimated population of 703,271.
Eugene Nicolaievich Ivanoff
Eugene Nicolaievich Ivanoff of Poland, who claimed to be Tsarevich Alexei Romanov in the mid-1920s, was one of the first in a long line of Romanov impostors to emerge from various parts of the world following the execution of Tsar Nicholas II and his family at Yekaterinburg on 17 July 1918. He was both one of the first Alexei claimants, and one of the first Romanov claimants to generate any sort of serious publicity in the European and American press.

Romanov impostors
Members of the ruling Russian imperial family, the House of Romanov, were executed by a firing squad led by Yakov Yurovsky in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on 17 July 1918, during both the Russian Civil War and near the end of the First World War. Afterwards, a number of people came forward claiming to have survived the execution. All were impostors, as the skeletal remains of the Imperial family have since been recovered and identified through DNA testing. To this day, a number of people still falsely claim to be members of the Romanov family, often using false titles of nobility or royalty.
Charlevoix County, Michigan
Charlevoix County (/ˈʃɑːrləvɔɪ/ SHAR-lə-voy) is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. The county seat is Charlevoix, and the largest city is Boyne City. Located in the Northern Lower Peninsula, Charlevoix County is bisected by Lake Charlevoix, Michigan's third largest inland lake. As of the 2020 census, the county's population was 26,054. Beaver Island, the largest island in Lake Michigan, is located within Charlevoix County.

Ironton, Michigan
Ironton is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Charlevoix County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population of the CDP was 148 at the 2020 census.  It is located within Eveline Township on a narrow portion of Lake Charlevoix that is traversed by the Ironton Ferry.
NMBS/SNCB M7 railcar
The M7 cars are a series of bilevel rail cars of the National Railway Company of Belgium (NMBS/SNCB). Developed from the M6 cars, they are built by Bombardier Transportation and Alstom. The first car was delivered in September 2018. The M7 coaches are mainly intended as intercity stock, they will completely replace the M4 and partly replace the M5. Different types of M7 cars can be coupled to form loco-hauled or self-propelled trains similar to the German Twindexx Vario.

Bombardier Double-deck Coach
The Double-deck Coach is a bilevel passenger railcar used by various European railways and Israel Railways. It was manufactured by Alstom until 2025, and previously by Bombardier Transportation (until 2021), Adtranz, and DWA/Waggonbau Görlitz. The current generation of double-deck coaches can be run at speeds up to 200 km/h (125 mph). Depending on their configuration, each coach can seat 100 to 150 passengers.
Kilbixy (civil parish)
Kilbixy (Irish: Cill Bhiscí) is a civil parish in County Westmeath, Ireland. It is located about 13 km (8 mi) north‑west of Mullingar. The village of Ballynacarrigy is the largest settlement in the parish.

Kilbixy is one of 6 civil parishes in the barony of Moygoish in the province of Leinster. The civil parish covers 6,516.5 acres (26.371 km2).

Kilbixy civil parish comprises 22 townlands: Ballallen, Ballycorkey, Ballyhoreen, Ballyhug, Ballynacarrig Old, Ballynacarrigy, Ballynacroghy a.k.a. Gallowstown, Ballysallagh (Fox), Ballysallagh (Tuite), Balroe, Baronstown, Baronstown Demesne, Charlestown and Abbeyland a.k.a. Ballynamonaster, Cumminstow, Grange, Kilbixy, Kill, Moranstown, Rath, Toor Commons, Tristernagh and Tristernagh Demesne.

The neighbouring civil parishes are: Rathaspick to the north‑west and north, Leny (barony of Corkaree) to the north‑east, Templeoran to the south‑east and 
Kilmacnevan to the south‑west and west.

Kilmacnevan (civil parish)
Kilmacnevan (Irish: Cill Mhic Naomháin) is a civil parish in County Westmeath, Ireland. It is located about 16 km (10 mi) west–north–west of Mullingar.

Kilmacnevan is one of 6 civil parishes in the barony of Moygoish in the province of Leinster. The civil parish covers 5,010.3 acres (20.276 km2).

Kilmacnevan civil parish comprises 11 townlands: Ballintue, Ballynacarrow, Calliaghstown, Churchtown, Conlanstown, Deerpark, Emper, Kilmacnevan, Lakingstown, Laragh and Rathmore.

The neighbouring civil parishes are: Rathaspick to the north, Kilbixy to the east, Piercetown (barony of Rathconrath) and
Rathconrath (barony of Rathconrath) to the south and Agharra (barony of Shrule, County Longford) and Rathreagh (barony of Ardagh, County Longford) to the west.
Unification of Nepal
The unification of Nepal (Nepali: नेपालको एकीकरण, romanized: Nēpālakō ēkīkaraṇa) was the process of building the modern Nepalese state, by invading fractured Malla kingdoms including the Baise Rajya's 22 kingdoms and the Chaubisi Rajya's 24 kingdoms. It began in 1743 CE (1799 BS), by Prithvi Narayan Shah, King of Gorkha. On 25 September 1768, he officially announced the creation of the Kingdom of Nepal and moved his capital from Gorkha to a city in Kathmandu Valley.

The Shah dynasty that Prithvi Narayan Shah founded would go on to absorb the various warring Malla kingdoms that once occupied parts of present-day Nepal into a nation-state that stretched up to the Sutlej River in the west and Sikkim-Jalpaiguri in the east. Before the Gorkha Empire, the Kathmandu Valley was known as Nepal after the Nepal Mandala, the region's name in Newar language.

Shah dynasty
The Shah dynasty (Nepali: शाह वंश), also known as the Shahs of Gorkha or the Royal House of Gorkha, was the ruling Chaubise Thakuri dynasty and the founder of the Gorkha Kingdom from 1559 to 1768 and later the unified Kingdom of Nepal from 1768 to 28 May 2008.

The Shah dynasty traces its historical ancestor to King of Kaski, Kulamandan Shah Khand, whose grandson Dravya Shah captured the throne of Ligligkot from Magars King (Dalsur Ghale Magar) with the help of accomplices from six resident clans of Majhkot and Ligligkot. Dravya Shah named his new kingdom Gorkha.
Kyiv-Sviatoshyn Raion
Kyiv-Sviatoshyn Raion (Ukrainian: Києво-Святошинський район, romanized: Kyievo-Sviatoshynskyi raion) was a raion (district) in Kyiv Oblast of Ukraine, adjacent to the city of Kyiv which served as the administrative center for the raion. The city of Kyiv itself did not belong to the raion. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Kyiv Oblast to seven. The area of Kyiv-Sviatoshyn Raion was split between Bucha, Fastiv, and Obukhiv Raions. The last estimate of the raion population was 210,123 (2020 est.).

The raion was situated just to the west of the city of Kyiv, and should not be confused with the Sviatoshyn District of Kyiv city, which it bordered and where its administration was located. The raion's name related to the historical area and woodland of Sviatoshyn, which currently is located with the city limits of Kyiv.

Irpin
Irpin (Ukrainian: Ірпінь, IPA: [irˈpinʲ] ⓘ) is a city on the Irpin River in Bucha Raion, Kyiv Oblast, northern Ukraine. It is located next to the capital Kyiv, on the Irpin River. Irpin hosts the administration of Irpin urban hromada, or administrative division. The city had an estimated population of 65,167 (2022 estimate).

There were several villages on the site from the 17th century onwards, with the city being built around the railway station that was constructed in 1899.

In the battle of Irpin during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, 70% of the city was damaged, including the House of Culture, which had been built by the community in 1954. In June 2023, the city's mayor reported that most people had already returned, along with around 25,000 internally displaced people.