hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ganglion cell layer
In the anatomy of the eye, the ganglion cell layer (ganglionic layer) is a layer of the retina that consists of retinal ganglion cells and displaced amacrine cells.

The cells are somewhat flask-shaped; the rounded internal surface of each resting on the stratum opticum, and sending off an axon which is prolonged into it.

From the opposite end numerous dendrites extend into the inner plexiform layer, where they branch and form flattened arborizations at different levels.

The ganglion cells vary much in size, and the dendrites of the smaller ones as a rule arborize in the inner plexiform layer as soon as they enter it; while those of the larger cells ramify close to the inner nuclear layer.

Inner nuclear layer
In the anatomy of the eye, the inner nuclear layer or layer of inner granules, of the retina, is made up of a number of closely packed cells, of which there are three varieties: bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells.
Teddy Atelier Stursberg
Teddy Atelier Stursberg is an international company producing teddy bears since 1995. They started their business in Wuppertal, Germany later moved to Berlin, Germany. Since 2003 they worked in the UK.

The teddies are handmade items, made of high-quality materials (mainly Mohair). They are all limited to one item. The Teddy Atelier Stursberg sold a Teddy to the folk singer Carolyn Hester in 1997. This was the start of their international career. Teddy Atelier Stursberg has sold teddies to collectors all over the world. They have attended international fairs in Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and the UK.

The Teddy Museum in Berlin, Germany, has a range of their teddies on display. Teddy Atelier Stursberg was featured in various international Teddy and Doll magazines in Germany and the Netherlands.

Teddy bear
A teddy bear, or simply a teddy, is a stuffed toy in the form of a bear. The teddy bear was named by Morris Michtom after the 26th president of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt; it was developed apparently simultaneously in the first decade of the 20th century by two toymakers: Richard Steiff in Germany and Michtom in the United States. It became a popular children's toy, and it has been celebrated in story, song, and film.

Since the creation of the first teddy bears (which sought to imitate the form of real bear cubs), "teddies" have greatly varied in form, style, color, and material. They have become collector's items, with older and rarer teddies appearing at public auctions. Teddy bears are among the most popular gifts for children, and they are often given to adults to signify affection, congratulations, or sympathy.
Art Gallery of Mississauga
The Art Gallery of Mississauga (AGM) is a public, not-for-profit art gallery in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. It is located at the Mississauga Civic Centre right on Celebration Square across from Square One Mall. The Gallery is open six days per week (closed Mondays) and offers free admission and guided exhibition tours in addition to regular art social events, workshops for adult learners, and youth programmes for schools, universities and community groups.

The Gallery holds approximately 18 exhibitions a year on a rotating basis.

Mississauga Civic Centre
The Mississauga Civic Centre is the seat of local government of Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. The 37,280 square metre complex is a prominent example of postmodern architecture in Canada, finished in 1987 by Jones and Kirkland. It stands at 92 metres or 302 feet. The design was influenced by farmsteads which once occupied much of Mississauga as well as historical features of city centres. The building, for instance, includes a prominent clock tower. It was chosen as the winner of a design competition that included 246 submissions. Mississauga Civic Centre is located in the City Centre near Square One Shopping Centre and is home to the Mississauga City Council. The civic center building is considered one of the most iconic and recognizable buildings and cultural icons of the city of Mississauga.
Trout River Bridge
The Trout River Bridge is a six lane segmental bridge carrying Interstate 95 across Trout River, 5 miles (8.0 km) north of downtown Jacksonville, Florida. It is the third crossing of I-95 south of Georgia. A Trout River Bridge Replacement project commenced in 2005, replacing the original bridge with a six lane bridge; this project was completed in July 2008.

Trout River (Florida)
The Trout River is a 20-mile-long (32 km) tributary of the St. Johns River in Duval County, Florida. Located entirely within Jacksonville's Northside area, the river is brackish in its lower section. The widest point of the river is near the St. Johns River, where it is 0.6 miles (1.0 km) across. The Trout River has wetlands as far as the mouth of the river's longest tributary, the Ribault River.
Golokganj railway station
Golakganj  is a railway junction station on the Fakiragram–Dhubri branch line and the New Cooch Behar–Golakganj branch line. It is located in Dhubri district in the Indian state of Assam. This station serves the Golakganj town. Important trains like Kolkata–Sairang Express, Alipurduar–Silghat Town Rajya Rani Express, Siliguri–Dhubri Intercity Express, are available from this station.

Alipurduar–Silghat Town Rajya Rani Express
The 15417 / 15418 Rajya Rani  Express is an Express  train belonging to Indian Railways Northeast Frontier Railway zone that runs between Alipurduar Junction and Silghat Town in India.This train is a part of Rajya Rani Express series from West Bengal & Assam state.

It operates as train number 15417 from Alipurduar Junction to Silghat Town and as train number 15418 in the reverse direction, serving the states of  West Bengal & Assam.
Graph bandwidth
In graph theory, the graph bandwidth problem may be visualized as placing the vertices of a given graph at distinct integer positions along the number line so that the length of the longest edge is minimized. Such placement is called linear graph arrangement, linear graph layout or linear graph placement.
It may be formalized as labeling the  vertices  of a graph  with distinct integers  so that the quantity  is minimized, where  is the edge set of .

The weighted graph bandwidth problem is a generalization wherein the edges are assigned weights  and the cost function to be minimized is the product of weight with length, .

In terms of matrices, the (unweighted) graph bandwidth is the minimal bandwidth of a symmetric matrix which is an adjacency matrix of the graph.
The bandwidth may also be defined as one less than the maximum clique size in a proper interval supergraph of the given graph, chosen to minimize its clique size.

Cuthill–McKee algorithm
In numerical linear algebra, the Cuthill–McKee algorithm (CM), named after Elizabeth Cuthill and James McKee, is an algorithm to permute a sparse matrix that has a symmetric sparsity pattern into a   band matrix form with a small bandwidth. The reverse Cuthill–McKee algorithm  (RCM)  due to Alan George and Joseph Liu is the same algorithm but with the resulting index numbers reversed. In practice this generally results in less fill-in  than the CM ordering when Gaussian elimination is applied.

The Cuthill McKee algorithm is a variant of the standard breadth-first search
algorithm used in graph algorithms. It starts with a peripheral node and then
generates levels  for  until all nodes
are exhausted. The set  is created from set 
by listing all vertices adjacent to all nodes in . These 
nodes are ordered according to predecessors and degree.
Royal Naval Air Service
The Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) was the air arm of the Royal Navy, under the direction of the Admiralty's Air Department, and existed formally from 1 July 1914 to 1 April 1918, when it was merged with the British Army's Royal Flying Corps to form the Royal Air Force (RAF), the world's first independent air force.

It was replaced by the Fleet Air Arm, initially consisting of those RAF units that normally operated from ships, but emerging as a separate unit similar to the original RNAS by the time of the Second World War.

Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)
The Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) is a third-level military decoration awarded for gallantry during active operations against the enemy at sea to officers; and, since 1993, ratings and other ranks of the British Armed Forces, Royal Fleet Auxiliary and the British Merchant Navy have been eligible. The award was formerly also awarded to members of armed forces of other Commonwealth countries.

The DSC is "awarded in recognition of an act or acts of exemplary gallantry during active operations against the enemy at sea." Since 1979, it can be awarded posthumously.
William Sampson (lawyer)
William Sampson (26 January 1764 – 28 December 1836) was a lawyer and jurist who in his native Ireland, and in later American exile, identified with the cause of democratic reform. In the 1790s, in Belfast and Dublin he associated with United Irishmen, defending them in Crown prosecutions, contributing to their press and, according to government informants, participating on the eve of rebellion in their inner councils. In New York, from 1806 he won renown as a trial lawyer representing the abolitionist Manumission Society and disputing race as a legal disability; challenging the conspiracy charges against organised labor; and, in the name of religious liberty, establishing Catholic auricular confession as privileged. Maintaining that the tradition of common law denied citizens equal access to the law, and was a systematic source of injustice, Sampson pioneered the American codification movement.

John Philpot Curran
John Philpot Curran (24 July 1750 – 14 October 1817) was an Irish orator, politician, and lawyer celebrated for his defence of civil and political liberty. He first won popular acclaim in 1780, as the only lawyer in his circuit willing to represent a Catholic priest horsewhipped by an Anglo-Irish lord. In the 1790s he was celebrated as a champion in the Irish House of Commons of Catholic emancipation and parliamentary reform, and in court as defence counsel for United Irishmen facing charges of sedition and treason. Following the rebellion of 1798, he was vocal in his opposition to Britain's incorporation of Ireland in a United Kingdom.

Curran's speeches before the judicial bench were widely admired. Lord Byron said of Curran, "I have heard that man speak more poetry than I have seen written". Karl Marx described him as the greatest "people's advocate" of the eighteenth century.
November–December 1981 Palestinian protests
The November–December 1981 Palestinian protests were a wave of protests and unrest across the Occupied Palestinian Territories in late 1981 over moves by the Israeli government to impose an Israeli civilian administration on the territories. A wave of widespread protests first broke out in the West Bank in  November 1981, followed by a two-week general strike in the Gaza Strip in December.

Palestinian Village Leagues
The Palestinian Village Leagues (Harakat al-Rawabet al-Filistiniyya) were a group of rural leadership organisations in the Palestinian West Bank active between 1978 and 1984. Based on clan structures, the Village Leagues were created and armed with Israeli support as part a framework in which the Israeli government believed it could undermine the influence of the more urban, nationalist, and left-wing Palestine Liberation Organization. Widely considered among the Palestinian population as inauthentic and as collaborators, the Village Leagues were ultimately dissolved less than a decade after their creation.
MIAMI Facilities
The MIAMI facility (acronym for Microscopes and Ion Accelerators for Materials Investigation) is a scientific laboratory located within the Ion Beam Centre at the University of Huddersfield. This facility is dedicated to the study of the interaction of ion beams with matter. The facilities combine ion accelerators in situ with Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM): a technique that allows real-time monitoring of the effects of radiation damage on the microstructures of a wide variety of materials. Currently the laboratory operates two such systems MIAMI-1 and MIAMI-2 that are the only facilities of this type in the United Kingdom, with only a few other such systems in the world. The MIAMI facility is also part of the UKNIBC (UK National Ion Beam Centre) along with the Universities of Surrey and Manchester, which provides a single point of access to a wide range of accelerators and techniques.

University of Huddersfield
The University of Huddersfield is a public research university located in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England. It has been a University since 1992, but has its origins in a series of institutions dating back to the 19th century. It has made teaching quality a particular focus of its activities, winning the inaugural Higher Education Academy Global Teaching Excellence Award in 2017, and achieving a Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF) Gold Award, in 2017  and 2023. The university has also put an increasing focus on research quality, and as of 2022 more than three quarters of its academic staff hold a doctorate, the third highest rate in England.

Its chancellor George W. Buckley, a graduate of the university and a former CEO of 3M, was appointed in 2020.
Sakhalin Husky
The Sakhalin Husky (Japanese: 樺太犬, Karafuto Ken; Russian: Сахалинский хаски; Chinese: 库页犬, Kuye Quan) is a critically endangered landrace and sled laika associated with Sakhalin Island and adjacent areas. They are also known as Karafuto Ken, Sakhalin Laika, or Gilyak Laika. While bred primarily as a sled dog, Sakhalin Huskies are also used for hunting bear and fishing. In 1989, there were approximately 20 Sakhalin Huskies remaining on Sakhalin Island.

Laika (dog type)
Laika (/ˈlaɪkə/ LY-kə; Russian: лайка, romanized: layka, IPA: [ˈlajkə], pl. лайки, layki, laiki) is a term for several types of dogs that originate from Russia, particularly Siberia, but also sometimes expanded to include Nordic hunting breeds. Laika breeds are primitive dogs who flourish with minimal care even in hostile weather. Generally, laika breeds are expected to be versatile hunting dogs, capable of hunting game of a variety of sizes by treeing small game, pointing and baying larger game and working as teams to corner bear and boar.  However a few laikas have specialized as herding or sled dogs.
Douglas Fairbanks Jr.
Douglas Elton Fairbanks Jr. KBE (December 9, 1909 – May 7, 2000) was an American actor, producer, and United States Navy officer. He was a leading man during the Golden Age of Hollywood, notably in adventure and swashbuckling roles like in The Prisoner of Zenda (1937), Gunga Din (1939), and The Corsican Brothers (1941). He was the son of Douglas Fairbanks and the stepson of Mary Pickford.  Fairbanks, Jr. "picked up his father's swashbuckling style and later cut a dash in high society and royal circles." His first marriage was to actress Joan Crawford.

Fairbanks was a decorated Naval officer during the Second World War, overseeing the Beach Jumpers special warfare unit. For his war service, he received several military accolades including the Silver Star, the Legion of Merit, the French Legion of Honour and Croix de Guerre, and the British Distinguished Service Cross.

Order of the Southern Cross
The National Order of the Southern Cross (Portuguese: Ordem Nacional do Cruzeiro do Sul) is a Brazilian order of chivalry founded by Emperor Pedro I on 1 December 1822. The order aimed to commemorate the independence of Brazil (7 September 1822) and the coronation of Pedro I (1 December 1822). The name derives from the geographical position of the country, under the constellation of the Southern Cross and also in memory of the name – Terra de Santa Cruz (Land of the Holy Cross) – given to Brazil following its first arrival by Europeans in 1500.
MT Botaş FSRU Ertuğrul Gazi
MT Botaş FSRU Ertuğrul Gazi is a South Korean-built Turkey-flagged offshore support vessel certified as a floating storage regasification unit (FSRU) for liquified natural gas (LNG). She is owned by the Turkish petroleum and natural gas pipeline corporation BOTAŞ, and operated by the Norwegian maritime company Wilhelmsen Ship Management, serving at Botaş Dörtyol LNG Storage Facility in southern Turkey. This is the country's first vessel of this type.

Gas in Turkey
Natural gas supplies over a quarter of Turkey's energy. The country consumes 50 to 60 billion cubic metres of natural gas each year, nearly all of which is imported. A large gas field in the Black Sea started production in 2023.

After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine several European countries stopped buying Russian oil or gas, but Turkey's relations with Russia are good enough that it continues to buy both. Turkey receives much gas from Russia, which is cheaper than LNG. Households buy the most gas, followed by industry and power stations. Over 80% of the population has access to gas, and it supplies half the country's heating requirements. As the state-owned oil and gas wholesaler BOTAŞ has 80% of the gas market,: 16  the government can and does subsidize residential and industrial gas consumers. All industrial and commercial customers, and households using more than a certain amount of gas, can switch suppliers.
Sum of four cubes problem
The sum of four cubes problem asks whether every integer is the sum of four cubes of integers.  It is conjectured the answer is affirmative, but this conjecture has been neither proven nor disproven, at least as reported in 1982 by Philippe Revoy and again in 2004 by Henri Cohen. Some of the cubes may be negative numbers, in contrast to Waring's problem on sums of cubes, where they are required to be positive.

Waring's problem
In number theory, Waring's problem asks whether each natural number k has an associated positive integer s such that every natural number is the sum of at most s natural numbers raised to the power k. For example, every natural number is the sum of at most 4 squares, 9 cubes, or 19 fourth powers. Waring's problem was proposed in 1770 by Edward Waring, after whom it is named. Its affirmative answer, known as the Hilbert–Waring theorem, was provided by Hilbert in 1909. Waring's problem has its own Mathematics Subject Classification, 11P05, "Waring's problem and variants".
Government Medical College, Badaun
28°1′4″N 79°4′54″E﻿ / ﻿28.01778°N 79.08167°E﻿ / 28.01778; 79.08167

Government Medical College, Badaun, also known as Badaun Medical College, is a tertiary government medical college and hospital. It is located at Badaun in Uttar Pradesh. The college is affiliated with Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University and is recognized by the National Medical Commission.

Budaun
Budaun (romanised: Badāʾūn or Badāyūn, Hindi pronunciation: [bəd̪aːjũː]) is a medieval city and headquarters of Budaun district, in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is located about a mile east of the Sot river, and 27 km north of the Ganges, in the Rohilkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. According to the 2011 census, Budaun has a population of 159,221, which is projected to be 161,555 at present. Budaun rose to historical importance as the capital of the Delhi Sultanate for four years from 1210 CE to 1214 CE during the reign of Sultan Iltutmish. It was the most important post of Northern Frontier during Mughal reign. Budaun is a big market, historically famous and religiously important city. Budaun is 230 km south-east of New Delhi and 245 km north-west of Lucknow, both taking about 6 hours by road.
Xuncu
Xuncu (Asturian pronunciation: [ˈʃuŋku]) is one of nine parishes (administrative divisions) in Ribadesella, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is 37.69 km2 (14.55 sq mi) in size, with a population of 144 (INE 2006).

Ribadesella
Ribadesella (Asturian: Ribeseya) is a small 84-square-kilometre (32 sq mi) municipality in the Autonomous Community of the Principality of Asturias, Spain. Known for its location on the Cantabrian Sea, at the outlet of the River Sella, Ribadesella is a town that forms part of the Picos de Europa (Peaks of Europe). It is bordered on the east by Llanes, on the south by Cangas de Onís and Parres, and on the west by Caravia. Ribadesella is the home town of Queen Letizia of Spain.

On the first weekend of August, the International Sella River Descent takes place; kayakers from all over the world gather here to attempt the final 20 km of the Sella River in record time. The town is also known for its prehistoric cave, known as the cave of Tito Bustillo, which is open to visitors all year round. Ribadesella is often visited for its history, sport activities, scenery, natural amenities, and food.
Taiyi Zhenren
Taiyi Zhenren (Chinese: 太乙真人; pinyin: Tàiyǐ Zhēnrén) is a Daoist deity in Chinese religion and Taoism. Taiyi (lit. 'great 2nd Celestial stem') means "primordial unity of yin and yang" and Zhenren (lit. 'true person') is a Daoist term for "Perfected Person". According to the opening of the classical novel Fengshen Bang, he is the reincarnation of the first emperor of the Shang dynasty, Tang of Shang.

Taiyi Zhenren also appears in Qing dynasty novels such as The Story of the Fox (狐狸缘全传), The Story of Ji Gong (济公全传), and the storytelling The Immortals Break Through the Heavenly Gate (群仙破天门).  He is one of the Twelve Golden Immortals under Yuanshi Tianzun.  Ranked fifth among the Twelve Golden Immortals, the character is based on Taiyi Jiuku Tianzun, the Lord of Suffering, who practices in the Golden Light Cave of Qianyuan Mountain. Taiyi Zhenren is the leader of the Qingwei Sect, and master of Nezha and Jinxia Tong'er.

Zhenren
Zhenren (Chinese: 真人; pinyin: zhēnrén; Wade–Giles: chen-jen; lit. 'true/ upright/ genuine person' or 'person of truth') is a Chinese term that first appeared in the Zhuangzi meaning "a Taoist spiritual master" in those writings, as in one who has mastered realization of the Tao. Religious Taoism mythologized zhenren, having them occupy various places in the celestial hierarchy sometimes synonymous with xian. Zhenren has been used in various ways depending on the sect and time period.
Pronunciation of English ⟨th⟩
In English, the digraph ⟨th⟩ usually represents either the voiced dental fricative phoneme /ð/ (as in this) or the voiceless dental fricative phoneme /θ/ (as in think). Occasionally, it stands for /t/ (as in Thailand, or Thomas). In the word eighth, it is often pronounced /tθ/. In compound words, ⟨th⟩ may be a consonant sequence rather than a digraph (as in the /t.h/ of lighthouse).

Th (digraph)
Th is a digraph in the Latin script; it was originally introduced into Latin to transliterate Greek loanwords. In modern languages that use the Latin alphabet, it represents a number of different sounds. In modern English, it is the most common digraph in order of frequency.