hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Carmarthen Castle
Carmarthen Castle (Welsh: Castell Caerfyrddin) is a ruined castle in Carmarthen, West Wales, UK.  First built by Walter, Sheriff of Gloucester in the early 1100s, the castle was captured and destroyed on several occasions before being rebuilt in stone during the 1190s. The castle was captured by Owain Glyndŵr in 1405. Henry VII's father died at Carmarthen Castle in 1456. During the Wars of the Roses the castle fell to William Herbert and, during the Civil War, was captured by Parliamentary forces. It was ‘slighted’ (dismantled) by order of Oliver Cromwell in the mid 1600s.

It has been used as the site of Carmarthen's jail until the 1920s. The remains of the castle were given a Grade I heritage listing in 1954 and is currently a tourist attraction and site of the town's Tourist Information Centre.

Carmarthen
Carmarthen (UK: /kərˈmɑːrðən/ kər-MAR-dhən, locally /kɑːrˈ-/ kar-; Welsh: Caerfyrddin [kaːɨrˈvərðɪn], 'Merlin's fort' or possibly 'Sea-town fort') is the county town of Carmarthenshire and a community in Wales, lying on the River Towy 8 miles (13 km) north of its estuary in Carmarthen Bay. At the 2021 census the community had a population of 14,636, and the built up area had a population of 16,455. It stands on the site of a Roman town, and has a claim to be the oldest town in Wales. In the middle ages it comprised twin settlements: Old Carmarthen around Carmarthen Priory and New Carmarthen around Carmarthen Castle. The two were merged into one borough in 1546. It was the most populous borough in Wales in the 16th–18th centuries, described by William Camden as "chief citie of the country". It was overtaken in size by the mid-19th century, following the growth of settlements in the South Wales Coalfield.
Chris Tucker
Christopher Tucker (born August 31, 1971) is an American stand-up comedian and actor. He made his debut in 1992 as a stand-up performer on the HBO comedy series Def Comedy Jam, where he frequently appeared on the show during the 1990s. He made his feature film debut in House Party 3 in 1994 and gained greater recognition in Friday the following year. In 1997, he co-starred in the films The Fifth Element and Money Talks, and had a supporting role in Quentin Tarantino's Jackie Brown. Tucker gained international fame in the 2000s for playing Detective James Carter in the Rush Hour film series.

Money Talks (1997 film)
Money Talks is a 1997 American action comedy film directed by Brett Ratner (in his feature film directorial debut) and starring Chris Tucker and Charlie Sheen. It is the first of four collaborations between Ratner and Tucker, with the other three being the Rush Hour series.

Money Talks was released on August 22, 1997, and grossed $48.4 million at the box office against a production budget of $25 million. It received generally negative reviews from critics.
Unfold (Marié Digby album)
Unfold is the debut solo album by singer/songwriter Marié Digby. The album features the singles "Umbrella" (a cover of the Rihanna hit), "Say It Again" and "Stupid for You", and was released on April 8, 2008 in the United States via Hollywood Records. The album debuted at #29 on the Billboard 200.

Say It Again (Marié Digby song)
"Say It Again"  is the first single of Marie Digby's debut album Unfold. It was released to radio on January 18, 2008, and on iTunes on February 19, 2008. The song was promoted by its appearance on television series Smallville and by the creation of three music videos.
St Andrew's Junior College
St Andrew's Junior College (SAJC) is a junior college in Singapore, offering two-year pre-university courses leading up to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level examination. It is an Anglican mission school, part of St Andrew's School. It is affiliated to schools under the Anglican Diocese of Singapore, as well as Kuo Chuan Presbyterian Secondary School and Presbyterian High School.

Anglican Diocese of Singapore
The Diocese of Singapore (Chinese: 圣公会新加坡教区; pinyin: Shènggōnghuì Xīnjiāpō Jiàoqū; Malay: Keuskupan Singapura; Tamil: சிங்கப்பூர் ஆங்கிலிகன் மறைமாவட்டம்) is a diocese of the Province of the Anglican Church in South East Asia consisting of 27 Anglican parishes in Singapore and 7 deaneries throughout the Asia region. It has an established history of church-planting as well as providing educational, medical and social services in Singapore and the neighbouring region. The Diocese of Singapore is in communion with the See of Canterbury. St Andrew's Cathedral is the cathedral church of the diocese. In 2017, Growth and Decline in the Anglican Communion: 1980 to the Present, published by Routledge, collected research reporting there were 58,000 Anglicans in Singapore.

The diocese is headed by The Most Revd Titus Chung Khiam Boon, who was preceded by the bishop and former vicar of St John's-St Margaret's Church, the Right Reverend Rennis Ponniah.
Philip S. Portoghese
Philip Salvatore Portoghese (born June 4, 1931) is an American medicinal chemist who has made notable contributions to the design and synthesis of ligands targeting opioid receptors. He is a Distinguished Professor of Medicinal Chemistry at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. He also served as the Editor-in-chief of the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry from 1972 to 2012, when the job was taken on by his departmental colleague, Gunda I. Georg, who shares the Editor-in-chief position with Shaomeng Wang at the University of Michigan.

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
The Journal of Medicinal Chemistry is a biweekly peer-reviewed medical journal covering research in medicinal chemistry. It is published by the American Chemical Society. It was established in 1959 as the Journal of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry and obtained its current name in 1963. Philip S. Portoghese served as editor-in-chief from 1972 to 2011. In 2012, Gunda Georg (University of Minnesota) and Shaomeng Wang (University of Michigan) succeeded Portoghese (University of Minnesota). In 2021, Craig W. Lindsley (Vanderbilt University) became editor-in-chief. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 7.1.
Advanced Network and Services
Advanced Network and Services, Inc.  (ANS) was a United States non-profit organization formed in September, 1990 by the NSFNET partners (Merit Network, IBM, and MCI) to run the network infrastructure for the soon to be upgraded NSFNET Backbone Service. ANS was incorporated in the State of New York and had offices in Armonk and Poughkeepsie, New York.

Merit Network
Merit Network, Inc., is a nonprofit member-governed organization providing high-performance computer networking and related services to educational, government, health care, and nonprofit organizations, primarily in Michigan. Created in 1966, Merit operates the longest running regional computer network in the United States.
Rutile
Rutile is an oxide mineral composed of titanium dioxide (TiO2), the most common natural form of TiO2. Rarer polymorphs of TiO2 are known, including anatase, akaogiite, and brookite.

Rutile has one of the highest refractive indices at visible wavelengths of any known crystal and also exhibits a particularly large birefringence and high dispersion. Owing to these properties, it is useful for the manufacture of certain optical elements, especially polarization optics, for longer visible and infrared wavelengths up to about 4.5 micrometres. Natural rutile may contain up to 10% iron and significant amounts of niobium and tantalum.

Rutile derives its name from the Latin rutilus ('red'), in reference to the deep red color observed in some specimens when viewed by transmitted light. Rutile was first described in 1803 by Abraham Gottlob Werner using specimens obtained in Horcajuelo de la Sierra, Madrid (Spain), which is consequently the type locality.

Akaogiite
Akaogiite (IMA symbol Aka) is an exceedingly rare mineral, one of the natural forms of titanium dioxide (TiO2). It is a high-pressure polymorph of TiO2, along with anatase, brookite and another high-pressure phase called "TiO2 II". Rutile is the stable polymorph of TiO2, most commonly found at standard temperatures and pressures.

Akaogiite can be found at the Nördlinger Ries Crater, a meteor crater in Germany, where the extreme pressure during the impact allowed its formation.
45th Launch Group
The 45th Launch Group was a United States Air Force unit.  It was assigned to the 45th Space Wing, stationed at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.

The 45th Launch Group participated in receipt, inspection, processing, test, and launch of all flight hardware to ensure the successful launch of Department of Defense (DoD) satellites. The group contributes to mission success through seamless partnership with launch/satellite program offices.

Space Launch Delta 45
The Space Launch Delta 45 (SLD 45) is a unit of the United States Space Force. The Space Launch Delta 45 is assigned to Space Systems Command and headquartered at Patrick Space Force Base, Florida. The wing also controls Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. The 45th Space Delta is responsible for all space launch operations from the East Coast. It manages the Eastern Range, including launch activities for the Space Force, Department of Defense (DoD), NASA, and other private space corporations.
Chen Meng
Chen Meng (Chinese: 陈梦; born 15 January 1994) is a Chinese professional table tennis player and Olympic champion. She joined the provincial team when she was 9 and joined the national team when she was only 13 in 2007. She is the women's singles champion of the ITTF Women's World Cup in 2020, the ITTF World Tour Grand Finals in 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020 and also at the inaugural WTT Singapore Smash. She is also the silver medalist of women's singles in the 2019 World Table Tennis Championships and a double gold medalist in the 2020 Summer Olympics. She obtained her second gold medal in the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris.

2018 ITTF World Tour Grand Finals
The 2018 ITTF World Tour Grand Finals was the final competition of the 2018 ITTF World Tour, the International Table Tennis Federation's professional table tennis world tour. It was the 23rd edition of the competition, and was held from 13–16 December in Incheon, South Korea.

The competition featured events in five categories: men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles, women's doubles and mixed doubles.
De Jeugd van Tegenwoordig
De Jeugd Van Tegenwoordig (The Youth These Days) is a Dutch hip hop and R&B group based in Amsterdam, Netherlands, renowned for their musical approach of irreverent, humorous lyrics and electronic beats. Their humorous style is characterized by their frequent use of word play, lyrical flirting with languages other than Dutch and the propagating of neologisms, such as "Watskeburt?!" (cf. the English wassup).

Watskeburt?!
Watskeburt?! is a song by the Dutch hip hop group De Jeugd van Tegenwoordig. "Watskeburt" is a contraction of the Dutch sentence "Wat is er gebeurd?" ("What happened?", in the sense of "What's happening?"/"What's up?").

The song was released as a single on 16 May 2005. At first, the song was not very successful, until several radio stations picked it up. The song entered the Dutch Top 40 on 4 June at #8, and the next week rose to #1, where it remained for three weeks. The song was a hit in Belgium as well, peaking at #15 on the Belgium Singles Top 50.

The beat of "Watskeburt?!" was created by Bas Bron, the group's producer. The first verse is done by Vieze Fur, and the second by P. Fabergé.

The single was also released in England. The British DJ Pete Tong played this song on his radio show on 23 January. After that, the management of De Jeugd van Tegenwoordig decided to release it in the UK and Germany.
1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd)
The 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd) was an infantry regiment of the British Army that existed from 1958 to 1966. The regiment served in the Cyprus Emergency, Brunei Revolt, Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation and West Berlin. The regiment formed part of the Green Jackets Brigade and in 1963 was redesignated as a rifle regiment.

Brunei revolt
The Brunei revolt (Malay: Pemberontakan Brunei) or the Brunei rebellion of 1962, was a insurrection in the British protectorate of Brunei by opponents of its monarchy's proposed inclusion in the Federation of Malaysia. The insurgents were members of the TNKU (North Kalimantan National Army), a militia supplied by Indonesia and linked to the left-wing Brunei People's Party (BPR), which favoured a pro-Indonesian North Borneo Federation.

The TNKU began co-ordinated attacks on the oil town of Seria (targeting the Royal Dutch Shell oil installations), on police stations, and on government facilities around the protectorate. The revolt began to break down within hours, having failed to achieve key objectives such as the capture of Brunei Town and Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III. The revolt influenced the Sultan's decision the following year not to join Malaysia. It is seen as one of the first stages of the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation.
Scattered (Battlestar Galactica)
"Scattered" is the first episode of the second season of the reimagined Battlestar Galactica television series. It aired originally on the Sci Fi Channel on July 15, 2005.

In the episode, Commander William Adama is in critical condition following his shooting in the cliffhanger ending of the first season. Galactica is separated from the fleet during a Cylon attack, and Colonel Saul Tigh, now in command, must reunite them. He does this by ordering the ship's computers networked in defiance of Adama's standing orders. Cylon Centurions board Galactica. On Kobol, Cylons kill one of the survivors of the Raptor crash.

The episode received favorable critical reception.

Valley of Darkness
"Valley of Darkness" is the second episode of the second season of the reimagined Battlestar Galactica television series. It aired originally on the Sci Fi Channel on July 22, 2005.

In the episode, Cylon Centurions board Galactica. The crew, led by Lee "Apollo" Adama, beat them back but suffer heavy casualties. On Kobol, Gaius Baltar's visions continue, and Chief Galen Tyrol euthanizes a dying comrade. On Caprica, Starbuck and Helo relax in Starbuck's apartment and then take her truck out of the city.

According to executive producer Ronald D. Moore, production and post-production for "Valley of Darkness" was contentious. Nonetheless, critics reviewed it favorably. The episode received a nomination at the 2005 VES awards for the (animated) Centurions.
Broad Street, Peterhead
Broad Street is a street in Peterhead, Scotland. It runs for about 640 feet (200 m), from Seagate in the east to Marischal Street and Tolbooth Wynd in the west.

The street is one-way in a clockwise direction, with public parking along its centre on either side of the Reform Monument, erected in 1833.

Broad Street was formerly the eastern terminus of the A950, which runs between Peterhead and New Pitsligo, 19.2 miles (30.9 km) to the northwest. The A950 now ends a short distance to the east.

Reform Monument
The Reform Monument is a Category B listed monument on Broad Street, at its junction with Longate, in Peterhead, Scotland, built in 1833. A Roman doric column, it is surmounted by arms of Earl Marischal, inspired by the gateway of Inverugie Castle. (Architectural historian Charles McKean wrote that the arms were "robbed" from the castle.)

The Reform Monument should not be confused with the Reform Tower in the Meethill area of Peterhead, built a year earlier.
Anthony Carritt
Anthony Carritt (1914–1937) was a British left-wing activist and a member of the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War. He and his brother Noel Carritt were ambulance drivers at the Battle of Brunete, and the two brothers fought against Spanish fascists backed by both Hitler and Mussolini. Anthony Carritt was assumed to have been killed in an airstrike after he went missing during the Battle of Brunete and was never found despite his brother spending days searching for him.

He was also notable for being a member of the famous Oxford-based Carritt family of left-wing academics and revolutionaries, including the spy Michael Carritt. He is also believed to have been the biological son of famous British evolutionary biologist Arthur Dukinfield Darbishire, despite being raised as a brother of the Carritt family.

Arthur Dukinfield Darbishire
Arthur Dukinfield Darbishire FRSE (14 February 1879 – 26 December 1915) was a short-lived but influential British zoologist and geneticist. He was the first person to lecture in Genetics in the UK. He caused a stir in the world of genetics in the early 20th century in the debate over theory, sometimes referred to as The Mendel Wars.

From 1901 he conducted a series of experiments (working under Raphael Weldon) on the hybridisation of mice in the laboratory.

He was author of the highly influential book Breeding and the Mendelian Discovery.
Scottish cringe
The Scottish cringe is a cultural cringe relating to Scotland, and claimed to exist by politicians and commentators.

These cultural commentators claim that a sense of cultural inferiority is felt by many Scots, particularly in relation to the dominance of English culture within the culture of the United Kingdom, and consequently a sense of Scottish resentment and underachievement. The cringe is said to manifest as feelings of low self-worth and embarrassment felt by Scottish people in response to overt expressions of Scottish cultural identity and heritage such as the Lowland Scots and Scottish Gaelic languages, and the kilt (see also Tartanry).

Former First Minister of Scotland Jack McConnell suggested in 2004 that the "Scottish cringe" included opposition to free-market capitalism and alleged that the cringe meant people felt "enterprise was even something to be ashamed of or embarrassed by".

Tartanry
Tartanry is the stereotypical or kitsch representation of traditional Scottish culture, particularly by the emergent Scottish tourism industry in the 18th and 19th centuries, and later by the American film industry. The earliest use of the word "tartanry" itself has been traced to 1973. The phenomenon was explored in Scotch Myths, a culturally influential exhibition devised by Barbara and Murray Grigor and Peter Rush, mounted at the Crawford Centre at the University of St Andrews in the Spring of 1981. Related terms are tartanitis, Highlandism, Balmorality, Sir Walter Scottishness, tartanism, tartan-tat, and the tartan terror.
Antipodes Subantarctic Islands tundra
The Antipodes Subantarctic Islands tundra ecoregion, within the tundra biome, includes five remote island groups in the Pacific Ocean south of New Zealand: the Bounty Islands, Auckland Islands, Antipodes Islands and Campbell Island groups of New Zealand, and Macquarie Island of Australia.

Macquarie Island
Macquarie Island is a subantarctic island in the south-western Pacific Ocean, about halfway between New Zealand and Antarctica. It has been governed as a part of Tasmania, Australia, since 1880. It became a Tasmanian State Reserve in 1978 and was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997.

Macquarie Island is an exposed portion of the Macquarie Ridge and is located where the Australian plate meets the Pacific plate.

The island is home to the entire royal penguin population during their annual nesting season. Ecologically, the island is part of the Antipodes Subantarctic Islands tundra ecoregion.
Josh Ross
Josh Ross (born May 27, 1996) is a Canadian country music singer and songwriter. He is managed by The Core Entertainment and jointly signed to Universal Music Canada and Mercury Nashville. Ross has charted multiple singles, including "On a Different Night", "Trouble",  "Ain't Doin' Jack", "Single Again", and "Hate How You Look". In March 2024, he released the extended play Complicated. His debut album Later Tonight was released in September 2025.

Single Again (Josh Ross song)
"Single Again" is a song co-written and recorded by Canadian country artist Josh Ross. He co-wrote the track with Joe Fox and Brad Rempel of High Valley, while Matt Geroux produced it. The song is the lead single to radio from Ross's debut album Later Tonight. It reached number one on the Mediabase Canada Country chart, and became his first top ten single on the Billboard Country Airplay. In 2025, the song reached number one on the Mediabase Country chart in the U.S. after 71 weeks, making Ross the third Canadian male solo artist to ever top that chart, and the first since Paul Brandt ("I Do") in 1996.
Western Renegades
Western Renegades is a 1949 American Western film directed by Wallace Fox and written by Adele Buffington. The film stars Johnny Mack Brown, Max Terhune, Poni Adams, Hugh Prosser, Riley Hill and Marshall Reed. The film was released on October 9, 1949, by Monogram Pictures.

Johnny Mack Brown
John Brown (September 1, 1904 – November 14, 1974) was an American college football player and film actor billed as John Mack Brown at the height of his screen career. He acted and starred mainly in Western films.
Lucy Kocharyan
Lucy Kocharyan (Armenian: Լյուսի Քոչարյան; born 1984) is an Armenian journalist, radio host, and blogger known for having taken a stand in her country against gender-based violence. She was chosen as an International Women of Courage in March 2020 by the US Secretary of State, the first Armenian to win this award.

International Women of Courage Award
The International Women of Courage Award, also referred to as the U.S. Secretary of State's International Women of Courage Award, is an American award presented annually by the United States Department of State to women around the world who have shown leadership, courage, resourcefulness, and willingness to sacrifice for others, especially in promoting women's rights.
Equivariant L-function
In algebraic number theory, an equivariant Artin L-function is a function associated to a finite Galois extension of global fields created by packaging together the various Artin L-functions associated with the extension.  Each extension has many traditional Artin L-functions associated with it, corresponding to the characters of representations of the Galois group. By contrast, each extension has a unique corresponding equivariant L-function.

Equivariant L-functions have become increasingly important as a wide range of conjectures and theorems in number theory have been developed around them.  Among these are the Brumer–Stark conjecture, the Coates-Sinnott conjecture, and a recently developed equivariant version of the main conjecture in Iwasawa theory.

Brumer–Stark conjecture
The Brumer–Stark conjecture is a conjecture in algebraic number theory giving a rough generalization of both the analytic class number formula for Dedekind zeta functions, and also of Stickelberger's theorem about the factorization of Gauss sums. It is named after Armand Brumer and Harold Stark.

It arises as a special case (abelian and first-order) of Stark's conjecture, when the place that splits completely in the extension is finite.  There are very few cases where the conjecture is known to be valid.  Its importance arises, for instance, from its connection with Hilbert's twelfth problem.
Dongfang (surname)
Dongfang is a compound surname in China and also later spread into East Asia. Dongfang has two points of origin. One branch is said to be descended from the Fuxi clan, which originated in the east; the other is said to be descended from Dongfang Shuo, whose original family name was Zhang.

Dongfang is the 119th surname in Hundred Family Surnames.

Dongfang Shuo
Dongfang Shuo (Chinese: 東方朔, c. 160 BCE – c. 93 BCE) was a Han dynasty scholar-official, fangshi ("master of esoterica"), author, and court jester to Emperor Wu (r. 141 – 87 BCE). In Chinese mythology, Dongfang is considered a Daoist xian ("transcendent; immortal") and the spirit of Venus who incarnated as a series of ancient ministers including Laozi. Dongfang Shuo is depicted in the Wu Shuang Pu (無雙譜, Table of Peerless Heroes) by Jin Guliang.