hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bundled payment
Bundled payment is the reimbursement of health care providers (such as hospitals and physicians) "on the basis of expected costs for clinically-defined episodes of care." It has been described as "a middle ground" between fee-for-service reimbursement (in which providers are paid for each service rendered to a patient) and capitation (in which providers are paid a "lump sum" per patient regardless of how many services the patient receives), given that risk is shared between payer and provider. Bundled payments have been proposed in the health care reform debate in the United States as a strategy for reducing health care costs, especially during the Obama administration (2009–2016). Commercial payers have shown interest in bundled payments in order to reduce costs. In 2012, it was estimated that approximately one-third of the United States healthcare reimbursement used bundled methodology.

Healthcare reforms proposed during the Obama administration
There were a number of different health care reforms proposed during the Obama administration. Key reforms address cost and coverage and include obesity, prevention and treatment of chronic conditions, defensive medicine or tort reform, incentives that reward more care instead of better care, redundant payment systems, tax policy, rationing, a shortage of doctors and nurses, intervention vs. hospice, fraud, and use of imaging technology, among others.

The first of these reform proposals to be passed by the United States Congress is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which originated in the Senate and was later passed by the House of Representatives in amended form on March 21, 2010 (with a vote of 219–212). President Barack Obama signed the reforms into law on March 23, 2010. Reuters and CNN summarized the reforms and the year in which they take effect.
Marketa Lazarová
Marketa Lazarová is a 1967 Czechoslovak New Wave epic period drama film directed by František Vláčil. It is an adaptation of the novel Marketa Lazarová (1931) by Vladislav Vančura. Set in the middle of 13th century when Christianity was taking over native Paganism in Central Europe, the film tells the story of a daughter of a feudal lord who is kidnapped by neighbouring robber knights shortly before she is to join a convent.

Marketa Lazarová was voted the all-time best Czech movie in a 1998 poll of Czech film critics and publicists. Although not quite as known as other Czechoslovakian movies, it is highly regarded as one of the best historical movies ever made. The movie features surrealistic images throughout its run to increase the disorienting atmosphere.

Theodor Pištěk designed the costumes for the film.

Magdaléna Vášáryová
Magdaléna Vášáryová (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈmaɡdaleːna ˈʋaːʂarjɔʋaː]; referred also as Magda Vášáryová [ˈmaɡda -]; born 26 August 1948) is a former Slovak actress and diplomat, prominent for her liberal anti-nationalist stances.
Spice Bazaar
The Spice Bazaar (Turkish: Mısır Çarşısı, meaning "Egyptian Bazaar") in Istanbul, Turkey, is one of the largest bazaars in the city. Located in the Eminönü quarter of the Fatih district, it is the most famous covered shopping complex after the Grand Bazaar.

New Mosque, Istanbul
The New Mosque (Turkish: Yeni Cami, pronounced [jeni dʒami], originally named the Valide Sultan Mosque, Turkish: Valide Sultan Camii) and later New Valide Sultan Mosque (Turkish: Yeni Valide Sultan Camii) after its partial reconstruction and completion between 1660 and 1665, is an Ottoman imperial mosque located in the Eminönü quarter of Istanbul, Turkey. It is situated on the Golden Horn, at the southern end of the Galata Bridge, and is a notable Istanbul landmark marking the crossing from the old historic core of the city to the Beyoğlu (Pera) district. The mosque is a notable example of the Sultanate of Women period in Ottoman Empire.
West Kootenay (provincial electoral district)
West Kootenay was a provincial electoral district of British Columbia  Canada. It was formed along with East Kootenay from a redistribution of the old Kootenay riding, which was one of the province's original twelve.

East Kootenay (provincial electoral district)
East Kootenay was a provincial electoral district in British Columbia, Canada, from 1890 to 1898. That riding's  predecessor (and that of its onetime sibling, West Kootenay) was the original Kootenay riding, and its successors were East Kootenay South and East Kootenay North.
Huff Hills
Huff Hills Ski Area is a ski resort located sixteen miles south of Mandan, North Dakota.  It was established in 1993 on the former site of the defunct Twilight Hills ski area, which operated during the 1960s.

Mandan, North Dakota
Mandan is a city on the eastern border of Morton County, North Dakota, United States. Founded in 1879 on the west side of the upper Missouri River, it was designated in 1881 as the county seat of Morton County. The population was 24,206 at the 2020 census, and was estimated at 24,788 in 2024, making it the eighth-most populous city in North Dakota. Across the Missouri River from Bismarck. Mandan is a core city of the Bismarck metropolitan area.
Lord Lieutenant of Stirlingshire
This is a list of people who served as Lord Lieutenant of Stirlingshire in Scotland. The office was abolished in 1975, and replaced with the Lord Lieutenant of Stirling and Falkirk.

David Erskine, 9th Earl of Buchan 1713 – 1715

incomplete before 1794

James Graham, 3rd Duke of Montrose 17 March 1794 – 30 December 1836

George Abercromby, 2nd Baron Abercromby 19 January 1837 – 15 February 1843

James Graham, 4th Duke of Montrose 27 February 1843 – 30 December 1874

Charles Murray, 7th Earl of Dunmore 16 February 1875 – 1885

Douglas Graham, 5th Duke of Montrose 18 July 1885 – 10 December 1925

George Younger, 1st Viscount Younger of Leckie 14 January 1926 – 29 April 1929

William Laurence Pullar 15 November 1929 – 1936

Sir George Stirling, 9th Baronet 29 October 1936 – 1 May 1949

Sir Ian Bolton, 2nd Baronet 8 July 1949 – 1964

Edward Younger, 3rd Viscount Younger of Leckie 24 February 1964 – 1975

Younger of Leckie became Lord Lieutenant of Stirling and Falkirk

Douglas Graham, 5th Duke of Montrose
Douglas Beresford Malise Ronald Graham, 5th Duke of Montrose, KT (7 November 1852 – 10 December 1925), styled Lord Ronald Graham until 1872 and Marquess of Graham until 1874, was a Scottish nobleman, soldier and landowner.
St Augustine's Church, Broxbourne
St Augustine's Church is an active Church in Broxbourne, Hertfordshire, England. The church stands opposite the New River. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building

Broxbourne
Broxbourne is a town in the Borough of Broxbourne in Hertfordshire, England, with a population of 15,303 at the 2011 Census. It is located to the south of Hoddesdon and to the north of Cheshunt, 17 miles (27 km) north of London. The town is near the River Lea, which forms the boundary with Essex, and 5 miles (8.0 km) north of the M25 motorway. To the west of the town are Broxbourne Woods, a national nature reserve. The Prime Meridian runs just east of Broxbourne.
Fremont County, Idaho
Fremont County is a county located in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 census the county had a population of 13,388. The county seat and largest city is St. Anthony. The county was established in 1893, and was named for the explorer John C. Frémont. Fremont County is part of the Rexburg, Idaho micropolitan area, which is also included in the Idaho Falls metropolitan area.

Teton County, Idaho
Teton County is a county located in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 census, the population was 11,630. The county seat is Driggs, and the largest city is Victor. The county was established in 1915 and was named after the Teton Mountains to the east. Teton County is part of the Jackson, WY-ID Micropolitan Statistical Area.

The Teton Valley was discovered by explored John Colter in 1808, a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–06). It became known as Pierre's Hole, and it hosted the well-attended 1832 Rendezvous, which was followed by the Battle of Pierre's Hole.
Astrothelium pseudoferrugineum
Astrothelium pseudoferrugineum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Indonesia, it was formally described as a new species in 2016 by Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot. The type specimen was collected in 1937 by Pieter Groenhart on Jombang (Java); there, it was found in a disturbed rainforest growing on smooth tree bark. The lichen has a smooth and somewhat shiny to glossy, bright orange thallus with a cortex but without a prothallus. The orange crust is about 0.1 mm thick and covers areas of up to 3 cm (1.2 in) in diameter. The use of thin-layer chromatography shows the lichen contains an orange anthraquinone, possibly parietin. The main characteristics of the lichen that distinguish it from others in Astrothelium are its immersed to erumpent, whitish pseudostromata. It is named for its similarity to Astrothelium ferrugineum, from which it differs in its glossier thallus and larger ascospores (measuring 28–31 by 9–11 μm).

Astrothelium
Astrothelium is a large genus of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichens in the family Trypetheliaceae. The genus is characterized by a corticate thallus and diverse ascomata structures, which can be simple, aggregated, or forming pseudostromata. Astrothelium is also notable for the carbonized walls of its ascomata, the so-called textura intricata (i.e., tightly interwoven) arrangement of cells in these walls, and various forms of distoseptate, transparent spores.
James L. Alcorn
James Lusk Alcorn (November 4, 1816 – December 19, 1894) was a governor, and U.S. senator during the Reconstruction era in Mississippi. A Moderate Republican and Whiggish "scalawag", he engaged in a bitter rivalry with Radical Republican Adelbert Ames, who defeated him in the 1873 gubernatorial race. Alcorn was the first elected Republican governor of Mississippi.

Although a Unionist, Alcorn briefly served as a Confederate brigadier-general of the Mississippi Militia. Among former Confederates who joined the postbellum Republican Party, only James Longstreet had been of higher rank than Alcorn.

Friars Point, Mississippi
Friars Point is a town in Coahoma County, Mississippi, United States. Per the 2020 census, the population was 896. Situated on the Mississippi River, Friars Point was once a busy port town, and remains the only place in Coahoma County with public access to the river's shore.
McCaughan
McCaughan is a surname of Irish origin. It is an Anglicised form of the Irish language Mac Eacháin, meaning "son of Eachán". The personal name Eachán is diminutive of the personal name Eachaidh, which is derived from each, meaning "horse".

Mac Eacháin
Mac Eacháin is an Irish language surname. It is the patronymic form of the personal name Eachán. The personal name Eachán is diminutive of the personal name Eachaidh, which is derived from each, meaning horse.

Anglicised forms of the surname include McGahan (or MacGahan), Gahan, McCaughan, and McGaffin (or MacGaffin).
Old Tom Morris
Thomas Mitchell Morris (16 June 1821 – 24 May 1908), otherwise known as Old Tom Morris, and The Grand Old Man of Golf, was a Scottish golfer. He was born in St Andrews, Fife, the "home of golf" and location of the St Andrews Links, and died there as well. Young Tom Morris (died 1875), also a golfer, was his son.

Prestwick Golf Club
Prestwick Golf Club is a golf course in Prestwick, South Ayrshire, Scotland. It is approximately 30 miles (50 km) southwest of Scotland's largest city, Glasgow. Prestwick is a classic links course, built on the rolling sandy land between the beach and the hinterland. The course is near the Prestwick airport, and some holes run along railway tracks on the eastern side of the course.

The Open Championship was first held at Prestwick Golf Club, and was played there 24 times between 1860 and 1925.
Punta Sardina Lighthouse
The Punta Sardina Lighthouse (Spanish: Faro de Punta Sardina) is an active lighthouse on the Canary island of Gran Canaria. It is located north of the small town of Sardina, in the municipality of Gáldar. The Punta Sardina light marks the north-western extremity of the island, and lies between the Punta del Castillete lighthouse near Puerto de Mogán to the south and the La Isleta lighthouse of Las Palmas to the east.

La Isleta Lighthouse
La Isleta Lighthouse (Spanish: Faro de La Isleta) is an active 19th century lighthouse on the Spanish island of Gran Canaria in the Canary islands. The lighthouse has been constructed on the rocky peninsula of La Isleta, which overlooks the Port of Las Palmas to the north of the city of Las Palmas, the capital of Gran Canaria. Situated at the north-eastern tip of the island, the La Isleta light marks the approaches to the port and lies midway between the Sardina lighthouse to the east and the Punta de Melenara lighthouse of Telde to the south.
Eugenius II of Toledo
Saint Eugenius II (died 13 November 657), sometimes called Eugenius the Younger as the successor of Eugenius I, was Archbishop of Toledo from 647 until his death.

He is called Eugenius secundus (Eugene the second) in the biography of Archbishop Julian of Toledo by a certain Felix, but in later histories he is sometimes numbered Eugenius III when a legendary martyr and first bishop of Toledo is included.

Chindasuinth
Chindasuinth (also spelled Chindaswinth, Chindaswind, Chindasuinto, Chindasvindo, or Khindaswinth; Latin: Chintasvintus, Cindasvintus; c. 563 – 30 September 653) was Visigothic King of Hispania, from 642 until his death in 653. He succeeded Tulga, from whom he took the throne in a coup. He was elected by the nobles and anointed by the bishops on April 30, 642.
Circumcircle
In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a triangle is a circle that passes through all three vertices. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter of the triangle, and its radius is called the circumradius. The circumcenter is the point of intersection between the three perpendicular bisectors of the triangle's sides, and is a triangle center.

More generally, an n-sided polygon with all its vertices on the same circle, also called the circumscribed circle, is called a cyclic polygon, or in the special case n = 4, a cyclic quadrilateral. All triangles, rectangles, isosceles trapezoids, right kites, and regular polygons are cyclic, but not every polygon is.

Euler's theorem in geometry
In geometry, Euler's theorem states that the distance d between the circumcenter and incenter of a triangle is given by

or equivalently

where  and  denote the circumradius and inradius respectively (the radii of the circumscribed circle and inscribed circle respectively). The theorem is named for  Leonhard Euler, who published it in 1765. However, the same result was published earlier by William Chapple in 1746.

From the theorem follows the Euler inequality:

which holds with equality only in the equilateral case.
Naval Act of 1794
The Act to Provide a Naval Armament (Sess. 1, ch. 12, 1 Stat. 350), also known as the Naval Act of 1794, or simply, the Naval Act, was passed by the 3rd United States Congress on March 27, 1794, and signed into law by President George Washington. The act authorized the construction of six frigates at a total cost of $688,888.82. These ships were the first ships of what became the United States Navy.

3rd United States Congress
The 3rd United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met at Congress Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from March 4, 1793, to March 4, 1795, during the fifth and sixth years of George Washington's presidency.

The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was governed by the Apportionment Act of 1792 and based on the 1790 census. The Senate had a Pro-Administration majority, and the House had an Anti-Administration majority.
Combs, Arkansas
Combs is an unincorporated community in southern Madison County, Arkansas, United States. It is located on Arkansas Highway 16 at the southern terminus of AR 295. The community is within the Ozark-St. Francis National Forest and just south of the upper White River. The community of Brashears is about two miles east on route 16. The population was 431 as of the 2021 census, the overwhelming majority of which was white.

Madison County, Arkansas
Madison County is a county located in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 16,521. The county seat is Huntsville. The county was formed on September 30, 1836, and named for Madison County, Alabama, the home of some early settlers. They also named the county seat after Madison County in Alabama's county seat, Huntsville. Madison County is part of the Northwest Arkansas region.
Massachusetts Route 12
Massachusetts Route 12 is a 64.41-mile-long (103.66 km) north-south state highway that runs through central Massachusetts from the Connecticut state line in Dudley north to the New Hampshire state line in Winchendon, where it continues as New Hampshire Route 12.

Interstate 290 (Massachusetts)
Interstate 290 (I-290) is an auxiliary Interstate Highway in the US state of Massachusetts, maintained by the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT). Spanning approximately 20 miles (32 km), it is signed as an east–west spur route of I-90 (Massachusetts Turnpike) in Central Massachusetts. The route begins in Auburn at I-90 as a northward continuation of I-395. It follows an L-shaped route, the nominally western half of which runs north into the city of Worcester, and, upon leaving the city, turns to the east to its eastern terminus at I-495 in Marlborough. Past I-495, the road continues as the Route 85 Connector to the town of Hudson. The route serves as the main freeway route through Worcester, as well as being part of a longer distance travel corridor through New England, connecting Connecticut and Western Massachusetts with much of New Hampshire and Maine.
Matsumoto Kaidō
The Matsumoto Kaidō (松本街道), also known as the Chikuni Kaidō (千国街道), the  Itoigawa Kaidō (糸魚川街道) or simply as the  Shio-no-michi (塩の道) was a secondary road in pre-modern Japan, connecting Matsumoto in Shinano Province with Itoigawa in Echigo Province.  In the year 2002, a well-preserved 20-kilometer section of the original path in the city of Itoigawa was designated a National Historic Site of Japan, and an additional 10-kilometer section was added in 2007.

Itoigawa
Itoigawa (糸魚川市, Itoigawa-shi) is a city located in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 September 2024, the city had an estimated population of 38,224 living in 17,028 households, and a population density of 51 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 746.24 square kilometres (288.12 sq mi).
Bidford Bridge
Bidford Bridge crosses the Avon at Bidford-on-Avon, Warwickshire, England. It is a scheduled monument and is Grade I listed.

The bridge is wider than a typical packhorse bridge. It dates from the early 15th century but has been repaired many times; in the 16th century stone from Alcester's demolished priory was used. There are eight arches, with cutwaters on the upper side. In 1644, supporters of Charles I demolished the bridge to cover his retreat from Worcester to Oxford - this was repaired in 1650 by Quarter Sessions, for whom Bidford Bridge was a 'county bridge' under its control.

The Heart of England Way walking route uses the bridge.

Bidford-on-Avon
Bidford-on-Avon is a large village and civil parish in the English county of Warwickshire, very close to the border with Worcestershire. In the 2001 census it had a population of 4,830, increasing to 5,350 at the 2011 census, increasing again to 6,818 in the 2021 census.
Hello, My Twenties!
Hello, My Twenties! (Korean: 청춘시대; Hanja: 青春時代; RR: Cheongchunsidae; MR: Ch'ŏngch'unsidae; lit. Age of Youth) is a South Korean television series starring Han Ye-ri, Han Seung-yeon, Park Eun-bin, Ryu Hwa-young, Park Hye-su, Ji Woo and Choi Ara. It aired on JTBC from July 22, 2016 to October 7, 2017.

Lee You-jin (actor)
Lee You-jin (Korean: 이유진; born April 6, 1992) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his role as Kwon Ho-chang in the 2017 television series Hello, My Twenties! 2, and the 2019 drama Be Melodramatic.
Symmes Purchase
The Symmes Purchase, also known as the Miami Purchase, was an area of land totaling roughly 311,682 acres (487.003 sq mi; 1,261.33 km2) in what is now Hamilton, Butler, and Warren counties of southwestern Ohio, purchased by Judge John Cleves Symmes of New Jersey in 1788 from the Continental Congress.

Warren County, Ohio
Warren County is a county located in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the population was 242,337. Its county seat is Lebanon and largest city is Mason. The county is one of Ohio's most affluent, with the highest median income of the state's 88 counties. The county was established on May 1, 1803, from Hamilton County; it is named for Dr. Joseph Warren, a hero of the Revolution who sent Paul Revere and the overlooked William Dawes on their famous rides and who died at the Battle of Bunker Hill. Warren County is part of the Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Nevil Shute
Nevil Shute Norway (17 January 1899 – 12 January 1960) was an English novelist and aeronautical engineer who spent his later years in Australia. He used his full name in his engineering career and Nevil Shute as his pen name to protect his engineering career from inferences by his employers (Vickers) or from fellow engineers that he was "not a serious person" or from potentially adverse publicity in connection with his novels, which included On the Beach and A Town Like Alice.

Stephen Morris (novel)
Stephen Morris and Pilotage are two short novels by Nevil Shute; the first novels he wrote after writing poetry and short stories. Stephen Morris was finished in 1923 while Shute was working at Stag Lane for de Havilland, and Pilotage was written in 1924. Unpublished during his lifetime, but published by his estate in one volume as many of the characters are common to both novels. They are set in the budding (but nascent) post-war aviation industry in Britain, and also on yachts (Pilotage).
Mardyan District
Mardyan (Persian: مردیان) is a district situated in the central eastern part of the Jowzjan Province, Afghanistan. It borders Mingajik District to the west, Qarqin District to north, Balkh Province and Fayzabad District to the east and Aqcha District to the south. In 2006, the population was 34,200. The district center is the village of Mardyan, located in the central part of the district.

Qarqin District
Qarqin (Persian: قرقین) is a small boundary district in the northern part of Jowzjan province, Afghanistan. It borders Turkmenistan to the north along the Amu Darya River, Khamyab District to the west, Mingajik and Mardyan districts to the south, and Balkh province to the east. In 2021, the population was 47,000. The district center is the town of Qarqin, which is situated on the bank of the Amu Darya River.