hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
King and Country debate
The King and Country Debate was a debate on 9 February 1933 at the Oxford Union Society. The motion presented, "That this House will under no circumstances fight for its King and country", passed with 275 votes for the motion and 153 against it. The motion would later be named the Oxford Oath or the Oxford Pledge.

It became one of the most controversial topics held within the Union, driving debate between the older and younger generations about patriotism and pacifism, and whether this motion would actually help or hurt war prevention efforts. Winston Churchill claimed that the Oxford Oath affected certain decisions made by Adolf Hitler during World War II. American pacifists would take their own version of the pledge, and several anti-war strikes would take place with the pledge as the main drive.

Oxford Union
The Oxford Union Society is a debating society in the city of Oxford, England, whose membership is drawn primarily from the University of Oxford. Founded in 1823, it is one of Britain's oldest university unions and is widely considered as one of the world's most prestigious private students' societies. The Oxford Union exists independently from the university and is distinct from the Oxford University Student Union.

The Oxford Union has a tradition of hosting some of the world's most prominent individuals across politics, academia, and popular culture ranging from Albert Einstein and Elton John to Sir Winston Churchill, Ronald Reagan, Queen Elizabeth II and Mahathir Mohamad. Many former Presidents of the Union have gone on to hold high office in the UK and the Commonwealth including William Gladstone, Ted Heath, Boris Johnson, and Benazir Bhutto.
Hani people
The Hani or Ho people (Hani: Haqniq; Chinese: 哈尼族; pinyin: Hānízú; Vietnamese: Người Hà Nhì / 𠊛何贰) are a Lolo-speaking ethnic group in Southern China, Northern Laos, and Vietnam. They form one of the 56 officially recognized nationalities of the People's Republic of China and one of the 54 officially recognized ethnic groups of Vietnam. In Laos, the Hani are more commonly known as Ho.

Yuanyang County, Yunnan
Yuanyang County (simplified Chinese: 元阳县; traditional Chinese: 元陽縣; pinyin: Yuányáng Xiàn; Hani: Yeiqyaq) is located in Honghe Prefecture in southeastern Yunnan province, China, along the Red River. It is well known for its spectacular rice-paddy terracing. In 2013, part of the county formed the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces World Heritage Site, the 45th World Heritage Site in China.
Bruscello
Bruscello is form of folk theatre with songs and music performed every year in the Tuscan town of Montepulciano, on or around 15 August. The word comes from arboscello, meaning small tree - one of the players always carries a small tree. Its origins, probably pagan, are unknown but it has been performed here for the last 500 years, and in its current form for the last 60 or so. In his book Italian Pageant Derek Patmore provides a detailed description of the 1947 performance that recounts the story of S. Margherita of Cortona.

Montepulciano
Montepulciano (Italian: [ˌmontepulˈtʃaːno]) is a medieval and Renaissance hill town and comune in the Italian province of Siena in southern Tuscany. It sits high on a 605-metre (1,985 ft) limestone ridge, 13 kilometres (8 mi) east of Pienza, 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Siena, 124 kilometres (77 mi) southeast of Florence, and 186 kilometres (116 mi) north of Rome by car.

Montepulciano is a wine-producing region. The Vino Nobile di Montepulciano has Denominazione di origine controllata e garantita status and is, with the Brunello di Montalcino and Chianti Classico, one of the principal red wines of Tuscany. The Rosso di Montepulciano and Vin Santo di Montepulciano have Denominazione di origine controllata status.
Berg bei Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz
Berg bei Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz (German pronunciation: [ˈbɛʁk baɪ ˈnɔʏmaʁkt ʔɪn deːɐ̯ ˈʔoːbɐˌpfalts], lit. 'Berg near Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz') is a municipality in the district of Neumarkt in Bavaria in Germany.

Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz
Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz (German: [ˈnɔʏmaʁkt ʔɪn deːɐ̯ ˈʔoːbɐˌpfalts] ⓘ, lit. 'Neumarkt in the Upper Palatinate'; Bavarian: Naimakk in da Owerpfolz) is the capital of the Neumarkt district in the administrative region of the Upper Palatinate, in Bavaria, Germany.  With a population of about 40,000, Neumarkt is the seat of various projects, and acts as the economic and cultural center of the western Upper Palatinate, along with Nürnberg, Ingolstadt, and Regensburg.
FSV Frankfurt
Fußballsportverein Frankfurt 1899 e.V., commonly known as simply FSV Frankfurt and known as simply Frankfurt, is a German association football club based in the Bornheim district of Frankfurt am Main, Hessen and founded in 1899. FSV Frankfurt formerly fielded a rather successful women's team, which was disbanded in 2006.

Hessenliga
The Hessenliga (until 2008 Oberliga Hessen) is the highest football league in the state of Hesse and the Hessian football league system. It is one of fourteen Oberligas in German football, the fifth tier of the German football league system. Until the introduction of the 3. Liga in 2008 it was the fourth tier of the league system, until the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 the third tier.
Bloomfield College
Bloomfield College of Montclair State University is a public college in Bloomfield, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is chartered by the State of New Jersey and accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education. The school became part of Montclair State University starting in July 2023, before which it had been a private college affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (USA) through the Synod of the Northeast.

Bloomfield College is the only 4-year college in New Jersey recognized simultaneously as a Predominantly Black Institution, Hispanic Serving Institution, and Minority Serving Institution.

Bloomfield, New Jersey
Bloomfield is a township in Essex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, and an inner-ring suburb of Newark. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 53,105, an increase of 5,790 (+12.2%) from the 2010 census count of 47,315, which in turn reflected a decline of 368 (-0.8%) from the 47,683 counted in the 2000 census. It is the location of the Bloomfield Green Historic District, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.
AT Metro
AT Metro is a public transport brand in Auckland, New Zealand, managed by Auckland Transport (AT). It was launched in December 2014, following the decommissioning of the MAXX brand with updated bus and train liveries, staff uniforms, wayfinding signage and a refreshed external communications identity. In 2023, AT began decommissioning the AT Metro brand, replacing it with the refreshed AT brand identity.

Auckland Transport
Auckland Transport (AT) is the council-controlled organisation (CCO) of Auckland Council responsible for most of Auckland's transport infrastructure, projects and services, including roads, walkways, cycleways, ferry facilities, parking and public transport.
Stadion am Gesundbrunnen
Stadion am Gesundbrunnen, known as Plumpe, was a multi-use stadium in the Gesundbrunnen locality of Berlin, Germany. It was initially used as the stadium of Hertha BSC matches.  During the 1936 Summer Olympics, it hosted some of the football matches. The capacity of the stadium was 35,239 spectators.

When Hertha joined the Bundesliga in 1963, the club moved to the Olympic Stadium as the Plumpe stadium did not meet Bundesliga standards. In 1974 the club sold the ground to avoid bankruptcy, and it was demolished to make way for an apartment complex.

Hertha BSC
Hertha, Berliner Sport-Club e. V., commonly known as Hertha BSC (German pronunciation: [ˈhɛʁtaː beː ʔɛs t͡seː]) or Hertha Berlin, is a German professional football club based in Berlin. Hertha BSC plays in the 2. Bundesliga, the second tier of German football, following relegation from the Bundesliga in 2022–23. Hertha BSC was founded in 1892, and was a founding member of the German Football Association in Leipzig in 1900.

The team won the German championship in 1930 and 1931. Since 1963, Hertha's stadium has been the Olympiastadion. The club is known as Die Alte Dame in German, which translates to "The Old Lady". In 2002, the sports activities of the professional, amateur, and under-19 teams were separated into Hertha BSC GmbH & Co. KGaA.
Bayernliga
The Bayernliga (English: Bavarian league) is the highest amateur football league and the second highest football league (under the Regionalliga Bayern) in the state of Bavaria (German: Bayern) and the Bavarian football league system. It is one of fourteen Oberligas in German football, the fifth tier of the German football league system. Until the introduction of the 3. Liga in 2008 it was the fourth tier of the league system, until the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 the third tier.

From the 2012–13 season onwards, the league has been divided once more into a northern and a southern division, having previously placed in single division format since 1963. The league sits directly under the Regionalliga Bayern and above the Landesligas, which were expanded in number from three to five at the end of the 2011–12 season.

Oberliga (football)
The Oberliga (German: [ˈoːbɐˌliːɡa], "Upper League"; plural: Oberligen) is the fifth tier of the German football league system. Before the introduction of the 3. Liga in 2008, it was the fourth tier.  At the end of the 2011–12 season, the number of Oberligas was increased from eleven to fourteen.

With the exception of the Nazi-era Gauliga, the term Oberliga (equivalent to Premier League in English) was used prior to the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963 for first-division leagues in West Germany. Between 1978–94 the term Amateuroberliga was used for third-tier leagues, which were then the highest level of amateur play in the country. The current usage of the designation Oberliga was introduced in 1994. In East Germany a separate league structure was in place from 1948–1990 and the top flight division there was known as the DDR-Oberliga.
Parencoelia
Parencoelia is a genus of fungi in the family Helotiaceae. The genus contains 4 species.

These species are:

Parencoelia andina

Parencoelia biparasitica

Parencoelia kalmiae

Parencoelia myriostylidis

Helotiaceae
The Helotiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Helotiales. The distribution of species in the family are widespread, and typically found in tropical areas. There are 117 genera and 826 species in the family.

A question mark after the genus name means that according to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, the placement of that genus in this family is uncertain.
Because I Got High (album)
Because I Got High is the second studio album by Mississippi-based rapper Afroman. The record was released on T-Bones Records in 2000. Although a Canada-exclusive release, it was otherwise sold and distributed via live performances. The title track of the record stands as Afroman's most popular and best-selling song.

Because I Got High went to Number One on the New Zealand charts, where it stayed for four weeks, in 2000. The songs "Because I Got High", "Mississippi", "Hush", "Tumbleweed", "She Won't Let Me Fuck", "Tall Cans" and "American Dream" would all later be used on The Good Times in 2001.

Afroman
Joseph Edgar Foreman (born July 28, 1974), better known by his stage name Afroman, is an American rapper and singer. His major label debut, The Good Times (2001), featured the singles "Because I Got High" and "Crazy Rap". He was nominated for a Grammy Award the following year.
Princess Alexandra School
Princess Alexandra School is a school located in Hay River, Northwest Territories, Canada providing public education for students in grades 4 through 7. The administration of the school, along with the Harry Camsell School and Diamond Jenness Secondary School, is the responsibility of the South Slave Divisional Education Council (SSDEC) and is overseen by the Hay River District Education Authority.

Harry Camsell School
Harry Camsell School is a JK – 3 school located in Hay River, Northwest Territories, Canada providing public education from kindergarten to grade 3. The administration of the school, along with the Princess Alexandra School and Diamond Jenness Secondary School, is the responsibility of the South Slave Divisional Education Council (SSDEC) and is overseen by the Hay River District Education Authority.
Kotli District
Kotli District (Urdu: ضلع کوٹلی) is a district of Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region.  It is one of the 10 districts of Pakistan's dependent territory of Azad Kashmir.  It is bounded on the north by the Sudhanoti District and the Poonch District, on the north-east by the Poonch District of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, on the south by the Mirpur and Bhimber districts, and on the west by the Rawalpindi District on Pakistan's Punjab Province. Kotli is the largest district of Azad Kashmir by population and the second biggest by land area, after the Neelum District. The district headquarters is the city of Kotli. The main native languages are Pahari (estimated to be spoken by just under two thirds of the population), and Gujari (spoken by about a third of the population).

Poonch District, Pakistan
Poonch District (Urdu: ضلع پونچھ) is one of the ten districts of the Pakistan-administered territory of Azad Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region.

It falls in the Poonch Division and is bounded on the north by Bagh District, on the north-east by Haveli District, on the south-east by the Poonch District of the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir, on the south by Sudhanoti and Kotli districts, and on the west by the Rawalpindi District of Punjab, Pakistan.

The Poonch District is part of the greater Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan. The district headquarters is the city of Rawalakot. It is the third most populous district of Azad Kashmir. Historically, the area now constituting Poonch District was part of the Sudhanoti region, which later became a tehsil of the former Poonch State.

The main language is Pahari, native to an estimated 95% of the population, but there are also speakers of Gujari, while Urdu has the status of the official language.
Bazir Arslan Khan
Bazir Arslan Khan or Bazir (巴兹尔) was khagan of the Kara-Khanid Khaganate between 893 and 920 CE. Nothing much is known about his reign, or the surrounding time period in the region. According to Wei Liangtao, he was Arslan (elder) khaqan and the father of Satuq Bughra Khan, who killed the Bughra (lesser) khaqan Oghulchak Khan.

Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan
Abdulkarim Satuq Bughra Khan (Uyghur: سۇلتان سۇتۇق بۇغراخان; also spelled Satuk; died 955) was a Kara-Khanid khan; he was one of the first Turkic rulers to convert to Islam, which prompted his Kara-Khanid subjects to convert.

There are different historical accounts of the Satuq's life with some variations. Sources include Mulhaqāt al-Surāh (Supplement to the "Surah") by Jamal Qarshi (b. 1230/31) who quoted an earlier 11th-century text, Tarikh-i Kashghar (History of Kashgar) by Abū-al-Futūh 'Abd al-Ghāfir ibn al-Husayn al-Alma'i, an account by an Ottoman historian, known as the Munajjimbashi, and a fragment of a manuscript in Chagatai, Tazkirah Bughra Khan (Memory of Bughra Khan).
Gangvaa
Gangvaa is a 1984 Indian Hindi-language film directed by Rajasekhar, starring Rajinikanth and Shabana Azmi. It is a remake of Rajasekhar's 1983 Tamil film Malaiyoor Mambattiyan. The film had a successful run of over 50 weeks and more than 100 days at the Bombay Plaza theater.

Malaiyoor Mambattiyan
Malaiyoor Mambattiyan (transl. Man with shovel from Malaiyoor) is 1983 Indian Tamil-language vigilante action film directed by Rajasekhar, starring Thiagarajan, Saritha and Silk Smitha. It was released on 1 July 1983. The film became a blockbuster and established Thiagarajan as a star. It was remade in Hindi by the same director as Gangvaa (1984) and in Telugu as Kondaveeti Nagulu (1984). In 2011, Thiagarajan remade the film starring his son Prashanth, titled as Mambattiyan.
Union Church/St. Paul's Church
The Union Church/St. Paul's Church is a historic church building at 3 Robertsville Road in the Riverton section of Barkhamsted, Connecticut.  Built in 1829 to be shared by multiple congregations, it is an architecturally distinguished example of Greek Revival design with Gothic features.  It became an Episcopal church in 1880 which closed in 1971, and served for a time as a local history museum.  It now houses a glass-blowing studio.  The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

Barkhamsted, Connecticut
Barkhamsted (/bɑːrkˈhæmstɛd/ bark-HAM-sted) is a town in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. It contains seven villages: West Hill, Mallory, Barkhamsted Center, Center Hill, Washington Hill, Pleasant Valley, and Riverton. The population was 3,647 at the 2020 census, down from 3,799 at the 2010 census. The town is part of the Northwest Hills Planning Region. Barkhamsted was first incorporated in 1779, and named after Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, England.
Chau Tau
Chau Tau (Chinese: 洲頭) is a village in the New Territories of Hong Kong, in the San Tin area of Yuen Long District. There is a new railway called the Lok Ma Chau Spur Line linking it to mainland China. It is near Lok Ma Chau.

Its settlements are largely of the Man (文) clan.

San Tin
San Tin (Chinese: 新田; lit. 'new fields') is a loosely defined area in Yuen Long District in New Territories, Hong Kong that is part of the San Tin constituency. Unlike Hong Kong's highly urbanised areas, San Tin is sparsely populated due to its marshlands.

San Tin is located near Lok Ma Chau. The San Tin Public Transport Interchange services the Lok Ma Chau Control Point–Huanggang Port border crossing, the only 24 hour border crossing between Hong Kong and mainland China.
Strategy video game
A strategy video game is a video game genre that emphasizes strategic or tactical planning and decision-making, often involving the indirect control of multiple units and the management of limited resources, rather than the quick reflexes typical of action games.

Strategy video games are commonly divided into two main forms: turn-based strategy (TBS), in which players act in discrete turns, and real-time strategy (RTS), in which play proceeds continuously. Many also incorporate elements such as tactics, diplomacy, economics, or exploration.

Electronic strategy games developed in part from earlier non-digital board games and wargames, and scholars note that the definition of “strategy” in games is not entirely uniform across contexts.

Timekeeping in games
Timekeeping is relevant to many types of games, including video games, tabletop role-playing games, board games, and sports. The passage of time must be handled in a way that players find fair and easy to understand. In many games, this is done using real-time and/or turn-based timekeeping. In real-time games, time within the game passes continuously. However, in turn-based games, player turns represent a fixed duration within the game, regardless of how much time passes in the real world. Some games use combinations of real-time and turn-based timekeeping systems. Players debate the merits and flaws of these systems. There are also additional timekeeping methods, such as timelines and progress clocks.
Farsta
Farsta is a district in the borough with the same name in the southern part of Stockholm Municipality, Sweden. Farsta is located about eight kilometers south of Stockholm city. The district neighbours to Hökarängen, Sköndal, Larsboda, Farsta Strand and Fagersjö. It is also a metro station on the Green line. The distance between the Stockholm City Centre and Farsta is 8 kilometres.

Hökarängen
Hökarängen  is a district in the Farsta borough of southern Stockholm. It neighbours Fagersjö to the west, Farsta to the south, Sköndal to the east and Gubbängen to the north. As of 2017, the total population of Hökarängen is 9,564

The district was one of the first examples of the many new suburbs built along the new subway in the decades after World War II. The Hökarängen metro station is located in the district. It was opened on October 1, 1950, as part of the first route of the Stockholm metro, running from Slussen to Hökarängen. The station is on the green line (T18) and has two exits, one in the central part of Hökarängen (by Örbyleden), and the other in the southern part of the district, near Sirapsvägen.
Hôtel Raphael
Hôtel Raphael is a French luxury hotel situated on Avenue Kléber in the 16th arrondissement of Paris. It is a five-star hotel and belongs to Les Hôtels Baverez. During the German occupation of Paris, the hotel was the principal billet for senior officers of the SS, Gestapo and Wehrmacht.

Les Hôtels Baverez
Les Hôtels Baverez is a French luxury hotel group established by the Baverez family in 1900.

The company owns and operates three historic five-star properties in Paris: Hôtel Régina Louvre, Hôtel Raphael, and Majestic Hôtel-Spa.
Bundesstraße 96
The Bundesstraße 96 (B 96) is a federal highway in Germany. It begins in Zittau in Saxony, close to the border triangle between Germany, Poland, and the Czech Republic, heads north through Berlin and ends in Sassnitz on the island of Rügen in the Baltic Sea. Some sections of B 96 form a part of the European route E22.

Zossen
Zossen (German pronunciation: [ˈtsɔsn̩] ⓘ; Upper Sorbian: Sosny, pronounced [ˈsɔsnɨ]) is a German town in the district of Teltow-Fläming in Brandenburg, about 30 kilometres (20 mi) south of Berlin, and next to the B96 highway. Zossen consists of several smaller municipalities, which were grouped in 2003 to form the city.
Tyers, Victoria
Tyers is a town in Victoria, Australia.  It is 158 kilometres (98 mi) east of Melbourne, 10 kilometres (6 mi) north-west of Traralgon and located in the City of Latrobe.  It was known until 1852 as "Boola Boola", after which it was named after the surveyor and explorer Charles Tyers.  At the 2016 census, Tyers had a population of 824.

Tyers Post Office opened on 11 September 1882 .

The town in conjunction with neighbouring Traralgon has an Australian Rules football team Traralgon-Tyers United competing in the North Gippsland Football League.

Since 1982, Tyers Lightning Soccer Club have competed in the Latrobe Valley Soccer League, and won back-to-back women's league titles in 2014 and 2015.

The Tyers Arts Festival is an annual event, held since 1979, is an initiative of the Tyers Primary school and supported by the Tyers community.

A notable resident was Jean Galbraith.

City of Latrobe
The City of Latrobe (until 2000 known as the Shire of La Trobe) is a local government area in the Gippsland region in eastern Victoria, Australia, located in the eastern part of the state. It covers an area of 1,426 square kilometres (551 mi2) and in June 2018 had a population of 75,211. It is primarily urban with the vast majority of its population living within the four major urban areas of Moe-Newborough, Morwell, Traralgon, and Churchill, and other significant settlements in the LGA include Boolarra, Callignee, Glengarry, Jeeralang, Toongabbie, Tyers, Yallourn North and Yinnar.

The city is governed by the Latrobe City Council, with its seat of local government and administrative centre located at the council headquarters, 141 Commercial Road, Morwell. It also has service centres located in Moe, Churchill and Traralgon. The city is named after the Latrobe River and Latrobe Valley, major geographical features that meander through the north of the LGA.