hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Surface equivalence principle
In electromagnetism, surface equivalence principle or surface equivalence theorem relates an arbitrary current distribution within an imaginary closed surface with an equivalent source on the surface. It is also known as field equivalence principle, Huygens' equivalence principle or simply as the equivalence principle. Being a more rigorous reformulation of the Huygens–Fresnel principle, it is often used to simplify the analysis of radiating structures such as antennas.

Certain formulations of the principle are also known as Love equivalence principle and Schelkunoff equivalence principle, after Augustus Edward Hough Love and Sergei Alexander Schelkunoff, respectively.

Aperture (antenna)
In electromagnetics and antenna theory, the aperture of an antenna is defined as "A surface, near or on an antenna, on which it is convenient to make
assumptions regarding the field values for the purpose of computing fields at external points. The aperture is often taken as that portion of a plane surface near the antenna, perpendicular to the direction of maximum radiation, through which the major part of the radiation passes."
Siedlce pogrom
Siedlce pogrom refers to the events of September 8–10 or 11, 1906, in Siedlce, (Congress) Kingdom of Poland. It was part of a wave of pogroms in Russia and controlled territories (such as the Kingdom of Poland), in the larger context of the widespread unrest. The pogrom in Siedlce was organized by the Russian secret police (Okhrana). There were 26 fatalities among the Jewish populations.

Pogroms in the Russian Empire
Pogroms in the Russian Empire (Russian: Еврейские погромы в Российской империи, romanized: Evreyskie pogromy v Rossiyskoy imperii) were large-scale, targeted, and repeated anti-Jewish riots that began in the 19th century. Pogroms began to occur after Imperial Russia, which previously had very few Jews, acquired territories with large Jewish populations from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire from 1772 to 1815. These territories were designated "the Pale of Settlement" by the Imperial Russian government, within which Jews were reluctantly permitted to live. The Pale of Settlement primarily included the territories of Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Bessarabia (modern Moldova), Lithuania and Crimea. Jews were forbidden from moving to other parts of European Russia (including Finland), unless they converted from Judaism or obtained a university diploma or first guild merchant status. Migration to the Caucasus, Siberia, the Far East or Central Asia was not restricted.
Giuseppe Valadier
Giuseppe Valadier (Italian pronunciation: [dʒuˈzɛppe valaˈdje]; April 14, 1762 – February 1, 1839) was an Italian architect and designer, urban planner and archaeologist and a chief exponent of Neoclassicism in Italy.

A teacher of architecture at the Accademia di San Luca, Valadier was a pioneer archeologist and a restorer of monuments, such as the Milvian Bridge (1805) and the Arch of Titus in Rome, (1819–21). He retraced the ancient line of the Via Flaminia (1805) and restored Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola's neglected Church of Sant'Andrea in Via Flaminia, which influenced his own Church of Santa Maria della Salute in Fiumicino, the newly-established port for Rome.

Pincian Hill
The Pincian Hill (/ˈpɪnʃ(i)ən/ PIN-sh(ee-)ən; Italian: Pincio [ˈpintʃo]; Latin: Mons Pincius) is a hill in the northeast quadrant of the historical centre of Rome.  The hill lies to the north of the Quirinal, overlooking the Campus Martius. It was outside the original boundaries of the ancient city of Rome, and was not one of the Seven hills of Rome, but it lies within the wall built by Roman Emperor Aurelian between 270 and 273.
Paul Watson (journalist)
Paul  Richard Watson (born July 13, 1959) is a Canadian photojournalist, Pulitzer Prize-winner, and author of three books: Where War Lives, Magnum Revolution: 65 Years of Fighting for Freedom, and Ice Ghosts: The Epic Hunt for the Lost Franklin Expedition (2017). The Guardian newspaper named ICE GHOSTS one of the best science books of 2017. The CBC, Canada’s national broadcaster, put Ice Ghosts at the top of its 2017 "Holiday Gift Guide: 12 Books for the Science and Nature Enthusiast on Your List."

Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Photography
The Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Photography is one of the American Pulitzer Prizes annually awarded for journalism. From 2000 it has used the "breaking news" name but it is considered a continuation of the Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography, which was awarded from 1968 to 1999. Prior to 1968, a single Prize was awarded for photojournalism, the Pulitzer Prize for Photography, which was replaced in that year by Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography and Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography.
Sarah Rita Kattan
Sarah Rita Kattan (Arabic: سارة ريتا قطان) is a Lebanese architect and scout leader, who served as Vice-Chairperson of the World Scout Committee, the governing body of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, from August 2021 to August 2024, the first Arab women to have such a role. She had served as a voting member from 2017. She is the executive director of a design and development foundation, "Design For Communities" (D4C), in Beirut.

Kattan began her scouting with the Lebanese Scouting Federation. In December 2025, she was awarded a Bronze Wolf Award for services to Scouting.

Lebanese Scouting Federation
The Lebanese Scouting Federation (French: Fédération du scoutisme libanais, Arabic: إتحاد كشاف لبنان), is the national federation of 29 Scouting organisations of Lebanon, founded in 1961. Lebanon became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1947.
Chris Burdon
Chris Burdon is a sound engineer. Burdon and his fellow sound engineers earned a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing for the 2013 film Captain Phillips. Burdon won the Academy Award for Best Sound for the 2022 film Top Gun: Maverick. He was nominated alongside James Mather, Chris Munro, and Mark Taylor for an Academy Award for Best Sound for the 2023 film Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One.

James Mather (sound editor)
James H. Mather is a British sound editor. He won an Academy Award and was nominated for two more in the category Best Sound for the films Belfast, Top Gun: Maverick and Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One.
Kiischpelt
Kiischpelt is a commune in northern Luxembourg, in the canton of Wiltz.  The commune's administrative centre is Wilwerwiltz.

Kiischpelt was formed on 1 January 2006 from the former communes of Kautenbach and Wilwerwiltz, both in Wiltz canton. The law creating Kiischpelt was passed on 14 July 2005.

It is the least densely populated and third least-populous commune in Luxembourg. Despite this, Kiischpelt is served by three railway stations: Kautenbach, Wilwerwiltz and Merkholtz.

Merkholtz railway station
Merkholtz railway station (Luxembourgish: Gare Mäerkels, French: Gare de Merkholtz, German: Bahnhof Merkholtz) is a railway station serving Merkholtz, in the commune of Kiischpelt, in northern Luxembourg.  It is operated by Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois, the state-owned railway company.
Barberino di Mugello
Barberino di Mugello is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of Florence.   
Barberino di Mugello borders the following municipalities: Calenzano, Cantagallo, Castiglione dei Pepoli, Firenzuola, San Piero a Sieve, Scarperia, Vaiano, Vernio.

Sights include the Villa Medici of Cafaggiolo.

Vernio
Vernio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Prato in the region of Tuscany in Italy, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Florence and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Prato. It has 6,158 inhabitants.
Grand Cape Mount County
Grand Cape Mount is a county in the northwestern portion of the West African nation of Liberia. One of 15 counties that constitute the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has five districts. Robertsport serves as the capital with the area of the county measuring 1,993 square miles (5,160 km2). As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 129,817, making it the eighth most populous county in Liberia. The county is bordered by Gbarpolu County to the northeast and Bomi County to the southeast. The northern part of Grand Cape Mount borders the nation of Sierra Leone, while to the west lies the Atlantic Ocean.

The name of the county comes from Cape du Mont, a French word meaning the Cape of the Mount. In 1461, Pedro de Sintra, a Portuguese explorer charting the West Coast of Africa, saw the prominent feature of the cape and chose its name.

Robertsport
Robertsport is a town in western Liberia, about 10 miles (16 km) from the Sierra Leone border. It is named after Joseph Jenkins Roberts, the first president of Liberia.

The town lies on Cape Mount peninsula, a spit of land separating the brackish lagoon Lake Piso from the Atlantic Ocean, 50 mi (80 km) north-west of Monrovia. It serves as the capital of Grand Cape Mount County and is the home of the city corporation.
Singet fröhlich im Advent
"Singet fröhlich im Advent" (Sing merrily in Advent) is an Advent song with German text and melody by Gottfried Neubert written in 1977. The song is part of the German Protestant hymnal Evangelisches Gesangbuch.

Advent song
Advent songs (German: Adventslieder) are songs and hymns intended for Advent, the four weeks of preparation for Christmas. Topics of the time of expectation are the hope for a Messiah, prophecies, and the symbolism of light, among others. Several of the songs are part of hymnals such as the German Catholic Gotteslob (GL) and the Protestant Evangelisches Gesangbuch (EG).

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness.
Abaddon Books
Abaddon Books is a British publishing imprint, founded in 2006. It is part of the Rebellion group of companies, along with publishing companies Solaris Books, 2000 AD, 2000 AD Graphic Novels, and Cubicle 7.

Abaddon publishes "shared world" novels in the horror, science fiction and fantasy genres. Describing itself as a return to "the good old days of pulp fiction", the imprint focuses on shorter, action-driven novels with dark or horrific themes.

The line was founded by Jonathan Oliver, who has been Editor-in-Chief of Abaddon and Solaris Books since Rebellion bought the latter from BL Publishing in 2009.

Rebecca Levene
Rebecca Levene is a British author and editor. She is the author of The Hollow Gods fantasy novel series. In the 1990s, she was an editor at Virgin Books, including notably of the New Adventures series.
Barossa Valley railway line
The Barossa Valley railway line is a closed railway line in South Australia. It was first opened in 1911, extending from the Gawler line to Angaston with later branches being built to Penrice and Truro. Much of the line from Gawler to Penrice remained open up until June 2014 (passenger services had ceased much earlier in December 1968). The section of line from Nuriootpa to Truro was removed in the 1990s. The section of line from Nuriootpa to Angaston was taken up in 2010 and replaced with a rail trail.

Gawler line
The Gawler line (also known as the Gawler Central line) is a suburban commuter railway line in the city of Adelaide, South Australia. The Gawler Line is the most frequent and heavily patronised line in the Adelaide rail network. It is also the only line to have no other interchange with another line except Adelaide.
Minuets in G major and G minor
The Minuets in G major and G minor, BWV Anh. 114 and 115, are a pair of movements from a suite for harpsichord by Christian Petzold in 1720, which, through their appearance in the 1725 Notebook for Anna Magdalena Bach, used to be attributed to Johann Sebastian Bach. These minuets, which are suitable for beginners on the piano, are among the best known pieces of music literature. The 1965 pop song "A Lover's Concerto", of which millions of copies were sold, is based on the first of these Minuets.

Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis
The Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (German: [ˈbax ˌvɛʁkə fɐˈtsaɪçnɪs], lit. 'Bach Works Catalogue'; BWV) is a catalogue of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach. It was first published in 1950, edited by Wolfgang Schmieder. The catalogue's second edition appeared in 1990 and the third edition in 2022.

The catalogue groups compositions by genre. Even within a genre, compositions are not necessarily collated chronologically. 
In part this reflects the fact that some compositions cannot be dated. However, an approximate or precise date can be assigned to others: for example, BWV 992 was composed many years before BWV 1.
Lodè
Lodè is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 160 kilometres (99 mi) north of Cagliari and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northeast of Nuoro. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,110 and an area of 120.9 square kilometres (46.7 sq mi).

Lodè borders the following municipalities: Bitti, Lula, Onanì, Padru, Siniscola, Torpè.

Onanì
Onanì (Sardinian: Onanìe) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in the Italian region of Sardinia, located about 140 kilometres (87 mi) north of Cagliari and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Nuoro. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 448 and an area of 71.7 square kilometres (27.7 sq mi).

The municipality of Onanì contains the frazione (subdivision) Mamone (penal colony).

Onanì borders the following municipalities: Bitti, Lodè, Lula.
Kahurestan, Khamir
Kahurestan (Persian: كهورستان,) is a village in, and the former capital of, Kahurestan Rural District of Kahurestan District, Khamir County, Hormozgan province, Iran, serving as capital of the district. The capital of the rural district has been transferred to the village of Jeyhun.

Kahurestan District
Kahurestan District (Persian: بخش کهورستان) is in Khamir County, Hormozgan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Kahurestan, whose population at the time of the 2016 National Census was 3,418 in 1,036 households.
Jon Dybdahl
Jon Lee Dybdahl (December 17, 1942 – January 18, 2023) was a professor of theology and a college administrator who served as president of Walla Walla University from 2002 until 2006.

Prior to his presidency, Dybdahl spent six years as a pastor and evangelist in Thailand, where he founded an adult education center and Chiangmai Adventist Academy. Dybdahl had degrees in theology from Pacific Union College, Andrews University and Fuller Theological Seminary.  Dybdahl was considered one of the Seventh-day Adventist church's foremost experts on world mission.

Walla Walla University
Walla Walla University is a private Adventist university in College Place, Washington. The university has five campuses throughout the Pacific Northwest. It was founded in 1892 and is affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

The university has an annual enrollment of around 1,700 students. It is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities and is also denominationally accredited. Walla Walla University offers more than 100 areas of study including preprofessional degrees and four graduate programs.
Julius Meinl V
Julius Meinl V (born 9 July 1959) is a British businessman, resident in Prague Czech Republic (since end of August 2013). He heads a substantial family business which was originally built upon the production and retailing of food products, and which was founded by his great-great-grandfather, Julius Meinl I, in Vienna in 1862.

Julius Meinl
Julius Meinl International (German: Julius Meinl AG, Meinl-Gruppe), also known simply as Julius Meinl, is an Austrian manufacturer and retailer of coffee, gourmet foods and other grocery products. The company is based in Vienna, Austria, and it is named after the founder, Julius Meinl I.
Kraamzorg
Kraamzorg is a service in the Netherlands and Belgium where postnatal care is provided to a new mother and her baby in the initial eight to 10 days immediately after birth.

This support comes in the form of a qualified maternity nurse or health care professional, kraamverzorgster, who comes to the home in order to provide care and instruction for the newborn. Kraamzorg care is included in standard health insurance packages in the Netherlands; though, depending on specific policy, a small contribution for each hour of care is expected.

Postpartum care
Postpartum care or postnatal care is a service provided to individuals in the postpartum period, to help with postpartum recuperation and restoration. Additionally, the service aids in the transition to parenthood while also mitigating any health risks. In the United States, about two‑thirds of pregnancy‑related deaths occur during the postpartum period, most of which are considered preventable; barriers such as fragmented care and lapses in insurance coverage contribute to these risks.
Three Anchor Bay
Three Anchor Bay is a suburb of Cape Town, in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is situated in the Atlantic Seaboard region of the city.

The name, first encountered in 1661, possibly refers to anchors securing chains stretched as defence across the bay. The form Drieankerbaai is preferred for official purposes.

Afrikaans language author and poet Ingrid Jonker drowned herself at the nearby beach on July 19, 1965.

The National Sea Rescue Institute is headquartered there.

Atlantic Seaboard, Cape Town
The Atlantic Seaboard is a group of predominantly affluent, Anglophone seaside suburbs in Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa. The region, situated along the coast, to the west of Cape Town CBD, is home to a mix of detached homes and apartment buildings. Due to its location and views, it features some of the most desirable property in South Africa.
Australian Service Medal 1945–1975
The Australian Service Medal 1945–1975 recognises service in peacekeeping or non-warlike operations in the 30-year period following World War II, and prior to 17 September 1975. The medal was established on 22 February 1995. The Australian Service Medal recognises non-warlike service after February 1975.

Australian Service Medal
The Australian Service Medal is an Australian military decoration. It was authorised 13 September 1988 to recognise prescribed service in peacekeeping and non-warlike operations. It is awarded with a clasp to denote the prescribed operation and subsequent awards of the medal are made in the form of additional clasps. The Australian Service Medal 1945–1975 recognises non-warlike service prior to 17 September 1975.
Florentine flask
A florentine flask, also known as florentine receiver, florentine separator or essencier (from the French), other shapes called florentine vase or florentine vessel, is an oil–water separator fed with condensed vapors of a steam distillation in a fragrance extraction process.

Oil–water separator
An oil water separator (OWS) is a piece of equipment used to separate oil and water mixtures into their separate components. There are many different types of oil-water separator. Each has different oil separation capability and are used in different industries. Oil water separators are designed and selected after consideration of oil separation performance parameters and life cycle cost considerations. "Oil" can be taken to mean mineral, vegetable and animal oils, and the many different hydrocarbons.
Polk County, Missouri
Polk County is a county located in the southwestern portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 31,519. The county seat is Bolivar. The county was organized January 5, 1835, and is named for Ezekiel Polk. Polk County is part of the Springfield metropolitan area.

Greene County, Missouri
Greene County is located in the southwest part of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, its population was 298,915. making it the fourth most-populous county in Missouri and the most populous outside the Kansas City or Saint Louis metropolitan areas.

Its county seat and most-populous city is Springfield. The county was organized in 1833 and is named after American Revolutionary War General Nathanael Greene. Greene County is included in the Springfield metropolitan area. It is in the area of the Ozark Mountains and foothills.
Torah Temimah
The Torah Temimah (תורה תמימה - from Psalms 19:8 תּוֹרַת ה תְּמִימָה "The Torah of Hashem is perfect.") is the magnum opus of Rabbi Baruch Epstein. Published in 1902, it is a commentary on the Torah and the Five Megillot, the object of which was "to show the interrelationship between the Oral and Written Law." In so doing, Rabbi Epstein "weaves together related halachos and Aggadah together with concise explanations of the text." Rabbi Epstein's method was "to quote comments and interpretations from the vast Rabbinical literature  on each Biblical verse (Bavli, Yerushalmi, Sifra, Sifre, Tosefta and Mechilta) and to then provide his own analysis of how the interpretations were deduced,"  frequently offering a novel explanation on the statement. Despite its scholarly nature, the "clear and lucid style of this work makes learning enjoyable and accessible to all."

Jewish commentaries on the Bible
Jewish commentaries on the Bible are biblical commentaries of the Hebrew Bible (the Tanakh) from a Jewish perspective. Translations into Aramaic and English, and some universally accepted Jewish commentaries with notes on their method of approach and also some modern translations into English with notes are listed.
Daniel McCook
Daniel McCook (June 20, 1798 – July 21, 1863) was an attorney and an officer in the Union army during the American Civil War. He was one of two Ohio brothers who, along with 13 of their sons, became widely known as the “Fighting McCooks” for their contributions to the war effort.

Fighting McCooks
The Fighting McCooks were members of a family of Ohioans who reached prominence as officers in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Two brothers, Daniel and John McCook, and thirteen of their sons were involved in the army, making the family one of the most prolific in American military history. Six of the McCooks reached the rank of brigadier general or higher. Several family members were killed in action or died from their wounds. Following the war, several others reached high political offices, including governorships and diplomatic posts.
Ayman Mohyeldin
Ayman Mohyeldin (Arabic: أيمن محيي الدين, IPA: [ˈʔæjmæn ˈmoħj edˈdiːn]) is an Egyptian-born American journalist, anchor and political commentator based in New York for NBC News and MS NOW. Previously the anchor of an MSNBC weekday afternoon show, Ayman Mohyeldin Reports (formerly MSNBC Live with Ayman Mohyeldin), he hosted Ayman on weekend evenings on MSNBC, and Fridays on Peacock. The show aired its final broadcast in late April 2025. Mohyeldin now co-hosts The Weekend Primetime with Elise Jordan, Catherine Rampell and Antonia Hylton. He previously worked for Al Jazeera and CNN. He was one of the first Western journalists allowed to enter and report on the handing over and trial of the deposed President of Iraq Saddam Hussein by the Iraqi Interim Government for crimes against humanity. Mohyeldin has also covered the 2008–2009 Gaza War as well as the Arab Spring.

Antonia Hylton
Antonia Hylton (born September 26, 1993) is an American journalist. She is a former correspondent for NBC News and is currently the co-anchor for MS NOW's The Weekend: Primetime. She won two Emmy Awards, a Peabody Award, and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Audio Reporting.