hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.8
The Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.8 is a British single-seat fighter of the First World War designed at the Royal Aircraft Factory. It could not escape the drag penalty imposed by its tail structure and was no match for the Albatros fighters of late 1916.

No. 40 Squadron RAF
No. 40 Squadron of the Royal Air Force was formed in 1916 at Fort Grange, Gosport as No. 40 Squadron Royal Flying Corps and was disbanded for the last time in 1957.  The squadron also included many non-British members, including volunteers from the Royal Australian Air Force, South African Air Force, and Royal Canadian Air Force.
Minerva Park, Ohio
Minerva Park is a village in Franklin County, Ohio, United States. The population was 2,009 at the 2020 census.

The communities of Minerva Park, Bexley, Whitehall, and Valleyview are enclaves of Columbus.

Whitehall, Ohio
Whitehall is a city in Franklin County, Ohio, United States. Located 6 miles (9.7 km) east of the state capital of Columbus, Whitehall had a population of 20,127 in the 2020 census. Founded in 1947, Whitehall is a growing suburb of Columbus. Per the U.S. Census Bureau, Whitehall's population is culturally and racially diverse, with over 50% of the population identifying as black, African American, Hispanic or Latino. A further 20% of its residents speak a language other than English at home.
2021 Swiss Open Gstaad
The 2021 Swiss Open Gstaad was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 53rd edition of the Swiss Open, and part of the ATP Tour 250 Series of the 2021 ATP Tour. It took place at the Roy Emerson Arena in Gstaad, Switzerland, from 19 July through 25 July 2021.

2021 ATP Tour
The 2021 ATP Tour was the global elite men's professional tennis circuit organised by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2021 tennis season. The 2021 ATP Tour calendar comprised the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP Finals, the ATP Masters 1000, the ATP Cup, the ATP 500 series and the ATP 250 series. Also included in the 2021 calendar were the Davis Cup (organised by the ITF), the Summer Olympics in Tokyo (rescheduled from 2020), Next Gen ATP Finals, Laver Cup (postponed from 2020), none of which distributed ranking points. During this year also, several tournaments were cancelled or postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic on both the ATP and WTA tours, thus making the season still pandemic-affected.
Portobello Police Station
Portobello Police Station, also known as the Old Town Hall, is a former municipal building on Portobello High Street in Portobello, Scotland. The building, which was previously the meeting place of the burgh council but now serves as a police station, is a Category B listed building.

Portobello, Edinburgh
Portobello is a coastal suburb of Edinburgh in eastern central Scotland. It lies 3 miles (5 km) east of the city centre, facing the Firth of Forth, between the suburbs of Joppa and Craigentinny. Although historically it was a town in its own right, it is officially a residential suburb of Edinburgh. The promenade fronts onto a wide sandy beach.
Ulley Reservoir
Ulley Reservoir is a reservoir a few hundred yards to the west and downhill of the village of Ulley, 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England. It is 2.5 miles (4 km) away from junction 33 of the M1 motorway.

Ulley
Ulley is a village and civil parish of the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham in South Yorkshire, England. The population of the civil parish as of the 2011 census was 172. It is located about 4 miles (6 km) south of the town of Rotherham and 7 miles (11 km) east of Sheffield City Centre.
1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission
The 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission preliminary list was released by the United States Department of Defense in 1995 as part of the Base Realignment and Closure Commission. It recommended closing 32 major United States military bases.

Base Realignment and Closure
Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) was a process by a United States federal government commission to increase the efficiency of the United States Department of Defense by coordinating the realignment and closure of military installations following the end of the Cold War. Over 350 installations have been closed in five BRAC rounds: 1988, 1991, 1993, 1995, and 2005. These five BRAC rounds constitute a combined savings of $12 billion annually.
Westray Ladd
Westray Ladd (December 8, 1863 – August 15, 1909) was an American architect.

Ladd was born in Hong Kong to American parents. His family came back to Bucksport, Maine, when he was one. He worked in the office of Wheelwright & Haven in Boston, Massachusetts, as well as with William Emerson and Peabody & Stearns. In November 1883, he moved to Philadelphia and ran his own office until 1902. He worked mostly on residences including homes in Overbrook, where he lived. He was a member of the American Institute of Architects and of the T-Square Club.

Peabody and Stearns
Peabody & Stearns was a premier architectural firm in the Eastern United States in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Based in Boston, Massachusetts, the firm consisted of Robert Swain Peabody (1845–1917) and John Goddard Stearns Jr. (1843–1917). The firm worked on a variety of designs but is closely associated with shingle style.

With addition of Pierce P. Furber, presumably as partner, the firm became Peabody, Stearns & Furber. The firm was later succeeded by W. Cornell Appleton, one of the Peabody & Stearns architects, and Frank Stearns, son of Frank, as Appleton & Stearns.
Eastern Indoor Championships
The Eastern Indoor Championships also known as the Eastern States Indoor Championships was a men's and women's indoor tennis tournament founded in 1944. It was organized by the Eastern Lawn Tennis Association (today known as USTA Eastern).  It was originally played on wood courts, then switching later to carpet courts until 1977 when it was discontinued.

Wood court
A wood court is one of the types of tennis courts on which the modern sport of tennis, originally known as "lawn tennis", is played. Wood courts are generally a form of hardwood flooring. These courts were once used for indoor "covered court" tennis tournaments beginning in the late 19th century through to the early 1970s, and occasionally were used to stage outdoor tennis tournaments. They were largely supplanted by the development of indoor carpet courts in professional play.
Ashburn, Virginia
Ashburn is an unincorporated settlement and census-designated place (CDP) in Loudoun County, Virginia, United States. At the 2020 United States census, its population was 46,349, up from 3,393 in 1990. It is 30 miles (48 km) northwest of Washington, D.C., and part of the Washington metropolitan area. Ashburn is a major hub for Internet traffic due to its many data centers.

Janelia Research Campus
Janelia Research Campus is a scientific research campus of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute that opened in October 2006. The campus is located in Loudoun County, Virginia, near the town of Ashburn. It is known for its scientific research and modern architecture. The current executive director of the laboratory is Nelson Spruston, who is also a vice-president of HHMI. He succeeded Ronald Vale in 2024, who in turn succeeded the initial director Gerald M. Rubin in 2020. The campus was known as "Janelia Farm Research Campus" until 2014.
Vostochnoye Degunino District
Vostochnoye Degunino District (Russian: Восточное Дегунино - Eastern Degunino) is an administrative district (raion) of Northern Administrative Okrug, and one of the 125 raions of Moscow, Russia. The area of the district is 3.77 square kilometers (1.46 sq mi).  Population: 95,700 (2017 est.).

Northern Administrative Okrug
the Northern Administrative Okrug (Russian: Се́верный администрати́вный о́круг, romanized: Severny administrativny okrug), or Severny Administrative Okrug, is one of the twelve high-level territorial divisions (administrative okrugs) of the federal city of Moscow, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,100,974, down from 1,112,846 recorded during the 2002 Census.
Garou, Benin
Garou  is a town and arrondissement in the Alibori Department of northeastern Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Malanville. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 16,235.

Arrondissements of Benin
Arrondissements are administrative units of Benin, after departments and communes. In turn they contain villages and may often have several quartiers or city districts/urban neighborhoods. There are currently 545 arrondissements.

The arrondissements, ordered by department and commune, are as follows:
Cytophaga hutchinsonii
Cytophaga hutchinsonii is a bacterial species in the genus Cytophaga. C. hutchinsonii is an aerobic, gram-negative, soil, microorganism that exhibits gliding motility, enabling it to move quickly over surfaces and is capable of cellulose degradation.

Cytophaga
Cytophaga is a genus of Gram-negative, gliding, rod-shaped bacteria. This  bacterium is commonly found in soil, and rapidly digests crystalline cellulose. C. hutchinsonii is able to use its gliding motility to move quickly over surfaces.  Although the mechanism for this is not known, there is a belief that the flagellum is not used.
Lamoureux, Alberta
Lamoureux (/ˈlæməruː/) is a hamlet in central Alberta, Canada within Sturgeon County. It is located 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) northeast of Edmonton's city limits on the northern shore of the North Saskatchewan River, on the opposite side of the City of Fort Saskatchewan. The location has a view of the ruins of the old Fort, which can still be seen standing by the riverfront.

The area was settled in 1872 by the brothers Joseph and Francois Lamoureux. They built a gristmill, a lumber mill, and other industries.  A post office was established shortly after February 1896.  For the fiscal year ending October 1895, the lumber mill was the most productive in the Edmonton area, producing $15,588.65 of lumber (about $377,505 in 2022 Canadian dollars).

Sturgeon County
Sturgeon County is a municipal district in the Edmonton Metropolitan Region of Alberta, Canada. It is north of Edmonton and west of the North Saskatchewan River. Sturgeon County is located in Division No. 11 and was named for the Sturgeon River.
Juliusz Schauder
Juliusz Paweł Schauder ([ˈjulʲjuʂ ˈpavɛw ˈʂau̯dɛr]; 21 September 1899  – September 1943) was a Polish mathematician known for his work in functional analysis, partial differential equations and mathematical physics.

Schauder fixed-point theorem
The Schauder fixed-point theorem is an extension of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem to locally convex topological vector spaces, which may be of infinite dimension. It asserts that if  is a nonempty convex closed subset of a Hausdorff locally convex topological vector space  and  is a continuous mapping of  into itself such that  is contained in a compact subset of , then  has a fixed point.

A consequence, called Schaefer's fixed-point theorem, is particularly useful for proving existence of solutions to nonlinear partial differential equations.
Schaefer's theorem is in fact a special case of the far reaching Leray–Schauder theorem which was proved earlier by  Juliusz Schauder and Jean Leray.
The statement is as follows:

Let  be a continuous and compact mapping of a Banach space  into itself, such that the set

is bounded.  Then  has a fixed point. (A compact mapping in this context is one for which the image of every bounded set is relatively compact.)
Quartus Prime
Quartus Prime is programmable logic device design software produced by Altera; prior to Intel's separation of Altera, the software was called Intel Quartus Prime, and prior to the acquisition of Altera by Intel, it was called Altera Quartus Prime, and earlier Altera Quartus II. Quartus Prime enables analysis and synthesis of HDL designs, which enables the developer to compile their designs, perform timing analysis, examine RTL diagrams, simulate a design's reaction to different stimuli, and configure the target device with the programmer. Quartus Prime includes an implementation of VHDL and Verilog for hardware description, visual editing of logic circuits, and vector waveform simulation.

Altera
Altera Corporation is a manufacturer of programmable logic devices (PLDs) headquartered in San Jose, California. It was founded in 1983 and acquired by Intel in 2015 before becoming independent once again in 2025 as a company focused on development of field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technology and system on a chip FPGAs.
Parkdale, Edmonton
Parkdale is a central neighbourhood in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada located a short distance north of the downtown core.  Located to the south of the neighbourhood is Commonwealth Stadium and to the north east is Northlands Coliseum.  Parkdale is part of the Norwood area of Edmonton.

The community is represented by the Parkdale-Cromdale Community League, established in 1921, which maintains a community hall and outdoor rink located at 85 Street and 113 Avenue. 
The Cromdale Community League operated as a separate entity from 1925 until 1986 when it joined the then Parkdale Community League.

McCauley, Edmonton
McCauley is an ethnically diverse inner city neighbourhood in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is named for Matthew McCauley, the first mayor of Edmonton, and is located just to the north east of the Downtown core. McCauley is known as the home of religious buildings in a small area, as well as being a large venue for the 1978 Commonwealth Games.

The neighbourhood is roughly triangle-shaped, bounded on the north by 111 Avenue/Norwood Boulevard, the west by 101 Street, and the south east by the LRT line and the old Canadian National Railway right-of-way.

Out of 272 Edmonton neighbourhoods evaluated, McCauley is the 11th most walkable with a Walk Score of 79, or "Very Walkable".

The community is represented by the McCauley Community League, established in 1935, which runs a community centre located at 95 Street and 108 Avenue.
Taihape Area School
Taihape Area School is a state composite coeducational school located in Taihape, Manawatū-Whanganui, New Zealand. It is located on 26 Huia St.

The school has a roll of 244 students as of August 2017 and provides education for students in years 1–13.

Taihape
Taihape is in the Rangitikei District of the North Island of New Zealand. It serves a large rural community. State Highway 1, which runs North to South through the centre of the North Island, passes through the town.
Reddish
Reddish is an area of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport, Greater Manchester, England; it lies 4.6 miles (7.4 km) south-east of Manchester city centre. At the 2011 census, the population was 28,052. Historically part of Lancashire, Reddish grew rapidly in the Industrial Revolution and still retains landmarks from that period, such as Houldsworth Mill, a former textile mill. Reddish Vale is a country park.

St Elisabeth's Church, Reddish
St. Elisabeth's Church is an Anglo Catholic church in Reddish, an area in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport, Greater Manchester, England, designed by Alfred Waterhouse in the Victorian Gothic style. It is a grade I listed building.
Junnosuke Taguchi
Junnosuke Taguchi (田口 淳之介, Taguchi Junnosuke; born November 29, 1985) in Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan), is a singer-songwriter, actor, and model. He is a former member of the Japanese idol group KAT-TUN.

He joined the talent agency Johnny & Associates in 1999 and officially debuted as part of KAT-TUN in 2006. Apart from activities as a member of KAT-TUN, he has acted in the film Mohōhan, alongside SMAP's leader Masahiro Nakai, and appeared in several dramas, most notably hit drama Legal High.

After leaving KAT-TUN and Johnny & Associates began a career as a solo artist (first single release in November 2016) and also began doing some modeling.

In 2017 announced signed an exclusive two-year contract with Universal Music Group Single will be released April 2017 and will be his solo artist major label debut.

Johnny & Associates
Johnny & Associates, Inc. was a Japanese talent agency formed by Johnny Kitagawa in 1962, which managed groups of male idols known as Johnny's. The company had a significant impact on pop culture with male idols and boy bands in Japan since the 1980s. Until 2019, the company was known for its strict policies regarding music distribution abroad and its strict control over the right of publicity to using the likeness of idols under its management.

In the wake of continuing sexual abuse allegations directed against Kitagawa, who died in 2019, his niece, Julie Keiko Fujishima, stepped down as president in September 2023. On October 2, 2023, Johnny & Associates announced that they would be splitting into two entities: The existing company would be rebranded to Smile-Up, a firm focused on reparations for Kitagawa's sexual abuse cases, and Starto Entertainment, a talent agency managing the acts that had been managed under Johnny & Associates.
207 series (JR West)
The 207 series (207系, 207-kei) is a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) commuter train type operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR-West) in the Kansai Region of Japan since 1991.

This train bears no relation to the 207 series built by JNR and operated by JR East until 2009.

JR Tōzai Line
The JR Tōzai Line (JR東西線, Jei-āru Tōzai-sen) is one of several commuter rail lines and services in the Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto Metropolitan Area, operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West). The line, whose name literally means "east-west", runs underground through central Osaka and connects the Gakkentoshi Line at Kyobashi Station in Osaka and the JR Takarazuka Line and the JR Kobe Line at Amagasaki. All stations on this line are in the city of Osaka, except for the western terminus in Amagasaki, Hyōgo Prefecture.
2014 retreat from Western Bahr el Ghazal
The 2014 retreat from Western Bahr el Ghazal, also called the long march north, was an unorganized withdrawal by hundreds of Nuer Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) deserters who sought to flee from Bahr el Ghazal to Sudan during the South Sudanese Civil War. After longstanding tensions between SPLA soldiers belonging to the Dinka and Nuer ethnic groups escalated on 25 April 2014, leading to a massacre of Nuer soldiers at Mapel in Western Bahr el Ghazal, a large number of Nuer SPLA soldiers deserted to escape ethnic prosecution and loyalist SPLA forces. Though some deserters joined SPLM-IO rebels or surrendered to the government, a large number of them marched northward, joined by other SPLA defectors from Northern Bahr el Ghazal. After covering over 400 kilometres (250 mi), this trek eventually arrived in Sudan on 4 August 2014, where they were disarmed.

Ethnic violence in South Sudan
Ethnic violence in South Sudan has a long history among South Sudan's various ethnic groups. South Sudan has 64 tribes with the largest being the Dinka, who constitute about 35% of the population and predominate in government. The second largest are the Nuers. Conflict is often aggravated among nomadic groups over the issue of cattle and grazing land and is part of the wider Sudanese nomadic conflicts.

In 2010, Dennis Blair, the United States Director of National Intelligence, issued a warning that "over the next five years... a new mass killing or genocide is most likely to occur in southern Sudan." In April 2017, Priti Patel, the Secretary of the United Kingdom's Department for International Development, declared the violence in South Sudan as genocide.
331st Troop Carrier Squadron
The 331st Troop Carrier Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit.  It was activated during World War II as the 10th Combat Cargo Squadron and served in India and Burma before inactivating after V-J Day.  The squadron was reactivated in Germany in 1948 and served in the Berlin Airlift until inactivating in 1949.  It was activated again in 1955 as an assault airlift unit, serving until inactivating in 1958.

513th Air Control Group
The 513th Air Control Group is an Air Force Reserve group of the United States Air Force.  It is assigned to the Tenth Air Force, Air Force Reserve Command, and is stationed at Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma.

The group's mission is to provide DOD commanders with trained aircrews and maintenance personnel and systems for airborne surveillance, warning and control of U.S. and allied military aircraft.

The 513th is an associate unit of the 552d Air Control Wing, Air Combat Command (ACC) and if mobilized, the group is gained by ACC.

Its World War II predecessor, the 3d Combat Cargo Group was a United States Army Air Forces combat organization. It served primarily in the China Burma India Theater and Pacific Ocean Theater of World War II. In 1948, the group was redesignated as the 513th Troop Carrier Group.
Iodine value
In chemistry, the iodine value (IV; also iodine absorption value, iodine number or iodine index) is the mass of iodine in grams that is consumed by 100 grams of a chemical substance. Iodine numbers are often used to determine the degree of unsaturation in fats, oils and waxes. In fatty acids, unsaturation occurs mainly as double bonds which are very reactive towards halogens, the iodine in this case. Thus, the higher the iodine value, the more unsaturations are present in the fat. It can be seen from the table that coconut oil is very saturated, which means it is good for making soap. On the other hand, linseed oil is highly unsaturated, which makes it a drying oil, well suited for making oil paints.

Degree of unsaturation
In the analysis of the molecular formula of organic molecules, the degree of unsaturation (DU) (also known as the index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD), double bond equivalents (DBE), or unsaturation index) is a calculation that determines the total number of rings and π bonds. A formula is used in organic chemistry to help draw chemical structures. It does not give any information about those components individually—the specific number of rings, or of double bonds (one π bond each), or of triple bonds (two π bonds each). The final structure is verified with use of NMR, mass spectrometry and IR spectroscopy, as well as qualitative inspection. It is based on comparing the actual molecular formula to what would be a possible formula if the structure were saturated—having no rings and containing only σ bonds—with all atoms having their standard valence.
Hazard symbol
Hazard symbols are universally recognized symbols designed to alert individuals to the presence of hazardous or dangerous materials, locations, or conditions. These include risks associated with electromagnetic fields, electric currents, toxic chemicals, explosive substances, and radioactive materials. Their design and use are often governed by laws and standards organizations to ensure clarity and consistency. Hazard symbols may vary in color, background, borders, or accompanying text to indicate specific dangers and levels of risk, such as toxicity classes. These symbols provide a quick, universally understandable visual warning that transcends language barriers, making them more effective than text-based warnings in many situations.

Mr. Yuk
Mr. Yuk is a graphic image created and trademarked by UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, United States, as a way to label substances that are poisonous if ingested. The graphic was created to be understandable by and visually unappealing to children, and usually carries a telephone number for a poison control center.