hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Happiness
Happiness is a complex and multifaceted emotion that encompasses a range of positive feelings, from contentment to intense joy. It is often associated with positive life experiences, such as achieving goals, spending time with loved ones, or engaging in enjoyable activities. However, happiness can also arise spontaneously, without any apparent external cause.

Happiness is closely linked to well-being and overall life satisfaction. Studies have shown that individuals who experience higher levels of happiness tend to have better physical and mental health, stronger social relationships, and greater resilience in the face of adversity.

The pursuit of happiness has been a central theme in philosophy and psychology for centuries. While there is no single, universally accepted definition of happiness, it is generally understood to be a state of mind characterized by positive emotions, a sense of purpose, and a feeling of fulfillment.

World Happiness Report
The World Happiness Report is a publication that contains articles and rankings of national happiness, based on respondent ratings of their own lives, which the report also correlates with various (quality of) life factors.

Since 2024, the report has been published by the Wellbeing Research Centre at the University of Oxford, in partnership with Gallup, the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network, and an independent editorial board. The editorial board consists of the three founding editors, John F. Helliwell, Richard Layard, and Jeffrey D. Sachs, along with Jan-Emmanuel De Neve, Lara Aknin, and Shun Wang.

The report primarily uses data from the Gallup World Poll.  As of March 2025, Finland has been ranked the happiest country in the world for eight years in a row.
Zaleski State Forest
Zaleski State Forest is a state forest in the U.S. state of Ohio, located primarily in Vinton County, with areas in Athens County as well.  The 28,000 acre (110 km²) forest surrounds Lake Hope State Park in Vinton County, and borders the Waterloo Wildlife Research Station in Athens County.

Part of the Zaleski Mound Group, a group of Native American mounds built by the prehistoric Adena culture, is located within the forest.

Quercus alba (white oak) from the forest was used extensively in Ohio State University's 2008 renovation of William Oxley Thompson Memorial Library

The forest is located in the rugged hills of the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau in Southern Ohio, with elevations ranging up to about 1100 feet above sea level. The historic Hope Furnace can be seen at Lake Hope State Park, just across the road from the forest.

Waterloo Wildlife Research Station
The Waterloo Wildlife Research Station is a 2,937-acre (11.89 km2) Ohio state wildlife area located in western Waterloo Township, Athens County, Ohio. Purchase for the area was begun in 1944. The area was greatly expanded in 2005 when 945 acres were added. It was originally named the Waterloo Wildlife Experiment Station.  Research was done there over a period of years, until recently.
Gilbert Strang
William Gilbert "Gil" Strang (born November 27, 1934) is an American mathematician known for his contributions to finite element theory, the calculus of variations, wavelet analysis and linear algebra. He has made many contributions to mathematics education, including publishing mathematics textbooks. Strang was the MathWorks Professor of Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  He taught Linear Algebra, Computational Science, Engineering, Learning from Data, and his lectures are freely available through MIT OpenCourseWare.

Strang popularized the designation of the Fundamental Theorem of Linear Algebra as such.

International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
The International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (ICIAM) is an organisation for professional applied mathematics societies and related organisations. The current president is Wil Schilders. The cash award for each of the prizes is 5000 USD.
Roslavl constituency
The Roslavl constituency (No.176) is a Russian legislative constituency in Smolensk Oblast. The constituency covers southern part of Smolensk and southern Smolensk Oblast. After 2025 redistricting Smolensk Oblast is slated to lose one of its two constituencies, so Roslavl constituency is going to be dissolved and merged with Smolensk constituency.

The constituency has been represented since 2021 by Liberal Democratic deputy Sergey Leonov, former Senator and 2016 candidate for this seat, who won the open seat, succeeding one-term United Russia incumbent Olga Okenuva.

Constituencies of Russia
Legislative constituencies are used in Russia to elect half of the seats (225) in the State Duma. Each Federal Subject gets a certain amount of constituencies, proportional to their population, with every Federal Subject getting at least one. Every constituency is a single-mandate one, meaning each constituency sends one representative (also known as a Deputy) to the State Duma.

Constituencies are created and their boundaries drawn by the Central Election Commission. According to Federal Law, the layout of constituencies are to be used for 10 years. Using these current constituencies, elections were held to the State Duma in 2016 and 2021.
Natashō, Fukui
Natashō (名田庄村, Natashō-mura) was a village located in Onyū District, Fukui Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 2,818 and a density of 19.59 persons per km2. The total area was 143.83 km2.

On March 3, 2006, Natashō was merged into the expanded town of Ōi (in Ōi District).

Ōi, Fukui
Ōi (おおい町, Ōi-chō) is a town located in Fukui Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 June 2018,  the town had an estimated population of 8,102 and a population density of 63 persons per km2. The total area of the town was  212.19 square kilometres (81.93 sq mi).  It is one of the few Hiragana towns in Japan.
Oversampling
In signal processing, oversampling is the process of sampling a signal at a sampling frequency significantly higher than the Nyquist rate. Theoretically, a bandwidth-limited signal can be perfectly reconstructed if sampled at the Nyquist rate or above it. The Nyquist rate is defined as twice the bandwidth of the signal. Oversampling is capable of improving resolution and signal-to-noise ratio, and can be helpful in avoiding aliasing and phase distortion by relaxing anti-aliasing filter performance requirements.

A signal is said to be oversampled by a factor of N if it is sampled at N times the Nyquist rate.

Sampling (signal processing)
In signal processing, sampling is the reduction of a continuous-time signal to a discrete-time signal. A common example is the conversion of a sound wave to a sequence of "samples".
A sample is a value of the signal at a point in time and/or space; this definition differs from the term's usage in statistics, which refers to a set of such values.

A sampler is a subsystem or operation that extracts samples from a continuous signal. A theoretical ideal sampler produces samples equivalent to the instantaneous value of the continuous signal at the desired points.

The original signal can be reconstructed from a sequence of samples, up to the Nyquist limit, by passing the sequence of samples through a reconstruction filter.
Francesco Contarini
Francesco Contarini (Venice, 28 November 1556 – Venice, 6 December 1624) was the 95th Doge of Venice, reigning from 8 September 1623 until his death fourteen months later. He was a member of the House of Contarini, one of the founding families of Venice.

Contarini
The Contarini is one of the founding families of Venice and one of the oldest families of the Italian Nobility. In total eight Doges of the Republic of Venice emerged from this family,  as well as 44 Procurators of San Marco,  numerous ambassadors, diplomats and other notables. Among the ruling families of the republic, they held the most seats in the Great Council of Venice from the period before the Serrata del Maggior Consiglio when Councillors were elected annually to the end of the republic in 1797. The Contarini claimed to be of Roman origin through their patrilineal descendance of the Aurelii Cottae, a branch of the Roman family Aurelia, and traditionally trace their lineage back to Gaius Aurelius Cotta, consul of the Roman Republic in 252 BC and 248 BC.
Nagidos
Nagidos (Ancient Greek: Νάγιδος; Latin: Nagidus) was an ancient city of Cilicia. In ancient times it was located between Anemurion to the west and Arsinoe to the east. Today its ruins are found on the hill named Paşabeleni at the mouth of the Sini Cay (Bozyazı Dere) near Bozyazı in Mersin Province, Turkey. It lies at a distance of ca. 20 km to the east of Anamur. Like its eastern neighbor Kelenderis, it was a colony of Samos. The small island of Nagidoussa is opposite Nagidos; on it are the ruins of an Ottoman fortress.

Bozyazı
Bozyazı is a municipality and district of Mersin Province, Turkey. Its area is 642 km2, and its population is 26,812 (2022). It is on the Mediterranean coast, 220 km (137 mi) west of the city of Mersin.
Tooting, Merton and Wimbledon Railway
The Tooting, Merton and Wimbledon Railway (TM&WR) was a railway company jointly operated by the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) and the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR) in Surrey (now south-west London).

Portsmouth line
The Portsmouth line is a secondary main line originally built by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway and the London and South Western Railway between 1847 and 1868. It leaves the South London Line (Atlantic Lines) at Peckham Rye, with connections to the Victoria branch of the Brighton Main Line at Streatham, and continues via Sutton, Epsom and Dorking to join the Mid-Sussex Line at Horsham.

As of 2022, the line is predominantly a commuter line and there are no scheduled services running along the entire route. The current service pattern can be divided into three sections. The first of these runs from Peckham Rye to Streatham (Southern), with trains then switching on to the Brighton Main Line towards Selhurst and Caterham; the second is the Streatham to Sutton section (Thameslink), part of the Sutton Loop Line, and the third runs from Sutton to Horsham (Southern), with trains originating from London Victoria and joining the Portsmouth line south of Streatham.
2019 Abha International Airport attacks
The Abha International Airport attacks were cruise missile attacks carried out by the Yemeni Houthi rebels which occurred in June 2019. The attack targeted the arrivals hall of Abha International Airport in southwestern Saudi Arabia and killed one civilian and injured 47 others.

The Saudi-led coalition stated that an Iranian made Ya Ali cruise missile had been used in the attack, but Jane's Defence Weekly later reported that a Yemeni made Quds cruise missile may have been used because of its similarity to the fins recovered from the debris.

The first attack occurred on 19 June and wounded 26.

The second attack, a drone strike, occurred on June 23, killing a Syrian national and wounding 21 and yet another two days later on June 25.

Abha International Airport
Abha International Airport (Arabic: مطار أبها الدولي, IATA: AHB, ICAO: OEAB) is an airport in Abha, the capital of Asir Province in Saudi Arabia.

The site was a new construction area between the cities of Khamis Mushait and Abha, and served both equally.
Perth Wetlands
The Perth Wetlands, also known as the Perth Great Lakes or the Great Lakes District, was a collection of fresh-water wetlands, swamps and lakes located on the Swan Coastal Plain north of the city of Perth in Western Australia. Over a period of 80 years from the first British settlement in Western Australia in 1829 most of the wetlands were reclaimed for use as housing, parks and market gardens.

Claise Brook
Claise Brook is a stream which empties into Claisebrook Cove before running into the Swan River in Perth, Western Australia. The area surrounding the stream is on the outskirts of the Perth CBD and is part of the suburb of East Perth. Claise Brook was once an important water course, into which the numerous interconnected fresh water lakes north of Perth emptied, during the wet season before entering the Swan River.
Sevnica
Sevnica (pronounced [ˈséːwnitsa] ⓘ; German: Lichtenwald) is a town  on the left bank of the Sava River in central Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Sevnica. It is one of the three major settlements in the Lower Sava Valley. The old town of Sevnica lies beneath Sevnica Castle, which is perched on top of Castle Hill, while the new part of town stretches along the plain among the hills up the Sava Valley, forming another town core at the confluence of the Sevnična and Sava rivers.

Municipality of Sevnica
The Municipality of Sevnica (Slovene: Občina Sevnica) is a municipality along the Sava and the Mirna Rivers in southeastern Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Sevnica. Today it is part of the Lower Sava Statistical Region. It is the 12th-largest municipality by area in Slovenia.
Bovolone
Bovolone is a town and a comune (municipality) in the Province of Verona in the Italian region Veneto, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) west of Venice and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) southeast of Verona.

Bovolone borders the following municipalities: Cerea, Concamarise, Isola della Scala, Isola Rizza, Oppeano, Salizzole, and San Pietro di Morubio.

Isola della Scala
Isola della Scala is a comune (municipality) of c. 11463 inhabitants in the Province of Verona in the Italian region of Veneto, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) west of Venice and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Verona.

Isola della Scala borders the following municipalities: Bovolone, Buttapietra, Erbè, Nogara, Oppeano, Salizzole, Trevenzuolo, and Vigasio.
Bilen people
The Bilen (also variously transcribed as Blin, and also formerly known as the Bogos or Northern Agaw) are a Cushitic ethnic group in Eritrea. They are primarily concentrated in central Eritrea, in and around the city of Keren and further south toward Asmara, the nation's capital. They are split into two sub-tribes; Bet Tarqe and Bet Tawqe which are split into further clans known as Hissat. The Tawke has six whereas the Tarke has five which each are divided into smaller kinship groups.

Cushitic-speaking peoples
Cushitic-speaking peoples are the ethnolinguistic groups who speak Cushitic languages natively. Cushitic languages are spoken as a mother tongue primarily in the Horn of Africa, with minorities speaking Cushitic languages in southeastern Egypt, Sudan, Kenya, and Tanzania.
Skeletocutis alutacea
Skeletocutis alutacea is a species of poroid fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It was described as new to science in 1946 by American mycologist Josiah Lincoln Lowe as Poria alutacea. Jean Keller transferred it to the genus Skeletocutis in 1979. It is found in the United States and Canada, in Europe, and New Zealand, where it causes a white rot in various woody substrates.

The basidia of S. alutacea are club-shaped, measuring 9–12 by 4–5 μm. Its spores are hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, straight to slightly curved, and measure 2.5–3.5 by 1–1.5 μm.

Skeletocutis
Skeletocutis is a genus of about 40 species of poroid fungi in the family Polyporaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, although most species are found in the Northern Hemisphere. It causes a white rot in a diverse array of woody substrates, and the fruit bodies grow as a crust on the surface of the decaying wood. Sometimes the edges of the crust are turned outward to form rudimentary bracket-like caps.

Skeletocutis is primarily distinguished from similar genera of wood-rotting fungi by microscopic features, especially by the sausage-shaped to ellipsoid spores, and spiny crystals covering certain hyphae in the pore tissue. The genus was circumscribed by Czech mycologists František Kotlaba and Zdenek Pouzar in 1958, with Skeletocutis amorpha as the type species.
Lovozero (rural locality)
Lovozero (Russian: Лово́зеро; Kildin Sami: Луяввьр; Skolt Sami: Luujäuʹrr; Northern Sami: Lujávri; Finnish: Luujärvi) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Lovozersky District in Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located on both banks of the Virma River, which is not far from Lake Lovozero, and 164 kilometers (102 mi) southeast of Murmansk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:  2,871 (2010 census); 3,141 (2002 census); 3,638 (1989 Soviet census). It is the second largest locality in the district after Revda.

Kildin Sámi
Kildin Sámi, also spelt as Kildin Saami is a Sámi language spoken on the Kola Peninsula of northwestern Russia by the Kildin Sámi, who have historically inhabited the peninsula.

The Sámi languages closest to Kildin are Ter Sámi and Akkala Sámi, in Soviet tradition sometimes considered to be dialects of Kildin Sámi. From a strictly geographical point of view, only Kildin and Ter, spoken on the Peninsula, could be regarded as Kola Sámi. It is the largest of the Eastern Sámi languages by number of speakers. However, unlike its close relatives Skolt Sámi or Inari Sámi Kildin is today only used actively by very few people.
Lha-bzang Khan
Lha-bzang Khan (Mongolian: ᠯᠠᠽᠠᠩ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ Lazang Khaan; Tibetan: ལྷ་བཟང༌, ZWPY: Lhasang; alternatively, Lhazang or Lapsangn or Lajang; d.1717) was the ruler of the Khoshut (also spelled Qoshot, Qośot, or Qosot) tribe of the Oirats. He was the son of Tenzin Dalai Khan (1668–1701) and grandson (or great-grandson) of Güshi Khan, being the last khan of the Khoshut Khanate and Oirat King of Tibet. He acquired effective power as ruler of Tibet by eliminating the regent (desi) Sangye Gyatso and the Sixth Dalai Lama, Tsangyang Gyatso, but his rule was cut short by an invasion by another group of Oirats, the Dzungar people. At length, this led to the direct involvement of the Chinese Qing dynasty in the Tibetan politics.

Khoshut
The Khoshut (Mongolian: Хошууд,ᠬᠤᠱᠤᠳ, qoşūd, Chinese: 和碩特; literally "bannermen," from Middle Mongolian qosighu "flag, banner") are one of the four major tribes of the Oirat people. They established the Khoshut Khanate in the area of Qinghai in 1642–1717.
Pugwash, Nova Scotia
Pugwash is an incorporated village in Cumberland County, Nova Scotia, Canada, located on the Northumberland Strait at the mouth of the Pugwash River. It had a population of 746 as of the 2021 census.  The name Pugwash is derived from the Mi'kmaq word Pakwesk (also written as Pagwĕsk), meaning "a shoal", in reference to a reef near the mouth of the harbour.

The village is home to fishing, salt mining, small-scale manufacturing, and tourism. Pugwash sits atop a salt deposit measuring 457.2 metres (1,500 ft) thick and is home to the largest underground salt mine in Atlantic Canada, with shipments from its port, as well as by rail from a facility at Oxford Junction.

Cyrus S. Eaton
Cyrus Stephen Eaton Sr. (December 27, 1883 – May 9, 1979) was a Canadian-American investment banker, businessman and philanthropist, with a career that spanned 70 years.

For decades Eaton was one of the most powerful financiers in the American Midwest, and he was a colourful and often-controversial figure. He was chiefly known for his longevity in business, for his opposition to the dominance of eastern financiers in the America of his day, for his occasionally ruthless financial manipulations, for his passion for world peace and for his outspoken criticism of United States Cold War policy. He funded and helped organize the first Pugwash Conferences on World Peace, in 1957. He wrote numerous articles and essays on political and economic subjects—"Investment Banking: Competition or Decadence?", "Rationalism Versus Rockefeller", and "A Capitalist Looks at Labour" being some of the best known.
Settlement hierarchy
A settlement hierarchy is a way of arranging settlements into a hierarchy based upon their size. The term is used by landscape historians and in the National Curriculum for England. The term is also used in the planning system for the UK and for some other countries such as Ireland, India, and Switzerland. The term was used without comment by the geographer Brian Roberts in 1972.

Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis
Constantinos A. Doxiadis (14 May 1913 – 28 June 1975), often cited as C. A. Doxiadis, was a Greek architect and urban planner. During the 1960s, he was the lead architect and planner of Islamabad, which was to serve as the new capital city of Pakistan. He was later known as the father of ekistics, which concerns the multi-aspectual science of human settlements.
Blizzard Beasts
Blizzard Beasts is the fourth studio album by Norwegian black metal band Immortal. It was released on March 20, 1997, through Osmose Productions. It is the last Immortal album to feature the performance of founding member Demonaz Doom Occulta until Northern Chaos Gods  (2018) and the first to feature Horgh on drums. Demonaz was later diagnosed with acute tendinitis which prevented him from playing guitar at the required speed for Immortal's music. Stylistically, Blizzard Beasts has primarily songs that are less than three minutes long, contrasting with Immortal's usual longer song lengths.

Northern Chaos Gods
Northern Chaos Gods is the ninth studio album by Norwegian black metal band Immortal. The album was released on 6 July 2018. This is the first album after the departure of Abbath from the band and their first studio album in almost nine years since All Shall Fall (2009), marking the longest gap between two studio albums by Immortal. It is also the first Immortal album to feature Demonaz on vocals and the first one since Blizzard Beasts (1997) to feature him on guitar, and their final album to feature Horgh on drums before being dismissed from the band following a legal dispute with Demonaz over ownership of the band's name. Peter Tägtgren played bass on this album. In an interview before the album's release, Demonaz said he wanted to make the album as "grim, dark and cold as possible".
Pixies at the BBC
Pixies at the BBC is a compilation of BBC radio sessions by the American alternative rock band Pixies. Released by 4AD on July 6, 1998, in the United Kingdom and by Elektra Records on July 14, 1998, in the United States—five years after the band's initial split—it was recorded over several sessions between 1988 and 1991 at the BBC. The album is characterized by its raw, under-produced sound.

On March 8, 2024, 4AD released Pixes at the BBC, 1988–91, a complete compilation on 2 CDs or 3 LPs of all 24 tracks recorded by the band for the BBC during this period.

Wave of Mutilation
"Wave of Mutilation" is an alternative rock song by the American band Pixies, and is the third track on their 1989 album Doolittle. Written and sung by the band's frontman Black Francis, the song was inspired by articles about Japanese businessmen committing murder-suicides by driving into the ocean. The song also references a lyric from the Charles Manson-penned "Cease to Exist", released by the Beach Boys as "Never Learn Not to Love".

In addition to appearing on Doolittle, an alternate version of the song featuring a different arrangement, known as the "UK Surf" version, was released as a B-side to "Here Comes Your Man". The song has since seen critical acclaim and is well regarded by fans. Both the original and "UK Surf" arrangements have appeared in the band's live setlist.