hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Abelian group
In mathematics, an abelian group, also called a commutative group, is a group in which the result of applying the group operation to two group elements does not depend on the order in which they are written. That is, the group operation is commutative. With addition as an operation, the integers and the real numbers form abelian groups, and the concept of an abelian group may be viewed as a generalization of these examples. Abelian groups are named after the Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel.

The concept of an abelian group underlies many fundamental algebraic structures, such as fields, rings, vector spaces, and algebras. The theory of abelian groups is generally simpler than that of their non-abelian counterparts, and finite abelian groups are very well understood and fully classified.

Non-abelian group
In mathematics, and specifically in group theory, a non-abelian group, sometimes called a non-commutative group, is a group (G, ∗) in which there exists at least one pair of elements a and b of G, such that a ∗ b ≠ b ∗ a. This class of groups contrasts with the abelian groups, where all pairs of group elements commute.

Non-abelian groups are pervasive in mathematics and physics. One of the simplest examples of a non-abelian group is the dihedral group of order 6. It is the smallest finite non-abelian group. A common example from physics is the rotation group SO(3) in three dimensions (for example, rotating something 90 degrees along one axis and then 90 degrees along a different axis is not the same as doing them in reverse order).

Both discrete groups and continuous groups may be non-abelian. Most of the interesting Lie groups are non-abelian, and these play an important role in gauge theory.
Isumi
Isumi (いすみ市, Isumi-shi) is a city located in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 November 2020, the city had an estimated population of  37,206 in 17,004 households and a population density of 240 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 157.44 square kilometres (60.79 sq mi).

Ichinomiya, Chiba
Ichinomiya (一宮町, Ichinomiya-machi) is a town located in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 December 2020, the town had an estimated population of 12,494 in 5643 households and a population density of 540 persons per km2. The total area of the  town is 65.38 square kilometres (25.24 sq mi).
Bracketing
In photography, bracketing is the general technique of taking several shots of the same subject using different camera settings, typically with the aim of combining the images in postprocessing. Bracketing is useful and often recommended in situations that make it difficult to obtain a satisfactory image with a single shot, especially when a small variation in exposure parameters has a comparatively large effect on the resulting image. Given the time it takes to accomplish multiple shots, it is typically, but not always, used for static subjects. Autobracketing is a feature of many modern cameras. When set, it will automatically take several bracketed shots, rather than the photographer altering the settings by hand between each shot.

Multiple exposure
In photography and cinematography, a multiple exposure is the superimposition of two or more exposures to create a single image, and double exposure has a corresponding meaning in respect of two images. The exposure values may or may not be identical to each other.
W. Craig Carter
W. Craig Carter is an American materials scientist, a Toyota Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is also a co-founder of the 24M Technologies Company.

He is a specialist in the fields of meso-scale modelling of materials properties and processing. His research is focused on thermodynamics and kinetics of interfaces, simulations of microstructural evolution, and predictions of fracture and reliability in materials. He has also worked on battery materials.

He is a MacVicar Fellow and has received the MIT School of Engineering Bose Teaching Award. He has also been a recipient of Wolfram Innovator Award. He is a fellow of American Ceramic Society.

Grain boundary
In materials science, a grain boundary is the interface between two grains, or crystallites, in a polycrystalline material. Grain boundaries are two-dimensional defects in the crystal structure, and tend to decrease the electrical and thermal conductivity of the material. Most grain boundaries are preferred sites for the onset of corrosion and for the precipitation of new phases from the solid. They are also important to many of the mechanisms of creep. On the other hand, grain boundaries disrupt the motion of dislocations through a material, so reducing crystallite size is a common way to improve mechanical strength, as described by the Hall–Petch relationship.
Bernardston Congregational Unitarian Church
The Bernardston Congregational Unitarian Church is a historic church building at 49 Church Street in Bernardston, Massachusetts.  The church is notable for the history of construction, movement, and reconstruction, since it was first erected in 1739, just two years after Bernardston was settled.  It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.  Its congregation is affiliated with the Unitarian Universalist Association which was established in 1820.

Bernardston, Massachusetts
Bernardston (/ˈbɜːrnərdstən/) is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,102 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Jacob Grimm
Jacob Ludwig Karl Grimm (4 January 1785 – 20 September 1863), also known as Ludwig Karl, was a German author, linguist, philologist, jurist, and folklorist. He formulated  Grimm's law of linguistics, and was the co-author of the Deutsches Wörterbuch, the author of Deutsche Mythologie, and the editor of Grimms' Fairy Tales. He was the older brother of Wilhelm Grimm; together, they were the literary duo known as the Brothers Grimm.

Göttingen Seven
The Göttingen Seven (German: Göttinger Sieben) were a group of seven liberal professors at University of Göttingen. In 1837, they protested against the annulment of the constitution of the Kingdom of Hanover by its new ruler, King Ernest Augustus, and refused to swear an oath to the king. The company of seven was led by historian Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann, who himself was one of the key advocates of the previous constitution. The other six were the Germanist brothers Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm, famed collectors and publishers of folklore, known collectively as the Brothers Grimm; jurist Wilhelm Eduard Albrecht; historian Georg Gottfried Gervinus; physicist Wilhelm Eduard Weber; and theologian and orientalist Heinrich Georg August Ewald.
Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
Mayagüez (Spanish pronunciation: [maʝaˈɣwes], locally [maʝaˈweʔ]) is the ninth-largest municipality in Puerto Rico. It was founded as Pueblo de Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria de Mayagüez (Township of Our Lady of Candelaria), and is also known as La Sultana del Oeste (The Sultaness of the West), Ciudad de las Aguas Puras (City of Pure Waters), or Ciudad del Mangó (Mango City). On April 6, 1894, the Spanish Crown granted it the formal title of Excelente Ciudad de Mayagüez (Excellent City of Mayagüez). Mayagüez is located in the center of the western coast on the island of Puerto Rico. It has a population of 73,077, and it is the principal city of the Mayagüez Metropolitan Statistical Area (pop. 213,831) and the Mayagüez–Aguadilla, PR Combined Statistical Area (pop. 467,599).

Residential Center of Educative Opportunities of Mayagüez
The Residential Center of Educational Opportunities of Mayagüez (CROEM) is a magnet high school, in Mayagüez in the United States insular area of Puerto Rico.  This is the top special school operated by the Puerto Rico Department of Education, specialized in sciences & math, only the top students of Puerto Rico are selected to study here. This is a boarding school, here students can stay in the living facilities of the school, or also have the option to be a non-resident student. Apart from having college structured classes, schedules and highly prepared professors, come from public and private schools from all around the island. The school is recognized as one of the best on the island according to the Department of Education.
Ronn Moss
Ronald Montague Moss (born March 4, 1952) is an American actor, musician and singer/songwriter, a member of the band Player, and best known for portraying Ridge Forrester, the dynamic fashion magnate on the CBS soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful from 1987 to 2012.

Peter Beckett
Peter Beckett (born 10 August 1948) is an English musician and songwriter who has written songs for recording artists, his own bands, solo work, and films.  He is the lead singer and guitarist for 1970s soft rock band Player, which scored a U.S. number one hit in 1977 with "Baby Come Back".
Gainsboro, Roanoke, Virginia
Gainsboro (/ˈɡeɪnzbʌrə/) is a Roanoke, Virginia neighborhood located in central Roanoke immediately north of Downtown, across the Norfolk Southern Railway right of way, between Interstate 581 and Orange Avenue.  It borders the neighborhoods of Harrison and Gilmer on the west, Washington Park on the north, Williamson Road on the east and Downtown Roanoke on the south. As of the 2000 U.S. Census, Gainsboro has a population of 967 residents.

Washington Park, Roanoke, Virginia
37°17′28″N 79°57′27″W﻿ / ﻿37.29111°N 79.95750°W﻿ / 37.29111; -79.95750
Washington Park is a neighborhood located in central Roanoke, Virginia, that initially developed in the 1920s as an early Roanoke suburb. It borders the neighborhoods of Roundhill on the north and Williamson Road on the north and east, Gainsboro and Harrison on the south, and Melrose-Rugby on the west. Its northern and eastern boundary is concurrent with Interstate 581, and its southern boundary is concurrent with U.S. Route 460 (Orange Avenue). As of the 2000 census, Harrison had a population of 1,254 residents, with 531 households.
German submarine Deutschland
Deutschland was a blockade-breaking German merchant submarine used during World War I. It was developed with private funds and operated by the North German Lloyd Line. She was the first of seven U-151-class U-boats built and one of only two used as unarmed cargo submarines.

After making two voyages as an unarmed merchantman, she was taken over by the German Imperial Navy on 19 February 1917 and converted into U-155, armed with six torpedo tubes and two deck guns. As U-155, she began a raiding career in June 1917 that was to last until October 1918, sinking 120,434 GRT of shipping and damaging a further 9,080 GRT of shipping.

Merchant submarine
A merchant submarine is a type of submarine intended for trade, and being without armaments, it is not considered a warship like most other types of submarines. The intended use would be blockade running, or to dive under Arctic ice.

Strictly speaking, only two submarines have so far been purpose-built for non-military merchant shipping use, outside of criminal enterprises, though standard or partly converted military submarines have been used to transport smaller amounts of important cargo, especially during wartime, and large-scale proposals for modern merchant submarines have been produced by manufacturers. Criminal enterprises have also built transport submarines to avoid authorities, such as narcosubs.
Achmad Sodiki
Achmad Sodiki was the second Deputy Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia. He is also a professor of law at University of Brawijaya, specializing in agrarian law.

At the end of Sodiki's term on the Constitutional Court of Indonesia, former President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono attempted to replace him with Patrialis Akbar, though the Jakarta State Administrative Court blocked the appointment.

Patrialis Akbar
Patrialis Akbar (born 31 October 1958) is an advocate and politician who was a member of the Constitutional Court Justice of the Indonesian Constitutional Court for the period 2013–2017 from Padang, West Sumatra. He has a complete career in three branches of state, legislative, executive and judicial power. He had served as a member of the House of Representatives for two periods (1999–2004 and 2004–2009).
UE Boom 2
UE BOOM 2 is a compact, durable wireless Bluetooth speaker manufactured by Ultimate Ears, a subsidiary of Logitech, that offers 360-degree soundstage effect. It plays louder than the original Boom, sounds better and offers tap control. The speaker is stain-resistant, shock-resistant and fully waterproof. UE Boom 2 won GOOD DESIGN award for 2015–2016.

Ultimate Ears
Ultimate Ears is an American custom in-ear monitor (IEM), speaker, and earphone manufacturer based in Irvine and Newark, California, United States. It was founded by Mindy and Jerry Harvey in 1995, who created a new market for custom IEMs now used by some of the world's top musicians. In August 2008, it was acquired by Logitech and operates as a subsidiary.
West Bolivar High School
West Bolivar High School is a senior high school in Rosedale, Mississippi, and a part of the West Bolivar Consolidated School District (formerly the West Bolivar School District).

In addition to Rosedale it serves Gunnison, Pace, and Symonds, and from 1986 to 2000 it served high school-aged residents of Benoit and Scott. It was formerly known as Rosedale Consolidated School.

Rosedale, Mississippi
Rosedale is a city and one of two county seats of Bolivar County, Mississippi, United States, the other seat being Cleveland. As of the 2020 census, Rosedale had a population of 1,584. Located in an agricultural area, the city had a stop on the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad, which carried many migrants north out of the area in the first half of the 20th century.
HMS Hawke (1891)
HMS Hawke, launched in 1891 from Chatham Dockyard, was the seventh Royal Navy warship to be named Hawke. She was an Edgar-class protected cruiser.

After commissioning in 1893, Hawke served in the Mediterranean Fleet, the International Squadron during the Cretan Revolt (1897–1898), and various other duties, including transporting relief crews to naval stations.  In September 1911, Hawke collided with the ocean liner RMS Olympic; the damage smashed Hawke's bow. During World War I, Hawke was part of the 10th Cruiser Squadron, performing blockade duties. She was sunk by the German U-boat U-9 in the North Sea in October 1914, resulting in the loss of 524 crew members.

The wreck of Hawke was discovered in August 2024, 70 miles (110 km) off the coast of Scotland.

Edgar-class cruiser
The Edgar class were nine first-class protected cruisers built for the Royal Navy under the Naval Defence Act of 1889. The class gave long service and all of the ships participated in the First World War. One, HMS Hawke, was lost during the war, with the other eight being scrapped in the 1920s.
2012 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
The 2012 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 126th edition of the GAA's premier inter-county Gaelic football tournament, played between 31 counties of Ireland (excluding Kilkenny who only take part in the hurling championship), London and New York.

The 2012 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final took place at Croke Park on 23 September 2012, with Donegal emerging victorious. Having reclaimed the Ulster Senior Football Championship with wins over Cavan, Derry, Tyrone and Down, they met and bet Kerry in the All-Ireland quarter-final, in what was widely considered the game of the Championship. They then overcame Cork in the semi-final and Mayo in the final in Jim McGuinness's second season in charge, allowing team captain Michael Murphy to hold the Sam Maguire Cup aloft.

Colm McFadden finished as the competition's top scorer and Karl Lacey was named the competition's best player.

2012 Ulster Senior Football Championship
The 2012 Ulster Senior Football Championship was the 124th installment of the annual Ulster Senior Football Championship held under the auspices of the Ulster GAA. It was won by Donegal who defeated Down in the final to retain the title they won the previous year. The winning Donegal team received the Anglo-Celt Cup, and automatically advanced to the quarter-final stage of the 2012 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship. They progressed from there to the semi-final then on to the 2012 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final where they claimed the Sam Maguire Cup.
Lewisohn Hall
Lewisohn Hall is a building on the Columbia University campus in Manhattan, New York. Completed in 1905, it was designed by Arnold W. Brunner in imitation of the other McKim, Mead & White buildings on campus, and named after banker and mining magnate Adolph Lewisohn. The building currently houses the School of General Studies and School of Professional Studies.

The Le Marteleur was formerly located in front of Lewisohn, when the building housed the School of Mines; it was relocated to the Mudd Building when the later moved there in the 1960s.

Le Marteleur
Le Marteleur (French: [lə maʁt.lœʁ]; variously translated as The Hammerman or The Drop Forger) is a bronze sculpture by Belgian sculptor Constantin Meunier. It depicts a hammerman holding a pair of pincers and wearing an apron, cap, and spats. Created in 1886, several casts of the statue exist, including one on the campus of Columbia University.
Interurban Trolley
Interurban Trolley is an Elkhart County regional public bus service operated by the Michiana Area Council of Governments (MACOG). It was originally known as the BUS system. The system serves the city of Elkhart and neighboring Goshen, Osceola, Dunlap and Mishawaka. It is made up of five fixed routes that radiate from downtown Elkhart and an on-demand para-transit service that covers the same territory as the fixed routes. The name refers to the fact that the system serves several communities using vintage-trolley-style buses, evoking interurban trains that were common in United States during the early 20th century.

Osceola, Indiana
Osceola is a town in Penn Township, St. Joseph County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of the 2020 census, Osceola had a population of 2,590. It is part of the South Bend–Mishawaka, IN-MI, Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Dede Barry
Deirdre "Dede" Demet Barry (born October 8, 1972 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is an American female cycle racer, six times U.S. champion (4 senior titles, two junior). She has won two World Cup races, two World Championship medals, and, in 2004, the silver medal in the time trial in the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece. She is married to fellow professional cyclist Michael Barry. They live in Toronto, Canada.

Michael Barry (cyclist)
Michael Barry (born 18 December 1975) is a Canadian author and former professional road racing cyclist. Barry raced for numerous world-class teams with the role of 'domestique'. His greatest personal successes were placing eighth in the 2008 Beijing Olympics' road race, finishing second in the Canadian National Road Race Championships in 2001 and 2012, and winning a stage of the Tour of Missouri in 2008. He announced his retirement in September 2012, stating that the 2012 Tour of Beijing would be his last race. He is also an author who has written three books.
Universitetet metro station
Universitetet (transl. "The University") is a station on line 14 of the Red line of the Stockholm Metro. It is located in the Frescati area, close to Stockholm University and the Museum of Natural History. It was opened on 12 January 1975 as the northern terminus of the extension from Tekniska högskolan. On 29 January 1978, the line was extended north to Mörby centrum.

Since the 1990s, the art on the station consists of tiles featuring Carl von Linné and the UN Declaration of Universal Human Rights, created by Belgian and Parisian artist Françoise Schein. The station includes 12 large tiles panels all dedicated to the travels of Linné around the Baltic. The artist used the travels as the starting point to develop the theme of nature and present-day ecological problems. The work was created in Lisbon on azulejos, then brought to Stockholm.

Not far from the station is the Universitetet railway station and several bus lines.

Mörby centrum metro station
Mörby centrum is the end station on Line 14 of the Red line of the Stockholm Metro, located near the Mörby centrum shopping mall in Danderyd Municipality. The station was inaugurated on 29 January 1978 as the northern terminus of the extension from Universitetet. It was decorated by the artist Karin Ek.
Bitti
Bitti (Sardinian: Bitzi) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in the Italian region of Sardinia. It is located about 140 kilometres (87 mi) north of Cagliari and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Nuoro. Bitti borders the municipalities of Alà dei Sardi, Buddusò, Lodè, Lula, Nule, Onanì, Orune, Osidda, and Padru.

Padru
Padru (Gallurese: Patru; Sardinian: Padru) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Gallura North-East Sardinia in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 180 kilometres (110 mi) north of Cagliari and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) south of Olbia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,107 and an area of 130.2 square kilometres (50.3 sq mi).

The municipality of Padru contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Sozza, Cuzzola, Sa Serra, Pedra Bianca, Biasì, Tirialzu, Ludurru, Sos Runcos, and Sas Enas.

Padru borders the following municipalities: Alà dei Sardi, Loiri Porto San Paolo, Olbia, San Teodoro (OT), Torpè, Lodè, Bitti.
Amager
Amager (Danish pronunciation: [ˈɑˌmɑˀ] or, especially among older speakers, [ˈɑˌmɛˀɐ]), located in the Øresund, is Denmark's most densely populated island, with 225,746 inhabitants (January 2025). Amager is the largest island in the Øresund, and the only one with a large population.

Amager is home to parts of Copenhagen including Freetown Christiania, as well as Copenhagen Airport. The island is connected to the much larger island of Zealand (Sjælland) by eight bridges and a metro tunnel, and to Sweden via the Øresund Bridge.

Dragør
Dragør (Danish pronunciation: [ˈtʁɑːwˌøɐ̯ˀ]) is the main town of Dragør Municipality, (Denmark), which includes the village of Store Magleby. The city hall and seat of the municipal council lies on Kirkevej 7 (postal code 2791 Dragør) in Store Magleby, which has enough space for such a large building.
Europa: The Last Battle
Europa: The Last Battle is a 2017 English-language Swedish ten-part neo-Nazi propaganda film created by Tobias Bratt, a Swedish far-right activist associated with the Nordic Resistance Movement, a European neo-Nazi movement. It promotes antisemitic conspiracy theories, many in relation to World War II including Holocaust denial. The film has been promoted across multiple social media platforms by individual users, particularly white nationalists and conspiracy theorists.

Nordic Resistance Movement
The Nordic Resistance Movement is a pan-Nordic neo-Nazi movement in the Nordic countries and a political party in Sweden. Besides Sweden, it is established in Norway, Denmark and Iceland, and formerly in Finland before it was banned in 2019. Terrorism expert Magnus Ranstorp has described the NRM as a terrorist organization due to their aim of abolishing democracy along with their paramilitary activities and weapons caches. In 2022, some members of the United States Congress began calling for the organization to be added to the United States Department of State list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations. On 14 June 2024, the United States Department of State designated NRM and its leaders as Specially Designated Global Terrorists (SDGT).