hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
IOS version history
iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. and was first released in June 2007 alongside the first generation iPhone. iPhone OS was renamed iOS following the release of the iPad starting with iOS 4. With iOS 13, Apple began offering a separate operating system, iPadOS, for the iPad. iOS is also the foundation of watchOS and tvOS, and shares some of its code with macOS. New iOS versions are released yearly, alongside new iPhone models. From the launch of the iPhone in 2007 until the launch of iPhone 4 in 2010, this occurred in June or July; since then, new major versions are usually released in September, with the exception of iOS 5, which released in October 2011. Since the launch of the iPhone in June 2007, there have been nineteen major versions of iOS, with the current major version being iOS 26 which was released on September 15, 2025.

ICloud
iCloud is the personal cloud service of Apple. Launched on October 12, 2011, iCloud enables users to store and sync data across devices, including Apple Mail, Apple Calendar, Apple Photos, Apple Notes, contacts, settings, backups, and files, to collaborate with other users, and track assets through Find My. iCloud's client app is built into iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, tvOS, macOS, and visionOS, and is available for Microsoft Windows. iCloud may additionally be accessed through a limited web interface.

iCloud offers users 5 GB of free storage which may be upgraded through optional paid plans to up to 12 TB; all paid plans include iCloud+ providing additional features. Optional end-to-end encryption has been available since 2022 for all iCloud data, except Calendar, Contacts, and Mail, which rely on legacy sync technologies for compatibility with third-party apps (CalDAV, CardDAV, IMAP). As of 2018, the service had an estimated 850 million users, up from 782 million users in 2016.
Cheri Elliott
Cheri Elliott (born April 17, 1970) is an American former champion female bicycle motocross (BMX) racer in the 1980s, and a champion Downhill and Slalom mountain bike racer in the 1990s and early 2000s. During her BMX career, she spent most of her racing career on the national circuit with the Skyway Recreation factory team. She had a relatively short BMX career, but she is a four-time national champion and four-time world champion, including three consecutive National Number One girl-racer titles for the American Bicycle Association (ABA) from 1983 through 1985. She also held the regional UBR Number one girl racer title in 1982. She was the first female racer inducted into the ABA BMX Hall of Fame in 1989, and the first female BMX racer inducted into the United States Bicycling Hall of Fame in 2008.

Brian Patterson
Brian Patterson (born January 4, 1965) is an American former "Old School" bicycle motocross (BMX) racer.

Brian Patterson is the younger of the most potent sibling combinations BMX has ever seen. With Brent the Brothers Patterson are the only brothers to both hold the National No.1 Pro title in any major BMX sanctioning body. Brent in 1980 and Brian in 1982 and 1983 in the American Bicycle Association (ABA). They are also the only sibling combination to hold both the no.1 and no.2 national pro plate simultaneously with a major sanctioning body with Brian being ABA number one pro and Brent number two pro in 1982.
761st Tank Battalion (United States)
The 761st Tank Battalion was an independent tank battalion of the United States Army during World War II. Its ranks primarily consisted of African American soldiers, who by War Department policy were not permitted to serve in the same units as white troops; the United States Armed Forces did not officially desegregate until after World War II. The 761st were known as the Black Panthers after their distinctive unit insignia, which featured a black panther's head, and the unit's motto was "Come out fighting". Decades after the war, the unit received a Presidential Unit Citation for its actions. In addition, a large number of individual members also received medals, including one Medal of Honor, eleven Silver Stars and approximately 300 Purple Hearts.

Paul L. Bates
Paul Levern Bates (March 4, 1908 – February 21, 1995) was a United States Army officer. He served a distinguished and decorated career in the Army, which most notably included commanding the first black tank battalion to enter combat in World War II. He also became well known as the white colonel who refused to court-martial future Baseball Hall of Famer Jackie Robinson.
The Cheese Shop, Louth
The Cheese Shop, Louth is an artisan delicatessen situated in Louth, England, known for its large selection of artisan foods, especially cheese. The Cheese Shop has been featured in national newspapers such as The Daily Telegraph and its magazine and The Guardian, local radio and television on BBC Lincolnshire and BBC Look North, and national television episodes in The Hairy Bikers' Food Tour of Britain.

The shop supplies public houses and restaurants in the surrounding area, and stocks locally produced cheeses, including Lincolnshire Poacher and Lincolnshire Red, and Cote Hill Blue and Yellow cheeses.

In 2011 The Cheese Shop won the food category in "The Best Small Food Shops in Britain Awards", run by Mary Portas and The Daily Telegraph, being chosen out of a shortlist of three by The Daily Telegraph's food columnist Rose Prince.

Louth, Lincolnshire
Louth (/laʊθ/ ⓘ) is a market town and civil parish in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. Louth serves as an important town for a large rural area of eastern Lincolnshire. Visitor attractions include St James' Church, Hubbard's Hills, the market, many independent retailers, and Lincolnshire's last remaining cattle market.
Peter Fleischmann
Peter Fleischmann (26 July 1937 – 11 August 2021) was a German film director, screenwriter and producer. He worked also as an actor, cutter, sound engineer, interviewer and speaker. Fleischmann belonged to the New German Cinema of the 1960s and 1970s. He is known for directing the 1969 Jagdszenen aus Niederbayern (Hunting Scenes from Bavaria), but he produced films of many genres.

The Hamburg Syndrome
The Hamburg Syndrome (German: Die Hamburger Krankheit) is a 1979 West German-French science fiction film directed by Peter Fleischmann and starring Helmut Griem, Fernando Arrabal and Carline Seiser. The film is about an outbreak of an epidemic and quarantine. The film received attention again in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Cantalupo Ligure
Cantalupo Ligure is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 110 kilometres (68 mi) southeast of Turin and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southeast of Alessandria.

Cantalupo Ligure borders the following municipalities: Albera Ligure, Borghetto di Borbera, Dernice, Montacuto, Roccaforte Ligure, and Rocchetta Ligure.

Rocchetta Ligure
Rocchetta Ligure is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 110 kilometres (68 mi) southeast of Turin and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southeast of Alessandria. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 208 and an area of 10.1 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi).

The municipality of Rocchetta Ligure contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Bregni Inferiore, Bregni Superiore, Celio, Pagliaro Inferiore, Pagliaro Superiore, Piani di Celio, Sant'Ambrogio, and Sisola.

Rocchetta Ligure borders the following municipalities: Albera Ligure, Cabella Ligure, Cantalupo Ligure, Mongiardino Ligure, and Roccaforte Ligure.
GTOPO30
GTOPO30 is a digital elevation model for the world, developed by United States Geological Survey (USGS). It has a 30-arc second resolution (approximately 1 km), and is split into 33 tiles stored in the USGS DEM file format.

According to DTED and USGS DEM the absolute vertical accuracy of GTOP30 varies from ±30 meters.

Digital elevation model
A digital elevation model (DEM) or digital surface model (DSM) is a 3D computer graphics representation of elevation data to represent terrain or overlaying objects, commonly of a planet, moon, or asteroid. A "global DEM" refers to a  discrete global grid. DEMs are used often in geographic information systems (GIS), and are the most common basis for digitally produced relief maps.
A digital terrain model (DTM) represents specifically the ground surface while DEM and DSM may represent tree top canopy or building roofs.

While a DSM may be useful for landscape modeling, city modeling and visualization applications, a DTM is often required for flood or drainage modeling, land-use studies, geological applications, and other applications, and in planetary science.
Josh Lacey
Josh Lacey (born 1968 in London), who sometimes uses the pseudonym Joshua Doder, is a British writer. He has written several children’s books and one book for adults, God is Brazilian, a biography of Charles Miller, the man who introduced football to Brazil.

Grk book series
The Grk books are series of children's books written by Josh Lacey under the pseudonym Joshua Doder. The series follows the adventures of a boy called Tim and a dog called Grk. It is published by Andersen Press in the UK and Delacorte Press in the USA.

There are eight volumes in the series:

A Dog Called Grk (2005)

Grk and the Pelotti Gang (2006)

Grk and the Hot Dog Trail (2006)

Grk: Operation Tortoise (2007)

Grk Smells a Rat (2008)

Grk Takes Revenge (2009)

Grk Down Under (2010)

Grk and the Phoney Macaroni (2012)

The Grk books have been widely praised for their “infectious mix of thrills, spills and off-the-cuff humour” and “pure adventure fun” (Kirkus Reviews). Amanda Craig in The Times said:  “Not since Tintin and Snowy has there been such a touching boy-dog partnership”.
Northampton and Rutland Militia
The Northampton and Rutland Militia was an auxiliary unit formed in 1860 by the merger of the militia regiments of Northamptonshire and Rutlandshire in the East Midlands of England. The regiment trained regularly in peacetime and served during periods of international tension and major wars, relieving regular troops from routine garrison duties. It became a battalion of the Northamptonshire Regiment in 1881, serving in the Second Boer War and training thousands of officers and men during World War I. After a shadowy postwar existence, it was finally disbanded in 1953.

Brownlow Cecil, 4th Marquess of Exeter
Brownlow Henry George Cecil, 4th Marquess of Exeter PC DL (20 December 1849 – 9 April 1898), styled Lord Burghley between 1867 and 1895, was a British peer and Conservative politician. He served as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household between 1891 and 1892.
Will West Long
Will West Long (c. 1869–1947; née Wili Westi) was a Cherokee mask maker, translator, and Cherokee cultural historian. He was part of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (Cherokee: ᏣᎳᎩᏱ ᏕᏣᏓᏂᎸᎩ, Tsalagiyi Detsadanilvgi). Long was one of the people responsible for carrying on the legacy of Cherokee cultural traditions into the 20th-century, including traditional Cherokee dance. Long was instrumental in establishing the Cherokee Fall Festival (or Cherokee Indian Fair).

Frank Speck
Frank Gouldsmith Speck (November 8, 1881 – February 6, 1950) was an American anthropologist and professor at the University of Pennsylvania, specializing in the Algonquian and Iroquoian peoples among the Eastern Woodland Native Americans of the United States and First Nations peoples of eastern boreal Canada.
Korean Friendship Association
The Korean Friendship Association (KFA, Spanish: Asociación de Amistad con Corea; Korean: 조선과의 친선협회) is a Spain-based friendship association with North Korea. The KFA was established in November 2000. It operates in 120 countries and has an Official Delegate in 34 countries.

Its president, Spanish citizen Alejandro Cao de Benós de Les y Pérez, is the only person paid a salary. Fees collected by the KFA are generally deposited in accounts in his name around Europe.

NK News
NK News is an American subscription-based news website that provides stories and analysis about North Korea. The organization's main bureau is in Seoul, South Korea, with reporters in Washington, D.C., and London. Reporting is based on information collected from in-country sources, recently returned western visitors to North Korea, stories filed by the Korean Central News Agency (KCNA), interviews with defectors, and reports published by NGOs and western governments. The site's founder and Managing Director is Chad O'Carroll, a former employee of the German Marshall Fund, who has written on North Korea and North Korea issues for The Daily Telegraph.
Bloodhound Mystery
Bloodhound Mystery is a novel series published by the London firm of T.V. Boardman Ltd. (Boardman Books) between 1948 and 1967. There were two sub-series, American Bloodhound Mysteries and British Bloodhound Mysteries. Both series saw the original hardcover editions of many important works of detective/crime fiction. British artist Denis McLoughlin served as art director for Boardman Books and provided many of the dust jacket illustrations.

Boardman Books
T.V. Boardman, Ltd. (Boardman Books) was a London publishing house that turned out both paperback and hardcover books, pulp magazines, and comic books. Founded by Thomas Volney Boardman in the 1930s, Boardman Books is best known for publishing the long-running monthly series of hardcover Bloodhound Mysteries, most with jacket illustrations by Denis McLoughlin. Boardman's Best American Detective Stories of the Year series is thought by some scholars of the genre to be the best collection of hard-boiled fiction ever published. Boardman published the first British hardcover edition of Robert E. Howard's The Coming of Conan as well as other titles originated by Gnome Press in the United States. Besides mystery, fantasy, and science fiction, Boardman Books published other genres of fiction and nonfiction.
STOBAR
STOBAR (acronym for short take-off but arrested recovery or short take-off, barrier-arrested recovery) is a naval aviation system used for the takeoff and landing of fixed-wing aircraft from the flight deck of an aircraft carrier, where aircraft take off under their own engine power like a conventionally launched aircraft, often via a bow ski-jump to assist takeoff, but use arresting gears at the aft-deck to decelerate the aircraft upon landing. The STOBAR system can launch and recover ordinary fixed-wing navalised aircraft unlike the more specialized short take-off and vertical landing (STOVL) systems, and is simpler and less expensive to build than the more sophisticated catapult-assisted takeoff but arrested recovery (CATOBAR) systems, which use catapults to help accelerate aircraft, but cannot launch heavier aircraft like the latter. As of 2018, STOBAR aircraft carriers have been used widely on Russian, Chinese and Indian Navy aircraft carriers.

Takeoff and landing
Aircraft have different ways to take off and land. Conventional airplanes accelerate along the ground until reaching a speed that is sufficient for the airplane to take off and climb at a safe speed. Some airplanes can take off at low speed, this being a short takeoff. Some aircraft such as helicopters and Harrier jump jets can take off and land vertically. Rockets also usually take off vertically, but some designs can land horizontally.
Makhambet
47°40′00″N 51°35′00″E﻿ / ﻿47.66667°N 51.58333°E﻿ / 47.66667; 51.58333

Makhambet (Kazakh: Махамбет, romanized: Mahambet, pronounced [mɑχɑmbʲét]; Russian: Махамбет) is a town in Atyrau Region, Kazakhstan. It lies at an altitude of 8 m (26 ft) below sea level. It has a population of 8,905.

Atyrau Region
Atyrau Region (Kazakh: Атырау облысы, romanized: Atyrau oblysy; Russian: Атырауская область), formerly known as Guryev Region (Russian: Гурьевская область) until 1991, is one of the regions of Kazakhstan, in the western part of the country around the northeast of the Caspian Sea. Its capital is the city of Atyrau, with a population of 355,117; the region itself has a population of 681,241, of which Kazakhs make up more than 90%.
Madalena, São Tomé and Príncipe
Madalena is a small town on São Tomé Island in São Tomé and Príncipe. Its population is 221 (2012 census). It lies 1 km northeast of Santa Margarida, 2.5 km south of Boa Entrada and 7 km west of the capital São Tomé.

Santa Margarida, São Tomé and Príncipe
Santa Margarida is a village in the mid-north of São Tomé Island in São Tomé and Príncipe, part of the Mé-Zóchi District. Its population is 384 (2012 census). It lies 1 km southwest of Madalena and 4 km northwest of Trindade.
Benghazi Governorate
Benghazi Governorate was one of the governorates (muhafazah) of Libya from 1963 to 1983. It was created out of the Cyrenaica province. Its capital was the town of Benghazi.

Beida Governorate – east

Misrata Governorate – west

Sebha Governorate – west

Ubari Governorate – west

Governorates of Libya
The governorates of Libya (muhafazah) were a tenfold top-level administrative division of Libya from 1963 until 1983.

They came into being on 27 April 1963. In 1970, after the 1 September 1969 Free Officers Movement coup, there was an administrative reorganization which gave local authorities more power to implement policies of the national government, and redesignated some of the names and boundaries of the ten governorates. In February 1975, Libya issued a law that abolished the governorates and their service directorates, however they continued to operate until they were fully replaced in 1983 by the baladiyat system districts.

Historically, the three provinces of Libya (Tripolitania in the northwest, Cyrenaica in the east, and Fezzan in the southwest) were sometimes called governorates.
Carlos Clark Van Leer
Carlos Clark Van Leer (October 15, 1865 – November 3, 1953) was an American military officer who served in the United States Army during the Spanish-American War and as Chief of the Personnel Classification Board in the United States Department of the Treasury. He was a member of the influential Van Leer family.

Van Leer family
The Van Leer family, originally spelled Von Lohr, is an influential German–American family that emigrated to the Province of Pennsylvania in the 17th century from the Electorate of Hesse near Isenberg, Germany. The family made their fortune in the United States through the ironworks business. The  family includes American business owners, academics, civil rights activists, women's rights activists, university founders, inventors, politicians, and military officers. Earlier spellings include Von Leer, Von Lohr, and the ancient surname Valär.
Charles-Hippolyte Pouthas
Charles-Hippolyte Pouthas (19 July 1886 – 2 May 1974) was a French historian specialist of political and religious history of contemporary France.

Pouthas was honorary headmaster of the lycée Malherbe de Caen. He was a professor of contemporary history at the lycée Janson-de-Sailly then at the University of Paris and director of the Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine.

His work on the Second Empire participated to a reassessment from the "black legend" spread by the Republican and liberal historiography of the last third of the nineteenth century, and introduced a more moderate reading of the regime.

Among his students were Louis Girard, who succeeded him in the Sorbonne, Louis Chevalier and Rene Remond.

With Jules Isaac and André Alba, he was the author of history textbooks on France.

His research notes are kept at the Archives nationales under the symbols AB/XIX/3754 to AB/XIX/3782.

André Alba
André Alba (1894–1979), a graduate from the École Normale Supérieure and agrégé in history, was a professor of history in khâgne at lycée Henri-IV until 1959. He was one of the masters who formed generations of historians in France after the Second World War. He was the author of numerous textbooks.
James Peck (pacifist)
James Peck (December 19, 1914 – July 12, 1993) was an American activist who practiced nonviolent resistance during World War II and in the Civil Rights Movement. He is the only person who participated in both the Journey of Reconciliation in 1947 and the first Freedom Ride of 1961, and has been called a white civil rights hero.  Peck advocated nonviolent civil disobedience throughout his life, and was arrested more than 60 times between the 1930s and 1980s.

Congress of Racial Equality
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States that played a pivotal role for African Americans in the civil rights movement. Founded in 1942, its stated mission is "to bring about equality for all people regardless of race, creed, sex, age, disability, sexual orientation, religion or ethnic background." To combat discriminatory policies regarding interstate travel, CORE participated in Freedom Rides as college students boarded Greyhound Buses headed for the Deep South. As the influence of the organization grew, so did the number of chapters, eventually expanding all over the country. Under the leadership of Roy Innis from 1968 to his death in 2006, the group moved to the political right and markedly declined in prominence.
Golden lion tamarin
The golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia; Portuguese: mico-leão-dourado [ˈmiku leˈɐ̃w do(w)ˈɾadu, - liˈɐ̃w -]), less commonly known as the golden lion marmoset, is a small New World monkey of the family Callitrichidae. Endemic to the Atlantic coastal forests of Brazil, the golden lion tamarin is an endangered species. Its geographic range is entirely within the state of Rio de Janeiro. A 2022/2023 census estimated about 4,800 individuals living in the current primary area of occurrence in the non-coastal area of the São João and Macaé river basins, with unknown but smaller additional numbers in limited coastal forests and to the west of the primary area of occurrence. There is a captive population maintaining about 490 individuals among 150 zoos.

Poço das Antas Biological Reserve
Poço das Antas Biological Reserve (Portuguese: Reserva Biológica Poço das Antas) is a biological reserve located in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil.

The reserve, which covers 5,052 hectares (12,480 acres) in the Atlantic Forest biome, was created on 11 March 1974. It is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation.

The reserve is in the municipality of Silva Jardim, Rio de Janeiro. The terrain is relatively flat, with elevations from 14 to 205 metres (46 to 673 ft). Average annual rainfall is 2,400 millimetres (94 in).
Temperatures range from 18 to 35 °C (64 to 95 °F) with an average of 23 °C (73 °F). The São João River defines the boundary of the reserve, which is laced with small springs, channels and streams.
Lucia Sturdza-Bulandra
Lucia Sturdza-Bulandra (25 August 1873 – 19 September 1961) was a Romanian actress and acting teacher. She is widely regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of Romanian theater.

In addition to her acting career, she played an important role in shaping an entire generation of Romanian actors and directors, her students including the likes of George Calboreanu, Dina Cocea, Haig Acterian, Radu Beligan and Victor Rebengiuc. She is the namesake of the Bulandra Theatre in Bucharest.

Haig Acterian
Haig Acterian (Romanian pronunciation: [haˈiɡ akteriˈan]; also known under his pen name Mihail [mihaˈil]; March 5, 1904 – August 8, 1943) was a Romanian film and theater director, critic, dramatist, poet, journalist, and fascist political activist. Alongside Mihail Sebastian and Camil Petrescu, he is considered one of the major Romanian theater chroniclers in the interwar period.

Acterian was also noted for his friendships with the writer and historian of religions Mircea Eliade, the philosopher Petre Țuțea, and the British dramatist Edward Gordon Craig. He was married to actress Marietta Sadova (who had earlier been the wife of Ion Marin Sadoveanu).