hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Historian's fallacy
The historian's fallacy is an informal fallacy that occurs when one assumes that decision makers of the past viewed events from the same perspective and having the same information as those subsequently analyzing the decision. It is not to be confused with presentism, a similar but distinct mode of historical analysis in which present-day ideas (such as moral standards) are projected into the past. The idea was first articulated by British literary critic Matthew Arnold in 1880 and later named and defined by American historian David Hackett Fischer in 1970.

Matthew Arnold
Matthew Arnold (24 December 1822 – 15 April 1888) was an English poet and cultural critic. He was the son of Thomas Arnold, the headmaster of Rugby School, and brother of both Tom Arnold, literary professor, and William Delafield Arnold, novelist and colonial administrator. He has been characterised as a sage writer, a type of writer who chastises and instructs the reader on contemporary social issues. He was also an inspector of schools for thirty-five years, and supported the concept of state-regulated secondary education.
Gesie van Deventer
Gesina Maria Magdalena "Gesie" van Deventer (born 24 September 1958) is a South African retired politician, farmer and advocate who served as the Executive Mayor of the Stellenbosch Local Municipality from 2016 until 2024. A member of the Democratic Alliance, she previously served as the Executive Mayor of the neighbouring Drakenstein Local Municipality from 2011 to 2016.

Stellenbosch Local Municipality
Stellenbosch Municipality (Afrikaans: Stellenbosch Munisipaliteit, Xhosa: uMasipala wase Stellenbosch) is the local municipality that governs the towns of Stellenbosch, Franschhoek and Pniel, and the surrounding rural areas, in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It covers an area of 831 square kilometres (321 sq mi), and as of 2022 had a population of 175,411 people. It falls within the Cape Winelands District Municipality.
Dibenzyl ether
Dibenzylether is an organic compound with the formula (C6H5CH2)2O.  It is classified as an ether derived from benzyl alcohol.  A colorless, nearly odorless oil, the compound's main use is as a plasticizer.  It is prepared by treating benzyl chloride with base.

Benzyl alcohol
Benzyl alcohol (also known as α-cresol) is an aromatic alcohol with the formula C6H5CH2OH. The benzyl group is often abbreviated "Bn" (not to be confused with "Bz" which is used for benzoyl), thus benzyl alcohol is denoted as BnOH.  Benzyl alcohol is a colorless liquid with a mild pleasant aromatic odor. It is useful as a solvent for its polarity, low toxicity, and low vapor pressure. Benzyl alcohol has moderate solubility in water (4 g/100 mL) and is miscible in alcohols and diethyl ether. The anion produced by deprotonation of the alcohol group is known as benzylate or benzyloxide.
Bill Walsh Legacy Game
The Bill Walsh Legacy Game is the name given to the San Jose State–Stanford football rivalry. It is a college football rivalry between the San Jose State Spartans football team of San Jose State University and the Stanford Cardinal football team of Stanford University. The two teams have played each other 69 times since 1900. The rivalry was named in honor of Bill Walsh, following his death in 2007. Walsh played at San Jose State and had two stints as Stanford's head coach.

Bill Walsh
William Ernest Walsh (November 30, 1931 – July 30, 2007) was an American professional and college football coach. He served as head coach of the San Francisco 49ers and the Stanford Cardinal, during which time he popularized the West Coast offense. After retiring from the 49ers, Walsh worked as a sports broadcaster for several years and then returned as head coach at Stanford for three seasons.

Walsh went 102–63–1 (wins-losses-ties) with the 49ers, winning 10 of his 14 postseason games along with six division titles, three NFC Championship titles, and three Super Bowls. He was named NFL Coach of the Year in 1981 and 1984. In 1993, he was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He is widely considered amongst the greatest coaches in NFL history.
Northern Airport Expressway
The Capital Airport Northern Expressway, officially numbered S28, is an 11.29 km toll road extension that runs from G45 Daqing–Guangzhou Expressway (formerly Beijing-Chengde Expressway) to the Beijing Capital International Airport in Beijing, China. It was opened in September 2006. The opening of this road has helped to alleviate traffic on the Capital Airport Expressway, which had been the sole highway link to the airport. The Capital Airport Northern Expressway allows drivers from Zhongguancun and points north and west of the city to head north first on Jingcheng Expressway before going directly east to the airport, instead of having to go east on the 4th Ring Road to get on the Capital Airport Expressway, where traffic is often clogged near the Siyuan Bridge.

Airport Expressway (Beijing)
The Capital Airport Expressway (Chinese: 首都机场高速公路; pinyin: Shǒudū Jīchǎng Gāosù Gōnglù), officially the S12, is a controlled-access highway in Beijing, China, which links central Beijing to the Beijing Capital International Airport. It is just under 20 km in length.

Opened in 1993, the expressway links Sanyuan Bridge (Sanyuanqiao) on the northeastern 3rd Ring Road to Beijing Airport. Another expressway, the 2nd Airport Expressway, was built in 2008 prior to the Beijing Olympics to serve traffic from the city to the airport.
State Theatre (Sydney)
The State Theatre is a 2,034 seat heritage listed theatre located at 47–51 Market Street, in the Sydney central business district in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The theatre was designed by Henry Eli White with assistance from John Eberson and built between 1926 and 1929. It hosts film screenings, live theatre and musical performances, and since 1974 it has been the home of the annual Sydney Film Festival. It is also known as State Building and Wurlitzer Organ. The property is privately owned. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

The State Theatre is a tiered and raked theatre with a proscenium arch and a maximum seating capacity of 2034 seats. The seating is arranged with 828 seats in the Stalls at stage level, 426 in the Mezzanine Lounge and 780 seats in the Dress Circle (upper most level).

Sydney Film Festival
The Sydney Film Festival is an annual competitive film festival held in Sydney, Australia, usually over 12 days in June. A number of awards are given, the top one being the Sydney Film Prize.

As of 2023, the festival's director is Nashen Moodley.
Walter Dicketts
Walter Arthur Charles Dicketts (31 March 1900 – 16 August 1957) was a British double agent who was sent by MI5 into Nazi Germany in early 1941 to infiltrate the Abwehr and bring back information about any impending invasion of Britain.

Before his two years as a double agent, he was an RNAS officer who had worked in Air Intelligence during the latter part of World War I and had served several prison sentences for fraud. As he was unable to regain a commission in the RAF or work for British Intelligence due to his criminal past, Dicketts volunteered to work for the British Double Cross team.

Arthur Owens
Arthur Graham Owens, later known as Arthur Graham White (14 April 1899 – 24 December 1957), was a Welsh double agent for the Allies during the Second World War. He was working for MI5 while appearing to the Abwehr (the German intelligence agency) to be one of their agents. Owens was known to MI5 by the codename SNOW, which was chosen as a play on his last name.
XL Airways Germany Flight 888T
XL Airways Germany Flight 888T was an acceptance flight for an Airbus A320 on 27 November 2008. The aircraft crashed into the Mediterranean Sea, 7 km (4.3 mi; 3.8 nmi) off Canet-en-Roussillon on the French coast, close to the Spanish border, killing all seven people on board. The subsequent investigation attributed the accident to incorrect maintenance procedures that allowed water to enter and freeze in the angle-of-attack sensors during flight, rendering them inoperative, combined with the crew's attempt to perform a test at a dangerously low altitude.

Canet-en-Roussillon
Canet-en-Roussillon (French pronunciation: [kane ɑ̃ ʁusijɔ̃]; Catalan: Canet de Rosselló, [kəˈnɛt ˈde rusəˈʎo]; Occitan: Canet de Rosselhon, [kaˈnet de ruseˈʎu]) is a commune and town in the French department of the Pyrénées-Orientales, administrative region of Occitania.
Barnacle Bill (1935 film)
Barnacle Bill is a 1935 British drama film directed by Harry Hughes and starring Archie Pitt, Joan Gardner and Gus McNaughton. A conflicted sailor tries to balance his family life with his time at sea.

Archie Pitt
Archie Pitt (1882 – 12 November 1940) was a British music hall performer, showman and talent agent. He is best known for his marriage to Gracie Fields whose career he managed. Archie Pitt's Band – a junior pit orchestra and revue band that toured the country - provided a professional start to several notable musicians, including Max Abrams and Nat Gonella.
MT-ND6
MT-ND6 is a gene of the mitochondrial genome coding for the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 6 protein (ND6). The ND6 protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is the largest of the five complexes of the electron transport chain. Variations in the human MT-ND6 gene are associated with Leigh's syndrome, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and dystonia.

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a mitochondrially inherited (transmitted from mother to offspring) degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons that leads to an acute or subacute loss of central vision; it predominantly affects adult males, and onset is more likely in younger adults. LHON is  transmitted only through the mother, as it is primarily due to mutations in the mitochondrial (not nuclear) genome, and only the egg contributes mitochondria to the embryo. Men cannot pass on the disease to their offspring. LHON is usually due to one of three pathogenic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) point mutations. These mutations are at nucleotide positions 11778 G to A, 3460 G to A and 14484 T to C, respectively in the ND4, ND1 and ND6 subunit genes of complex I of the oxidative phosphorylation chain in mitochondria.
Eusporangiate fern
Eusporangiate ferns are vascular spore plants, whose sporangia arise from several epidermal cells and not from a single cell as in leptosporangiate ferns. Typically these ferns have reduced root systems and sporangia that produce large amounts of spores (up to 7000 spores per sporangium in Christensenia).

There are four extant eusporangiate fern families, distributed among three classes. Each family is assigned to its own order.

Class Psilotopsida
Order Psilotales, family Psilotaceae – Whisk ferns (2 genera, about 17 species)
Order Ophioglossales, family Ophioglossaceae – Adder's-tongues (5 genera, about 80 species)

Class Equisetopsida
Order Equisetales, family Equisetaceae – Horsetails (1 genus, about 15 species)

Class Marattiopsida
Order Marattiales, family Marattiaceae – Marattoid ferns (6 genera, about 500 species)

The following diagram shows a likely phylogenic placement of eusporangiate fern classes within the vascular plants.

Ophioglossaceae
Ophioglossaceae, from Ancient Greek ὄφις (óphis), meaning "snake", and γλῶσσα (glôssa), meaning "tongue", also known as the adder's-tongue family, is a small family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is the only family in the order Ophioglossales, which together with the Psilotales is placed in the subclass Ophioglossidae. The Ophioglossidae are one of the groups traditionally known as eusporangiate ferns. Members of the family differ from other ferns in a number of ways. Many have only a single fleshy leaf at a time. Their gametophytes are subterranean and rely on fungi for energy.
Negativ
Maurits Robert Delchot better known by his stage name Negativ (born 8 September 1982) is a Dutch rapper, actor and radio broadcaster of Surinamese origin from Amsterdam-Oost.

Negativ became part of the rap formation D-Men. He has also acted films like Bolletjes Blues and Complexx. He also has his own weekly radio show where he DJs for Juize FM on Fridays.

D-Men
D-Men was a Dutch rap formation established in 1997 under the name D-Men Squad. This was after a freestyle session they held on a basketball court in Diemen-Zuid. The original members of D-Men were rapper Lange Frans, his brother rapper Brutus and a childhood friend rapper-singer Bart Zeilstra better known as Baas B. They picked the name that sound like their home town Diemen. Many others joined in the formation, famous for its mixtapes De Straatremixes. D-Men also have their own record label named D-Men Entertainment.
Robyn Lively
Robyn Elaine Lively Johnson (born February 7, 1972) is an American actress. She is known for her roles in the 1989 films Teen Witch and The Karate Kid Part III, as well as the TV shows Doogie Howser, M.D., Twin Peaks, Savannah, and Saving Grace.

Doogie Howser, M.D.
Doogie Howser, M.D. is an American medical sitcom that ran for four seasons on ABC from September 19, 1989, to March 24, 1993, totaling 97 episodes. Created by Steven Bochco and David E. Kelley, the show stars Neil Patrick Harris in the title role as a teenage physician who balances the challenge of practicing medicine with the everyday problems of teenage life.
Lynchings of Mer Rouge, Louisiana
Filmore Watt Daniels [sic] and Thomas F. Richards [sic] were lynched near Mer Rouge, Louisiana, United States, by black robed Ku Klux Klan members on August 24, 1922. According to the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary they were the 47th and 48th of 61 lynchings during 1922 in the United States. There were five lynchings in the state of Louisiana and of the 61 lynchings they were 2 of 6 white victims.

Morehouse Parish, Louisiana
Morehouse Parish (French: Paroisse de Morehouse) is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 25,629. The parish seat is Bastrop. The parish was formed in 1844.

Morehouse Parish comprises the Bastrop, LA Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Monroe–Ruston–Bastrop, LA Combined Statistical Area.
Athens Polytechnic March of 1980
The Athens Polytechnic March 1980 was a demonstration held for the 7th anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic Uprising. During the demonstration serious clashes between the protestors and the riot police occurred, during which the "Units for the Reinstatement of Order (MAT)" killed two demonstrators and injured 150.

Athens Polytechnic uprising
The Athens Polytechnic uprising occurred in November 1973 as a massive student demonstration of popular rejection of the Greek military junta of 1967–1974. It began on 14 November 1973, escalated to an open anti-junta revolt, and ended in bloodshed in the early morning of 17 November after a series of events starting with a tank crashing through the gates of the Athens Polytechnic. It is believed that approximately 40 people were killed by the Greek army on that day, and more than 2,000 were injured. This was the first event in a series of political crises that ultimately led to the fall of the junta in the summer of 1974, just a few months later.

The uprising had a lasting impact on Greek politics; it marked a break between the Greek youth and traditional leftist parties (KKE), and it also saw the beginning of the revival of Greek anarchism. The repression faced by students gave rise to the terrorist organization 17N.
Juanacatlán metro station
Juanacatlán is a metro station on the Mexico City Metro. It is located in Mexico City's  Miguel Hidalgo borough in the San Miguel Chapultepec  neighborhood, and lies on Line 1 of the Metro. In 2019 the station had an average ridership of 11,669 passengers per day, making it the least used station in Line 1. From 2023 to 2025, the station was closed for modernization work on the tunnel and the line's technical equipment.

San Miguel Chapultepec
San Miguel Chapultepec is a colonia or neighborhood in Delegación Miguel Hidalgo in Mexico City.

Its borders are:

Avenida Constituyentes and Avenida Chapultepec on the west, bordering Chapultepec Park

The Circuito Interior José Vasconcelos and Ave. Jalisco on the southeast, bordering the Condesa district (colonias Condesa and Hipódromo Condesa) and colonia Tacubaya

Parque Lira on the southwest, bordering colonias Ampliación Daniel Garza, Observatorio and Tacubaya

The colonia's streets carry the names of generals and governors of Mexico. The buildings mostly consist of houses, whether still used as residences or converted into offices. Being a central neighborhood where the Circuito Interior freeway, Ave. Constituyentes (a main through road to Santa Fe, Toluca and points west), and the ejes viales 2 and 4 South, the area is saturated with traffic.
Hadji Murat (novella)
Hadji Murat, also written Hadji Murad (Russian: Хаджи-Мурат, romanized: Khadzhi-Murat), is a novella written by Leo Tolstoy from 1896 to 1904 and published posthumously in 1912 (though not the full text until 1917). Its titular protagonist Hadji Murat is an Avar rebel commander who, to gain revenge, forges an uneasy alliance with the Russians he has been fighting.

Hadji Murad
Hadji Murad (Russian: Хаджи-Мурат, Avar: XӀажи Мурад; 1818 – 5 May [O.S. 23 April] 1852) was an important North Caucasian Avar leader during the resistance of the peoples of Dagestan and Chechnya in 1811–1864 against the incorporation of the region into the Russian Empire.
Anya Jibon
Anya Jibon  (Bengali: অন্য জীবন) is a Bangladeshi Bengali language film that was released in 1995. The film was screenplay and directed by acclaimed filmmaker Sheikh Niamat Ali who also produced the film under his banner S Niamot Ali productions. The film stars Raisul Islam Asad, Champa, Abul Khair, Shanta Islam, Chitralekha Guho, Tamalika Karmokar and others. In 1991, the film received the National Film Award for the best film award with the other 11 categories.

Champa (actress)
Gulshan Ara Akter Champa (born 5 January 1965) is a Bangladeshi film and television actress. She won Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Actress three times for the films Padma Nadir Majhi (1992), Anya Jibon (1995) and Uttarer Khep (2000), and the Best Supporting Actress award for  Shasti (2005) and Chandragrohon (2008). As of January 2019, she has acted over 200 films.
1 Samuel 9
1 Samuel 9 is the ninth chapter of the First Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition  the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan, but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE. This chapter describes the meeting between Saul and Samuel which led to Saul's first anointing as king (1 Samuel 10:1–16), within a section comprising 1 Samuel 7–15 which records the rise of the monarchy in Israel and the account of the first years of King Saul.

1 Samuel 10
1 Samuel 10 is the tenth chapter of the First Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition  the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan, but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE. This chapter describes the anointing of Saul as the first king of Israel, within a section comprising 1 Samuel 7–15 which records the rise of the monarchy in Israel and the account of the first years of King Saul.
Natália Silva (fighter)
Natália Miranda Cristina da Silva (born February 3, 1997) is a Brazilian professional mixed martial artist who competes in the women's Flyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). As of January 27, 2026, she shares the #1 ranking in the UFC women's flyweight rankings with Manon Fiorot and as of October 21, 2025, she is #4 in the UFC women's pound-for-pound rankings.

Jéssica Andrade
Jéssica Fernanda da Costa Andrade (born September 25, 1991) is a Brazilian professional mixed martial artist. She currently competes in the women's Strawweight and Flyweight divisions of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), where she is a former UFC Women's Strawweight Champion, and a Flyweight title challenger. As of August 19, 2025, she is #9 in the UFC women's strawweight rankings.
PC-8800 series
The PC-8800 series (Japanese: PC-8800シリーズ, Hepburn: Pī Shī Hassen Happyaku Shirīzu), commonly shortened to PC-88, are a brand of Zilog Z80-based 8-bit home computers released by Nippon Electric Company (NEC) in 1981 and primarily sold in Japan.

The PC-8800 series sold extremely well and became one of the four major Japanese home computers of the 1980s, along with the Fujitsu FM-7, Sharp X1 and the MSX computers. It was later eclipsed by NEC's 16-bit PC-9800 series, although it still maintained strong sales up until the early 1990s.

NEC's American subsidiary, NEC Home Electronics (USA), marketed variations of the PC-8800 in the United States and Canada.

FM-7
The FM-7 ("Fujitsu Micro 7") is a home computer created by Fujitsu. It was first released in 1982 and was sold in Japan and Spain. It is a stripped-down version of Fujitsu's earlier FM-8 computer, and during development it was referred to as the "FM-8 Jr.".

Although it removed some features from the FM-8 such as the bubble memory technology, the FM-7 was given a more advanced AY-3-8910 sound chip, leading to a strong uptake among the hobbyist computer market in Japan and making it a more popular system than the FM-8.

The FM-7 primarily competed with the NEC PC-8801 and Sharp X1 series of computers in the early 1980s. It was succeeded by the FM-77 series of computers in 1984, which featured backwards compatibility with the FM-7. The FM-77 series was later succeeded by the 32-bit FM Towns in 1989.

The FM-7 is based around the 6809 chip, which was also used in home computers such as the TRS-80 Color Computer and Dragon 32/64, as well as several arcade games.
Umiliana de' Cerchi
Umiliana de' Cerchi (1219 - 19 May 1246) was an Italian Roman Catholic widow and a member of the Third Order of Saint Francis.

She came from the Cerchi family, prominent merchants, and was married in her mid-adolescence as part of a political alliance that her ambitious father had engineered though her husband later died and she fled to become a Franciscan after her father pressured her into accepting a second marriage.

Her beatification received approval from Pope Innocent XII on 24 July 1694 after the latter formalized her beatification in the recognition of the late Franciscan's local and enduring veneration.

Pope Innocent XII
Pope Innocent XII (Latin: Innocentius XII; Italian: Innocenzo XII; 13 March 1615 – 27 September 1700), born Antonio Pignatelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 July 1691 until his death in September 1700.

He took a hard stance against nepotism in the Church, continuing the policies of Pope Innocent XI, who started the battle against nepotism but which did not gain traction under Pope Alexander VIII. To that end, he issued a papal bull strictly forbidding it. The pope also used this bull to ensure that no revenue or land could be bestowed on relatives.