hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Holism
Holism is the interdisciplinary idea that systems possess properties as wholes apart from the properties of their component parts.
The aphorism "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts", typically attributed to Aristotle, is often given as a summary of this proposal. The concept of holism can inform the methodology for a broad array of scientific fields and lifestyle practices. When applications of holism are said to reveal properties of a whole system beyond those of its parts, these qualities are referred to as emergent properties of that system. Holism in all contexts is often placed in opposition to reductionism, a dominant notion in the philosophy of science that systems containing parts contain no unique properties beyond those parts. Proponents of holism consider the search for emergent properties within systems to be demonstrative of their perspective.

Holism in science
Holism in science, holistic science, or methodological holism is an approach to research that emphasizes the study of complex systems. Systems are approached as coherent wholes whose component parts are best understood in context and in relation to both each other and to the whole. Holism typically stands in contrast with reductionism, which describes systems by dividing them into smaller components in order to understand them through their elemental properties.

The holism-individualism dichotomy is especially evident in conflicting interpretations of experimental findings across the social sciences, and reflects whether behavioural analysis begins at the systemic, macro-level (ie. derived from social relations) or the component micro-level (ie. derived from individual agents).
Mahesh Bhupathi
Mahesh Shrinivas Bhupathi (born 7 June 1974) is an Indian former doubles world No. 1 tennis player. In 1997, he became the first Indian to win a major tournament (with Rika Hiraki). With his win at the 2006 Australian Open mixed doubles, he joined the elite group of eight tennis players who have achieved a career Grand Slam in mixed doubles. He is also the founder of International Premier Tennis League. In December 2016, Bhupathi was appointed as India's next non-playing Davis Cup captain and took over the reins from Anand Amritraj in February 2017.

Marcel Granollers
Marcel Granollers Pujol (Catalan pronunciation: [məɾˈsɛl ɣɾənuˈʎes puˈʒɔl]; Spanish: [maɾˈθel ɣɾanoˈʎeɾs puˈʝol]; born 12 April 1986) is a Spanish professional tennis player. He reached a career-high doubles ranking of world No. 1 on 6 May 2024, becoming the second Spanish man to achieve the feat (after Emilio Sánchez Vicario in 1989). He is a Grand Slam champion at the 2025 French Open and at the 2025 US Open with Horacio Zeballos. He also has a career-high singles ranking of No. 19 achieved on 23 July 2012.

Granollers has won 36 ATP titles, 4 in singles and 32 in doubles, including also the 2012 ATP World Tour Finals in doubles with compatriot Marc López. Additionally, Granollers also has 5 runner-up finishes at the 2014 French Open & 2014 US Open with López, at the 2019 US Open, at the 2021 & 2023 Wimbledon Championships with Zeballos.
MacNutt
MacNutt (2016 population: 65) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Churchbridge No. 211 and Census Division No. 5. The former District of Landestreu was renamed in 1909 to honour Thomas MacNutt, the area Member of the Legislative Assembly at the time. The village was settled between the late 1880s and the 1910s by immigrants of predominantly German origin.

Division No. 5, Saskatchewan
Division No. 5 is one of eighteen census divisions in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada, as defined by Statistics Canada. It is located in the east-southeastern part of the province, bordering Manitoba. The most populous community in this division is Melville.
Joseph Faro
Joseph Faro (fl. 1694–1696, last name occasionally Farrell, Firra, Farrow, or Faroe) was a pirate from Newport, Rhode Island active during the Golden Age of Piracy, primarily in the Indian Ocean. He is best known for sailing alongside Thomas Tew to join Henry Every’s pirate fleet which captured and looted the fabulously rich Mughal ship Gunsway.

Ganj-i-Sawai
The Ganj-i-Sawai (Persian/Hindustani: Ganj-i-Sawai,  in English "Exceeding Treasure", often anglicized as Gunsway) was an armed  ship belonging to the Mughals. During Aurangzeb's reign, it was captured on 7 September 1695 by the English pirate Henry Avery en route from present-day Mocha, Yemen to Surat, India. It was built on the order of Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani, great-grandmother of Aurengzeb, after the capture of her ship named Rahimi.: 186–187
Temperance movement
The temperance movement is a social movement promoting temperance or total abstinence from consumption of alcoholic beverages. Participants in the movement typically criticize alcohol intoxication or promote teetotalism, and its leaders emphasize alcohol's negative effects on people's health, personalities, and family lives. Typically the movement promotes alcohol education and it also demands the passage of new laws against the sale of alcohol: either regulations on the availability of alcohol, or the prohibition of it.

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the temperance movement became prominent in many countries, particularly in English-speaking, Scandinavian, and majority Protestant ones, and it eventually led to national prohibitions in Canada (1918 to 1920), Norway (spirits only, from 1919 to 1926), Finland (1919 to 1932), and the United States (1920 to 1933), as well as some provinces in India (1948 to present). A number of temperance organizations promote temperance.

Temperance bar
A temperance bar, also known as an alcohol-free bar, sober bar, or dry bar, is  a type of bar that does not serve alcoholic beverages. An alcohol-free bar can be a business establishment or located in a non-business environment or event, such as at a wedding. Alcohol-free bars typically serve non-alcoholic beverages, such as non-alcoholic cocktails known as mocktails, alcohol-free beer or low-alcohol beer, alcohol-free wine, juice, soft drinks and water. Popular temperance drinks include cream soda, dandelion and burdock, sarsaparilla, and Vimto, among others. Various foods may also be served.
Isobornyl cyclohexanol
Isobornyl cyclohexanol (IBCH, Sandenol) is an organic compound used primarily as a fragrance because of its aroma which is similar to sandalwood oil.  Its chemical structure is closely related to that of both α-santalol and β-santalol, which are the primary constituents of sandalwood oil.

Sandalwood trees are endangered due to overharvesting, leading to a high cost for the natural oil.  IBCH is therefore produced as an economical alternative to the natural product.

Sandalwood
Sandalwood is a class of woods from trees in the genus Santalum. The woods are heavy, yellow, and fine-grained, and, unlike many other aromatic woods, they retain their fragrance for decades. Sandalwood oil is extracted from the woods. Sandalwood is often cited as one of the most expensive woods in the world. Both the wood and the oil produce a distinctive fragrance that has been highly valued for centuries. Consequently, some species of these slow-growing trees have suffered over-harvesting in the past.
Bruce Bastin
Bruce Bastin (born 19 September 1939) is an English folklorist and a leading expert on the blues music styles of the southeastern states of America (such as East Coast blues and Piedmont blues). In 2022, his publication Red River Blues: The Blues Tradition in the Southeast was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame, as a 'Classic of Blues Literature'.

He is responsible for research (done initially with folklorist Peter B. Lowry) over the decades.

Peter B. Lowry
Peter B. Lowry (April 1, 1941 – June 29, 2022) was an American folklorist, writer, record producer, ethnomusicologist, historian, photographer, forensic musicologist, and teacher who dealt with aspects of popular music, mainly African-American.

Born in Montclair, New Jersey, he attended Deerfield Academy, and then Princeton University, where he specialized in the biological sciences. Teaching biology for a few years after obtaining a Master's in zoology, he changed his focus to blues and jazz with a primary focus on the Piedmont blues of the south-eastern United States.  He wrote extensively on blues and jazz music, founded Trix Records, and moved to live in Australia in later life.
Prata di Pordenone
Prata di Pordenone (Friulian: Prate) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Pordenone, in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 8 kilometres (5 mi) southwest of Pordenone.

Prata di Pordenone borders the following municipalities: Brugnera, Mansuè, Pasiano di Pordenone, Porcia, Pordenone, Portobuffolé.

The city is home to the headquarters of the furniture company Friul Intagli Industries S.p.A.

Pasiano di Pordenone
Pasiano di Pordenone (Venetian: Pasiàn; Friulian: Pasiàn) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Pordenone, in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 13 kilometres (8 mi) south of Pordenone.
Lake Conasauga
Lake Conasauga is a 19-acre (77,000 m2) lake in the Lake Conasauga Campground located near the summit of Grassy Mountain in the Chattahoochee National Forest in northern Georgia, United States. It is the highest lake in Georgia at 3,150 feet (960 m) above sea level. It was built by the Civilian Conservation Corps, which finished it in 1940. "Conasauga" is a name derived from the Cherokee language meaning "grass".

Lake Conasauga camp ground is managed by the Armuchee-Cohutta Ranger District of the U.S. Forest Service. The area opens in mid-April and closes in late October

Grassy Mountain (Georgia)
Grassy Mountain is a summit in Murray County, Georgia. At its highest point, the mountain has an elevation of 3,694 feet (1,126 m). It is the second tallest peak in Murray County, if using a 100 feet (30 m) prominence rule, behind nearby Bald Mountain.
Earias
Earias is a genus of moths in the monotypic subfamily Eariadinae of the family Nolidae. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1825. Species are found throughout Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia, some being agricultural pests such as bollworms.

Nolidae
Nolidae is a family of moths with about 1,700 described species worldwide. They are mostly small with dull coloration, the main distinguishing feature being a silk cocoon with a vertical exit slit. The group is sometimes known as tuft moths, after the tufts of raised scales on the forewings of two subfamilies, Nolinae and Collomeninae. The larvae also tend to have muted colors and tufts of short hairs.

Formerly, this group was included in the Noctuidae.
Crandallite
Crandallite is a calcium aluminium basic phosphate mineral. It has ideal formula CaAl3(PO4)2(OH)5·H2O. 
Crandallite was named after Milan L. Crandall Jr, who worked for Knight Syndicate.
This mineral is found in laterite and in alteration products of phosphate rich pegmatites.

Phosphate mineral
Phosphate minerals are minerals that contain the tetrahedrally coordinated phosphate (PO3−4) anion, sometimes with arsenate (AsO3−4) and vanadate (VO3−4) substitutions, along with chloride (Cl−), fluoride (F−), and hydroxide (OH−) anions, that also fit into the crystal structure.

The phosphate class of minerals is a large and diverse group, however, only a few species are relatively common.
Sathrophyllia
Sathrophyllia is a genus of Asian bush crickets or katydids in the subfamily Pseudophyllinae and tribe Cymatomerini. They are usually found on the branches of bushes or trees where they sit close to a branch and spread out their forelegs and antennae along the branch and hold themselves close to the surface with their middle pair of legs. Some species like S. rugosa have cryptic colouration that matches the bark making them very hard to spot. Further east, the genus Olcinia also bears a close resemblance, however Sathrophyllia has a relatively smooth margin to the forewing unlike that of Olcinia.

Pseudophyllinae
The subfamily Pseudophyllinae contains numerous species in the family Tettigoniidae, the katydids or bush crickets. Sometimes called "true katydids", together with the crickets of suborder Ensifera, they form part of the insect order Orthoptera which also contains grasshoppers.

Members of the group are noted for their remarkable camouflage. Many species closely resemble fresh or dried leaves, including veins, various blotches and even bite marks.
Frederick City Police Department (Maryland)
39°24′49″N 77°24′47″W﻿ / ﻿39.413701°N 77.413082°W﻿ / 39.413701; -77.413082

The Frederick City Police Department (FPD) is a law enforcement organization that provides police services to the city of Frederick, Maryland, the second-largest city in that state.  The department is organized into several divisions, and is responsible for policing more than 78,000 people in a land area of 22.9 square miles.  FPD is headed by Jason Lando, who was appointed Chief of Police in March, 2021 replacing outgoing Chief Ed Hargis who resigned in 2020.

Frederick, Maryland
Frederick is a city in and the county seat of Frederick County, Maryland, United States. Frederick's population was 78,171 people as of the 2020 census, making it the second-largest incorporated city in Maryland behind Baltimore. It is a part of the Washington metropolitan area and the greater Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area.

The city is located at an important crossroads at the intersection of a major north–south Native American trail and east–west routes to the Chesapeake Bay, both at Baltimore and what became Washington, D.C., and across the Appalachian Mountains to the Ohio River watershed.

Frederick is home to Frederick Municipal Airport (IATA: FDK), which accommodates general aviation, and Fort Detrick, a U.S. Army bioscience and communications research installation and Frederick County's largest employer.
Shenandoah Valley
The Shenandoah Valley (/ˌʃɛnənˈdoʊə/) is a geographic valley and cultural region of western Virginia and the eastern panhandle of West Virginia in the United States. The Valley is bounded to the east by the Blue Ridge Mountains, to the west by the eastern front of the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians (excluding Massanutten Mountain), to the north by the Potomac River, to the south by the James River, and to the Southwest by the New River Valley. The cultural region covers a larger area that includes all of the Valley plus the Virginia Highlands to the west and the Roanoke Valley to the south. It is physiographically located within the Ridge and Valley Province and is a portion of the Great Appalachian Valley.

Warren County, Virginia
Warren County is a U.S. county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The 2020 United States census places Warren County within the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area with a population of 40,727. The county was established in 1836. The county seat is Front Royal.
Mount Simeon District
Mount Simeon District (Arabic: منطقة جبل سمعان, romanized: manṭiqat Jabal Sem‘ān) is a district of Aleppo Governorate in northern Syria. The administrative centre is the city of Aleppo.

Until December 2008, the sub-district of Atāreb was part of Mount Simeon District before being incorporated as a separate district. At the 2004 census, the remaining sub-districts had a total population of 2,413,878.

Atarib District
Atarib District (Arabic: منطقة الأتارب, romanized: manṭiqat al-Atārib) is a district of Aleppo Governorate in northern Syria. Administrative centre is the city of Atarib.

The district is located in the central western region of the Aleppo Governorate, sharing its west border with the Idlib Governorate. Until December 2008, it was a subdistrict of the neighboring Mount Simeon District. At the 2004 census, the subdistrict had a population of 76,873.
Sretko Kalinić
Sretko Kalinić (Serbian Cyrillic: Сретко Калинић; born 25 February 1974), also known as "Zver" (Serbian Cyrillic: Звер, lit. 'The Beast') or "Beli" (Serbian Cyrillic: Бели, lit. 'The White'), is a Croatian Serb gangster, contract killer and mass murderer, who holds dual Serbian and Croatian citizenship. He is best known as one of the conspirators in the assassination of Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić.

Zemun Clan
The Zemun Clan (Serbian: Земунски клан, romanized: Zemunski klan) is one of the Belgrade clans of the Serbian mafia. It is named for the gang's base in Zemun, a municipality of Belgrade. The peak of the clan's power and influence occurred between 1999 and 2003 and they were considered to be one of the most powerful organisations in Southeast Europe.
Disa equestris
Disa equestris is a perennial plant and geophyte belonging to the genus Disa. The plant is native to Angola, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Cameroon, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Disa (plant)
Disa is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orchidaceae. It comprises about 182 species. Most of the species are indigenous to tropical and southern Africa, with a few more in the Arabian Peninsula, Madagascar, and Réunion. Disa bracteata is naturalised in Western Australia, where the local name is "African weed-orchid."

The genus Disa was named by P.J. Bergius in 1767. It was named after Disa, the heroine of a Swedish legend.
Streedagh Armada wrecksite
The Streedagh Armada wrecksite is the site of three shipwrecks of the Spanish Armada at Streedagh beach (/ˈstriːdə/, STREE-da) in north County Sligo, in northwest Ireland. The three ships are La Lavia, La Juliana, and the Santa Maria de Visón. All were part of the Levant squadron of the armada. The Lavia was the almiranta, or vice flagship of the fleet and carried the Judge Advocate General, Martin de Aranda, responsible for the discipline of the armada.

Santa Maria de Visón (de Biscione)
The Santa Maria de Vison was a Mediterranean merchantman built in Ragusa and requisitioned in 1587 for service in the Armada of 1588. She was a large carrack and displaced 666 tons and carried 18 guns.
Sturgeon Lake (Saskatchewan)
Sturgeon Lake is a lake in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It is a small, narrow body of water situated in the transition zone between the aspen parkland and boreal forest biomes. It is located along the course of Sturgeon River, which has its headwaters in Prince Albert National Park and the Waskesiu Hills. The Sturgeon River is a tributary of the North Saskatchewan River. A small dam at the eastern end of the lake helps regulate water levels.

Sturgeon Lake is about 48 kilometres (30 mi) north-west of the city of Prince Albert. The lake is surrounded by the Sturgeon Lake 101 Indian reserve and the RM of Shellbrook No. 493. Access to Sturgeon Lake is from Highways 788 and 693.

Sturgeon Lake 101
Sturgeon Lake 101 is an Indian reserve of the Sturgeon Lake First Nation in Saskatchewan. It is about 29 kilometres (18 mi) north-west of Prince Albert on the shores of Sturgeon Lake. In the 2016 Canadian Census, it recorded a population of 1174 living in 287 of its 293 total private dwellings. In the same year, its Community Well-Being index was calculated at 43 of 100, compared to 58.4 for the average First Nations community and 77.5 for the average non-Indigenous community.
Garrysallagh, County Westmeath
Garrysallagh is a townland in County Westmeath, Ireland. It is located about 7.66 kilometres (5 mi) north of Mullingar.

Garrysallagh is one of 11 townlands of the civil parish of Stonehall in the barony of Corkaree in the Province of Leinster. 
The townland covers 238 acres (0.96 km2). The south–western boundary of the townland is formed by the River Gaine, a tributary of the River Inny.

The neighbouring townlands are: Galmoylestown Lower to the north, Galmoylestown Upper to the east, Ballynagall and Kilmaglish to the south and Down and Loughanstown to the west.

In the 1911 census of Ireland there were only 5 houses and 17 inhabitants in the townland.

Galmoylestown Lower
Galmoylestown Lower is a townland in County Westmeath, Ireland. It is located about 9 kilometres (6 mi) north of Mullingar.

Galmoylestown Lower is one of 11 townlands of the civil parish of Stonehall in the barony of Corkaree in the Province of Leinster. 
The townland covers 254 acres (1.03 km2).

The neighbouring townlands are: Blackmiles to the north, Galmoylestown Upper to the east, Garrysallagh to the south and Down, Larkinstown and Tyfarnham to the west.

In the 1911 census of Ireland there were 5 houses and 25 inhabitants in the townland.
Conrad Anker
Conrad Anker (born November 27, 1962) is an American rock climber, mountaineer, and author. He was the team leader of The North Face climbing team for 26 years until 2018. In 1999, he located George Mallory's body on Everest as a member of a search team looking for the remains of the British climber who was last seen in 1924.

Meru Peak
Meru Peak is a mountain located in the Garhwal Himalayas, in the state of Uttarakhand in India. The 6,660-metre (21,850 ft) peak lies between Thalay Sagar and Shivling, and has some highly challenging routes. The name Meru likely originated from the Sanskrit word for "peak".

The mountain was formerly the site of the world's highest BASE jump from a location on the surface of the Earth by Glenn Singleman and Heather Swan, from a height of 6,604 metres (21,667 ft), in June 2006, a record which has since been surpassed by Valery Rozov's 2013 jump from the North Face of Mount Everest.

The mountain has three distinct peaks: southern (6,660 metres; 21,850 ft), central (6,310 metres; 20,700 ft), and northern (6,450 metres; 21,160 ft). The two higher peaks were climbed earlier than the harder central peak, which was first climbed in a 2001 solo ascent by Valery Babanov, twice by other teams in 2006, and for the first time along the "Shark's Fin" route in 2011.
AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator
AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulators are positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the AMPA receptor (AMPR), a type of ionotropic glutamate receptor which mediates most fast synaptic neurotransmission in the central nervous system.

Aniracetam
Aniracetam (brand names Draganon, Sarpul, Ampamet, Memodrin, Referan), also known as N-anisoyl-2-pyrrolidinone, is a racetam which is sold in Europe as a prescription drug. It is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in the United States as a prescription medication or dietary supplement. Despite the FDA's lack of approval, the drug is readily available over-the-counter in misbranded dietary supplements.
Mount Alexander Road
Mount Alexander Road (and its northern section as Bulla Road) is a major road in Melbourne's inner northern suburbs, connecting the northern edges of the city district to just south of Essendon Airport. It was named after its original destination: the Gold Fields of Mount Alexander, now known as Castlemaine.

Essendon, Victoria
Essendon  (/ɛsəndən/) is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 8 km (5.0 mi) north-west of Melbourne's central business district. It is located within the City of Moonee Valley local government area. Essendon recorded a population of 21,240 at the 2021 census.

Essendon is bounded in the west by Hoffmans Road, in the north by Keilor Road and Woodland Street, in the east by the Moonee Ponds Creek, and in the south by Buckley Street (with a small portion further south bordering Moonee Ponds).
Zimmermann
Zimmermann is a German occupational surname for a carpenter. The modern German terms for the occupation of carpenter are Zimmerer, Tischler, or Schreiner, but Zimmermann is still used.

A variant of Zimmermann is Zimmerman. Other variants include Zimmermanns, Timmermann, Cymerman and Cimrman.

Timmermann
Timmermann is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Hans Timmermann (1926–2005), German television actor

Jens Timmermann (born 1970), German philosopher

Tom Timmermann (born 1940), American baseball player