hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Affirmative action in the United States
In the United States, affirmative action consists of government-mandated, government-approved, and voluntary private programs granting special consideration to groups considered or classified as historically excluded, specifically racial minorities and women. These programs tend to focus on access to education and employment in order to redress the disadvantages associated with past and present discrimination. Another goal of affirmative action policies is to ensure that public institutions, such as universities, hospitals, and police forces, are more representative of the populations they serve.

As of 2024, affirmative action rhetoric has been increasingly replaced by emphasis on diversity, equity, and inclusion and nine states explicitly ban its use in the employment process.  The Supreme Court in 2023 explicitly rejected race-based affirmative action in college admissions in Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard.

1996 California Proposition 209
Proposition 209 (also known as the California Civil Rights Initiative or CCRI) is a California ballot proposition which, upon approval in November 1996, amended the state constitution to prohibit state governmental institutions from considering race, sex, or ethnicity, specifically in the areas of public employment, public contracting, and public education. Modeled on the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the California Civil Rights Initiative was authored by two California academics, Glynn Custred and Tom Wood. It was the first electoral test of affirmative action policies in North America. It passed with 55% in favor to 45% opposed, thereby banning affirmative action in the state's public sector.
Phanostratê
Phanostratê (in ancient Greek: Φανοστράτη / Phanostrátē) was a Greek midwife and physician from the Hellenistic period, who lived in the 4th century BCE in the deme of Melite (Attica). Modern historians are only aware of her existence through two stelae created between 360 BCE and 340 BCE. Based on the available documentation, she is identified as the first woman to be referred to as "doctor" (ἰατρὸς / iatros) in the History of Ancient Greece.

A paucity of available information precludes a definitive determination of Phanostratê's origins and social status. It is plausible that she was a mother and post-menopausal, as the philosopher Socrates required of a midwife at that time. Additionally, she must have possessed considerable expertise in the medical arts to practice in other areas of healthcare.

The reference to a statue of Phanostratê in the Asclepieion in Athens, now lost, testifies to the local prominence and reputation she enjoyed during that period.

Women in Greece
The status and characteristics of ancient and modern-day women in Greece evolved from events that occurred in Greek history. In Michael Scott's article, "The Rise of Women in Ancient Greece" (History Today), the place of women and their achievements in Ancient Greece was best described by Thucidydes in this quotation: "The greatest glory [for women] is to be least talked about among men, whether in praise or blame." However, the status of Greek women underwent considerable change and advancement in the 20th century. In 1952, women received the right to vote, which led to their earning places and job positions in businesses and in the government of Greece; and they were able to maintain their right to inherit property, even after being married.
Man Controlling Trade
Man Controlling Trade is the name given to two monumental equestrian statues created by Michael Lantz for the Federal Trade Commission Building in Washington, D.C.,  and dedicated in 1942.

In July 1937 the United States Department of the Treasury Section of Painting and Sculpture announced an open competition to design and execute two large sculptures for the Federal Trade Commission Building. The competition attracted over 500 models from 234 sculptors, Each of the asymmetric limestone groups is approximately 12 feet tall and 16 feet long.

Federal Trade Commission Building
The Federal Trade Commission Building, known historically as the Apex Building, is the Washington, D.C., headquarters of the Federal Trade Commission. Completed in 1938, the building was designated by Congress in 1966 as a contributing structure to the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site, and was subsequently listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
Connecticut Route 108
Route 108 in the U.S. state of Connecticut, locally called Nichols Avenue and Huntington Turnpike, is a two-lane state highway that runs northerly from US  Route 1, Boston Post Road in Stratford, through Trumbull, to Route 110 in Downtown Shelton. Originally called the Farm Highway, it was laid out to the south side of Mischa Hill in Trumbull on December 7, 1696, and is considered to be the third oldest documented highway in Connecticut after the Mohegan Road (Route 32) in Norwich (1670) and the Boston Post Road or US 1 (1673).

The section of Nichols Avenue from the Stratford-Trumbull town line to Huntington Turnpike in Trumbull is known as the Trooper Ernest Morse Memorial Highway, named in honor of a state trooper who was killed by gunfire on February 13, 1953, while trying to apprehend a suspect in a car theft.

Stratford, Connecticut
Stratford is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. It is situated on Long Island Sound at the mouth of the Housatonic River. The town is part of the Greater Bridgeport Planning Region, and the Bridgeport–Stamford–Norwalk Metropolitan Statistical Area. It was settled by Puritans in 1639.

The population was 52,355 as of the 2020 census. It is bordered on the west by Bridgeport, to the north by Trumbull and Shelton, and on the east by Milford (across the Housatonic River). Stratford has a historical legacy in aviation, the military, and theater.
Manganese dioxide
Manganese dioxide is the inorganic compound with the formula MnO2. This blackish or brown solid occurs naturally as the mineral pyrolusite, which is the main ore of manganese and a component of manganese nodules. The principal use for MnO2 is for dry-cell batteries, such as the alkaline battery and the zinc–carbon battery, although it is also used for other battery chemistries such as aqueous zinc-ion batteries. MnO2 is also used as a pigment and as a precursor to other manganese compounds, such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4). It is used as a reagent in organic synthesis, for example, for the oxidation of allylic alcohols. MnO2 has an α-polymorph that can incorporate a variety of atoms (as well as water molecules) in the "tunnels" or "channels" between the manganese oxide octahedra. There is considerable interest in α-MnO2 as a possible cathode for lithium-ion batteries.

Aldehyde
In organic chemistry, an aldehyde (/ˈældɪhaɪd/) (lat. alcohol dehydrogenatum, dehydrogenated alcohol) is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure R−CH=O. The functional group itself (without the "R" side chain) can be referred to as an aldehyde but can also be classified as a formyl group. Aldehydes are a common motif in many chemicals important in technology and biology.
2025 KTFF Cypriot Cup
The 2025 KTFF Cypriot Cup was the 63rd edition of the Northern Cyprus national football knockout tournament.

Lefke won the cup on 9 May 2025 (their third Cypriot Cup win), defeating Mağusa Türk Gücü 3–1 in the final.

Cypriot Cup (Northern Cyprus)
The Cypriot Cup (Turkish: Kıbrıs Kupası) is the top knockout tournament of the Cyprus Turkish Football Federation, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. It was created in 1956 as the Kıbrıs Kupası, and was known as the "Federation Cup" (Turkish: Federasyon Kupası) for some time, but the name was changed back to "Kıbrıs Kupası" in 2012.

The winner of the Cypriot Cup plays with the winner of the Süper Lig in the KTFF Super Cup.
Renault Access
The Renault Access is a truck manufactured by Dennis Eagle and marketed by Renault Trucks. It is a rebadged version of the Dennis Eagle Elite 2.

In 2013, Renault Trucks unveiled at the Solutrans exhibition in Lyon a slightly updated version, now named the Renault Trucks D Access, which is still based on the Dennis Eagle truck.

Renault Trucks
Renault Trucks is a French commercial truck manufacturer with corporate headquarters at Saint-Priest near Lyon. Originally part of Renault, it has been a subsidiary of Volvo since 2001.

From its beginnings in 1978 to 2002, the company was called Renault Véhicules Industriels (Renault Industrial Vehicles), from 1992 on officially written as Renault V. I.. Until 2002, Renault Véhicules Industriels also manufactured buses.
1966 Nigerian coup d'état
On 15 January 1966, rebellious soldiers led by Kaduna Nzeogwu and 4 others carried out a military putsch, killing 22 people, including the prime minister of Nigeria, many senior politicians, senior Army officers and their wives, and sentinels on protective duty. The coup plotters attacked the cities of Kaduna, Ibadan, and Lagos while also blockading the Niger and Benue River within a two-day timespan, before being overcome by loyalist forces.

Although the coup was  considered a failure, it still resulted in a change from an elected government to a military government, albeit led by a different set of senior officers. It also marked the start of a succession of military coups in Nigeria.

Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
Sir Abubakar Tafawa BalewaListenⓘ KBE PC (December 1912 – 15 January 1966) was the first and only Prime Minister of Nigeria. A dominant figure of Nigerian Independence, he was a conservative Anglophile. His political career spanned almost a quarter of a century.
Tjeldsund Municipality
Tjeldsund (Norwegian) or Dielddanuorri (Northern Sami) is a municipality in Troms county, Norway. The southwestern part of the municipality is part of the traditional district of Ofoten and the rest of the municipality is part of Central Hålogaland. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Evenskjer. Other important villages include Boltåsen, Fjelldal, Grov, Myklebostad, Ramsund, Renså, Sandstrand, and Tovika. Norges Brannskole (Norway's education and training center for firemen) is situated in Fjelldal. Marinejegerkommandoen is based south of Ramsund.

The 814-square-kilometre (314 sq mi) municipality is the 139th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Tjeldsund Municipality is the 199th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 4,281. The municipality's population density is 5.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (14/sq mi) and its population has increased by 1.8% over the previous 10-year period.

Myklebostad, Tjeldsund
Myklebostad (Norwegian) or Mihkkelbovllak (Northern Sami) is a village in Tjeldsund Municipality in Troms county, Norway. The village is located along the Ofotfjorden on the southern shore of Tjeldøya island.
Clint Mears
Clint Mears (born January 12, 1973) is an American racing driver from Bakersfield, California. Clint is the son of Indy 500 champion Rick Mears and cousin of NASCAR driver Casey Mears. He has retired from automobile racing but currently competes in motocross events.

Rick Mears
Richard Ravon Mears (born December 3, 1951) is an American former race car driver. He is one of four men to win the Indianapolis 500 four times (1979, 1984, 1988, 1991) and is the current record-holder for pole positions in the race with six (1979, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991). Mears is also a three-time Indycar series/World Series champion (1979, 1981 and 1982).
Lindsay Park (Davenport, Iowa)
Lindsay Park is a 31-acre (0.13 km2) park. located in the Village of East Davenport in  Davenport, Iowa, United States. The lower park is a contributing property of the Davenport Village Historic District that has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1980, and the upper park is part of the McClellan Heights Historic District which was listed on the national register in 1984. The whole park was individually listed on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties in 1998. Lindsay Park is owned by the city of Davenport and features a playground, baseball diamonds and views of the Mississippi River, which is immediately to the south of the park. There is a group of architectural sculptures along the Riverfront Parkway, of which Lindsay Park is a part. The park also hosts the annual Riverssance Festival of Fine Art.

Riverfront Parkway
Riverfront Parkway is located along the Mississippi River in the cities of Davenport and Bettendorf in the U.S. state of Iowa. The parkway is a bike and walking trail that extends for 11 miles (18 km) starting at Credit Island on the west passing through Davenport for 7.6 miles (12.2 km) before entering Bettendorf.  It continues for another 3.4 miles (5.5 km) at its terminus on the east side of Bettendorf. On Credit Island the bike path circles the park for 2.62 miles (4.22 km).  On its way east from Credit Island it passes through Veterans Memorial Park, which is being developed, Centennial Park, LeClaire Park, River Heritage Park that is being developed on the east side of downtown Davenport, and Lindsay Park. In Bettendorf it passes through Leach Park. There are plans to connect the park to the Duck Creek Parkway and Sunderbruch Park in the future.  There are public art installations along the parkway at Credit Island, Lindsay Park and Leach Park.
Samarinda Kota
Samarinda Kota (Indonesian pronunciation: [samaˈrinda ˈkota], lit. 'Samarinda town') is a district of Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. As of 2023, it was inhabited by 32,379 people, and currently has the total area of 11.12 km2.

It was separated from Samarinda Ilir and Samarinda Ulu (Bugis only) on 14 December 2010. Its district seat is located at the village of Sungai Pinang Luar. One of its villages, Bugis, serves as de facto seat of Samarinda city government, although there were proposals to relocate into peripheral locations, including Sungai Siring (North Samarinda) or Makroman (Sambutan) in early 2020s.

An older district, with the same name, was already bifurcated into Samarinda Ilir and Samarinda Ulu during the early days of city's formation in 1960s (date unknown).

Samarinda Ilir
Samarinda Ilir (Indonesian pronunciation: [samaˈrinda ˈilɪr], lit. 'lower Samarinda') is a district of Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. As of 2023, it was inhabited by 16,287 people, and currently has the total area of 11.12 km2.

Its district seat is located at the village of Sidomulyo. On 11 June 1996, North Samarinda was separated from the district. On 14 December 2010, Samarinda Kota (4 districts) and Sambutan were separated from the district, then, its seat was located at Sambutan.
Edward S. Curtis
Edward Sheriff Curtis (February 19, 1868 – October 19, 1952; sometimes given as Edward Sherriff Curtis) was an American photographer and ethnologist whose work focused on the American West and Native American people. Sometimes referred to as the "Shadow Catcher", Curtis traveled the United States to document and record the dwindling ways of life of various native tribes through photographs and audio recordings.

Asahel Curtis
Asahel Curtis (1874–1941) was an American photographer based in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. His career included documentation of the Klondike Gold Rush period in Seattle, natural landscapes in the Northwest, and infrastructure projects in Seattle.
Davis-class patrol boat
The Davis class patrol boats are a six-boat class of patrol gunboats, operated by the Texas Department of Public Safety Texas Highway Patrol Division for patrolling the Rio Grande. Each boat has an armament of five FN M240 7.62 mm (0.300 in) medium machine guns, and is powered by three 300 hp (220 kW) outboard engines.

Officially classified as "shallow water interceptors" and operated by the Highway Patrol Marine Unit, the boats of the class are named after officers of the Texas Highway Patrol who were killed in the line of duty.

1. J.D. Davis, commissioned 12/8/20112. David Rucker, commissioned 3/1/20123. Bill Davidson, commissioned 4/11/20124. Troy Hogue, commissioned 6/14/20125. Russell Boyd, commissioned 8/9/20126. Scott Burns, commissioned 11/28/2012

Texas Department of Public Safety
The Department of Public Safety of the State of Texas, commonly known as the Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS), is a department of the state government of Texas. The DPS is responsible for statewide law enforcement and driver license administration.

The Public Safety Commission oversees the DPS. However, under state law, the Governor of Texas may assume command of the department during a public disaster, riot, insurrection, formation of a dangerous resistance to enforcement of law, or to perform his constitutional duty to enforce law. The commission's five members are appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Texas Senate, to serve without pay for staggered, six-year terms. The commission formulates plans and policies for enforcing criminal, traffic and safety laws, preventing and detecting crime, apprehending law violators, and educating citizens about laws and public safety.

The agency is headquartered at 5805 North Lamar Boulevard in Austin.
Assumption Cathedral, Bangkok
13°43′23″N 100°30′54″E﻿ / ﻿13.723059°N 100.514924°E﻿ / 13.723059; 100.514924

The Assumption Cathedral (Thai: อาสนวิหารอัสสัมชัญ) is the principal Catholic church of Thailand, located at 23 Oriental Avenue, New Road, in the Bang Rak District of Bangkok. It is the main church of the Archdiocese of Bangkok. The cathedral hosted both of the papal visits to Thailand: Pope John Paul II in 1984  and Pope Francis in 2019.

Bang Rak district
Bang Rak (Thai: บางรัก, pronounced [bāːŋ rák]) is one of the fifty districts (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand. It lies on the eastern bank of the Chao Phraya River, beyond Khlong Phadung Krung Kasem, which marked the old city boundary. Originating from riverside settlements dating from before the city's foundation, Bang Rak grew inland as new roads and canals were constructed through the area during the second half of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth, attracting communities of expatriates and developing into a major commercial district.

Bangkok's rapid economic growth in the late twentieth century saw the areas along Si Lom and Sathon roads transformed into one of the city's main business districts, teeming with skyscrapers. The district, officially recognised at least since 1908, covers an area of 5.54 square kilometres (2.14 sq mi), and has a registered population of 48,227 (as of 2019).
Ivanovo State Polytechnic University
Ivanovo State Polytechnic University (ISPU) is a technical university in Ivanovo, Russia. ISPU was established in 2012 by merging Ivanovo State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering and Ivanovo State Textile Academy.

ISPU  has over 3,000 students from 21 regions of the Russian Federation and 17 foreign countries.  The teaching staff is formed by more than 250 scientific and pedagogical workers, over 85% of them having scientific degrees of Candidates or Doctors of sciences.

Ivanovo
Ivanovo (Russian: Иваново, IPA: [ɪˈvanəvə] ⓘ) is a city in Russia and the administrative center and largest city of Ivanovo Oblast, located 254 kilometers (158 mi) northeast of Moscow and approximately 100 kilometers (62 mi) from Yaroslavl, Vladimir and Kostroma. Ivanovo has a population of 361,644 as of the 2021 Census, making it the 50th largest city in Russia. Until 1932, it was previously known as Ivanovo-Voznesensk. It is the youngest city of the Golden Ring of Russia.

The city lies on the Uvod River, in the centre of the eponymous oblast. Ivanovo gained city status in 1871, emerged as a major center for textile production, and began to be referred to as the "Russian Manchester". The city is served by Ivanovo Yuzhny Airport.
Blood diamond
Blood diamonds (also called conflict diamonds, brown diamonds, hot diamonds, or red diamonds) are diamonds mined in a war zone and sold to finance an insurgency, invasion, terrorism, or warlordism. The term is used to highlight the negative consequences of the diamond trade in certain areas, or to label an individual diamond as having come from such an area. Diamonds mined during the 20th- and 21st-century civil wars in Angola, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, and Guinea-Bissau have been labeled as such. The terms conflict resource or conflict minerals refer to analogous situations involving other natural resources. Blood diamonds can also be smuggled by organized crime syndicates so that they can be sold on the black market. According to the Kimberley Process, global trade in rough diamonds in 2023 totalled approximately 112 million carats.

Fowler Report
The Fowler Report, released on March 14, 2000, is a United Nations report that described the actions undertaken to support the illicit diamond trade by European companies like De Beers, African and European governments, in particular it singled out the diamond industry in Antwerp, Belgium , including that of Angola and the political wing of UNITA, violated the Lusaka Protocol as well as UN-imposed sanctions. Robert Fowler, Canada's ambassador to the United Nations, headed the commission that compiled the report, which raised widespread international concern by highlighting the strong link between the illicit diamond trade and third world conflicts.
Windsor Farms Historic District
The Windsor Farms Historic District encompasses a large historically agricultural area and the historic town center of South Windsor, Connecticut.  Its built environment extends mainly along Main Street, between Interstate 291 in the south and Strong Road in the north, with a diversity of architecture spanning three centuries. The district includes agricultural fields on both sides, many of which remain in tobacco cultivation.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

South Windsor, Connecticut
South Windsor is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. The town is part of the Capitol Planning Region. The population was 26,918 at the 2020 census. It is home to two historic districts.
Love number
The Love numbers (h, k, and l) are dimensionless parameters that measure the rigidity of a planetary body or other gravitating object, and the susceptibility of its shape to change in response to an external tidal potential.

In 1909, Augustus Edward Hough Love introduced the values h and k which characterize the overall elastic response of the Earth to the tides—Earth tides or body tides. Later, in 1912, Toshi Shida added a third Love number, l, which was needed to obtain a complete overall description of the solid Earth's response to the tides.

Earth tide
Earth tide (also known as solid-Earth tide, crustal tide, body tide, bodily tide or land tide) is the displacement of the solid earth's surface caused by the gravity of the Moon and Sun.
Its main component has meter-level amplitude at periods of about 12 hours and longer.  The largest body tide constituents are semi-diurnal, but there are also significant diurnal, semi-annual, and fortnightly contributions.
Though the gravitational force causing earth tides and ocean tides is the same, the responses are quite different.