hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fort Vijf Sinnen
Fort Vijf Sinnen (also Vyf Sinnen, Dutch for "the five senses") was a fortification made by the Dutch East India Company in Nagapattinam, then part of Dutch Coromandel (1610-1798), now Tamil Nadu. The fortification, also described as a castle, was built to protect the interests of the trading company, which shifted the capital of the Coromandel operation from Pulicat to Nagapattinam in 1690, three years after work began on the fort.

The heavily armed fort in the end proved useless in the 1781 Siege of Negapatam, in which the British took the fort. In the Treaty of Paris of 1784 which ended the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War of which this siege was part, Nagapattinam was not restored to Dutch rule, but remained British. The headquarters of the colony shifted back to Pulicat.

Dutch Coromandel
Coromandel was a governorate of the Dutch East India Company on the coasts of the Coromandel region from 1610, until the company's liquidation in 1798. Dutch presence in the region began with the capture of Pulicat from the Portuguese in Goa and Bombay-Bassein. Coromandel remained a colony of the Kingdom of the Netherlands until 1825, when it was relinquished to the British according to the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824. It was part of what is today called Dutch India.
Brodski Varoš
Brodski Varoš is a village in municipality of Slavonski Brod in Brod-Posavina County, Croatia. The town is notable for being the birthplace of Đuro Đaković, a prominent labor rights activist and communist revolutionary in Yugoslavia between two World Wars. More recently, Brodski Varoš has gained attention as the residence of Klepetan and Malena, a mating pair of storks whose relationship was covered by the media, raising public interest in the lives of migratory birds.

Slavonski Brod
Slavonski Brod (pronounced [slǎʋoːnskiː brôːd], lit. 'Slavonian Brod'), commonly shortened to simply Brod, is a city in eastern Croatia, near the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina. As one of the principal cities in the historical regions of Slavonia and Posavina, Slavonski Brod is the 7th largest city in the country, with a population of 59,141 as of the 2011 census. It is the centre of Brod-Posavina County and a major river port on the Sava river.
Greek water deities
The ancient Greeks had numerous water deities. The philosopher Plato once remarked that the Greek people were like frogs sitting around a pond—their many cities hugging close to the Mediterranean coastline from the Hellenic homeland to Asia Minor, Libya, Sicily, and southern Italy. Thus, they venerated a rich variety of water divinities. The range of Greek water deities of the classical era range from primordial powers and an Olympian on the one hand, to heroized mortals, chthonic nymphs, trickster-figures, and monsters on the other.

Phorcys
In Greek mythology, Phorcys or Phorcus (/ˈfɔːrsɪs/; Ancient Greek: Φόρκυς) is a primordial sea god, generally cited (first in Hesiod) as the son of Pontus and Gaia (Earth). Classical scholar Karl Kerenyi conflated Phorcys with the similar sea gods Nereus and Proteus. His wife was Ceto, and he is most notable in myth for fathering by Ceto a host of monstrous children. In extant Hellenistic-Roman mosaics, Phorcys was depicted as a fish-tailed merman with crab-claw legs and red, spiky skin.

According to Servius, commentator on the Aeneid, who reports a very ancient version already reflected in Varro, distinct from the Greek vulgate: Phorcos was once king of Sardinia and Corsica; annihilated in a naval battle in the Tyrrhenian Sea, and then shot down by King Atlas with a large part of his army, his companions imagined him transformed into a marine deity, perhaps a monster, half man and half sea ram.
Scottish League Championship
The Scottish League Championship is the domestic rugby union league system within Scotland. Operated by the Scottish Rugby Union, the championship was founded in 1973 as the first formalised national league system within any home nations country.

The new six division championship replaced the haphazard Scottish Unofficial Championship that had been in operation until that time. The new top division is the Scottish Premiership.

Traditionally the championship has been dominated by teams from the Borders region, the sport's hotbed of popularity in Scotland. This is illustrated by the most successful clubs in the championships history, with Hawick RFC possessing 13 titles and Melrose RFC currently holding eight titles.

Scottish Unofficial Championship
The Scottish Unofficial Championship was the top league of Scotland's best amateur rugby union clubs. The Championship was 'unofficial' as the Scottish Rugby Union held that the sport should remain amateur and at the time did not sanction competitive games between the clubs.
Lee Smolin
Lee Smolin (/ˈsmoʊlɪn/; born June 6, 1955) is an American theoretical physicist, a founding member of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, an adjunct professor of physics at the University of Waterloo, and a member of the graduate faculty of the philosophy department at the University of Toronto. Smolin's 2006 book The Trouble with Physics criticized string theory's viability. He has made contributions to quantum gravity theory, in particular the approach known as loop quantum gravity. He advocates that the two primary approaches to quantum gravity, loop quantum gravity and string theory, can be reconciled as different aspects of the same underlying theory. He also advocates an alternative view on space and time that he calls temporal naturalism. His research interests also include cosmology, elementary particle theory, the foundations of quantum mechanics, and theoretical biology.

Time Reborn
Time Reborn: From the Crisis in Physics to the Future of the Universe is a 2013 book by the American theoretical physicist Lee Smolin.

Smolin argues for what he calls a revolutionary view that time is real, in contrast to existing scientific orthodoxy which holds that time is merely a "stubbornly persistent illusion" (Einstein's words).  Smolin hypothesizes that the very laws of physics are not fixed, but that they actually evolve over time.
Tya, Trøndelag
Tya is a river located in Tydal Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The 16.3-kilometre (10.1 mi) long river flows from the lake Stuggusjøen near the village of Stugudalen and flows north through the Tydalen valley to the village of Ås where it joins the Nea River. It is part of the Nea-Nidelvvassdraget river system. The river has a watershed of about 287 square kilometres (111 sq mi).  The river flows at an average rate of 8.64 cubic metres per second (305 cu ft/s).

Neadalen
Neadalen is a river valley in Trøndelag county, Norway. The 50-kilometre (31 mi) long valley generally runs east to west through Tydal Municipality and Selbu Municipality. The valley begins at the large lake Nesjøen and it follows the Nea River to the west and it ends at the large lake Selbusjøen. The valley parallels the large Stjørdalen valley to the north and the Skarvan og Roltdalen National Park lies in the forested mountain area between the two valleys. Norwegian County Road 705 follows the river through the majority of the valley.
Clous van Mechelen
Clous van Mechelen (born Jacob Philip (Jack) van Mechelen; 12 March 1941 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch musician, arranger, and actor. Van Mechelen scored a minor hit in 1969 with his band The Butlers, and became widely known through the radio and television shows written and directed by Wim T. Schippers (he is referred to as his "house composer"), in which he played the character Jan Vos and wrote songs for the various characters (including Barend Servet and Sjef van Oekel).

Opzoek naar Yolanda
Opzoek naar Yolanda was a Dutch dramady television show by Wim T. Schippers, consisting of six episodes aired by the VPRO from October to December 1984. The show (a parody of sitcoms and soap operas, like most of Schippers' shows) was a continuation of sorts of Schippers' De lachende scheerkwast (1981-1982) and featured some of the same characters. In turn, it was a kind of prequel to We zijn weer thuis, which ran from 1989 to 1994.

Story and script were written by Schippers, who directed the show with his longtime associate Ellen Jens. Schippers himself portrays Jacques Plafond.
Temasek Junior College
Temasek Junior College (TJC) is a government-run junior college temporarily located in Tampines. Its original location in Bedok South is currently undergoing reconstruction as part of the JC Rejuvenation Programme. It offers a six-year Integrated Programme alongside a two-year Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level curriculum.

Junior college (Singapore)
Junior colleges (JC) are pre-university institutions in Singapore that offer two-year pre-university courses that leads to either the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level (A-Level) or the International Baccalaureate Diploma (IB - offered by only Anglo-Chinese School,	School of the Arts, Singapore Sports School, and St. Joseph’s Institution). Admission to junior college is based on attaining an aggregate raw score of 20 points or less in the O-Level examination.
Wilson Bluff, Western and South Australian border
Wilson Bluff is a coastal cliff on the Australian continental coastline, extending from east of Eucla in Western Australia to south of Border Village in South Australia.
It was first recorded in 1885 as Wilson Point, but was Wilson Bluff in volume one of the Australian Pilot 1914–1918 edition.  It is reported as being named after "Professor Wilson of Victoria" by E. A. Delisser, a surveyor employed by DeGraves and Co., a pastoral company.

In a 1903 photograph it is identified as being near "Muddie Yarrah" sandhills.
It is also known as Yirgila  in South Australia.

Within southern Australia, it is located both within the gazetted locality of Nullarbor and within the protected area known as the Nullarbor Wilderness Protection Area, and also overlooks state coastal waters protected by the Great Australian Bight Marine National Park and the Far West Coast Marine Park.

Nullarbor, South Australia
Nullarbor is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located 295 kilometres (183 mi) to the west of the town of Ceduna in the western part of the state immediately adjoining the border with Western Australia.
Lucas chain
In mathematics, a Lucas chain is a restricted type of addition chain, named for the French mathematician Édouard Lucas. It is a sequence

that satisfies a0=1, and, for each k > 0,

and either

for some i, j, m < k.

The sequence of powers of 2 (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ...) and the Fibonacci sequence (with a slight adjustment of the starting point 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, ...) are simple examples of Lucas chains.

Lucas chains were introduced by Peter Montgomery in 1983.  If L(n) is the length of the shortest Lucas chain for n, then Kutz has shown that most n do not have L < (1-ε) logφ(n), where φ is the Golden ratio.

Addition chain
In mathematics, an addition chain for computing a positive integer n can be given by a sequence of natural numbers starting with 1 and ending with n, such that each number in the sequence is the sum of two of the previous numbers. The length of an addition chain is the number of sums needed to express all its numbers, which is one less than the cardinality of the sequence of numbers.
William Collis Meredith
Sir William Collis Meredith, QC (23 May 1812 – 26 February 1894) was Chief Justice of the Superior Court for the Province of Quebec from 1866 to 1884. In 1844, he was offered but refused the positions of Solicitor General of Canada and then Attorney-General for Canada East - the latter position he turned down again in 1847. In 1887, he was one of the two English-speaking candidates considered by the Liberals for the role of Lieutenant Governor of Quebec. The home he commissioned and lived in at Montreal from 1845 to 1849 still stands today, known as the Notman House.

Edmund Allen Meredith
Edmund Allen Meredith CMG (7 October 1817 – 2 January 1899) was an Irish lawyer whose career was in public service in Canada. He was Under Secretary of State for Canada; a prison reformer, writer, president of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec and the third principal of McGill University from 1846 to 1853. The diary he kept from 1844 until his death is preserved in the National Archives of Canada and formed the basis for the first half of Sandra Gwyn's book The Private Capital: Ambition and Love in the Age of Macdonald and Laurier (1985), which the CBC later made into a television series.
Patuxent River
The Patuxent River is a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay in the state of Maryland.  There are three main river drainages for central Maryland:  the Potomac River to the west passing through Washington, D.C., the Patapsco River to the northeast passing through Baltimore, and the Patuxent River between the two.  The 908-square-mile (2,352 km2) Patuxent watershed had a rapidly growing population of 590,769 in 2000. It is the largest and longest river entirely within Maryland, and its watershed is the largest completely within the state.

Columbia, Maryland
Columbia is a planned community in Howard County, Maryland, United States, consisting of 10 self-contained villages. With a population of 104,681 at the 2020 census, it is the second-most-populous community in Maryland, after Baltimore. Columbia, located between Baltimore and Washington, D.C., is part of the Baltimore metropolitan area and is tracked by the United States Census Bureau as a census-designated place. Columbia proper consists only of territory governed by the Columbia Association, a not-for-profit management company. The United States Postal Service also uses the name for other communities that predate Columbia, including Simpsonville and Atholton; the Census Bureau also counts part of Clarksville as Columbia.

Developer James Rouse founded Columbia in 1967, aiming to create a community that would avoid the inconveniences of then-current subdivision design; eliminate racial, religious and class segregation; and reduce leapfrog and spot zoning development.
Owyhee County, Idaho
Owyhee County (/oʊˈwaɪ.hiː/ oh-WYE-hee) is a county in the southwestern corner of the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 census, the population was 11,913. The county seat is Murphy, and its largest city is Homedale. In area it is the second-largest county in Idaho, behind Idaho County. Owyhee County is part of the Boise metropolitan area and contains slightly more than half of the Duck Valley Indian Reservation, which extends over the Nevada border, into Elko County. The majority of the federally recognized Shoshone-Paiute Tribe that is associated with this reservation lives on the Nevada side; its tribal center is in Owyhee, Nevada.

Elmore County, Idaho
Elmore County is a county in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 census, the population was 28,666. The largest city and county seat is Mountain Home.

Elmore County comprises the Mountain Home, ID Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Boise-Mountain Home-Ontario, ID-OR Combined Statistical Area.
Meteg
Meteg (or meseg or metheg, Hebrew: מֶתֶג‎, lit. 'bridle', also gaʿya גַּעְיָה‎, lit. 'bellowing', מַאֲרִיךְ‎ maʾarikh, or מַעֲמִיד‎ maʿamid) is a punctuation mark used in Biblical Hebrew  for stress marking. It is a vertical bar placed under the affected syllable.

Sof passuk
The sof passuk (Hebrew: סוֹף פָּסוּק, romanized: sof pāsuq, lit. 'end of verse') is the mark of Hebrew cantillation that occurs on the last word of every verse, or pasuq, in the Hebrew Bible. Some short verses contain only members of the sof passuk group. A sof pasuq is preceded by the  סילוק silluq in the last word of the verse.

The conjunctive (mesharet) which precedes the sof pasuq is always a mercha. The last disjunctive (mafsiq) before it is always a tipcha, or eventually a etnachta.

In some rare cases, and only when the last disjunctive was an etnachta, the secondary stress of the sof pasuw is replaced by a tipcha instead of the usual meteg, as in לְדֹרֹ֖תֵיכֶֽם (Numbers 15:21). This combination is called me'ayelá (מְאַיְלָא Biblical Hebrew pronunciation: [məʾēyəlā]).
Freddy Shepherd
Freddy Shepherd (29 October 1941 – 25 September 2017) was an English businessman and the chairman of Newcastle United football club from 1997 until 2007.

During his time at Newcastle, both as an active assistant to and later replacement of Sir John Hall as chairman for ten years, Shepherd proved an often outspoken and controversial figure, at times alienating the club's support.

Mike Ashley (businessman)
Michael James Wallace Ashley (born 9 September 1964) is a British retail entrepreneur who is the founder and former chief executive of Frasers Group plc (formerly Sports Direct International). He owned Newcastle United Football Club between 2007 and 2021.

According to the Sunday Times Rich List in 2025, Ashley was the 52nd richest person in the UK with an estimated net worth of £3.12 billion. In August 2021, Ashley announced that he intended to step down as chief executive of Frasers Group in May 2022, but would remain a director of the main board.
Dermatan sulfate
Dermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan (formerly called a mucopolysaccharide) found mostly in skin, but also in blood vessels, heart valves, tendons, and lungs.

It is also referred to as chondroitin sulfate B, although it is no longer classified as a form of chondroitin sulfate by most sources. The formula is C14H21NO15S. This carbohydrate is composed of linear polymers of disaccharide units that contain, iduronic acid (IdoA) and N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc). These repeating units are sulfated at a variety of positions. Dermatan sulfate is a component of the compound sulodexide.

Chondroitin sulfate
Chondroitin sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composed of a chain of alternating sugars (N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid). It is usually found attached to proteins as part of a proteoglycan. A chondroitin chain can have over 100 individual sugars, each of which can be sulfated in variable positions and quantities. Chondroitin sulfate is an important structural component of cartilage, and provides much of its resistance to compression. Along with glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate has become a widely used dietary supplement for treatment of osteoarthritis, although large clinical trials failed to demonstrate any symptomatic benefit of chondroitin. Fragments of chondroitin chains suspended in water elicit a fear response in many fishes, similar to hypoxanthine-3N-oxide. The basic repeat unit synthesised by the CHSY/CHPF heterocomplex is (GlcAβ1,3GlcNAcβ1,4)n.
Henry Bouquet
Henry Bouquet (born Henri Louis Bouquet; 1719 – 2 September 1765) was a Swiss mercenary who rose to prominence in British service during the French and Indian War and Pontiac's War.

He is best known for his victory over a Native American force at the Battle of Bushy Run, which lifted the siege of Fort Pitt during Pontiac's War. During the conflict, Bouquet gained lasting infamy in an exchange of letters with his commanding officer, Jeffery Amherst, who suggested a form of biological warfare in the use of blankets infected with smallpox which were to be distributed to Native Americans. Despite this indictment historians have praised Bouquet for leading British forces in several demanding campaigns on the Western Frontier in which they "protected and rescued" settlers from increasingly frequent attacks.

Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)
Fort Pitt was a fort built by British forces between 1759 and 1761 during the French and Indian War at the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, where the Ohio River is formed in western Pennsylvania (modern day Pittsburgh). It was near (but not directly on) the site of Fort Duquesne, a French colonial fort built in 1754 as tensions increased between Great Britain and France in both Europe and North America. The French destroyed Fort Duquesne in 1758 when they retreated under British attack.

Virginia colonial protection of this area ultimately led to the development of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County, Pennsylvania by British-American colonists and immigrants.
Swiss locomotive and railcar classification
For more than a century, the Swiss locomotive, multiple unit, motor coach and railcar classification system, in either its original or updated forms, has been used to name and classify the rolling stock operated on the railways of Switzerland.  It started out as a uniform system for the classification and naming of all rolling stock, powered and unpowered, but had been replaced and amended by the UIC classification of goods wagons.

UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements
The UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements, sometimes known as the German classification or German system, describes the wheel arrangement of locomotives, multiple units and trams. It is used in much of the world, notable exceptions being the United Kingdom and North America.

The classification system is managed by the International Union of Railways (UIC).
Chelopech mine
The Chelopech mine is one of the largest gold mines in Bulgaria. The mine is located at the western part of the country in Sofia Province. The mine has estimated reserves of 41 tons of gold and 4,182 tons of silver.

Sofia Province
42°40′N 23°40′E﻿ / ﻿42.667°N 23.667°E﻿ / 42.667; 23.667

Sofia Province (Bulgarian: Софийска област, romanized: Sofiyska oblast) is a province (oblast) of Bulgaria. The province does not include Sofia in its territories, but Sofia remains the seat of its administration. The province borders on the provinces of Pernik, Kyustendil, Blagoevgrad, Pazardzhik, Plovdiv, Lovech, Vratsa, Montana, and Sofia City (which is in a separate oblast, see Sofia Administration), and borders with Serbia to the northwest.
South Chesapeake City Historic District
South Chesapeake City Historic District is a national historic district at Chesapeake City, Cecil County, Maryland, United States. It reflects the town's period of greatest prosperity in the mid 19th century when the adjacent Chesapeake and Delaware Canal was an active commercial artery between major east coast waterways. Buildings from the 19th century dominate those few of the early 20th century and those of recent vintage.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

Chesapeake City, Maryland
Chesapeake City is a town in Cecil County, Maryland, United States. The population was 736 at the 2020 census.

The town was originally named by Bohemian colonist Augustine Herman the Village of Bohemia — or Bohemia Manor — but the name was changed in 1839 after the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal (C&D Canal) was built in 1829.  Today, the town contains numerous old homes from that era that have been converted into bed and breakfasts, restaurants and the local historical museum.