hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Battle of Wavre
The Battle of Wavre was the final major military action of the Hundred Days campaign and the Napoleonic Wars. It was fought on 18–19 June 1815 between the Prussian rearguard, consisting of the Prussian III Corps under the command of General Johann von Thielmann (whose chief-of-staff was Carl von Clausewitz) and three corps of the French army under the command of Marshal Grouchy. A blocking action, this battle kept 33,000 French soldiers from reaching the Battle of Waterloo and so helped in the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo.

Dominique Vandamme
General Dominique-Joseph René Vandamme, Count of Unseburg (French pronunciation: [dɔminik ʒozɛf ʁəne vɑ̃dam]; 5 November 1770, in Cassel, Nord – 15 July 1830) was a French military officer, who fought in the Napoleonic Wars.  He was a dedicated career soldier with a reputation as an excellent division and corps commander. However, he had a nasty disposition that alienated his colleagues, and would publicly criticize Napoleon, who never appointed him marshal.
Dave McKenna
Dave McKenna (May 30, 1930 – October 18, 2008) was an American jazz pianist known primarily as a solo pianist and for his "three-handed" swing style. He was a significant figure in the evolution of jazz piano.

Zoot Sims
John Haley "Zoot" Sims (October 29, 1925 – March 23, 1985) was an American jazz saxophonist, playing mainly tenor but also alto (and, later, soprano) saxophone. He first gained attention in the "Four Brothers" sax section of Woody Herman's big band, afterward enjoying a long solo career, often in partnership with fellow saxmen Gerry Mulligan and Al Cohn.
Alturas Indian Rancheria
The Alturas Indian Rancheria is a federally recognized tribe of Achomawi Indians in California.
The tribe controls a 20-acre (81,000 m2) reservation near Alturas, California, in Modoc County. Tribal enrollment is estimated at 15. The tribe operates the Desert Rose Casino and the Rose Cafe in Alturas. The reservation lies about one mile southeast of downtown Alturas.

Alturas, California
Alturas (Spanish for "Heights"; Achumawi: Kasalektawi) is the only incorporated city in Modoc County, California, of which it is also the county seat. Located in the Shasta Cascade region of Northern California, the city had a population of 2,715 at the 2020 census. Alturas is located at the confluence of the south and north forks of the Pit River, east of the center of Modoc County, at an elevation of 4,370 feet (1,330 m). Alturas is one of the largest cities in the region and a local economic hub.
Mike Chioda
Michael Joseph Canzano (born 1 August 1966) is an American retired professional wrestling senior referee. He is best known for his tenure with WWE from 1989 to 2020, where he performed as a referee under the ring name Mike Chioda. He was the longest-serving referee in the company, with a career spanning over three decades.

Gorilla Monsoon
Robert James "Gino" Marella (June 4, 1937 – October 6, 1999), better known by his ring name of Gorilla Monsoon, was an American professional wrestler, play-by-play commentator, and booker.

Monsoon is famous for his run as a villainous super-heavyweight main eventer, and later as the voice of the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), as commentator and backstage manager during the 1980s and 1990s. He also portrayed the on-screen role of WWF President from 1995 to 1997.

In professional wrestling, the staging area just behind the entrance curtain at an event, a position which Marella established and where he could often be found during WWF shows late in his career, is named the "Gorilla Position" in his honor.
Firehose of falsehood
The firehose of falsehood, also known as firehosing, is a propaganda technique in which a large number of messages are broadcast rapidly, repetitively, and continuously over multiple channels (like news and social media) without regard for truth or consistency. The firehose of falsehood is a contemporary model for Russian propaganda under Russian President Vladimir Putin.

Though similar in some ways, the American tactic of "flooding the zone" with misleading or false statements is distinct from firehosing in that flooding involves pushing out initiatives and policies at an overwhelming rate, rather than specifically falsehoods. The tactics may be combined.

While difficult to counter, the German Marshall Fund, RAND, and military strategists have described techniques to respond to the firehose of falsehood, generally involving preempting it with good information, strategically reducing or removing misinformation, and teaching digital literacy.

Propaganda techniques
Propaganda techniques are methods used in propaganda to convince an audience to believe what the propagandist wants them to believe. Many propaganda techniques are based on socio-psychological research. Many of these same techniques can be classified as logical fallacies or abusive power and control tactics.
Aline Pereira
Aline Silva Pereira Celso (born 1990) is a Brazilian Karate Combat fighter, former kickboxer and mixed martial artist. She is the inaugural and current Karate Combat Women's Flyweight Champion. In mixed martial arts (MMA), she competed in the Flyweight division of Legacy Fighting Alliance (LFA), and in kickboxing she competed in Glory Kickboxing and fought for the Glory Super Bantamweight title in 2021.

2021 in Glory
The year 2021 was the tenth year in the history of Glory, an international kickboxing promotion. Glory 77: Rotterdam was available on Pay-per-view through Glory and official distribution partnerships with FITE TV, Spike Netherlands, Sport Extra and La Sueur,. Later events were streamed on the Glory Fights Pay-per-view platform.
Kazungula, Zimbabwe
Kazungula is a Zimbabwean port of entry in Matabeleland North, close to the country's quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia. Just to the west is the Botswana border town of Kazungula, from where there is a bridge for vehicles to cross the Zambezi River to the town in Zambia that is also named Kazungula. Kazungula is linked by a tarred road to Victoria Falls, 70 km east. It is the third busiest port of entry in Zimbabwe, with the Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency reporting 44,750 visitors passing through in 2024.

Kazungula, Botswana
Kazungula is a border town in Chobe District, northern Botswana, about 8 kilometres east of the district capital Kasane. It lies on the south bank of the Chobe and Zambezi rivers, close to the quadripoint where the borders of Botswana, Zambia, Namibia and Zimbabwe converge. It was the capital of Chobe District from 1909 to 1921. As of the 2011 census, it had a population of 4,133.

Kazungula has historically been an important crossing point on the Zambezi river for different peoples and their goods. During the wars of national liberation of the 20th century, many anti-colonial fighters escaped to Zambia via Kazungula.
Kruft
Kruft (German pronunciation: [kʁʊft]) is a municipality in the district of Mayen-Koblenz in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany.

It is home to Laach Castle, a burgstall and former spur castle by the Laacher See lake.

Laach Castle (Kruft)
Laach Castle (German: Burg Laach), also called the Pfalzgrafen Castle (Pfalzgrafenburg or 'Count Palatine's Castle'), is a levelled Salian spur castle by the Laacher See (Lake Laach) opposite the Abbey of Maria Laach. The castle site lies on the territory of Kruft in the county of Mayen-Koblenz in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.
Shulaveri–Shomu culture
The Shulaveri–Shomu culture, also known as the Shulaveri-Shomutepe-Aratashen culture, is an archaeological culture that existed on the territory of present-day Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia, as well as parts of northern Iran during the Late Neolithic/Eneolithic. It lasted from around the end of the seventh millennium BC to the beginning of the fifth millennium BC.

Aratashen
40°07′43″N 44°13′39″E﻿ / ﻿40.12861°N 44.22750°E﻿ / 40.12861; 44.22750

Aratashen (Armenian: Առատաշեն, also Romanized as Arratashen; also, Artashen; until 1978 Zeyva Hayi – meaning "Armenian Zeyva", Zeyva, Bol’shaya Zeyva and Nerkin-Zeyva) is a town in the Armavir Province of Armenia. It is located on the Ararat Plain.
Chena (district)
Chena is a district in the South West Region of Ethiopia. The name Chena comes from one of the provinces in the former Kingdom of Kaffa, whose administrative center had been at Wacha. Part of the Keffa Zone, Chena is bordered on the south by the Bench Maji Zone, on the west by Bita, on the north by Gewata, on the northeast by Ginbo, and on the east by Decha. Towns in Chena include Shishinda. Western kebeles of Chena were used to form Bita district.

Decha
Decha is a district in the South West Region of Ethiopia. The name Decha comes from one of the provinces in the former Kingdom of Kaffa, which had the approximately same boundaries. Part of the Keffa Zone, Decha is bordered on the south by the Omo River which separates it from the Debub Omo Zone, on the west by the Bench Maji Zone, on the northwest by Chena, on the north by Ginbo, on the northeast by Menjiwo, on the west by Telo and Cheta, and on the southeast by the Denchya River which separates it from the Konta special district. The major town in Decha is Chiri.

According to a 2004 report, Decha had 47 kilometers of all-weather roads and 5 kilometers of dry-weather roads, for an average road density of 18 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers. The southern tip of Decha is included in the territory of the Omo National Park.
Reed–Jenkins Act
The Reed–Jenkins Act was a statute enacted on May 29, 1928, during the 70th United States Congress.  It repealed previous laws that provided federal funds for Americanization programs supporting Native American schools, educational experimentation agencies, and Native agency farms.  The law was sponsored by Senator David A. Reed (Republican) of Pennsylvania and Representative Thomas A. Jenkins (Republican) of Ohio.

70th United States Congress
The 70th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from March 4, 1927, to March 4, 1929, during the last two years of Calvin Coolidge's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1910 United States census.

Both chambers had a Republican majority - albeit reduced from the previous Congress - and along with President Coolidge, the Republicans maintained an overall federal government trifecta.
French frigate Alsace
Alsace (D656) is an Aquitaine-class frigate of the French Navy developed through the FREMM multipurpose frigate program. She is the first of two air-defence variants of the class known as FREMM DA (Frégate Européenne Multimissions de Défense Aérienne) in the program.

Horizon-class frigate
The Horizon class (French: Classe Horizon; Italian: Classe Orizzonte) is a class of air-defence destroyers in service with the French and Italian navies. They are designated as destroyers by the Italians and are referred to as "frigates" by the French but nonetheless also use the NATO classification "D" intended for destroyers. The programme started as the Common New Generation Frigate (CNGF), a three-nation collaboration between France, the United Kingdom, and Italy to develop a new generation of air-defence warships. Differing national requirements, workshare disagreements and delays led to the UK withdrawing from the project in 1999 to develop the Type 45 destroyer.

The FREMM multipurpose frigate were built using the same company structure as the Horizon project.
Mohammed Mahdi Akef
Mohammed Mahdi Akef (Arabic: محمد مهدي عاكف; July 12, 1928 – September 22, 2017) was the head of the Muslim Brotherhood, an Egypt-based Islamic political movement, from 2004 until 2010. He assumed the post, that of "general guide" (Arabic: المرشد العام) (frequently translated as "chairman") upon the death of his predecessor, Ma'mun al-Hudaybi. Akef was arrested on 4 July 2013. On 14 July 2013 Egypt's new prosecutor general Hisham Barakat ordered his assets to be frozen.

Ma'mun al-Hudaybi
Ma'mun al-Hudaybi (Arabic: مأمون الهضيبي) (May 28, 1921 – January 8, 2004) was the sixth General Guide of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. He briefly succeeded Mustafa Mashhur as General Guide in 2002, and headed the Islamist group until his death on January 8, 2004. His successor was Mohammed Mahdi Akef. Ma'mun al-Hudaybi was the son of the second General Guide, Hassan al-Hudaybi.
Hinde & Dauch Paper Company
The Hinde & Dauch Paper Company was an international paper-making company that was based in Sandusky, Ohio, United States. The firm was founded as Sandusky Paper Company by W. J. Bonn in 1880.

Two developers of a hay-baling process, James J. Hinde and Jacob J. Dauch, later purchased the company. It was ultimately acquired by the West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company.

A 2009 story in the Sandusky Register recalled the days of a century before, when the company employed 350 workers in the city. Local residents clearly remembered the scent of the company; to quote Erie County Historical Society president Janet Senne, "It smelled up the whole town. It made you sick to your stomach in the 1940s". In the previous two decades, Hinde and Dauch had been the city's largest employer.

Three of the company's buildings are separately listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Sandusky, Ohio
Sandusky (/sænˈdʌski/ san-DUSS-kee) is a city in Erie County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. Situated on the southern shore of Lake Erie, Sandusky is located roughly midway between Toledo (45 miles (72 km) west) and Cleveland (50 miles (80 km) east). At the 2020 census, the city had a population of 25,095, and the Sandusky metropolitan area had 115,986 residents.

Sandusky was established in the early 19th century and developed as a port city at the head of Sandusky Bay. It is home to Cedar Point, one of the most popular amusement parks in the world, as well as water parks including Cedar Point Shores, Castaway Bay, Great Wolf Lodge, and Kalahari. The headquarters of Cedar Fair Entertainment Company were located in the city until it merged with Six Flags, who retains some administrative offices in Sandusky.
William Guarnere
William J. Guarnere Sr. (April 28, 1923 – March 8, 2014) was a United States Army paratrooper who fought in World War II as a non-commissioned officer with Easy Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, in the 101st Airborne Division.

Guarnere wrote Brothers in Battle, Best of Friends: Two WWII Paratroopers from the Original Band of Brothers Tell Their Story with long-time friend Edward "Babe" Heffron and journalist Robyn Post in 2007. Guarnere was portrayed in the 2001 HBO miniseries Band of Brothers by Frank John Hughes.

Frank John Hughes
Frank John Hughes (born November 11, 1967) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his portrayals of "Wild Bill" Guarnere in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers, Tom Fox in Catch Me If You Can, Tim Woods in 24, and Walden Belfiore in The Sopranos.
USAF Air War College
The Air War College (AWC) is the senior Professional Military Education (PME) school of the U.S. Air Force.  A part of the United States Air Force's Air University, AWC emphasizes the employment of air, space, and cyberspace in joint operations. Headquartered at Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama, its higher headquarters is the Air Education and Training Command (AETC) at Randolph Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas. It is one of six war colleges within the U.S. Department of Defense's Joint Professional Military Education (JPME) Phase II Education Program for commissioned officers.

Marine Corps War College
The Marine Corps War College (MCWAR) is the senior school of the Marine Corps University, providing Joint Professional Military Education (JPME) to selected United States military officers, civilian Government officials, and international military officers.  The college prepares officers for future senior command and staff responsibilities requiring exceptional operational competence, sound military judgment, and strategic thinking. The college is located within the Marine Corps University aboard Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia.
Kukenarup Memorial
The Kukenarup Memorial is a memorial 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) west of Ravensthorpe, Western Australia that commemorates the killing of many Noongar people following the death of John Dunn, whose family had taken out a pastoral lease in the 1870s. Reports of the incidents vary. The Memorial to the historical incident was opened in May 2015 in the region. Accounts agree that John Dunn was killed in 1880. Yandawalla (Yungala) was arrested and charged with the crime. Dartaban (Dartemera, "Jumbo") was also involved, and was a witness in the trial of Yandawalla in 1881. Yandawalla was acquitted of the murder. Reprisal killings of a number of Noongar people occurred, seemingly both before and after that acquittal.
John Dunn's grave is at Cocanarup Homestead.

There is a plaque, display board and boards along a walk trail with quotes from various Noongar community members and families at the Memorial.

Ravensthorpe, Western Australia
Ravensthorpe is a town 541 km south-east of Perth and 40 km inland from the south coast of Western Australia. It is the seat of government of the Shire of Ravensthorpe. At the 2021 census, Ravensthorpe had a population of 2,085.

In 1848, the area was surveyed by Surveyor General John Septimus Roe who named many of the geographical features nearby, including the Ravensthorpe Range that the town was named after.

There was one of the Western Australian Government Railways isolated branch lines between Hopetoun and Ravensthorpe. This line, the Hopetoun to Ravensthorpe railway line, opened in 1909.

Alluvial gold was discovered at the Phillips River in 1892. At the goldfield a de facto town emerged, known as Phillips River. The government completed construction of a copper and gold smelter about 2 km south east of the town in 1906, used to cast copper and gold ingots.
Oakwood School, Horley
Oakwood School is a community secondary school located in Horley, Surrey, England. It is co-educational and caters for students in the 11–16 age range, as it has no sixth form. It has approximately 1500 students, and as it is the only secondary school in Horley, it is expected to grow further in size.

Horley
Horley is a town in the borough of Reigate and Banstead in Surrey, England, south of the towns of Reigate and Redhill. The county border with West Sussex is to the south with Crawley and Gatwick Airport close to the town.

It has its own economy that comprises business parks and a shopping centre with a long high street. Because of its position, it has good commuter links to London and other surrounding towns.
Caravia La Baxa
Caravia La Baxa is one of two parishes in Caravia, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The parroquia  is 5.31 km2 (2.05 sq mi) in size, with a population of 254 (INE 2007).

Caravia
Caravia is a municipality in the Autonomous Community of the Principality of Asturias, Spain. It is bordered on the north by the Bay of Biscay, part of the Cantabrian Sea, on the south by Parres, on the east by Ribadesella and on the west by Colunga.
Heisenberg group
In mathematics, the Heisenberg group , named after Werner Heisenberg, is the group of 3×3 upper triangular matrices of the form

under the operation of matrix multiplication. Elements a, b and c can be taken from any commutative ring with identity, often taken to be the ring of real numbers (resulting in the "continuous Heisenberg group") or the ring of integers (resulting in the "discrete Heisenberg group").

The continuous Heisenberg group arises in the description of one-dimensional quantum mechanical systems, especially in the context of the Stone–von Neumann theorem. More generally, one can consider Heisenberg groups associated to n-dimensional systems, and most generally, to any symplectic vector space.

Nilpotent group
In mathematics, specifically group theory, a nilpotent group G is a group that has an upper central series that terminates with G. Equivalently, it has a central series of finite length or its lower central series terminates with {1}.

Intuitively, a nilpotent group is a group that is "almost abelian". This idea is motivated by the fact that nilpotent groups are solvable, and for finite nilpotent groups, two elements having relatively prime orders must commute. It is also true that finite nilpotent groups are supersolvable. The concept is credited to work in the 1930s by Russian mathematician Sergei Chernikov.

Nilpotent groups arise in Galois theory, as well as in the classification of groups. They also appear prominently in the classification of Lie groups.

Analogous terms are used for Lie algebras (using the Lie bracket) including nilpotent, lower central series, and upper central series.
Blemmyan language
Blemmyan, Blemmye, Old Beja or Old Bedauye is an extinct Afroasiatic language of the Cushitic branch that was spoken by the Blemmyes in the Eastern Desert. Its identification as an early form of Beja is generally accepted.

Cushitic languages
The Cushitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They are spoken primarily in the Horn of Africa, with minorities speaking Cushitic languages to the north in Egypt and Sudan, and to the south in Kenya and Tanzania. As of 2012, the Cushitic languages with over one million speakers were Oromo, Somali, Beja, Afar, Hadiyya, Kambaata, and Sidama.
Reem Maged
Reem Maged (Arabic: ريم ماجد فوزى السيد أبو زيد [ˈriːm ˈmaːɡid]; born 1 January 1974) is an Egyptian journalist and former host of the popular Baladna bel Masry talk show on Egyptian ONTV. Maged's popularity and renown have dramatically increased due to her critical coverage of political events since the 2011 Egyptian revolution, as well as her hosting of individuals on her show that are critical of the military Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, or SCAF, that has ruled Egypt since the resignation of Hosni Mubarak. She has been described as "Egypt’s best and arguably most vocal [female voice] in delivering the true happenings to the country on a nightly basis." Maged stopped presenting the show in 2013 and in 2014 joined a hunger strike campaign in solidarity with political prisoners.

Hossam el-Hamalawy
Hossam el-Hamalawy (Arabic: حسام الحملاوى, IPA: [ħoˈsæːm elħæmæˈlæːwi]; AKA 3arabawy عرباوى, [ʕɑɾˤɑˈbɑːwi]; born 14 July 1977) is an Egyptian journalist, blogger, photographer and socialist activist. He is a member of the Revolutionary Socialists and the Center for Socialist Studies.
Galway's Land National Park
Galways Land National Park is a small 27 ha (0.10 mi2) national park consisting of dense montane forest. It is located within the city limits of Nuwara Eliya in Sri Lanka, approximately 2 km (1 mi) east of the city centre. The area was first declared a wildlife sanctuary on 27 May 1938, and later upgraded to national park status on 18 May 2006. The park was established to conserve the unique montane ecosystems of the region.

The Field Ornithology Group of Sri Lanka identifies both Victoria Park and Galways Land National Park as two of the most significant birdwatching sites in the country. The park is home to about 20 species of rare migrant birds and around 30 native bird species. In addition to its rich avifauna, Galways Land National Park preserves valuable flora of both native and introduced origin. The nearby Galway Forest Lodge is located close to the park boundary.

Nuwara Eliya
Nuwara Eliya (Sinhala: නුවර එළිය [nuwərə ɛlijə]; Tamil: நுவரெலியா [nʉʋəɾɛlɪjɑː]) is a city in the hill country of the Central Province, Sri Lanka. Its name means "city on the plain (table land)" or "city of light". The city is the administrative capital of Nuwara Eliya District, with a picturesque landscape and temperate climate. It is at an altitude of 1,868 m (6,128 ft) and is considered to be the most important location for tea production in Sri Lanka. The city is overlooked by Pidurutalagala, the tallest mountain in Sri Lanka. Nuwara Eliya is known for its temperate, cool climate – the coolest area in Sri Lanka.