hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Edinburgh Law School
Edinburgh Law School is a department within the College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. It was founded in 1707.

It is located in the historic Old College, the original site of the University. Two of the twelve currently sitting Supreme Court of the United Kingdom justices are graduates of Edinburgh, including the current President and Deputy President.

In 2014, the Research Excellence Framework commissioned by the UK government, ranked the University of Edinburgh 1st in Scotland and 4th in the UK. The 2022 league table rankings from The Guardian placed Edinburgh at 10th in the UK. The 2022 Complete University Guide league rankings placed Edinburgh at 8th in the UK. The 2018 The Times league rankings placed Edinburgh at 11th in the UK. Edinburgh Law School was placed 17th in the world and 6th in the UK for law in the 2023 QS World University Rankings by Subject: Law & Legal Studies.

David Edward
Sir David Alexander Ogilvy Edward KCMG PC KC FRSE (born 14 November 1934) is a Scottish lawyer and academic, and former Judge of the Court of Justice of the European Communities. 
Sir David is an Honorary Fellow of University College, Oxford; Honorary Professor of the University of Edinburgh and Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He is also an Honorary Sheriff of the Sheriffdom of Tayside, Central and Fife at Perth, Scotland.
Adolph Kolping
Adolph Kolping (8 December 1813 – 4 December 1865) was a German Catholic priest and the founder of the Kolping Association. He led the movement for providing and promoting social support for workers in industrialized cities while also working to promote the dignities of workers in accordance with the social magisterium of the faith. He was called Gesellenvater (the Journeymen's Father).

The beatification for the priest commenced on 21 March 1934 and he was later titled as Venerable in 1989. His beatification was celebrated under Pope John Paul II on 27 October 1991 in Saint Peter's Square; his liturgical feast is not affixed to the date of his death as is the norm but rather on 6 December.

Minoritenkirche, Cologne
The Minoritenkirche or Church of the Immaculate Conception (German – St. Mariä Empfängnis) is a Catholic church on the  Kolpingplatz in Cologne. Built in the 13th century, it is now used by the Franciscan and the Kolpingwerk social association.

It is notable for containing the tombs of Duns Scotus and Adolph Kolping, both of whom were beatified by Pope John Paul II – Kolping was also ordained priest in the church. Kolping and Scotus both feature on the new west doors designed by Paul Nagel in 2006.
Gamuda Berhad
Gamuda Berhad (MYX: 5398) is a leading and renowned Malaysian corporation with worldwide recognition, widely regarded as a powerhouse in engineering, infrastructure, and property development.  Regarded as one of the country’s largest and most prominent entities in civil engineering and development, Gamuda has delivered numerous large-scale projects both domestically and abroad, including the Klang Valley MRT lines, expressways, airport runways, railways, tunnels, water treatment plants, dams, concessions, and township developments. The company is listed on the Main Market of Bursa Malaysia, and is recognised for maintaining one of the largest construction order books among Malaysian engineering firms. Beyond Malaysia, Gamuda has established a strong international footprint, with regional operations in Australia, Taiwan, Vietnam, Singapore, India, and Qatar, underscoring its position as one of the region’s most reputable engineering firms.

Kajang line
The MRT Kajang Line, previously known as the MRT Sungai Buloh–Kajang Line, is a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) line servicing the Klang Valley, Malaysia. It is the second fully automated and driverless rail system in the Klang Valley region after the LRT Kelana Jaya Line. Owned by MRT Corp and operated as part of the Rapid KL system by Rapid Rail, it forms part of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System. The line is numbered 9 and coloured green on official transit maps.

It is one of three planned MRT rail lines under the Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Project by MRT Corp. Phase 1 operations between Sungai Buloh and Semantan commenced service on 16 December 2016. Phase 2 operations between Muzium Negara and Kajang was opened on 17 July 2017, as a free shuttle service, by former Malaysian Prime Minister, Najib Razak in a ceremony at the Tun Razak Exchange station. Full revenue service between Sungai Buloh and Kajang began the following day.
Allendeite
Allendeite, Sc4Zr3O12, is an oxide mineral. Allendeite was discovered in a small ultrarefractory inclusion within the Allende meteorite. This inclusion has been named ACM-1.  It is one of several scandium rich minerals that have been found in meteorites. Allendeite is trigonal, with a calculated density of 4.84 g/cm3. The new mineral was found along with hexamolybdenum. These minerals, are believed to demonstrate conditions during the early stages of the Solar System, as is the case with many CV3 carbonaceous chondrites such as the Allende meteorite.  It is named after the Allende meteorite that fell in 1969 near Pueblito de Allende, Chihuahua, Mexico.

Oxide mineral
The oxide mineral class includes those minerals in which the oxide anion (O2−) is bonded to one or more metal alloys. The hydroxide-bearing minerals are typically included in the oxide class. Minerals with complex anion groups such as the silicates, sulfates, carbonates and phosphates are classed separately.
Kew Rule
The Kew Rule was used by some authors to determine the application of synonymous names in botanical nomenclature up to about 1906, but was and still is contrary to codes of botanical nomenclature including the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. Index Kewensis, a publication that aimed to list all botanical names for seed plants at the ranks of species and genus, used the Kew Rule until its Supplement IV was published in 1913 (prepared 1906–1910).

The Kew Rule applied rules of priority in a more flexible way, so that when transferring a species to a new genus, there was no requirement to retain the epithet of the original species name, and future priority of the new name was counted from the time the species was transferred to the new genus. The effect has been summarized as "nomenclature used by an established monographer or in a major publication should be adopted". This is contrary to the modern article 11.4 of the Code of Nomenclature.

Priority (biology)
Priority is a principle in biological taxonomy by which a valid scientific name is established based on the oldest available name. It is a decisive rule in botanical and zoological nomenclature to recognise the first binomial name (also called binominal name in zoology) given to an organism as the correct and acceptable name. The purpose is to select one scientific name as a stable one out of two or more alternate names that often exist for a single species.

The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) defines it as: "A right to precedence established by the date of valid publication of a legitimate name or of an earlier homonym, or by the date of designation of a type." Basically, it is a scientific procedure to eliminate duplicate or multiple names for a species, for which Lucien Marcus Underwood called it "the principle of outlaw in nomenclature".
King James Academy Royston
King James Academy Royston (KJAR) is a through school located in Royston, Hertfordshire, England. It is an academy, and opened in September 2019, as a result of the merger of the town's two middle schools, Roysia and Greneway, and its Meridian upper school. The school is spread over 2 sites, with the Meridian site now being the Senior site and the Greneway site being the Junior site.

KJAR received a "Good" Ofsted outcome in all categories on 23 April 2024, with pupils experiencing a well-designed, ambitious curriculum which meets their needs.  The school is also well-recognised for its sporting success, with several of its teams winning district titles in 2023.  Most notably, its Year 10 boys football team made it to the national U15 Schools' Cup final in 2023.

Royston, Hertfordshire
Royston is a town and civil parish in the District of North Hertfordshire and county of Hertfordshire in England.

It is situated on the Greenwich Meridian, which brushes the town's eastern boundary, and at the northernmost apex of the county on the same latitude as towns such as Milton Keynes and Ipswich.  It is about 43 miles (69 km) north of central London in a rural area.

Until 1896, the boundary between Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire ran east–west through the centre of town along the middle of Baldock Street and Melbourn Street. At the 2021 census, the parish had a population of 17,444.
Campobasso railway station
Campobasso railway station (Italian: Stazione di Campobasso) serves the city and comune of Campobasso, in the region of Molise, southern Italy.  Opened in 1883, it is located on the Termoli–Venafro railway.

The station is currently managed by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (RFI).  However, the commercial area of the passenger building is managed by Centostazioni.  Train services are operated by Trenitalia.  Each of these companies is a subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane (FS), Italy's state-owned rail company.

Campobasso
Campobasso (UK: /ˌkæmpoʊˈbæsoʊ/, Italian: [ˌkampoˈbasso] ⓘ; Campobassan: Cambuàsce [ˌkambuˈwaʃʃə]) is a city and comune in southern Italy, the capital of the region of Molise and of the province of Campobasso. It is located in the high basin of the Biferno river, surrounded by the Sannio and Matese mountains.

Campobasso is renowned for the craftsmanship of blades (including scissors and knives), a fact well documented since the 14th century. It is also famous for the production of pears and scamorza (cheese). The city is home to the University of Molise and the Archdiocese of Campobasso-Boiano.
Carmen – Uma biografia
Carmen – Uma biografia (English: Carmen – A Biography) is a 2005 biographical book written by Ruy Castro. Published in the year 2005 by Companhia das Letras, the book treats on the main events Carmen Miranda's life, from her rise as a radio singer in the 1930s in Brazil, through the peak period of her career as a Hollywood actress and singer of Broadway to the process of her decline and death.

Ruy Castro
Ruy Castro (born 26 February 1948, in Caratinga) is a Brazilian author and journalist. In 1996 he was a co-winner of the Prêmio Jabuti. He is known for his writings concerning Bossa nova and for his biographies, profiling  figures such as Garrincha, Nelson Rodrigues and Carmen Miranda.

On 6 October 2022 he was elected to occupy the Chair number 13 at the Brazilian Academy of Letters, in succession to Sérgio Paulo Rouanet.
Hrafnagil
Hrafnagil (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈr̥apnaˌcɪːl̥], also known as Hrafnagilshverfi [ˈr̥apnaˌcɪlsˌkʰvɛrvɪ] and formerly Reykárhverfi [ˈreiːkˌaurˌkʰvɛrvɪ]) is a small village in Eyjafjarðarsveit, northern Iceland, which in 2016 had 260 inhabitants.

The village has a school and a community center. The area has access to high-temperature geothermal heat, which is used to heat houses and greenhouses.

Eyjafjörður
Eyjafjörður (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈeiːjaˌfjœrðʏr̥] ⓘ, Island Fjord) is one of the longest fjords in Iceland. It is located in the central north of the country. Situated by the fjord is the country's fourth most populous municipality, Akureyri.
Autoregressive integrated moving average
In time series analysis used in statistics and econometrics, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and seasonal ARIMA (SARIMA) models are generalizations of the autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model to non-stationary series and periodic variation, respectively. All these models are fitted to time series in order to better understand it and predict future values. The purpose of these generalizations is to fit the data as well as possible. Specifically, ARMA assumes that the series is stationary, that is, its expected value is constant in time. If instead the series has a trend (but a constant variance/autocovariance), the trend is removed by "differencing", leaving a stationary series. This operation generalizes ARMA and corresponds to the "integrated" part of ARIMA. Analogously, periodic variation is removed by "seasonal differencing".

Partial autocorrelation function
In time series analysis, the partial autocorrelation function (PACF) gives the partial correlation of a stationary time series with its own lagged values, regressed the values of the time series at all shorter lags. It contrasts with the autocorrelation function, which does not control for other lags.

This function plays an important role in data analysis aimed at identifying the extent of the lag in an autoregressive (AR) model. The use of this function was introduced as part of the Box–Jenkins approach to time series modelling, whereby plotting the partial autocorrelative functions one could determine the appropriate lags p in an AR (p) model or in an extended ARIMA (p,d,q) model.
Law enforcement in Ghana
The Ghana Police Service is the main law enforcement agency in Ghana. It is organized at national level and has a unitary command under the Inspector General of Police (IGP). Although there are many regional and divisional commands, they all report to the National Headquarters in Accra.

Ghana Police Service
The Ghana Police Service (GPS) is the main law enforcement agency of Ghana. The service is under the control of the Ghanaian Ministry of the Interior, and employs over 30,000 officers across its 651 stations.
Serhiy Kuzmenko
Serhiy Kuzmenko (Ukrainian: Сергій Анатолійович Кузьменко, born 22 January 1975) is a Ukrainian politician, businessman and state official. In the 2020 Ukrainian local elections he was elected, as a nonpartisan politician, mayor of Oleksandriia.

Kuzmenko is a former head of the Kirovohrad Regional State Administration (Governor of Kirovohrad Oblast) from 16 September 2014 until 2019.

Governor of Kirovohrad Oblast
The governor of Kirovohrad Oblast is the head of executive branch for the Kirovohrad Oblast.

The office of governor is an appointed position, with officeholders being appointed by the president of Ukraine, on recommendation from the prime minister of Ukraine, to serve a four-year term.

The official residence for the governor is located in Kropyvnytskyi.
Alavus
Alavus (Swedish: Alavo) is a town and municipality of Finland in the province of Western Finland. Part of the South Ostrobothnia region, it is located 52 kilometres (32 mi) southeast of Seinäjoki, 138 kilometres (86 mi) north of Tampere and 319 kilometres (198 mi) north of Helsinki. The town has a population of 10,722 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 1,151.46 square kilometres (444.58 sq mi) of which 52.31 km2 (20.20 sq mi) is water. The population density is 9.86 inhabitants per square kilometre (25.5/sq mi). Neighbouring municipalities are Alajärvi, Kuortane, Seinäjoki, Virrat and Ähtäri.

Agriculture and forestry employ a significant share of the population. Most of the industry in Alavus is related to construction: materials, design and contractors. Alavus has 60 lakes with 324 kilometres (201 mi) of shoreline. The town is unilingually Finnish.

Alajärvi
Alajärvi (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈɑlɑˌjærʋi]; lit. 'lower lake') is a town and municipality of Finland. It is located in the South Ostrobothnia region. The town has a population of 9,065 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 1,056.74 square kilometres (408.01 sq mi) of which 47.99 km2 (18.53 sq mi) is water. The population density is 8.99 inhabitants per square kilometre (23.3/sq mi). The town is unilingually Finnish.

The municipality of Lehtimäki was consolidated with Alajärvi on 1 January 2009.
Loxosceles adelaida
Loxosceles adelaida is a species of venomous recluse spider found in South America.

L. adelaida inhabits mainly in caves, but has also been reported in forests adjacent to caves in Brazil. A recent study on the biological activity of venom of this species proved that it has a similar potential to induce hemolysis, dermonecrosis and lethality that L. gaucho, its venom produced a component of 31 kDa, endowed with hemolytic and dermonecrotic activities, therefore it has the potential to cause serious accidents as well as synanthropic species.

Recluse spider
The recluse spiders (Loxosceles (/lɒkˈsɒsɪliːz/), also known as brown spiders, fiddle-backs, violin spiders, and reapers, are a genus of spiders that were first described by R. T. Lowe in 1832. They are venomous spiders known for their bite, which sometimes produces a characteristic set of symptoms known as loxoscelism.

Recluse spiders are now identified as members of the family Sicariidae, having formerly been placed in their own family, the Loxoscelidae. Although recluse spiders are feared, they are usually not aggressive.
Joseph State Airport
Joseph State Airport (ICAO: KJSY, FAA LID: JSY, formerly 4S3) is a public use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) west of the central business district of Joseph, a city in Wallowa County, Oregon, United States. It is owned by the Oregon Department of Aviation.

Commercial flights are not currently available to Joseph. The nearest commercial flights are at the Eastern Oregon Regional Airport in Pendleton.

Although many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned JSY by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA (which assigned JSY to Syros Island National Airport on Syros Island in Greece).

Joseph, Oregon
Joseph is a city in Wallowa County, Oregon, United States. Originally named Silver Lake and Lake City, the city formally named itself in 1880 for Chief Joseph (1840–1904) of the Nez Perce people. As of the 2020 census, Joseph had a population of 1,154.
Memaliaj Fshat
Memaliaj Fshat is a village and a former municipality in the Gjirokastër County, southern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Memaliaj. The population at the 2011 census was 1,606. The municipal unit consists of the villages Memaliaj Fshat, Vasjar, Cerrilë, Mirinë, Damës, Kallëmb, Kashisht and Bylysh.

Damës, Gjirokastër
Damës (also, Damasi, Damësi and Damsi) is a village in the former Memaliaj Fshat municipality, Gjirokastër County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Memaliaj.
Chalukyas of Vemulavada
The Chalukyas of Vemulavada were an Indian dynasty that ruled in and around the present-day Telangana between 7th and 10th centuries. Their capital was located at Vemulavada, and they were vassals of the Rashtrakutas.

Adikavi Pampa
Pampa  (902–955), also referred to by the honorific Ādikavi (Poet of Adinath purana), was a Kannada-language Jain poet whose works reflected his philosophical beliefs. He was a court poet of Vemulavada Chalukya king Arikesari II, who was a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta Emperor Krishna III. Pampa is best known for his epics Vikramārjuna Vijaya or Pampa Bharata, and the "Ādi purāṇa", both written in the champu style around c. 939. These works served as the model for all future champu works in Kannada.

The works of Jain writers Pampa celebrated as one of the “three gems” (Ratnatraya) of classical "Kannada literature" alongside Sri Ponna (poet) and Ranna (Kannada poet). heralded the 10th century era of medieval Kannada literature.
Alexei Razumovsky
Count Alexei Grigorievich Razumovsky (Russian: Граф Алексе́й Григо́рьевич Разумо́вский, Ukrainian: Граф Олексій Григорович Розумовський; 1709–1771) was a Ukrainian-born Russian Registered Cossack who rose to become the lover and, supposedly, morganatic spouse of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna of Russia. A member of the House of Razumovsky, he survived Elizabeth. The matter of any children they may have had together is unresolved.

Razumovsky
The House of Razumovsky or Rozumovsky (Russian: Разумовский, Ukrainian: Розумовський, German: Razumofsky) is the name of an Imperial Russian noble family of Zaporozhian Cossack origin from Siveria. The main family line became extinct in the 19th century, while its Austrian branch exists to this day. The Austrian branch was started by Grigory Razumovsky, who was forced to relocate to the Austrian Empire in 1816, after he received the hereditary title of Prince in 1815 from Francis I, Emperor of Austria.
Paz Oil Company
Paz Oil Company Ltd. (Hebrew: פז חברת הנפט בע"מ) (TASE: PZOL) is the largest Israeli fuels company.  Paz distributes gasoline and other petroleum products through a network of gas stations, as well as LPG and natural gas for home use (cooking and heating) through its subsidiary PazGaz. Paz operates combined cafes and stores in many gas stations, through its subsidiary Yellow. It also owns the supermarket chains Freshmarket and Super Yuda.

Ashdod Oil Refineries
Ashdod Refinery Ltd. (Hebrew: בית זיקוק אשדוד) situated in the coastal city of Ashdod is the second largest oil refinery in Israel (behind Haifa's oil refinery). It is located in the industrial zone in the northern part of the city, nearby the Port of Ashdod. As of 2014, it has an annual refining capacity of 5.4 million tons of oil, with a Nelson complexity index of 9.8.
Burchfield Homestead
The Burchfield Homestead was the boyhood home of Charles E. Burchfield. It is located in Salem, Ohio, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Charles Burchfield was noted for his paintings of scenes in and around this home. Art historian Henry Adams, curator of American Art at the Cleveland Museum of Art, called the house "a building of extraordinary significance."

Charles E. Burchfield
Charles Ephraim Burchfield (April 9, 1893 – January 10, 1967) was an American painter and visionary artist, known for his passionate watercolors of nature scenes and townscapes. The largest collection of Burchfield's paintings, archives and journals are in the collection of the Burchfield Penney Art Center in Buffalo. His paintings are in the collections of more than 109 museums in the USA and have been the subject of exhibitions at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Hammer Museum, and the Museum of Modern Art, as well as other prominent institutions.
Pallet racking
Pallet rack is a material handling storage aid system designed to store materials on pallets (or “skids”).  Although there are many varieties of pallet racking, all types allow for the storage of palletized materials in horizontal rows with multiple levels. Forklift trucks are usually required to place the loaded pallets onto the racks for storage. Since the Second World War, pallet racks have become a ubiquitous element of most modern warehouses, manufacturing facilities, retail centers, and other storage and distribution facilities. All types of pallet racking increase storage density of the stored goods.  Costs associated with the racking increases with increasing storage density.

Forklift
A forklift (also called industrial truck, lift truck, jitney, hi-lo, fork truck, fork hoist, and forklift truck) is a powered industrial truck used to lift and move materials over short distances.

The forklift was developed in the early 20th century by various companies, including Clark, which made transmissions, and Yale & Towne Manufacturing, which made hoists.

Since World War II, the development and use of the forklift truck has greatly expanded worldwide. Forklifts have become an indispensable piece of equipment in manufacturing and warehousing. In 2013, the top 20 manufacturers worldwide posted sales of $30.4 billion, with 944,405 machines sold.