hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Menallen Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania
Menallen Township is a township in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. The population was 4,095 at the 2020 census, a decline from the figure of 4,205 tabulated in 2010. The Uniontown Area School District serves the region.

The township is named after an older variant spelling of Moyallen, County Down, now in Northern Ireland.

Waltersburg, Keisterville, Upper Middletown, Searights, Buffington, New Salem, Haddenville, Shamrock, Upper Peanut, Lower Peanut, Dearth, Rocks Works, Newboro, and portions of Smock and Balsinger are located in this township.

Fayette County, Pennsylvania
Fayette County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It is located in southwestern Pennsylvania, adjacent to Maryland and West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 128,804. Its county seat is Uniontown. The county was created on September 26, 1783, from part of Westmoreland County and named after the Marquis de Lafayette. The county is part of the Southwest region of the commonwealth.

Fayette County is part of the Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. The southern border of Fayette County is the southern border of Pennsylvania at both the Pennsylvania–Maryland state line (the Mason–Dixon line) and the Pennsylvania–West Virginia state line.
Trigoides
Trigoides aclis is an extinct species of comb jelly. The genus Trigoides is known from fossils from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte. It is proposed to be a type of ctenophore. A phylogenetic study of Cambrian stem-group ctenophores recovered Trigoides in Scleroctenophora, along with Galeactena, Maotianoascus, Thaumactena, Batofasciculus and Gemmactena.

Maotianoascus
Maotianoascus octonarius is an extinct species of stem-group ctenophore, known from the Chinese Maotianshan shales of Yunnan. It is dated to Cambrian Stage 3 and belongs to late Early Cambrian strata.

The species is remarkable for its set of eight massive lobes.

A phylogenetic study of Cambrian stem-group ctenophores recovered Maotianoascus in Scleroctenophora, along with Galeactena, Thaumactena, Batofasciculus, Gemmactena and Trigoides.
ČSD Class 387.0
The ČSD Class 387.0 were 4-6-2 express passenger steam locomotives operated by the Czechoslovak State Railways (Československé státní dráhy, ČSD) between 1926 and 1974. Forty-three of these 2,100-horsepower (1,570 kW) pacific locomotives were built by Škoda Works, Plzeň in five series between 1926 and 1937. They were  intended for the heaviest long-distance express trains.

4-6-2
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-6-2 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles, six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles and two trailing wheels on one axle. The 4-6-2 locomotive became almost globally known as a Pacific type after a locomotive built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia was shipped across the Pacific Ocean to New Zealand.
Municipal police
Municipal police, city police, or local police are law enforcement agencies that are under the control of local government. This includes the municipal government, where it is the smallest administrative subdivision. They receive funding from the city budget, and may have fewer legal powers than the "state paid" police. These police forces usually report to a mayor or a local police board.

Law enforcement agency
A law enforcement agency (LEA) is any government agency responsible for law enforcement within a specific jurisdiction through the employment and deployment of law enforcement officers and their resources. The most common type of law enforcement agency is the police, but various other forms exist as well, including agencies that focus on specific legal violations or are organized and overseen by certain authorities. They typically have various powers and legal rights to allow them to perform their duties, such as the power of arrest and the use of force.
Israel Weiss
Israel Weiss (Hebrew: ישראל וייס; born 1949) was the Chief Military Rabbi of the Israel Defense Forces serving in the position between 2000 and 2006, with a rank of Brigadier General. His predecessor in that position was Rabbi Gad Navon.

Military Rabbinate
The Military Rabbinate (Hebrew: חיל הרבנות הצבאית, Heil HaRabanut HaTzvait) is a corps in the Israel Defense Forces that provides religious services to soldiers, primarily to Jews, but also including non-Jews, and makes decisions on issues of religion and military affairs. The Military Rabbinate is headed by the Chief Military Rabbi, who is ranked a Brigadier General. The current Chief Military Rabbi is Eyal Krim.
Seton Powerhouse
The Seton Powerhouse is a hydroelectric generating station on the Fraser River just below the confluence of the Seton River at the town of Lillooet, British Columbia, Canada.  The powerhouse is fed by the Seton Canal, a 5 km diversion of the flow of the Seton River which begins at Seton Dam, just below the foot of Seton Lake to the west.  The powerhouse is the last in sequence, and smallest, of the generating stations of BC Hydro's Bridge River Power Project, which diverts the flow of the Bridge River into Seton Lake.  The powerhouse uses only 50 feet of head between Seton Lake and the Fraser to produce a maximum generating capacity of 42 MW and an average capacity of 330 GWh per year.

Seton River
The Seton River is a tributary of the Fraser River in the Canadian province of British Columbia.  The name is relatively new, and encompasses what had formerly been the Seton Portage River or Portage Creek (aka Portage River) and Seton Creek (which shows up on some topos as "Section Creek" due to a mis-read of old hand-written maps).
BUTEC
The British Underwater Test and Evaluation Centre (BUTEC) is an underwater military test and evaluation range in the Inner Sound between the island of Raasay and the Applecross peninsula, on the north west coast of Scotland.

BUTEC is operated by defence contractor QinetiQ on behalf of the Ministry of Defence and Royal Navy. The range is used for noise ranging of surface ships and submarines and for testing of a variety of weapons and sensors.

South Rona
Rona (Scottish Gaelic: Rònaigh), sometimes called South Rona to distinguish it from North Rona (a small uninhabited island to the northwest of Cape Wrath), is an uninhabited island in the Inner Hebrides. It lies between the Sound of Raasay and the Inner Sound just north of the neighbouring island of Raasay and east of the Trotternish peninsula of Skye. It has a total area of 930 hectares (3.6 sq mi) and has a population of 1. The island is owned by hedge fund manager Danny Luhde-Thompson and his wife, Cressida Pollock.

Rona Lighthouse is situated on the island.
Divisions of Pakistan
The administrative units of Pakistan contains four provinces, two administrative territories of the Kashmir region and a capital territory. The provinces and administrative territories are subdivided into 37 divisions. These divisions are further subdivided into districts, tehsils, and finally union councils. The divisions were abolished in 2000, but restored in 2008.

These divisions do not include the Islamabad Capital Territory. The formerly Federally Administered Tribal Areas, which were counted at the same level as provinces, have been subsumed into the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and allocated to neighbouring divisions therein in 2018.

Peshawar Division
Peshawar Division is an administrative division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. It was abolished in the reforms of 2000, like all divisions, but reinstated in 2008. At independence in 1947, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (then North-West Frontier Province) was split into two divisions, Dera Ismail Khan and Peshawar. Until 1976, Peshawar Division contained the districts of Hazara and Kohat, when they both became divisions themselves. Later in the mid-1990s, the district of Mardan (and its tehsils) also became a division itself. CNIC code of Peshawar Division is 17.
Golden-bellied treeshrew
The golden-bellied treeshrew (Tupaia chrysogaster) is a treeshrew species within the Tupaiidae. It is also called Mentawai treeshrew as it is endemic to the Indonesian Mentawai islands of Sipora, North and South Pagai. It lives in forests, and is considered endangered due to habitat loss since the islands' forests are continuously logged.

The American zoologist Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. first described a golden-bellied treeshrew from North Pagai Island that was part of a zoological collection obtained by the United States National Museum. He considered it a distinct species as this type specimen differed from the common treeshrew by larger teeth and skull, darker coloured fur on the back and a more coarsely grizzled tail.

Tupaiidae
Tupaiidae is one of two families of treeshrews, the other family being Ptilocercidae. The family contains three living genera and 19 living species. The family name derives from tupai, the Malay word for treeshrew and also for squirrel which tupaiids superficially resemble. The former genus Urogale was disbanded in 2011 when the Mindanao treeshrew was moved to Tupaia based on a molecular phylogeny.

Unlike shrews, they possess a fairly large brain for their size. While some research has found treeshrews as the closest living relative to primates, most molecular studies currently find the flying lemurs (colugos) as the sister group to primates despite their gliding specializations.
We Continue the Change
We Continue the Change (Bulgarian: Продължаваме промяната, romanized: Prodalzhavame promyanata; PP), sometimes translated as Change Continues, is a centrist, anti-corruption political party and formerly an electoral alliance in Bulgaria. It was founded by Kiril Petkov and Assen Vassilev ahead of the November 2021 election. The party was officially registered on 15 April 2022. The party was in government during the tenure of the Petkov Government and the Denkov Government. It is a part of the PP–DB coalition.

Middle European Class
The Middle European Class (Bulgarian: Средна европейска класа, romanized: Sredna evropejska klasa; SEC/SEK), sometimes translated as Average European Class, is a political party in Bulgaria established by nightclub owner Georgi Manev. It is currently led by Konstantin Bachiiski.
Belaya (Kuban)
The Belaya (Russian: Белая [ˈbʲeɫəjə]; Adyghe: Шъхьагуащэ, romanized: Šhaguaśə, IPA: [ʂħaːɡʷaːɕɐ́]) is a river in the Republic of Adygea and Krasnodar Krai of Russia. It is a left tributary of the Kuban, which it joins in the Krasnodar Reservoir. The river is 265 kilometres (165 mi) long, with a drainage basin of 5,990 square kilometres (2,310 mi2). It has its sources at the main watershed of the Caucasus Mountains. In its upper reaches it is a typical mountain river, and flows through deep canyons, while in its lower parts it is a slow flowing lowland river.

Its main tributaries are, from source to mouth, Kisha (right), Dakh (right), Kurdzhips (left) and Pshekha (left). Several cities and towns are located along the river including Maykop and Belorechensk.

Kurdzhips
The Kurdzhips (Russian: Курджипс), located in the Caucasus Mountains, is a river in the Apsheronsky District of Krasnodar region, Russia. It is a left tributary of the Belaya near Maykop. It is 100 kilometres (62 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 768 square kilometres (297 sq mi).

The river is a venue for wilderness and extreme sports. The river gained world attention in 2000 when Neanderthal remains were discovered in a cave on its banks.
2025 Moselle Open
The 2025 Moselle Open was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hardcourts. It was the 22nd and last edition of the event, and part of the ATP 250 tournaments on the 2025 ATP Tour. It took place at the Arènes de Metz from 2 to 8 November 2025.

2025 ATP Tour
The 2025 ATP Tour was the global elite men's professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2025 tennis season. The 2025 ATP Tour calendar comprised the Grand Slam tournaments, supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF), the ATP Finals, the ATP Tour Masters 1000, the ATP 500, the ATP 250, and the United Cup (organized with the WTA). Also included in the 2025 calendar are the Davis Cup (organized by the ITF), Next Gen ATP Finals, Hopman Cup and Laver Cup, none of which distribute ranking points.
Diocese of Sacramento
The Diocese of Sacramento (Latin: Diœcesis Sacramentensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory, or diocese, of the Catholic Church in the northern California region of the United States. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of San Francisco.

The mother church of the Diocese of Sacramento is the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament in Sacramento. The diocese was established by Pope Leo XIII on May 28, 1886. The current bishop, as of 2023, is Jaime Soto.

Francis Quinn
Francis Anthony Quinn (September 11, 1921 – March 21, 2019) was an American Roman Catholic prelate who served as the bishop of the Diocese of Sacramento in California from 1980 to 1993. He previously served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of San Francisco from 1978 to 1979.

After his retirement, Quinn ministered for several years to Native American communities in the Southwestern United States.
Valerian Revenco
Valerian Revenco (1 December 1939 – 5 March 2016) was a Moldovan politician who was Minister of Labor, Family and Social Protection (1999-2005) and Minister of Health (2005). He has been awarded the Order of Work Glory and the Order of the Republic. Revenco was married and had one child.

Revenco died on 5 March 2016, at the age of 76.

Order of the Republic (Moldova)
The Order of the Republic (Romanian: Ordinul Republicii) is Moldova's highest order. It is awarded by the President of Moldova for exceptional merits in all fields which benefit Moldova and humanity as a whole. The order was established in July 1992 and its collar and badge are made from silver.

A recipient cannot receive the award twice. The next (lower) award is the Order of Stephen the Great.
Ellicott City Historic District
Ellicott City Historic District is a national historic district in Ellicott City, Howard County, Maryland.  The Ellicott City Station is a National Historic Landmark located within the district.  The district encompasses a predominantly 19th century mill town whose origins date to 1772, including more than 200 18th- and 19th-century buildings. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.  The 2016 Maryland flood severely impacted the historic district on July 30, 2016, as did another flood on May 27, 2018.

It includes the Saint Paul Catholic Church, the church where baseball player Babe Ruth was wed.

2016 Maryland flood
The 2016 Maryland flood was a natural disaster in the United States that took place on July 30, 2016.  The flooding, which occurred in the Baltimore area, affected low-lying areas of the Patapsco and Jones Falls valleys. The storm caused significant damage to the historic downtown area of Ellicott City, Maryland.
The Shovel, Cowley
The Malt Shovel is a Grade II listed public house at Iver Lane, Cowley, London.

It was built early 19th century. It is now called The Malt Shovel.

The Shovel appeared in the 1956 biopic Reach for the Sky about the RAF airman, Douglas Bader with the location being portrayed as rural France during World War II.

Cowley, London
Cowley /ˈkaʊli/ is a village contiguous with the town of Uxbridge in the London Borough of Hillingdon.  A largely suburban village with 16 listed buildings, Cowley is 15.4 miles (24.8 km) west of Charing Cross, bordered to the west by Uxbridge Moor in the Green Belt and the River Colne, forming the border with Buckinghamshire. Cowley was an ancient parish in the historic county of Middlesex.
Paul A. Putnam
Brigadier General Paul Albert Putnam, USMC (June 16, 1903 – May 21, 1982) commanded Marine Corps Fighter Squadron VMF-211 during the defense of Wake Island in December 1941.  He was awarded the Navy Cross for heroism during the defense of Wake Island.  He survived three and a half years as a prisoner of war and rose to the rank of brigadier general.

Navy Cross
The Navy Cross is the United States naval services' second-highest military decoration awarded for sailors and marines who distinguish themselves for extraordinary heroism in combat with an armed enemy force. The medal is equivalent to the Distinguished Service Cross of the United States Army, the Air Force Cross of the United States Air Force and Space Force, and the Coast Guard Cross of the United States Coast Guard; collectively, these awards are known as the "service crosses".

The Navy Cross is bestowed by the secretary of the Navy and may also be awarded to members of the other armed services, and to foreign military personnel while serving with the U.S. naval services. The Navy Cross was established by Act of Congress (Public Law 65-253) and approved on February 4, 1919.
Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis (/paɪˈrɒlɪsɪs/; from Ancient Greek  πῦρ (pûr) 'fire' and  λύσις (lúsis) 'separation') is a process involving the separation of covalent bonds in organic matter by thermal decomposition within an inert environment without oxygen.

Thermogravimetric analysis
Thermogravimetric analysis or thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is a method of thermal analysis in which the mass of a sample is measured over time as the temperature changes. This measurement provides information about physical phenomena, such as phase transitions, absorption, adsorption and desorption; as well as chemical phenomena including chemisorptions, thermal decomposition, and solid-gas reactions (e.g., oxidation or reduction).
Logistic function
A logistic function or logistic curve is a common S-shaped curve (sigmoid curve) with the equation

where

is the carrying capacity, the supremum of the values of the function;

is the logistic growth rate, the steepness of the curve; and

is the  value of the function's midpoint.

The logistic function has domain the real numbers, the limit as  is 0, and the limit as  is .

The exponential function with negated argument () is used to define the standard logistic function where , which has the equation

and is sometimes simply called the sigmoid function. It is also sometimes called the expit, being the inverse function of the logit.

The logistic function finds applications in a range of fields, including biology (especially ecology), biomathematics, chemistry, demography, economics, geoscience, mathematical psychology, probability, sociology, political science, linguistics, statistics, and artificial neural networks. There are various generalizations, depending on the field.

Kondratiev wave
In economics, Kondratiev waves (also called supercycles, great surges, long waves, K-waves or the long economic cycle) are hypothesized cycle-like phenomena in the modern world economy. The phenomenon is closely connected with the technology life cycle.

It is stated that the period of a wave ranges from forty to sixty years, the cycles consist of alternating intervals of high sectoral growth and intervals of relatively slow growth.

Long wave theory is not accepted by most academic economists. Among economists who accept it, there is a lack of agreement about both the cause of the waves and the start and end years of particular waves. Among critics of the theory, the consensus is that it involves recognizing patterns that may not exist (apophenia).
Alikanas
Alikanas (Greek: Αλικανάς) is a village in the municipal unit of Alykes situated on the northeastern coast about 15 km northwest of Zakynthos (city) on the island of Zakynthos, Greece. Located 1 km (0.6 mi) from the neighbouring village of Alykes, on the Ionian coast, Alikanas is a popular tourist destination with a beautiful sandy wide beach.

The beach at Alykanas is a habitat for the lily of the sea, protected by Greek and international legislation. The famous caretta caretta is seen sometimes in these waters, even though they prefer less populated areas.

It is 3 km (1.9 mi) northeast of Katastari, 3 km (1.9 mi) northwest of Ano Gerakari and 12 km (7.5 mi) northwest of Zakynthos city.

Alykes
Alykes (Greek: Αλυκές) is a former municipality on the island of Zakynthos, Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Zakynthos, of which it is a municipal unit. It is situated along the northeastern coast of the island, about 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Zakynthos (city). It has a land area of 42.881 km2 (16.6 sq mi). The seat of the municipality was in Katastari.
Peatonal Sarandí
Peatonal Sarandí is an 0.5 miles (850 m) pedestrian street in Ciudad Vieja, Montevideo, Uruguay. It is the main lane of the historic center, and one of the most touristic sites in the city, due to the fact that it is flanked by different architecturally notable buildings. The pedestrian street starts at the Gateway of the Citadel and ends at its intersection with Peatonal Pérez Castellano, while the remaining four blocks, up to the Rambla, are allowed for vehicles. As an extension of this street is the long southern breakwater of the Port of Montevideo, which has taken on the name "Escollera Sarandí".

Named after the Battle of Sarandí of 1825, it was pedestrianized in 1992, and reformed in 2005. Trams operated on the road until the mid-20th century.

Ciudad Vieja, Montevideo
Ciudad Vieja (Spanish pronunciation: [sjuˈðað ˈβjexa], Old Town) is a barrio (neighbourhood or district) of Montevideo, Uruguay. Located in a peninsula at the mouth of the Bay of Montevideo, it is the city's historic district. It was founded in 1724 as a walled city by the Spanish Empire. Following Uruguay's independence, it became a district of the expanding city, which quickly grew beyond the original fortress, later dismantled.

As one of the city's central districts, it forms part of its central business district alongside Centro and Cordón. It serves as a key office district, housing several commercial banks and other financial institutions, government buildings, as well as museums, cultural venues, theaters and art galleries. The district also features a high concentration of Art Deco, Art Nouveau, and Neoclassical buildings.
Fiumicello
Fiumicello (Friulian: Flumisel, Slovene: Rečica) is a frazione of Fiumicello Villa Vicentina in the Province of Udine in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of Udine.

Fiumicello borders the following municipalities: Aquileia, Grado, Ruda, San Canzian d'Isonzo, Turriaco, Villa Vicentina.

Fiumicello Villa Vicentina
Fiumicello Villa Vicentina (Friulian: Flumisel Vile Visintine) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Udine in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. It was established on 1 February 2018 by the merger of the municipalities of Fiumicello and Villa Vicentina.

Fiumicello Villa Vicentina borders the following municipalities: Aquileia, Cervignano del Friuli, Grado (GO), Ruda, San Canzian d'Isonzo (GO), Terzo d'Aquileia, Turriaco (GO)
GloMoSim
Global Mobile Information System Simulator (GloMoSim) is a network protocol simulation software that simulates wireless and wired network systems.

GloMoSim is designed using the parallel discrete event simulation capability provided by Parsec, a parallel programming language.  GloMoSim currently supports protocols for a purely wireless network.

It uses the Parsec compiler  to compile the simulation protocols.

Network simulation
In computer network research, network simulation is a technique whereby a software program replicates the behavior of a real network. This is achieved by calculating the interactions between the different network entities such as routers, switches, nodes, access points, links, etc. Most simulators use discrete event simulation in which the modeling of systems in which state variables change at discrete points in time.  The behavior of the network and the various applications and services it supports can then be observed in a test lab; various attributes of the environment can also be modified in a controlled manner to assess how the network/protocols would behave under different conditions.