hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Climb (aeronautics)
In aviation, a climb or ascent is the operation of increasing the altitude of an aircraft. It is also the logical phase of a typical flight (the climb phase or climbout) following takeoff and preceding the cruise. During the climb phase there is an increase in altitude to a predetermined level.
The opposite of a climb is a descent.

Descent (aeronautics)
In aeronautics, a descent is any time period during air travel where an aircraft decreases altitude, and is the opposite of an ascent or climb.

Descents are part of normal procedures, but also occur during emergencies, such as rapid or explosive decompression, forcing an emergency descent to below 3,000 m (10,000 ft) and preferably below 2,400 m (8,000 ft), respectively the maximum temporary safe altitude for an unpressurized aircraft and the maximum safe altitude for extended duration.

An example of explosive decompression is Aloha Airlines Flight 243. Involuntary descent might occur from a decrease in power, decreased lift (wing icing), an increase in drag, or flying in an air mass moving downward, such as a terrain induced downdraft, near a thunderstorm, in a downburst, or microburst.
Rothschild banking family of Austria
The Rothschild banking family of Austria (Austrian German: Rothschild Bankiersfamilie) was the Austrian branch of the Rothschild family. It was founded in 1820 by Salomon Mayer von Rothschild in Vienna, which was then part of the Austrian Empire.

Anselm Salomon von Rothschild
Anselm Salomon von Schwartz Rothschild, Baron Rothschild (29 January 1803 – 27 July 1874) was an Austrian banker, founder of the Creditanstalt, and a member of the Vienna branch of the Rothschild family.
2019–20 Northern Iowa Panthers men's basketball team
The 2019–20 Northern Iowa Panthers men's basketball team represented the University of Northern Iowa during the 2019–20 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Panthers, led by 14th-year head coach Ben Jacobson, played their home games at the McLeod Center in Cedar Falls, Iowa as members of the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC). They finished the season 25–6, 14–4 in MVC play, to win the MVC regular-season championship. They lost in the quarterfinals of the MVC tournament to Drake. As a regular-season conference champion who failed to win their conference tournament, they were set to receive an automatic bid to NIT. However, all postseason tournaments were cancelled amid the coronavirus pandemic.

2019–20 Drake Bulldogs men's basketball team
The 2019–20 Drake Bulldogs men's basketball team represented Drake University during the 2019–20 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Bulldogs were led by second-year head coach Darian DeVries. They played their home games at Knapp Center on campus in Des Moines, Iowa, as members of the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC). They finished the season 20–14, 8–10 in MVC play to finish in eighth place. They defeated Illinois State and Northern Iowa to advance to the semifinals of the MVC tournament where they lost to Bradley.
3-Fluorobenzoic acid
3-Fluorobenzoic acid is an organic compound with the formula C7H5FO2. It is the meta form of fluorobenzoic acid. Its conjugate base is 3-fluorobenzoate. The compound is an irritant. Its acidity (pKa) is lower than that of the ortho form (2-fluorobenzoic acid) but higher than that of the para form (4-fluorobenzoic acid). It has been used in a variety of scientific applications.

2-Fluorobenzoic acid
2-Fluorobenzoic acid is an aromatic organic compound with the formula FC6H4CO2H. It is one of three isomeric fluorobenzoic acids. Its conjugate base is 2-fluorobenzoate. The compound is an irritant.

Its metabolism has been studied extensively in the field of microbiology. Its conjugate base is part of the pathway of 2-fluorobiphenyl metabolism by Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes.
Stettiner General-Anzeiger Building
The Stettiner General-Anzeiger Building in Szczecin (German pronunciation: [ʃtɛˈtiːnɐ ɡenəˈʁaːl ˈanˌt͡saɪ̯ɡɐ]) was an office building, which was located at the corner of today's Opłotki Street and New Market, in the Old Town, in the Centre district. It was destroyed in a bombardment in the 1940s.

Old Town, Szczecin
Old Town (Polish: Stare Miasto; German: Altstadt), and the core of the historic old German port city of Stettin until 1950,  is a municipal neighborhood of the modern city of Szczecin, now in Poland, situated on the left bank of the Oder river. It is the oldest historical district in the city. As of March 2021 it had a population of 3,901.
Colney Heath
Colney Heath is a large village in Hertfordshire, England. The village became a civil parish in 1947 when the St. Peter Rural parish was split to form Colney Heath and London Colney. There is a converted windmill in the village. The civil parish also includes the settlements of Smallford and Sleapshyde.

Sleapshyde
Sleapshyde is a small village in Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. It is located between Hatfield and St Albans, to the south of Smallford and to the north of Colney Heath, of which it is located in the civil parish of. The village has one pub, The Plough, and used to have a Methodist church, now sold and converted to a private house. Sleapshyde has a conservation area that was designated by St Albans District Council on 31 March 1993.
Nantclwyd Hall
Nantclwyd Hall is a 17th-century Grade II* listed mansion near the village of Llanelidan, Denbighshire, Wales, built by the Parry family, and rebuilt by Eubule Thelwall (c. 1622–95) and his wife Mary Parry, the heiress of the estate.

Llanelidan
Llanelidan is a small village and community in the county of Denbighshire in north-east Wales. The community also includes the hamlet of Rhyd-y-Meudwy.

The church, village hall and pub all lie within 200 yards of each other overlooking the village cricket ground   Also in the village centre is King George's field, this is land legally protected by the Fields in Trust Charity, and is free for use by anyone. Public space in the village includes the Village Green. This is 3 1/2 acres of registered Village Green Denbighshire Commons Register No. VG12  Ancient and semi natural woodland that is a bluebell wood in the spring. It was allotted to be held IN TRUST for the Community of Llanelidan by the Inclosure Awards of 1861 and is for the enjoyment and recreation of members of the Parish. It lies north west of the village along a footpath towards Coed Pen Y Bryn.
Reference; Public Record Office MAF 1/243 EXMID 13430  and Map date 1816 found at RRO EXMID 15388 Denbigh Record Office QSD/DE/5
Atoka County, Choctaw Nation
Atoka County was a political subdivision of the Choctaw Nation of Indian Territory, prior to Oklahoma being admitted as a state.  The county formed part of the Nation's Pushmataha District, or Third District, one of three administrative and judicial provinces called districts.

Atoka, Oklahoma
Atoka is a city in and the county seat of Atoka County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 3,195 as of the 2020 Census, a 2.4% increase over the 3,107 reported at the 2010 census, which was itself an increase of 4.0 percent from the figure of 2,988 in 2000.

The city was settled by the Choctaw and named in 1867 by a Baptist missionary for Chief Atoka, whose name means "ball ground" in English.
Tombet
Tombet or tumbet is a traditional vegetable dish from Majorca, consisting of layers of sliced potatoes, aubergines and red bell peppers previously fried in olive oil. It is available at almost every local restaurant on the island.

Tombet is often served along with fish or meat, but on its own it makes a good vegetarian dish.

Vegetarian cuisine
Vegetarian cuisine, also known as plant-based cuisine, is a style of cooking defined by the inclusion of grains, legumes, nuts, vegetables, fruits, dairy, and sometimes eggs, and by the exclusion of meat and animal tissue products (such as gelatin or animal-derived rennet). Vegetarian cuisine meets vegetarian standards. Vegetarian cuisine differs from vegan cuisine, which excludes all animal products including dairy and eggs.
Horseheads Central School District
Horseheads Central School District is a school district in Horseheads, New York. It is one of three districts in Chemung County, located in Upstate New York's Southern Tier Region. The district has an estimated population of 25,000, spanning some 143 square miles. The district serves the towns of Big Flats, Catlin, Cayuta, Erin, Horseheads, and Veteran; the villages of Horseheads and Millport; and the hamlets of Breesport and Pine Valley, all in Chemung County. Thomas Douglas is Superintendent of Schools.

It has been named one of the best 100 school districts in the United States for Music Education in the United States. This program has worked with guest conductors and composers such as Douglas Akey, Frank Ticheli, Andrew Boysen, David Holsinger, Chris Tucker, and Timothy Mahr.

Horseheads (village), New York
Horseheads is a village in Chemung County, New York, United States. The population was 6,606 at the 2020 census. The name is derived from the number of bleached skulls of pack horses left behind by the Sullivan Expedition.

The village of Horseheads is located within the town of Horseheads. It is north of the city of Elmira and is part of the Elmira Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Conselve
Conselve is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Padua in the Italian region Veneto, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Venice and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Padua. It has a population of 10,486 and an area of 24.2 square kilometres (9.3 sq mi).

The municipality of Conselve contains the frazione (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Palù and Beolo.

Conselve borders the following municipalities: Arre, Bagnoli di Sopra, Cartura, San Pietro Viminario, Terrassa Padovana, Tribano.

Tribano
Tribano (Venetian: Triban) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Padua in the Italian region Veneto, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) southwest of Venice and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Padua. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 4,284 and an area of 19.3 square kilometres (7.5 sq mi).

The municipality of Tribano contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Olmo and San Luca.

Tribano borders the following municipalities: Anguillara Veneta, Bagnoli di Sopra, Conselve, Monselice, Pozzonovo, San Pietro Viminario.
War College (Finland)
War College (Finnish: Sotakorkeakoulu, abbreviated SKK) is a Finnish war college, nowadays the senior part of the National Defence University. The college was an independent organisation from 1924 to 1992. Founded first as a temporary institute, it was made permanent in 1930. At the end of 1992, it was merged with the Cadet School (Finnish: Kadettikoulu) and the Battle School (Finnish: Taistelukoulu) into the National Defence University.

During its existence, the War College provided general staff officer education for officers of the Finnish military, continuing education for staff officers who had already graduated, and courses for top decision makers of the Finnish society. Starting from 1980s, it also housed the Department of Military Science, and under it the Office of Military History and the Military Museum of Finland.

War college
A war college is a senior military academy which is normally intended for veteran military officers and whose purpose is to educate and 'train on' senior military tacticians, strategists, and leaders. It is also often the place where advanced tactical and strategic thought is conducted, both for the purpose of developing doctrine and for the purpose of identifying implications and shifts in long-term patterns.
Run, Joe, Run
Run, Joe, Run was a Saturday-morning television program that aired on NBC from 1974 to 1975. It centered on Joe, a German Shepherd in the military's K-9 corps, and his master, Sergeant Will Corey (played by Arch Whiting).

The show was considered as a cross between Lassie and The Fugitive. Like The Fugitive, and later The Incredible Hulk, it centered on a falsely accused person (in this case, the "person" was a dog) running from authorities and helping people it meets along the way. The show was produced by D'Angelo Productions, which also produced the NBC young adult drama Westwind, and other live-action series for Saturday mornings.

German Shepherd
The German Shepherd, also known in Britain as an Alsatian, is a German breed of working dog of medium to large size. It is characterized by its intelligent and obedient nature.

Its historical role was as a herding dog, for herding sheep. It has since been used in many other types of work, including disability assistance, search-and-rescue, police work, and warfare. It is commonly kept as a companion dog, and according to the Fédération Cynologique Internationale had the second-highest number of annual registrations in 2013.

The breed was developed by Max von Stephanitz using various traditional German herding dogs from 1899. The breed gained international recognition after the end of World War I. The German Shepherd became the second most popular breed in the US in 2016 and the most frequently registered breed in other countries.
Tukulor Empire
The Tukulor Empire (Arabic: الخلافة التجانية; Fula: Laamateeri Tijaani; French: Empire toucouleur; also known as the Tijaniyya Jihad state or the Segu Tukulor or the Tidjaniya Caliphate or the Umarian State) (1861–1890) was an Islamic state in the mid-nineteenth century founded by Elhadj Oumar Foutiyou Tall of the Toucouleur people of Senegal.

Kaarta
Kaarta, (Also known as Ka'arta or the Massassi State) was a Bambara kingdom that arose after the fall of the Songhai Empire in what is today the western half of Mali and lasted until its destruction by Umar Tall in the 1850s.
John Glover (general)
John Glover (November 5, 1732 – January 30, 1797) was an American fisherman, merchant, politician, and military leader from Marblehead, Massachusetts, who served as a brigadier general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He is most famous in American history for his role in helping found what would become the United States Navy, along with his regiment rowing Washington across the Delaware, the Battle of Long Island, and leading one of the first integrated regiments in the American Revolution.

Swampscott, Massachusetts
Swampscott (/ˈswɒmpskət/) is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States, located 15 miles (24 km) up the coast from Boston in an area known as the North Shore. The population was 15,111 as of the 2020 United States census. A former summer resort on Massachusetts Bay, Swampscott is today a fairly affluent residential community and includes the village of Beach Bluff, as well as part of the neighborhood of Clifton.
Cousinia
The genus Cousinia of the tribe Cardueae is in its current circumscription one of the larger genera in the Asteraceae, with approximately 650-700 described species distributed in central and western Asia.

Many of the species in this genus were once classified in genus Arctium (the burdocks).

Arctium
Arctium is a genus of biennial plants commonly known as burdock, family Asteraceae. Native to Europe and Asia, several species have been widely introduced worldwide. Burdock's clinging properties, in addition to providing an excellent mechanism for seed dispersal, led to the invention of the hook-and-loop fastener.
Christopher Eubanks
Christopher Eubanks (/ˈjuːbæŋks/ YOO-banks; born May 5, 1996) is an American former professional tennis player. He had a career-high ATP singles ranking of No. 29, achieved on 31 July 2023 and a best doubles ranking of No. 142, reached on 12 August 2024. His most notable result was reaching the quarterfinals at the 2023 Wimbledon.

He won one ATP Tour title at the 2023 Mallorca Championships.

Eubanks played college tennis for the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets. There, he was a two-time All-American and twice named ACC Player of the Year.

2017 BB&T Atlanta Open
The 2017 BB&T Atlanta Open was a professional men's tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the 30th edition of the tournament, and part of the 2017 ATP World Tour and the 2017 US Open Series. It took place at Atlantic Station in Atlanta, United States between July 24 and 30, 2017. It was the first men's event of the 2017 US Open Series.
Georgia State Route 53
State Route 53 (SR 53) is a 172.146-mile-long (277.042 km) west-to-east state highway located in the northern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. The highway travels from the Alabama state line west of Cave Spring northeast, then east, then southeast to US 129 Bus./US 441 Bus./SR 15/SR 24 Bus. in Watkinsville.

Interstate 985
Interstate 985 (I-985) is a 24.04-mile-long (38.69 km) auxiliary Interstate Highway in Northeast Georgia. It links the Atlanta metropolitan area to the city of Gainesville via Suwanee. I-985 is also known as the Sidney Lanier Parkway, after the musician and poet, and is also designated as unsigned State Route 419 (SR 419). The roadway was designated as I-985 in 1985. I-985 and SR 365 are concurrent for I-985's entire length, but only the I-985 signs are displayed. I-985 is also concurrent with US Route 23 (US 23) from exit 4 northward. I-985 is the highest-numbered spur route of a north–south Interstate and is second only to I-990, which serves the town of Amherst, New York.
The Battery Atlanta
The Battery Atlanta is a mixed-use development located in the Atlanta metropolitan area, approximately 10 miles (16 km) northwest of downtown Atlanta in the unincorporated community of Cumberland, in Cobb County, Georgia. It is adjacent to Truist Park (originally SunTrust Park), home of the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball (MLB). The complex is a mix of shops, dining, living and workspace in the area surrounding the ballpark.

Cumberland, Georgia
Cumberland is an edge city in Cobb County located in an unincorporated area of the northwest Atlanta metropolitan area, Georgia, United States. It is situated ten miles (16 km) northwest of Downtown Atlanta. The Atlanta Braves of  Major League Baseball (MLB) play their games at Truist Park in Cumberland.
Lake Brown, Western Australia
Lake Brown is a rural locality in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, situated in the Shire of Mukinbudin approximately 57 kilometres (35 mi) north of Merredin and approximately 260 kilometres (160 mi) east-north-east of Perth.

Shire of Nungarin
The Shire of Nungarin is a local government area in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, and with a population of 255 as of the 2021 census, is one of the nation's least populous. It is located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of Merredin and about 300 kilometres (186 mi) east of the state capital, Perth. The Shire covers an area of 1,164 square kilometres (449 sq mi), and its seat of government is the town of Nungarin.
Westella
Westella is a genus of green algae in the family Scenedesmaceae, containing the sole species Westella botryoides. The species has a cosmopolitan distribution and is planktonic in freshwater rivers and ponds.

Westella botryoides consists of four-celled colonies (termed coenobia) up to 15 μm; these in turn may be joined to form compound colonies consisting of over a hundred cells and reaching up to 90 μm, attached to each other by the remnants of their parental cell walls. The four cells are typically arranged in a square, spherical but flattened when in contact with other cells. The cell walls are smooth; cells are uninucleate with a single, parietal chloroplast containing one pyrenoid.

Two similar genera are Westellopsis and Coccoidesmus. Westellopsis differs in having chloroplasts without pyrenoids and usually cells arranged in a line, while Coccoidesmus has cells arranged in a tetrahedral formation.

Scenedesmaceae
Scenedesmaceae is a family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales.  Scenedesmus algae are commonly found in freshwater plankton. The former family Coelastraceae is considered a synonym of Scenedesmaceae.

The family has existed since at least the Cretaceous period, as evidenced by amber deposits from France containing the genus Enallax.
Rita Gorr
Rita Gorr (18 February 1926 – 22 January 2012)
was a Belgian operatic mezzo-soprano. She possessed a large, rich-toned voice and was an intense singing-actress, especially in dramatic roles such as Ortrud (Lohengrin) and Amneris (Aida), two of her greatest roles.

Samson and Delilah (opera)
Samson and Delilah (French: Samson et Dalila), Op. 47, is a grand opera in three acts and four scenes by Camille Saint-Saëns to a French libretto by Ferdinand Lemaire. It was first performed in Weimar at the Grossherzogliches (Grand Ducal) Theater (now the Staatskapelle Weimar) on 2 December 1877 in a German translation.

The opera is based on the Biblical tale of Samson and Delilah found in Chapter 16 of the Book of Judges in the Old Testament. It is the only opera by Saint-Saëns that is regularly performed. The second act love scene in Delilah's tent is one of the set pieces that define French opera. Two of Delilah's arias are particularly well known: "Printemps qui commence" ("Spring begins") and "Mon cœur s'ouvre à ta voix" ("My heart opens itself to your voice", also known as "Softly awakes my heart"), the latter of which is one of the most popular recital pieces in the mezzo-soprano/contralto repertoire.
Chu Shong-tin
Chu Shong-tin (also Tsui Sheung-tin or Toi Shan-tien)  (Chinese: 徐尚田; Jyutping: ceoi4 soeng6 tin4; 1933–2014) was grand master of Wing Chun kung fu who had lived in Hong Kong. He was the third student of the famous teacher Yip Man, and remained at Yip Man's school to become his senior instructor.

Ip Man
Ip Man (born Ip Kai-man; 1 October 1893 – 2 December 1972), also known as Yip Man, was a Chinese martial arts grandmaster. He became a teacher of the martial art of Wing Chun when he was 20. He had several students who later became martial arts masters in their own right, the most famous among them being Bruce Lee.
Chad Reed
Chad Mark Reed (born 15 March 1982, in Kurri Kurri, Australia) is an Australian former professional motocross and supercross racer. He is a two-time AMA Supercross 450cc champion, a one-time AMA Motocross 450cc champion, record holder for the most main event starts in AMA Supercross history with 265 starts, as well as podium finishes with 132.

Ryan Dungey
Ryan Dungey (born December 4, 1989) is an American retired professional motocross and supercross racer. He competed in the AMA Motocross Championships from 2006 to 2017 and again in 2022. He is a four-time 450cc AMA Supercross Champion, a three-time 450cc AMA Motocross Champion, a one-time 250cc AMA Supercross West & 250cc AMA Motocross Champion.
Alcaparrosa
The Alcaparrosa is an underground copper mine located in the Copiapó Valley of northern Chile. More precisely it lies in the inland commune of Tierra Amarilla in the Atacama Region. The mine is owned by the Sociedad Contractual Minera Minera Ojos del Salado which is owned in 80% by Lundin Mining and in 20% by Sumitomo Group. The life of mine ore grade of Alcaparrosa was estimated at 0.94% copper as of 2016.

In July 30 2022 a "non-natural hydraulic connection" between the mine and a local aquifer that had formed as consequence of mining activity caused the formation of a 32x33 m wide and 64-m deep sinkhole in a nearby agricultural field. As consequence of this Consejo de Defensa del Estado sued Minera Ojos del Salado and in September 2025 the First Environmental Court of Antofagasta ordered its closure. The court also ordered the sinkhole to be filled.

Lundin Mining
Lundin Mining Corporation, headquartered in Vancouver, owns and operates mines that produce base metals such as gold, silver, copper, and nickel. The company's major properties are the copper mines of Candelaria and Caserones in Atacama Region, Chile, the Chyapada gold-silver-copper mine in Goiás, Brazil and the Eagle nickel-copper mine in Michigan, United States. Besides productive mines Lundin Mining owns a 50% interest in the exploratory projects of Filo del Sol and Josemaria near the Argentina–Chile border in partnership with BHP. Approximately 15.4% of the company is owned by affiliates of the billionaire Lundin family.