hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Apollosa
Apollosa is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Benevento in the Italian region Campania, located about 50 km northeast of Naples and about 8 km southwest of Benevento.

Apollosa borders the following municipalities: Benevento, Campoli del Monte Taburno, Castelpoto, Ceppaloni, Montesarchio, San Leucio del Sannio.

Castelpoto
Castelpoto is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Benevento in the Italian region Campania, located about 50 km northeast of Naples and about 7 km west of Benevento.

Castelpoto borders the following municipalities: Apollosa, Benevento, Campoli del Monte Taburno, Foglianise, Vitulano.
Kallestadsundet Bridge
The Kallestadsundet Bridge is a bridge over the Veafjorden in Vaksdal Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The 200-metre-long (660 ft) bridge links the mainland part of Vaksdal Municipality to the part that lies on the island of Osterøy. The bridge lies about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) northwest of the village of Stamneshella. The bridge was opened in 1985 and it was the first bridge to connect Osterøy island to the mainland. In 1997, the Osterøy Bridge was opened for traffic, as the second bridge to Osterøy island.

Vaksdal Municipality
Vaksdalⓘ is a municipality in the county of Vestland, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Nordhordland. The administrative centre is the village of Dalekvam. Other villages in the municipality include Dalegarden, Flatkvål, Helle, Nesheim, Stamneshella, Stanghelle, and Vaksdal.

The 715.37-square-kilometre (276.21 sq mi) municipality is the 160th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Vaksdal Municipality is the 209th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 3,875. The municipality's population density is 5.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (14/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 7% over the previous 10-year period.
District of Athabasca
The District of Athabasca was a regional administrative district of Canada's Northwest Territories. It was formed in 1882, was later enlarged, and then abolished with the creation of the provinces of Saskatchewan (its central-eastern part) and Alberta (western part) in 1905. The very easternmost part is now within Manitoba.

Districts of the Northwest Territories
The vastness of Canada's Northwest Territories meant that for much of its history it was divided into several districts for ease of administration. The number and size of these territorial districts varied as other provinces and territories of Canada were created and expanded. The districts of the Northwest Territories were abolished in 1999 with the creation of the Nunavut territory and the contraction of the Northwest Territories to its current size.
Bracciano
Bracciano is a small town in the Italian region of Lazio, 30 kilometres (19 miles) northwest of Rome.  The town is famous for its volcanic lake (Lake Bracciano or "Sabatino", the eighth largest lake in Italy) and for a particularly well-preserved medieval castle Castello Orsini-Odescalchi.  The lake is widely used for sailing and is popular with tourists; the castle has hosted a number of events, especially weddings of actors and singers.

The town is served by an urban railway (Line FR3) which connects it with Rome (stations of Ostiense and Valle Aurelia) in about 55 minutes. Close to it lie the two medieval towns of Anguillara Sabazia and Trevignano Romano.

Castello Orsini-Odescalchi
Castello Orsini-Odescalchi is a castle in Bracciano, Italy. It is located on the southern shore of Lake Bracciano. It was built in the 15th century, and combines the functions of a military defence structure and a civilian residence of the feudal lords of the period, the Orsini and Borgia, both papal families. As one of the largest and best-maintained castles in Italy, it also houses a museum; as a centre of cultural events, the Castello has hosted several high-profile weddings such as those of Tom Cruise/Katie Holmes, Eros Ramazzotti/Michelle Hunziker, and Petra Ecclestone/James Stunt.
North River (Massachusetts Bay)
The North River is a river, approximately 12 miles (19 km) long, in eastern Massachusetts, United States. It is primarily a tidal river, formed by the confluence of the Indian Head River and Herring Brook.  The North River forms the boundary between the towns of Norwell, Pembroke, Massachusetts, Hanover, Massachusetts and downstream, the boundary between Scituate and Marshfield.  The river flows into Massachusetts Bay at New Inlet, where it also converges with the mouth of the South River. The North River area is also known as the "Irish Riviera" due to the large Irish American population that migrated during the 19th century.

Marshfield, Massachusetts
Marshfield is a town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States, on Massachusetts's South Shore. The population was 25,825 at the 2020 census.

It includes the census-designated places (CDPs) of Marshfield, Marshfield Hills, Ocean Bluff-Brant Rock, and Cedar Crest, and shares the Green Harbor CDP with the town of Duxbury.
Oceanus moving group
The Oceanus Moving Group is a stellar association located around 2-50 parsecs from the Sun in the constellation of Vela. It is roughly 510 million years old and contains 50 members, including Luhman 16, a binary system of brown dwarfs notable for being nearest to Earth. It is also one of the nearest young moving groups currently identified, making it valuable for the study of exoplanets and substellar members.

Luhman 16
Luhman 16 (also designated WISE 1049−5319 or WISE J104915.57−531906.1) is a binary brown-dwarf system in the southern constellation Vela at a distance of 6.51 light-years (2.00 parsecs) from the Sun. These are the closest-known brown dwarfs and the closest system found since the measurement of the proper motion of Barnard's Star in 1916, and the third-closest-known system to the Sun (after the Alpha Centauri system and Barnard's Star). The primary is of spectral type L7.5 and the secondary of type T0.5±1 (and is hence near the L–T transition). The masses of Luhman 16 A and B are 35.4 and 29.4 Jupiter masses, respectively, and their ages are estimated to be 400–800 million years. Luhman 16 A and B orbit each other at a distance of about 3.5 astronomical units with an orbital period of approximately 26.6 years.
TheJazz
theJazz was a British jazz digital radio station run by  GCap Media that started on Christmas Day of 2006 on Digital One, DAB ensemble, Sky Digital, Virgin Media, and the internet.

The station played blues and traditional and modern jazz and stopped broadcasting on 31 March 2008 on DAB. The station was a generic automated two-hour loop on Sky, Virgin, and online without disc jockeys. This was closed down and removed from Sky and Virgin on 3 November. Chill started on Digital TV using theJazz's old channel numbers on both Sky and Virgin.

Smooth Chill
Smooth Chill (formerly Bagpipe Music FMa British digital radio station dedicated to chill out, ambient and , bagpipe aip hop music. On 3 September 2019, Chill was rebranded from Bagpipe FM to the Smooth Radio brand. It is owned and operated by Global.

Originally, the station broadcast solely online and in Greater London as well as on Radioplayer and Global's own Global Player, but was made available nationally on Digital One on 9 April 2020.

As of September 2024, the station broadcasts to a weekly audience of 457,000 listeners, according to RAJAR.
Bell (cyclecar)
The Bell is a British 3-wheeled cyclecar that was made in 1920 by W.G. Bell of Rochester, Kent.

The car was a three-wheeler with the single wheel at the front and was powered by a JAP or Precision engine. The cars were advertised, but it is not certain that series production ever started.

Cyclecar
A cyclecar was a type of small, lightweight and inexpensive motorized car manufactured in Europe and the United States between 1910 and the early 1920s. The purpose of cyclecars was to fill a gap in the market between the motorcycle and the car. It could accommodate only two passengers, often sitting in tandem.

The demise of cyclecars was due to larger cars – such as the Citroën Type C, Austin 7 and Morris Cowley – becoming more affordable. Small, inexpensive vehicles reappeared after World War II, and were known as microcars.
Crimean Khanate
The Crimean Khanate, self-defined as the Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak, and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary, was a Crimean Tatar state existing from 1441 to 1783. Established by Hacı I Giray in 1441.

In 1783, violating the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (which had guaranteed non-interference of both Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the affairs of the Crimean Khanate), the Russian Empire annexed the khanate. Among the European powers, only France came out with an open protest against this act, due to the longstanding Franco-Ottoman alliance.

Chufut-Kale
Chufut-Kale (Crimean Tatar: Çufut Qale, pronounced [tʃuˈfut qaˈle]; Russian and Ukrainian: Чуфут-Кале; Karaim: Кала, קלעה, romanized: Kala) is a medieval city-fortress in the Crimean Mountains that now lies in ruins. It is a national monument of Crimean Karaites culture just 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Bakhchysarai.

Its name is Crimean Tatar and Turkish for "Jewish Fortress" (çufut/çıfıt - Jew, qale/kale - fortress), while Crimean Karaites refer to it simply as "Fortress", considering the place as a historical center for the Crimean Karaite community. In the Middle Ages the fortress was known as Qırq Yer (Place of Forty) and as Karaites to which sect the greater part of its inhabitants belong, Sela' ha-Yehudim  (Hebrew for 'Rock of the Jews').
Kapustinskii equation
The Kapustinskii equation calculates the lattice energy UL for an ionic crystal, which is experimentally difficult to determine. It is named after Anatoli Fedorovich Kapustinskii who published the formula in 1956.

The calculated lattice energy gives a good estimation for the Born–Landé equation; the real value differs in most cases by less than 5%.

Furthermore, one is able to determine the ionic radii (or more properly, the thermochemical radius) using the Kapustinskii equation when the lattice energy is known. This is useful for rather complex ions like sulfate (SO2−4) or phosphate (PO3−4).

Lattice energy
In chemistry, the lattice energy is the energy change (released) upon formation of one mole of a crystalline compound from its infinitely separated constituents, which are assumed to initially be in the gaseous state at 0 K.  It is a measure of the cohesive forces that bind crystalline solids. The size of the lattice energy is connected to many other physical properties including solubility, hardness, and volatility.  Since it generally cannot be measured directly, the lattice energy is usually deduced from experimental data via the Born–Haber cycle.
Perth railway station (Scotland)
Perth railway station serves the city of Perth, Scotland. It lies on both the Glasgow–Dundee line and the Highland Main Line. It is managed by ScotRail, which provides the majority of services, with London North Eastern Railway and the Caledonian Sleeper. It is sited 151 miles 25 chains (243.5 km) from Carlisle, via Stirling, Cumbernauld and Motherwell; and 86 miles 77 chains (140 km) from Edinburgh Waverley, via Kirkcaldy and Inverkeithing.

Cowdenbeath railway station
Cowdenbeath railway station is a railway station in the town of Cowdenbeath, Fife, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and is on the Fife Circle Line, 22+1⁄2 miles (36.2 km) north of Edinburgh Waverley.

The station can be accessed via two steep ramps from either the east side of the High Street, or Station Road, and there is a footbridge connecting the platforms.

The ticket office is situated within the waiting room. Additional ticket facilities are provided by an automatic ticket machine outside the waiting room. There is a toilet but to access it, a key must be obtained from the ticket office. There were public toilet facilities in the High Street but these were closed in May 2008; now the nearest facilities are at Cowdenbeath Library, at the north end of the High Street. The former nearest public toilet was Cowdenbeath Leisure Centre, which is closed for refurbishment until the end of 2025.

The nearest bus stops, public phones and taxi rank are in the High Street.
Fens Waterways Link
The Fens Waterways Link is a project to improve recreational boating opportunities in the counties of Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire, England. By a combination of improvements to existing waterways and the construction of new links a circular route between Lincoln, Peterborough, Ely and Boston is planned. The project is being organised by the Environment Agency and financed from the Regional Development Agency and the European Union.

A separate, complementary waterway is the Bedford and Milton Keynes Waterway, opening up a route for broader beam boats between The Fens and the rest of Britain's canal network.

The Haven, Boston
The Haven is the tidal river of the port of Boston, Lincolnshire in England. It provides access for shipping between Boston Deeps in The Wash and the town, particularly, the dock. It also serves as the outfall into the sea of the River Witham and of several major land drains of the northern Fens of eastern England, which are known collectively as the Witham Navigable Drains.
Pibroch
Pibroch, piobaireachd or ceòl mòr is an art music genre associated primarily with the Scottish Highlands that is characterised by extended compositions with a melodic theme and elaborate formal variations. Strictly meaning 'piping' in Scottish Gaelic, piobaireachd has for some four centuries been music of the great Highland bagpipe.

A more general term is Scottish Gaelic: ceòl mòr (in reformed spelling, or ceòl mór in old spelling), meaning the 'great music' (to distinguish this complex extended art-music from the more popular Scottish music such as dances, reels, marches, and strathspeys, which are called ceòl beag or 'little music'). This term encompasses music of a similar nature to pibroch, pre-dating the adoption of the Highland pipes, that has historically been played on the wire-strung Gaelic harp (clàrsach) and later on the Scottish fiddle, and this form is undergoing a revival.

Triple pipes
This article focuses on the Gaelic-tradition instrument. For the Sardinian instrument see launeddas.

Triple pipes are reedpipes used in Europe, played in a set of three (two chanters with fingerholes and one drone). Once played in the medieval era in Ireland, Scotland, England, France and Spain (as evidenced in artwork), they survive mainly today in the traditions of Sardinia as the launeddas.

The instruments fit into a wide family of single-reed reedpipes, which includes the ancient Greek aulos and ancient Egyptian memet, and today includes the Egyptian arghul, Sardinian launeddas, Balkan diplica, Greek/Turkish zummara, Iranian dozaleh, Iraqi mijwiz, Basque/Spanish alboka/albogue, and Berber zamar.
2027 Pan American Games
The 2027 Pan American Games (Spanish: Juegos Panamericanos de 2027), officially the XX Pan American Games (Spanish: XX Juegos Panamericanos) and commonly known as Lima 2027, is an upcoming international multi-sport event governed by the Panam Sports Organization. It will be held from 23 July to 8 August in Lima, the capital of Peru, eight years after the city hosted the 2019 Pan American Games.

Barranquilla, Colombia was initially announced as the host in August 2021. However, the city was stripped of its hosting rights in January 2024 after the country's Ministry of Sports failed to meet contractual obligations, as well as financial reasons.

2025 Junior Pan American Games
The 2025 Junior Pan American Games (Spanish: Juegos Panamericanos Junior 2025), also named Asu 2025, were the second edition of the Junior Pan American Games, an international multi-sports event for athletes aged 17 to 22 in the Americas, organized by Panam Sports. It was held in Asunción, Paraguay between August 9 and 23, 2025. It was the first time that the Pan American Games, either senior or junior, took place in Paraguay.
Keski-Lahti
Keski-Lahti ("Central Lahti") is the 1st district of the city of Lahti, in the region of Päijät-Häme, Finland. It covers the downtown areas of the city, circling the Market Square. It borders the districts of Niemi in the north, Kiveriö in the northeast, Paavola and Möysä in the east, Asemantausta in the south, Hennala and Sopenkorpi in the west and Kartano in the northwest.

The combined population of the statistical districts of Ydinkeskusta and Pohjoinen keskusta, approximately covering the area of Keski-Lahti, was 12,054 in 2019.

Keski-Lahti has been recorded as the most dangerous district in Finland, with almost 80 homicide cases registered within 20 years.

Niemi, Lahti
Niemi is the 4th district of the city of Lahti, in the region of Päijät-Häme, Finland. It borders the districts of Mukkula in the north, Kivimaa in the east, Kiveriö in the southeast and Keski-Lahti and Kartano in the south, as well as lake Vesijärvi in the west.

The population of the statistical district of Niemi was 1,828 in 2019.
Ross Field (airfield)
Ross Field is a former World War I military airfield, located 0.8 miles (1.3 km) south-southwest of Arcadia, California.  It was one of thirty-two Air Service, United States Army training camps established after the United States entry into World War I in April 1917. It operated as a training field  between 1918 until 1919.

Arcadia, California
Arcadia is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, located about 13 miles (21 km) northeast of downtown Los Angeles in the San Gabriel Valley and at the base of the San Gabriel Mountains. It contains a series of adjacent parks consisting of the Santa Anita Park racetrack, the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden, and Arcadia County Park. The city had a population of 56,681 at the 2020 census. The city is named after Arcadia, Greece.
Square milk jug
The square milk jug is a variant of the one-gallon (3.785 liters) plastic milk container sold in the United States. The design was introduced in the summer of 2008 and is marketed as environmentally friendly because of the shape's advantages for shipping and storage (better cube efficiency).

Square milk jugs are stackable and 9% more can be shipped in the same space. They also eliminate the need for milk crates, which are required for traditional bell-shaped jugs.

Milk crate
Milk crates are square or rectangular interlocking boxes  that are used to transport milk and other products from dairies to retail establishments.

In English-speaking parts of Europe the term "bottle crate" is more common but in the United States the term "milk crate" is applied even when the transported beverage is not milk.
Huvenia
Huvenia is a genus of extinct plants of the Early Devonian (Pragian or Siegenian stage, around 413 to 411 million years ago), found in slate deposits of the Rhenish Massif. The sporophyte generation consisted of leafless stems (axes), which appear to be flattened, and which branch dichotomously. The strand of conducting tissue contains simple tracheids, making this a vascular plant (tracheophyte). The sporangia (spore-forming organs) are borne on the ends of short branching stems (sporangiophores) rather than terminating main stems as in some other early land plants. Sporangia appear to be twisted, but it is not clear whether this feature was present in life or developed after death.

In 2004, Crane et al. published a cladogram for the polysporangiophytes, in which Huvenia is placed in the Rhyniaceae. (See that article for the cladogram.)

Rhyniophyte
The rhyniophytes are a group of extinct early vascular plants that are considered to be similar to the genus Rhynia, found in the Early Devonian (around 420 to 393 million years ago). Sources vary in the name and rank used for this group, some treating it as the class Rhyniopsida, others as the subdivision Rhyniophytina or the division Rhyniophyta. The first definition of the group, under the name Rhyniophytina, was by Banks,: 8  since when there have been many redefinitions,: 96–97  including by Banks himself. "As a result, the Rhyniophytina have slowly dissolved into a heterogeneous collection of plants ... the group contains only one species on which all authors agree: the type species Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii".: 94  When defined very broadly, the group consists of plants with dichotomously branched, naked aerial axes ("stems") with terminal spore-bearing structures (sporangia).: 227  The rhyniophytes are considered to be stem group tracheophytes (vascular plants).
Government speech
The government speech doctrine, in American constitutional law, says that the government is not infringing the free speech rights of individual people when the government declines to use viewpoint neutrality in its own speech.   More generally, the degree to which governments have free speech rights remains unsettled, including the degree of free speech rights that states may have under the First Amendment versus federal speech restrictions.

Forum (legal)
In a legal context, a forum is a place or type of legal institution where a legal action such as a trial can take place. In the constitutional law of the United States, a forum is also a property that is open to public expression and assembly.
Echigo-Nakazato Station
Echigo-Nakazato Station (越後中里駅, Echigo-Nakazato-eki) is a railway station on the Jōetsu Line in the town of Yuzawa, Minamiuonuma District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan, operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

Yuzawa, Niigata
Yuzawa (湯沢町, Yuzawa-machi) is a town located in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 July 2019, the town had an estimated population of 7,926, and a population density of 22.2 persons per km2. The total area of the town was 357.29 square kilometres (137.95 sq mi). The town is famous for its hot springs, Ski resorts and Snow country.
Sahaptin language
Sahaptin (suh-HAP-tin), also called Ichishkiin (ih-chis-KEEN; Umatilla: Čiškíin, Yakama: Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit), is one of the two-language Sahaptian branch of the Plateau Penutian family spoken in a section of the northwestern plateau along the Columbia River and its tributaries in southern Washington, northern Oregon, and southwestern Idaho, in the United States; the other language is Nez Perce (Niimi'ipuutímt).

Sahaptin is spoken by various tribes of the Washington Reservations; Yakama, Warm Springs, Umatilla; and also spoken in many smaller communities such as Celilo, Oregon.

The Yakama Nation tribal cultural resources program has been promoting the use of their traditional name of the language, Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit ('this language'), instead of the Salish-derived name Sahaptin.

Walla Walla people
Walla Walla (/ˌwɒlə/), Walawalałáma ("People of Walula region along Walla Walla River"), sometimes Walúulapam, are a Sahaptin Indigenous people of the Northwest Plateau. The duplication in their name expresses the diminutive form. The name Walla Walla is translated several ways but most often as "many waters".

Many of the Walla Walla live on the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. They share land and a governmental structure with the Cayuse and the Umatilla tribes as part of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla. The reservation is located in the area of Pendleton, Oregon, United States, near the Blue Mountains. Some Walla Walla are also enrolled in the federally recognized Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation.
Gu Dasao
Gu Dasao (literally "Elder Sister-in-Law Gu") is a fictional character in Water Margin, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. Nicknamed "Female Tiger", she ranks 101st among the 108 Stars of Destiny and 65th among the 72 Earthly Fiends.

Sun Li (Water Margin)
Sun Li is a fictional character in Water Margin, one of the four great classical novels of Chinese literature. Nicknamed "Superior to Yuchi", he ranks 39th among the 108 Stars of Destiny and third among the 72 Earthly Fiends.