hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dehn's lemma
In mathematics, Dehn's lemma asserts that a piecewise-linear map of a disk into a 3-manifold, with the map's singularity set in the disk's interior, implies the existence of another piecewise-linear map of the disk which is an embedding and is identical to the original on the boundary of the disk.

This theorem was thought to be proven by Max Dehn (1910), but  Hellmuth Kneser (1929, page 260) found a gap in the proof.  The status of Dehn's lemma remained in doubt until  Christos Papakyriakopoulos (1957, 1957b) using work by Johansson (1938) proved it using his "tower construction".  He also generalized the theorem to the loop theorem and sphere theorem.

3-manifold
In mathematics, a 3-manifold is a topological space that locally looks like a three-dimensional Euclidean space. A 3-manifold can be thought of as a possible shape of the universe. Just as a sphere looks like a plane (a tangent plane) to a small and close enough observer, all 3-manifolds look like our universe to a small enough observer. This is made more precise in the definition below.
Sheikh Jamal
Sheikh Jamal (28 April 1954 – 15 August 1975) was a Bangladeshi military personnel and athlete. He was the second son of Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first president of Bangladesh.

Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib
Begum Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib (8 August 1930 – 15 August 1975), commonly known as Begum Mujib and also known by her nickname Renu was the wife of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the founding President of Bangladesh.

She was the mother of Sheikh Hasina, the leader of the Awami League and former Prime Minister of Bangladesh. She was killed along with her family in 1975.
Hamilton Mausoleum
The Hamilton Mausoleum is a mausoleum located in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland.
It was the resting place of the family of the Dukes of Hamilton.
The mausoleum is Category A listed. Built in the grounds of the now-demolished Hamilton Palace, its high stone vault holds the record for the longest echo within any man-made structure in the world, taking 15 seconds for the sound of a slammed door to fade.
In 2014 the record was thought to have been broken at the Inchindown oil storage tanks in the Scottish Highlands, however this was classed as a reverberation, rather than an echo.

Duke of Hamilton
Duke of Hamilton is a title in the Peerage of Scotland, created in April 1643. It is the senior dukedom in that peerage (except for the Dukedom of Rothesay held by the sovereign's eldest son), and as such its holder is the premier peer of Scotland, as well as being head of the House of Hamilton. The title, the town of Hamilton in Lanarkshire, and many places around the world are named after members of the Hamilton family. The ducal family's surname, originally "Hamilton", is now "Douglas-Hamilton". Since 1711, the dukedom has been held together with the Dukedom of Brandon in the Peerage of Great Britain, and the dukes since that time have been styled Duke of Hamilton and Brandon, along with several other subsidiary titles.
Minister of Defense (Japan)
The Minister of Defense (防衛大臣, Bōei Daijin), or Bōei-shō (防衛相), is a  member of the Japanese cabinet and is the leader of the Ministry of Defense, the executive department of the Japanese Armed Forces. The minister of defense's position of command and authority over the military is second only to that of the Prime Minister of Japan, who is the commander-in-chief.

The minister of defense is appointed by the Prime Minister and is a member of the National Security Council. The current Minister of Defense is Shinjirō Koizumi, who took office on October 21, 2025.

Sōsuke Uno
Sōsuke Uno (宇野 宗佑, Uno Sōsuke; 27 August 1922 – 19 May 1998) was a Japanese politician who served as prime minister of Japan in 1989.

Born in Shiga Prefecture, Uno enrolled in the Kobe College of Commerce before he was conscripted into the army during World War II. In 1960, he entered politics and was elected to the National Diet, becoming a leading Liberal Democratic Party member and a key ally of Yasuhiro Nakasone. Uno served as director of the Defense Agency under Kakuei Tanaka, as director of the Science and Technology Agency under Takeo Fukuda, and as director of the Administrative Management Agency under Masayoshi Ōhira.

He was briefly international trade and industry minister in 1983, and foreign minister in 1987–1989. In 1989, Uno became prime minister but served for only two months before he resigned after a poor showing in that year's upper house election, influenced by the lingering Recruit scandal and public financial scandal with an outspoken geisha.
Homomorphism density
In the mathematical field of extremal graph theory, homomorphism density with respect to a graph  is a parameter  that is associated to each graph  in the following manner:

.

Above,  is the set of graph homomorphisms, or adjacency preserving maps, from  to . Density can also be interpreted as the probability that a map from the vertices of  to the vertices of  chosen uniformly at random is a graph homomorphism. There is a connection between homomorphism densities and subgraph densities, which is elaborated on below.

Sidorenko's conjecture
Sidorenko's conjecture is a major conjecture in the field of extremal graph theory, posed by Alexander Sidorenko in 1986. Roughly speaking, the conjecture states that for any bipartite graph  and graph  on  vertices with average degree , there are at least  labeled copies of  in , up to a small error term. Formally, it provides an intuitive inequality about graph homomorphism densities in graphons. The conjectured inequality can be interpreted as a statement that the density of copies of  in a graph is asymptotically minimized by a random graph, as one would expect a  fraction of possible subgraphs to be a copy of  if each edge exists with probability .
Request for proposal
A request for proposal (RFP) is a form of reverse auction, initiated by an organisation interested in the procurement of a service or product, that solicits a business proposal from potential suppliers. It is usually part of a complex sales process, and made through a bidding process.

Unlike invitations to tender, which award contracts based upon the price and quality of the tender, RFPs allow suppliers more flexibility in proposing an original service or product in alignment with a company's needs.

Similar requests include a request for quotation (RFQ) and a request for information (RFI), where a customer needs more information from vendors before submitting an RFP. An RFI is typically followed by an RFP or RFQ. When an RFP is made after negotiations with prospective contractors, the submitted tender is known as a BAFO (best and final offer).

Complex sales
Complex sales, also known as enterprise sales, can refer to a method of trading sometimes used by organizations when procuring large contracts for goods and/or services, where the customer takes control of the selling process by issuing a request for proposal (RFP) and requiring a proposal response from previously identified or interested suppliers. Complex sales involve long sales cycles with multiple decision makers. Multiple stakeholders and stakeholder groups contribute to every complex sale. These types of sales can take up to 8 to 18 months, as multiple people from higher management are involved.
Zvečan Fortress
The Fortress of Zvečan (Serbian: Тврђава Звечан / Tvrđava Zvečan, Звечански град / Zvešanski grad; Albanian: Kalaja e Zveçanit), also known as Zvečan/Zveçan medieval fortress and Fortress of Mitrovica (Albanian: Kalaja e Mitrovicës), located in the northwest of the city of North Mitrovica, in Kosovo, is an enormous castle and one of the oldest fortresses in Southeastern Europe. It was built on the top of the extinct volcano vent, overlooking the Ibar river.

Stefan Dečanski
Stefan Uroš III (c. 1276 – 11 November 1331), was King of Serbia from 6 January 1322 to 8 September 1331. Dečanski was the son of King Stefan Milutin (d. 1321). He defeated two other contenders to the Serbian throne. Stefan is known as Dečanski after the great monastery of Visoki Dečani he built.
French corvette Torche (1795)
Torche was a French naval Etna-class ship-sloop launched in 1795. She participated in the action of 19 July 1805, with the Royal Navy capturing her one-month later, in August. She was taken into service as HMS Torch but never commissioned and was broken up in 1811.

Etna-class corvette
The Etna class was a class of six 16 or 18-gun corvettes with a flat hull, designed by Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait and his pupil Charles-Henri Tellier. Four separate commercial shipbuilders were involved in their construction by contract - including André-François Normand, Courtois and Denise at Honfleur, and Fouache at Le Havre (two ships), while the sixth vessel was built by Pierre Ozanne at Cherbourg Dockyard. The vessels were flush-decked and originally designed to carry a 12-inch mortar. However, as the British navy captured Etna within a year and a half of her launch at which time she was not carrying any mortar, it is possible that the design was modified quite early to delete the mortar.

The Royal Navy captured three of the six vessels in the class. Three members of the class (including two in Royal Navy service), were lost to wrecking or grounding. Only one of the corvettes served for over 20 years.
Tongcheng County
Tongcheng (Chinese: 通城; pinyin: Tōngchéng) is the governmental seat and the name of a county in Xianning City, Hubei, People's Republic of China, bordering the provinces of Jiangxi (to the east) and Hunan (to the south and west).

Xianning
Xianning (simplified Chinese: 咸宁; traditional Chinese: 咸寧/咸甯; pinyin: Xiánníng) is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China, bordering Jiangxi to the southeast and Hunan to the southwest. It is known as the "City of Osmanthus".
Richard Parkyn
Richard Parkyn (c. 1772 – May 28, 1855) was a champion Cornish wrestler. He was born at Parkyn's Shop which lies at three parish boundaries, St Columb Major, St Columb Minor and St Mawgan. There was a saying at the time that Parkyn was "So great that all three parishes claimed him". He was also known as The Great Parkyn. Little is recorded about his life other than newspaper reports of his fights. "Parkyn, a friend of the Cornish hero James Polkinghorne  died at Parkyn Shop where he and his ancestors resided during 170 years on 28 May 1855, aged 81 years."

Cornish wrestling
Cornish wrestling (Cornish: Omdowl Kernewek) is a form of wrestling that has been established in Cornwall for many centuries and possibly longer. It is similar to the Breton Gouren wrestling style. It is colloquially known as "wrasslin’" in the Cornish dialect of English; historically, this usage is attested by Chaucer, Shakespeare and Drayton.

The referee is known as a 'stickler', and it is claimed that the popular meaning of the word as a 'pedant' originates from this usage.

Cornish wrestling is a national sport of Cornwall, which spread throughout the British Isles and then, along with the Cornish diaspora, to such places as the United States, Australia, Mexico, New Zealand and South Africa.

It has similarities to Devon wrestling but it was reputed to focus less on foot moves and more on throwing.
Fort Loramie, Ohio
Fort Loramie is a village in Shelby County, Ohio, United States, along Loramie Creek, a tributary of the Great Miami River in southwestern Ohio. It is 42 miles north-northwest of Dayton and 20 miles east of the Ohio/Indiana border. The population was 1,590 at the 2020 census. The village was founded in 1837 near the former site of a colonial fort of the same name.

Lake Loramie State Park
Lake Loramie State Park is a public recreation area located on the northeast side of Fort Loramie, Ohio. It occupies 407 acres (165 ha) on 1,655-acre (670 ha) Lake Loramie and is operated by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources.
Richards Court
The Richards Court was the period in the history of the Supreme Court of Canada from 1875 to 1879, during which William Buell Richards served as Chief Justice of Canada. Richards was appointed the first Chief Justice by Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie following the establishment of the Supreme Court in 1875.

Like all iterations of the Supreme Court before 1949, the Richards Court was largely overshadowed by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, which served as Canada's highest court of appeal. Its decisions on Canadian appeals were binding on all Canadian courts.

The Richards Court was marked by controversy surrounding the Court's creation, concerns about the conduct of its justices, the length and lack of clarity in its decisions, and significant delays in the publication of those decisions.

William Johnstone Ritchie
Sir William Johnstone Ritchie (October 28, 1813 – September 25, 1892) was a Canadian judge who was the second Chief Justice of Canada from 1879 to 1892. He was one of the first judges appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada, and the second-longest serving chief justice of the court after Beverley McLachlin.

The Supreme Court under Ritchie continued to face many of the same criticisms as its predecessor, the Richards Court, including the concerns about the conduct of its justices, the excessive length and lack of clarity in its decisions, and significant delays in the publication of those decisions.
Sofitel New York Hotel
Sofitel New York is a boutique hotel on West 44th Street in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, owned and managed by the Sofitel corporation. It is two blocks north of Bryant Park and the New York Public Library Main Branch and next to the New York Yacht Club Building. The hotel is inspired by French traditions in furnishings and theme, and the hotel staff are bilingual in French and English. Completed in 2000, the limestone and glass building is 358 feet (109 m) tall with 30 stories and 398 guest rooms. In November 2025, the hotel completed a comprehensive top-to-bottom renovation of its public spaces, meeting rooms and guest accommodations.

Sofitel
Sofitel Hotels & Resorts is a French hotel chain of luxury hotels based in Paris, France, and owned by Accor since 1980. Founded in 1964 in France, Sofitel quickly developed worldwide to reach more than 200 properties. In 2008, Sofitel became a brand of luxury hotels only, downsized its property count to 89, and created new brands. Sofitel had 130 properties by January 2023.
Fimbristylis ferruginea
Fimbristylis ferruginea is a species of fimbry, commonly referred to as rusty sedge or West Indian fimbry. This plant is frequently found along the coastlines and estuaries of Australia. It is also native to certain regions in Africa, southern Asia, and South America. The flowers of this species exhibit a distinctive rusty brown color and appear on a single spikelet during the months of May to July.

Fimbristylis
Fimbristylis is a genus of sedges. A plant in this genus may be known commonly as a fimbry or   fimbristyle. There are over 300 species distributed worldwide. Several continents have native species but many species have been introduced to regions where they are not native. Some are considered weeds. These are typical sedges in appearance, with stiff, ridged stems and cone-shaped terminal panicles of spikelets. They are found in wet environments, and are most diverse in tropical and subtropical regions.
Taverner Consort and Players
The Taverner Choir, Consort and Players is a British music ensemble which specialises in the performance of Early and Baroque music. The ensemble is made up of a Baroque orchestra (the Players), a vocal consort (the Consort) and a Choir. Performers place emphasis on a historically informed performance practice and players work with restored or replicated period instruments.

The group is named after the 16th-century English composer John Taverner.

Klagt, Kinder, klagt es aller Welt, BWV 244a
Klagt, Kinder, klagt es aller Welt ('Cry, children, cry to all the world'), also known as Köthener Trauermusik ('Köthen funeral music'), BWV 1143, BWV 244a, is a cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach. He composed it in 1729 for the funeral of Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen. The music is lost, but the libretto survives. As Bach is known to have used musical material which also appeared in two surviving works, one being the  St Matthew Passion, it has been possible to make reconstructions.

The cantata is in 24 movements (choruses, arias and recitatives) divided into four parts. The first deals with the principality in mourning, the second the prince's departing and the salvation of his soul. The third part, followed by a homily, details Leopold's commemoration. The final section is about the farewell and about eternal rest.
San Juan Jabloteh F.C.
San Juan Jabloteh Football Club is a football club located in San Juan, Trinidad and Tobago that plays in the country's TT Pro League. The team plays its home games in Hasely Crawford Stadium in Mucurapo, Trinidad.

Baltimore SC
Baltimore Sportif Club is a professional football club based in Saint-Marc, Haiti.

They have consistently been one of the best clubs in the league. In 2006, it captured the double after winning the league and the Coupe d'Haïti.

They hold a fierce rivalry with local club Tempête FC.
Titulus (inscription)
See also Titulus (Roman Catholic) for Roman churches called tituli, or titulus (disambiguation) for more meanings.

Titulus (Latin "inscription" or "label", the plural tituli is also used in English) is a term used for the labels or captions naming figures or subjects in art, which were commonly added in classical and medieval art, and remain conventional in Eastern Orthodox icons.  In particular the term describes the conventional inscriptions on stone that listed the honours of an individual or that identified boundaries in the Roman Empire.  A titulus pictus is a merchant's mark or other commercial inscription.

The sense of "title", as in "book title", in modern English derives from this artistic sense, just as the legal sense derives from plainer inscriptions of record.

Speech scroll
In art history, a speech scroll (also called a banderole or phylactery) is an illustrative device denoting speech, song, or other types of sound.

Developed independently on two continents, the device was in use by artists in Mesoamerican cultures from as early as 650 BC until after the Spanish conquest in the 16th century, and separately in the 13th and 14th century by European painters. While European speech scrolls were drawn as if they were an actual unfurled scroll or strip of parchment, Mesoamerican speech scrolls are scroll-shaped, looking much like a question mark. It is used in heraldry for mottos or slogans and war-cries.
Tripti Mukherjee
Tripti Mukherjee is an Indian-American classical vocalist. She belongs to Mewati gharana. She is the founder and director of the Pandit Jasraj Institute for Music, Research, Artistry and Appreciation in New Jersey.

Mewati gharana
The Mewati gharana is a musical apprenticeship tribe of Hindustani classical music. Known for being Pandit Jasraj's musical lineage, the gharana was founded by brothers Ghagge Nazir Khan and Wahid Khan (beenkar) of Indore in the late 19th century at the Holkar Court. Members of this gharana have had an active influence in Indian cinema for over half a century.

With its own distinct aesthetics, stylings, practices, and repertoire, the gharana emerged as an offshoot of the Khandarbani Dhrupad, and Qawwal Bacchon musical traditions. The gharana gained visibility in the late-20th century after Pt. Jasraj popularized the gayaki.
Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration
Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA) is a civil service training institute on public policy and public administration in Mussoorie, Uttarakhand in India. The academy's main purpose is to train civil servants of the IAS cadre and also  conduct the Foundation Course of Group-A Central Civil Services. After completion of training, the trainee officers of IAS cadre are awarded an MA (Public Management) from Jawaharlal Nehru University. It has been functioning under the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions since 1985.

Mussoorie
Mussoorie (Hindi: [məsuːɾiː]) is a hill station and a municipal board in the Dehradun district of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is about 26 kilometres (16 mi) from the state capital of Dehradun and 300 km (190 mi) north of the national capital of New Delhi. The hill station is in the foothills of the Garhwal Himalayan range. The adjoining town of Landour, which includes a military cantonment, is considered part of "greater Mussoorie", as are the townships Barlowganj and Jharipani.

Mussoorie is at an average altitude of 2,001 metres (6,565 ft). To the northeast are the Himalayan snow ranges, and to the south, the Doon Valley and Sivalik Hills ranges. The second highest point is the original Lal Tibba in Landour, with a height of over 2,258 m (7,408 ft). Mussoorie is popularly known as The Queen of the Hills.

There were 3.02 million (30.23 lac) travellers to Mussoorie in 2019.
Frank Williams (architect)
Frank Williams (December 14, 1936 – February 25, 2010) was an American architect who worked as a lead architect on nearly 20 buildings in Manhattan, including Trump Palace Condominiums, 515 Park Avenue, and the W Hotels  in Times Square. Williams graduated from UC Berkeley in 1961, and received a master's degree from Harvard in 1965. He moved to New York City and taught at Columbia University for the next few years.

He co-authored Urban Design Manhattan, an influential book advocating distinctive skyscrapers and design in Manhattan. He is also the subject of The Architecture of Frank Williams (Architecture Today), published in 1997.

Four Seasons Hotel New York
Four Seasons Hotel New York is a luxury hotel in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, that opened in 1993. The hotel is owned by Ty Warner Hotels and Resorts, L.L.C. and operated by Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts. It was closed temporarily in 2020. It reopened on November 15, 2024, with a portion of its rooms available, and all rooms available in 2025.

Prior to the hotel's closing, the Ty Warner Penthouse Suite was frequently listed among the world's most expensive hotel suites.
Severn River railway bridge, Dundee
The Severn River railway bridge is a heritage-listed railway bridge that carries the Main Northern Line across the Severn River at Dundee, Glen Innes Severn, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by John Whitton in his capacity as Engineer-in-Chief for Railways and built in 1886. It is also known as Severn River Railway Viaduct. The property is owned by Transport Asset Holding Entity, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Dundee, New South Wales
Dundee (29°33′S 151°51′E﻿ / ﻿29.550°S 151.850°E﻿ / -29.550; 151.850) is a rural locality about 40 kilometres north of Glen Innes on the Northern Tablelands, New South Wales, Australia. It is situated on the New England Highway at the Severn River in Severn parish, Gough County, New South Wales. The elevation is 985 metres.
Listed buildings in Little Altcar
Little Altcar is a civil parish and a village in Sefton, Merseyside, England. It contains five buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as designated listed buildings, all of which are listed at Grade II. This grade is the lowest of the three gradings given to listed buildings and is applied to "buildings of national importance and special interest". Originally rural, the parish has been partly occupied by housing.  The listed buildings are farmhouses and farm buildings.

Little Altcar
Little Altcar is a village and civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton on Merseyside, within the boundaries of the historic county of Lancashire and on the West Lancashire Coastal Plain of England. The village forms part of the built-up area of Formby.  It had a population of 892 in the 2001 Census, increasing to 910 at the 2011 Census.