hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bridget Jackson
Barbara Amy Bridget Jackson MBE (born 10 July 1936) is an English amateur golfer. She won the 1954 Girls Amateur Championship, the 1956 English Women's Amateur Championship and the 1967 Canadian Women's Amateur. She played in three Curtis Cup matches, 1958, 1964 and 1968.

1958 Curtis Cup
The 10th Curtis Cup Match was played on August 8 and 9, 1958 at Brae Burn Country Club in Newton, Massachusetts. The Americans were the "slight favourites" though the British team arrived optimistic. They were the defending champions and possessed an experienced squad against the American team, made up primarily by college students and recent grads. The British indeed opened the tournament well, winning two of the three opening foursome matches. During the final singles matches, however, a heatwave encompassing Boston region had effects on the British team; there seemed "little hope for success" after the morning round. However, a rally led by Angela Bonallack and Frances Smith reversed fortunes and British team managed to tie, thereby retaining the cup as defending champions. Smith, a grieving widow with a newborn child, returned to England a "heroine" by virtue of earning the winning point.
Iñaki Urdangarin
Iñaki Urdangarin Liebaert (born 15 January 1968) is a retired Spanish handball player turned entrepreneur and the former husband of Infanta Cristina, younger daughter of King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofía. He was the brother-in-law of King Felipe VI. Urdangarin was convicted in the Nóos case for embezzling about 6 million euros in public funds for sporting events through his nonprofit foundation beginning in 2004, and for political corruption by misusing his former courtesy title of consort Duke of Palma de Mallorca as the husband of Infanta Cristina. In June 2018 he was sentenced to 5 years and 10 months in prison; he was initially imprisoned in Ávila, but as of 2021 he was on supervised release.

Duchess of Palma de Mallorca
Duchess of Palma de Mallorca was a substantive title in the Peerage of Spain. The title takes its name from the city of Palma de Mallorca, in the Balearic Islands.

The royal dukedom was granted on 26 September 1997 by King Juan Carlos I to his younger daughter, Infanta Cristina, on the occasion of her forthcoming marriage to Iñaki Urdangarin.

In April 1998, the City Council of Palma de Mallorca renamed one of its principal streets 'La Rambla' as "La Rambla dels Ducs de Palma de Mallorca" (English: La Rambla of the dukes of Palma de Mallorca). That same year, the Duchess and the Duke were granted the Golden Medal of the Balearic Islands.

In 2013, the City Council renamed the street to its original name and, in 2018, the regional government of the islands revoked the Golden Medal to Urdangarin.

On 11 June 2015, she was stripped of her dukedom by King Felipe VI, her younger brother, due to a corruption inquiry, and the dukedom was merged again in the Spanish Crown.
Sequential analysis
In statistics, sequential analysis or sequential hypothesis testing is statistical analysis where the sample size is not fixed in advance.  Instead data is evaluated as it is collected, and further sampling is stopped in accordance with a pre-defined stopping rule as soon as significant results are observed.  Thus a conclusion may sometimes be reached at a much earlier stage than would be possible with more classical hypothesis testing or estimation, at consequently lower financial and/or human cost.

Abraham Wald
Abraham Wald (/wɔːld/; German: [valt]; Hungarian: Wald Ábrahám, Yiddish: אברהם וואַלד; (1902-10-31)31 October 1902 – (1950-12-13)13 December 1950) was a Hungarian and American mathematician and statistician who contributed to decision theory, geometry and econometrics, and founded the field of sequential analysis. One of his well-known statistical works was written during World War II on how to minimize the damage to bomber aircraft and took into account the survivorship bias in his calculations. He spent his research career at Columbia University. He was the grandson of Rabbi Moshe Shmuel Glasner.
Bellenden Hutcheson
Bellenden Seymour Hutcheson VC, MC (16 December 1883 – 9 April 1954) was an American-born Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC) during the First World War. The VC is the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Hutcheson was one of the seven Canadians to be awarded the Victoria Cross for their deeds on one single day, 2 September 1918, for actions across the 30 km long Drocourt-Quéant Line near Arras, France. The other six were Arthur George Knight, William Henry Metcalf, Claude Joseph Patrick Nunney, Cyrus Wesley Peck, Walter Leigh Rayfield and John Francis Young.

Claude Nunney
Claude Joseph Patrick Nunney VC, DCM, MM (24 December 1892 – 18 September 1918) was a Canadian soldier. Nunney was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Born in Hastings in East Sussex, he was sent to Canada as a home child.

Nunney was one of the seven Canadians to be awarded the Victoria Cross for their actions on one single day, 2 September 1918, for actions across the 30 km long Drocourt-Quéant Line near Arras, France. The other six were Bellenden Hutcheson, Arthur George Knight, William Henry Metcalf, Cyrus Wesley Peck, Walter Leigh Rayfield and John Francis Young.
Institute of Philosophy, University of London
The Institute of Philosophy is a research institution associated with the University of London, founded in 2005. A member of the School of Advanced Study, the institute's focus is to promote and facilitate high quality research in philosophy so that it is available to the widest possible audience, both inside and outside the UK's academic community.

The Institute is based in Russell Square.

School of Advanced Study
The School of Advanced Study (SAS), a postgraduate-only institution of the University of London, is the UK's national centre for the promotion and facilitation of research in the humanities and social sciences. It was established in 1994 and is based in Senate House, in Bloomsbury, central London, close to the British Museum, British Library and several of the colleges of the University of London. The School brings together nine research institutes, many of which have long histories, to provide a wide range of specialist research services, facilities and resources. It offers taught master's and research degrees in humanities and social science subjects (MA, MRes, LLM, MPhil, and PhD).
Pseudo-Euclidean space
In mathematics and theoretical physics, a pseudo-Euclidean space of signature (k, n − k) is a finite-dimensional real n-space together with a non-degenerate quadratic form q. Such a quadratic form can, given a suitable choice of basis (e1, ..., en), be applied to a vector x = x1e1 + ⋯ + xnen, giving
 which is called the scalar square of the vector x.: 3

For Euclidean spaces, k = n, implying that the quadratic form is positive-definite. When 0 < k < n, q is an isotropic quadratic form. Note that if 1 ≤ i ≤ k < j ≤ n, then q(ei + ej) = 0, so that ei + ej is a null vector. In a pseudo-Euclidean space with k < n, unlike in a Euclidean space, there exist vectors with negative scalar square.

As with the term Euclidean space, the term pseudo-Euclidean space may be used to refer to an affine space or a vector space depending on the author, with the latter alternatively being referred to as a pseudo-Euclidean vector space (see Point–vector distinction).

Linear subspace
In mathematics, and more specifically in linear algebra, a linear subspace or vector subspace is a vector space that is a subset of some larger vector space. A linear subspace is usually simply called a subspace when the context serves to distinguish it from other types of subspaces.
Kercang
Kercang (Jakun pronunciation: [kərˈt͡ʃaŋ]) (also known as chek reij nuej and buah latep) is a type of disentanglement puzzle game from the indigenous communities of the Malay Peninsula made using rattan and strings. The goal of the puzzle is to free the strings from a set of intertwined rattan wood, which is bent and twisted into many shapes and forms based on the difficulty of the puzzle.

Disentanglement puzzle
Disentanglement puzzles (also called entanglement puzzles, tanglement puzzles, tavern puzzles or topological puzzles) are a type or group of mechanical puzzle that involves disentangling one piece or set of pieces from another piece or set of pieces. Several subtypes are included under this category, the names of which are sometimes used synonymously for the group:  wire puzzles; nail puzzles; ring-and-string puzzles; et al.  Although the initial object is disentanglement, the reverse problem of reassembling the puzzle can be as hard as—or even harder than—disentanglement.  There are several different kinds of disentanglement puzzles, though a single puzzle may incorporate several of these features.
156th Airlift Squadron
The 156th Airlift Squadron (156 AS) is a unit of the North Carolina Air National Guard 145th Airlift Wing. It is assigned to Charlotte Air National Guard Base, North Carolina and is equipped with the Boeing C-17 Globemaster III aircraft.

North Carolina Air National Guard
The North Carolina Air National Guard (NCANG) is the aerial militia of the State of North Carolina, United States of America. It is a reserve of the United States Air Force and along with the North Carolina Army National Guard an element of the North Carolina National Guard of the larger United States National Guard Bureau.

As state militia units, the units in the North Carolina Air National Guard are not in the normal United States Air Force chain of command. They are under the jurisdiction of the Governor of North Carolina through the office of the North Carolina Adjutant General unless they are federalized by order of the President of the United States.  The North Carolina Air National Guard is headquartered in Raleigh, and its commander is  Major General M. Todd Hunt.
Bogdan Corporation
Bogdan Corporation (Ukrainian: Корпорація «Богдан») is a leading Ukrainian automobile trading and manufacturing group founded by Bogdan Motors. The corporation was famous for its Bogdan public transport brand that used to produce its models in Cherkasy and Lutsk.

The production capacities of Bogdan Corporation used to allow making 120-150 thousand passenger cars, up to 9 thousand buses and trolleybuses in all classes, as well as about 15 thousand trucks and specialized vehicles. However, with the bankruptcy of its parent company, the corporation's factories had stopped working in 2020, and Bogdan only does the foreign car distribution.

Lada 110
The Lada 110 or VAZ-2110 is a compact car built by the Russian automaker AvtoVAZ from 1995 to 2009. It spawned two close derivatives: the Lada 111 estate and the Lada 112 hatchback.

The Lada 110 and its variants were replaced in 2007 by the Lada Priora; which was a largely restyled and modernised version of the Lada 110.
Karan (caste)
The Karan is a community found in the state of Odisha in India. The post of Karana used to be a professional designation that was occupied by literate peoples. They held Karanam posts in some parts of Andhra Pradesh, where they speak Odia and played a similar role in Odisha to that of the Kayasthas of West Bengal and Bihar. In the social hierarchy of Odisha they rank next to Brahmins. They exclusively served the ruling powers as their ministers, advisors, governors, military commanders, record keepers and dewans. They owned most Zamindaris in Odisha. They have the highest literacy caste-wise and are highly prosperous. Today they are a politically dominant community and have reigned over the politics of Odisha for more than 50 years.

Janaki Ballabh Patnaik
Janaki Ballabh Patnaik (3 January 1927 – 21 April 2015) was an Indian politician who had been 25th Governor of Assam from 2009 to 2014. A leader of the Indian National Congress, he was Chief Minister of Odisha from 1980 to 1989 and again from 1995 to 1999, holding that post for the longest time on record before Naveen Patnaik. In 1950, he became the President of the Odisha state unit of the youth wing of the Congress. In 1980, he became the Union Minister for Tourism, Civil Aviation and Labour from 16 January to 7 June.
Shikine-jima
Shikine-jima (式根島) is a volcanic Japanese island in the Philippine Sea.  The island is administered by Tōkyō and located approximately 160 kilometres (99 mi) south of Tōkyō and 36 kilometres (22 mi) south of Shimoda Shizuoka Prefecture.  It is one of the Izu Seven Islands, group of the seven northern islands of the Izu archipelago. The island is the smaller inhabited component of the village of Niijima, which also contains the larger, neighboring island of Niijima and the smaller, uninhabited Jinai-tō. It is part of the Ōshima Subprefecture of Tokyo Metropolis.  As of 2009, the island's population was 600. Shikinejima is also within the boundaries of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park.

Niijima, Tokyo
Niijima (新島村, Niijima-mura) is a village located in Ōshima Subprefecture, Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. As of 1 October 2020, the village had an estimated population of 2,441, and a population density of 88.6 persons per km2. Its total area is 27.54 square kilometres (10.63 sq mi).
Meadowvale, Mississauga
Meadowvale is a large suburban district located in the northwestern part of Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, just west of Toronto. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Meadowvale Village in Toronto Township was established nearby and named for the meadows along the Credit River. In the 1970s the area to the west of the village (actually a hamlet) was selected to be the site of a "new town" for the newly (1974) incorporated City of Mississauga and took the Meadowvale name, while "Village" was added to the historic community. This newer section comprises the bulk of the district today. Meadowvale borders the neighbourhoods of Lisgar to the west, Streetsville and Erin Mills to the south, Churchill Meadows to the southwest, and the City of Brampton to the north.

Meadowvale Village, Mississauga
Meadowvale Village (originally just Meadowvale) is a preserved hamlet and neighbourhood in the city of Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, within the larger suburban Meadowvale district, which gets its name from the historic community, which is located at Old Derry Road and Second Line West. The larger neighbourhood's approximate boundaries are the Levi and Fletcher's Creeks to the west and east respectively, Highway 401 to the south, and Mississauga's city limits to the north.

As the village is partially situated in the floodplain of the Credit River (which is unusually wide in the vicinity), where development is prohibited, there is a sizeable swathe of preserved rural land immediately to the west, extending to south of Highway 401.

Notable landmarks include:

Gooderham Estate - a Georgian manor house built by Charles Horace Gooderham and later became Rose Villa under John Watt

Meadowvale Conservation Area - on lands once home to Silverthorne Grist Mill
South African Class S2 0-8-0
The South African Railways Class S2 0-8-0 of 1952 was a steam locomotive.

In 1952 and 1953, the South African Railways placed one hundred Class S2 shunting steam locomotives with an 0-8-0 wheel arrangement in service.

0-8-0
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-8-0 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles and no trailing wheels. Locomotives of this type are also referred to as eight coupled.
McKinley, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
McKinley is a census-designated place, in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. Almost all of it is in Abington Township, while some blocks are in Cheltenham Township. McKinley is located along Forrest Avenue between Pennsylvania Route 73 (Township Line Road) and Jenkintown Road southeast of Jenkintown.  As of the 2020 United States census the community had a population of 3,128.

Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Abington Township is a township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is adjacent to Philadelphia's northern fringe. The population was 58,502 as of the 2020 census, making it the second most populous township in Montgomery County after Lower Merion Township. The population density is 3603.3 per square mile (1,377/km2), making it the second most densely populated township in Montgomery County after Cheltenham Township.

Abington Township is one of Montgomery County's oldest communities, dating back before 1700 and being incorporated in 1704. It is home to some of the county's oldest transportation routes, industries and churches. Many of these older business and transportation centers were the forerunners of modern Abington. Abington contains the Willow Grove Park Mall, several small businesses, and a few of Montgomery County's largest employers.
Cowlyd Tramway
The Cowlyd Tramway was a 2 ft (610 mm) narrow gauge railway line used to convey men and materials to Llyn Cowlyd Reservoir, near Trefriw in northern Wales during the enlargement of the dam, and thereafter for maintenance purposes.

Cedryn Quarry Tramway
53°11′06″N 3°50′28″W﻿ / ﻿53.185°N 3.841°W﻿ / 53.185; -3.841

The Cedryn Quarry Tramway (later largely used as the route of the Eigiau Tramway) was an industrial narrow gauge railway that connected the slate quarries at Cedryn and Cwm Eigiau to the quays at Dolgarrog in the Conwy valley.
Oviedo
Oviedo (Spanish: [oˈβjeðo] ⓘ) or Uviéu (Asturian: [uˈβjew]) is the capital city of the Principality of Asturias in northern Spain and the administrative and commercial centre of the region. With a population of 220,027, it is also the 2nd-largest city in Asturias.

Oviedo is located approximately 24 km (15 mi) southwest of Gijón and 23 km (14 mi) southeast of Avilés, both of which lie on the shoreline of the Bay of Biscay. Oviedo's proximity to the ocean of less than 30 kilometres (19 mi) in combination with its elevated position with areas of the city more than 300 metres above sea level causes the city to have a maritime climate, even though it does not sit directly on the shore.

University of Oviedo
The University of Oviedo (Spanish: Universidad de Oviedo, Asturian: Universidá d'Uviéu) is a public university in Asturias (Spain). It is the only university in the region. It has three campus and research centres, located in Oviedo, Gijón and Mieres.
Etanautine
Etanautine, also known as diphenhydramine monoacefyllinate, is an anticholinergic used as an antiparkinsonian agent. It is a 1:1 salt of diphenhydramine with acefylline, similar to the diphenhydramine/8-chlorotheophylline combination product dimenhydrinate.

As with dimenhydrinate, the stimulant effect of the etanautine counteracts the sedative effect from the diphenhydramine, resulting in an improved therapeutic profile.

The 1:2 salt diphenhydramine diacefylline (with two molecules of acefylline to each molecule of diphenhydramine) is also used in medicine, under the brand name Nautamine.

Acefylline
Acefylline (INN), also known as 7-theophyllineacetic acid, is a stimulant drug of the xanthine chemical class. It acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist. It is combined with diphenhydramine in the pharmaceutical preparation etanautine to help offset diphenhydramine induced drowsiness.

A silanol–mannuronic acid conjugate of acefylline, acefylline methylsilanol mannuronate (INCI; trade name Xantalgosil C) is marketed as a lipolytic phosphodiesterase inhibitor. It is used as an ingredient in cosmeceuticals for the treatment of cellulite and as a skin conditioner.
P. D. Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre
The P. D. Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre is a multi-specialty, tertiary-care hospital in Mumbai, India. It was founded in 1951 by Parmanand Deepchand Hinduja, in collaboration with the Massachusetts General Hospital, the main teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School, Boston.

The hospital is owned and operated by the London-based Hinduja Group, through Hinduja Healthcare Limited, which also operates Hinduja Healthcare Surgical at Khar, Mumbai. Its chief executive officer is Gautam Khanna.

Hinduja Hospital is ranked the 6th-best hospital in India, 3rd-best among the private hospitals in India, best in Western India, best multi-speciality hospital in metros, and the cleanest hospital in Mumbai.

It has strategic partnerships with King's College London, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Geneva University Hospitals, Stanford University, Henry Ford Health Systems to advance training, education and research.

Hinduja Group
Hinduja Group is an Indian conglomerate. The group is present in eleven sectors including automotive, oil and specialty chemicals, banking and finance, IT and ITeS, cyber security, healthcare, trading, infrastructure project development, media and entertainment, power, and real estate. The net worth of the Hinduja brothers was estimated to be US$32 billion in 2022, making them the wealthiest people in the United Kingdom.

In October 2024, the Hinduja family was ranked 11th on the Forbes list of India’s 100 richest tycoons, with a net worth of $22 billion.

In May 2025, as per the Sunday Times rich list, the Hinduja family topped UK's richest list for the 4th consecutive term, with a net worth of £35.3 billion.
Spoon
A spoon (UK: /ˈspuːn/, US: /ˈspun/ SPOON) is a utensil consisting of a shallow bowl (also known as a head), oval or round, at the end of a handle. A type of cutlery (sometimes called flatware in the United States), especially as part of a place setting, it is used primarily for transferring food to the mouth (eating). Spoons are also used in food preparation to measure, mix, stir and toss ingredients and for serving food. Present day spoons are made from metal (notably stainless steel, flat silver or silverware, plated or solid), wood, porcelain or plastic. There are many different types of spoons made from different materials by different cultures for different purposes and food.

Fork
In cutlery or kitchenware, a fork (from Latin: furca 'pitchfork') is a utensil, now usually made of metal, whose long handle terminates in a head that branches into several narrow and often slightly curved tines with which one can spear foods either to hold them to cut with a knife or to lift them to the mouth.
Men of Letters (Acadia)
The Acadian Men of Letters are a group of literary figures who are noted for their work in Acadian history, literature, language, and culture. They were active from the 1880s to the 1930s and made up of Pascal Poirier, Placide Gaudet, Israël Landry, Ferdinand Robidoux and Anglophone John Clarence Webster. They were declared Persons of National Historic Significance in Canada in 1955 and have a plaque dedicated to them in Shediac, New Brunswick.

Placide Gaudet
Placide Gaudet (November 19, 1850 – November 9, 1930) was a Canadian historian, educator, genealogist and journalist. He signed his name as Placide P. Gaudet. Gaudet is noted for his research into the history and genealogy of the Acadian people and played an important role in the preservation of their history.
Air Conflicts: Aces of World War II
Air Conflicts: Aces of World War II is a 2009 arcade-style combat flight simulation video game developed by Finnish Studio Cowboy Rodeo and published by Graffiti Entertainment. Set during World War II, the game was developed for the PlayStation Portable and released in 2009. It is the sequel to the 2006 game Air Conflicts.

Air Conflicts
Air Conflicts is an arcade combat flight simulator video game set in World War II. It was developed by 3Division Entertainment and published by Frogster Interactive. The game was released in April 2006.