hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Richard Buxton (botanist)
Richard Buxton (15 January 1785 – 2 January 1865) was a British shoemaker and amateur botanist. Born in Prestwich, Lancashire, to a family who lived in humble circumstances, he taught himself to read, and learned the basic principles of botany. Although living as a pauper for most of his life, in 1849 he published A Botanical Guide to the Flowering Plants, Ferns, Mosses and Algæ, Found Indigenous Within Sixteen Miles of Manchester, which became one of the standard texts on the flora then commonly found in the Manchester area. According to his obituary in the Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, Buxton was one of "nature's gentlemen" and "his true and correct pronunciation of scientific terms have caused many who heard him to believe he was an accomplished classical scholar". He was acknowledged by the geologist Edward William Binney as "the most profound thinker of his class".

Prestwich
Prestwich (/ˈprɛstwɪtʃ/ PREST-witch) is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury, Greater Manchester, England, three miles (five kilometres) north of Manchester, three miles (five kilometres) north of Salford and five miles (eight kilometres) south of Bury.

Within the boundaries of the historic county of Lancashire, Prestwich was the seat of the ancient parish of Prestwich-cum-Oldham, centred around the Grade I listed Church of St Mary the Virgin. In recent times, it has grown in popularity as a commuter town of Manchester, being consistently named one of the best places to live in the UK by The Sunday Times, and has been nicknamed the 'new Didsbury' in comparison with the affluent suburb in the south of the city.

The oldest part of Prestwich, around Bury New Road, is known as Prestwich Village. There is a large Jewish community in Prestwich which, together with neighbouring Whitefield, Broughton and Crumpsall, makes up the second largest Jewish community in the UK outside London.
Wang Yinglai
Wang Yinglai (simplified Chinese: 王应睐; traditional Chinese: 王應睞; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ông Eng-lāi; 13 November 1907 – 5 May 2001), also known as Ying-Lai Wang, was a Chinese biochemist recognized as the first person to create synthetic insulin, a major scientific breakthrough that produced a biologically active compound from inorganic chemicals. He was one of the first group of scientists elected to the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955. He founded the Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry in 1958 and served as its director until his retirement in 1984.

Xu Genjun
Xu Genjun (Chinese: 许根俊; 23 November 1935 – 8 January 2008) was a Chinese biochemist. He was a professor at the Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology. He was an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and President of the Chinese Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
Fortress of Sagres
The Fortress of Sagres, also known as Castle of Sagres or Fort of Sagres (Portuguese: Fortaleza de Sagres), is a military structure, located near the Sagres freguesia, in the municipality of Vila do Bispo, in the Algarve region of Portugal. The fortress was built in the 15th century by order of Portugal's Infante Henry the Navigator. Heavily damaged in the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, it was rebuilt in the late 18th century albeit with significant remodeling. It underwent major renovations in the 1960s and 1990s and in 2010. Inside, the Church of Nossa Senhora da Graça, also built by Henry the Navigator, stands out. The fortress is of great historical importance because of its connection to the history of Henry the Navigator and Portuguese discoveries. In 2018 it was the most visited monument in the Algarve, probably in the entire region south of the Tagus.

Sagres (Vila do Bispo)
Sagres is a civil parish in the municipality of Vila do Bispo, in the southern Algarve of Portugal. It has 1,894 inhabitants (2021) in an area of 34.37 square kilometres (13.27 sq mi). It is historically connected to the early Portuguese Age of Discovery.

Sagres is near the Western end of the world's longest estimated straight-line path over land, at 11,241 km, ending near Jinjiang in the People's Republic of China.
Melissa VanFleet
Melissa Ann VanFleet (born 1986) is an American singer-songwriter and musician from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. In 2012, her piano covers of American heavy metal band W.A.S.P.'s ballad "Sleeping (In the Fire)" and "Too Late" by Black Sabbath garnered attention from the heavy metal music community. VanFleet has since collaborated with Scott Rockenfield of Queensrÿche, Nick Douglas of DORO, Doug Blair of W.A.S.P., Italian symphonic death metal band Genus Ordinis Dei, and Cristina Scabbia of Lacuna Coil.

Doug Blair
Douglas Blair Lucek, better known as Doug Blair (born February 11, 1963), is a heavy metal guitarist and member of W.A.S.P. Blair's early development as a musician took place in his home state of Connecticut. His focus on technical ability with the guitar quickly saw him gaining a reputation locally in the Tri-State area of New York, New Jersey and Connecticut.
R-7 Semyorka
The R-7 Semyorka (Russian: Р-7 Семёрка, lit. 'number seven', GRAU index: 8K71) was a Soviet missile developed during the Cold War, and the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile. The R-7 made 28 launches between 1957 and 1961. A derivative, the R-7A, was operational from 1960 to 1968. To the West it was unknown until its launch (later it would get the NATO reporting name SS-6 Sapwood). In modified form, it launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, into orbit, and became the basis for the R-7 family which includes Sputnik, Luna, Molniya, Vostok, and Voskhod space launchers, as well as later Soyuz variants. Various modifications are still in use and it has become the world's most reliable space launcher.

Luna (rocket)
The Luna 8K72 vehicles were carrier rockets used by the Soviet Union for nine space probe launch attempts in the Luna programme between 23 September 1958 and 16 April 1960. Like many other Soviet launchers of that era, the Luna 8K72 vehicles were derived from the R-7 Semyorka design, part of the R-7 rocket family, which was also the basis for the  Vostok and modern Soyuz rockets.

The 8K72 was the first R-7 variant explicitly designed as a carrier rocket and it incorporated a few features that became standard on all later R-7 carrier rockets including thicker tank walls to support the weight of upper stages and the AVD malfunction detection system, which would terminate engine thrust if the booster's operating parameters (engine performance, electrical power, or flight trajectory) deviated from normal.
Hallstatt
Hallstatt (German: [ˈhalʃtat] ⓘ) is a small town in the Gmunden District of the Austrian state of Upper Austria. Situated between the southwestern shore of Hallstätter See and the steep slopes of the Dachstein massif, the town lies in the Salzkammergut region, on the national road linking Salzburg and Graz.

Hallstatt is known for its production of salt, dating back to prehistoric times, and gave its name to the Hallstatt culture, the archaeological culture linked to Proto-Celtic and early Celtic people of the Early Iron Age in Europe, c. 800–450 BC.

Hallstatt is at the core of the Hallstatt-Dachstein/Salzkammergut Cultural Landscape declared as one of the World Heritage Sites in Austria by UNESCO in 1997. It is an area of overtourism.

Overtourism
Overtourism is congestion or overcrowding from an excess of tourists, resulting in conflicts with locals.  The World Tourism Organization defines overtourism as "the impact of tourism on a destination, or parts thereof, that excessively influences perceived quality of life of citizens and/or quality of visitor experiences in a negative way". This definition shows how overtourism can be observed both among locals, who view tourism as a disruptive factor that increasingly burdens daily life, as well as visitors, who may regard high numbers of tourists as a nuisance. Instagram tourism has been implicated as a cause.

The term was only used infrequently before 2017, but is now the most commonly used expression to describe the negative impacts ascribed to tourism.
Park Benjamin Jr.
Park Benjamin (1849–1922) was an American patent lawyer and writer. He was born in New York City, graduated at the United States Naval Academy in 1867, resigned from the Navy in 1869, and graduated at the Albany Law School in the following year.  He was associate editor of The Scientific American from 1872 to 1878 and subsequently edited Appleton's Cyclopedia of Applied Mechanics and Cyclopædia of Modern Mechanism. He is also famous as the father-in-law of operatic tenor Enrico Caruso.

Enrico Caruso
Enrico Caruso (25 February 1873 – 2 August 1921) was an Italian operatic tenor, who sang to great acclaim at the major opera houses of Europe and the Americas, appearing in a wide variety of roles that ranged from the lyric to the dramatic. Generally recognized as the first international recording star, Caruso made around 250 commercially released recordings from 1902 to 1920.
Alkylation
Alkylation is a chemical reaction that entails transfer of an alkyl group. The alkyl group may be transferred as an alkyl carbocation, a free radical, a carbanion, or a carbene (or their equivalents). Alkylating agents are reagents for effecting alkylation.  Alkyl groups can also be removed in a process known as dealkylation.  Alkylating agents are often classified according to their nucleophilic or electrophilic character. In oil refining contexts, alkylation refers to a particular alkylation of isobutane with olefins. For upgrading of petroleum, alkylation produces a premium blending stock for gasoline. In medicine, alkylation of DNA is used in chemotherapy to damage the DNA of cancer cells. Alkylation is accomplished with the class of drugs called alkylating antineoplastic agents.

Alkyl group
In organic chemistry, an alkyl group is an alkane missing one hydrogen.
The term alkyl is intentionally unspecific to include many possible substitutions. 
An acyclic alkyl has the general formula of −CnH2n+1. A cycloalkyl group is derived from a cycloalkane by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring and has the general formula −CnH2n−1.
Typically an alkyl is a part of a larger molecule. In structural formulae, the symbol R is used to designate a generic (unspecified) alkyl group. The smallest alkyl group is methyl, with the formula −CH3.
Komazawa Olympic Park
Komazawa Olympic Park (駒沢オリンピック公園) is a sports facility that was constructed for the 1964 Summer Olympics. Approximately 90 per cent of the park's area is in Setagaya, with the remaining 10 per cent sitting within Meguro.

The park includes an outdoor athletic and soccer venue, the Komazawa Olympic Park Stadium, the Komazawa Gymnasium and multiple additional soccer, baseball, swimming, tennis, jogging and cycling facilities.

Setagaya
Setagaya (世田谷区, Setagaya-ku; officially called Setagaya City or the City of Setagaya) is a special ward in the Tokyo Metropolis in Japan. It is also the name of a neighborhood and administrative district within the ward. Its official bird is the azure-winged magpie, its flower is the fringed orchid, and its tree is the Zelkova serrata.

Setagaya has the largest population and second-largest area (after Ōta) of Tokyo's special wards. As of July 1, 2023, the ward has an estimated population of 940,071, and a population density of 16,194 persons per km2 with the total area of 58.06 km2.
Carla Gravina
Carla Gravina (born 5 August 1941) is an Italian actress and politician. She received a Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress for her role in La Terrazza (1980). Her other notable roles were in Love and Chatter (1957), Esterina (1959), and The Long Silence (1993). Gravina used to be a member of the Chamber of Deputies.

Love and Chatter
Amore e chiacchiere, internationally released as Love and Chatter, is a 1958 Italian comedy film directed by Alessandro Blasetti. It is based on a Cesare Zavattini's play with the same title.

For this film Carla Gravina was awarded best actress at the Locarno International Film Festival.
What Other People Say
"What Other People Say" is a song by Australian singer-songwriter Sam Fischer and American singer Demi Lovato. It was released on 4 February 2021 by RCA and Island Records on digital download and streaming formats as the second single from Lovato's seventh studio album Dancing with the Devil... the Art of Starting Over and Fischer's debut studio album I Love You, Please Don't Hate Me. The song was written by both Lovato and Fischer alongside Geoff Warburton and Ryan Williamson.

The song became a top 40 hit in Fischer's home country of Australia in addition to New Zealand and The Netherlands. At the 2021 ARIA Music Awards, the song was nominated for Song of the Year.

Sam Fischer
Samuel Fischer (born 5 July  1991) is an Australian pop rock singer-songwriter and musician. Fischer released music independently before signing with RCA Records in 2019. RCA re-released his debut EP Not a Hobby in January 2020.
Tom Sturridge
Thomas Sidney Jerome Sturridge (born 5 December 1985) is an English actor. His early films include Being Julia (2004), Like Minds (2006), and The Boat That Rocked (2009). He was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for his performances in Orphans (2013) and Sea Wall/A Life (2019). He was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in 2016 for his performance in a West End revival of the play  American Buffalo. Sturridge has starred as Dream in the Netflix fantasy series The Sandman (2022–2025).

Like Minds
Like Minds is a 2006 Australian  unreliable narrative psychological thriller film written and directed by Gregory J. Read. The film was produced by the South Australian Film Corporation. It debuted in Australia on 9 November 2006.  The psychological thriller is the first Australian/UK co-production to be set in the UK in over a decade. Like Minds was retitled Murderous Intent for its 2007 U.S. DVD release, and stars Toni Collette, Tom Sturridge, Richard Roxburgh, Kate Maberly, and Eddie Redmayne, in his film debut.
Lois Chiles
Lois Cleveland Chiles (born April 15, 1947) is an American actress and former fashion model known for her role as Holly Goodhead in the James Bond film Moonraker (1979), and as a hit-and-run driver in Creepshow 2 (1987). Other screen credits include The Way We Were (1973), The Great Gatsby (1974), Death on the Nile (1978), Broadcast News (1987), and the television role of Holly Harwood on Dallas (1982–1983).

Broadcast News (film)
Broadcast News is a 1987 American romantic comedy-drama film written, produced and directed by James L. Brooks. The film concerns a virtuoso television news producer (Holly Hunter) who has daily emotional breakdowns, a brilliant yet prickly reporter (Albert Brooks), and the latter's charismatic but far less seasoned rival (William Hurt). It also stars Robert Prosky, Lois Chiles, Joan Cusack, and Jack Nicholson. The film was produced by Gracie Films and distributed by 20th Century Fox.

The film was acclaimed by critics and at the 60th Academy Awards received seven nominations, including Best Picture. In 2018, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.".
Gotlib
Marcel Gottlieb (14 July 1934 – 4 December 2016), known professionally as Gotlib, was a French comics creator and publisher. Through his own work and the magazines he co-founded, L'Écho des savanes and Fluide Glacial, he was a key figure in the switch in French-language comics from their children's entertainment roots to an adult tone and readership.   His series include Rubrique-à-Brac, Gai-Luron, and Superdupont. His comedy ranges from absurd, metafictional stories to satire with pop culture references and dark, scatological comedy.

Fluide Glacial
Fluide Glacial (French pronunciation: [flɥid ɡlasjal]) is a monthly French comics magazine and a publishing house founded on 1 April 1975 by Gotlib, Alexis  and Jacques Diament.

Since its foundation, it has featured the work of French and international authors and graphic artists such as Christian Binet, Jacques Lob, Luc Nisset, Édika, Claire Bretécher, Jean Solé, François Boucq, Moebius, Masse, Jean-Claude Mézières, Loup, Daniel Goossens, Stéphane Charbonnier, Tignous and André Franquin. Nowadays it also features the work of a new generation of authors and comics artists such as Riad Sattouf, Arthur De Pins, Julien/CDM, Guillaume Bouzard, Mo/CDM and Romain Dutreix.

It was owned by Groupe Flammarion from 1995 until 2016, when it was bought by Bamboo Édition.

Yan Lindingre has been the magazine's editor in chief since 2012.
Irving and Casson
Irving & Casson was a Boston, Massachusetts, firm of interior designers and furniture makers, founded in 1875.

Its specialty was interior woodwork and mantels, but it also made furniture, primarily in the styles of the 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries. In 1914 or 1916, the firm merged with A. H. Davenport Company, a furniture company also located in Boston (both had factories in East Cambridge). After the merger, the company executed a number of commissions for Gothic Revival churches, including the chapels at Duke University and the University of Pittsburgh. The company’s last major design commission was for the interiors for the United Nations Headquarters in New York City, executed in the 1950s. Irving & Casson–A. H. Davenport Co. went out of business in 1974.

A. H. Davenport and Company
A. H. Davenport and Company was a late 19th-century, early 20th-century American furniture manufacturer, cabinetmaker, and interior decoration firm. Based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, it sold luxury items at its showrooms in Boston and New York City, and produced furniture and interiors for many notable buildings, including The White House. The word "davenport," meaning a boxy sofa or sleeper-sofa, comes from the company.
Echizen, Fukui
Echizen (越前市, Echizen-shi) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 July 2018,  the city had an estimated population of 83,078 in 20,341 households and a population density of 360 persons per km². The total area of the city was 230.70 square kilometres (89.07 sq mi).  The modern city of Echizen was established on October 1, 2005, from the merger of the city of Takefu and the town of Imadate (from Imadate District); although the Echizen Basin has been an important regional center for over 1,500 years. The city is home to the largest number of cultural assets in Fukui Prefecture and has many former castle sites and prehistoric archeological sites.

Echizen-Fuchū Castle
Echizen-Fuchū Castle (越前府中城, Echizen-Fuchū-jō) was a flatland-style Japanese castle located in what is now part of the city of Echizen, Fukui Prefecture, Japan. The castle fell into ruins during the Sengoku period and the site was completely built over in the modern era, so nothing remains today.
Banburismus
Banburismus was a cryptanalytic process developed by Alan Turing at Bletchley Park in Britain during the Second World War. It was used by Bletchley Park's Hut 8 to help break German Kriegsmarine (naval) messages enciphered on Enigma machines. The process used sequential conditional probability to infer information about the likely settings of the Enigma machine. It gave rise to Turing's invention of the ban as a measure of the weight of evidence in favour of a hypothesis. This concept was later applied in Turingery and all the other methods used for breaking the Lorenz cipher.

I. J. Good
Irving John Good (9 December 1916 – 5 April 2009)
was a British mathematician who worked as a cryptologist at Bletchley Park with Alan Turing. After the Second World War, Good continued to work with Turing on the design of computers and Bayesian statistics at the University of Manchester. Good moved to the United States where he was a professor at Virginia Tech.

He was born Isadore Jacob Gudak to a Polish Jewish family in London. He later anglicised his name to Irving John Good and signed his publications "I. J. Good."

An originator of the concept known as the intelligence explosion, Good served as consultant on supercomputers to Stanley Kubrick, director of the 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey.
Minuscule 787
Minuscule 787 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε471 (von Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament written on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century. The manuscript has complex contents.

Minuscule 268
Minuscule 268 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1163 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 12th century. It has marginalia.
Boat People (1982 film)
Boat People (Chinese: 投奔怒海; pinyin: Tóubēn Nù Hǎi; Cantonese Yale: Tau ban no hoi; lit. 'Into the Raging Sea') is a 1982 Hong Kong film directed by Ann Hui.  The film stars George Lam, Cora Miao, Season Ma, and Andy Lau. At the second Hong Kong Film Awards, Boat People won awards for Best Picture, Best Director, Best New Performer, Best Screenplay, and Best Art Direction. It was also screened out of competition at the 1983 Cannes Film Festival. In 2005, at the 24th Hong Kong Film Awards, Boat People was ranked 8th in the list of 103 best Chinese-language films in the past 100 years.

Boat People was the last film in Hui's "Vietnam trilogy", after Below the Lion Rock: The Boy from Vietnam (1978) and The Story of Woo Viet (1981). It recounts the plight of the Vietnamese people under communist rule following the Fall of Saigon ending the Vietnam War.

Andy Lau
Andy Lau Tak-wah SBS BBS MH JP (Chinese: 劉德華; Jyutping: Lau4 Dak1 Waa4; born Lau Fook-wing; 27 September 1961), is a Hong Kong actor and singer. He was named one of the Five Tiger Generals of TVB in the 1980s as well as one of the Four Heavenly Kings in the 1990s. Lau won the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actor three times, the Golden Horse Award for Best Leading Actor twice, and was entered into the Guinness World Records for the "Most Awards Won by a Cantopop Male Artist" in 2000, with a total of 444 music awards by 2006. In 2018, Lau became a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. In 2024, Lau was elected vice chairman of the 11th China Film Association. Over a career of four decades, Lau has been one of the most commercially and critically successful artists in the Chinese-speaking world.
Highwic
Highwic is a 19th-century house in Auckland, New Zealand, which is listed by Heritage New Zealand as a Category I structure. The house was built in 1862 for Alfred Buckland, a wealthy colonial settler and landowner. The building sits in an elevated position above Newmarket.

Newmarket, New Zealand
Newmarket (Māori: Te Tī Tūtahi) is a central Auckland suburb. Newmarket was originally an independent borough from 1885 to 1989, when it was abolished. Newmarket was established as a livestock market since the 1850s and grew to become a retail and commercial centre for Auckland, with the main road Broadway being the focal point of this activity.