hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
John Alexander McDougall (artist)
John Alexander McDougall (c.1810–1894) was an American painter and photographer, known for his portrait miniatures. Born in Livingston, New Jersey, he studied at the National Academy of Design in New York City, and lived for much of his life in Newark, New Jersey. McDougall was good friends with painters George Inness and Asher B. Durand, as well as writers Washington Irving and Edgar Allan Poe, whom he painted. His miniatures, some of which were unusually small, are found in the permanent collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Smithsonian American Art Museum. He died in Newark on July 29, 1894. He had a daughter and five sons, including the cartoonist Walt McDougall, the artist John A. McDougall Jr. (also a miniaturist), and Harry C. McDougall, proprietor of the Newark Sunday Call.

Gallery

Portrait of Edgar Allan Poe, c. 1846

Portrait of a Gentleman (c. 1835)

Portraits of a Gentleman and a Lady (1839)

Walt McDougall
Walter Hugh McDougall (February 10, 1858 – March 6, 1938) was an American cartoonist. He produced some of the earliest full color newspaper comic strips, and was one of the first producers of regular political cartoons in American daily papers. His satirical cartoons, published in outlets such as the New York World and The North American, were influential in the 1884 U.S. presidential election, and soon after political cartoons became a fixture in American papers. He also drew children's comic strips, including Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz written by L. Frank Baum, and has been called the first syndicated cartoonist for his contributions to the weekly columns of humorist Bill Nye. His books include The Hidden City (1891) and The Rambillicus Book (1903).
Two-stage theory
The two-stage theory, or stagism, is a Marxist–Leninist political theory which argues that underdeveloped countries such as Tsarist Russia must first pass through a stage of capitalism via a bourgeois revolution before moving to a socialist stage.

Stagism was applied to countries worldwide that had not passed through the capitalist stage. In the Soviet Union, the two-stage theory was opposed by the Trotskyist theory of permanent revolution.

While the discussion on stagism focuses on the Russian Revolution, Maoist theories such as New Democracy tend to apply a two-stage theory to struggles elsewhere.

Bourgeois revolution
Bourgeois revolution is a term used in Marxist theory to refer to a social revolution that aims to destroy a feudal system or its vestiges, establish the rule of the bourgeoisie, and create a capitalist state. In colonised or subjugated countries, bourgeois revolutions often take the form of a war of national independence. The Dutch, English, American, and French revolutions are considered the archetypal bourgeois revolutions, in that they attempted to clear away the remnants of the medieval feudal system, so as to pave the way for the rise of capitalism. The term is usually used in contrast to "proletarian revolution", and is also sometimes called a "bourgeois-democratic revolution".
Shamrock Rovers Hoops
The Shamrock Rovers Hoops were an Irish basketball team based in Tallaght, Dublin. Rovers competed in the Superleague and played their home games at the National Basketball Arena. They were affiliated with Shamrock Rovers F.C., who were nicknamed The Hoops.

Originally known as Denny Notre Dame, the team won four consecutive National Cup titles between 1997 and 2000. Notre Dame also won the Irish National Championship in 2000. The team became known as Shamrock Rovers Hoops in 2004 and competed in the Superleague until 2010 when they withdrew from the 2010–11 season due to financial constraints.

National Basketball Arena
National Basketball Arena, also known as Tallaght Arena, is an indoor sporting arena located in Tymon Park, Tallaght, South Dublin, adjacent to the M50 motorway. The capacity of the arena is 2,500 people and it opened in January 1993. It is used mainly for basketball events, but has also hosted other indoor sports, most notably futsal, as well as exhibitions, concerts and cultural events.
De Museumfabriek
De Museumfabriek (formerly Twentse Welle) is a merger of the former Jannink Museum of Textiles, the Museum of National History and the Van Deinse Institute on Social Life. The museum is located in Enschede, Netherlands. The new museum is located partly in a renovated Rozendaal textile factory, in reference to Enschede's textile history, and partly in an adjourning new building designed by the Amsterdam-based firm SeARCH. The project architect was Bjarne Mastenbroek. It is an Anchor point on the European Route of Industrial Heritage.

Enschede
Enschede (Dutch: [ˈɛnsxədeː] ⓘ; local Twents: Eanske [ˈɛːnskə]) is a city and municipality in the province of Overijssel and the Twente region of the eastern Netherlands. The east of the urban area reaches the border of the German city of Gronau.

Enschede began as a small settlement in the Middle Ages and was granted city rights in 1325. It grew as a regional centre for trade and agriculture before becoming a major hub of the textile industry in the 18th and 19th centuries. Until 1935, the municipality of Enschede consisted only of the city of Enschede, when the rural municipality of Lonneker, which surrounded the city, was annexed after the rapid industrial expansion of Enschede that began in the 1860s and involved the building of railways and the digging of the Twentekanaal.

Enschede is home to the football club FC Twente, a one-time Dutch champion; the University of Twente; Saxion University of Applied Sciences and the last Polaroid film factory.
Halitholus
Halitholus is a genus of cnidarians belonging to the family Pandeidae.

The genus is aquatic and has almost cosmopolitan distribution.

Accepted Species:

Halitholus cirratus (Hartlaub, 1914)

Halitholus intermedius (Browne, 1902)

Halitholus pauper (Hartlaub, 1914)

Halitholus triangulus (Xu, Huang & Guo, 2014)

Unaccepted/ Debated Species:

Halitholus intermeda

Halitholus yoldiaarcticae

Halitholus yoldiaearcticae

Pandeidae
Pandeidae is a family of hydroids in the class Hydrozoa. Like other jellyfish there is usually a mature medusa form which is pelagic and reproduces sexually and a hydroid or polyp form which is often benthic and reproduces asexually by budding.
Channel X (New Zealand radio station)
Channel X is a New Zealand classic alternative music station owned by MediaWorks. The station can be heard in 16 markets across New Zealand, and online through MediaWorks's streaming platform, rova. The station plays uninterrupted music from the 1990s to 2010s with occasional one-liners or station IDs. The station does not have announcers and does not air news, sport, weather or traffic information. It does have occasional advertising.

MediaWorks New Zealand
MediaWorks New Zealand is a New Zealand–based company specialising in radio, outdoor advertising and interactive media. It is owned by Australian out-of-home advertising company QMS. It operates eight national radio brands, eleven websites and one locally operated radio station.

On 1 December 2020, MediaWorks sold its entire television division, MediaWorks TV to Discovery, Inc. and the subsidiary company, MediaWorks TV Limited was renamed Discovery NZ Limited (now Sky Free).

Oaktree Capital Management formerly held a 45% stake in Mediaworks. On 7 April 2025, it was announced that QMS Media had purchased this share taking full control of the company. In 2026 QMS Media was acquired by Nine Entertainment.
Lenoir, North Carolina
Lenoir (/lɛˈnɔːr/ le-NOR) is a city in and the county seat of Caldwell County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 18,263 at the 2020 census. Lenoir is located in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains. To the northeast are the Brushy Mountains, a spur of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Hibriten Mountain, located just east of the city limits, marks the western end of the Brushy Mountains range.

Lenoir is one of the principal cities in the Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area.

U.S. Route 64 in North Carolina
U.S. Route 64 (US 64) is the longest numbered route in the U.S. state of North Carolina, running 604 miles (972 km) from the Tennessee state line to the Outer Banks. The route passes through the westernmost municipality in the state, Murphy, and one of the most easternmost municipalities, Manteo, making US 64 a symbolic representation of the phrase "from Murphy to Manteo" which is used to refer to the expanse of the state. The highway is a major east–west route through the central and eastern portion of the state.
Commemorative banknotes of Pakistan
Commemorative banknotes of Pakistani Rupee are issued by the State Bank of Pakistan. The green coloured 75-rupee banknote was issued on 17th August 2022 on the 75th Independence Anniversary of Pakistan. Another blue coloured note was released nearly a year later in July to commemorate the 75th Anniversary of State Bank of Pakistan.

Pakistani rupee
The Pakistani rupee (Urdu: روپیہ; ISO code: PKR; symbol: 𞱱; abbreviation: Re (singular) and Rs (plural)) is the official currency of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. It is divided into one hundred paise (Urdu: پیسہ); however, paisa-denominated coins have not been legal tender since 2013. The issuance of the currency is controlled by the State Bank of Pakistan. It was officially adopted by the Government of Pakistan in 1949. Earlier the coins and notes were issued and controlled by the Reserve Bank of India until 1949, when it was handed over to the Government and State Bank of Pakistan, by the Government and Reserve Bank of India.

In Pakistani English, large values of rupees are counted in thousands; lac (hundred thousands); crore (ten-millions); arab (billion); kharab (hundred billion). Numbers are still grouped in thousands.
Ram Charan Mehrotra
Ram Charan Mehrotra (16 February 1922 – 11 July 2004) was an Indian analytical and organometallic chemist, academic, educationist and the vice chancellor of the Universities of Delhi and Allahabad. He was known for his studies on the chemical theory of indicators, alkoxides and carboxylates of many elements. He was an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy, Indian Chemical Society, Chemical Society of London, Royal Institute of Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences, India and Indian Academy of Sciences. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1965, for his contributions to chemical sciences.

Donald Charlton Bradley
Donald Charlton Bradley CBE FRS, (7 November 1924 – 20 December 2014) was a British chemist who was recognized for his work on the chemistry of metal-alkoxides and metal-amides, their synthesis, structure and bonding, and for his studies of their conversions to metal-oxides and metal-nitrides.
Bertrand Marie de Lesseps
Bertrand Marie de Lesseps (3 February 1875 – 28 August 1918) was a French fencer. He competed in the individual and team sabre events at the 1908 Summer Olympics. He was killed in action during World War I. He was the brother of Ismaël de Lesseps, and son of Ferdinand de Lesseps.

Ferdinand de Lesseps
Ferdinand Marie de Lesseps (French: [lesɛps]; 19 November 1805 – 7 December 1894) was a French Orientalist diplomat and later developer of the Suez Canal, which in 1869, joined the Mediterranean and Red Seas, substantially reducing sailing distances and times between Europe and East Asia.

He attempted to repeat this success with an effort to build a Panama Canal at sea level during the 1880s, but the project was devastated by epidemics of malaria and yellow fever in the area, as well as by financial problems, and the planned Lesseps Panama Canal was never completed. Eventually, the project was bought out by the United States, which solved the medical problems and changed the design to a non-sea- level canal with locks. It was completed in 1914.
Lion Rock Tunnel (Tuen Ma line)
The Lion Rock Tunnel (Chinese: 獅子山隧道) on the MTR Tuen Ma line is a 2.475 kilometres (1.538 mi) transport tunnel in Hong Kong. It was opened on 14 February 2020.

The tunnel is located between Hin Keng station and Diamond Hill station.

This tunnel can pass through Lion Rock Country Park.

Diamond Hill station
Diamond Hill (Chinese: 鑽石山; Cantonese Yale: Jyun sehk sāan) is an MTR station located in Tai Hom, Northern Kowloon, named for local Diamond Hill area. It is an interchange station on the Kwun Tong line and Tuen Ma line. The station is incorporated into the Plaza Hollywood shopping mall.
Edna Lewis
Edna Regina Lewis (April 13, 1916 – February 13, 2006) was a renowned American chef, teacher, and author who helped refine the American view of Southern cooking. She championed the use of fresh, in season ingredients and characterized Southern food as fried chicken (pan-, not deep-fried), pork, and fresh vegetables – most especially greens. She wrote and co-wrote four books which covered Southern cooking and life in a small community of freed slaves and their descendants, including The Taste of Country Cooking and In Pursuit of Flavor.

Café Nicholson
Café Nicholson (originally at 147 East 57th St., and later at 323 East 58th Street) was a New York City restaurant that operated from 1948 to 1999. The establishment became a gathering place for members of the artistic, literary and cultural elite.
Vrion, Sarandë
Vrion (Albanian definite form: Vrioni; Greek: Βρυώνι) is a village in Vlorë County, southwestern Albania. It is part of the municipality Finiq. It is located to the east of Sarandë,  next to the village of Metoq.

Finiq
Finiq (Albanian: Finiq, Albanian definite form: Finiqi, Greek: Φοινίκη, romanized: Foiniki) is a settlement, considered a town or village, and municipality in Vlorë County, in southern Albania located 8 km from the Ionian Sea and 20 km north of the Greek border. It was formed at the 2015 local government reform by the merger of the former communes Aliko, Dhivër, Livadhja, Mesopotam, and Finiq itself. It is inhabited by ethnic Greeks and is one of two municipalities in Albania in which Greeks form a majority, alongside Dropull. The seat of the municipality is the village Dërmish. The total population is 10,529 (2011 census), in a total area of 444.28 km2.

The population of the former municipality at the 2011 census was 1,333; according to the civil offices, which count all citizens including those who live abroad, was 6,780 (2011 estimate).
RAF Tangmere
Royal Air Force Tangmere or more simply RAF Tangmere is a former Royal Air Force station located in Tangmere, England, famous for its role in the Battle of Britain.

It was one of several stations near Chichester, West Sussex. The Second World War aces Wing Commander Douglas Bader, and the then inexperienced Johnnie Johnson were stationed at Tangmere in 1941.

RAF Weston Zoyland
Royal Air Force Westonzoyland, or more simply RAF Westonzoyland, is located approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) east-southeast of Bridgwater, Somerset, UK.

It was opened in 1925 with summer camps lasting from May until September each year. It was later used by the Royal Air Force and United States Army Air Forces.  During the war it was used primarily as an army co-operation airfield but several squadrons were based there with a variety of aircraft, including Spitfires, Hurricanes and Mosquitos. Gloster Meteor jets were stationed there for a short time before moving to RAF Culmhead in Somerset. After being stood down in 1947 it was recommissioned in 1952 as a Meteor jet training station to support the demands of the Korean War. It was home to No. 209 Advanced Flying School RAF whose pupils included future Air Chief Marshals Lord Craig and Sir Patrick Hine.

Today the remains of the airfield are a mixture of farmland and a base for Civil Air Patrol activities.
Jefimenko's equations
In electromagnetism, Jefimenko's equations (named after Oleg D. Jefimenko) give the electric field and magnetic field due to a distribution of electric charges and electric current in space, that takes into account the propagation delay (retarded time) of the fields due to the finite speed of light and relativistic effects.  Therefore, they can be used for moving charges and currents.  They are the particular solutions to Maxwell's equations for any arbitrary distribution of charges and currents.
A point-like electric charge version of Jefimenko's equations is known as the Heaviside–Feynman formula or Jefimenko–Feynman formula.

Retarded potential
In electrodynamics, the retarded potentials are the electromagnetic potentials for the electromagnetic field generated by time-varying electric current or charge distributions in the past. The fields propagate at the speed of light c, so the delay of the fields connecting cause and effect at earlier and later times is an important factor: the signal takes a finite time to propagate from a point in the charge or current distribution (the point of cause) to another point in space (where the effect is measured), see figure below.
A. K. M. Aminul Haque
A. K. M. Aminul Haque (1929 – 29 August 2022) was a Bangladeshi marine biologist who served as the vice-chancellor of Bangladesh Agricultural University for two terms during 1980–1988. In 2006, he was appointed as a National Professor by the government of Bangladesh for five years. He served as the director of marine of the Department of Fisheries under the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock. He was an adviser, with the rank of minister, of the Shahabuddin Ahmed caretaker government.

National Professor
National Professor (Bengali: জাতীয় অধ্যাপক, romanized: Jatiẏô ôdhyapôk) is a prestigious teaching award given by the government of Bangladesh for outstanding contribution in the field of education. It is awarded by the President of Bangladesh according to Bangladesh National Professor Resolution (appointment, conditions and facilities) 1981. The awarded persons receive various facilities from the government.

They will receive a fixed amount of salary through the University Grants Commission.

They will be able to do any educational/research work in with any research organisation/institute in their choice.

They will receive all the facilities from the respected organisations/institutes.

They will be able to join any foreign university as visiting professor.

They will not be able to take any salary from any other organisations/institutes except the government.

They will not be treated as government officers.
Printer's Devilry
A Printer's Devilry is a form of cryptic crossword puzzle, first invented by Afrit (Alistair Ferguson Ritchie) in 1937. A Printer's Devilry puzzle does not follow the standard Ximenean rules of crossword setting, since the clues do not define the answers. Instead, each clue consists of a sentence from which a string of letters has been removed and, where necessary, the punctuation and word breaks in the clue rearranged to form a new more-or-less grammatical sentence. The challenge to the solver is to find the missing letters, which will spell out a word or phrase that should be entered into the grid.

Cryptic crossword
A cryptic crossword is a crossword puzzle in which each clue is a word puzzle. Cryptic crosswords are particularly popular in the United Kingdom, where they originated, as well as Ireland, the Netherlands, and in several Commonwealth nations, including Australia, Canada, India, Kenya, Malta, New Zealand, and South Africa. Compilers of cryptic crosswords are commonly called setters in the UK and constructors in the US.  Particularly in the UK, a distinction may be made between cryptics and quick (i.e. standard) crosswords, and sometimes two sets of clues are given for a single puzzle grid.

Cryptic crossword puzzles come in two main types: the basic cryptic in which each clue answer is entered into the diagram normally, and themed or variety cryptics, in which some or all of the answers must be altered before entering, usually in accordance with a hidden pattern or rule which must be discovered by the solver.
Mitsui Outlet Park Linkou
The Mitsui Outlet Park Linkou (Chinese: Mitsui Outlet Park 林口) is an outlet store in Linkou District, New Taipei City, Taiwan. With a total of 220 brands, construction of the mall started in April 2014 and it officially opened on January 27, 2016. It is Mitsui Fudosan's third overseas base.

Mitsui Fudosan
The Mitsui Fudosan Co., Ltd. (三井不動産株式会社, Mitsui Fudōsan kabushiki gaisha, lit. "Mitsui Real Estate Share Company") is a major Japanese real estate developer with properties located globally. Mitsui Fudosan is one of the core companies of Mitsui Group.
Northstar California
Northstar California (previously Northstar-at-Tahoe) is a mountain resort in the western United States, located in Placer County, California, near the northwest shore of Lake Tahoe.

Approximately 200 miles (320 km) from the San Francisco Bay Area, the 3,170-acre (12.8 km2) resort features 2,280 ft (690 m) vertical drop of alpine terrain accessed by 19 lifts, a snowmaking system, a cross-country center, a village, on-site lodging and summer activities including an 18-hole golf course and a lift-served mountain bike park.

Vail Resorts
Vail Resorts, Inc. is an American mountain resort company headquartered in Broomfield, Colorado. The company is divided among divisions that own and operate 42 mountain resorts in four countries, along with hotels, lodging, condominiums, and golf courses that comprise property real estate holdings.
Ian Ritchie Architects
Ritchie Studio, formerly known as Ian Ritchie Architects, is a British architectural and design practice, based in London led by its founder Ian Ritchie. Recently completed projects include the RIBA Award-winning Susie Sainsbury Theatre, the Angela Burgess Recital Hall for the Royal Academy of Music, and the Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London.

Previous works of note include Stratford-upon-Avon's Royal Shakespeare Company Courtyard Theatre, the Leipzig Trade Fair Messe Glass Hall, Europe's largest single volume glass building, the Spire of Dublin, the Terrasson Greenhouse for the Gardens of the Imagination in Terrasson-Lavilledieu, and the London Regatta Centre.

Theatre Royal, Plymouth
Theatre Royal, Plymouth, is a theatre venue in Plymouth, Devon. It consists of a 1,300-seat main auditorium, The Lyric, which regularly hosts large-scale musicals, opera and ballet; a 200-seat studio, The Drum; and a 50-seat studio, The Lab. On a separate site, Theatre Royal Plymouth also has a production and learning centre, TR2, featuring rehearsal studios and workshops for the production of set and costumes.

The theatre is a National Portfolio Organisation, receiving regular funding from Arts Council England.

A £7 million Regeneration Project was completed in September 2013 with a renovated front of house area and community performance space called The Lab.

A 7-metre-high (23 ft) bronze sculpture depicting a crouching female actor called Messenger was unveiled in front of the theatre, in 2019.