hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Central Virginia Community College v. Katz
Central Virginia Community College v. Katz, 546 U.S. 356 (2006), is a United States Supreme Court case holding that the Bankruptcy Clause of the Constitution abrogates state sovereign immunity. It is significant as one of only three cases allowing Congress to use an Article I power to authorize individuals to sue states, the others being PennEast Pipeline Co. v. New Jersey and Torres v. Texas Department of Public Safety.

Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44 (1996), was a United States Supreme Court case which held that Article One of the U.S. Constitution did not give the United States Congress the power to abrogate the sovereign immunity of the states that is further protected under the Eleventh Amendment. Such abrogation is permitted where it is necessary to enforce the rights of citizens guaranteed under the Fourteenth Amendment as per Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer. The case also held that the doctrine of Ex parte Young, which allows state officials to be sued in their official capacity for prospective injunctive relief, was inapplicable under these circumstances, because any remedy was limited to the one that Congress had provided.
Constance McLaughlin Green
Constance Winsor Green (née McLaughlin; 
August 21, 1897, in Ann Arbor, Michigan – December 5, 1975, in Annapolis, Maryland), best known as Constance McLaughlin Green, was an American historian. She who won the 1963 Pulitzer Prize for History for Washington, Village and Capital, 1800–1878 (1962).

Washington: Village and Capital, 1800–1878
Washington: Village and Capital, 1800–1878 (1962) is first volume of a two-volume Pulitzer Prize–winning work by American historian Constance McLaughlin Green, tracing the development of Washington, DC, from 1800 to 1878. Green won the 1963 Pulitzer Prize for History for it. Donald H. Mugridge of the Historical Society of Washington, D.C., called the work "the first volume of what is self-evidently the most important general history of the City of Washington, and I have no hesitation in saying the most important contribution to the knowledge of its history, in nearly half a century."

Green's second volume was published in 1963, titled Washington: Capital City, 1879–1950, tracing its development from 1879 to 1950.
Dr. Mabuse the Gambler
Dr. Mabuse the Gambler (German: Dr. Mabuse, der Spieler) is the first film in the Dr. Mabuse series about the character Doctor Mabuse who featured in the novels of Norbert Jacques. It was directed by Fritz Lang and released in 1922. The film is silent and would be followed by the sound sequels The Testament of Dr. Mabuse (1933) and The Thousand Eyes of Dr. Mabuse (1960).

It is four and a half hours long and divided into two parts, originally released a month apart: Der große Spieler: Ein Bild der Zeit and Inferno: Ein Spiel von Menschen unserer Zeit. The title, Dr. Mabuse, der Spieler, makes use of three meanings of the German Der Spieler which can mean gambler, puppeteer, or actor.

The film is included in the book 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die, being the first of five Lang films to be included.

The Thousand Eyes of Dr. Mabuse
The Thousand Eyes of Dr. Mabuse (German Die 1000 Augen des Dr. Mabuse) is a 1960 black-and-white crime thriller film directed by Fritz Lang in his final film. A West German/French/Italian international co-production, it starred Peter van Eyck, Dawn Addams and Gert Fröbe. The film made use of the character Dr. Mabuse, who had appeared in earlier films by Lang in 1922 and 1933. The Thousand Eyes of Dr. Mabuse spawned a film series of German Mabuse films that were released over the following years to compete with Rialto Film's Krimi films.
Danny Little Bear
Danny Little Bear (September 13, 1937 – May 12, 1991) was an American professional wrestler who competed in North American regional promotions including the National Wrestling Alliance, particularly the Central States and Gulf Coast territories, where he remained one of the region's most popular stars during the 1960s and 70s. His feuds with Yasu Fuji & Chati Yokochi, Black Angus Campbell and manager Percival A. Friend and Eduardo Miguel Perez were the cause of frequent riots and arrests in the St. Joseph-Kansas City area during the summer of 1972.

He also had a successful stint in Stu Hart's Stampede Wrestling, holding the promotion's Stampede Wrestling North American Heavyweight Championship for much of early 1974.

Archie Gouldie
Archibald Edward Gouldie (November 22, 1936 – January 23, 2016) was a Canadian professional wrestler. He wrestled for Stampede Wrestling for decades as Archie "The Stomper" Gouldie, with the nickname coming from the wrestler's reputation of "stomping" on his opponents, when they were down, with his black cowboy boots. He was also known by the ring name The Mongolian Stomper.
Ultragaz
Ultragaz is a Brazilian liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) distribution company. It originated as part of the company Empresa Brasileira de Gás a Domicílio, created by Ernesto Igel, founder of Ultra Group.

Ultragaz is the largest LPG distributor in Brazil, with 46 percent market share. It provides gas to about 15 million households in the bottled LPG segment and more than 90,000 customers in bulk.

Ernesto Igel
Ernesto Igel (27 November 1893 – 24 January 1966) was an Austrian entrepreneur and founder of the company Empresa Brasileira de Gáz a Domilicio Ltda, the first Brazilian gas distribution network of fuel for cooking equipment (LPG).

In 1938, the company changed its name to Ultragaz S.A.

Through Ultragaz's growth and the creation of new companies, Ernesto Igel founded Ultra, also known as Ultrapar.
Four Weddings and a Funeral (miniseries)
Four Weddings and a Funeral is an American romantic comedy television miniseries, based on the 1994 British film of the same name written by Richard Curtis. The miniseries, which premiered on July 31, 2019 on Hulu, was created by Mindy Kaling and Matt Warburton. It stars Nathalie Emmanuel, Nikesh Patel, Rebecca Rittenhouse, Brandon Mychal Smith, and John Reynolds.

John Reynolds (actor)
John Paul Reynolds (born August 5, 1991) is an American actor and writer best known for his lead roles as Andrew "Drew" Gardner on the TBS dark comedy series Search Party (2016–22) and Caleb Duffy on the Hulu romantic comedy miniseries Four Weddings and a Funeral (2019). Reynolds is also known for his recurring roles as Officer Callahan on the Netflix sci-fi horror series Stranger Things (2016–2025) and Detective Matt Saracusa on the second season of the Showtime survival horror thriller series Yellowjackets (2023).
170th Battalion (Mississauga Horse), CEF
The 170th (Mississauga Horse) Battalion, CEF, was an infantry unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.  Based in Toronto, Ontario, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in that city.  Many of the recruits came from the 9th Mississauga Horse militia regiment.  After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 169th Battalion, CEF, on December 8, 1916.

Lieutenant-Colonel Le Grand Reed was the only officer commanding of the 170th (Mississauga Horse) Battalion.

The battalion is perpetuated by The Royal Regiment of Canada.

Royal Regiment of Canada
The Royal Regiment of Canada is a Primary Reserve infantry regiment of the Canadian Army. The regiment is based in Toronto, Ontario, and forms part of the 4th Canadian Division's 32 Canadian Brigade Group.

The ceremonial dress uniform of the Royal Regiment of Canada is a scarlet tunic, bearskin, and a red-over-white plume, similar to the former Canadian Guards regiment.
Dingle Glen
Dingle Glen (Irish: An Fhothair) is a steep-sided and V-shaped valley "gash", or glen, extending for 550-metres through the bedrock of the lowlands of the Dublin Mountains, located between Carrickmines and Kilternan. In an ecological impact assessment for a proposed development nearby, Dingle Glen was categorised as "a secluded mature broadleaf woodland, mixed with rocky outcrops, within a glacier meltwater channel, thus providing a diversity of habitats within a small undisturbed area".

Carrickmines
Carrickmines (Irish: Carraig Mhaighin, meaning 'Plateau of rock') is an outer suburb of Dublin in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Ireland. The area, still semi-rural, was historically on the border of English control and featured a defensive construction, Carrickmines Castle, which became the subject of national controversy during the building of a late stage of Dublin's M50 orbital motorway.
Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy
Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy (also Pieter Cornelisz Plockhoy van Zierikzee or Peter Cornelius van Zurick-zee; c. 1625, possibly in Zierikzee, Netherlands – c. 1664–1670, Lewes, Delaware) was a Dutch Mennonite and Collegiant utopist who founded a settlement in 1663 near Horekill (Lewes Creek) on the banks of Godyn's Bay (Delaware Bay), near present-day Lewes, Delaware. The settlement was sacked during the English conquest of New Netherland in 1664. He was a longstanding advocate of equality and unrestricted religious toleration, and influenced Franciscus van den Enden, who taught Spinoza Latin. He is now considered a kind of proto-socialist.

Conquest of New Netherland
The conquest of New Netherland occurred in 1664 as an English expedition led by Richard Nicolls that arrived in New York Harbor effected a peaceful capture of New Amsterdam and Fort Amsterdam, and the Articles of Surrender of New Netherland were agreed. The conquest was mostly peaceful in the rest of the colony as well, except for some fighting in New Amstel.
David X
David X (Georgian: დავით X) (c. 1470s or 1480s –1526) was the second king (mepe) of the Kingdom of Kartli from 1505 to 1525. Associated with the throne as a child, he became king on the death of his father and from then on had to endure invasions from the Kingdom of Imereti and Kingdom of Kakheti. A reformer, he succeeded in subduing the army and destroying the power of the nobles by abolishing the semi-independent principalities that were ruining the unity of the country, before uniting eastern Georgia under a single sceptre. David X is also known to have survived another invasion by Persia, and is thus considered to be the first in a series of eleven kings who fought against their Safavid neighbours over the next two centuries.

Luarsab I
Luarsab I (Georgian: ლუარსაბ I) (c. 1502–1509 – c. 1556–1558), of the Bagrationi dynasty, was a king (mepe) of the Georgian Kingdom of Kartli from 1527 to 1556 or from 1534 to 1558. Persistent in his resistance against Safavid Persian aggression, he was killed in the Battle of Garisi.
Octamerella
Octamerella is an extinct genus of prehistoric nautiloids from the oncocerid family Hemiphragmoceratidae that lived in what is now Europe and North America during the Middle Silurian.

Octamerella has a breviconic shell and a mature aperture that is contracted so as to have four pairs of dorsolateral sinuses, four on each side, and a narrow mid-dorsal salient. The two ventral-most sinus pairs are typically the largest, while the dorsal-most pair is short and wide, forming a circular opening.

Hemiphragmoceratidae
Hemiphragmoceratidae is a family of endogastrically brevconic oncocerids characterized by elaborately visored apertures in which the hyponomic sinus in mature specimens is on a spout-like process and there may be  lateral and dorsal salients. (Sweet 1964, Flower 1950). Shells are compressed with the apical portion curved and the anterior straight. Siphucles are nummuloideal with expanded spheroidal segments and  continuously actinosiphonate interiors.

The Hemiphragmoceratidae are probably descended from the Oncoceratidae and are known from the middle and upper Silurian but may range into the middle Devonian (Sweet 1964). They are similar with regard to their constricted and ornate apertures to the middle Silurian exogastric Trimeroceratidae and the  Siluro-devonian discosorid Phragmoceratidae (Teichert 1964)

Some five genera have been described; Hemiphragmoceras, Conradoceras, Hexameroceras, Octamerella, and Tetrameroceras.
Elisa Di Francisca
Elisa Di Francisca (Italian pronunciation: [eˈliza di franˈtʃiska]; born 13 December 1982) is an Italian former foil fencer, Olympic champion in 2012, World champion in 2010 and three-time European champion. She won the 2010–11 World Cup series and has seven World Cup victories to her name. With the Italian team, she was Olympic champion in 2012, five-time World champion and seven-time European champion.

Giovanna Trillini
Giovanna Trillini (born 17 May 1970 in Jesi) is an Italian foil fencer. She is a 4-time Olympic champion (3 times in the team event, 1 time individual) and  won an additional silver and two bronze medals in individual Olympic competitions.
Sumuru (2003 film)
Sumuru, or Sax Rohmer's Sumuru, is a 2003 British-South African-German pulp science fiction film directed by Darrell Roodt and starring Alexandra Kamp and Michael Shanks. It is an update of the character Sumuru created by pulp novelist Sax Rohmer. It was the first adaptation of Sumuru in a sci-fi setting (the prior two adaptions were The Million Eyes of Sumuru (1967) and The Girl from Rio (1969)).

Michael Shanks
Michael Garrett Shanks (born December 15, 1970) is a Canadian actor. He is best known for his role as Daniel Jackson in the long-running  military science fiction television series Stargate SG-1 and as Dr. Charles Harris in the Canadian medical drama Saving Hope. He is also known for his work on low budget genre work filmed in Canada.
Adam's Apple (album)
Adam's Apple is the tenth album by post-bop jazz artist Wayne Shorter. Recorded in 1966 and released in 1967, it included the first recording of his composition "Footprints", later recorded by the Miles Davis Quintet for the album Miles Smiles (1967). Shorter is featured with pianist Herbie Hancock, bassist Reggie Workman and drummer Joe Chambers. The CD release includes the Hancock composition "The Collector" (also known as "Teo's Bag") as a bonus track.

Footprints (composition)
"Footprints" is a jazz standard composed by saxophonist Wayne Shorter and first recorded for his album Adam's Apple in 1966. The first commercial release of the song was a different recording on the Miles Davis album Miles Smiles recorded later in 1966, but released earlier. It has become a jazz standard.
Liz Smith (actress)
Betty Gleadle (11 December 1921 – 24 December 2016), known by the stage name Liz Smith, was an  English actress. She was known for her roles in BBC sitcoms, including as Annie Brandon in I Didn't Know You Cared (1975–1979), the sisters Bette and Belle in 2point4 Children (1991–1999), Letitia Cropley in The Vicar of Dibley (1994–1996) and Norma ("Nana") in The Royle Family (1998–2006). For the latter, Smith was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Comedy Performance in 2007. She also played Zillah in Lark Rise to Candleford (2008) and won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her portrayal of Mother in the film A Private Function (1984).

2point4 Children
2point4 Children is a BBC Television sitcom that was created and written by Andrew Marshall. It follows the lives of the Porters, a seemingly average, working-class London family whose world is frequently turned upside-down by bad luck and bizarre occurrences.

The show was originally broadcast on BBC One from 1991 to 1999, and ran for eight series, concluding on 30 December 1999 with the special episode "The Millennium Experience". The show is regularly repeated in the UK. In Australia showings are on UKTV. The name of the show comes from the stereotypical average size of a typical nuclear family in the UK at the time of the writing of the first series.

The show regularly picked up audiences of up to 14 million throughout the 1990s, with an average of between 6 and 9 million. The final episode was viewed by 9.03 million people.

Lead actor Gary Olsen died in 2000, effectively ruling out a return of the show for any further series.
Yi (dinosaur)
Yi is a genus of scansoriopterygid dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China. Its only species, Yi qi (Mandarin pronunciation: [î tɕʰǐ]; from Chinese: 翼; pinyin: yì; lit. 'wing' and 奇; qí; 'strange'), is known from a single fossil specimen of an adult individual found in Middle or Late Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation of Hebei, China, approximately 159 million years ago. It was a small, possibly tree-dwelling (arboreal) animal. Like other scansoriopterygids, Yi possessed an unusual, elongated third finger that appears to have helped to support a membranous gliding plane made of skin. The planes of Yi qi were also supported by a long, bony strut attached to the wrist. This modified wrist bone and membrane-based plane is unique among all known dinosaurs and might have resulted in wings similar in appearance to those of bats.

Epidexipteryx
Epidexipteryx is a genus of small maniraptoran dinosaurs, known from one fossil specimen in the collection of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing. Epidexipteryx represents the earliest known example of ornamental feathers in the fossil record.
American wire gauge
American Wire Gauge (AWG) is a logarithmic stepped standardized wire gauge system used since 1857, predominantly in North America, for the diameters of round, solid, nonferrous, electrically conducting wire. Dimensions of the wires are given in ASTM standard B 258. The cross-sectional area of each gauge is an important factor for determining its current-carrying capacity.

Birmingham gauge
26G × 1⁄2″ (0.45 × 12 mm) (brown)

25G × 5⁄8″ (0.5 × 16 mm) (orange)

22G × 1+1⁄4″ (0.7 × 30 mm) (black)

21G × 1+1⁄2″ (0.8 × 40 mm) (green)

20G × 1+1⁄2″ (0.9 × 40 mm) (yellow)

19G × 1+1⁄2″ (1.1 × 40 mm) (cream)

The Birmingham gauge, officially the Birmingham Wire Gauge and often abbreviated as G or ga, is a unit of wire gauge used to measure the thickness or diameter of wires and tubing, including hypodermic needles and other medical tube products.
Cassa di Risparmio di Fossano
Cassa di Risparmio di Fossano is an Italian savings bank based in Fossano, in the province of Cuneo, Piedmont.

Monte di Pietà di Fossano was founded in 1591. In 1905 the bank was formed by the mount of piety. Since the bank reformed in 1991, it was split into a società per azioni and a non-profit banking foundation. Cassa di Risparmio di Torino (Banca CRT) once became a minority shareholder of the bank. However, its successor, UniCredit, sold their possession on Fossano (23.077%), Bra (31.021%), Saluzzo (31.019%) and Savigliano (31.006%) to Banca Popolare dell'Emilia Romagna for about €149 million in 2006 (which BPER paid €36.898 million for CR Fossano's shares).

Banca Cassa di Risparmio di Savigliano
Banca Cassa di Risparmio di Savigliano S.p.A. is an Italian saving bank. The bank was based in Savigliano, in the Province of Cuneo, Piedmont.

Since the bank reforms in 1991, the bank was split into a società per azioni and a non-profit banking foundation. Cassa di Risparmio di Torino (Banca CRT) once became a minority shareholders of the bank. However, its successor, UniCredit sold their possession on Savigliano (31.006%), Bra (31.021%), Fossano (23.077%) and Saluzzo (31.019%) to Banca Popolare dell'Emilia Romagna for about €149 million. (which BPER paid €33.409 million for CR Savigliano's shares)
Ross Abbey
Ross Abbey (born 21 January 1953) is a former Australian rules footballer, who played with Footscray, now known as the Western Bulldogs, in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

The son of Angus Abbey, a member of Footscray's 1954 premiership team, Abbey initially played for Wesley College, Melbourne and Strathmore, an area traditionally zoned to Essendon, but was recruited to Footscray under the father/son rule.

Abbey played in a variety of positions,  but mostly on the half back flank and as a ruck rover.  His playing measurements were 180 cm and 82.5 kg, which coincidentally were the precise measurements of his father.  Abbey's playing highlight was being part of the Footscray finals team of 1974 and 1976 (although Footscray lost the elimination final on both occasions after having finished 5th in each of those seasons).  He retired from VFL football in 1981, having played 123 games and represented Victoria at interstate level.

Angus Abbey
Angus Maxwell Abbey (15 November 1925 – 22 September 2025) was an Australian rules football player who played with Footscray in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Abbey played mainly as a defender, and was the unused twentieth man in Footscray's 1954 premiership team. He played his only junior football year with Waratah in the Footscray District League. His playing measurements were 180 cm and 82.5 kg, which are identical to those of his son Ross who also played for Footscray from 1971 to 1981. He retired from VFL football in 1954, having played 78 games.

Abbey died on 22 September 2025, at the age of 99.
Terror in the Sky
Terror in the Sky is a 1971 television film remake of 1957's Zero Hour!, which itself was based on the 1956 television play Flight into Danger by Arthur Hailey. The film stars Doug McClure, Lois Nettleton, Roddy McDowall, Leif Erickson, Kenneth Tobey, and Keenan Wynn. Terror in the Sky originally aired on September 17, 1971 on CBS.

Keenan Wynn
Francis Xavier Aloysius James Jeremiah Keenan Wynn (July 27, 1916 – October 14, 1986) was an American character actor. His expressive face was his stock-in-trade. Though he rarely had a lead role, he had prominent billing in most of his film and television roles.
Terra Nostra (novel)
Terra Nostra is a 1975 novel by the Mexican writer Carlos Fuentes. The narrative covers 20 centuries of European and American culture, and prominently features the construction of El Escorial by Philip II. The title is Latin for "Our earth". The novel received the Xavier Villaurrutia Award in 1976 and the Rómulo Gallegos Prize in 1977.

Xavier Villaurrutia Award
The Xavier Villaurrutia Award (Premio Xavier Villaurrutia) is a prestigious literary prize given in Mexico, to a Latin American writer published in Mexico. Founded in 1955, it was named in memory of Xavier Villaurrutia.

Its jury is composed of previously awarded writers. Sometimes, it is not awarded for a specific work, but for an individual's body of work.

Multiple awards have been given in some years, specially between 1972 and 1992. No award was made in 1968, when it was suspended in protest for the imprisonment of José Revueltas, who had won the award in 1967. It wasn't given in 1969 since Elena Poniatowska rejected the award in protest for the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre.
HPD ARX-03
The HPD ARX-03a, ARX-03b, and ARX-03c are Le Mans Prototypes race cars developed by Honda Performance Development in 2012.  The 03a model utilizes a Honda V8 engine for use in the LMP1 category, while the 03b uses a turbocharged V6 engine for the LMP2 category.  Three teams have already announced their use of the ARX-03 in the FIA World Endurance Championship and the American Le Mans Series, as well as at the 24 Hours of Le Mans.  Muscle Milk Pickett Racing have purchased an 03a for use in the American Le Mans Series, joined by two 03bs for Level 5 Motorsports.  In the 2012 FIA World Endurance Championship, Strakka Racing and JRM Racing campaigned a single 03a each, joined by a single-car 03b entry by Starworks Motorsport in LMP2.

Muscle Milk Pickett Racing
Muscle Milk Pickett Racing (formerly known as Muscle Milk Motorsports and Muscle Milk Team Cytosport) was a motorsports group from Indianapolis, Indiana. The team was founded in 2007 by CytoSport co-founder and former IMSA GT Championship driver Greg Pickett. Since 2007, Pickett's team has competed in the United SportsCar Championship, the American Le Mans Series, the 24 Hours of Le Mans and the IMSA GT3 Cup Challenge. The team officially closed in 2014.