hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mirror descent
In mathematics, mirror descent is an iterative optimization algorithm for finding a local minimum of a differentiable function.

It generalizes algorithms such as gradient descent and multiplicative weights.

Mathematical optimization
Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries.

In the more general approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations constitutes a large area of applied mathematics.
Daruma stinger
The daruma stinger (Dampierosa daruma), also known as the North-western stonefish, is a species of venomous ray-finned fish, a stonefish belonging to the subfamily Synanceiinae of the family Scorpaenidae, the scorpionfishes and their relatives. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Dampierosa and is endemic to Australia.

Pitted stonefish
The pitted stonefish (Erosa erosa), also known as the Pacific monkey-fish, is a species of venomous ray-finned fish, a stonefish be longing to the subfamily Synanceiinae of the family Scorpaenidae, the scorpionfishes and their relatives. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Erosa and is found in the eastern Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean.
UNetbootin
UNetbootin ("Universal Netboot Installer") is a cross-platform utility that can create live USB systems and can load a variety of system utilities or install various Linux distributions and other operating systems without a CD.

Live USB
A live USB or bootable USB is a portable USB-attached external data storage device containing a full operating system that can be booted from. The term is reminiscent of USB flash drives but may encompass an external hard disk drive or solid-state drive, though they may be referred to as "live HDD" and "live SSD" respectively. They are the evolutionary next step after live CDs, but with the added benefit of writable storage, allowing customizations to the booted operating system. Live USBs can be used in embedded systems for system administration, data recovery, or test driving, and can persistently save settings and install software packages on the USB device.

Many operating systems including Mac OS 9, macOS, Windows XP Embedded and a large portion of Linux and BSD distributions can run from a USB flash drive, and Windows 8 Enterprise has a feature titled Windows To Go for a similar purpose.
Paterson Joseph
Paterson Davis Joseph (born 22 June 1964) is an English actor and author.

Joseph began his career in the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) productions of King Lear and Love's Labour's Lost (1990). On television, he is known for his roles in the BBC One series Casualty (1997–1998) and Survivors (2008–2010); the Channel 4 series Peep Show (2003–2015) and Green Wing (2004–2006); the ITV series Boy Meets Girl (2009), Law & Order: UK (2013–2014) and Safe House (2015–2017); the HBO series The Leftovers (2014–2015); and the NBC series Timeless (2016–2018). Vigil (BBC One 2021-2023) His films include The Beach (2000), Greenfingers (2000), Æon Flux (2005), The Other Man (2008) and Wonka (2023).

Joseph is also a writer. His debut novel The Secret Diaries of Charles Ignatius Sancho (2022) won the 2023 Christopher Bland Prize awarded by the Royal Society of Literature. He was announced as Chancellor of Oxford Brookes University in October 2022.

Neverwhere
Neverwhere is an urban fantasy television six-part drama by Neil Gaiman that first aired in 1996 on BBC2. The series is set in "London Below", a magical realm coexisting with the more familiar London, referred to as "London Above". It was devised by Neil Gaiman and Lenny Henry and directed by Dewi Humphreys. Gaiman adapted the series into a novel, which was released in September 1996. The series and book were partially inspired by Gene Wolfe's novel Free Live Free.
Five Ponds Wilderness Area
The Five Ponds Wilderness Area, an Adirondack Park unit of New York's Forest Preserve, is located in the towns of Fine and Clifton in St. Lawrence County, the town of Webb in Herkimer County and the town of Long Lake in Hamilton County. The 107,230-acre (434 km2) wilderness area includes 1,064 acres (4.3 km2) of private inholdings, 99 bodies of water covering 1,964 acres (7.9 km2), 57.9 miles (93.2 km) of trails, and 14 lean-tos.

Oswegatchie River
The Oswegatchie River is a 137-mile-long (220 km) river in northern New York that flows from the Adirondack Mountains north to the Saint Lawrence River. The Oswegatchie River begins at Partlow Lake in Hamilton County, New York. The river continues through Cranberry Lake which was 'doubled in size' through construction of a dam in the late 1860s. The river continues from the dam to  Gouverneur, to near Talcville in St. Lawrence County, where it joins the West Branch. Much of it is within Adirondack State Park. The city of Ogdensburg developed at the mouth of the river at its confluence with the St. Lawrence.
China Overseas Land and Investment
China Overseas Land and Investment Limited (COLI), known as  China Overseas, is a Hong Kong–based and incorporated real estate conglomerate. It is an indirect subsidiary of China State Construction Engineering Corporation Limited.

Found in June 1979, it is engaged in construction and contracting, property development and infrastructure investment, with operations currently in Hong Kong, Macau and Mainland China.

China Overseas was listed in the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong as a red chip stock in August 1992.

In July 2005, it spun off its construction business and formed China State Construction International Holdings Limited ("CSCI"), which was listed on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong.

On 10 December 2007, it was selected to be a Hang Seng Index Constituent Stock (blue chip).

Red chip
Red chip stocks (Chinese: 红筹股; pinyin: hóng chóu gǔ; Jyutping: hung4 chau4 gu2) are the stocks of mainland China companies incorporated outside mainland China (often Hong Kong or a British Overseas Territory) and listed in the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong. It refers to businesses based in mainland China and with (majority) shares controlled either directly or indirectly by a government body. This controlling entity could be one or more combinations of the central, provincial or municipal mainland government, with the company listed in Hong Kong to allow private and overseas investment.

The term was coined by Hong Kong economist Alex Tang in 1992 and combines blue chip stocks with "red" representing the socialist economic philosophy of the People's Republic of China.
Said Halim Pasha cabinet
The Said Halim Pasha cabinet was headed by Grand Vizier Said Halim Pasha. It was formed on 17 June 1913 after Mahmud Shevket Pasha's assassination. It soon came to be wholly controlled by the Union and Progress Party. With the exception of Mardikyan Bey being the only Christian, everyone in cabinet was Muslim, with Said Halim Pasha and his brother Abbas Pasha Arabs and the rest Turks.

Said Halim's government was under the influence of Talaat Bey, Enver Pasha, and Cemal Pasha. While Said Halim negotiated a secret alliance with the German Empire, Enver and Talaat engineered the Ottoman Empire's entry into the First World War. This caused four ministers to tender their resignations.

On 3 February 1917, Said Halim resigned due to "health concerns" and Talaat Bey was appointed Grand Vizier the next day.

Said Halim Pasha
Mehmed Said Halim Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: سعيد حليم پاشا; Turkish: Sait Halim Paşa; 18 or 28 January 1865 or 19 February 1864 – 6 December 1921) was a writer and statesman who served as the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1913 to 1917. He is said to be one of the perpetrators of the Armenian genocide and later assassinated by Arshavir Shirakian as part of Operation Nemesis, a retribution campaign to kill genocidiers. It is unsure if he was actually involved, as he did not hold much political power and was kept in the dark on most matters of state by members of the Central Committee of the CUP.
Ipos
In demonology, Ipos (also referred to as Aiperos, Ayperos, Ayporos or Ipes) is an Earl and powerful Prince of Hell (a Duke to some authors) who has thirty-six legions of demons under his command. He knows and can reveal all things, past, present and future (only the future to some authors, and past and future to others). He can make men witty and valiant.

He is commonly depicted with the body of an angel with the head of a lion, the tail of a hare, and the feet of a goose, less frequently in the same shape but with the body of a lion, and rarely as a vulture.

The Lesser Key of Solomon
The Lesser Key of Solomon, also known by its Latin title Lemegeton Clavicula Salomonis or simply the Lemegeton, is an anonymously authored grimoire on sorcery, mysticism, and magic.  It was compiled in the mid-17th century from materials several centuries older.

It is divided into five books: the Ars Goetia, Ars Theurgia-Goetia, Ars Paulina, Ars Almadel, and Ars Notoria. It is based on the Testament of Solomon and the ring mentioned within it that he used to seal demons.
SCORE Class 3
SCORE Class 3 is production short wheelbase 4x4 class that competes in the SCORE off-road race series races including the Baja 1000, Baja 500, San Felipe 250, Baja Sur 500 and the SCORE Desert Challenge.

SCORE International
SCORE International (Southern California Off Road Enthusiasts) is an off-road racing sanctioning body in the sport of desert racing. Founded by Mickey Thompson in 1973, SCORE International was purchased from Sal Fish in late 2012. and is run by its current president and race director Jose A. Grijalva and General Manager Juan Tintos.

The sanctioning body's premier series is the SCORE World Desert Championship, which consists of four races in Baja California peninsula: the San Felipe 250, Baja 500, Baja 400, and Baja 1000.
Hotchkiss M1922 machine gun
The Hotchkiss M1922 was a light machine gun manufactured by Hotchkiss.

It was never adopted in large numbers by the French Army; nevertheless, it was exported to many European and Latin American countries under the names Hotchkiss M1926 or Hotchkiss M1934.

Light machine gun
A light machine gun (LMG) is a light-weight machine gun designed to be operated by a single infantryman, with or without an assistant, as an infantry support weapon. LMGs firing cartridges of the same caliber as the other riflemen of the same combat unit are often referred to as squad automatic weapons. Unlike submachine guns, LMGs do not use pistol cartridges.
Firenzuola
Firenzuola is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Florence, in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of Florence.

Firenzuola borders the following municipalities: Barberino di Mugello, Borgo San Lorenzo, Castel del Rio, Castiglione dei Pepoli, Monghidoro, Monterenzio, Palazzuolo sul Senio, San Benedetto Val di Sambro, Scarperia.

The medieval jurist Giovanni d'Andrea was born in the frazione of Rifredo around 1270.

Borgo San Lorenzo
Borgo San Lorenzo is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Florence. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 18,085 and an area of 146.1 square kilometres (56.4 sq mi).
Plochingen–Immendingen railway
The Plochingen–Immendingen railway is a main-line railway line in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It runs from Plochingen via  Horb am Neckar to Immendingen, following the upper reaches of the Neckar from Plochingen to Neckartailfingen and from Kirchentellinsfurt to Rottweil, and finally the Danube from Tuttlingen to the end of the line. It was therefore also historically known as the Obere Neckarbahn (Upper Neckar Railway) or the Obere Neckartalbahn (Upper Neckar Valley Railway). The Rottweil-Immendingen section used to be called the Obere Donaubahn (Upper Danube Railway) or Obere Donautalbahn (Upper Danube Valley Railway).

The Plochingen–Tübingen section is now sometimes known as the Neckar-Alb-Bahn (Neckar-Alb Railway), the Tübingen–Horb section as the Kulturbahn (Culture Railway), the Horb–Tuttlingen section as part of the Gäubahn (Gäu Railway) and the Tuttlingen–Immendingen section as the Donaubahn (Danube Railway).

Gäubahn
The term Gäubahn (Gau Railway) is used in table 740 of Deutsche Bahn's timetable, which covers the route from Stuttgart to Singen (Hohentwiel) and Freudenstadt. It consists of the Stuttgart–Horb railway (VzG line number 4860), the Horb–Tuttlingen section of the Plochingen–Immendingen railway (4600), the Tuttlingen–Hattingen railway (4661), the Hattingen–Singen (Hohentwiel) section of the Black Forest Railway (4250) and the Eutingen im Gäu–Freudenstadt section of the Eutingen im Gäu–Schiltach railway line (4880). Its name is derived from the various Gäu landscapes it crosses: the Korngäu (cereal-growing Gäu), which merges into the Obere Gäue (Upper Gäus) at Herrenberg, and finally the Hecken- und Schlehengäu near Eutingen im Gäu.

It is part of the overall network of the Trans-European Networks.
The Difference Between Me and You Is That I'm Not on Fire
The Difference Between Me and You Is that I'm Not on Fire is the third studio album from British rock band Mclusky.  It was released to positive reviews by Too Pure in 2004. The two singles to be released from this album were "That Man Will Not Hang" and "She Will Only Bring You Happiness" ("1956 and All That" – albeit a different recording – had appeared as a double-A-side with the stand-alone single "There Ain't No Fool in Ferguson", released between The Difference... and Mclusky Do Dallas), though it was later revealed in the liner notes of Mcluskyism that "Without MSG I Am Nothing" had been intended for single release, but the band's implosion prevented this from happening.

Mcluskyism
Mcluskyism is a compilation album by British rock band Mclusky.  A singles and rarities package, it is released in two formats, a one disc singles only package, and a three disc format.  On April 18, 2015, it was released as a one disc vinyl edition that was limited to 2000 pressings.
Autherley Junction
Autherley Junction (grid reference SJ901020) is the name of the canal junction where the Shropshire Union Canal terminates and meets the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal near to Oxley, north Wolverhampton, West Midlands, England. It dates from 1835, when the Birmingham and Liverpool Junction Canal opened, prior to it becoming part of the Shropshire Union network.

It was the subject of hot debate, as the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal tried to charge extremely high compensation tolls for the use of the short stretch between the new junction and Aldersley Junction, where the Birmingham Canal Navigations joined it. Proposals to build a bypass around the junction eventually led to the tolls being reduced to economic levels.

Oxley, Wolverhampton
Oxley is a suburb of Wolverhampton, West Midlands, and a ward of the City of Wolverhampton Council. Its area code is WV10. It is situated in the north of the city, bordering South Staffordshire and the Bushbury North, Bushbury South and Low Hill, St Peter's and Tettenhall Regis wards. It forms part of the Wolverhampton West constituency.
Agrippa (crater)
Agrippa is a lunar impact crater that is located at the southeast edge of the Mare Vaporum. It is located to the north of the crater Godin, the irregular Tempel lies just to the east. To the north and northeast, the rille designated Rima Ariadaeus follows a course to the east-southeast, reaching the western edge of Mare Tranquillitatis. It is named after the 1st century Greek astronomer Agrippa.

The rim of Agrippa has an unusual shape, resembling the form of a shield with a rounded southern rim and a more angular northern half. The interior is somewhat irregular, with a central rise at the midpoint. The crater is from the Eratosthenian period, which lasted from 3.2 to 1.1 billion years ago.

Godin (crater)
Godin is a lunar impact crater located just to the south of the crater Agrippa, on a rough upland region to the east of Sinus Medii. Its diameter is 34 km. The crater was named after 18th century French astronomer Louis Godin. The ruined crater Tempel lies to the northeast, on the east side of Agrippa. Due south is the flooded remains of Lade.

The rim of Godin is wider in the southern half than in the north, giving it a slightly pear-shaped outline. The interior is rough-surfaced, with a higher albedo than the surroundings. At the midpoint a central peak rises from the floor. A faint ray system surrounds the crater, and extends for about 375 kilometers.  Due to its rays, Godin is mapped as part of the Copernican System.
Argolis
Argolis or Argolida (Greek: Αργολίδα Argolída [arɣoˈliða]; Ἀργολίς Argolís [arɡolís] in ancient Greek and Katharevousa) is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Peloponnese, situated in the eastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula and part of the tripoint area of Argolis, Arcadia and Corinthia.  Much of the territory of this region is situated in the Argolid Peninsula.

Argos-Mykines
Argos-Mykines (Greek: Άργος-Μυκήνες) is a municipality in the Argolis regional unit, Peloponnese, Greece. The seat of the municipality is the city of Argos. The municipality has an area of 1002.508 km2.

The mayor is Ioannis Maltezos, who won the election for the first time in 2023.
Richard C. Blum
Richard Charles Blum (July 31, 1935 – February 27, 2022) was an American investor and the husband of United States Senator Dianne Feinstein. He was the chairman and president of Blum Capital, an equity investment management firm. Blum was on the boards of directors of several companies, including CB Richard Ellis, where until May 2009 he served as the chairman of that board. He was a regent of the University of California from 2002 until his death.

URS Corporation
URS Corporation (formerly United Research Services) was an engineering, design, and construction firm and a U.S. federal government contractor. Headquartered in San Francisco, California, URS was a full-service, global organization with offices located in the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia-Pacific.

URS was acquired by AECOM on October 17, 2014.
Kneeling chair
A kneeling chair is a type of chair for sitting in a position with the thighs dropped to an angle of about 60° to 70° from vertical (as opposed to 90° when sitting in a normal chair), with some of the body's weight supported by the shins.

Chair
A chair is a type of seat, typically designed for one person and consisting of one or more legs, a flat or slightly angled seat and a back-rest. It may be made of wood, metal, or synthetic materials, and may be padded or upholstered in various colors and fabrics.

Chairs vary in design. An armchair has armrests fixed to the seat; a recliner is upholstered and features a mechanism that lowers the chair's back and raises into place a footrest; a rocking chair has legs fixed to two long curved slats; and a wheelchair has wheels fixed to an axis under the seat.
Tegomass
Tegomass (テゴマス, Tegomasu) was a Japanese duo consisting of NEWS members Yuya Tegoshi and Takahisa Masuda, formed to promote Johnny's Entertainment internationally. The group's name is a merging of Tegoshi's and Masuda's names.

Johnny & Associates
Johnny & Associates, Inc. was a Japanese talent agency formed by Johnny Kitagawa in 1962, which managed groups of male idols known as Johnny's. The company had a significant impact on pop culture with male idols and boy bands in Japan since the 1980s. Until 2019, the company was known for its strict policies regarding music distribution abroad and its strict control over the right of publicity to using the likeness of idols under its management.

In the wake of continuing sexual abuse allegations directed against Kitagawa, who died in 2019, his niece, Julie Keiko Fujishima, stepped down as president in September 2023. On October 2, 2023, Johnny & Associates announced that they would be splitting into two entities: The existing company would be rebranded to Smile-Up, a firm focused on reparations for Kitagawa's sexual abuse cases, and Starto Entertainment, a talent agency managing the acts that had been managed under Johnny & Associates.
Ouham-Pendé
Ouham-Pendé is one of the 20 prefectures of the Central African Republic. Its capital is Bozoum.

The prefecture covers an area of 18,520 km² and, according to official estimates, its population was 254,649 inhabitants in 2024. At the time of the country's last official census, in 2003, the population was 430,506 inhabitants in an area of 32,100 km². These are data from before December 2020, when part of the territory was dismembered to create the Lim-Pendé prefecture.

In the north it has a border with Cameroon and Chad. In the south is the prefecture Ombella-Mpoko, in the south-west the prefecture Nana-Mambéré and in the east the prefecture Ouham.

The region has contained several ghost towns such as Goroumo due to government forces ransacking them and armed bandits killing all the male inhabitants over the years from 2005 to 2008.

Ombella-M'Poko
Ombella-M'Poko is one of the 20 prefectures of the Central African Republic. Its capital is Boali since 10 December 2020, after the former capital Bimbo had to become part of Bangui Prefecture. In 2024, official estimates suggest the population reached 292,618 inhabitants.

One important tourist attraction is the Waterfalls of Boali; however, due to the Boali dam, the falls only carry water on the weekends.
NEO-MAPP
NEO-MAPP (Near-Earth-Object Modelling and Payloads for Protection) is a project for studying planetary defence and asteroid exploration.

This project is focused on two main topics, that are: on one side, maturation of existing digital modelisation capacities of various process governing asteroids evolution (impact, dynamic, structural evolution) and its adaptation to specific use cases, and, on the other side, development  of instruments, technologies and data exploitation models linked to it, in order to support space missions towards near-Earth-objects.

Hera (space mission)
Hera is the first planetary defence spacecraft developed by the European Space Agency (ESA). Its primary mission objective is to study the Didymos binary asteroid system that was impacted in 2022 by NASA's DART spacecraft and contribute to validation of the kinetic impact method to deviate a near-Earth asteroid from a colliding trajectory with Earth. Hera has a mass of 1,128 kg (2,487 lb) and carries a payload of cameras, an altimeter, and a spectrometer. It is carrying two small CubeSat spacecraft, called Milani and Juventas. The spacecraft was launched on 7 October 2024 by Falcon 9. Hera is the first mission of ESA's Space Safety Programme.
Battle of Xiaoting
The Battle of Xiaoting (猇亭之戰), also known as the Battle of Yiling and the Battle of Yiling and Xiaoting, was fought between the states of Shu Han and Eastern Wu, in the years 221 and 222 during the early Three Kingdoms period of China. The battle is significant because Wu was able to turn the situation from a series of initial losses into a defensive stalemate, before proceeding to win a decisive victory over Shu. The Wu victory halted the Shu invasion and preceded the death of Liu Bei, Shu's founding emperor.

Yichang
Yichang (Chinese: 宜昌), alternatively romanized as Ichang, is a prefecture-level city located in western Hubei province, China. Yichang had a population of 3.92 million people at the 2022 census, making it the third most populous city in Hubei. The city is famous for the Three Gorges, the Three Gorges Dam and the Gezhouba Dam, all three of which are located in Yiling District, one of the city's districts.