hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Type theory
In mathematics and theoretical computer science, a type theory is the formal presentation of a specific type system. Type theory is the academic study of type systems.

Some type theories serve as alternatives to set theory as a foundation of mathematics. Two influential type theories that have been proposed as foundations are:

Typed λ-calculus of Alonzo Church

Intuitionistic type theory of Per Martin-Löf

Most computerized proof-writing systems use a type theory for their foundation. A common one is Thierry Coquand's calculus of inductive constructions.

Simply typed lambda calculus
The simply typed lambda calculus (⁠⁠), a form
of type theory, is a typed interpretation of the lambda calculus with only one type constructor (⁠⁠) that builds function types. It is the canonical and simplest example of a typed lambda calculus.  The simply typed lambda calculus was originally introduced by Alonzo Church in 1940 as an attempt to avoid paradoxical use of the untyped lambda calculus.

The term simple type is also used to refer to extensions of the simply typed lambda calculus with constructs such as products, coproducts or natural numbers (System T) or even full recursion (like PCF). In contrast, systems that introduce polymorphic types (like System F) or dependent types (like the Logical Framework) are not considered simply typed.  The simple types, except for full recursion, are still considered  simple because the Church encodings of such structures can be done using only  and suitable type variables, while polymorphism and dependency cannot.
Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski, 592 U.S. 279 (2021), is a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States, dealing with nominal damages to be awarded to individuals whose right to freedom of speech has been suppressed by an entity but subsequently rendered moot due to intervening circumstances. In an 8–1 decision, the Court held that such nominal damages satisfy the Article Three requirement of redressability, when awarded for a past violation of a legal rights.

Clarence Thomas wrote for the majority that Uzuegbunam's inability to quantify his damages in economic terms did not bar him from demanding nominal damages. Chief Justice John Roberts, dissenting alone for the only time so far in his tenure on the Court, argued that the majority had opened up the federal courts to litigation by anyone willing to claim so much as one dollar in nominal damages.

Damages
At common law, damages are a remedy in the form of a monetary award to be paid to a claimant as compensation for loss or injury. To warrant the award, the claimant must show that a breach of duty has caused foreseeable loss. To be recognized at law, the loss must involve damage to property, or mental or physical injury; pure economic loss is rarely recognized for the award of damages.

Compensatory damages are further categorized into special damages, which are economic losses such as loss of earnings, property damage and medical expenses, and general damages, which are non-economic damages such as pain and suffering and emotional distress. Rather than being compensatory, at common law damages may instead be nominal, contemptuous or exemplary.
Sarn Badrig
Sarn Badrig, also spelled Sarn Padrig (Welsh for 'St. Patrick's causeway'), is one of several more or less parallel shingle reefs extending under the sea in Cardigan Bay on the west coast of Wales. The causeway is made of glacial deposits left by receding ice sheets at the end of the last ice age.

Sarn Badrig is the longest and most northerly of these, and extends south-westwards under the sea from Mochras Point, near Harlech, parallel to the Llŷn Peninsula for a length of about 20 km, and can be seen at low tide. It is a hazard to shipping.

A neighbouring causeway is that of Sarn y Bwch, which is close to Tywyn.

Another example can be found at Sarn Gynfelyn, which is north of Aberystwyth.

In Welsh legend it is one of the dykes which protected the drowned realm of Cantre'r Gwaelod.

Sarn Gynfelyn
Sarn Gynfelyn (or Sarn Cynfelyn) is a shingle spit on the coast of Cardigan Bay, in the county of Ceredigion, Mid-Wales, in the United Kingdom. It is located at Wallog, a few kilometres north of Llangorwen, close to Clarach Bay, south of Borth and north of the town of Aberystwyth. It extends, albeit with a single break, for a distance of 11 km from the coast to a reef known as Patches or Caerwyddno.

Similar landform examples are found at several points along the Cardigan Bay coast, known as sarnau. 'Sarn' (pluralised in Welsh as 'sarnau') is typically translated as 'causeway' or 'paved way'. These long banks which extend from the intertidal zone to the subtidal zone are thought to have originated as glacial moraines.
Japan Confederation of Petroleum Industry Workers' Unions
The Japan Confederation of Petroleum Industry Workers' Unions (Japanese: 全国石油産業労働組合連合会, Sekiyu Roren) was a trade union representing workers in the oil industry in Japan.

The union was founded on 11 April 1947 as a loose council and became a more centralised federation in 1953.  It was initially known as the All Japan Oil Workers' Union (Zensekiyu).  It was a founding affiliate of the Federation of Independent Unions (Churitsuroren), and by 1967, it had 24,611 members.  In the late 1980s, it became affiliated with the Japanese Trade Union Confederation, and by 1996 it had 29,505 members.  In 2002, it merged with the Japanese Federation of Chemistry Workers' Unions, the National Organization of All Chemical Workers, and the National Federation of Cement Workers' Unions of Japan to form the Japan Federation of Energy and Chemistry Workers' Unions.

National Organization of All Chemical Workers
The National Organization of All Chemical Workers (Japanese: 全化学産業労働組合連合, Shin Kagaku) was a trade union representing workers in the chemical industry in Japan.

The union was founded in 1950, and soon after was a founding affiliate of the National Federation Of Industrial Organisations.  By 1958 it had 7,049 members, growing to 12,265 members in 1970.  From the late 1987, it was affiliated to the Japanese Trade Union Confederation, but by 1996, its membership had declined to 8,313.  In 2002, it merged with the Japanese Federation of Chemistry Workers' Unions, the Japan Confederation of Petroleum Industry Workers' Unions, and the National Federation of Cement Workers' Unions of Japan, to form the Japan Federation of Energy and Chemistry Workers' Unions.
The Black Crown (film)
The Black Crown (French: La Couronne noire, Spanish: La corona negra) is a 1951 French-Spanish film noir directed by Luis Saslavsky and starring María Félix, Rossano Brazzi and Vittorio Gassman. It is based on the story La Vénus d'Ille by Prosper Mérimée.

Rossano Brazzi
Rossano Brazzi (18 September 1916 – 24 December 1994) was an Italian actor, director and screenwriter. He was known for playing roles that typified the suave, romantic leading man archetype, both in his native country and in Hollywood.

Brazzi trained as a stage actor and was a matinee idol of Italian cinema, before moving to Hollywood in the early 1950s. He was propelled to international fame with his role in the English-language film Three Coins in the Fountain (1954), followed by leading male roles in David Lean's Summertime (1955), opposite Katharine Hepburn, as well as in the film version of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific.

His other notable English-language films include The Barefoot Contessa (1954), The Story of Esther Costello (1957), opposite Joan Crawford, Count Your Blessings (1959), Light in the Piazza (1962), and The Italian Job (1969). He also wrote and directed several films in his native Italy, sometimes using the pseudonym Edward Ross.
Gerry Mulligan and the Concert Jazz Band on Tour
Gerry Mulligan and the Concert Jazz Band on Tour (subtitled Guest Soloist: Zoot Sims) is a live album recorded by American jazz saxophonist and bandleader Gerry Mulligan featuring performances recorded in California, Berlin and Milan 1960 which were released on the Verve label. In the CD era it has been superseded by The Complete Santa Monica Concert

Gerry Mulligan
Gerald Joseph Mulligan (April 6, 1927 – January 20, 1996), also known as Jeru, was an American jazz saxophonist, clarinetist, pianist, composer and arranger. Though primarily known as one of the leading jazz baritone saxophonists—playing the instrument with a light and airy tone in the era of cool jazz—Mulligan was also a significant arranger working with Claude Thornhill, Miles Davis, Stan Kenton, and others. His piano-less quartet of the early 1950s with trumpeter Chet Baker is still regarded as one of the best cool jazz ensembles. Mulligan was also a skilled pianist and played several other reed instruments. Several of his compositions, including "Walkin' Shoes" and "Five Brothers", have become standards.
Mirattal
Mirattal (transl. Threatening) is a 2012 Indian Tamil-language action comedy film directed by R. Madhesh starring Vinay, Sharmila Mandre and Prabhu in the lead roles, Pradeep Rawat, Pandiarajan, and Santhanam in supporting roles, and Rishi in a cameo. A remake of the Telugu film, Dhee. The film was released on 2 August 2012.

Dhee (film)
Dhee (lit. 'Clash') (alternatively spelled as Dee) is a 2007 Indian Telugu-language action comedy film directed by Srinu Vaitla and produced by Siri Venkateswara Films. The film stars Vishnu Manchu and Genelia while Srihari and Brahmanandam play supporting roles.

The film was remade into Oriya as Tu Mo Girlfriend (2011), in Bengali as Khokababu (2011) and in Tamil as Mirattal (2012). A sequel titled D and D: Double Dose has been announced in 2020. The film won two Nandi Awards. Nani worked as an assistant director in this film before making his acting debut 2 years later in Ashta Chamma. The film was also dubbed and released in Hindi as Sabse Badi Hera Pheri.
Kab? Kyoon? Aur Kahan?
Kab? Kyoon? Aur Kahan?  is a 1970 Bollywood mystery film directed and produced by Arjun Hingorani. The film stars Dharmendra, Babita and Pran. It is inspired by the French classic film Les Diaboliques (1955) which itself is based on the 1952 novel She Who Was No More by Boileau-Narcejac.

Arjun Hingorani
Arjun Hingorani (15 Nov 1926 – 5 May 2018) was an Indian Bollywood director, producer and actor. He launched Dharmendra and Sadhana Shivdasani in Indian cinema. His other major contribution to Indian cinema was making the first Sindhi film, Abana, in 1958.
Street Girl
Street Girl is a 1929 pre-Code musical film directed by Wesley Ruggles and starring Betty Compson, John Harron and Jack Oakie. It was adapted by Jane Murfin from "The Viennese Charmer", a short story by William Carey Wonderly. While it was the first film made by RKO Radio Pictures, its opening was delayed until after Syncopation, making it RKO's second release. It was very successful at the box office, accounting for almost half of RKO's profits for the entire year.

Syncopation (1929 film)
Syncopation is a 1929 American pre-Code musical film directed by Bert Glennon and starring Barbara Bennett, Bobby Watson, and Ian Hunter (although top billing went to Fred Waring and his Pennsylvanians). It was the second film produced by RKO Radio Pictures and the first to be released by the studio, in March 1929; the company's first produced film, Street Girl, was not released until August 21, 1929. The film was made at the company's New York City studios and is based on the novel Stepping High by Gene Markey. The film was heavily marketed on its release, being the first film to be broadcast over the radio, and was a significant success.

This film was the first made in the RCA Photophone sound-on-film process, and was an important test for Radio Corporation of America, which had invested heavily in the newly created RKO.
Philippine Law School
The Philippine Law School (PLS), founded in 1915, is a law school in the Philippines. It formerly served as the college of law of National University in Manila.

It has produced lawyers such as Philippine President Carlos P. Garcia, a member of the class of 1923 who placed 8th in the Bar Examinations with a rating of 86.60%. President Diosdado Macapagal was also a PLS law student until his sophomore year, later transferring to the University of Santo Tomas. The school also produced Senate President Neptali A. Gonzales, and Atty. Anacleto R. Mangaser, who holds the third highest official general average in the history of the Bar Examinations (95.85%).

Carlos P. Garcia
Carlos Polestico Garcia KR (Tagalog: [ˈkaːɾ.los poˌlɛːs.tɪˈxo gɐɾˈsiː.ɐ]; November 4, 1896 – June 14, 1971), often referred to by his initials CPG, was the eighth president of the Philippines, serving from 1957 to 1961. He served as the fourth Vice President of the Philippines from 1953 to 1957.

A lawyer by profession, Garcia entered politics when he became the representative of Bohol’s 3rd district in the House of Representatives. He then served as a senator from 1945 to 1953.

He was the Nacionalista's nominee for vice president as the running mate of Ramon Magsaysay in the presidential election of 1953, which they won. After the death of Magsaysay in 1957, he succeeded to the presidency, winning a full term in his own right in the presidential election that same year. He was subsequently defeated by his vice president Diosdado Macapagal in the 1961 presidential election.
Errol Flynn
Errol Leslie Thomson Flynn (20 June 1909 – 14 October 1959) was an Australian and American actor who achieved worldwide fame during the Golden Age of Hollywood. He was known for his romantic swashbuckler roles, frequent partnerships with Olivia de Havilland and reputation for his womanising and hedonistic personal life.

Flynn's roles include Robin Hood in The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), which was later named by the American Film Institute as the 18th-greatest hero in American film history; the lead role in Captain Blood (1935); Major Geoffrey Vickers in The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936); and as the hero in a number of Westerns such as Dodge City (1939), Santa Fe Trail, Virginia City (both 1940) and San Antonio (1945).

Flynn was posthumously awarded two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the motion picture and television industries in 1960.

Dodge City (film)
Dodge City is a 1939 American Western film directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, and Ann Sheridan. Based on a story by Robert Buckner, the film is about a Texas cattle agent who witnesses the brutal lawlessness of Dodge City, Kansas and takes the job of sheriff to clean the town up. Filmed in the full, three-strip Technicolor process, Dodge City was one of the highest-grossing films of the year. This was the 5th of 8 movies that de Havilland and Flynn appeared in together.

Various scenes were shot in Thousand Oaks, including at present day Wildwood Regional Park.
KEHH
KEHH (92.3 FM; 89.3 KSBJ) is a terrestrial American radio station broadcasting a Christian adult contemporary format in full pentacast with sister stations KSBJ Humble, KWUP Navasota, KHIH Liberty, and KXBJ El Campo. Licensed to Livingston, Texas, United States, the station serves the areas of Livingston, Huntsville, and Lufkin, Texas. The station is currently owned by Hope Media Group (formerly KSBJ Educational Foundation).

Livingston, Texas
Livingston is a town in and the county seat of Polk County, Texas, United States. With a population of 5,640 at the 2020 census, it is the largest city in Polk County. It is located approximately 46 miles (74 km) south of Lufkin and roughly 74 miles (119 km) northeast of Houston. The city was originally settled in 1835 as Springfield. Its name was changed in 1846 to Livingston, when it was designated as the county seat of Polk County.

The Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation is located to the east of Livingston. They traditionally occupied territory in what is now east Texas and Louisiana. The 2000 census reported a resident population of 480 persons within the reservation. The tribe has nearly 1200 enrolled members.
2015 Sri Lankan parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Sri Lanka on 17 August 2015, ten months ahead of schedule, to elect 225 members to Sri Lanka's 15th Parliament.

The United National Party (UNP) led United National Front for Good Governance (UNFGG) won 106 seats, an increase of 46 since the 2010 election, but failed to secure a majority in Parliament. The United People's Freedom Alliance (UPFA) won 95 seats, a decline of 49. The Tamil National Alliance (TNA), the largest party representing Sri Lankan Tamils, won 16 seats, an increase of two from 2010. The remaining eight seats were won by Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (6), Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (1) and Eelam People's Democratic Party (1).

Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe, leader of the UNFGG and UNP, was able to form a national government with the support of UPFA MPs loyal to President Maithripala Sirisena.

United National Front (Sri Lanka)
The United National Front  (UNF) (Sinhala: එක්සත් ජාතික පෙරමුණ), later the United National Front for Good Governance (UNFGG) (Sinhala: එක්සත් යහපාලන ජාතික පෙරමුණ Eksath Yahapalana Jathika Peramuna; Tamil: நல்லாட்சிக்கான ஐக்கிய தேசிய முன்னணி), was a political alliance in Sri Lanka led by the United National Party.

The UNF was the governing party of the Parliament of Sri Lanka from 2015 to 2020. The alliance once consisted of 7 parties, including the largest Muslim party in Sri Lanka, the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress, and the Sinhalese nationalist Jathika Hela Urumaya. Since 2020, however, the alliance has been rendered mostly nugatory, having only one national list seat in the parliament and the UNP being the only constituent party of the alliance.
Filecoin
Filecoin (⨎) is a cryptocurrency intended to be a blockchain-based cooperative digital storage and data retrieval method. It was developed by Protocol Labs and shares some ideas from InterPlanetary File System allowing users to rent unused hard drive space. Filecoin is an open protocol and uses a blockchain to record participation in the network. Transactions are made using the blockchain's currency, FIL. The blockchain is based on both proof of-replication and proof of space-time.

Filecoins are paid to miners (termed "storage providers" - SPs) who provide storage for clients, as opposed to Bitcoin where miners secure the network and maintain consensus. The payment amount depends on the network schedule, storage sectors quantity and size, adherence to FIL+ and deals made with clients, and participation in the network requires putting tokens in collateral.

InterPlanetary File System
The InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) is a protocol, hypermedia and file sharing peer-to-peer network for sharing data using a distributed hash table to store provider information. By using content addressing, IPFS uniquely identifies each file in a global namespace that connects IPFS hosts, creating a distributed system of file storage and sharing.

IPFS allows users to host and receive content in a manner similar to BitTorrent. As opposed to a centrally located server, IPFS is built around a decentralized system of user-operators who hold a portion of the overall data. Any user in the network can serve a file by its content address, and other peers in the network can find and request that content from any node who has it using a distributed hash table (DHT).

In contrast to traditional location-based protocols like HTTP and HTTPS, IPFS uses content-based addressing to provide a decentralized alternative for distributing the World Wide Web.
Calliope Beach
Calliope Beach (Bulgarian: бряг Калиопа, romanized: bryag Kaliopa, IPA: [ˈbrʲak kɐliˈɔpɐ]) is the ice-free 2.9 km long beach on the north side of President Head, Snow Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is part of the south coast of Morton Strait, situated east of Karposh Point and north of Oeagrus Beach. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.

The feature is named after the nymph Calliope, mother of the mythical Thracian musician Orpheus.

Oeagrus Beach
Oeagrus Beach (Bulgarian: бряг Еагър, romanized: bryag Eagar, IPA: [ˈbrʲak ɛˈaɡɤr]) is the ice-free 1.3 km long beach on the south side of President Head, Snow Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is situated west of St. Sofroniy Knoll and south of Calliope Beach. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.

The feature is named after the mythical Thracian king Oeagrus, father of the musician and poet Orpheus.
Staggered fermion
In lattice field theory, staggered fermions (also known as Kogut–Susskind fermions) are a fermion discretization that reduces the number of fermion doublers from sixteen to four. They are one of the fastest lattice fermions when it comes to simulations and they also possess some nice features such as a remnant chiral symmetry, making them very popular in lattice QCD calculations. Staggered fermions were first formulated by John Kogut and Leonard Susskind in 1975 and were later found to be equivalent to the discretized version of the Dirac–Kähler fermion.

Fermion doubling
In lattice field theory, fermion doubling occurs when naively putting fermionic fields on a lattice, resulting in more fermionic states than expected. For the naively discretized Dirac fermions in  Euclidean dimensions, each fermionic field results in  identical fermion species, referred to as different tastes of the fermion. The fermion doubling problem is intractably linked to chiral invariance by the Nielsen–Ninomiya theorem. Most strategies used to solve the problem require using modified fermions which reduce to the Dirac fermion only in the continuum limit.
Black Metal 2
Black Metal 2 is the third studio album by British musician Dean Blunt, released on Rough Trade Records on 11 June 2021. The album was only formally announced on 8 June 2021, following pictures being posted to the social media accounts of collaborators Vegyn and James Massiah depicting a billboard with the album cover; however, references had been made to it by Blunt prior to this, as far back as 2016, including in the description of various releases on SoundCloud. It serves as a sequel to his 2014 album Black Metal and features an edited version of that cover as its album cover. The album features additional vocals from Joanne Robertson on six songs.

The album was produced by Blunt and Giles Kwakeulati King-Ashong, also known as Kwake Bass. The album also features instrumental performances by Mica Levi. There is very little information found online for this record, as Blunt's image has been evasive since his days as a member of Hype Williams (band).

Black Metal (Dean Blunt album)
Black Metal is the second studio album by British musician Dean Blunt, released by Rough Trade Records on 3 November 2014. The album features vocals from Blunt and frequent collaborator Joanne Robertson. Musically, the album is structured more conventionally than Blunt's previous work, but is diverse in instrumentation and genre.
Van Taylor
Nicholas Van Campen Taylor (born August 1, 1972), known as Van Taylor, is an American businessman and politician from Plano, Texas. A member of the Republican Party, he was the U.S. representative for Texas's 3rd congressional district from 2019 to 2023.

The district included much of Collin County, a suburban county north of Dallas. A veteran of the Iraq War, he represented the 8th district in the Texas Senate from 2015 to 2019. He also previously served in the Texas House of Representatives for the 66th district in southwestern Collin County. On March 2, 2022, Taylor admitted to an extramarital affair and announced that he would suspend his reelection campaign and retire at the end of the 117th Congress.

Keith Self
Keith Alan Self (born March 20, 1953) is an American politician, military veteran, and former judge who has been the United States representative for Texas's 3rd congressional district since 2023. He is a member of the Republican Party. From 2007 until 2018, he was the county judge for Collin County.