hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Statue of Christopher Columbus, London
A statue of Christopher Columbus stands at the southern corner of Belgrave Square in London. It was designed in 1992 by the sculptor Tomás Bañuelos, as a gift from Spain. It was erected by a committee of Canning House to mark the 500th anniversary of Columbus's first voyage to the Americas.

In 2021, the statue was the target of vandalism during the George Floyd protests regarding controversy surrounding Columbus's relationship with slavery. It followed a petition to remove the statue for the alleged crimes committed by Columbus.

Belgrave Square
Belgrave Square is a large 19th-century garden square in London. It is the centrepiece of Belgravia, and its architecture resembles the original scheme of property contractor Thomas Cubitt who engaged George Basevi for all of the terraces for the 2nd Earl Grosvenor, later the 1st Marquess of Westminster, in the 1820s. Most of the houses were occupied by 1840. The square takes its name from one of the Duke of Westminster's subsidiary titles, Viscount Belgrave. The village and former manor house of Belgrave, Cheshire, were among the rural landholdings associated with the main home and gardens of the senior branch of the family, Eaton Hall. Today, many embassies occupy buildings on all four sides.
Vinje
Vinje is a municipality in Telemark county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Vest-Telemark which is part of Øvre Telemark. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Åmot. Other villages in the municipality include Arabygdi, Edland, Grunge, Haukeli, Krossen, Møsstrond, Nesland, Øyfjell, Raulandsgrend, and Vinje.

The 3,106-square-kilometre (1,199 sq mi) municipality is the 14th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Vinje is the 209th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 3,832. The municipality's population density is 1.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (3.6/sq mi) and its population has increased by 3% over the previous 10-year period.

Vinje (village)
Vinje is a village in Vinje Municipality in Telemark county, Norway. The village is located near the northwest end of the lake Vinjevatn. The European route E134 highway runs through the village, right past Vinje Church on its way towards the village of Åmot about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to the southeast.

Vinjesvingen is the name of a particular area in the northwest part of the village. This is a road fork where the European route E134 highway meets the Norwegian County Road 3408 which goes to Tokke Municipality. The Battle of Vinjesvingen took place at this site during World War II.
Akon City
Akon City was a planned community and city in the M'bour Department of Senegal by Senegalese-American singer and entrepreneur Akon. The project was first announced by Akon in 2018. Akon said in October 2022 that construction of the city's first phase would begin in 2023 and be completed in 2028. Akon said he was inspired by the movie Black Panther, and he refers to Akon City as a "real-life Wakanda" that uses modern technologies, including blockchain and cryptocurrency.

On July 4, 2025, the BBC reported the Akon City project had been abandoned but that Akon and local authorities were working on something "more realistic". The only part of Akon City that has been at least partially constructed is the Akon City Welcome Center.

Planned community
A planned community, planned city, planned town, or planned settlement is any community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically constructed on previously undeveloped land. This contrasts with settlements that evolve organically.

The term new town refers to planned communities of the new towns movement in particular, mainly in the United Kingdom. It was also common in the European colonization of the Americas to build according to a plan either on fresh ground or on the ruins of earlier Native American villages.

A model city is a type of planned city designed to a high standard and intended as a model for others to imitate. The term was first used in 1854.
Indiscreet (Sparks album)
Indiscreet is the fifth studio album by Sparks, released in October 1975 by Island Records. While retaining the glam rock sound of Kimono My House and Propaganda, the album emphasised the theatrical elements of their work, with greater use of orchestral arrangements and drawing from non-rock orientated styles such as jazz, big band, swing, vaudeville, and classical music. The album was produced by Tony Visconti, with whom the group reunited in 1997 to produce several tracks for their retrospective album Plagiarism. The song "How Are You Getting Home?" was used in Leos Carax's film Holy Motors.

Plagiarism (Sparks album)
Plagiarism is the 17th studio album by American rock duo Sparks. It is a tribute album of sorts featuring new alternate versions of some of their best known songs. It was the duo’s first collaboration with producer Tony Visconti since their 1975 album Indiscreet.
Ida de Tosny
Ida de Tosny (or Toeny, or Tony), Countess of Norfolk (died after 1181), was a Norman royal mistress. Named after her grandmother Ida de Hainaut, she was the daughter of Ralph IV de Tosny (died 1162) and his wife Margaret (born c. 1125 and living in 1185), a daughter of Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester.

Circumstances of her early life are uncertain. She had at least eight children by Roger Bigod after 1182, so was likely born no earlier than 1150. Moreover, some sources put the date of marriage between her mother Margaret and her father Ralph at 1155 or later (which implies a date of birth between 1155 and 1162.) This, however, is difficult to reconcile with her identification as the mother of William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, and his estimated birth date of circa 1167 (William is described as a young man in historical records in 1188-1190 and was likely of age by then.)

Despite her Norman ancestry, Ida was born and raised in Flamstead, Hertfordshire, England.

Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester
Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester (1104 – 5 April 1168) was Justiciar of England 1155–1168.

The surname "de Beaumont" was given to him by genealogists. The only known contemporary surname applied to him is "Robert son of Count Robert". Henry Knighton, a fourteenth-century chronicler, calls him Robert "Le Bossu" (meaning "Robert the Hunchback" in French). The manuscript Genelogies of the Erles of Lecestre and Chester states that he was "surnamed Boissu", and mentions him by the names Robert Boissu, Robert Beamond and Robert Beaumonde.
Difference engine
A difference engine is an automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. It was designed in the 1820s, and was created by Charles Babbage. The name difference engine is derived from the method of finite differences, a way to interpolate or tabulate functions by using a small set of polynomial co-efficients. Some of the most common mathematical functions used in engineering, science and navigation are built from logarithmic and trigonometric functions, which can be approximated by polynomials, so a difference engine can compute many useful tables.

Printer (computing)
A printer is a peripheral machine which makes a durable representation of graphics or text, usually on paper. While most output is human-readable, bar code printers are an example of an expanded use for printers. Different types of printers include 3D printers, inkjet printers, laser printers, and thermal printers.
Drosophila mauritiana
Drosophila mauritiana is a species of fly, belonging to the family Drosophilidae. It belongs to the Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup. It is found in Mauritius.

The Mariner transposon Mos1 (for Mosaic element) was discovered in Drosophila mauritiana.

Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup
The Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup contains 9 species of flies, including the best known species Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans. The subgroup belongs to the Drosophila melanogaster species group within the subgenus Sophophora.

Males can discriminate between females of different species, in part, by detecting differences in the hydrocarbon pheromones coating their bodies. Females can discriminate between males of different species, in part, by detecting species-specific differences in the male's courtship behavior. When copulation does occur between different species, the hybrid progeny are often non-viable, sterile or fertile with lower fitness.
Battle of Ooscota
Battle of Ooscota (or Ooscata) was a military engagement fought during the First Anglo-Mysore War, in which the Marathas intervened to aid the British, and in an attempt to reclaim territories previously lost to Mysore.

First Anglo-Mysore War
The First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–1769) was a conflict in India between the Sultanate of Mysore and the East India Company. The war was instigated in part by the machinations of Asaf Jah II, the Nizam of Hyderabad, who sought to divert the company's resources from attempts to gain control over the Northern Circars.
Michel Bégon (naturalist)
Michel Bégon (French: [miʃɛl beɡɔ̃]; 25 December 1638 – 14 March 1710) was a French colonial official and naturalist. He was intendant de la marine at the port of Rochefort and intendant of the généralité of La Rochelle, as well as a passionate plant collector (he met the naturalist Charles Plumier in the Antilles and gave him patronage, and Plumier later named the genus begonia after him).

Michel Bégon de la Picardière
Michel Bégon de la Picardière (French pronunciation: [miʃɛl beɡɔ̃ də la pikaʁdjɛʁ]; 21 March 1667 – 18 January 1747) was an early administrator in charge of the French colony of New France, in what is now the province of Quebec, Canada.
Kitson Woolen Mill
Kitson Woolen Mill, also known as the Holland Thread Company building, is a historic woolen mill complex located at Stroudsburg, Monroe County, Pennsylvania.  The complex consists of four brick buildings built between 1893 and 1904.  They are arranged in a "U"-shape and consist of the "East Wing," "West Wing," boiler house, and office. The Kitson Woolen Mill was in operation until 1928, after which the mill was occupied by the Holland Thread Company until 1978.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania
Stroudsburg is a borough in and the county seat of Monroe County, Pennsylvania, United States. It lies within the Poconos region approximately five miles (8 km) from the Delaware Water Gap at the confluence of Brodhead Creek, McMichaels, and Pocono Creeks in Northeastern Pennsylvania. Stroudsburg is part of the East Stroudsburg, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which in turn is part of the New York combined statistical area. The population was 5,927 at the 2020 census.
Isabelle de Limeuil
Isabelle de la Tour, Lady of Limeuil (c. 1535 – 25 March 1609) was a French noblewoman and a Maid of Honour to the Queen Mother Catherine de' Medici. She also formed part of Catherine's notorious "flying squadron" (L'escadron volant), a group of beautiful female spies she used for the purpose of forming sexual liaisons with various powerful men at the French court thereby extracting information which would then be passed on to her. In about 1562 at Catherine's instigation, she became the mistress of Louis, Prince of Condé, brother of King Antoine of Navarre and one of the leading Huguenots in France. Two years later when Isabelle created a scandal by giving birth to his son whilst the court was on a royal progress, she was banished to a convent.

She later married wealthy Tuscan banker Scipion Sardini, a favoured protégé of Catherine de' Medici.

Louis I, Prince of Condé
Louis de Bourbon, 1st Prince of Condé (7 May 1530 – 13 March 1569) was a prominent Huguenot leader and general, the founder of the Condé branch of the House of Bourbon. Coming from a position of relative political unimportance during the reign of Henri II, Condé's support for the Huguenots, along with his leading role in the conspiracy of Amboise and its aftermath, pushed him to the centre of French politics. Arrested during the reign of Francis II then released upon the latter's premature death, he would lead the Huguenot forces in the first three civil wars of the French Wars of Religion before being executed after his defeat at the Battle of Jarnac in 1569.
Tibet Autonomous Region
The Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), often shortened to Tibet, or referred to in Chinese as Xizang, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. It was established in 1965 to replace the Tibet Area, a former administrative division of the Republic of China.

The current borders of the Tibet Autonomous Region were generally established in the 18th century and include about half of cultural Tibet, which was at times independent and at times either under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty or Qing dynasty rule. The TAR spans more than 1,200,000 km2 (460,000 sq mi) and is the second-largest province-level division of China by area. Due to its harsh and rugged terrain, it has a total population of only 3.6 million people or approximately 3 inhabitants per square kilometre (7.8/sq mi).

Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
Central Tibet came under the control of the People's Republic of China (PRC) after the government of Tibet signed the Seventeen Point Agreement which the 14th Dalai Lama ratified on 24 October 1951. This followed attempts by the Tibetan government to modernize its military, negotiate with the PRC, and the defeat of the Tibetan Army by the People's Liberation Army at Chamdo in western Kham that resulted in several thousand casualties and captives. The Chinese government calls the signing of the agreement the "Peaceful Liberation of Tibet". The events are called the "Chinese invasion of Tibet" by the Central Tibetan Administration and the Tibetan diaspora.

The Tibetan government and local social structure remained in place under the authority of China until they were dissolved after the 1959 Tibetan uprising, when the 14th Dalai Lama fled into exile and repudiated the Seventeen Point Agreement, saying that he had approved it under duress.
I. Magnin Building
The I. Magnin Building is a former I. Magnin department store in Oakland, California located at 2001 Broadway. It was built in 1931 and designed by architecture firm Weeks and Day. It housed the upscale department store until it closed in 1995. The building's green terra-cotta facade and art deco ornamentation make it a prominent landmark and a local visitor attraction in the Uptown neighborhood.

The building's interior was completely renovated in 2000, and it now houses retail and office businesses. It had more than 92% occupancy as of 2013. In 2016, Athen B Gallery arranged for Jet Martinez to paint a mural on the windowless rear wall of the building. Martinez painted lilies inspired by Mexican folk art.

Weeks and Day
Weeks and Day was an American architectural firm founded in 1916 by architect Charles Peter Weeks (1870–1928) and engineer William Peyton Day (1886–1966). The firm worked throughout California but mainly in the San Francisco Bay Area, and many of their works are listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
Mercury vapour turbine
A mercury vapour turbine is a form of heat engine that uses mercury as the working fluid of its thermal cycle.  A mercury vapour turbine has been used in conjunction with a steam turbine for generating electricity.  This example of combined cycle generation was not widely adopted because of high capital cost and the toxic hazard of the mercury potentially leaking into the environment.

The mercury cycle offers an efficiency increase compared to a steam-only cycle because energy can be injected into the Rankine cycle at higher temperature. Metallurgical developments have allowed steam-only plants to increase in efficiency over time, making the mercury vapour turbine obsolete.  Modern combined cycle power plant generating stations operate at 61% efficiency, and with none of the safety issues inherent to a binary mercury Rankine cycle steam power plant.

Rankine cycle
The Rankine cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle describing the process by which certain heat engines, such as steam turbines or reciprocating steam engines, allow mechanical work to be extracted from a fluid as it moves between a heat source and heat sink. The Rankine cycle is named after William John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath professor at Glasgow University.

Heat energy is supplied to the system via a boiler where the working fluid (typically water) is converted to a high-pressure gaseous state (steam) in order to turn a turbine. After passing over the turbine the fluid is allowed to condense back into a liquid state as waste heat energy is rejected before being returned to  boiler, completing the cycle. Friction losses throughout the system are often neglected for the purpose of simplifying calculations as such losses are usually much less significant than thermodynamic losses, especially in larger systems.
Amiot Islands
The Amiot Islands are two groups of islands and rocks, the Ward Islands and Cumbers Reef, respectively, lying 17 kilometres (9 nmi) west of Cape Adriasola, Adelaide Island, Antarctica. They were discovered by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1908–10, and were named by Jean-Baptiste Charcot for A. Amiot, engineering director of the French Montevideo Co., Montevideo, Uruguay, which made repairs on the ship Pourquoi-Pas. The islands were more accurately charted by the British Royal Navy Hydrographic Survey Unit in 1963.

Ward Islands
Ward Islands (67°38′S 69°35′W﻿ / ﻿67.633°S 69.583°W﻿ / -67.633; -69.583) is a group of two small islands and off-lying rocks forming the southern part of the Amiot Islands, off the southwest part of Adelaide Island. Named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) for Herbert G.V. Ward, chief engineer of RRS John Biscoe, 1948–1962, which ship assisted the Royal Navy Hydrographic Survey Unit which charted this group in 1963.
Koun-Fao Department
Koun-Fao Department is a department of Gontougo Region in Zanzan District, Ivory Coast. In 2021, its population was 167,881 and its seat is the settlement of Koun-Fao. The sub-prefectures of the department are Boahia, Kokomian, Kouassi-Datékro, Koun-Fao, Tankessé, and Tienkoikro.

Koun-Fao
Koun-Fao is a town in eastern Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of and the seat of Koun-Fao Department in Gontougo Region, Zanzan District. Koun-Fao is also a commune.

In 2014, the population of the sub-prefecture of Koun-Fao was 31,982.
Bounded function
In mathematics, a function  defined on some set  with real or complex values is called bounded if the set of its values (its image) is bounded. In other words, there exists a real number  such that

for all  in . A function that is not bounded is said to be unbounded.

If  is real-valued and  for all  in , then the function is said to be bounded (from) above by . If  for all  in , then the function is said to be bounded (from) below by . A real-valued function is bounded if and only if it is bounded from above and below.

An important special case is a bounded sequence, where  is taken to be the set  of natural numbers. Thus a sequence  is bounded if there exists a real number  such that

for every natural number . The set of all bounded sequences forms the sequence space .

The definition of boundedness can be generalized to functions  taking values in a more general space  by requiring that the image  is a bounded set in .

Uniform boundedness
In mathematics, a uniformly bounded family of functions is a family of bounded functions that can all be bounded by the same constant. This constant is larger than or equal to the absolute value of any value of any of the functions in the family.
South African Indian Council
The South African Indian Council was a body created by the apartheid-era South African government in 1968 to make recommendations to the government about matters affecting Indians.  It was the first time that Indians were granted any sort of representation at the national level.  Nonetheless, it was widely rejected by South African Indians (in the 1981 election for example, only 6% of them voted).

In 1974, it was reconstituted as a body where 50% of the members were elected by Indians.

Amichand Rajbansi's National People's Party dominated the council, as it did the later House of Delegates in the Tricameral Parliament, although neither body enjoyed the support of the majority of Indians.

Indian South Africans
Indian South Africans are South Africans who descend from indentured labourers and free migrants who arrived from British India during the late 1800s and early 1900s. The majority live in and around the city of Durban, making it one of the largest ethnically Indian-populated cities outside of India.

As a consequence of the policies of apartheid, Indian (synonymous with Asian) is regarded as a race group in South Africa.
East Lampung Regency
East Lampung Regency is a regency (kabupaten) of Lampung Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. It has an area of 5,325.03 km2 and a population of 951,639 people at the 2010 census and 1,110,340 at the 2020 census. The official estimate as at mid 2024 was 1,122,605 - comprising 570,974 males and 551,631 females. The administrative headquarters is in the town of Sukadana.

It contains the Way Kambas National Park and Satwa Elephant Eco Lodge.

Way Kambas National Park
Way Kambas National Park is a national park covering 1,300 km2 (500 sq mi) in Lampung province of southern Sumatra, Indonesia. It consists of swamp forest and lowland rain forest, mostly of secondary growth as result of extensive logging in the 1960s and 1970s. Despite decreasing populations, the park still has a few critically endangered Sumatran tigers, Sumatran elephants and Sumatran rhinoceroses. It also hosts over 400 bird species.

In 2016, Way Kambas was formally declared an ASEAN Heritage Park.

Threats to the park are posed by poaching and habitat loss due to illegal logging. Conservation efforts include patrolling and the establishment of the Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary and the Elephant Conservation Centre.

In 2019 and 2021, the International Rhino Foundation was working to capture three Sumatran rhinoceros in the park.
Peter, Utah
Peter also known as Petersboro is a census-designated place (CDP) on the west-central edge of Cache County, Utah, United States. The population was 623 at the 2020 census. It is included in the Logan, Utah-Idaho (partial) Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Logan metropolitan area
The Logan Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, consists of two counties – one in Utah and one in Idaho, anchored by the city of Logan. As of the 2010 census, the MSA had a population of 125,442 (the Census Bureau estimate for July 1, 2014 placed the population at 131,364). 
As of the 2020 Census, the population had risen to 147,908, and further expanded to an estimated 155,362 as of 2022. The Logan metropolitan area is colloquially called Cache Valley, where most of the population resides.
Trubezh
The Trubezh (Russian: Трубеж) is a river in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia. It flows to the Lake Pleshcheyevo. Major city: Pereslavl-Zalessky. It is 36 kilometres (22 mi) long, and its drainage basin covers 245 square kilometres (95 sq mi).

Pereslavl-Zalessky
Pereslavl-Zalessky (Russian: Переславль-Залесский, IPA: [pʲɪrʲɪˈslavlʲ zɐˈlʲeskʲɪj]), formerly known as Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, or simply Pereyaslavl, is a town in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located on the main Moscow–Yaroslavl road and on the southeastern shore of Lake Pleshcheyevo at the mouth of the Trubezh River. Population: 41,925 (2010 census); 43,379 (2002 census); 42,331 (1989 Soviet census).