hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ernesto Burzagli
Ernesto Burzagli CB GCMM GOA (7 June 1873 – 13 September 1944) was a prominent figure in the Kingdom of Italy during the early 20th century.  During a lifetime career in the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina Italiana), he rose to the rank of admiral and chief of staff.  In 1933, King Victor Emmanuel III appointed Burzagli as a senator in Rome.

Despite his life service to the state, Burzagli was arrested in 1944 after clashing with Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. Although he was released a short time later, Burzagli was forced to withdraw from public life.

Order of the Star of Romania
The Order of the Star of Romania (Romanian: Ordinul Steaua României) is Romania's highest civil Order and second highest State decoration after the Order of Michael the Brave. It is the oldest Order of Romania. It is awarded by the President of Romania, and has six grades, from lowest to the highest: Knight, Officer, Commander, Grand Officer, Grand Cross, and Collar.
Nova Gorica
Nova Gorica (pronounced [ˈnɔ̀ːʋa ɡɔˈɾìːtsa] ⓘ) is a town in western Slovenia, on the border with Italy. It is the seat of the Municipality of Nova Gorica. Nova Gorica is a planned town, built according to the principles of modernist architecture after 1947, when the Paris Peace Treaty established a new border between Yugoslavia and Italy, leaving nearby Gorizia outside the borders of Yugoslavia and thus cutting off the Soča Valley, the Vipava Valley, the Gorizia Hills and the northwestern Karst Plateau from their traditional regional urban centre. It is the European Capital of Culture in 2025. Since 1948, Nova Gorica has replaced Gorizia as the principal urban center of the Gorizia region (Slovene: Goriška), as the northern part of the Slovenian Littoral has been traditionally called. Since May 2011, Nova Gorica has been joined with Gorizia and Šempeter-Vrtojba in a common trans-border metropolitan zone, administered by a joint administration board.

Planned community
A planned community, planned city, planned town, or planned settlement is any community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically constructed on previously undeveloped land. This contrasts with settlements that evolve organically.

The term new town refers to planned communities of the new towns movement in particular, mainly in the United Kingdom. It was also common in the European colonization of the Americas to build according to a plan either on fresh ground or on the ruins of earlier Native American villages.

A model city is a type of planned city designed to a high standard and intended as a model for others to imitate. The term was first used in 1854.
1989–90 NSL Cup
The 1989–90 NSL Cup was the 14th edition of the NSL Cup, which was the main national association football knockout cup competition in Australia.

Adelaide City were the defending champions, having defeated Sydney Olympic to win their second title in the previous year's final, but they were eliminated in the semi-finals by eventual winners South Melbourne.

South Melbourne defeated Sydney Olympic 4–1 in the final to win their first NSL Cup title.

1990 NSL Cup final
The 1990 NSL Cup final was the final match of the 1989–90 NSL Cup, the 14th season of the National Soccer League Cup. It was played at Olympic Park in Melbourne on 25 April 1990 between South Melbourne and Sydney Olympic. South Melbourne won the match 4–1 for their first NSL Cup title.
Badminton School
Badminton School is a private boarding and day school for girls aged 3 to 18 years situated in Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol, England. Named after Badminton House in Clifton, Bristol, where it was founded, the school has been located at its current site since 1924 and consistently performs well in the government's league tables, particularly at A-Level.
In 2008 the school was ranked third in the Financial Times top 1,000 schools.
In the 2023 A-Levels, the school saw 48.5% of its candidates score A*/A.

According to the Good Schools Guide, "The secret of the school's success is in its size and a good deal of individual attention."

Westbury-on-Trym
Westbury-on-Trym (sometimes written without hyphenation) is a suburb in the north of the City of Bristol, near the suburbs of Stoke Bishop, Westbury Park, Henleaze, Southmead and Henbury, in the southwest of England.

The place is partly named after the River Trym, which flows through it.

For elections to Bristol City Council, the area is part of Westbury-on-Trym and Henleaze electoral ward. From 1974 to 2016, Westbury-on-Trym was itself an electoral ward, initially electing 3 members to Bristol City Council and 1 member to Avon County Council, and later electing 2 members to the city council after ward boundary changes in 1999.
Dionysius the Renegade
Dionysius the Renegade (Ancient Greek: Διονύσιος ὁ Μεταθέμενος; c. 330 BC – c. 250 BC), also known as Dionysius of Heraclea, was a Stoic philosopher and pupil of Zeno of Citium who, late in life, abandoned Stoicism when he became afflicted by terrible pain.

Heraclides Ponticus
Heraclides Ponticus (Ancient Greek: Ἡρακλείδης ὁ Ποντικός Herakleides; c. 390 BC – c. 310 BC) was a Greek philosopher and astronomer who was born in Heraclea Pontica, now Karadeniz Ereğli, Turkey, and migrated to Athens. He is best remembered for proposing that the Earth rotates on its axis, from west to east, once every 24 hours. He is also hailed as the originator of the heliocentric theory, although this is disputed.
DeCSS
DeCSS is one of the first free computer programs capable of decrypting commercially produced DVD-Video discs. Before the release of DeCSS, free and open source operating systems (such as BSD and Linux) could not play encrypted video DVDs.

DeCSS's development was done without a license from the DVD Copy Control Association (CCA), the organization responsible for the Content Scramble System (CSS) used to protect commercial DVD discs. The release of DeCSS resulted in a Norwegian criminal trial and subsequent acquittal of one of the authors of DeCSS. DVD CCA launched numerous lawsuits in the United States in an effort to stop the distribution of the software.

Content Scramble System
The Content Scramble System (CSS) is a digital rights management (DRM) and encryption system employed on many commercially produced DVD-Video discs. CSS utilizes a proprietary 40-bit stream cipher algorithm. The system was introduced around 1996 and was first compromised in 1999.

CSS is one of several complementary systems designed to restrict DVD-Video access.

It has been superseded by newer DRM schemes such as Content Protection for Recordable Media (CPRM), or by Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Advanced Access Content System (AACS) DRM scheme used by HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc, which have 56-bit and 128-bit key sizes, respectively, providing a much higher level of security than the less secure 40-bit key size of CSS.
François Hotman
François Hotman (23 August 1524 – 12 February 1590) was a French lawyer and writer, associated with the legal humanists and with the monarchomaques, who struggled against absolute monarchy. His first name is often written 'Francis' in English. His surname is Latinized by himself as Hotomanus, by others as Hotomannus and Hottomannus. He has been called "one of the first modern revolutionaries".

Jean Hotman, Marquis de Villers-St-Paul
Jean Hotman, Marquis de Villiers-St-Paul (1552 – 1636) was a French diplomat. Although he came from a Calvinist family, who had been exiled during the French Wars of Religion, Jean, through cultivating connections with Henry IV eventually was restored to a portion of his patrimony.
Brant—Haldimand (federal electoral district)
Brant—Haldimand was a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1953 to 1968, and in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1987 to 1999.

The riding was created in 1952 from parts of Brant—Wentworth and Haldimand.

It consisted of the counties of Haldimand and Brant. The townships of Burford and Oakland in Brant were excluded, along with the part of the township of Brantford lying south and west of Grand River, the part of the township of Brantford not included in the electoral district of Brantford, and the city of Brantford.

The electoral district was abolished in 1966 when it was redistributed between Brant, Norfolk—Haldimand and Welland ridings.

Norfolk—Haldimand
Norfolk—Haldimand was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1968 to 1979. It was located in the province of Ontario. This riding was created in 1966 from parts of Brant—Haldimand and Norfolk ridings.

It consisted of the County of Norfolk (excluding the Town of Tillsonburg), and, in the County of Haldimand, the Village of Hagersville and the Townships of North Cayuga, South Cayuga, Oneida, Rainham, Seneca and Walpole (excluding parts lying within the Six Nations Indian Reserve No. 40 and New Credit Indian Reserve No. 40A).

The electoral district was abolished in 1976 when it was redistributed between Haldimand—Norfolk and Oxford ridings.
Bad Mergentheim
Bad Mergentheim (German: [baːt ˈmɛʁɡn̩thaɪm] ⓘ; Mergentheim until 1926; East Franconian: Märchedol) is a town in the Main-Tauber-Kreis district in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It has a population of around 23,000. An officially recognized spa town since 1926, Bad Mergentheim is also known as the headquarters of the Teutonic Order from 1526 until 1809.

Main-Tauber-Kreis
Main-Tauber-Kreis is a Landkreis (district) in the northeast of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from northwest clockwise) Miltenberg, Main-Spessart, Würzburg, Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim and Ansbach (all in Bavaria), and the districts of Schwäbisch Hall, Hohenlohe and Neckar-Odenwald.
Telugu Titans
Telugu Titans is an Indian professional kabaddi team based in Hyderabad, Telangana that plays in the Pro Kabaddi League. Telugu Titans is a franchise of Veera Sports owned by Srinivas Sreeramaneni of Vaya Group, Gautham Nedurumalli of NED Group and Mahesh Kolli of Greenko Group. The team is led by Vijay Malik, with Krishan Kumar Hooda and Ramesh Kumar serving as its coaches. The team plays their home matches at G. M. C. Balayogi SATS Indoor Stadium, Hyderabad.

G. M. C. Balayogi Indoor Stadium
G. M. C. Balayogi Indoor Stadium is an indoor arena located in Hyderabad, India. It holds 5,000 people. It is located in the Gachibowli suburb. The stadium was built in 2002 headed by N. Chandrababu Naidu Government to host the 2003 Afro-Asian games. The indoor stadium is located beside the Hyderabad International Institute of Information Technology, near the general area of G.M.C Balayogi Athletic Stadium.
Airport Drive, Missouri
Airport Drive is a village in Jasper County, Missouri, United States. The population was 766 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Joplin, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area. The community is still commonly referred to as "Stone's Corner," as the intersection of Route 43 and Route 171 is known.

Joplin, Missouri
Joplin is a city in Jasper and Newton counties in the U.S. state of Missouri. Most of the city lies in Jasper County, with the southern portion extending into Newton County. With a population of 51,762 at the 2020 census, Joplin is the 12th most-populous city in the state. The city covers an area of 38.21 square miles (99.0 km2) on the outer edge of the Ozark Mountains in southwestern Missouri. Joplin is the principal city of the three-county Joplin metropolitan area, which is home to 210,077 people and is the fifth-largest metropolitan area in Missouri. In May 2011, a violent EF5 tornado killed more than 150 people and destroyed one-third of the city.
WPHM
WPHM (1380 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station in Port Huron, Michigan. The station broadcasts a News/Talk/Sports format. It is owned by Radio First with studios on Huron Avenue in Downtown Port Huron.

WPHM is powered at 5,000 watts. To protect other stations on 1380 AM from interference, it uses a directional antenna with a seven-tower array. The signal covers much of The Thumb area of Michigan. The transmitter is on Range Road in St. Clair, Michigan, near the St. Clair River.

Programming includes a local morning talk show with syndicated news and sports programs the rest of the day. Local newscasts are branded as coming from the Blue Water News Network.

Most hours begin with an update from ABC News Radio. The station is also a partial affiliate of Fox Sports Radio. Play by play sports coverage includes the Detroit Tigers, Detroit Lions, Detroit Pistons, Detroit Red Wings, and Michigan State Spartans.

Port Huron, Michigan
Port Huron is a city in and the county seat of St. Clair County, Michigan, United States. The population was 28,983 at the 2020 census. The city is bordered on the west by Port Huron Township, but the two are administered autonomously. The city is the largest in The Thumb area of Michigan, and principal community in the Blue Water Area, more recently rebranded as Michigan's Thumb Coast, for tourism purposes..

Port Huron is located along the source of the St. Clair River at the southern end of Lake Huron. The city is along the Canada–United States border and directly across the river from Sarnia, Ontario. The two cities are connected by the Blue Water Bridge at the eastern terminus of Interstate 69/Interstate 94. Port Huron has the easternmost point of land in the state of Michigan and is also one of the northernmost areas included in the Detroit–Warren–Dearborn Metropolitan Statistical Area (Metro Detroit).
Kepayan
Kepayan is a sub-district, or a neighbourhood, within the city of Kota Kinabalu in Sabah, Malaysia. It is located within Kota Kinabalu city district, and borders with the district of Penampang (which certain parts of this neighbourhood are jurisdictionally located under the Penampang Municipal Council since most of it is administered by the Kota Kinabalu City Hall). The Kota Kinabalu International Airport, Sabah Contingent Police Headquarters as well as the Kota Kinabalu Central Prison, are all located in Kepayan.

Kota Kinabalu City Hall
The Kota Kinabalu City Hall (Malay: Dewan Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu, abbreviated DBKK) is the city council which administers the city and district of Kota Kinabalu in the state of Sabah, Malaysia. The council consists of the mayor plus twenty-four councillors appointed to serve a one-year term by the Sabah State Government.
Ontario Reign
The Ontario Reign are a professional ice hockey team based in Ontario, California. They are the American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate of the National Hockey League's Los Angeles Kings. The team plays its home games at the Toyota Arena.

The franchise is a relocation of the former Manchester Monarchs AHL franchise when several other franchises created a Pacific Division in 2015. The team is owned by the Anschutz Entertainment Group. The Reign replaced the ECHL team of the same name, which played from 2008 until 2015, after which they moved to Manchester, New Hampshire, to play as the Manchester Monarchs.

Anschutz Entertainment Group
Anschutz Entertainment Group, Inc. (AEG), also known as AEG Worldwide, is an American global sporting and music entertainment presenter and a subsidiary of the Anschutz Corporation. It is the world's largest owner of sports teams and sports events. Under the AEG Presents brand, it is the world's second-largest presenter of live music and entertainment events, after Live Nation. AEG Presents was founded in 2002 as AEG Live.
William de Percy, 6th Baron Percy
William de Percy (died 1245), sixth feudal baron of Topcliffe, was an English noble.

His father Henry de Percy was a son of Joscelin of Louvain and Agnes de Percy, while his mother Isabel de Brus was the daughter of Adam II de Brus, 3rd Lord of Skelton and great-granddaughter of Robert de Brus, 1st Lord of Annandale, belonging to an English branch of the same family that yielded Clan Bruce of Scotland. He died in 1245 and was buried at Sawley Abbey.

Joscelin of Louvain
Joscelin of Louvain, also spelled Jocelin de Louvain and Jocelyn of Leuven,  (1121/36–1180) was a nobleman from the Duchy of Brabant who settled in England after his half-sister Adeliza of Louvain married King Henry I. There Joscelin married an English heiress, and through his son, the House of Percy—as the Earls and later the Dukes of Northumberland—became the most powerful family in Northern England.
Naked City (TV series)
Naked City is an American police procedural television series from Screen Gems that aired on ABC from 1958 to 1963. It was inspired by the 1948 motion picture The Naked City and mimics its dramatic semi-documentary format. As in the film, each episode concluded with a narrator intoning the iconic line: "There are eight million stories in the naked city. This has been one of them."

The Naked City episode "Four Sweet Corners" (1959) inspired the series Route 66, created by Stirling Silliphant. Route 66 was broadcast by CBS from 1960 to 1964, and, like Naked City, followed the "semi-anthology" format of building the stories around the guest actors, rather than the regular cast. In 1997, the June 7, 1961 episode "Sweet Prince of Delancey Street" was ranked number 93 on TV Guide's "100 Greatest Episodes of All Time" list.

The Naked City
The Naked City (a.k.a. Naked City) is a 1948 American crime procedural produced by Mark Hellinger; directed by Jules Dassin; and written by Albert Maltz and Malvin Wald, from a story by Wald. Starring Barry Fitzgerald, with Howard Duff, Dorothy Hart, and Don Taylor in support, the film depicts the police investigation that follows the murder of a young model. It was shot almost entirely on location in New York City.

Naked City received two Academy Awards, one for cinematography for William H. Daniels and another for film editing to Paul Weatherwax. In 2007, the highly influential film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Soyuz programme
The Soyuz programme (/ˈsɔɪjuːz/ SOY-yooz, /ˈsɔː-/ SAW-; Russian: Союз [sɐˈjus], meaning "Union") is a human spaceflight programme initiated by the Soviet Union in the early 1960s. The Soyuz spacecraft was originally part of a Moon landing project intended to put a Soviet cosmonaut on the Moon. It was the third Soviet human spaceflight programme after the Vostok (1961–1963) and Voskhod (1964–1965) programmes.

The programme consists of the Soyuz capsule and the Soyuz rocket and is now the responsibility of Roscosmos. After the retirement of the Space Shuttle in 2011, the Soyuz was the only way for humans to get to the International Space Station (ISS) until 30 May 2020 when Crew Dragon flew to the ISS for the first time with astronauts.

Soyuz-A
Sergei Korolev initially promoted the Soyuz A-B-V circumlunar complex (7K-9K-11K) concept (also known as L1) in which a two-man craft Soyuz 7K would rendezvous with other components (9K and 11K) in Earth orbit to assemble a lunar excursion vehicle, the components being delivered by the proven R-7 rocket.

Besides the Soyuz 7K spacecraft, the complex would feature a Soyuz 9K booster and a Soyuz 11K tanker with twin whip antennas.

The 7K would have been equipped with cameras and sensors to study the lunar surface during the flyby, at a distance of 1,000 to 20,000 km from the Moon's surface. Total flight time would have been 7 to 8 days.
Nine familial exterminations
The nine familial exterminations, nine kinship exterminations, or execution of nine relations, also known by the names zuzhu ('family execution') and miezu ('family extermination'), was the most severe punishment for a capital offense in premodern China, Korea, and Vietnam. A collective form of kin punishment typically associated with offenses such as treason, the punishment involved the execution of all relatives of an individual, which were categorized into nine groups. This punishment was rare, with relatively few sentences recorded throughout history.

Collective punishment
Collective punishment is a punishment or sanction imposed on a group or whole community for acts allegedly perpetrated by a member or some members of that group or area, which could be an ethnic or political group, or just the family, friends and neighbors of the perpetrator, as well as entire cities and communities where the perpetrator(s) allegedly committed the crime. Because individuals who are not responsible for the acts are targeted, collective punishment is not compatible with the basic principle of individual responsibility. The punished group may often have no direct association with the perpetrator other than living in the same area and can not be assumed to exercise control over the perpetrator's actions. Collective punishment is prohibited by treaty in both international and/or non-international armed conflicts, more specifically Common Article 33 of the Fourth Geneva Convention and Article 4 of the Additional Protocol II.
Ibrahim I of Shirvan
Ibrahim I (Persian: ابراهیم) was the 33rd Shirvanshah (ruler of Shirvan, r. 1382–1418). Because of his cunning politics he managed to remain independent and avoid being deposed by the Turko-Mongol ruler Timur.

Battle of Chalagan
The Battle of Chalagan was fought between the Qara Qoyunlu and the allied forces of Shirvanshahs, the Kingdom of Georgia and Princedom of Simsim at Chalagan, Shirvan, in December 1412, and resulted in Qara Qoyunlu’s victory.
Hnat Khotkevych Ukrainian Bandurist Ensemble
The Hnat Khotkevych Ukrainian Bandurist Ensemble is a vocal and instrumental Ukrainian folkloric performing ensemble in Sydney, Australia. It was founded in June 1964 by bandurist Hryhory Bazhul and since May 1971 was directed by Peter Deriashnyj.

Bandura
A bandura (Ukrainian: бандура [bɐnˈdurɐ] ⓘ) is a Ukrainian plucked-string folk-instrument. It combines elements of the zither and lute and, up until the 1940s, was also often called a kobza. Early instruments (c. 1700) had 5 to 12 strings and resembled lutes. In the 20th century, the number of strings increased initially to 31 strings (1926), then to 56 strings – 68 strings on modern "concert" instruments (1954).

Musicians who play the bandura are referred to as bandurists. In the 19th and early 20th centuries traditional bandura players, often blind, were called kobzars. It is suggested that the instrument developed as a hybrid of gusli (Eastern-European psaltery) and kobza (Eastern-European lute). Some also consider the kobza as a type or an instrument resembling the bandura. The term bandura occurs in Polish chronicles from 1441. The hybridization, however, occurred in the late-18th or early-19th centuries.
Bílinite
Bílinite (Fe2+Fe23+(SO4)4·22H2O) is an iron sulfate mineral. It is a product of the oxidation of pyrite in water. It is an acidic mineral that has a pH of less than 3 and is harmful to the environment when it comes from acid rock drainage (Keith et al., 2001).

Bílinite was first discovered near Bílina, Czech Republic which is why the mineral was named 'bílinite' (Palache, et al., 1969). This mineral possibly occurs on Mars.

Sulfate mineral
The sulfate minerals are a class of minerals that include the sulfate ion (SO2−4) within their structure. The sulfate minerals occur commonly in primary evaporite depositional environments, as gangue minerals in hydrothermal veins and as secondary minerals in the oxidizing zone of sulfide mineral deposits. The chromate and manganate minerals have a similar structure and are often included with the sulfates in mineral classification systems.

Sulfate minerals include:

Anhydrous sulfates
Barite BaSO4
Celestite SrSO4
Anglesite PbSO4
Anhydrite CaSO4
Hanksite Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl

Hydroxide and hydrous sulfates
Gypsum CaSO4·2H2O
Chalcanthite CuSO4·5H2O
Kieserite MgSO4·H2O
Starkeyite MgSO4·4H2O
Hexahydrite MgSO4·6H2O
Epsomite MgSO4·7H2O
Meridianiite MgSO4·11H2O
Melanterite FeSO4·7H2O
Antlerite Cu3SO4(OH)4
Brochantite Cu4SO4(OH)6
Alunite KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
Jarosite KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6
Löweite Na12Mg7(SO4)13·15H2O