hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Roulletia
Roulletia is an extinct genus of sharks in the family Haimirichiidae. It was described by Romain Vullo, Henri Cappetta, and Didier Néraudeau in 2007, and the type species is R. bureaui, which existed during the upper Cenomanian of what is now France. The genus was named after its type locality, Roullet-Saint-Estèphe, while the species epithet honours Michel Bureau, an amateur paleontologist who gathered the material for the species. Another species, R. canadensis, was described from the Cenomanian of Canada by Charlie J. Underwood and Stephen L. Cumbaa in 2010. The species epithet refers to the country in which it was discovered. It has been suggested tentatively this genus may be related to Haimirichia, which has been placed in its own family (Haimirichiidae) based on soft-tissue preservation.

Haimirichia
Haimirichia is an extinct genus of mackerel shark from the late Cenomanian epoch of the Cretaceous period. It  currently contains a single species: H. amonensis. Teeth now assigned to this genus were originally attributed to the Odontaspis. Exquisitely preserved remains from the Akrabou Formation Lagerstätte in Agoult, Morocco allowed the species to be moved into a new genus and family. Microscopic study revealed specialized dermal denticles likely used in electroreception. Its tooth and head design suggest a lifestyle similar to the extant Whitetip reef shark, a novel one for Lamniformes. Roulletia has a similar tooth design and may be part of the same family, Haimirichiidae.
Alberta Highway 56
Alberta Provincial Highway No. 56, commonly referred to as Highway 56, is a north-south highway in central Alberta, Canada.  It begins near the locality of Crowfoot, 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Bassano, at Highway 1 (Trans-Canada Highway).  It continues through Drumheller and Stettler before ending at Highway 26, 6 km (4 mi) east of Camrose.

Alberta Highway 1
Highway 1 is a major east–west highway in southern Alberta that forms the southern mainline of the Trans-Canada Highway. It runs from the British Columbia border at Kicking Horse Pass near Lake Louise through Alberta's largest city, Calgary, to the Saskatchewan border east of Medicine Hat. It continues as Highway 1 into Saskatchewan and Manitoba. It spans approximately 534 kilometres (332 mi) from Alberta's border with British Columbia in the west to its border with Saskatchewan in the east. Highway 1 is designated as a core route in Canada's National Highway System and is a core part of the developing Alberta Freeway Network.
Minimum energy control
In control theory, the minimum energy control is the control  that will bring a linear time invariant system to a desired state with a minimum expenditure of energy.

Let the linear time invariant (LTI) system be

with initial state .  One seeks an input  so that the system will be in the state  at time , and for any other input , which also drives the system from  to  at time , the energy expenditure would be larger, i.e.,

To choose this input, first compute the controllability Gramian

Assuming   is nonsingular (if and only if the system is controllable), the minimum energy control is then

Substitution into the solution

verifies the achievement of state  at .

Controllability Gramian
In control theory, we may need to find out whether or not a system such as

is controllable, where , ,  and  are, respectively, , ,  and  matrices for a system with  inputs,  state variables and  outputs.

One of the many ways one can achieve such goal is by the use of the Controllability Gramian.
Livigno Pass
Livigno Pass or Forcola di Livigno Pass (Italian: Forcola di Livigno, Romansh: Fuorcla da Livign) is a high (2,315 m (7,595 ft)) mountain pass in the Alps on the border between the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland and the Province of Sondrio in Italy.

It connects Bernina Pass in Switzerland with Livigno in Italy.

Livigno
Livigno (Italian: [liˈviɲɲo]; local Lombard: Livígn [liˈʋiɲ]; German: Luwin) is a town, comune and a special-administered territory in the province of Sondrio, in the region of Lombardy, Italy, located in the Italian Alps, near the Swiss border.
South-West Frontier Agency
The South-West Frontier Agency was an administrative unit established by the British government in 1833 following the receipt of a detailed report from special commissioners. The agency was later renamed the Chota Nagpur Division in 1854.

Kol uprising
The Kol uprising, also referred to in British records as the Kol mutiny, was a revolt of the tribal Kol people of the Chota Nagpur plateau that occurred between 1831 and 1832. The uprising was primarily triggered by economic exploitation resulting from the systems of land tenure and administration introduced by the East India Company.

The tribal communities of Chota Nagpur, including the Mundas, Oraons, Hos, and Bhumijs, were collectively referred to as Kols. Initially, the insurgents targeted and killed Sikh and Muslim thikedars (contractors) who were engaged in tax collection through various means. Subsequently, the violence extended to include attacks on Hindus in nearby villages, along with the looting and burning of their houses.

The rebellion was eventually suppressed through the killing and arrest of its leaders and their followers, under the command of Thomas Wilkinson.
CityLink
CityLink is a network of tollways in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, linking the Tullamarine, West Gate and Monash Freeways and incorporating Bolte Bridge, Burnley Tunnel and other works. In 1996, Transurban was awarded the contract to augment two existing freeways and construct two new toll roads – labelled the Western and Southern Links – directly linking a number of existing freeways to provide a continuous, high-capacity road route to, and around, the central business district. CityLink uses a free-flow tolling electronic toll collection system, called e-TAG. CityLink is currently maintained by Transurban.

Exhibition Street
Exhibition Street is a major street in the Melbourne central business district, Australia. The street is named after the International Exhibition held at the Royal Exhibition Building in 1880, and was previously known as Stephen Street from 1837. The street runs roughly north–south and was laid out as part of the original Hoddle Grid.
Camopi Airport
Camopi Airport (sometimes called Vila Brasil Airport)  is an airport serving the Oyapock river village of Camopi, French Guiana near the border with Brazil.

The airport is at the confluence of the Camopi into the Oyapock, adjacent to the Camopi encampment of the 3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment of the French Foreign Legion.

The Camopi non-directional beacon (Ident: CP) is located just south of the runway.

In October 2020, the airport was upgraded for regular passenger transport. The airport opened for regular service in April 2021.

Camopi
Camopi (French pronunciation: [kamɔpi]; French Guianese Creole: Kanmopi) is a commune of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. Camopi is mainly inhabited by Amerindians of the Wayampi and Teko tribes.
Roberton, Scottish Borders
Roberton is a small village in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, on the B711 and near to the A7, 5 miles (8 kilometres) from Hawick, 22 mi (35 km) from Galashiels, and 23 mi (37 km) from Langholm. It is situated by the Ale Water, the Alemoor Loch and the Borthwick Water, and nearby are Branxholme, Broadhaugh, Burnfoot and the Craik Forest.

Burnfoot, Roberton
Burnfoot (Scottish Gaelic: Bun na h-Aibhne) is a hamlet in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, close to Roberton, by the Borthwick Water. The nearest town is Hawick to the east, and other places nearby include the Alemoor Loch, Branxholme, Broadhaugh, the Craik Forest. The meaning of Burnfoot is "Place at the foot of the burn".
V. Y. Mudimbe
Valentin-Yves Mudimbe (8 December 1941 – 22 April 2025) was a Congolese philosopher, academic and author of poems, novels, as well as books and articles on African culture and intellectual history. Mudimbe was Ruth F. DeVarney Professor of Romance Studies and professor of comparative literature at Duke University and maître de conférences at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales in Paris.

Postcolonialism
Postcolonialism is the academic study of the cultural, political and economic consequences of colonialism and imperialism, focusing on the impact of human control and exploitation of colonized people and their lands. The field started to emerge in the 1960s, as scholars from previously colonized countries began publishing on the lingering effects of colonialism, developing an analysis of the history, culture, literature, and discourse of imperial power. It is part of the critical theory framework in broader sense, and more narrowly, critical race theory.
Pronormal subgroup
In mathematics, especially in the field of group theory, a pronormal subgroup is a subgroup that is embedded in a nice way.  Pronormality is a simultaneous generalization of both normal subgroups and abnormal subgroups such as Sylow subgroups, (Doerk & Hawkes 1992, I.§6).

A subgroup is pronormal if each of its conjugates is conjugate to it already in the subgroup generated by it and its conjugate. That is, H is pronormal in G if for every g in G, there is some k in the subgroup generated by H and Hg such that Hk = Hg. (Here Hg denotes the conjugate subgroup gHg-1.)

Here are some relations with other subgroup properties:

Every normal subgroup is pronormal.

Every Sylow subgroup is pronormal.

Every pronormal subnormal subgroup is normal.

Every abnormal subgroup is pronormal.

Every pronormal subgroup is weakly pronormal, that is, it has the Frattini property.

Every pronormal subgroup is paranormal, and hence polynormal.

Paranormal subgroup
In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a paranormal subgroup is a subgroup such that the subgroup generated by it and any conjugate of it, is also generated by it and a conjugate of it within that subgroup.

In symbols,  is paranormal in  if given any  in , the subgroup  generated by  and  is also equal to . Equivalently, a subgroup is paranormal if its weak closure and normal closure coincide in all intermediate subgroups.

Here are some facts relating paranormality to other subgroup properties:

Every pronormal subgroup, and hence, every normal subgroup and every abnormal subgroup, is paranormal.

Every paranormal subgroup is a polynormal subgroup.

In finite solvable groups, every polynormal subgroup is paranormal.
East Anglian English
East Anglian English is a dialect of English spoken in East Anglia, primarily in or before the mid-20th century. East Anglian English has had a very considerable input into modern Estuary English. However, it has received little attention from the media and is not easily recognised by people from other parts of the United Kingdom. The dialect's boundaries are not uniformly agreed upon; for instance, the Fens were traditionally an uninhabited area that was difficult to cross, so there was little dialect contact between the two sides of the Fens leading to certain internal distinctions within that region.

Linguist Peter Trudgill has identified several sub-dialects, including Norfolk (Broad Norfolk, Norwich), Suffolk, Essex, Cambridgeshire, and various Fenland dialects.

Allan Smethurst
Allan Francis Smethurst (19 November 1927 – 22 December 2000), aka The Singing Postman was an English folk singer and postman. He is best known for his self-penned novelty song "Hev Yew Gotta Loight, Boy?", which earned him an Ivor Novello Award in 1966, “Come Along A Me” and "A Miss from Diss". The Guardian dubbed him a "bookishly melancholy folk-satirist".
Zangon Kataf
Zangon Kataf (Tyap: Á̱nietcen-A̱fakan, also Katab, Cuttub) is a Local Government Area in southern Kaduna State, Nigeria. Its headquarters is in the town of Zonkwa. It is also a name of a town in the chiefdom of the Atyap. Other towns include: Batadon (Madakiya), Agut Ntswuo (Samaru Kataf), Kamantan, Anchuna and Kamuru. It has an area of 2,579 km2 and a population of 318,991 at the 2006 census. The postal code of the area is 802.

Agut Ntswuo
Agut Ntswuo (also Chenkwon or Samaru Atyap; Hausa: Samaru Kataf) is a town in Jei District of Zangon Kataf Local Government Area in southern Kaduna state in the Middle Belt region of Nigeria. The postal code of the area is 802.
Balochi needlework
Balochi needlework (also known as Balochi embroidery; Balochi: گُد دۏچی) is a type of Balochi handicraft made by the Baloch people. It is considered a heritage art, has been recognized by UNESCO, and it sells internationally. The Baloch people are native to the Balochistan region of South and Western Asia, encompassing the countries of Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan.

Balochi handicrafts
Balochi handicrafts are handicraft or handmade crafted works originating from Baloch people.

Baloch handicrafts is not merely a craft; it serves as a means of cultural identity and expression. Each design often carries symbolic meanings related to Baloch traditions and beliefs.

Handicrafts are part of Baloch culture and play an important role in the family economy, as an occupation that is particularly prevalent among Baloch nomads. Women often engage in these handicrafts to support their families, especially in rural areas where educational and employment opportunities may be limited.

The tradition of crafting these items is passed down through generations, preserving the cultural heritage of the Baloch community.
Agustín González (actor)
Agustín González Martínez (24 March 1930 in Linares – 16 January 2005 in Madrid) was a Spanish actor who appeared in more than 180 films, including El nido (1980), by Jaime de Armiñan; Volver a empezar (1981), by José Luis Garci; La colmena (1982), by Mario Camús; Dos mejor que uno (1984), by Ángel Llorente and Las bicicletas son para el verano (1984), by Fernando Fernán Gómez.

Gary Cooper, Who Art in Heaven
Gary Cooper, Who Art in Heaven (Spanish: Gary Cooper, que estás en los cielos) is a 1980 Spanish drama film directed and co-written by Pilar Miró. It was entered into the 12th Moscow International Film Festival where Mercedes Sampietro won the award for Best Actress.
William Collis Meredith
Sir William Collis Meredith, QC (23 May 1812 – 26 February 1894) was Chief Justice of the Superior Court for the Province of Quebec from 1866 to 1884. In 1844, he was offered but refused the positions of Solicitor General of Canada and then Attorney-General for Canada East - the latter position he turned down again in 1847. In 1887, he was one of the two English-speaking candidates considered by the Liberals for the role of Lieutenant Governor of Quebec. The home he commissioned and lived in at Montreal from 1845 to 1849 still stands today, known as the Notman House.

Richard Graves MacDonnell
Sir Richard Graves MacDonnell KCMG CB (Chinese: 麥當奴; 3 September 1814 – 5 February 1881) was an Anglo-Irish lawyer, judge and colonial governor. His posts as governor included Governor of the British Settlements in West Africa, Governor of Saint Vincent, Governor of South Australia, Governor of Nova Scotia and Governor of Hong Kong. Several places around the world are named for him, including MacDonnell Road in Hong Kong and the MacDonnell Ranges and Sir Richard Peninsula in Australia.
Berchtesgaden National Park
Berchtesgaden National Park is in the south of Germany, on its border with Austria, in the municipalities of Ramsau bei Berchtesgaden and Schönau am Königsee, Berchtesgadener Land in Bavaria. The national park was established in 1978 to protect the landscapes of the Berchtesgaden Alps. Headquartered in the town of Berchtesgaden, the park was designated a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 1990.

Berchtesgaden Alps
The Berchtesgaden Alps (German: Berchtesgadener Alpen, pronounced [bɛʁçtəsˈɡaːdənɐ ˈʔalpn̩]) are a mountain range of the Northern Limestone Alps, named after the market town of Berchtesgaden located in the centre. It is crossed by the Austria–Germany border: the central part belongs to the Berchtesgadener Land district of southeastern Bavaria, Germany, while the adjacent area in the north, east and south is part of the Austrian state of Salzburg (Salzburger Land).
COVID-19 pandemic in Guyana
The COVID-19 pandemic in Guyana was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have reached Guyana on 11 March 2020. The first case was a woman who travelled from New York, a 52-year-old woman with underlying health conditions, including diabetes and hypertension. The woman died at the Georgetown Public Hospital.

John Percy Leon Lewis
John Percy Leon Lewis (February 13, 1943 – April 7, 2020) was a Guyanese military officer who died during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Lewis studied at the University of the West Indies in Jamaica. He started to work at the Demerara Bauxite Company as an engineer. There he met Major Arnold Godette who persuaded Lewis to join the Army. In 1968, Lewis became the only reserve officer to become a full Colonel. Lewis had also been president of the Guyana Rugby Football Union.  He is believed to have been Guyana's sixth coronavirus victim, dying 12 days after his wife Juliet Lewis who died on March 27 from pneumonia. The couple had been married for 52 years. The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Guyana was recorded on March 11, 2020. Lewis was diagnosed COVID-19 positive after his death.
William Peckham (landowner)
William Peckham (1689–1765) was an English landowner who served as Sheriff of Sussex in 1718.

Baptised at Salehurst on 18 February 1689, he was the only son of William Peckham (1644–1715) and his wife Martha Pooke. Succeeding his father in 1715, he was married on 1 September 1716 to Mary Newnham (1690–1765) and selected as sheriff of the county in 1718. He lived at Iridge in Salehurst and was buried in the village church in 1765, his estate being probated on 16 March 1765. Though he and his wife had eight children, the only one to marry was Elizabeth Peckham (1729–1806), wife of John Micklethwait.

Sheriff of Sussex
The office of Sheriff of Sussex was established before the Norman Conquest. The Office of sheriff remained first in precedence in the counties until the reign of Edward VII when an Order in Council in 1908 gave the Lord-Lieutenant the prime office under the Crown as the Sovereign's personal representative.

At various times the sheriff of Surrey was also sheriff of Sussex (1229–1231, 1232–1240, 1242–1567, 1571–1635), The office of Sheriff of Sussex ceased with local government re-organisation in 1974, when the county was split for local government purposes into East Sussex (see High Sheriff of East Sussex) and West Sussex (see High Sheriff of West Sussex). The High Sheriffs remain the Sovereign's representative in the County for all matters relating to the Judiciary and the maintenance of law and order.
Xojeli district
Xojeli district (Karakalpak: Хожели районы, Xojeli rayonı) is a district in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The capital lies in the city Xojeli. In 2017, a part of its territory was given for the creation of the new Taqiyatas district. Its area is 550 km2 (210 sq mi) and it had 125,500 inhabitants in 2022.

There is one city Xojeli, one town Vodnik, and seven rural communities Amiwdarya, Jańajap, Qalap, Garezsizlik, Qumjiqqin, Sarıshunkôl, Samankôl.

Taqiyatas district
Taqiyatas district (Karakalpak: Taqiyatas rayonı, Тақыятас районы) is a district of Karakalpakstan in Uzbekistan. Its seat is the city of Taqiyatas. It was created in 2017 from part of Xojeli district. Its area is 180 km2 (69 sq mi) and it had 75,500 inhabitants in 2022. The district contains one city Taqiyatas, one town, Naymanko'l, and three village councils Keneges, Naymanko'l, and Sarayko'l.
Takatak 2
Takatak 2 is a 2022 Indian Marathi-language romantic comedy film directed by Milind Kavde. It is the sequel for the 2019 film Takatak. The film stars Prathamesh Parab, Akshay Kelkar, Ajinkya Raut, Bhoomika Kadam and Pranali Bhalerao. The popular song "Hridayi Vasant Phulatana" in the 1988 Marathi comedy drama film Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi was adapted with the same title, featuring Iranian-German actress Elnaaz Norouzi.

The film was theatrically released on 18 August 2022 coinciding Janmastami. The film grossed over ₹2.11 crore (US$250,000) in the first weekend of release.

Takatak (film)
Takatak is a 2019 Indian Marathi-language adult comedy film directed by Milind Kavde and produced by Purple Bull Entertainment. The film starring Prathamesh Parab, Ritika Shrotri, Abhijeet Amkar and Pranali Bhalerao in the leading roles. The film was a commercial success grossed over ₹14.27 crore (US$1.6 million) in three weeks.
Menhuan
Menhuan (simplified Chinese: 门宦; traditional Chinese: 門宦; pinyin: Ménhuàn) is a term used by the Hui and Uyghur Muslim populations of China to indicate a Chinese Ṣūfī ṭarīḳa ("order" or "saintly lineage"). The leaders of a menhuan, which usually are Ṣūfī Muslim murs̲h̲id ("masters") or walī ("saints"), form a chain of spiritual successors over the ages, known in Arabic as silsilah, which goes back to the order's founder in China (e.g., Ma Laichi or Ma Mingxin), and beyond, toward his teachers in Arabia.

Silsila
Silsila (Arabic: سِلْسِلَة) is an Arabic word meaning chain, link, connection often used in various senses of lineage. In particular, it may be translated as "spiritual genealogy" where one Sufi Master transfers his khilafat to his khalîfa, or spiritual descendant. In Urdu, silsila means saga.
2024 Men's T20 World Cup Europe Sub-regional Qualifier C
The 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Europe Sub-regional Qualifier C was a cricket tournament that formed part of the qualification process for the 2026 Men's T20 World Cup. It was hosted by Guernsey in August 2024.

The winners of the tournament, Guernsey advanced to the regional final, where they will be joined by Netherlands and Scotland who were given a bye after having participated in the previous T20 World Cup, and two other teams from sub-regional qualifiers A and B.

2025 Men's T20 World Cup Europe Regional Final
The 2025 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Europe Regional Final was a cricket tournament that formed part of the qualification process for the 2026 Men's T20 World Cup. It was held in the Netherlands in July 2025.

Netherlands won the tournament, while Italy qualified for a World Cup for the first time by clinching second place ahead of Jersey on net run-rate after the two teams finished level on points.

They will join England and Ireland as Europe's representatives at the 2026 T20 World Cup. England qualified directly as a top eight team from the previous edition, while Ireland qualified directly through ICC Men's T20I Team Rankings.
Hugh Davson
Hugh Davson (25 November 1909 – 2 July 1996) was an English physiologist who worked on membrane transport and ocular fluids.

Davson was born in Paddington, London, the son of physician Wilfred Maynard Davson and Mary Louisa Scott.

He attended University College School. He later studied at University College London and took a variety of research posts at institutes such as UCL, and Canada's Dalhousie University. With James Danielli he proposed a model for cell membrane structure which became known as the Davson-Danielli or "protein sandwich" model.
In 1931 he married the society portrait painter Marjorie Heath with whom he had one daughter.
He was a cousin of the renowned journalist and broadcaster, Alistair Cooke.

He had intimate friendships with influential individuals such as Winston Churchill and Clement Attlee.

James Danielli
James Frederic Danielli FRS (1911–1984) was an English biologist.

He was famous for research on the structure and the permeability of cell membranes, developing a physical-chemical model in collaboration with the physiologist Hugh Davson. This became known as the Davson-Danielli or "protein sandwich" model. He also carried out studies on the chemistry of enzymes and proteins and tried to construct an artificial "cell".