hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hummel Bird
The Hummel Bird is an experimental/amateur built aircraft designed by Morry Hummel and produced by Hummel Aviation of Byran, Ohio, United States. It is a single-seat, single-engine, all-metal airplane typically powered by a 1/2 VW engine in the 32 hp-45 hp range although other engines have been used successfully. It is built from plans, but many of the components are available pre-made from Hummel Aviation.

Volkswagen air-cooled engine
The Volkswagen air-cooled engine is an air-cooled, gasoline-fuelled, boxer engine with four horizontally opposed cast-iron cylinders, cast aluminum alloy cylinder heads and pistons, magnesium-alloy crankcase, and forged steel crankshaft and connecting rods.

There are two distinct families/variations of the aircooled engine, namely Type 1 and Type 4. The Type 3 engine is a variation of the Type 1 engine with a pancake cooling arrangement.

Variations of the engine were produced by Volkswagen plants worldwide from 1936 until 2006 for use in Volkswagen's own vehicles, notably the Type 1 (Beetle), Type 2 (transporter), Type 3, and Type 4. Additionally, the engines were widely used in industrial, light aircraft and kit car applications.
Cần Thơ
Cần Thơ (Vietnamese pronunciation: [kə̀n tʰə̄ː] ⓘ) is the fourth-largest city in Vietnam, and the largest city along the Mekong Delta region in Vietnam. It is noted for its floating markets, Bánh tráng-making village, and picturesque rural canals. It has a population of around 4,199,824 as of 2024, and is located on the south bank of the Hậu River, a distributary of the Mekong River.

The city is nicknamed the "Western Metropolis" (Tây Đô / 西都), and is located 169 kilometres (105 miles) from Hồ Chí Minh City.

Ninh Kiều district
Ninh Kiều is an former urban district (quận) of Cần Thơ in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. Ninh Kiều is located at the centre of Cần Thơ.  Most of Cần Thơ's municipal offices are located here.

Ninh Kiều is located along the Bassac River. Its most attractive site is the wharf, along which there are several hotels and restaurants. The bridge, part of which collapsed during construction in 2007, and Cần Thơ Ferry connect Ninh Kiều with Bình Minh district, Vĩnh Long province. Ninh Kiều's population in 2004 was 209,274, and 304,175 in 2018, and it has an area of 29.22 km2.
Sjøvegan
Sjøvegan is the administrative centre of Salangen Municipality in Troms county, Norway.  The village is located at the end of the Sagfjorden, a branch of the Salangen fjord. The river Salangselva empties into the fjord at Sjøvegan. The river flows through the lakes Nervatnet and Øvrevatnet just to the east of the village.

The village is located about 17 kilometres (11 mi) east of European route E6. The nearby town of Setermoen in Bardu Municipality is 25 kilometres (16 mi) east of Sjøvegan and the village of Laberget is located about 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) southwest of Sjøvegan.

The 0.81-square-kilometre (200-acre) village has a population (2023) of 770 and a population density of 951 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,460/sq mi). The home venue of the Salangen IF team is located in Sjøvegan. Salangen Church is also located in the village.

Salangen Church
Salangen Church (Norwegian: Salangen kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Salangen Municipality in Troms county, Norway. It is located in the village of Sjøvegan. It is one of the churches for the Salangen parish which is part of the Senja prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland. The white concrete church with wood accents was built in a long church style in 1981 using plans drawn up by the architect Harald Hille. The church seats about 420 people.
The Adventure of the Singular Sandwich
"The Adventure of the Singular Sandwich" is a detective short story by author Basil Copper. It first appeared in Copper's collection The Uncollected Cases of Solar Pons in 1979, but Copper disapproved of the way that it was edited. Copper's preferred text was published as a chapbook in 1995 by Fedogan & Bremer in an edition of 1,000 copies of which 950 were distributed to the guests at Bouchercon where Copper was a guest of honor. The chapbook also includes an interview with Copper by R. Dixon Smith. The story is about Solar Pons, a character originally created by August Derleth. Derleth's Pons stories are themselves pastiches of the Sherlock Holmes stories of Arthur Conan Doyle.

Basil Copper
Basil Frederick Albert Copper (5 February 1924 – 3 April 2013) was an English writer and former journalist and newspaper editor. He became a full-time writer in 1970. In addition to horror and detective fiction, Copper was perhaps best known for his series of Solar Pons stories continuing the character created as a tribute to Sherlock Holmes by August Derleth.

Copper's interests included swimming, gardening, travel, sailing and historic film material. One of England's leading film collectors, his private archive contained over one thousand titles (at 1989). He founded the Tunbridge Wells Vintage Film Society which ran for 20 years showing only films from Copper's collection. He often gave talks at various film organisations in London. He was  a member of the British Film Society and the Vintage Film Circle of London. Copper was a longtime resident of Sevenoaks in Kent. His wife was the French-born Annie Copper (née Guerin), to whom he had been married since 1960.
Chloral cyanohydrin
Chloral cyanohydrin is the cyanohydrin derivative of chloral (trichloroacetaldehyde). It was historically used as a source of hydrogen cyanide for medicinal purposes. Chloral cyanohydrin is toxic by inhalation.

Chloral
Chloral, also known as trichloroacetaldehyde or trichloroethanal, is the organic compound with the formula Cl3CCHO. This aldehyde is a colourless liquid that is soluble in a wide range of solvents. It reacts with water to form chloral hydrate, a once widely used sedative and hypnotic substance.
Covewood Lodge
Covewood Lodge is a historic summer camp complex located at Big Moose Lake in Herkimer County, New York.  It was built during the 1920s and consists of the main lodge surrounded by 18 historic cottages. The main lodge is a T-shaped rustic camp building built in 1924–25. It is a two-story log structure sheathed with vertically and diagonally laid planks. It features a two-story verandah supported by massive tree trunks.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

Big Moose Lake
Big Moose Lake is a glacial lake in the Adirondacks in upstate New York.   Lying within the Adirondack State Park, it sits at the head of the Moose River about five miles (8 km) north of Fourth Lake northeast of the hamlet of Big Moose. The lake falls within both Herkimer and Hamilton counties, and covers portions of the towns of Webb and Long Lake.
2019 Nicky Rackard Cup
The 2019 Nicky Rackard Cup is the 15th staging of the Nicky Rackard Cup hurling championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 2005. It is the fourth tier of senior inter-county hurling as of 2019.

The competition began on Saturday 11 May 2019 and ends on Saturday 22 June 2019.

Donegal were the 2018 champions and were promoted to the 2019 Christy Ring Cup as a result of the restructuring of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship.

Sligo were crowned champions after defeating Armagh in the final. Sligo's victory completed back to back championship triumphs and promotion from the fifth tier to the third by winning the 2018 Lory Meagher Cup and the 2019 Nicky Rackard Cup.

2019 Christy Ring Cup
The 2019 Christy Ring Cup was the 15th staging of the Christy Ring Cup hurling championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 2005. It is the third tier of senior inter-county hurling.

The competition began on 11 May 2019 and ended on 22 June 2019.

Kildare were the 2018 Christy Ring champions, defeating London by 3-19 to 1-11 in the final. Kildare lost the relegation/promotion game against Antrim and remained in the Christy Ring Cup in 2019.
HJ-8
The HJ-8 or Hongjian-8 (Chinese: 红箭-8; pinyin: Hóng Jiàn-8; lit. 'Red Arrow-8') is a second generation tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided anti-tank missile system which was originally deployed by the People's Liberation Army in the late 1980s.

BAW BJ212
The Chinese Beijing Automobile Works, formerly Beijing Jeep, BJ212 (Chinese: 北京212) and BAW BJ2020 is a  four-wheel drive, originally a 2.4 L (2445 cc) four-cylinder gas-engine powered (four-cylinder diesel engines were added in the 2000s) light-duty offroad utility vehicle in the half tonne class. The original design, depending in large part on Russian off-roaders from UAZ and possibly developed in conjunction with the UAZ-469, debuted in 1965 as the Beijing BJ212. It has been known as the BJ2020 series since the Chinese car classification system was changed in 1989.

The BJ212 succeeded the BJ210 model 4x4, whose manufacturing continued and was transferred to Tianjin's First Auto Works which took over manufacturing under the name of TJ210 C. Tianjin's First Auto Works also produce variants with two metal half-doors and an extended wheelbase version with four metal doors.
Zhongjianosaurus
Zhongjianosaurus is a genus of dromaeosaurid belonging to the Microraptoria. Believed to hail from the Yixian Formation, specifically the middle of the Jehol Biota, it is the smallest known microraptorine thus far discovered and one of the smallest non-avian theropod dinosaurs.

Microraptoria
Microraptoria (Greek, μίκρος, mīkros: "small"; Latin, raptor: "one who seizes") is a clade of basal dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaurs. Definitive microraptorians lived during the Barremian to Aptian stages of the Early Cretaceous in China. Probable microraptorian ichnotaxon Dromaeosauriformipes was discovered from the Jinju Formation of South Korea, and some fragmentary Late Cretaceous paravian fossils in North America have been described as putative members of this clade. Many are known for long feathers on their legs and may have been semiarboreal powered fliers, some of which were even capable of launching from the ground. Most microraptorians were relatively small; adult specimens of Microraptor range between 77–90 centimetres long (2.53–2.95 ft) and weigh up to 1 kg (2.2 lb), making them some of the smallest known non-avialan dinosaurs.
Railway roundhouse
A railway roundhouse is a building with a circular or semicircular shape used by railways for servicing and storing locomotives. Traditionally, though not always the case today, these buildings contained or were adjacent to a turntable.

Kyoto Railway Museum
The Kyoto Railway Museum (京都鉄道博物館, Kyōto Tetsudō Hakubutsukan) (formerly the Umekoji Steam Locomotive Museum (梅小路蒸気機関車館, Umekōji Jōkikikansha-kan) until 2016) is a railway museum in Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto, Japan. The original Umekoji Steam Locomotive Museum opened in 1972, but was expanded and modernized in 2016, becoming the Kyoto Railway Museum.

The museum is owned by West Japan Railway Company (JR West) and is operated by Transportation Culture Promotion Foundation.
FC Naftovyk Okhtyrka
Football Club Naftovyk Okhtyrka is a Ukrainian amateur football club based in Okhtyrka, Sumy Oblast, where it was founded in 1980. The name of the club means "oiler" in Ukrainian. Ukrnafta company owned the club between 2004 and 2018. The club was dissolved in July 2018, but refounded again in 2020.

Okhtyrka
Okhtyrka (Ukrainian: Охтирка, IPA: [oxˈtɪrkɐ] ⓘ; Russian: Ахтырка, romanized: Akhtyrka) is a city in Sumy Oblast, Ukraine. It serves as the administrative center of Okhtyrka Raion within the oblast.

Okhtyrka was once home to Hussars and Cossacks. It was also in the past a regional seat of the Sloboda Ukraine Imperial Region and of the Ukrainian SSR. Since the discovery of oil and gas in 1961, Okhtyrka has come to be known as the "oil capital" of Ukraine. It is home to the former Okhtyrka air base and other historical and religious sites. Some religious buildings in Okhtyrka were almost destroyed in the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Year's Best SF (Book 1)
Year's Best SF is a science fiction anthology edited by David G. Hartwell that was published in 1996. It is the first in the Year's Best SF series, which was published every year until 2013.

As a "Best Of" anthology, all the stories in this book previously appeared either in science fiction magazines, original short fiction collections, or online publications. Its importance lies in that it, and the competing Year's Best Science Fiction anthology, are representative of the best short science fiction of the year.

Year's Best SF
Year's Best SF was a science fiction anthology series edited by David G. Hartwell and Kathryn Cramer.  Hartwell started the series in 1996, and co-edited it with Cramer from 2002 until the final volume in 2013. It was published by HarperCollins under the Eos imprint. The creators of the books are not involved with the similarly titled Year's Best Science Fiction series.

Cramer and Hartwell also edited an annual collection of the Year's Best Fantasy.
Monopole moduli space
In mathematics, the monopole moduli space is a space parametrizing monopoles (solutions of the Bogomolny equations).  Atiyah and Hitchin (1988) studied the moduli space for 2 monopoles in detail and used it to describe the scattering of monopoles.

Bogomolny equations
In mathematics, and especially gauge theory, the Bogomolny equation for magnetic monopoles is the equation

where  is the curvature of a connection  on a principal -bundle over a 3-manifold ,  is a section of the corresponding adjoint bundle,  is the exterior covariant derivative induced by  on the adjoint bundle, and  is the Hodge star operator on . These equations are named after E. B. Bogomolny and were studied extensively by Michael Atiyah and Nigel Hitchin.

The equations are a dimensional reduction of the self-dual Yang–Mills equations from four dimensions to three dimensions, and correspond to global minima of the appropriate action. If  is closed, there are only trivial (i.e. flat) solutions.
Tephroseris integrifolia subsp. maritima
Tephroseris integrifolia subsp. maritima, also known as the spathulate fleawort or South Stack fleawort,  is endemic to Holyhead Island, occurring only around South Stack. It is a subspecies of the field fleawort Tephroseris integrifolia.

It is a single-stemmed plant, typically with more than six capitula (flower heads), which flowers between April and June.

Tephroseris integrifolia
Tephroseris integrifolia (vernacular name: field fleawort) is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Asteraceae.

Its native range is Europe to Siberia and Iran.

Synonym:

Senecio integrifolius (L.) Clairv.

Subspecies: Tephroseris integrifolia subsp. maritima (Syme) B.Nord.
Ibn Abi Layla
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Layla (Arabic: محمد بن عبد الرحمن بن أبي ليلى, romanized: Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Laylā; 693 – 765), also known as Ibn Abi Layla, was an early Muslim jurist who served as the qadi (judge) of Kufa from c. 733 until his death. Considered to be one of the leading figures of the ahl al-ra'y, he was a contemporary of fellow Kufan jurist Abu Hanifa, the eponym of the Hanafi school of law.

Ikhtilaf Abi Hanifa wa Ibn Abi Layla
Ikhtilaf Abi Hanifa wa Ibn Abi Layla (Arabic: اختلاف أبي حنيفة وابن أبي ليلى) is an 8th-century classical Islamic legal text attributed to Abu Yusuf. The work records points of disagreement between two main legal authorities of the time, Abu Hanifa and Ibn Abi Layla, both of whom Abu Yusuf studied under. It is considered the earliest known Islamic text to record legal cases along with their reasoning and also serves as an example of jurisprudential development during the formative period of Islamic legal schools. The text was mainly preserved through oral transmission and citations in later works, while the original manuscript largely disappeared as it became incorporated into broader school doctrines. A single manuscript was discovered by Abul Wafa al-Afghani and republished in Hyderabad in 1938.
Loch Brown
Loch Brown, also known in Scots as Loch Broun, Broon or Broom, was situated in a kettle hole in the mid-Ayrshire clayland near Crosshands. It is nowadays (2011) visible as a surface depression in pastureland, partially flooded, situated in a low-lying area close to farms and dwellings of Skeoch, Dalsangan, Ladebrae, Lochhill, and Crosshands, mainly in the Parish of Mauchline and partly in Craigie, East Ayrshire, Scotland. Duveloch is an old name for the loch and this may derive from the Gaelic Dubh, meaning black or dark loch.

The loch was natural, sitting in a hollow created by glaciation. The loch waters drained via the Garroch Burn that flows into the Cessnock Water and thence into the River Irvine. The road from Tarbolton to Galston via the old Largie Toll (B744) passes close to the loch site, and close by stands the hamlet of Crosshands on the Carlisle Road (A76).

Mauchline
Mauchline (/ˈmɒxlɪn/; Scottish Gaelic: Maghlinn) is a town and civil parish in East Ayrshire, Scotland. In the 2001 census Mauchline had a recorded population of 4,105. It is home to the National Burns Memorial.
Leo Genn
Leopold John Genn (/ɡɛn/ GHEN; 9 August 1905 – 26 January 1978) was an English actor and barrister. Distinguished by his relaxed charm and smooth, "black velvet" voice, he had a lengthy career in theatre, film, television and radio, often playing aristocratic or gentlemanly, sophisticated roles.

Born to a Jewish family in London, Genn was educated as a lawyer and was a practising barrister until after World War II, in which he had served in the Royal Artillery as a lieutenant-colonel. He began his acting career at The Old Vic and made his film debut in 1935, starring in a total of 85 screen roles until his death in 1978. For his portrayal of Petronius in the 1951 Hollywood epic Quo Vadis, he received an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actor.

Belsen trials
The Belsen trials were a series of several trials that the Allied occupation forces conducted against former officials and functionaries of Nazi Germany after the end of World War II. British Army and civilian personnel ran the trials and staffed the prosecution and judges.

The Belsen trials took place in Lüneburg, Lower Saxony, Germany, in 1945 and the defendants were men and women of the Schutzstaffel as well as prisoner functionaries who had worked at various concentration camps, notably Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen.

The first trial generated considerable interest around the world, as the public heard for the first time from some of those responsible for the mass murder in the eastern extermination camps. Some later trials are also referred to as Belsen trials.
Howard Wakefield
Howard John Wakefield (April 2, 1884 – April 16, 1941) was an American professional baseball player in Major League Baseball from 1905 to 1907. Wakefield was a 6-foot, 1 inch, catcher who threw right-handed and batted right-handed. Wakefield played the 1905 and 1907 seasons with the Cleveland Indians. His 1906 season was with the Washington Senators.

A native of Bucyrus, Ohio, he was the father of Dick Wakefield who was also a professional baseball player during the 1940s and early 1950s.

Wakefield died in Chicago, in 1941.

Dick Wakefield
Richard Cummings Wakefield (May 6, 1921 – August 25, 1985) was an American left fielder in Major League Baseball for 9 seasons with the Detroit Tigers (1941, 1943–1944, 1946–1949), New York Yankees (1950), and New York Giants (1952). Wakefield was a 6 foot, 4 inch, player who threw right-handed and batted left-handed.
Omni William Penn Hotel
The Omni William Penn Hotel is a 23 floor (3 underground) hotel located at 530 William Penn Place on Mellon Square in downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A variety of luminaries have stayed at the hotel, including John F. Kennedy.  The hotel staff innovated Lawrence Welk's now famous bubble machine, and it was the site of Bob Hope's marriage proposal in 1934.  The hotel has won numerous awards including being named to the "Best of Weddings 2009" list by The Knot and receiving the Editor's Choice Award in the Business Hotels category on Suite101.com.

Omni William Penn Hotel, Pittsburgh is a member of Historic Hotels of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.

The hotel also features a restaurant that dates from 1916, the Terrace Room, featuring among other amenities a wall long mural entitled "The taking of Fort Pitt".

Historic Hotels of America
Historic Hotels of America is a program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation that was founded in 1989 with 32 charter members; the program identifies hotels in the United States that have maintained authenticity, sense of place, and architectural integrity from their respective time periods.

As of 2025, the program includes 288 hotels in 44 of the 50 states, as well as Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Washington, D.C..
Silent reading
Silent reading is reading done silently, or without speaking the words being read.

Before the reintroduction of separated text (spaces between words) in the Late Middle Ages, the ability to read silently may have been considered rather remarkable, though some scholars object to this idea.

In contrast, reading aloud activates many more parts of the brain due to the dual-route of feedback when pronouncing and reading.

Reading
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch.

For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), punctuation, alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.

Other types of reading and writing, such as pictograms (e.g., a hazard symbol or an emoji), are not based on speech-based writing systems. The common link is the interpretation of symbols to extract the meaning from the visual notations or tactile signals (e.g., braille).

There is a growing body of evidence which illustrates the importance of reading for pleasure for both educational purposes as well as personal development.
Feudal barony of Berry Pomeroy
The feudal barony of Berry Pomeroy was one of eight feudal baronies in Devonshire, England, which existed during the mediaeval era. It had its caput at the manor of Berry Pomeroy, 20 miles south of the City of Exeter and 2 miles east of the town of Totnes, where was situated Totnes Castle, the caput of the feudal barony of Totnes. The exact location of the 11th-century baron's residence is unclear; perhaps it was next to the parish church on the site of the former rectory known as Berry House, as it is now believed that the nearby ruined Berry Pomeroy Castle was not built until the 15th century.

The manor and barony was owned by the Pomeroy family from before 1086 until 1547, when it was purchased by Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, in whose family it has since remained. Today the manor and much of the former estate belongs to his descendant the Duke of Somerset, seated at Maiden Bradley House in Wiltshire.

Feudal baronies in Devonshire
According to Sanders (1960) there were eight certain or probable English feudal baronies in Devonshire:

Feudal barony of Bampton

Feudal barony of Bradninch

Feudal barony of Great Torrington

Feudal barony of Okehampton

Feudal barony of Totnes

Feudal barony of Barnstaple

Feudal barony of Berry Pomeroy

Feudal barony of Plympton

Other sources, including William Pole writing in the early 17th century, have indicated there were an additional four feudal baronies. These baronies are: Dartington, Harberton, Bishop of Exeter, Abbot of Tavistock