hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of surgery
Surgery is the branch of medicine that deals with the physical manipulation of a bodily structure to diagnose, prevent, or cure an ailment. Ambroise Paré, a 16th-century French surgeon, stated that to perform surgery is, "To eliminate that which is superfluous, restore that which has been dislocated, separate that which has been united, join that which has been divided and repair the defects of nature."

Since humans first learned how to make and handle tools, they have employed these skills to develop increasingly sophisticated surgical techniques. However, until the Industrial Revolution, surgeons were incapable of overcoming the three principal obstacles which had plagued the medical profession from its infancy—bleeding, pain, and infection. Advances in these fields have transformed surgery from a risky art into a scientific discipline capable of treating many diseases and conditions.

Percivall Pott
Percivall Pott (6 January 1714, in London – 22 December 1788) was an English surgeon, one of the founders of orthopaedics, and the first scientist to demonstrate that cancer may be caused by an environmental carcinogen, namely chimney sweeps' carcinoma. Many diseases are his namesake including Pott's fracture, Pott's disease of the spine, and Pott's puffy tumour. It is believed that Pott's standard of living contributed to the rise of the surgeon within social standings.
Lego Star Wars: The Resistance Rises
Lego Star Wars: The Resistance Rises is a five-episode Lego Star Wars short form computer-animated series that debuted on Disney XD on February 15, 2016. A comedic prequel to the 2015 film Star Wars: The Force Awakens, it focuses on the exploits of Star Wars characters from that film, as well as legacy characters.

Lego Star Wars
Lego Star Wars (stylized in all caps) is a Lego theme based on the Star Wars media franchise and fictional universe created by George Lucas. It includes over 928 Lego building toy sets, 1389 Lego minifigures, an eponymous video game series containing six games, and multiple animated short films and television series.

Originally it was only licensed from 1998 to 2009, but The Lego Group extended the license with Lucasfilm, first until 2011, then until 2016, then again until 2022, and then once more until 2032.
Monticello Independent Schools
Monticello Independent Schools was a school district headquartered in Monticello, Kentucky. It operated  Monticello Elementary School and Monticello Middle / High School.

The district was established in 1905.  After a wave of school consolidations swept the state in 1960's and 1970's, it was one of the smallest public school districts in Kentucky. In 2013 the district had 850 students. The school district became insolvent in 2012 and Bill Estep of the Lexington Herald-Leader described the district as "troubled".

On December 17, 2012, the Monticello schools board voted for the Kentucky Department of Education management of their schools which was expected to result in a merger with Wayne County Schools.

On June 30, 2013, it closed and was merged into Wayne County Schools.

Monticello, Kentucky
Monticello is a city in Wayne County, Kentucky, United States. It is the seat of its county. Its population was 5,753 at the time of the 2020 United States census.

Monticello claims to be "the Houseboat Capital of the World", as numerous houseboat manufacturers operate in the city. The city is located along Lake Cumberland. Its economy is built on serving the recreational and tourist traffic to the lake.
Muzaffarpur – Sabarmati Jan Sadharan Express
The 15269 / 15270 Muzaffarpur–Ahmedabad Jan Sadharan Express is a Jan Sadharan Express train belonging to Indian Railways East Central Railway zone that runs between Muzaffarpur Junction and Ahmedabad Junction in India.

It operates as train number 15269 from Muzaffarpur Junction to Ahmedabad Junction and as train number 15270 in the reverse direction, serving the states of  Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan & Gujarat.

Jan Sadharan Express
Jan Sadharan Express trains are series of passenger services operated by Indian Railways in different routes. These trains are the first generation of fully unreserved express train sets. The second generation is the Antyodya Express.
Tagore Theatre
30°43′59″N 76°47′22″E﻿ / ﻿30.73306°N 76.78944°E﻿ / 30.73306; 76.78944
Tagore Theatre, Chandigarh is a center for cultural performances located in Sector 18, Chandigarh. It was designed by architect Aditya Prakash, who was part of Chandigarh Capital Project Team, headed by Le Corbusier. Aditya Prakash was the principal of Chandigarh College of Architecture. Aditya Prakash has also designed a few residences in the city, one of which is in the same sector and is called Kailash Bhavan.

Aditya Prakash (architect)
Aditya Prakash ([ɑːd̪it̪jə pr̩ːkɑːɕ];10 March 1924, Muzaffarnagar – 12 August 2008 in Ratlam) was an architect, painter, academic and published author. He belonged to the first generation of Indian Modernists closely associated with Chandigarh and the developmentalist practices of postcolonial India under Jawaharlal Nehru. He designed over 60 buildings all in north India. His paintings are held in private collections worldwide. His architecture and art adhered strictly to modernist principles. As an academic, he was one of the earliest Indian champions of sustainable urbanism. He published two books and several papers on this topic. His archives are held at the Canadian Centre for Architecture at Montreal, Canada. Phantom hands has released a limited collection of his chairs.
August Oetker
August Oetker (German pronunciation: [ˈaʊɡʊst ˈʔœtkɐ]; January 6, 1862 – January 10, 1918) was a German inventor, food scientist and business person. He is known as the creator of baking powder as a ready-to-use product, and also as the founder of the Dr. Oetker company. He was the patriarch of the Oetker family.

Oetker family
The Oetker family is a German entrepreneurial dynasty from Bielefeld, Germany, who made their fortune in baking powder. The Oetker family was established by patriarch August Oetker who was the founder of Dr. Oetker, a leading German food manufacturing concern, which employed 29,000+ employees worldwide (2023).
Fréjus Road Tunnel
The Fréjus Road Tunnel (Italian: Traforo del Fréjus, French: Tunnel du Fréjus) is a tunnel that connects France and Italy. The tunnel runs for 13 km (8.1 mi) under Col du Fréjus in the Cottian Alps between Modane in France and Bardonecchia in Italy. It is one of the major trans-Alpine transport routes between France and Italy being used for 80% of the commercial road traffic.

The French section is managed by the French company SFTRF (Société Française du Tunnel Routier du Fréjus), and the Italian section by the Italian company SITAF (Società Italiana per il Traforo Autostradale del Frejus). The tunnel can be reached from the Italian side by the A32 Turin–Bardonecchia motorway, or by SS335 from Oulx, which joins SS24 ("del Monginevro"), before reaching Bardonecchia. From the French side, it can be reached by the A43 ("l'Autoroute de la Maurienne") from Lyon and Chambéry. A toll is charged to all traffic.

Bardonecchia
Bardonecchia (Italian: [bardoˈnekkja]; Piedmontese: Bardonecia [bardʊˈnetʃa]; Occitan: Bardonescha [baɾduˈneʃə], French: Bardonnèche) is an Italian town and comune located in the Metropolitan City of Turin, in the Piedmont region, in the western part of Susa Valley. It grew out of a small village with the works for the Fréjus Rail Tunnel, the first crossing the Alps.

The town hosted the snowboarding events of the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Avatr Technology
Avatr Technology Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 阿维塔; pinyin: Ā wéi tǎ; pronounced "Avatar") is a Chinese electric vehicle manufacturer headquartered in Chongqing.

Avatr Technology was established in 2018, with China Changan Automobile and CATL as its first and second largest shareholders, holding 40.99% and 14.1% equity stakes in collaboration with various Chinese domestic entities. Huawei supplies advanced driver-assistance systems algorithms and smart cockpit solutions.

Avatr 06
The Avatr 06 (Chinese: 阿维塔06; pinyin: Ā wéi tǎ 06) is an battery electric and range-extended mid-size sedan and station wagon produced by Avatr Technology, a joint venture between Changan Automobile and lithium-ion battery provider CATL. It is the fourth vehicle under the Avatr brand.
Roland Paulsen
Roland Karl Oscar Ericsson Paulsen (born 17 December 1981) is a Swedish author and sociologist. His thesis Empty Labor: Idleness and Workplace Resistance is about people who devote more than half of their work time to private activities, so-called "empty work". The dissertation was published at Cambridge University Press and received international attention from among others The Atlantic, The Economist and The Wall Street Journal.

Mats Alvesson
Mats Alvesson (born 1956) is a Swedish management scholar and professor of business administration at Lund University, particularly known for having made key contributions in forming the field of critical management studies.
Sacadura Cabral
Artur de Sacadura Freire Cabral, GCTE (23 May 1881 – 15 November 1924), known simply as Sacadura Cabral (Portuguese pronunciation: [sɐkɐˈðuɾɐ kɐˈβɾal]), was a Portuguese aviation pioneer. He, together with fellow aviator Gago Coutinho, conducted the first flight across the South Atlantic Ocean in 1922, and also the first using only astronomical navigation, from Lisbon, Portugal, to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

First aerial crossing of the South Atlantic
The first aerial crossing of the South Atlantic was made by the Portuguese naval aviators Gago Coutinho and Sacadura Cabral in 1922, to mark the centennial of Brazil's independence. Coutinho and Cabral flew in stages from Lisbon, Portugal, to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, using three different Fairey III biplanes, and covered a distance of 8,383 kilometres (5,209 mi) between 30 March and 17 June. Although the North Atlantic had already been traversed in a non-stop flight by John Alcock and Arthur Brown in 1919, Coutinho and Cabral's flight remains notable as a milestone in transatlantic aviation, and for its use of new technologies such as the artificial horizon.

In June 2022, the centennial of the first aerial crossing of the South Atlantic, it was announced that Faro Airport will officially change its name to Gago Coutinho Airport, in honour of Carlos Viegas Gago Coutinho.
Mizuno Tadaaki
Mizuno Tadaaki (水野 忠光, September 28, 1771 – May 23, 1814) was a Japanese daimyō of the Edo period, who ruled the Karatsu Domain. He was the eldest son of the previous daimyō, Mizuno Tadakane; after Tadakane's retirement in 1805, he received headship and the title of daimyō. Tadaaki dismissed Nihonmatsu Yoshikado; the karō whom his father had relied on. Instead, he conducted direct government, and tried to institute reforms. However, his reforms were largely unsuccessful, and so he yielded headship to his son, the reformer Mizuno Tadakuni, and retired.

Mizuno Tadakuni
Mizuno Tadakuni (水野 忠邦; July 19, 1794 – March 12, 1851) was a daimyō during late-Edo period Japan, who later served as chief senior councilor (Rōjū) in service to the Tokugawa shogunate. He is remembered for having instituted the Tenpō Reforms.
National Register of Historic Places listings in Murray County, Georgia
This is a list of properties and districts in Murray County, Georgia that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted March 21, 2025.

Murray County, Georgia
Murray County is a county in the Northwest region of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 39,973. The county seat is Chatsworth. Murray County is part of the Dalton, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Chattanooga-Cleveland-Dalton, TN-GA-AL Combined Statistical Area.
Master of Financial Economics
A Master of Financial Economics is a postgraduate master's degree focusing
on theoretical finance. The degree provides
a rigorous understanding of financial economics,  emphasizing the economic framework underpinning financial and investment decisioning. The degree is postgraduate, and usually incorporates a thesis or research component. Programs may be offered jointly by the business school and the economics department.

Closely related degrees include the Master of Finance and Economics and the Master of Economics with a specialization in Finance. Since c. 2010 undergraduate degrees in the discipline have also been offered.

Master of Quantitative Finance
A master's degree in quantitative finance is a postgraduate degree focused on the application of mathematical methods to the solution of problems in financial economics. There are several like-titled degrees which may further focus on financial engineering, computational finance, mathematical finance, and/or financial risk management.

In general, these degrees aim to prepare students for roles as "quants" (quantitative analysts); in particular, these degrees emphasize derivatives and fixed income, and the hedging and management of the resultant market and credit risk.

Formal master's-level training in quantitative finance has existed since 1990.
Novato Hamilton station
Novato Hamilton station is a Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit station in Novato, California. It opened to preview service on June 29, 2017; full commuter service commenced on August 25, 2017. It is located on the south side of the city near Hamilton Parkway and Hamilton Field (Hamilton AFB), from which the station takes its name. This was one of two stations planned for Novato in the Initial Operating Segment of SMART service; a third in Downtown Novato opened in December 2019. The station was built just north of the location of the 1910 Ignacio rail accident and southeast of the location of the former Northwestern Pacific Ignacio station.

Novato, California
Novato (Spanish for "Novatus") is a city in Marin County, California, United States, situated in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area. At the 2020 census, Novato had a population of 53,225.
Dairi Regency
Dairi Regency is an inland regency on the western shore of Lake Toba in North Sumatra Province of Indonesia.  The regency was created on 23 September 1964 from what were previously the north-western districts of North Tapanuli Regency; however the southern districts of this new regency were in turn split off on 25 February 2003 to form the new Pakpak Bharat Regency. The reduced regency covers an area of 1,927.80 square kilometres (744.33 sq mi) and it had a population of 269,848 people at the 2010 Census and 308,764 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 324,747 - comprising 162,928 males and 161,819 females. Its administrative seat is at the town of Sidikalang.

Sidikalang
1°55′16″N 98°33′58″E﻿ / ﻿1.9210°N 98.5660°E﻿ / 1.9210; 98.5660

Sidikalang is a town in North Sumatra province of Indonesia and it is the seat (capital) of Dairi Regency. Sidikalang is very well known for its coffee.
Durango shiner
The Durango shiner (Notropis aulidion) was an extinct species of freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae. It was found only in Mexico. The Durango shiner was native to the Rio Tunal, which forms the headwaters of the San Pedro Mezquital River, a Pacific slope river rising near Durango City, Durango, Mexico (Chernoff and Miller
1986). It was taken there only in 1951 and 1961. Its closest relatives were the yellow shiner and the Ameca shiner.

Yellow shiner
The yellow shiner (Notropis calientis) is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Notropis. It is endemic to Mexico where it is found in the Rio Lerma - Rio Grande de Santiago and Rio Pánuco in central Mexico. It forms a species complex within the genus Notropis with the Ameca shiner and the now-extinct Durango shiner.
Aland Rural District
Aland Rural District (Persian: دهستان الند) is in Safayyeh District of Khoy County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Balesur-e Sofla. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Dizaj-e Aland.

Balesur-e Sofla
Balesur-e Sofla (Persian: بلسورسفلي) is a village in, and the capital of, Aland Rural District in Safayyeh District of Khoy County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Dizaj-e Aland.
Affective forecasting
Affective forecasting, also known as hedonic forecasting or the hedonic forecasting mechanism, is the prediction of one's affect (emotional state) in the future. As a process that influences preferences, decisions, and behavior, affective forecasting is studied by both psychologists and economists, with broad applications.

Empathy gap
An empathy gap, sometimes referred to as an empathy bias, is a breakdown or reduction in empathy (the ability to recognize, understand, and share another's thoughts and feelings) where it might otherwise be expected to occur. Empathy gaps may occur due to a failure in the process of empathizing or as a consequence of stable personality characteristics, and may reflect either a lack of ability or motivation to empathize.

Empathy gaps can be interpersonal (toward others) or intrapersonal (toward the self, e.g. when predicting one's own future preferences). A great deal of social psychological research has focused on intergroup empathy gaps, their underlying psychological and neural mechanisms, and their implications for downstream behavior (e.g. prejudice toward outgroup members).
Incumbent local exchange carrier
An incumbent local exchange carrier (ILEC) is a local telephone company which held the regional monopoly on landline service before the market was opened to competitive local exchange carriers, or the corporate successor of such a firm, in the United States and Canada.

Regional Bell Operating Company
A Regional Bell Operating Company (RBOC) was a corporate entity created as result of the antitrust lawsuit by the United States Department of Justice against the Western Electric Company and American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1949 and a suit in 1974 against AT&T (United States v. AT&T). The suits were settled in the Modification of Final Judgment in August 1982.

AT&T agreed to divest its local exchange service operating companies, effective January 1, 1984. The group of local operating companies were split into seven independent Regional Bell Operating Companies, which became known as the Baby Bells.

Three companies still exist that have an RBOC as a predecessor: AT&T, Verizon, and Lumen Technologies (formerly CenturyTel and CenturyLink). Some other companies are holding onto smaller segments of the companies.
Oak Flat: A Fight for Sacred Land in the American West
Oak Flat: A Fight for Sacred Land in the American West is a 2020 graphic novel by Lauren Redniss. It describes a conflict between the San Carlos Apache tribe and Resolution Copper.

Redniss cited corporate and legal documents, anthropology statements, and other journalistic accounts. Apaches and White Americans generated interviews used for the book.

Lily Meyer, in a review for National Public Radio, stated that due to the scope the book covers, it "feels expansive." Eliza Griswold of The New York Times wrote that the book is "virtuosic".

Heidi MacDonald of Publishers Weekly wrote that the book has "precise, descriptive prose".

Resolution Copper
Resolution Copper (RCM) is a joint venture owned by Rio Tinto and BHP formed to develop and operate an underground copper mine near Superior, Arizona, USA.  The project targets a deep-seated porphyry copper deposit located under the now inactive Magma Mine. Rio Tinto has reported an inferred resource of 1.624 billion tonnes containing 1.47 percent copper and 0.037 percent molybdenum at depths exceeding 1,300 metres (0.81 mi). It sits atop Oak Flat, a land preserve sacred to several Apache Native American tribes in the region. The proposed mine contains one of the largest copper reserves in North America. Following the passage of the 2015 National Defense Authorization Act,  Native American and conservation groups opposed the copper mine.
György Spiró
György (George) Spiró (born 4 April 1946 in Budapest) is a dramatist, novelist and essayist who has emerged as one of post-war Hungary's most prominent literary figures. He is a member of the Széchenyi Academy of Literature and Arts.

Chickenhead (play)
Chickenhead (Csirkefej) is a Hungarian tragedy in 16 acts written by György Spiró in 1985. The background of the play is the ever so bleak realism of the socialist Hungary in the 1980s: An old woman gets killed in a rural apartment building after they had killed her cat.

The title of the play refers in the first instance to the chicken heads that an old woman feeds to her cat. However, it can also be taken to refer more broadly to the obtuse behaviour of the main characters in the play. The play is an odd mixture of pathos and nihilism, written against the bleak background of Stalinist totalitarianism from which Hungary was emerging. As with much modern drama, there is no hero in the play. The only noble behaviour that one can find belongs to one of the characters in the past, when he was a child, but he is no longer as he was. The hint that what once existed might be achieved again is the only faint ray of hope in a very bleak view of the human condition.
Soyuz 12
Soyuz 12  (Russian: Союз 12, Union 12) was a September, 1973, crewed test flight by the Soviet Union of the newly redesigned Soyuz 7K-T spacecraft that was intended to provide greater crew safety in the wake of the Soyuz 11 tragedy. The flight marked the return of the Soviets to crewed space operations after the 1971 accident. The crew capacity of the capsule had been decreased from three to two cosmonauts to allow for pressure suits to be worn during launch, re-entry and docking. It was the first time pressure suits were used for reentry since the Voskhod 2 flight.

Cosmonauts Vasily Lazarev and Oleg Grigoryevich Makarov spent two days in space testing the new craft.

Vasily Lazarev
Vasily Grigoryevich Lazarev (Russian: Васи́лий Григо́рьевич Ла́зарев; 23 February 1928 – 31 December 1990) was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew on the Soyuz 12 spaceflight as well as the abortive Soyuz 18a launch on 5 April 1975.

He was injured by the high acceleration of the abort and landing and was initially denied his spaceflight bonus pay, having to appeal directly to Leonid Brezhnev to receive it. Brezhnev was at the time the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Lazarev held a degree in medicine and the rank of colonel in the Soviet Air Force. He remained in the space programme until failing a physical in 1981. He never fully recovered from the injuries sustained on Soyuz 18a and died on the last day of 1990 at the age of 62.

He was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union, the title Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR and the Order of Lenin.
Edward Maufe
Sir Edward Brantwood Maufe, RA, FRIBA (12 December 1882 – 12 December 1974) was an English architect and designer. He built private homes as well as commercial and institutional buildings, and is remembered chiefly for his work on places of worship and memorials. Perhaps his best known buildings are Guildford Cathedral and the Air Forces Memorial. He was a recipient of the Royal Gold Medal for architecture in 1944 and, in 1954, received a knighthood for services to the Imperial War Graves Commission, with which he was associated from 1943 until his death.

Runnymede
Runnymede is a water-meadow alongside the River Thames in the English county of Surrey, bordering Berkshire and just over 20 miles (32 km) west of central London. It is notable for its association with the sealing of Magna Carta, and as a consequence is, with its adjoining hillside, the site of memorials. Runnymede Borough is named after the area, Runnymede being at its northernmost point.