hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Novi Zrin
Novi Zrin (Hungarian: Zrínyiújvár or Új-Zrínyivár) was a fortress of the Zrinski (Zrínyi in Hungarian) noble family built near the Donja Dubrava village in the northernmost part of Croatia (at the border village of Őrtilos in Hungary) on the mouth of river Mura into Drava between 1661 and 1664.

Its purpose was to prevent the Ottoman military forces from advancing further into Croatia. The Ottomans attacked it several times from 1662 to 1664, but did not manage to conquer it. Finally, at the beginning of June 1664 a large Ottoman army, numbering up to 100,000 men, led personally by the Grand Vizier Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha, besieged it and destroyed on 7 July 1664.

Miklós Zrínyi
Miklós Zrínyi (Croatian: Nikola VII. Zrinski, Hungarian: Zrínyi Miklós; 5 January 1620 – 18 November 1664) was a Croatian and Hungarian military leader, statesman and poet. He was a member of the House of Zrinski, a Croatian-Hungarian noble family. He is the author of the first epic poem, The Peril of Sziget, in Hungarian literature.
Langlands program
In mathematics,  the Langlands program is a set of conjectures about connections between number theory, the theory of automorphic forms, and geometry. It was proposed by the Canadian mathematician Robert Langlands (1967, 1970). It seeks to relate the structure of Galois groups in algebraic number theory to automorphic forms and, more generally, the representation theory of algebraic groups over local fields and adeles.

Conjecture
In mathematics, a conjecture is a proposition that is proffered on a tentative basis without proof. Some conjectures, such as the Riemann hypothesis or Fermat's conjecture (now a theorem, proven in 1995 by Andrew Wiles), have shaped much of mathematical history as new areas of mathematics are developed in order to prove them.
Krishnapur, Mandirbazar
Krishnapur is a village and a gram panchayat within the jurisdiction of the Mandirbazar police station in  the Mandirbazar CD block in the Diamond Harbour subdivision of the South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

Mandirbazar
Mandirbazar is a village within the jurisdiction of the Mandirbazar police station in the Mandirbazar CD block in the Diamond Harbour subdivision of the South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal.
Gulf of Bothnia
The Gulf of Bothnia (/ˈbɒθniə/, Swedish: Bottniska viken, Finnish and Meänkieli: Pohjanlahti) is the northernmost arm of the Baltic Sea, between Finland's west coast (Ostrobothnia (East Bothnia)) and the northern part of Sweden's east coast (Västerbotten (Westrobothnia, West Bothnia) and Norrbotten (North Bothnia)). It is divided into the Bothnian Bay, the (North) Kvarken and the Bothnian Sea. In the south of the gulf lies Åland, between the Sea of Åland and the Archipelago Sea.

Post-glacial rebound
Post-glacial rebound (also called isostatic rebound or crustal rebound) is the rise of land masses after the removal of the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, which had caused isostatic depression. Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are phases of glacial isostasy (glacial isostatic adjustment, glacioisostasy), the  deformation of the Earth's crust in response to changes in ice mass distribution. The direct raising effects of post-glacial rebound are readily apparent in parts of Northern Eurasia, Northern America, Patagonia, and Antarctica. However, through the processes of ocean siphoning and continental levering, the effects of post-glacial rebound on sea level are felt globally far from the locations of current and former ice sheets.
DeWitt notation
Physics often deals with classical models where the dynamical variables are a collection of functions 
{φα}α over a d-dimensional space/spacetime manifold M where α is the "flavor" index. This involves functionals over the φ's, functional derivatives, functional integrals, etc. From a functional point of view this is equivalent to working with an infinite-dimensional smooth manifold where its points are an assignment of a function for each α, and the procedure is in analogy with differential geometry where the coordinates for a point x of the manifold M are φα(x).

In the DeWitt notation (named after theoretical physicist Bryce DeWitt), φα(x) is written as φi where i is now understood as an index covering both α and x.

So, given a smooth functional A, A,i stands for the functional derivative

as a functional of φ. In other words, a "1-form" field over the infinite dimensional "functional manifold".

In integrals, the Einstein summation convention is used. Alternatively,

Einstein notation
In mathematics, especially the usage of linear algebra in mathematical physics and differential geometry, Einstein notation (also known as the  Einstein summation convention or Einstein summation notation) is a notational convention that implies summation over a set of indexed terms in a formula, thus achieving brevity. As part of mathematics it is a notational subset of Ricci calculus; however, it is often used in physics applications that do not distinguish between tangent and cotangent spaces. It was introduced to physics by Albert Einstein in 1916.
Oliver Zangwill
Oliver Louis Zangwill FRS (29 October 1913 – 12 October 1987) was a British neuropsychologist. He was Professor of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, 1952–1981, and then professor emeritus.  His father was author Israel Zangwill; his mother was author Edith Ayrton, whose parents were physicist William Edward Ayrton and physician Matilda Chaplin.  He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1977.

Matilda Chaplin Ayrton
Matilda Charlotte Ayrton (née Chaplin; 22 June 1846 – 19 July 1883) was an English physician.

She studied medicine in London, Edinburgh and Paris, pursuing higher studies at the latter's universities, and is one of the Edinburgh Seven, the first seven matriculated undergraduate female students at a British university. She travelled to Japan, where she opened a school for midwives, and was an author of anthropological studies.
Community College of Allegheny County
Community College of Allegheny County (CCAC) is a public community college in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. It has four campuses and four centers and offers associate degrees, certificates, and diplomas.

Monroeville, Pennsylvania
Monroeville is a home-rule municipality in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is a suburb with mixed residential and commercial developments located about 10 miles (16 km) east of Pittsburgh. The population was 28,640 at the 2020 census.
Semnan province
Semnan province (Persian: استان سمنان) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the north of the country. Its capital is the city of Semnan.

The province of Semnan covers an area of 96,816 square kilometers and stretches along the Alborz mountain range, bordering on Kavir desert in its southern parts. The province was made part of Region 1 on 22 June 2014, as the provinces were grouped into 5 regions for coordination and development purposes.

Semnani language
Semnani (سمنانی زفون, Semani zefön) is the main language of the Semnan province of Iran and has several branches. The language belongs to the Northwestern branch of the Western Iranian languages. Spoken in south of the Caspian Sea, Semnani is linguistically closely related to Zaza language, another northwestern Iranian language spoken in Anatolia. It is suggested that Semnani and Zaza are descended from a common ancestor. Like other Caspian languages, it bears some resemblance to the Old Iranian Median language and was influenced by Parthian in a later process.

Similiar to Zaza, the noun, adjective systems and verb conjugation exhibit two genders (masculine and feminine) and two numbers in Semnani.
Grus Wall
The Grus Wall is a superstructure of galaxies ("wall of galaxies") formed in the early universe, named for the Grus constellation in which it is found ("grus" is Latin for "crane"). It has an average redshift of z=2.38 and lies about 10.8 billion light-years away. The Wall is around 300 million light-years long, comparable in size to the Sloan Great Wall. The Wall is "perpendicular" to the Fornax Wall and Sculptor Wall.

The Grus Wall was discovered in 2003 by Povilas Palunas, Paul Francis, Harry Teplitz, Gerard Williger, and Bruce E. Woodgate through the use of wide-field telescopes.

Fornax Wall
The Fornax Wall is a superstructure known as a galaxy filament or galaxy wall. It is a long filament of galaxies with a major axis longer than its minor one. The filament contains not only Dorado Group but also the Fornax Cluster of galaxies, which lies at the same distance. It is "parallel" to the Sculptor Wall and "perpendicular" to the Grus Wall.
Diamond Harbour railway station
Diamond Harbour railway station is a Kolkata Suburban Railway Station on the Diamond Harbour Branch line. It is under the jurisdiction of the Sealdah railway division in the Eastern Railway zone of the Indian Railways. It serves the local area of Diamond Harbour in South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

Sealdah South section
Sealdah South section consists of a set of four lines which connect Sealdah in Kolkata with its southern suburbs and with the entire South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India. It is a part of the Kolkata Suburban Railway and is under the jurisdiction of the Sealdah railway division of the Eastern Railway zone of Indian Railways.

It is linked to the Sealdah Main and North section via the Kankurgachi Chord line at Park Circus and via the Kolkata Circular Railway at Majerhat Junction.

It also connects to the Kolkata Dock System Railway (KDS Railway) at Majerhat and Brace Bridge respectively.
International Emmy Award for Drama
The International Emmy for Best Drama is an extinct category of the International Emmy Awards, presented by the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. It was one of the first award categories, which highlights international drama genre of programs produced and displayed outside the United States. It was first awarded in 1979 with BBC's television film On Giant's Shoulders being the first recipient of the award.

The category was presented from 1979 to 2001. In 2002, the category was replaced with the Best Drama Series category.

International Emmy Awards
The International Emmy Awards, or International Emmys, are part of the extensive range of Emmy Awards for artistic and technical merit for the television industry. Bestowed by the New York–based International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (IATAS), the International Emmys are presented in recognition to the best television programs initially produced and aired outside the United States. The awards are presented at the International Emmy Awards Gala, held annually in November in New York City. It attracts over 1,200 television professionals. The first International Emmys ceremony was held in 1973, expanding what was originally a U.S.-only Emmy Award.
Mandalay Region
Mandalay Region (Burmese: မန္တလေးတိုင်းဒေသကြီး, pronounced [máɰ̃dəlé táiɰ̃ dèθa̰ dʑí]; formerly Mandalay Division) is an administrative division of Myanmar. It is located in the center of the country, bordering Sagaing Region and Magway Region to the west, Shan State to the east, and Bago Region and Kayin State to the south. The regional capital is Mandalay. To the south of the region lies the national capital of Naypyidaw. The division consists of eleven districts, which are subdivided into 28 townships and 2,320 wards and village-tracts.

Mandalay Region is important in Myanmar's economy, accounting for 15% of the national economy. It is under the administration of the Mandalay Region Government.

Magway Region
Magway Region (Burmese: မကွေးတိုင်းဒေသကြီး, pronounced [məɡwé táiɰ̃ dèθa̰ dʑí]; formerly Magway Division) is an administrative division in central Myanmar. It is the second largest of Myanmar's seven divisions, with an area of 44,820 km2 (17,306 square miles). Pa-de Dam (ပဒဲဆည်) is one of the dams in Aunglan Township, Magway Region. The capital and second largest city of the Magway Region is Magway. The largest city is Pakokku. The major cities of Magway Region are Magway, Pakokku, Aunglan, Yenangyaung, Taungdwingyi, Chauk, Minbu, Thayet and Gangaw.
HMS St Lawrence (1813)
HMS St Lawrence was a 14-gun schooner of the Royal Navy. She had been built in 1808 in St. Michaels, Talbot County, Maryland for Thomas Tennant and sold to Philadelphians in 1810. During the War of 1812 she was the US privateer Atlas. The UK captured her in 1813 and renamed her St Lawrence. The US privateer Chasseur recaptured her in 1815, and then HMS Acasta re-recaptured her.

Chasseur (1812 clipper)
Chasseur was a Baltimore Clipper commanded by Captains Pearl Durkee (February 1813), William Wade (1813) and Thomas Boyle (1814–1815). She was one of the best equipped and crewed American privateers during the War of 1812.
SS Rotorua (1910)
SS Rotorua was a New Zealand Shipping Company steam ocean liner and refrigerated cargo ship that was built in Scotland in 1910 and sunk by a U-boat in 1917.

She was not the only NZ Shipping Co ship to be called Rotorua. There was also a ship that was launched in 1911 as Shropshire for the Federal Steam Navigation Company, transferred to the NZ Shipping Co fleet in 1936 and renamed Rotorua. She was sunk by a U-boat in 1940.

HMAT Shropshire
HMAT Shropshire (His Majesty's Australian Transport), originally SS Shropshire, was a 11,911-ton vessel, built by John Brown and Company in Clydebank, Glasgow, for the Federal Steam Navigation Company. She was employed on passenger and meat trade between New Zealand and Great Britain, but due to the First World War, she was converted into a troopship. She was leased by the Australian Commonwealth Government until 5 August 1917, when the British Admiralty took over control of the ship.
MultiCam
MultiCam is a camouflage pattern designed for use in a wide range of environments and conditions which was developed and is produced by American company Crye Precision. The pattern has found extensive adoption globally. Variants of it, some unlicensed, are in use with militaries worldwide, particularly with special forces/special operations forces units.

The pattern is also available for purchase for civilian usage. Derived from the original standard pattern, additional specified variants were developed and later introduced in late 2013, those are "Arid", "Tropic", "Alpine" and "Black".

Army Combat Uniform
The Army Combat Uniform (ACU) is the current combat uniform worn by the United States Army, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Space Force and some elements of the U.S. Coast Guard. Within the Air Force and Space Force, it is referred to as the OCP (Operational Camouflage Pattern) Uniform, rather than the Army Combat Uniform.

First unveiled in June 2004, it is the successor to the Battle Dress Uniform (BDU) and Desert Camouflage Uniform (DCU) worn from the 1980s and 1990s through to the mid-2000s, respectively. It is also the successor to the Airman Battle Uniform for the U.S. Air Force. Initially, it was made with the Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP), but due to its ineffectiveness it was replaced by the Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP).
Wanaparthy
Wanaparthy is a town in the Wanaparthy district of Telangana, India. Wanaparthy Samsthanam was founded in 1512 AD, after the Kakatiya kingdom declined. In 1817 AD, the Suguru estate's capital was transferred to Wanaparthy Province in 1817 AD

Wanaparthy Spanning 11,319.83 hectares (27,970 acres), this reserve forest, akin to a small national park, safeguards biodiversity, protects ecosystems, and acts as a vital carbon sink, preserving wildlife and natural resources.

Wanaparthy Samsthanam
Wanaparthy Samsthanam or Raja of Wanaparthy was a vassal of the Nizam of Hyderabad. He controlled the feudatory of Wanaparthy. It was one of the three important samsthanams in Telangana, the other two being Gadwal Samsthanam and Jatprole Samsthanam.

Wanaparthy Samsthanam was founded around 1512 CE under Bahmani suzerainty, supported by Turkic dynasties that empowered local Hindu Reddy chieftains as semi-autonomous rulers in the Deccan region.
Xubuntu
Xubuntu (/zʊˈbʊntuː/) is a Canonical-recognized, community-maintained derivative of the Ubuntu operating system. The name Xubuntu is a portmanteau of Xfce and Ubuntu, as it uses the Xfce desktop environment, instead of Ubuntu's customized GNOME desktop.

Xubuntu seeks to provide "a light, stable and configurable desktop environment with conservative workflows" using Xfce components. Xubuntu is intended for both new and experienced Linux users. Rather than explicitly targeting low-powered machines, it attempts to provide "extra responsiveness and speed" on existing hardware.

Pidgin (software)
Pidgin (formerly named Gaim) is a free and open-source multi-platform instant messaging client, based on a library named libpurple that has support for many instant messaging protocols, allowing the user to simultaneously log in to various services from a single application, with a single interface for both popular and obsolete protocols (from AIM to Discord), thus avoiding the hassle of having to deal with new software for each device and protocol.

As of 2007, the number of Pidgin users was estimated to be over three million.

Pidgin is widely used for its Off-the-Record Messaging (OTR) plugin, which offers end-to-end encryption. For this reason it is included in the privacy and anonymity focused operating system Tails.
Uls
The Uls (Russian: Улс) is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a left tributary of the Vishera. The river is 89 kilometres (55 mi) long, and its drainage basin is 2,190 square kilometres (850 mi2). It starts near the border with Sverdlovsk Oblast. Its mouth is near the village of Ust-Uls, 233 kilometres (145 mi) from Vishera's mouth.

Main tributaries (from source to mouth):

Left: Olkhovka, Pelya, Bolshaya Zolotanka;

Right: Surya, Bolshaya Lyampa, Kutim, Myka .

Myka (river)
The Myka (Russian: Мыка) is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of the Uls, which in turn is a tributary of the Vishera. The river is 18 kilometres (11 mi) long. It flows into the Uls 27 kilometres (17 mi) from the larger river's mouth.
Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts
The Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts (Vietnamese: Viện Bảo tàng Mỹ thuật Việt Nam; French: Musée des Beaux-Arts du Viêt Nam) is located in Hanoi, Vietnam. It is a museum showcasing Vietnam's fine arts from a range of historical periods. It is the country's primary art museum, the second being the smaller Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts.

Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts
Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts (Vietnamese: Bảo tàng Mỹ thuật Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh) is the major art museum of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, and second in the country only to the Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts in Hanoi.

The museum covers three three-floor buildings which house a collection featuring Vietnamese art works in sculpture, oil, silk painting and lacquer painting, as well as traditional styles including woodcut paintings in the Hàng Trống, Đông Hồ, and Kim Hoàng styles, as well as Vietnamese ceramics and a collection of ancient Buddhist art. The first floor also includes a commercial gallery of art works. Archaeological exhibits such as some of the country's best Champa and Óc Eo relics are displayed on the third floor.

The main building was constructed by a French architect Rivera between 1929 and 1934 as a villa for the Hua (Hui-Bon-Hoa; Traditional Chinese: 黄文華; Sino-Vietnamese: Huỳnh Văn Hoà) family. The museum moved there in 1987.
Scordatura
Scordatura ([skordaˈtuːra]; literally, Italian for "discord", or "mistuning") is a tuning of a string instrument that is different from the normal, standard tuning. It typically attempts to allow special effects or unusual chords or timbre, or to make certain passages easier to play. It is common to notate the finger position as if played in regular tuning,  while the actual pitch resulting is altered (scordatura notation). When all the strings are tuned by the same interval up or down, as in the case of the viola in Mozart's Sinfonia Concertante for Violin, Viola and Orchestra, the part is transposed as a whole.

Musical tuning
In music, there are two common meanings for tuning:

Tuning practice, the act of tuning an instrument or voice.

Tuning systems, the various systems of pitches used to tune an instrument, and their theoretical bases.
Crocus versicolor
Crocus versicolor is a species of flowering plant in the genus Crocus of the family Iridaceae, found in southeast France, Monaco, and northwestern Italy.

The flower is white, lilac, and purple, often with external stripes.

In wild habitat, it is often found in stony and grassy places.

Flowering occurs from February to April, it is found growing in scrub environments and among rocks to an elevation of 1200 meters.

Its closest relatives are Crocus imperati and Crocus malyi.

Crocus imperati
Crocus imperati is a species of flowering plant in the genus Crocus of the family Iridaceae, endemic to Italy.

Its flowering time is winter and early spring. Its features are lilac flowers with a dark purple outside.

Its closest relative is Crocus versicolor.
Campodolcino
Campodolcino (Lombard: Candulscin) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Sondrio in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) north of Milan and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northwest of Sondrio, on the border with Switzerland. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,077 and an area of 48.3 square kilometres (18.6 sq mi).

The municipality of Campodolcino contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Fraciscio, Motta (the site of the Shrine of Our Lady of Europe), Strarleggia and Tini.

Campodolcino borders the following municipalities: Madesimo, Mesocco (Switzerland), Piuro, San Giacomo Filippo.

Piuro
Piuro (Piür in the local dialect) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Sondrio in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) north of Milan and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of Sondrio, on the border with Switzerland. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,938 and an area of 85.4 square kilometres (33.0 sq mi).

The municipality of Piuro contains the frazione (subdivision) Savogno.

Piuro borders the following municipalities: Avers (Switzerland), Campodolcino, Chiavenna, Ferrera (Switzerland), Madesimo, Novate Mezzola, Prata Camportaccio, San Giacomo Filippo, Soglio (Switzerland), Villa di Chiavenna.

On 4 September 1618, Piuro (then belonging to the Three Leagues) was the site of one of the worst landslides in recorded history. The event, described as an avalanche (somewhat inaccurately as it was more probably a mudslide), completely wiped out Piuro and killed between 1,000 and 2,500 people.
Gajaba Regiment
The Gajaba Regiment (GR) is an elite infantry regiment of the Sri Lankan Army. Formed on 14 October 1983 at the Saliyapura Camp in Anuradhapura, it is named after the famous Sinhalese King Gajabahu the First. It consists of 14 regular battalions and 6 volunteer battalions.

Saliyapura Army Camp
Saliyapura Army Camp is a military base located in close to the ancient city of Anuradhapura, the North Central Province of Sri Lanka. The camp was started out as the regimental headquarters of the Rajarata Rifles from state land. It serves as the regimental headquarters of the Gajaba Regiment of Sri Lanka Army since its formation in 1983. Built in close proximity to SLAF Anuradhapura. The base is the venue for the annual amateur outdoor motocross The Gajaba Supercross organized by the Gajaba Regiment and the SLARDAR, one of the premier motor racing events in the country.