hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
San Diego and Imperial Valley Railroad
The San Diego and Imperial Valley Railroad (SD&IV) (reporting mark SDIY) is a class III railroad operating freight rail service in the San Diego area, providing service to customers in the region and moving railcars between the end of BNSF Railway in downtown San Diego and the Mexico–United States border in San Ysidro. It was established in October 1984 and is owned and operated by Genesee & Wyoming.

The railroad has exclusive trackage rights to operate over tracks of the San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway, a subsidiary of the San Diego Metropolitan Transit System, the regional public transit service provider. Tracks are shared with the San Diego Trolley, another subsidiary of the Metropolitan Transit System, and freight trains are only operated at night when passenger service is not in operation.

San Diego Metropolitan Transit System
The San Diego Metropolitan Transit System (MTS) is a public transit service provider for San Diego County, California. The agency operates a transit system that includes the San Diego MTS bus system, San Diego Trolley, and Rapid (bus rapid transit). MTS also controls the San Diego and Arizona Eastern (SD&AE) freight railway and regulates taxicabs, jitneys, and other private for-hire passenger transportation services.

MTS is one of the oldest transit systems in Southern California, with predecessors dating back as early as the 1880s. The current agency started operations in 1976 as the San Diego Metropolitan Transit Development Board (MTDB) and changed to its current name in 2005.

MTS works closely with the North County Transit District (NCTD), which operates public transit services in Northern San Diego County, and the San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG), which plans, develops, and constructs transit projects for both MTS and NCTD.
The Magnum Ice Cream Company
The Magnum Ice Cream Company N.V. (TMICC) is a Dutch multinational ice cream company headquartered in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Incorporating several major ice cream brands and having about 21% of global market share, TMICC is the world's largest ice cream manufacturer.

On 8 December 2025, TMICC became a publicly traded company using the symbol MICC on Euronext Amsterdam, London Stock Exchange, and New York Stock Exchange, having an initial market value of $9.1 billion.

Ben & Jerry's
Ben & Jerry's Homemade Holdings Inc. is an American company that manufactures ice cream, frozen yogurt, and sorbet. Founded in 1978 in Burlington, Vermont, the company went from a single ice cream parlor to a multinational brand over the course of a few decades. The company was sold in 2000 to the British multinational conglomerate Unilever but operates as an independent subsidiary. Its present-day headquarters is in South Burlington, Vermont, with its factory in Waterbury, Vermont.

Ben & Jerry's is known for their original flavors, many of which incorporate foods and desserts mixed with ice cream. Some of these flavors have been themed after musicians, comedians, and public figures, such as Jerry Garcia, Stephen Colbert, Jimmy Fallon, Colin Kaepernick, and Phish. The company and its two founders have also been noted for their political activism and advocacy for social justice. This includes the way their products have been manufactured, marketed, and distributed.
When the Stars Go Blue
"When the Stars Go Blue" is a popular alternative country song composed and originally recorded by solo artist and former Whiskeytown band member Ryan Adams. It was first released on his album Gold on September 25, 2001, and has been described as the "most gorgeous ballad" on that album. "When the Stars Go Blue" has been covered by many artists, including Irish band the Corrs (featuring Bono of U2), fellow country music singer Tim McGraw, and Norwegian artists Venke Knutson and Kurt Nilsen as a duo.

VH1 Presents: The Corrs, Live in Dublin
VH1 Presents: The Corrs, Live in Dublin is an album of live performances recorded by Irish pop rock band the Corrs in Dublin, Ireland, accompanied by the Irish Film Orchestra. The album features the Corrs performing previously released songs with slight remixes. Album highlights include two duets with Bono of U2 — performing Ryan Adams' "When the Stars Go Blue", and the Lee Hazlewood/Nancy Sinatra song "Summer Wine". The Corrs also performed Jimi Hendrix's "Little Wing", featuring a guitar solo by Ronnie Wood, who later also performed alongside them for the Rolling Stones song "Ruby Tuesday".
Rayleigh wave
Rayleigh waves are a type of surface acoustic wave that travel along the surface of solids. They can be produced in materials in many ways, such as by a localized impact or by piezo-electric transduction, and are frequently used in non-destructive testing for detecting defects. Rayleigh waves are part of the seismic waves that are produced on the Earth by earthquakes. When guided in layers they are referred to as Lamb waves, Rayleigh–Lamb waves, or generalized Rayleigh waves.

Seismology
Seismology (/saɪzˈmɒlədʒi, saɪs-/; from Ancient Greek σεισμός (seismós), meaning 'earthquake', and -λογία (-logía), meaning 'study of') is the scientific study of earthquakes (or generally, quakes) and the generation and propagation of elastic waves through planetary bodies. It also includes studies of the environmental effects of earthquakes such as tsunamis; other seismic sources such as volcanoes, plate tectonics, glaciers, rivers, oceanic microseisms, and the atmosphere; and artificial processes such as explosions.

Paleoseismology is a related field that uses geology to infer information regarding past earthquakes. A recording of Earth's motion as a function of time, created by a seismograph is called a seismogram. A seismologist is a scientist who works in basic or applied seismology.
Andrey Bogolyubsky
Andrey I Yuryevich Bogolyubsky (Russian: Андрей Ю́рьевич Боголюбский, lit. 'Andrey Yuryevich of Bogolyubovo'; died 28 June 1174) was Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal from 1157 until his death. During repeated internecine wars between the princely clans, Andrey accompanied his father Yuri Dolgorukiy during a brief capture of Kiev in 1149. 20 years later, his son led the Sack of Kiev (1169). He was canonized as a saint in the Russian Orthodox Church in 1702.

Volga Bulgaria
Volga Bulgaria or Volga–Kama Bulgaria (sometimes referred to as the Volga Bulgar Emirate) was a historical Bulgar state that existed between the 9th and 13th centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama River, in what is now European Russia. Volga Bulgaria was a multi-ethnic state with large numbers of Bulgars, Finno-Ugrians, Varangians, and East Slavs. Its strategic position allowed it to create a local trade monopoly with Norse, Cumans, and Pannonian Avars.
Aowin/Suaman District
Aowin/Suaman District is a former district in Western Region (now currently in Western North Region), Ghana. It was originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988, which was created from the former Aowin-Amenfi District Council. However, on 28 June 2012, it was split off into two new districts: Aowin Municipal District (which it was elevated to municipal district assembly status on 16 November 2017 (effectively 15 March 2018); capital: Enchi) and Suaman District (capital: Dadieso). The district assembly was located in the western part of Western Region and had Enchi as its capital town.

Suaman District
Suaman District is one of the nine districts in Western North Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger Aowin/Suaman District in 1988, which was created from the former Aowin-Amenfi District Council, until a small northwest part of the district was split off to create Suaman District on 28 June 2012; thus the remaining part has been renamed as Aowin District (which it was later elevated to municipal district assembly status on 16 November 2017 (effective 15 March 2018) to become Aowin Municipal District). The district assembly is located in the southern part of Western North Region and has Dadieso as its capital town.
Snapple
Snapple is a brand of tea and juice drinks owned by Keurig Dr Pepper, based in Plano, Texas, United States. Snapple originated as an apple juice first produced in 1972 by Unadulterated Food Products, with the name Snapple a portmanteau derived from the words snappy and apple.

The brand became popular in the 1990s and 2000s from pop-culture references and sponsorships in television shows, becoming the partial namesake of Dr Pepper Snapple Group in 2008. A series of lawsuits starting the following year questioned the brand's health claims, leading to changes in the products' formula.

Dr Pepper Snapple Group
Dr Pepper Snapple Group was an American multinational soft drink company based in Plano, Texas. Since July 2018, it has been a business unit of the publicly traded conglomerate Keurig Dr Pepper.

Formerly Cadbury Schweppes Americas Beverages, part of Cadbury Schweppes, on May 5, 2008, it was spun off from Cadbury Schweppes as Dr Pepper Snapple Group, with the remainder of Cadbury Schweppes becoming Cadbury, a confectionery group. Trading of Dr Pepper Snapple Group's shares commenced on May 7, 2008, on the NYSE as "DPS."

On July 9, 2018, Keurig Green Mountain acquired Dr Pepper Snapple Group, and became Keurig Dr Pepper; the following day, the merged company began trading anew on the NYSE as "KDP."
Polynomial-time approximation scheme
In computer science (particularly algorithmics), a polynomial-time approximation scheme (PTAS) is a type of approximation algorithm for optimization problems (most often, NP-hard optimization problems).

A PTAS is an algorithm which takes an instance of an optimization problem and a parameter ε > 0 and produces a solution that is within a factor 1 + ε of being optimal (or 1 – ε for maximization problems). For example, for the Euclidean traveling salesman problem, a PTAS would produce a tour with length at most (1 + ε)L, with L being the length of the shortest tour.

The running time of a PTAS is required to be polynomial in the problem size for every fixed ε, but can be different for different ε. Thus an algorithm running in time O(n1/ε) or even O(nexp(1/ε)) counts as a PTAS.

NP-hardness
In computational complexity theory, a computational problem H is called NP-hard if, for  every problem L which can be solved in non-deterministic polynomial-time, there is a polynomial-time reduction from L to H. That is, assuming a solution for H takes 1 unit time, H's solution can be used to solve L in polynomial time. As a consequence, finding a polynomial time algorithm to solve a single NP-hard problem would give polynomial time algorithms for all the problems in the complexity class NP. As it is suspected, but unproven, that P≠NP, it is unlikely that any polynomial-time algorithms for NP-hard problems exist.

A simple example of an NP-hard problem is the subset sum problem.

Informally, if H is NP-hard, then it is at least as difficult to solve as the problems in NP. However, the opposite direction is not true: some problems are undecidable, and therefore even more difficult to solve than all problems in NP, but they are provably not NP-hard (unless P=NP).
Thomas Dale Stewart
Thomas Dale Stewart (August 14, 1890 – February 6, 1958) was an American chemist.

He was born at Sumner, Washington, and received his Ph.D. degree in chemistry from University of California at Berkeley in 1916.  After one year of research at University of Chicago under Julius Stieglitz, he returned to Berkeley as an instructor in the chemistry department, and became a professor there in 1935.

His early research was about the mechanism of electron conduction in metals.  The collaborative work with Richard C. Tolman led to the discovery of Stewart–Tolman effect.  Later he worked on acid-base equilibria of organic nitrogen compounds, as well as reaction kinetics.

Richard C. Tolman
Richard Chace Tolman (March 4, 1881 – September 5, 1948) was an American mathematical physicist and physical chemist who made many contributions to statistical mechanics and theoretical cosmology. He was a professor at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).
Dik Dik
Dik Dik is an Italian beat/pop-rock band, named after the antelope Dik-dik, formed in the 1960s and still active. They were most popular in the late 1960s, when they released a string of hit singles with the contribution of renowned lyric-writer Mogol and songwriter Lucio Battisti, their greatest successes being "Sognando la California" and "Senza luce", respectively covers of "California Dreamin'" by the Mamas and Papas and "A Whiter Shade of Pale" by Procol Harum. While their early production is mostly inspired by the Beatles, in the 1970s they also experimented in other genres, including progressive rock. They went on hiatus in the 1980s but later returned to the scene, mostly in revival television shows and live performances.

Lucio Battisti
Lucio Battisti (5 March 1943 – 9 September 1998) was an Italian singer-songwriter and composer. He is widely recognized for songs that defined the late 1960s and 1970s era of Italian songwriting.

Battisti released 18 studio albums from 1969 to 1994, with a significant portion of this catalogue translated into Spanish (various albums), English (one album), French (two albums), and German (one album). He was known to be an extremely reserved artist, performing only a small number of live concerts during his career. In 1978 he announced that he would speak to the public only through his musical work, limiting himself to the recording of studio albums and disappearing from the public scene.
Mike Testa
Michael L. Testa Jr. (born May 1, 1976) is an American politician and lawyer who represents the 1st Legislative District in the New Jersey Senate. A Republican, Testa was elected to the state senate on November 5, 2019 in the special election to fill the remaining 14 months of the unfinished term of Jeff Van Drew, who won a seat to the United States House of Representatives in 2018. He was sworn into office on December 5, 2019.

Erik K. Simonsen
Erik K. Simonsen (born 1968 or 1969) is an American musician and Republican Party politician who has represented the 1st Legislative District in the New Jersey General Assembly since January 14, 2020, after defeating incumbent Assemblymen R. Bruce Land and Matthew W. Milam in the 2019 general election. Simonsen served as Mayor of Lower Township from 2016 until 2020.

Simonsen is the athletic director at Lower Cape May Regional High School.
Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation
The Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation is a state-recognized tribe in North Carolina.

They first formed as the Eno Occaneechi Indian Association in 1984 but changed their name in 1994. They claim descent from the historic Occaneechi, Saponi, and other Eastern Siouan language-speaking Indians who occupied the Piedmont of North Carolina and Virginia.

The tribe maintains an office in Mebane, where it carries out programs to benefit more than 2,000 members. John "Blackfeather" Jeffries (d. 2023) of Hillsborough, North Carolina, served as chairperson for many years.

Saponi
The Saponi are a Native American tribe historically based in the Piedmont of North Carolina and Virginia. They spoke a Siouan language, related to the languages of the Tutelo, Biloxi, and Ofo.

They were part of the Monacan confederacies. Saponi, Tutelo, and Yesang were collectively called the Nahyssan. The Cayuga adopted the Saponi into the League of the Haudenosaunee in 1753.
Polyglyphanodon
Polyglyphanodon is an extinct genus of polyglyphanodontid lizard containing the species P. sternbergi from the Maastrichtian aged North Horn Formation of Utah. The species is known from several mostly complete and partial skeletons. It is distinguished by its transversely orientated interlocking teeth, which suggest a herbivorous diet

Polyglyphanodontia
Polyglyphanodontia, also known as the Borioteiioidea, is an extinct clade of Cretaceous lizards. Polyglyphanodontians were the dominant group of lizards in North America and Asia during the Late Cretaceous.
Royal Prince Edward Yacht Club
The Royal Prince Edward Yacht Club is a yacht club located on Wolseley Road, Point Piper, New South Wales, in Australia. The club was founded in 1922, and permission was obtained from Prince Edward to use his name.

The waterside site on Lady Martin's Beach in Felix Bay was purchased in the same year in which a purpose-built clubhouse and bowling green were constructed.
Its first race was held on Saturday, 18 November 1922. In 1935, it was granted permission to use the prefix "Royal" although newspaper reports from its inception used this title.

Point Piper
Point Piper  is a small, harbourside eastern suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia, 6 kilometres (4 mi) east of the Sydney CBD, in the local government area known as the Municipality of Woollahra.
Jones Motor Company
Jones Motor Company is a historic U.S. Route 66-era building in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Built in 1939, on Central Avenue in the Nob Hill neighborhood of Albuquerque, the building originally housed Ralph Jones' service station and Ford Motor Company car dealership. It was designed by Tom Danahy in the Streamline Moderne style, with curved garage bays surmounted by a central stepped tower.

Jones Motor Company was added to the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties and the National Register of Historic Places in 1993, and was designated as a protected city landmark in 2001. In 2000 it was restored and converted into Kelly's Brew Pub after lying empty for many years. It also houses a Cold Stone Creamery location.

Central Avenue (Albuquerque)
Central Avenue is a major east–west street in Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States, which historically served as the city's main thoroughfare and principal axis of development. It runs through many of Albuquerque's oldest neighborhoods, including Downtown, Old Town, Nob Hill, and the University of New Mexico area. Central Avenue was part of U.S. Route 66 from 1937 until the highway's decommissioning in 1985 and also forms one axis of Albuquerque's house numbering system. It was also signed as Business Loop 40 until the early 1990s when ownership of Central Avenue was transferred from the New Mexico State Highway Department to the City of Albuquerque.
Organization for Transformative Works
The Organization for Transformative Works (OTW) is a nonprofit, fan activist organization. Its mission is to serve fans by preserving and encouraging transformative fan activity, known as "fanwork", and by making fanwork widely accessible.

OTW advocates for the transformative, legal, and legitimate nature of fan labor activities, including fan fiction, fan videos, fan art, anime music videos, podfic (audio recordings of fan fiction), and real person fiction. Its vision is to nurture fans and fan culture, and to protect fans' transformative work from legal snafus and commercial exploitation.

OTW has 1,010 volunteers, net assets of $2.5 million and at least 15,810 paying members according to its annual report in 2021.

Real person fiction
Real person fiction or real people fiction (RPF) is a genre of writing fan fiction, but featuring celebrities or other real people.

Before the term "real person fiction" came into common usage, fans came up with a variety of terms, which are still used for specific genres or cultural practices in the RPF community; for example, bandfic, popslash, or actorfic. The genre includes stories about actors, athletes, comedians, historical figures, musicians, YouTubers, newsworthy people, and reality show contestants, among others, as well as fiction about the fans themselves.
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), also called phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases, are a family of enzymes involved in cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, motility, survival and intracellular trafficking, which in turn are involved in cancer.

PI3Ks are a family of related intracellular signal transducer enzymes capable of phosphorylating the 3 position hydroxyl group of the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns). The pathway, with oncogene PIK3CA and tumor suppressor gene PTEN, is implicated in the sensitivity of cancer tumors to insulin and IGF1, and in calorie restriction.

Pleckstrin homology domain
Pleckstrin homology domain (PH domain) or (PHIP) is a protein domain of approximately 120 amino acids that occurs in a wide range of proteins involved in intracellular signaling or as constituents of the cytoskeleton.

This domain can bind phosphatidylinositol lipids within biological membranes (such as phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate), and proteins such as the βγ-subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins, and protein kinase C. Through these interactions, PH domains play a role in recruiting proteins to different membranes, thus targeting them to appropriate cellular compartments or enabling them to interact with other components of the signal transduction pathways.
Dennis Timbrell
Dennis Roy Timbrell (born November 13, 1946) is a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) from 1971 to 1987, and was a Cabinet minister in the Progressive Conservative governments of Bill Davis and Frank Miller.

1985 Ontario general election
The 1985 Ontario general election was held on May 2, 1985, to elect members to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the province of Ontario, Canada. The Progressive Conservatives won the most seats, but came short of a majority, and lost the popular vote to the Liberals. This left the NDP with the balance of power in the 33rd Legislative Assembly of Ontario.

Shortly afterward, the 42 years of PC governance in Ontario came to an end by a confidence vote defeating Premier Frank Miller's minority government. David Peterson's Liberals then formed a minority government with the support of Bob Rae's New Democratic Party.
College Green, London
College Green (aka Abingdon Green, formally known as Abingdon Street Gardens) is a public park in the City of Westminster. It is east of Westminster Abbey including Westminster Abbey Gardens and across a road from the gardens of the Houses of Parliament. The gardens are not enclosed and are accessible at all times. For many months of 2019, during the Brexit deadlock, it exclusively hosted TV broadcasts and radio and media interviews.

The park is a common place for television reporters to interview Members of Parliament. Henry Moore's bronze sculpture Knife Edge Two Piece 1962–65 is in the gardens.

The gardens are a roof to a two-storey underground car park constructed from 1963 to 1964. The site was originally a tidally flooded bank of the River Thames separated from the College Garden of Westminster Abbey by a medieval wall with a watergate. Its name refers to the collegiate church of Westminster Abbey, which includes Westminster School.

College Garden
College Garden is a private garden of Westminster Abbey in London, open to the public Monday through Friday from 10:00am to 4:00pm throughout the year. The garden can be visited separately from the abbey and no charge is made to visit the garden alone. While visiting College Garden, it is also possible to visit the Little Cloister Garden, a small garden with a fountain in the cloisters, and St Catherine's Garden which is in the ruins of the old monastic infirmary.