hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cornell University Department of History
The Cornell University Department of History is an academic department in the College of Arts and Sciences at Cornell University that focuses on the study of history.  Founded in 1868, it is one of Cornell's original departments and has been a center for the development of professional historical research institutions in the United States, including the American Historical Association and the American Historical Review. It remains a highly-ranked program in the field and its alumni and faculty have won Nobel and Pulitzer Prizes, among other distinctions. In addition, three of Cornell's presidents have served among its ranks.

The American Historical Review
The American Historical Review is a quarterly academic history journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Historical Association, for which it is an official publication. It targets readers interested in all periods and facets of history and has often been described as the premier journal of American history in the world.

In the 2011 Journal Citation Reports, the AHR had the highest impact factor among all history journals.

The journal publishes four issues per year, in March, June, September, and December with research articles, reviews, and other items. The acceptance rate for research article submissions is 8-10%. The journal publishes approximately 650 reviews per year.
Larisa Moskalenko
Larysa Moskalenko  (born 3 January 1963) is a former sailor, who competed for the Soviet Union and Unified Team. She won a bronze medal in the 470 class at the 1988 Summer Olympics with Iryna Chunykhovska.

She moved to Italy in 1993 and ran a luxury boat rental business. In 2013, she was arrested after she had been hired to provide speed boats to a norwegian company who specialized in helping returning kidnapped children.."

Iryna Chunykhovska
Iryna Volodymyrivna Chunykhovska   (Ukrainian: Ірина Володимирівна Чуниховська; born 16 July 1967) is a former sailor, who competed for the Soviet Union. She won a bronze medal in the 470 class at the 1988 Summer Olympics with Larisa Moskalenko.
Marco Berlinghieri
Marco Berlinghieri (fl. 1232–1255) was an Italian medieval miniature painter and book illuminator who executed an illuminated Bible, finished in 1250. He was the son of Berlinghiero Berlinghieri and the brother of Barone and Bonaventura Berlinghieri.

Bonaventura Berlinghieri
Bonaventura Berlinghieri (fl. 1228–1274) was an Italian painter from Lucca, Italy, of the Gothic period. He was son of painter Berlinghiero Berlinghieri and brother of Barone and Marco Berlinghieri. His work is reported to have flourished in between the years AD 1235 and AD 1244.

Bonaventura painted several panels and wall-paintings at Lucca, in 1235 and 1244. He is most famous for an altarpiece dedicated to the life of Francis of Assisi. This altarpiece is painted in tempera on wood panel in the Italo-Byzantine or maniera greca style. It depicts the stigmata as well as several scenes from the saint's life. The altarpiece, sometimes referenced as the Pescia Work, is credited with being one of the first iconographic depiction of the narrative of St. Francis of Assisi's life. This altarpiece is housed in the Church of San Francesco of Pescia where it can be seen today.

The Via B. Berlinghieri in Lucca is named after the family.
Omission (law)
In law, an omission is a failure to act, which generally attracts different legal consequences from positive conduct. In the criminal law, an omission will constitute an actus reus and give rise to liability only when the law imposes a duty to act and the defendant is in breach of that duty. In tort law, similarly, liability will be imposed for an omission only exceptionally, when it can be established that the defendant was under a duty to act or duty of care.

Actus reus
In criminal law, actus reus (/ˈæktəs ˈreɪəs/ ⓘ; pl.: actus rei), Latin for "guilty act", is one of the elements normally required to prove commission of a crime in common law jurisdictions, the other being Latin: mens rea ("guilty mind"). In the United States, it is sometimes called the external element or the objective element of a crime.
Rice Powell
Rice Powell was a Welsh Colonel in the Parliamentary army during the First English Civil War. In the Second English Civil War he allied himself with the Royalist cause. He fought in South Wales and played a significant part in events between 1642 and 1649 including a senior role during the Battle of St. Fagans.

Battle of St Fagans
The Battle of St Fagans took place on 8 May 1648 near St Fagans in South Glamorgan, during the Second English Civil War. A detachment from the veteran Parliamentarian New Model Army defeated a Royalist force primarily composed of mutinous former Parliamentarian soldiers, and ill-equipped levies. Their defeat ended significant Royalist resistance in Wales.
Patrick Kaufusi
Patrick Kaufusi (born 18 February 1994) is a former Tonga international rugby league footballer who last played as a prop for the Townsville Blackhawks in the Intrust Super Cup.

He previously played for the North Queensland Cowboys, Melbourne Storm and the St George Illawarra Dragons in the NRL.

Felise Kaufusi
Felise Kaufusi (born 19 May 1992) is a professional rugby league footballer who plays as a second-row or prop forward for the Dolphins in the National Rugby League (NRL), and Tonga and Australia at international level.

He previously played for the Melbourne Storm and won the 2017 NRL Grand Final and 2020 NRL Grand Finals with them. He represented Australia at international level and the Queensland Maroons in State of Origin. He has also played as a lock in his career.
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian TV series)
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (occasionally shortened to I'm a Celebrity) is an Australian reality television series on Network 10 which is based on the British television show of the same name. The series airs on Network 10 and is simulcast on its HD channel 10 HD. The series sees celebrities living in the jungle with few creature comforts, and competing in various challenges to earn meals and other luxuries. The celebrities compete for $100,000 to be donated to their chosen charity. The series is set in Kruger National Park, South Africa, and is hosted by Julia Morris and Robert Irwin. Until 2023,  Morris hosted with veterinarian and television presenter Chris Brown.

I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian TV series) season 1
The first season of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here premiered on Network Ten on 1 February 2015. The season was hosted by Julia Morris and Chris Brown. Andrew 'Freddie' Flintoff won the season, getting crowned King of the Jungle on 15 March 2015.
Uthman ibn Abi al-As
Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi (Arabic: عثمان بن أبي العاص, romanized: ʿUthmān ibn Abī al-ʿĀṣ; died 671 or 675) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from the tribe of Banu Thaqif and the governor of Bahrayn (eastern Arabia) and Oman (southeastern Arabia) in 636–650, during the reigns of caliphs Umar (r. 634–644) and Uthman (r. 644–656). During his governorship he led military campaigns against the Sasanian Persians in Fars. After his dismissal, he settled with his brothers in Basra where he was granted a large estate by the caliph. He transmitted numerous hadiths to the scholar al-Hasan al-Basri and died in the city.

Pars (Sasanian province)
Pars (Middle Persian: 𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩 Pārs) was a Sasanian province in Late Antiquity, which almost corresponded to the present-day province of Fars. The province bordered Khuzestan in the west, Kirman in the east, Spahan in the north, and Mazun in the south.
Serviços Aéreos Cruzeiro do Sul Flight 114
Serviços Aéreos Cruzeiro do Sul Flight 114 was a domestic passenger flight hijacked by five members of VAR-Palmares, a guerrilla group against the Brazilian military dictatorship, on 1 January 1970. The hijacking began in Montevideo, Uruguay, in a plane operated by Serviços Aéreos Cruzeiro do Sul, which would fly from Carrasco International Airport in Montevideo to Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport in Rio de Janeiro, but it was detoured to Havana. It was the longest hijacking occurred during the military period in Brazil.

Serviços Aéreos Cruzeiro do Sul
Serviços Aéreos Cruzeiro do Sul (lit. 'Southern Cross Air Services') was the second oldest airline of Brazil, tracing its origins to 1927 when it was founded as Syndicato Condor, a subsidiary of Deutsche Luft Hansa. Syndicato Condor retained rights and interests of a former German trade company, Condor Syndikat, which previously operated passenger and mail services in Brazil. It was renamed Serviços Aéreos Cruzeiro do Sul in 1943. In 1975, Varig, a Brazilian airline which shared very similar origins, acquired its controlling shares. In 1993, it was finally merged into Varig.
Real algebraic geometry
In mathematics, real algebraic geometry is the sub-branch of algebraic geometry studying real algebraic sets, i.e. real-number solutions to algebraic equations with real-number coefficients, and mappings between them (in particular real polynomial mappings).

Semialgebraic geometry is the study of semialgebraic sets, i.e. real-number solutions to algebraic inequalities with-real number coefficients, and mappings between them. The most natural mappings between semialgebraic sets are semialgebraic mappings, i.e., mappings whose graphs are semialgebraic sets.

Krivine–Stengle Positivstellensatz
In real algebraic geometry, Krivine–Stengle Positivstellensatz (German for "positive-locus-theorem") characterizes polynomials that are positive on a semialgebraic set, which is defined by systems of inequalities of polynomials with real coefficients, or more generally, coefficients from any real closed field.

It can be thought of as a real analogue of Hilbert's Nullstellensatz (which concern complex zeros of polynomial ideals), and this analogy is at the origin of its name. It was proved by French mathematician Jean-Louis Krivine and then rediscovered by the Canadian Gilbert Stengle.
Clara Butt
Dame Clara Ellen Butt DBE (1 February 1872 – 23 January 1936) was an English dramatic contralto and one of the most popular singers from the 1890s through to the 1920s. She had an exceptionally fine contralto voice and an agile singing technique, and impressed contemporary composers such as Saint-Saëns and Elgar; the latter composed his Sea Pictures, Op. 37 with her voice in mind.

Her main career was as a recitalist and concert singer. She appeared in only two operatic productions, both of Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice. Later in her career she frequently appeared in recitals together with her husband, the baritone Kennerley Rumford. She made numerous recordings for the gramophone.

Sea Pictures
Sea Pictures, Op. 37 is a song cycle for contralto and orchestra by Edward Elgar. It consists of settings of a poems by five different authors. It also exists in a version for solo voice with piano accompaniment.
The songs are:

"Sea Slumber Song" by Roden Noel

"In Haven (Capri)" by Alice Elgar, the composer's wife

"Sabbath Morning at Sea" by Elizabeth Barrett Browning

"Where Corals Lie" by Richard Garnett

"The Swimmer" by Adam Lindsay Gordon
Kick 2
Kick 2 is a 2015 Indian Telugu-language action comedy film directed by Surender Reddy from a story written by Vakkantham Vamsi. It is produced by Nandamuri Kalyan Ram under the banner of N.T.R. Arts.  A sequel to the 2009 film Kick, the film stars Ravi Teja in dual role as father and son, along with an ensemble cast including Rakul Preet Singh, Shaam, Ravi Kishan, Kabir Duhan Singh, Ashish Vidyarthi, Madhusudhan Rao, Brahmanandam, P. Ravishankar, Raghu Babu, Tanikella Bharani and Rajpal Yadav. with music composed by S. Thaman.

The film was officially launched on 20 August 2014, and the principal photography began on the same day. The audio soundtrack of the movie was composed by S. Thaman and was released on 9 May 2015. The film was released worldwide on 21 August 2015. The film performed poorly at the box office, grossing ₹43.5 crore (US$5.1 million) on a budget of ₹30 crore (US$3.5 million). The box office results were below average.

Surender Reddy
Surender Reddy is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in Telugu cinema. He made his directorial debut with Athanokkade (2005), which won him Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director. He later directed films such as  Ashok (2006), Kick (2009), Oosaravelli (2011), Race Gurram (2014), Dhruva (2016), and Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy (2019). He won SIIMA Award for Best Director – Telugu for Race Gurram.
Fort/Cass station
Fort/Cass station is a Detroit People Mover station in Downtown Detroit, Michigan.  It is located at the intersection of Fort Street and Cass Avenue, from which it takes its name.

Fort/Cass is the nearest People Mover station to the Theodore Levin United States Courthouse, John K. King Books, Fort Street Presbyterian Church, WDIV-TV's studios, and the Detroit intercity bus terminal.

The People Mover shut down temporarily on March 30, 2020, due to decreased ridership amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the system's May 2022 restart, the station reopened on September 14, 2022.

Detroit People Mover
The Detroit People Mover (DPM) is a 2.94-mile (4.73 km) elevated automated people mover system in Detroit, Michigan, United States. The system operates in a one-way loop on a single track encircling downtown Detroit, using Intermediate Capacity Transit System linear induction motor technology developed by the Urban Transportation Development Corporation. In 2025, the system had a ridership of 1,075,200, or about 3,900 per weekday as of the fourth quarter of 2025.

The People Mover is supplemented by the QLINE streetcar, which connects downtown with Midtown, New Center, and the Detroit Amtrak station. The system also connects to local buses operated by DDOT and SMART, and the D2A2 and DAX commuter buses, as part of a comprehensive network of transportation in metropolitan Detroit.
Laura McLeod-Katjirua
Laura Veendapi McLeod-Katjirua is a Namibian politician who was a Governor of the Khomas Region from 2012 to 28 March 2025 and Deputy Secretary General of SWAPO since 2012. Previously she was Governor of Omaheke Region from 2001 to 2012. She was transferred to Khomas Region by President Hifikepunye Pohamba after she was elected as Deputy Secretary General of SWAPO on December 2, 2012.

Omaheke Region
Omaheke (the Otjiherero word for sandveld) is one of the fourteen regions of Namibia, the least populous region. Its capital is Gobabis. It lies in eastern Namibia on the border with Botswana and is the western extension of the Kalahari Desert. The self-governed villages of Otjinene, Leonardville, and Witvlei are situated in the region. As of 2020, Omaheke had 48,594 registered voters.
Horace Chang
Horace Anthony Chang (born 10 November 1952) is a Jamaican doctor and politician who is both the current Deputy Prime Minister of Jamaica and the Minister of National Security.  He was formerly the Minister of Water, Environment, and Housing from September 2007 to December 2011.

Ministry of National Security (Jamaica)
The Ministry of National Security (MNS) is a statutory body under the government of Jamaica responsible for maintaining national safety through the enforcement of law and order. It has its headquarters in the North Tower of the NCB Towers in Kingston.  It is also charged with preserving the security of Jamaica’s borders. Previously known as the Ministry of National Security and Justice it was then separated in 2001 to ensure that both ministries ran efficiently within their respective purviews. To accomplish its roles and responsibilities the ministry has multitude of divisions within its organization ranging from the Jamaican Constabulary Force (JCF) the official policing force of Jamaica to the Passport, Immigration and Citizenship Agency (PICA) which safeguards its borders. The salary of this cabinet position is JMD $8,031,788 annually.
John K. Singlaub
Major General John Kirk Singlaub (July 10, 1921 – January 29, 2022) was a major general in the United States Army, founding member of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and a highly decorated officer in the former Office of Strategic Services (OSS).

In 1977, Singlaub was relieved from his position as Chief of Staff of U.S. forces in South Korea after criticizing President Jimmy Carter's proposal to withdraw U.S. troops from the Korean peninsula in an interview with the Washington Post. Less than a year later, Singlaub was forced to retire after publicly questioning President Carter's national security policies. In 1979, Singlaub founded the Western Goals Foundation, a private intelligence network that was implicated for supplying weapons to the Contras during the Iran–Contra affair. Singlaub contributed to several books and wrote an autobiography.

Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)
The Distinguished Service Medal (DSM) is a military decoration of the United States Army that is presented to soldiers who have distinguished themselves by exceptionally meritorious service to the government in a duty of great responsibility. The performance must be such as to merit recognition for service that is clearly exceptional. The exceptional performance of normal duty will not alone justify an award of this decoration.

The Army's Distinguished Service Medal is equivalent to the Naval Service's Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Air and Space Forces' Distinguished Service Medal, and the Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal. Prior to the creation of the Air Force's Distinguished Service Medal in 1960, United States Air Force airmen were awarded the Army's Distinguished Service Medal.
Pablo Hernández de Cos
Pablo Hernández de Cos (born 20 January 1971) is a Spanish economist and monetary policymaker who has served as the general manager of the Bank for International Settlements since 1 July 2025. He served as the 70th governor of the Bank of Spain from 2018 to 2024. He also served as chairman of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and as chair of the Advisory Technical Committee of the European Systemic Risk Board.

Hernández de Cos became a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics in August 2024, and at Bruegel in September 2024. He is also a professor at IESE Business School.

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) is a committee of banking supervisory authorities that was established by the central bank governors of the Group of Ten (G10) countries in 1974. The committee expanded its membership in 2009 and then again in 2014. As of 2019, the BCBS has 45 members from 28 jurisdictions, consisting of central banks and authorities with responsibility of banking regulation.

The committee agrees on standards for bank capital, liquidity and funding. Those standards are non-binding high-level principles. Members are expected but not obliged to undertake effort to implement them e.g. through domestic regulation.
Han Sun-hwa
Han Sun-hwa (Korean: 한선화; born October 6, 1990), also known mononymously as Sunhwa, is a South Korean actress and singer. She is a former member of the South Korean girl group Secret. She made her television debut in 2004 while participating in SBS' Superstar Survival as a finalist, and in 2009, she was a regular cast member on a variety show called Invincible Youth. Aside from music, she also ventured into acting and made her debut in the 2010 drama, More Charming By The Day. Some of her notable works include Marriage, Not Dating (2014), Rosy Lovers (2014–2015), School 2017 (2017), My Contracted Husband, Mr. Oh (2018), Backstreet Rookie (2020), Undercover (2021), Work Later, Drink Now (2021–2023) and My Sweet Mobster (2024).

My Contracted Husband, Mr. Oh
My Contracted Husband, Mr. Oh (Korean: 데릴남편 오작두) is a 2018 South Korean television series starring Kim Kang-woo, Uee, Jung Sang-hoon, and Han Sun-hwa. It aired every Saturday from March 3, 2018 on MBC TV from 8:45 p.m. to 11:10 p.m. (KST), 2 episodes a day.
International Theatre Institute
The International Theatre Institute ITI is the world’s largest performing arts organisation, founded in 1948 by theatre and dance experts and UNESCO.

It has hosted various events through its history, including the Theatre of Nations, an international festival of performers from around the world staged in different countries, from 1956 until at least the 1980s; and it continues to organise International Dance Day and World Theatre Day every year at the UNESCO, Paris.

International Dance Day
International Dance Day is a global celebration of dance promoted by the International Dance Council (CID) and the International Theatre Institute.

The event takes place every year on 29 April, which is the anniversary of the birth of Jean-Georges Noverre (1727–1810), who is considered to be the "father" or creator of modern ballet (i.e. classical or romantic ballet as we know it today not "Modern Ballet" as this is sometimes confused with contemporary ballet.) The day strives to encourage participation and education in dance through events and festivals held on the date all over the world.
Tony Burrows
Anthony Burrows (born 14 April 1942) is an English pop singer and recording artist. As a prolific session musician, Burrows was involved in several transatlantic hit singles throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s, most of which were one-hit wonders, including "Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)" by Edison Lighthouse, "United We Stand" by Brotherhood of Man, "My Baby Loves Lovin'" by White Plains, "Gimme Dat Ding" by the Pipkins and "Beach Baby" by the First Class.

During 1970, four singles by four different acts with whom he performed all charted at or near the top of the UK Singles Chart and additionally reached the top 20 in the United States, while a fifth single under his own name ("Melanie Makes Me Smile") reached the lower ends of the top 100 in the United States and Canada.

United We Stand (song)
"United We Stand" is a song written by Tony Hiller and Peter Simons (writer's pseudonym for group member Johnny Goodison). It was first released in 1970 by the Brotherhood of Man in their original, pre-Eurovision line-up, consisting of Goodison, Tony Burrows, Roger Greenaway, Sue Glover and Sunny Leslie. It became the band's first hit, peaking at #13 in the U.S., #9 in Canada, and #10 in the U.K.  The song spent 15 weeks on the charts, and is ranked as the 64th biggest U.S. hit of 1970. It also reached #8 in Australia.
Cinema of Niger
The Cinema of Niger began in the 1940s with the ethnographical documentary of French director Jean Rouch, before growing to become one of the most active national film cultures in Francophone Africa in the 1960s-70s with the work of filmmakers such as Oumarou Ganda, Moustapha Alassane and Gatta Abdourahamne. The industry has slowed somewhat since the 1980s, though films continue to be made in the country, with notable directors of recent decades including Mahamane Bakabe, Inoussa Ousseini, Mariama Hima, Moustapha Diop and Rahmatou Keïta. Unlike neighbouring Nigeria, with its thriving Hausa and English-language film industries, most Nigerien films are made in French with Francophone countries as their major market, whilst action and light entertainment films from Nigeria or dubbed western films fill most Nigerien theatres.

Jean Rouch
Jean Rouch (French: [ʁuʃ]; 31 May 1917 – 18 February 2004) was a French filmmaker and anthropologist.

He is considered one of the founders of cinéma vérité in France. Rouch's practice as a filmmaker, for over 60 years in Africa, was characterized by the idea of shared anthropology. 
Influenced by his discovery of surrealism in his early twenties, many of his films blur the line between fiction and documentary, creating a new style: ethnofiction. The French New Wave filmmakers hailed Rouch as one of their own.

Commenting on Rouch's work as someone "in charge of research for the Musée de l'Homme" in Paris, Godard said, “Is there a better definition for a filmmaker?".