hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Klenow fragment
The Klenow fragment is a large protein fragment produced when DNA polymerase I (Pol I) from E. coli is enzymatically cleaved by the protease subtilisin.  First reported in 1970, it retains the 5' → 3' polymerase activity and the 3’ → 5’ exonuclease activity for removal of precoding nucleotides and proofreading, but loses its 5' → 3' exonuclease activity.

The other smaller fragment formed when DNA polymerase I from E. coli is cleaved by subtilisin retains the 5' → 3' exonuclease activity but does not have the other two activities exhibited by the Klenow fragment (i.e. 5' → 3' polymerase activity, and 3' → 5' exonuclease activity).

Taq polymerase
Taq polymerase  is a thermostable DNA polymerase I named after the thermophilic eubacterial microorganism Thermus aquaticus, from which it was originally isolated by master's student Alice Chien et al. in 1976.  Its name is often abbreviated to Taq or Taq pol. It is frequently used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a method for greatly amplifying the quantity of short segments of DNA.

T. aquaticus is a bacterium that lives in hot springs and hydrothermal vents, and Taq polymerase was identified  as an enzyme able to withstand the protein-denaturing conditions (high temperature) required during PCR. Therefore, it replaced the DNA polymerase from E. coli originally used in PCR.
Michigan Area of The United Methodist Church
The Michigan Area Conference is one of 54 Annual Conferences of The United Methodist Church in the United States. They are one of 10 members of the North Central Jurisdiction. The Michigan Area Annual Conference represents nearly 600  local United Methodist churches with approximately 100,000 members in total. The Michigan Area Conference Center is located in Lansing.

Annual conferences within Methodism
An annual conference is a regional decision-making body within various Methodist denominations. Conferences are a key characteristic of the connexional (connectional) system of government in Methodism. Annual conferences are composed primarily of the clergy members and a lay member or members from each charge (a charge is one or more churches served by a minister under appointment by the bishop). Each conference is a geographical division. In general, the smaller states in the United States hold one conference each, while larger states often include two or more conferences. Several annual conferences are held in other nations as well.
Willow Creek Dam (Oregon)
Willow Creek Dam is a dam in Morrow County of the U.S. state of Oregon, located just east of Heppner's city limits. It was the first major dam in the United States constructed of roller-compacted concrete.

The dam's drainage basin is 96 square miles (250 km2)
of arid rolling hills in the lower basin but with headwaters in the northern Umatilla National Forest.
The dam's original purpose was primarily to store water for flood control, but also to serve recreation, fish and wildlife, and irrigation uses. The dam impounds Willow Creek to create Willow Creek Lake.

The lake level can be a maximum of 2,113.5 feet (644.2 m) elevation and a minimum of 2,063.0 feet (628.8 m) for a total usable storage capacity of 9,765 acre-feet (12,045,000 m3).

Willow Creek (Columbia River tributary)
Willow Creek is a 79-mile (127 km) long tributary of the Columbia River, located in the U.S. state of Oregon. It drains 880 square miles (2,279 km2) of Morrow and Gilliam counties. Arising in the Blue Mountains, it flows generally northwest to its confluence with the Columbia River upstream of Arlington.
Aleksandre Andronikashvili
Alexander Andronikashvili (Georgian: ალექსანდრე ანდრონიკაშვილი) also known as Andronikov (7 October 1871 – 19 May 1923) was a Georgian military commander and anti-Soviet resistance leader.

Of an old noble family, Andronikashvili served in the Imperial Russian army and was promoted to the rank of general in World War I. He then served for the General Staff of the military of the newly independent Democratic Republic of Georgia. After the republic's fall to the Soviets (1921) he became one of the leaders of an underground independence movement. Andronikashvili was arrested by the Cheka along with his associates and shot at the outskirts of Tbilisi on 19 May 1923. In 2023, he was posthumously awarded the title and Order of National Hero of Georgia.

Order of the National Hero (Georgia)
The Order of the National Hero (Georgian: ეროვნული გმირის ორდენი, romanized: erovnuli gmiris ordeni) is the highest honor awarded by the government of Georgia together with the title of National Hero. It was established in 2004.
Rask, Iran
Rask (Persian: راسک) is a city in the Central District of Rask County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. It is also the administrative center for Rask and Firuzabad Rural District. Rask is in the Sarbaz Mountains and beside the Sarbaz River. A road passing through the city links Chabahar Port to the national road network of Iran.

Central District (Rask County)
The Central District of Rask County (Persian: بخش مرکزی شهرستان راسک) is in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Rask, whose population at the time of the 2016 National Census was 10,115 people in 2,411 households.
Ceresole Alba
Ceresole Alba is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Piedmont region of Italy, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Turin and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of Cuneo.

Ceresole Alba borders the following municipalities: Baldissero d'Alba, Carmagnola, Montaldo Roero, Monteu Roero, Poirino, Pralormo, and Sommariva del Bosco.

The Battle of Ceresole was an encounter between a French army and the combined forces of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire during the Italian War of 1542–46. The lengthy engagement took place on 11 April 1544 outside the village.

Sommariva del Bosco
Sommariva del Bosco is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) south of Turin and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northeast of Cuneo. As of 1 January 2017, it had a population of 6 304 and an area of 35.6 square kilometres (13.7 mi2).

Sommariva del Bosco borders the following municipalities: Baldissero d'Alba, Caramagna Piemonte, Carmagnola, Cavallermaggiore, Ceresole Alba, Racconigi, Sanfrè, and Sommariva Perno.
Mississippi Democratic Party
The Mississippi Democratic Party is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the state of Mississippi. The party headquarters is located in Jackson, Mississippi. It currently has low electoral power in the state.

The party has members and County Executive Committees in all 82 counties of the state. The Mississippi Democratic State Executive Committee is elected by congressional district: 20 positions from each district.

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), also referred to simply as the Freedom Democratic Party, was an American political party that existed in the state of Mississippi from 1964 to 1968 during the Civil Rights Movement. Created as the partisan political branch of the Freedom Democrat organization (a contemporary Civil Rights activist group aligned with the national United States Democratic Party), the party was organized by African Americans and White Americans from Mississippi who were sympathetic to the Civil Rights Movement.
Brevard Symphony Orchestra
The Brevard Symphony Orchestra performs at the King Center, Melbourne, Florida at their Orchestra-in-Residence. The Center seats 1,880. BSO features an average of 65 paid musicians. The BSO offices are located at 780 South Apollo Blvd. in Melbourne.

Melbourne, Florida
Melbourne (MEL-burn) is a city in Brevard County, Florida, United States. It is located 72 miles (116 km) southeast of Orlando along Florida's Space Coast, so named because of the region's proximity to Cape Canaveral and the Kennedy Space Center. The city had an estimated population of 87,561 as of July 1, 2024, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Melbourne is a principal city of the Palm Bay–Melbourne–Titusville metropolitan statistical area. Downtown Melbourne and most of the city lie inland of the Indian River Lagoon, with a small part extending over to the barrier island.
Vicki Hennessy
Vicki Hennessy  was the sheriff of San Francisco and the city's first female sheriff.  She was appointed interim sheriff by Mayor Ed Lee pending an ethics investigation of the elected sheriff, Ross Mirkarimi, who was charged with domestic violence battery and later agreed to a plea bargain in which he pleaded guilty to misdemeanor false imprisonment. She is not related to former San Francisco Sheriff Michael Hennessey.

Hennessy is a native of San Francisco and a graduate of Lowell High School. Her husband is a retired San Francisco police officer. She is the mother of two grown children.

San Francisco Sheriff's Office
The San Francisco Sheriff's Office (SFSO), officially the City and County of San Francisco Sheriff's Office, is the sheriff's office for the City and County of San Francisco. The current sheriff is Paul Miyamoto. The department has 850 deputized personnel and support staff. The SFSO is a separate organization from the San Francisco Police Department. However, SFSO deputies and SFPD officers have all attended a POST-mandated police academy, and are duly sworn California peace officers.

The primary function of the SFSO is to operate the system of county jails where there is an average population of 2,200 inmates, and a number of individuals on supervised release programs.

The SFSO also provides security and law enforcement in the following locations in San Francisco: the civil and criminal court, City Hall, the Emergency Communications & Dispatch center, and the San Francisco General Hospital, Laguna Honda Hospital, and several public health clinics.
Kinston, North Carolina
Kinston is a city in Lenoir County, North Carolina, United States, with a population of 19,900 as of the 2020 census. It has been the county seat of Lenoir County since its formation in 1791. Kinston is located in the coastal plains region of eastern North Carolina.

In 2009, Kinston won the All-America City Award. This marks the second time in 21 years the city has won the title.

CSS Neuse
CSS Neuse (/nuːs/ NOOSE) was a steam-powered ironclad ram of the Confederate States Navy that served in the latter part the American Civil War and was eventually scuttled in the Neuse River to avoid capture by rapidly advancing Union Army forces. In the early 1960s, she produced approximately 15,000 artifacts from her raised lower hull, the largest number ever found on a recovered Confederate vessel. The remains of her lower hull and a selection of her artifacts are on exhibit in Kinston, North Carolina at the CSS Neuse Civil War Museum, a North Carolina State Historic Site. The ironclad is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Duffield, Virginia
Duffield is a town in Scott County, Virginia, United States. The population was 73 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is a component of the Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol, TN-VA Combined Statistical Area – commonly known as the "Tri-Cities" region.

Scott County, Virginia
Scott County is a county located in the far southwestern part of the U.S. state of Virginia, on the border with Tennessee. As of the 2020 census, the population was 21,576. Its county seat is Gate City. Scott County was formed by an act of the General Assembly on November 24, 1814, from parts of Washington, Lee, and Russell counties and was named for Virginia-born General Winfield Scott. Scott County is part of the Kingsport–Bristol–Bristol, TN-VA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is a component of the Johnson City–Kingsport–Bristol, TN-VA Combined Statistical Area, commonly known as the "Tri-Cities" region.
Godzilla Island
Godzilla Island (ゴジラアイランド, Gojira Airando) is a television show spinoff of the Godzilla franchise. It premiered on October 6, 1997, and ran for a total of 256 three-minute episodes, finishing on September 30, 1998.

Rodan
Rodan (Japanese: ラドン, Hepburn: Radon) is a giant monster, or kaiju, which first appeared in the eponymous 1956 film, directed by Ishirō Honda and produced and distributed by Toho. Following its standalone debut, Rodan went on to be featured in numerous entries in the Godzilla franchise. Rodan is depicted as a colossal, prehistoric, irradiated species of Pteranodon. In 2014, IGN ranked Rodan as #6 on its "Top 10 Japanese Movie Monsters" list, while Complex listed the character as #15 on its "The 15 Most Badass Kaiju Monsters of All Time" list.
Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve
Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve is a state-protected reserve of California, United States, harboring the most consistent blooms of California poppies, the state flower. The reserve is located in the rural west side of Antelope Valley in northern Los Angeles County, 15 miles (24 km) west of Lancaster. To the north is Kern County. The reserve is at an elevation ranging from 2,600 to 3,000 feet (790 to 910 m) above sea level, in the Mojave Desert climate zone. The reserve is administered by the California Department of Parks and Recreation. Other wildflowers within the reserve include the Owl's Clover, Lupine, Goldfields, Cream Cups and Coreopsis.

Lancaster, California
Lancaster /ˈlæŋ.kæstər/ is a charter city in northern Los Angeles County, in the Antelope Valley of the western Mojave Desert in Southern California, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 173,516, making Lancaster the 158th-most populous city in the United States and the 30th most populous in California. Lancaster is a twin city with its southern neighbor Palmdale; together, they are the principal cities within the Antelope Valley region.

Lancaster is located approximately 70 miles (110 km) north (via I-5 and SR 14) of downtown Los Angeles and is near the Kern County line. It is separated from the Los Angeles Basin by the San Gabriel Mountains to the south and from Bakersfield and the San Joaquin Valley by the Tehachapi Mountains to the north. The population of Lancaster has grown from 37,000 at the time of its incorporation in 1977 to over 173,000 as of 2020.
Knott County, Kentucky
Knott County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 14,251. Its county seat is Hindman. The county was formed in 1884 and is named for James Proctor Knott, Governor of Kentucky (1883–1887). As of 2024 the county is now wet. Its county seat is home to the Hindman Settlement School, founded as America's first settlement school. The Knott County town of Pippa Passes is home to Alice Lloyd College.

Troublesome Creek (North Fork Kentucky River tributary)
37°29′08″N 83°20′46″W﻿ / ﻿37.485647°N 83.346012°W﻿ / 37.485647; -83.346012

Troublesome Creek is a creek in Breathitt, Perry and Knott counties, Kentucky, a fork of the North Fork Kentucky River.
It is 41.46 miles (66.72 km) long with a gradient of 8.92 feet per mile (168.9 cm/km), normally free-flowing, and with banks that vary between tree-lined and open.

Its headwaters are where its Left and Right Forks join at Hindman, the Knott County seat.
The creek flows down to join the North Fork of the Kentucky River near Haddix in Breathitt County.
East Orange STEM Academy
East Orange STEM Academy is a specialty magnet public school that serves students in sixth through twelfth grades in East Orange, in Essex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, operating as part of the East Orange School District. The school focuses on the STEM fields, the academic disciplines of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. It helps to further the education of students in these fields.

As of the 2024–25 school year, the school had an enrollment of 646 students and 37.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 17.5:1. There were 104 students (16.1% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 19 (2.9% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

East Orange, New Jersey
East Orange is a city in Essex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the city's population was 69,612, an increase of 5,342 (+8.3%) from the 2010 census count of 64,270, which in turn reflected a decline of 5,554 (−8.0%) from the 69,824 counted in the 2000 census. The city was the state's 17th most populous municipality in 2020, after having been ranked 20th in 2010 and 14th statewide in 2000. The Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program calculated a population of 69,556 for 2023, making it the 544th-most populous municipality in the nation.
Dumont Public Schools
The Dumont Public Schools are a comprehensive community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade from Dumont, in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

As of the 2020–21 school year, the district, comprising five schools, had an enrollment of 2,540 students and 208.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.2:1.

The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "FG", the fourth-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.

Dumont, New Jersey
Dumont is a borough in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 17,863, an increase of 384 (+2.2%) from the 2010 census count of 17,479, which in turn reflected a decrease of 24 (−0.1%) from the 17,503 counted in the 2000 census.

The borough was originally formed on July 20, 1891, as the Borough of Schraalenburgh from portions of Harrington Township and Palisades Township, based on the results of a referendum held the previous day. The borough was formed during the "Boroughitis" phenomenon then sweeping through Bergen County, in which 26 boroughs were formed in the county in 1894 alone. On March 7, 1898, portions of the borough were annexed to Palisades Township. On June 13, 1898, the borough's name was changed to Dumont in honor of Dumont Clarke, the borough's first mayor.
Wombat, New South Wales
Wombat is a town in South West Slopes region of New South Wales, Australia. It is situated on the Olympic Highway, 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) south-west of the regional centre of Young. It is in the local government area of Hilltops Council.

Hilltops Council
Hilltops Council is a local government area in the South Western Slopes region of New South Wales, Australia. This area was formed on 12 May 2016 from the merger of Boorowa Council, Harden Shire and Young Shire. The local government area covers much the same area as the Hilltops wine region.

The mayor of Hilltops Council is Brian Ingram, an independent, and was elected unopposed after the most recent election held on 9 September 2024.
Komańcza Republic
The Komańcza Republic, also known as the Eastern Lemko Republic, Vyslik Republic, Wisłok Republic and Lemko Republic, was a short-lived microstate, an association of thirty three Lemko villages, seated in Komańcza in the east of the Lemko Region, that existed between 4 November 1918 and 24 January 1919. It was headed by Head of the Council (голова Повітової Української Національної Ради, Head of the Ukrainian National County Council) Rev. Panteleymon Shpylka.

Unlike the contemporaneous Lemko Republic to its west (which sought unification with the Russian Soviet Republic), the Komancza Republic planned to unite with the West Ukrainian People's Republic in an independent Ukrainian state. However, this was suppressed by the Polish government as part of the Polish–Ukrainian War.

The Treaty of Saint-Germain made Galicia west of the San Polish.

Polish–Ukrainian War
The Polish–Ukrainian War, from November 1918 to July 1919, was a conflict between the Second Polish Republic and Ukrainian forces (both the West Ukrainian People's Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic).

The conflict had its roots in ethnic, cultural, and political differences between the Polish and Ukrainian populations living in the region, as Poland and both Ukrainian republics emerged from the collapse of the Russian and Austrian empires.

The war started in Eastern Galicia after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and spilled over into the Chełm and Volhynia regions formerly belonging to the Russian Empire.

Poland won the disputed territory on 18 July 1919.
Lars Gårding
Lars Gårding (7 March 1919 – 7 July 2014) was a Swedish mathematician. He made notable contributions to the study of partial differential equations and partial differential operators. He was a professor of mathematics at Lund University in Sweden from 1952 to 1984. Together with Marcel Riesz, he was a thesis advisor for Lars Hörmander. In physics, he is known for postulating the Gårding–Wightman axioms of quantum field theory.

Michael Atiyah
Sir Michael Francis Atiyah (/əˈtiːə/; 22 April 1929 – 11 January 2019) was a British-Lebanese mathematician specialising in geometry. His contributions include the Atiyah–Singer index theorem and co-founding topological K-theory. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1966 and the Abel Prize in 2004.
Nepean Knights
The Nepean Knights is a minor lacrosse association playing within the Ontario Lacrosse Association. The name is also shared by The Nepean Knights Jr. B and a newly formed (2019) Junior C team. While the Jr. B team is privately owned, the Junior C team is owned by the minor association.

Nepean Nights Minor Lacrosse Assosication box lacrosse team from Nepean, Ontario, Canada.  The Knights play in the Ontario Lacrosse Association.

Junior "B" box lacrosse team from Nepean, Ontario, Canada.  The Knights play in the OLA Junior B Lacrosse League.

Junior "C" box lacrosse team from Nepean, Ontario, Canada.  The Nepean Knights play in the OLA Junior C Lacrosse League.

Mimico Mountaineers
The Mimico Junior A Mountaineers are a Jr. A box lacrosse association in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.  The Mountaineers operate junior-age and younger teams. Their home arena is Mimico Arena in the Mimico neighbourhood of Toronto.  Beginning in 2015, their primary junior team will be a member of the Ontario Junior A Lacrosse League. From 1993 until 2014, the Mountaineers were members of the Ontario Junior B Lacrosse League.
Aquinas High School (California)
Aquinas High School is a private, coeducational, Roman Catholic high school in San Bernardino, California, United States. The school is located in and operated by the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Bernardino.

Aquinas is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges and the Western Catholic Educational Association. The Aquinas student experiences a traditional liberal arts curriculum that requires the pursuit of the college preparatory disciplines. The school works energetically to keep tuition affordable in the face of increasing costs each year. The school is deeply concerned that Catholic education is available to all students who could benefit and fulfill entrance requirements, without regard to the financial status of their household.

Diocese of San Bernardino
The Diocese of San Bernardino (Latin: Dioecesis Sancti Bernardi, Spanish: Diócesis de San Bernardino) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory, or diocese, in Southern California in the United States. Erected by Pope Paul VI on July 14, 1978, its jurisdiction extends over San Bernardino and Riverside counties. As of 2021, the diocese had 92 parishes and 12 missions in its territory. Its cathedral is Our Lady of the Rosary Cathedral in San Bernardino.

The Diocese of San Bernardino is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Los Angeles.