hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Marbled snout-burrower
The marbled snout-burrower (Hemisus marmoratus) is a species of frog in the family Hemisotidae.
It is found in sub-Saharan Africa.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, dry savanna, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, swamps, freshwater lakes, intermittent freshwater lakes, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, plantations, seasonally flooded agricultural land, and canals and ditches. It is also called the mottled shovelnose frog and marbled shovelnose frog.

Shovelnose frog
The shovelnose frogs are the species of frogs in the genus, Hemisus, the only genus in the family Hemisotidae. They are found in tropical and subtropical sub-Saharan Africa. The shovelnose frogs are moderate-sized frogs, reaching a length of 8 cm (3.1 in). They are round-bodied, with short legs. Their heads are small and narrow, with hard, upturned noses.

The shovelnose frogs are burrowing frogs, living most of their lives underground. The female digs underground while in amplexus, and lays her eggs in an underground cavity. The male leaves through the tunnel, and the female remains with the eggs. Once sufficient rain has fallen, the female burrows with her nose towards a water source, where the tadpoles will remain until metamorphosis. The tadpoles may remain out of water up to a few days.

Unlike most burrowing frogs, the shovelnose frogs burrow head-first, as opposed to rear-first, hence their other common names - snout-burrowers. Some species are kept as pets.
Creggan Lower, Westmeath
Creggan Lower is a townland in County Westmeath, Ireland. The townland is in the civil parish of St. Mary's.

The townland stands to the east of Athlone. The junction between the M6 motorway and the N62 road stands in the townland. The townland of Creggan Upper borders the area to the south.

Creggan Upper, Westmeath
Creggan Upper is a townland in County Westmeath, Ireland. The townland is in the civil parish of St. Mary's.

The townland stands to the east of Athlone. The j M6 motorway and the N62 road stands in the townland. The townland of Creggan Lower borders the area to the north.
Estimation theory
Estimation theory is a branch of statistics that deals with estimating the values of parameters based on measured empirical data that has a random component.  The parameters describe an underlying physical setting in such a way that their value affects the distribution of the measured data. An estimator attempts to approximate the unknown parameters using the measurements.
In estimation theory, two approaches are generally considered:

The probabilistic approach (described in this article) assumes that the measured data is random with a probability distribution dependent on the parameters of interest

The set-membership approach assumes that the measured data vector belongs to a set which depends on the parameter vector.

Set estimation
In statistics, a random vector x is classically represented by a probability density function. 
In a set-membership approach or set estimation, x is represented by a set X to which x is assumed to belong. This means that the support of the probability distribution function of x is included inside X. On the one hand, representing random vectors by sets makes it possible to provide fewer assumptions on the random variables (such as independence) and dealing with nonlinearities is easier. On the other hand, a probability distribution function provides a more accurate information than a set enclosing its support.
Sverre Hagerup Bull
Sverre Hagerup Bull (17 August 1892 – 12 May 1976) was a Norwegian banker, composer and writer.

He was born in Kristiania as a son of politician Edvard Hagerup Bull. He was a nephew of architect Schak Bull, and a grandnephew of painter Knud Bull, violinist Ole Bull and architect Georg Andreas Bull.

He wrote several operettes. His main textual works were the two-volume Musikk og musikere ('Music and Musicians', released in 1930 and 1932) and 1951's Musikkens verden ('The World of Music'), for which he was the editor. He sometimes used the pseudonym Finn Helle.

He was the father of composer Edvard Hagerup Bull. He resided in Norway at Jar.

Georg Andreas Bull
Georg Andreas Bull (26 March 1829 – 1 February 1917) was a Norwegian architect and chief building inspector in Christiania (now Oslo) for forty years. He was among the major architects in the country, and performed surveying studies and archeological research.
Ledinegg instability
In fluid dynamics, the Ledinegg instability occurs in two-phase flow, especially in a boiler tube, when the boiling boundary is within the tube. For a given mass flux J through the tube, the pressure drop per unit length (which typically varies as the square of the mass flux and inversely as the density, i.e., as  ) is much less when the flow is wholly of liquid than when the flow is wholly of steam. Thus, as the boiling boundary moves up the tube, the total pressure drop falls, potentially increasing the flow in an unstable manner. Boiler tubes normally overcome this (which is effectively a 'negative resistance' regime) by incorporating a narrow orifice at the entry, to give a stabilising  pressure drop on entry.

Two-phase flow
In fluid mechanics, two-phase flow is a flow of gas and liquid — a particular example of multiphase flow.  Two-phase flow can occur in various forms, such as flows transitioning from pure liquid to vapor as a result of external heating, separated flows, and dispersed two-phase flows where one phase is present in the form of particles, droplets, or bubbles in a continuous carrier phase (i.e. gas or liquid).
2020 MLS SuperDraft
The 2020 MLS SuperDraft was the 21st edition of the SuperDraft conducted by Major League Soccer. The 2020 SuperDraft was the first SuperDraft held exclusively via conference call and web streaming. The first two rounds of the 2020 SuperDraft were held on January 9, 2020 while rounds three and four were held on January 13, 2020. Previously, the SuperDraft had been held in conjunction with the annual January United Soccer Coaches convention.

MLS SuperDraft
The MLS SuperDraft is an annual college draft for teams of Major League Soccer in the United States and Canada in which MLS clubs take turns selecting from a pool of eligible amateur players. These drafted players usually come from university teams competing in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). It takes place in December or January and is used by teams to select players who have graduated from college or otherwise been signed by the league. The SuperDraft was first instituted in 2000, as a combination of the MLS College Draft, in which players having graduated from college were selected, and the MLS Supplemental Draft, in which all other players were chosen. The draft is divided into three rounds in which each club has a selection, the order of which is determined by a combination of the teams' playoff and regular season positions, with the last placed team (or expansion teams) getting the first pick.
Toner's Pub
Toner's Pub or James Toner's Pub is a traditional Irish pub on Baggot Street in Dublin, Ireland. A pub has been in operation on the site since 1818 when the original license was purchased by Andrew Rogers and it has been known as Toner's since coming under the ownership of James Toner in 1921.

The pub has been known to be frequented by politicians and media figures owing to its proximity to the Dáil and Government buildings.

Toner's is situated on Lower Baggot Street in close proximity to other notable pubs and eateries including Doheny & Nesbitt and the Merrion Hotel/Restaurant Patrick Guilbaud.

The Quinn family own the pub along with nearby pubs the Waterloo, the 51 bar on Haddington Road and the Lansdowne Hotel.

The pub was used as a filming location, by Sergio Leone, for the bar-related flashback scenes in Duck, You Sucker!.

Doheny & Nesbitt
Doheny & Nesbitt is a Victorian pub and restaurant on Baggot Street in Dublin, Ireland. The pub is a tourist attraction and notable political and media meeting place and has been described as "one of the most photographed" pubs in the city.

In his 1969 book Irish Pubs of Character, Roy Bulson describes the establishment thus: "Over 130 years old, it still maintains its original character. You can see old whiskey casks, pumps and tankards in the bar and the wood partitions, marble-topped tables together with the antique mirrors give a genuine and pleasant atmosphere in which to drink".

It was acquired by Tom and Paul Mangan for over IR£1m in 1987 and is still owned by them as of April 2020.
Joseph Massad
Joseph Andoni Massad (Arabic: جوزيف مسعد; born 1963) is a Jordanian academic specializing in Middle Eastern studies, who serves as Professor of Modern Arab Politics and Intellectual History in the Department of Middle Eastern, South Asian, and African Studies at Columbia University. His academic work has focused on Palestine, Zionism, Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis, and nationalism, identity, culture, and sexuality in the Arab world.

Massad was born in Jordan in 1963 and is of Palestinian Christian descent. He received his Ph.D. in political science from Columbia University in 1998. He is known for his books The Persistence of the Palestinian Question: Essays on Zionism and the Palestinians and Desiring Arabs, about representations of sexual desire in the Arab world.

The David Project
The David Project (TDP) was an American pro-Israel campus group. The purpose of TDP was to build diverse pro-Israel support on campuses. TDP began in 2002 as an agency of Hillel International, an international Jewish campus organization. In 2017, it merged with Hillel International's Israel Engagement and Education department. In 2019 it evolved into the Hillel U Center for Community Outreach.

TDP was founded in 2002 by Charles Jacobs, who previously co-founded CAMERA. He served as its president until August 2008. David Bernstein, previously Program Director of American Jewish Committee (AJC), began leading TDP in July 2010 and in September 2014, Phillip Brodsky took over.

TDP was an associate member of the Israel on Campus Coalition.
Los Angeles Times Grand Prix
The Los Angeles Times Grand Prix was a sports car race held at the Riverside International Raceway.  The race was held throughout the track's existence, from 1957 until 1987.  The race was sponsored by the Los Angeles Times to raise money for its charities. The Special Events director was Glenn Davis, the winner of the 1946 Heisman Trophy. During the early 1970s, the event was the season ending race for the Can-Am series.

Riverside International Raceway
Riverside International Raceway (sometimes known as Riverside, RIR, or Riverside Raceway) was a motorsports race track and road course established in the Edgemont area of Riverside County, California, just east of the city limits of Riverside and 50 mi (80 km) east of Los Angeles, in 1957. In 1984, the raceway became part of the newly incorporated city of Moreno Valley. Riverside was noted for its hot, dusty environment, which was a dangerous challenge for drivers. It was also considered one of the finest tracks in the United States. The track was in operation from September 22, 1957, to July 2, 1989, with the last race, The Budweiser 400, won by Rusty Wallace, held in 1988. After that final race, a shortened version of the circuit was kept open for car clubs and special events until 1989.
Pschorr cyclization
The Pschorr cyclization is a name reaction in organic chemistry, which was named after its discoverer, the German chemist Robert Pschorr (1868-1930). It describes the intramolecular substitution of aromatic compounds via aryldiazonium salts as intermediates and is catalyzed by copper. The reaction is a variant of the Gomberg-Bachmann reaction. The following reaction scheme shows the Pschorr cyclization for the example of phenanthrene:

Gomberg–Bachmann reaction
The Gomberg–Bachmann reaction, named for the Russian-American chemist Moses Gomberg and the American chemist Werner Emmanuel Bachmann, is an aryl-aryl coupling reaction via a diazonium salt.

The arene compound (here benzene) is reacted with a diazonium salt in the presence of a base to provide the biaryl through an intermediate aryl radical. For example, p-bromobiphenyl may be prepared from 4-bromoaniline and benzene:

BrC6H4NH2 + C6H6 → BrC6H4−C6H5

The reaction offers a wide scope for both diazonium component and arene component but yields are generally low following the original procedure (less than 40%), given the many side-reactions of diazonium salts. Several improvements have been suggested. One possibility is to employ diazonium tetrafluoroborates in arene solvent together with a phase-transfer catalyst, another is to use 1-aryl-3,3-dialkyltriazenes.
Sinarades
Sinarades (Greek: Σιναράδες) is a town and a community in the northern part of the island of Corfu, Greece, part of the municipal unit of Parelioi. The community includes the small villages Aspes and Kontogialos. Sinarades is the largest village of Parelioi. Sinarades is located southwest of the city of Corfu.

Parelioi
Parelioi (Greek: Παρέλιοι) is a former municipality on the island of Corfu, Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2019 local government reform it is part of the municipality Central Corfu and Diapontia Islands, of which it is a municipal unit. It is located on the central west coast of the island of Corfu. It has a land area of 48.990 square kilometres (18.92 sq mi) and a population of 6,751 (2021 census). The seat of the municipality was the town of Kokkini.
Duke Pettijohn
Maynard C. "Duke" Pettijohn (born June 7, 1977) is a former American Arena football defensive lineman. He was signed by the Cincinnati Bengals as an undrafted free agent in 2001. He played college football at Syracuse and was a two-time member of the All-Big East team.

Dallas Desperados
The Dallas Desperados were a professional arena football team based in Dallas, Texas. They played in the Eastern Division of the Arena Football League from 2002 to 2008.

The franchise began as an expansion team and posted a winning record in all but one season. It was owned by Jerry Jones, who also owns the Dallas Cowboys. His son-in-law Shy Anderson was the chief operating officer and oversaw the day-to-day operations.

The team folded effective August 4, 2009, upon the dissolution of the original AFL. Unlike former owners of most defunct AFL teams, Jones maintains the intellectual property rights to the Desperados.
Bendoura
Bendoura is a locality in the Queanbeyan–Palerang Regional Council, New South Wales, Australia. It is located about 20 km southwest of Braidwood on the road to Cooma and on the eastern bank of the Shoalhaven River. At the 2021 census, it had a population of 108.

Shoalhaven River
The Shoalhaven River is a perennial river that rises from the Southern Tablelands and flows into an open mature wave dominated barrier estuary near Nowra on the South Coast of New South Wales, Australia.
Officer cadet
Officer cadet is a rank held by military personnel during their training to become commissioned officers.  In the United Kingdom, the rank is also used by personnel of University Service Units such as the University Officers' Training Corps.

The term officer trainee is used interchangeably in some countries.

Royal Air Force Officer Training Academy
The Royal Air Force Officer Training Academy (RAFOTA) formerly known as the Royal Air Force College (RAFC) is the Royal Air Force academy which provides initial training to all RAF personnel who are preparing to become commissioned officers. The College also provides initial training to aircrew cadets and is responsible for all RAF recruiting along with officer and aircrew selection. Originally established as a naval aviation training centre during World War I, the College was established as the world's first air academy in 1919. During World War II, the College was closed and its facilities were used as a flying training school. Reopening after the War, the College absorbed the Royal Air Force Technical College in 1966.

The Royal Air Force College is based at RAF Cranwell near Sleaford in Lincolnshire, and is sometimes titled as the Royal Air Force College Cranwell.
America's Most Endangered Places
America's 11 Most Endangered Places or America's 11 Most Endangered Historic Places is a list of places in the United States that the National Trust for Historic Preservation considers the most endangered. It aims to inspire Americans to preserve examples of architectural and cultural heritage that could be "relegated to the dustbins of history" without intervention.

Many of the locations listed by the Trust have been preserved. However, there have been notable losses, such as 2 Columbus Circle, which underwent significant renovations, and the original Guthrie Theater, demolition of which was completed in early 2007.

First released in 1988, the number of sites included on the list has varied, with the most recent lists settling on 11.

Antietam National Battlefield
Antietam National Battlefield is a National Park Service-protected area along Antietam Creek in Sharpsburg, Washington County, northwestern Maryland. It commemorates the American Civil War Battle of Antietam that occurred on September 17, 1862.

The area, situated on fields among the Appalachian foothills near the Potomac River, features the battlefield site and visitor center, a national military cemetery, stone arch Burnside's Bridge, and a field hospital museum.
White Side
White Side is a fell in the English Lake District. It is situated to the east of Thirlmere and to the west of Glenridding valley. This places White Side in the Helvellyn range of the Eastern Fells, with Raise to the north and Helvellyn Lower Man to the south, both of which are of greater height.

Helvellyn range
The Helvellyn range is the name given to a part of the Eastern Fells in the English Lake District, "fell" being the local word for "hill". The name comes from Helvellyn, the highest summit of the group.

The Helvellyn range forms a ridge extending for about 10 km, at no point dropping below 600 m. The ridge runs in a north–south direction, with Patterdale on the eastern side and the Thirlmere valley to the west. The village of Threlkeld lies directly to the north, below the northernmost point on the ridge, Clough Head.

Generally, the slopes above Thirlmere are steep and grassy, whilst the Patterdale side exhibits rockier features, due to cirque glaciation on the north east side of the ridge.
Golchin Robat Karim F.C.
Golchin Robat Karim Football Club is an Iranian football club based in Robat Karim, Iran. They competed in the 2010–11 Iran Football's 2nd Division.

In August, 2011 the license of the club in Iran Football's 2nd Division was bought by Siah Jamegan Khorasan.

Then the club will compete again in Iran Football's 3rd Division.

Siah Jamegan F.C.
Siah Jamegan Football Club (Persian: باشگاه فوتبال سیاه جامگان, Bashgah-e Futbal-e Siah Jamigan) is an Iranian football club based in Mashhad, Iran. They used to play in the Persian Gulf Pro League. In August 2011 the club bought the license of second division side Golchin Robat Karim. Siah Jamegan is an offshoot and has the roots of heavily supported club Aboomoslem, sharing the same colours and kit.

On 28 April 2015, the club earned promotion to the Persian Gulf Pro League for the first time in the club's history.
2018 Japan floods
In late June through mid-July 2018, successive heavy downpours in southwestern Japan resulted in widespread, devastating floods and mudflows. The event is officially referred to as Heisei san-jū-nen shichi-gatsu gōu (平成30年7月豪雨; "Heavy rain of July, Heisei 30") by the Japan Meteorological Agency. As of 20 July, 225 people were confirmed dead across 15 prefectures with a further 13 people reported missing. More than 8 million people were advised or urged to evacuate across 23 prefectures. It is the deadliest freshwater flood-related disaster in the country since the 1982 Nagasaki flood when 299 people died.

Approximately 54,000 members of the Japan Self-Defense Forces, police and firefighters searched for the people trapped or injured in landslides and flooding triggered by the heavy rain, while the Japanese government set up a liaison unit at the crisis management center of the prime minister's office to gather information.

2018 Northeast Asia heat wave
Throughout much of July 2018, a record-breaking heat wave affected large areas of Northeast Asia including Japan, North Korea, South Korea and China. Many areas in Japan experienced temperatures in excess of 35 °C (95 °F), and Kumagaya recorded a maximum temperature of 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) on 23 July – the highest ever observed in the country.
Elina Siirala
Elina Siirala (born 27 October 1983) is a Finnish soprano. She is the founder and frontwoman for the English melodic metal band Angel Nation (formerly EnkElination) and the current female vocalist for the German symphonic metal/viking metal band Leaves' Eyes. Elina is the second cousin of Tuomas Holopainen, founder and keyboardist of Nightwish.

Tuomas Holopainen
Tuomas Lauri Johannes Holopainen (born 25 December 1976) is a Finnish musician, songwriter, and record producer, best known as the primary songwriter, keyboardist, and founding member of the symphonic metal band Nightwish. He has stated that his songwriting is influenced by harmonic film music.

Before founding Nightwish, he played in the band Darkwoods My Betrothed. He later recorded an album with them as a full member in 2020. He also collaborated with the gothic metal band For My Pain... and the band of Timo Rautiainen.

Holopainen has written several songs that have been included in movie soundtracks, including a collaboration with Nightwish bass player and male vocalist Marko Hietala on "While Your Lips Are Still Red", for the Finnish film Lieksa! in 2007. He also co-wrote the music for Nightwish's own film, Imaginaerum, released in November 2012.

Holopainen released his first solo album Music Inspired by the Life and Times of Scrooge in 2014.
2025 Zamboanga City local elections
Local elections were held in Zamboanga City on May 12, 2025, within the Philippine general election. The voters elected for the elective local posts in the city: the mayor, vice mayor, and eight councilors per district.

Mayor of Zamboanga City
The Mayor of Zamboanga City (Chavacano: Alcalde del Ciudad de Zamboanga) and (Filipino: Punong Lungsod ng Zamboanga) is the head of the executive branch of the Zamboanga City's government. The mayor holds office at Zamboanga City Hall. Like all local government heads in the Philippines, the mayor is elected via popular vote, and may not be elected for a fourth consecutive term (although the former mayor may return to office after an interval of one term). In case of death, resignation or incapacity, the vice mayor becomes the mayor.
Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory
Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory is the main First Nation reserve of the Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte First Nation. The territory is located in Ontario east of Belleville on the Bay of Quinte. Tyendinaga is located near the site of the former Mohawk village of Ganneious.:10

Tyendinaga (Mohawk) Airport
Tyendinaga (Mohawk) Airport (TC LID: CPU6) is a registered aerodrome that is open to the public and caters mainly to general aviation. The aerodrome is located in Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory, 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) southwest of Tyendinaga, Ontario, Canada, north of the Bay of Quinte between Kingston and Belleville.
Hohengöhren
Hohengöhren is a village and a former municipality in the district of Stendal, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2010, it is part of the municipality Schönhausen.

It lies along the Elbe river. In 2013, the railway between Hohengöhren and Schönhausen experienced significant flooding due to a dam burst.

Schönhausen
Schönhausen (German pronunciation: [ʃøːnˈhaʊzn̩]; Low German: Schöönhusen) is a municipality in the district of Stendal in Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. It is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Elbe-Havel-Land.