hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
North Kingstown School Department
The North Kingstown School Department is a school district in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. It operates five elementary schools, two middle schools, one high school, and one specialty school in North Kingstown.

North Kingstown, Rhode Island
North Kingstown is a town in Washington County, Rhode Island, United States, and is part of the Providence metropolitan area. Its population was 27,732 in the 2020 census. North Kingstown is  the birthplace of American portraitist Gilbert Stuart, who was born in the village of Saunderstown. Within the town is Quonset Point, location of the former Naval Air Station Quonset Point, known for the invention of the Quonset hut, as well as the historic village of Wickford.
Connacht Senior League (association football)
The Connacht Senior League (CSL) was an association football league featuring amateur, intermediate, and League of Ireland reserve teams affiliated to the Connacht Football Association. It was a third level league in the Irish football league system. An earlier provincial league, the Western League, had been active, on and off, since the 1930s before the Connacht Football Association decided to establish a more permanent league. The CSL was active between 1981 and 2000. In 2013 discussions were held about relaunching the league.

Galway United F.C.
Galway United Football Club (Irish: Cumann Peile Ghaillimh Aontaithe) is an Irish professional football club based in Galway. They play in the League of Ireland Premier Division, following a promotion from the First Division in 2023. The team was founded as Galway Rovers F.C. during the 1930s. They made their League of Ireland debut in the 1977–78 season, and changed their name to Galway United in 1981–82. After suffering financial difficulties, the club dropped out of the League of Ireland after the 2011 season, but in 2014 Galway United returned, initially playing as Galway F.C. for a season. Like other sports teams from the county, Galway United are nicknamed "The Tribesmen", after the 14 "tribes" of Galway, the merchant families that established the city.
Hilberg's hypothesis
Hilberg's hypothesis (also known as Hilberg's law) is a conjecture in quantitative linguistics or a statistical law in information theory. It states that measures of information in natural language texts or samples of particular stochastic processes grow as a sublinear power of the sample length, possibly in addition to the term that is linear. It is closely related to Zipf's law and the neural scaling law for large language models.

Long-range dependence
Long-range dependence (LRD), also called long memory or long-range persistence, is a phenomenon that may arise in the analysis of spatial or time series data. It relates to the rate of decay of statistical dependence of two points with increasing time interval or spatial distance between the points. A phenomenon is usually considered to have long-range dependence if the dependence decays more slowly than an exponential decay, typically a power-like decay. LRD is often related to self-similar processes or fields. LRD has been used in various fields such as internet traffic modelling, econometrics, hydrology, linguistics and the earth sciences. Different mathematical definitions of LRD are used for different contexts and purposes.
ERNET
Education and Research Network (ERNET) is an autonomous scientific society of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India. ERNET has made a significant contribution to the emergence of networking in the country. It practically brought the Internet to India and has built up national capabilities in the area of net-working, especially in protocol software engineering. It is the first internet service in India. It has not only succeeded in building a large network that provides various facilities to the intellectual segment of Indian society—the research and education community, it has over the years become a trendsetter in the field of networking.

Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MEITy) is an executive agency of the Union Government of the Republic of India. It was carved out of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology on 19 July 2016 as a standalone ministerial agency responsible for IT policy, strategy and development of the electronics industry.
Under the sponsorship of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, the "Northeast Heritage" Web, owned by the Government of India, publishes information on Northeast India, in 5 Indian languages, Assamese, Meitei (Manipuri), Bodo, Khasi and Mizo, in addition to Hindi and English.
Hybrid transformer
A hybrid transformer (also known as a bridge transformer, hybrid coil, or just hybrid) is a type of directional coupler which is designed to be configured as a circuit having four ports that are conjugate in pairs, implemented using one or more transformers. It is a particular case of the more general concept of a hybrid coupler.

A signal arriving at one port is divided equally between the two adjacent ports but does not appear at the opposite port. In the schematic diagram, the signal into W  splits between X and Z, and no signal passes to Y. Similarly, signals into X split to W and Y with none to Z, etc.

Correct operation requires matched characteristic impedance at all four ports. Forms of hybrid other than transformer coils are possible; any format of directional coupler can be designed to be a hybrid.  These formats include transmission lines and waveguides.

Repeater
In telecommunications, a repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it. Repeaters are used to extend transmissions so that the signal can cover longer distances or be received on the other side of an obstruction. Some types of repeaters broadcast an identical signal, but alter its method of transmission, for example, on another frequency or baud rate.

There are several different types of repeaters; a telephone repeater is an amplifier in a telephone line, an optical repeater is an optoelectronic circuit that amplifies the light beam in an optical fiber cable; and a radio repeater is a radio receiver and transmitter that retransmits a radio signal.

A broadcast relay station is a repeater used in broadcast radio and television.
Ember.js
Free and open-source software portal

Ember.js is an open-source JavaScript web framework that utilizes a component-service pattern. It is designed with the aim to allow developers to create scalable single-page web applications by incorporating common idioms, best practices, and patterns from other single-page-app ecosystem patterns into the framework.

Ember is used on websites including HashiCorp, DigitalOcean, Apple Music, Square, Inc., Intercom, Discourse, Groupon, LinkedIn, Live Nation, Ghost, Nordstrom, and Twitch. Although primarily considered a framework for the web, it is also possible to build desktop and mobile applications with Ember when utilizing a hybrid app pattern. The most notable example of an Ember desktop application is Apple Music, a feature of the iTunes desktop application.

The Ember trademark is owned by Tilde Inc.

Ghost (blogging platform)
Ghost is an open source content management system platform written in JavaScript and distributed under the MIT License, designed to simplify the process of online publishing for individual bloggers as well as online publications.

The concept of the Ghost platform was first floated publicly in November 2012 in a  blog post by project founder John O'Nolan, which generated enough response to justify coding a prototype version with collaborator Hannah Wolfe.

The first public version of Ghost, released October 2013, was financed by a successful Kickstarter campaign which achieved its initial funding goal of £25,000 in 11 hours and went on to raise a final total of £196,362 during the 29-day campaign.
Adrian and Blissfield Rail Road
The Adrian and Blissfield Rail Road Company (reporting mark ADBF) is a Class III short line railroad which operates 20 miles (32 km) of railroad track between Adrian and Riga, in Lenawee County, Michigan.  It was incorporated February 6, 1991, with company headquarters in Westland, Michigan. It also operates Lapeer Industrial Railroad, Charlotte Southern Railroad, Detroit Connecting Railroad, and Jackson and Lansing Railroad.

ADBF's railroad line is one of the oldest operating in the United States, having been originally built in 1834 by the Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad.

ADBF also operates a dinner train known as "The Old Road Dinner Train" in Blissfield, and a sister company operates in Charlotte.

Jackson and Lansing Railroad
The Jackson and Lansing Railroad (reporting marks JAIL) is a Class III common carrier in Central Michigan. The railroad runs for 47 miles, from Jackson, Michigan to Lansing, Michigan, on track leased from Norfolk Southern Railway for 20 years with an option to purchase the line when the lease expires. The railroad connects with Canadian National Railway, CSX Transportation in Lansing, and Norfolk Southern in Jackson. The Adrian and Blissfield Railroad holding company owns this railroad along with four other shortlines in Michigan.
Socket 604
Socket 604 is a 604-pin microprocessor socket designed to interface an Intel Xeon processor to the rest of the computer. It provides both an electrical interface as well as physical support. This socket is designed to support a heatsink.

Launched on November 18, 2002, over the year after Socket 603, it was originally used to accommodate most Xeons introduced at the time. It was succeeded by LGA 771 in 2006 for low- and mid-end server ranges, but still stayed in the high-end server range, including 4- and 8-processor configurations, in which the successor - LGA 1567 - appeared in 2010. At the time, LGA 1366 was the primary socket for Xeons in low- and mid-end server ranges, with cheaper configurations still sometimes using the LGA 771 socket. The socket had an unusually long life span, lasting 9 years (2 years longer than consumer-grade LGA 775) until the last processors supporting it ceased production in the 3rd quarter of 2011.

LGA 1567
LGA 1567 or Socket LS, is a CPU socket used for the high-end server segment. It has 1567 protruding pins to make contact with the pads on the processor. It supports Intel Nehalem, codenamed Beckton, Xeon 7500 and Xeon 6500 series processors first released in March 2010. The 6500 series is scalable up to 2 sockets, while the 7500 series is scalable up to 4/8 sockets on a supporting motherboard. In this server segment, it is a successor of Socket 604, which was first launched in 2002. A modification of LGA 2011, the LGA 2011-1 or Socket R2, is a successor of LGA 1567.

Later on, the Xeon E7 series using the Westmere-EX architecture reused the same socket.

Dell also manufactures the proprietary "FlexMem Bridge" module that installs into two of the LGA 1567 sockets of certain PowerEdge servers to allow the use of additional memory slots with only two processors installed.
Audience cost
An audience cost, in international relations theory, is the domestic political cost that leaders incur from their constituency if they escalate a foreign policy crisis and are then seen as backing down. It is considered to be one of the potential mechanisms for democratic peace theory. It is associated with rational choice scholarship in international relations.

The implication of audience costs is that threats issued by leaders, who incur audience costs, against other states are more likely to be seen as credible and thus lead those states to meet the demands of the leader who makes threats.

Rationalism (international relations)
Rational choice (also termed rationalism) is a prominent framework in international relations scholarship. Rational choice is not a substantive theory of international politics, but rather a methodological approach that focuses on certain types of social explanation for phenomena. In that sense, it is similar to constructivism, and differs from liberalism and realism, which are substantive theories of world politics. Rationalist analyses have been used to substantiate realist theories, as well as liberal theories of international relations.

Rational choice research tends to explain conditions that bring about outcomes or patterns of behavior if relevant actors behave rationally. Key concepts in rational choice research in international relations include incomplete information, credibility, signaling, transaction costs, trust, and audience costs.
South Lakes, Alaska
South Lakes is a census-designated place (CDP) in Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska, United States. It was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census, after the split of the former CDP of Lakes. It is part of the Anchorage, Alaska Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska
Matanuska-Susitna Borough (often referred to as the Mat-Su Borough) is a borough located in the U.S. state of Alaska. Its borough seat is Palmer, and the largest incorporated community is  Wasilla. As of the 2020 census, the borough's population was 107,081.

The borough is part of the Anchorage Metropolitan Statistical Area, along with the municipality of Anchorage on its south.

The Mat-Su Borough is designated as so because it contains the entire Matanuska and Susitna Rivers. They empty into Cook Inlet, which is the southern border of the Mat-Su Borough. It is one of the few agricultural areas in Alaska.
Gerlach, Nevada
Gerlach, Nevada is a census-designated place (CDP) in Washoe County, Nevada, United States. The population was 130 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Reno-Sparks metropolitan area. Prior to 2010, Gerlach was part of the Gerlach–Empire census-designated place. The town of Empire is now a separate CDP. The next nearest town, Nixon, is 60 miles (100 km) to the south on a reservation owned by the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe. The Fly Geyser is located near Gerlach.

Gerlach K–12 School
Gerlach K-12 School is a public K-12 school in Gerlach, Nevada. A part of the Washoe County School District, its attendance boundary includes Gerlach and Empire.

It is about 110 miles (180 km) north of Reno.

It includes a branch of the Washoe County Library System.
West Coast, Tasmania
The West Coast of Tasmania is one of the regions of Tasmania in Australia. It is mainly isolated rough country and is associated with wilderness, mining and tourism. It served as the location of a convict settlement in the early history of Van Diemen's Land, and contrasts sharply with the more developed and populous northern and eastern parts of the island state.

Hells Gates (Tasmania)
Hells Gates is the name of the mouth of Macquarie Harbour on the West Coast of Tasmania, Australia.

It is a notoriously shallow and dangerous channel entrance to the harbour. The actual channel is between Macquarie Heads on the west and Entrance Island on the east (the main length of the harbour runs southeast of Hells Gates). There is a wider area of water between Entrance Island and the eastern shore, but it is too shallow to get a boat over.

Braddon Point is the name of the feature on the eastern shore, while the shallow water south of the point is named Fraser Flats, and the channel adjacent to the breakwater is known as Kelly Channel.
Greatest Hits Radio South West
Greatest Hits Radio South West is a regional radio station serving the South West of England, West Oxfordshire and parts of southeastern Herefordshire and southern Worcestershire, as part of Bauer's Greatest Hits Radio network.

Sam FM Radio (Swindon)
Sam FM Swindon was an Independent Local Radio station based in Swindon, England, broadcasting on the 107.7 FM frequency between 2006 and 2020.

The station was formed by The Local Radio Company, who wanted to create a local radio rival to GWR FM (now Heart). It started in 2006 as Brunel FM. It would eventually be owned by One Gold Radio Ltd who renamed it to Total Star Swindon, and then More Radio a few years later. Celador purchased More Radio in 2012 and converted it into Jack FM Swindon which was later re-branded to SamFM Swindon.

Due to financial issues and budget cuts at Celador, SamFM Swindon was merged into the Bristol sister station of the same name. In 2020, SamFM was purchased by Bauer Radio, closed, and its frequency used to broadcast Greatest Hits Radio South West.
Alexander & Baldwin Sugar Museum
Alexander & Baldwin Sugar Museum is located in the small sugarcane growing and milling community of Puʻunene, Hawaii, Kahului, Maui. The museum exhibits the history of Hawaiian sugarcane plantations and Alexander & Baldwin and its role in the sugarcane industry in Hawaii. The company itself continues in business and though it has diversified, it continues to produce sugarcane. The museum itself in the former mill manager's house.

Puʻunēnē, Hawaii
Puʻunēnē is an unincorporated community in the central part of Maui, Hawaii, United States (near Kahului), with a population of approximately 8. Although the land is fairly level, the Hawaiian name for the area means "goose hill", in reference to the endemic nēnē (or Hawaiian goose, the state bird).
Manastir vilayet
The Vilayet of Manastir (Ottoman Turkish: ولايت مناستر, romanized: Vilâyet-i Manastır) was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire, created in 1874, dissolved in 1877 and re-established in 1879. The vilayet was occupied during the First Balkan War in 1912 and divided between the Kingdom of Greece and the Kingdom of Serbia, with some parts later becoming part of the newly established Principality of Albania.

Sanjak of Dibra
The Sanjak of Dibra, Debar, or Dibër (Turkish: Debre Sancağı, Albanian: Sanxhaku i Dibrës, Macedonian: Дебарски санџак, romanized: Debarski sandžak) was one of the sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire. Its capital was Debar, Macedonia (modern-day North Macedonia). Today, the western part of its territory belongs to Albania (Lower Dibra and Mat) and the eastern part to North Macedonia (Reka and Debar).
Marlborough White Horse
Marlborough White Horse, also called the Preshute White Horse, is a hill figure on Granham Hill, a fairly shallow slope of the downland above the hamlet of Preshute, southwest of Marlborough in the county of Wiltshire, England. Dating from 1804, it is one of several such white horses to be seen around Great Britain, and one of eight in Wiltshire.

Many distant views of the horse are obstructed by trees, but it can be seen from parts of the town of Marlborough. One good view is from a footpath running from Preshute House to the A345 road. The figure is some 500 metres south of Marlborough College, within 100 metres of the southeast corner of the college sportsground.

Marlborough, Wiltshire
Marlborough (/ˈmɔːlbərə/ ⓘ MAWL-bər-ə, is a market town and civil parish in the English county of Wiltshire on the Old Bath Road, the old main road from London to Bath. The town is on the River Kennet, 24 miles (39 km) north of Salisbury and 10 miles (16 km) southeast of Swindon. In 2021 it had a population of 9129.
Northshore High School
Northshore High School in Slidell, Louisiana, United States, serves a population of approximately 14,000 in its district. Northshore, which serves small portions of northern and eastern Slidell, is a part of the St. Tammany Parish Public Schools.

The students of Northshore High are residents of a suburban community east and across the lake from the city of New Orleans. Slidell's population is just over 29,000. The school was incorporated in 1982 and was the fourth high school to serve the Slidell area. It began as a school for approximately 800 students and has increased in population to its present level. The school year follows the St. Tammany Parish School Board calendar and provides 178 instructional days for ninth through twelfth grades.

Facilities have changed over the 28 years since the initial construction of Northshore High. As population increased, additional wings have been added to the main building.

Slidell, Louisiana
Slidell /slaɪˈdɛl/ is a city on the northeast shore of Lake Pontchartrain in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 28,781 at the 2020 census, making it the sixteenth-most populous city in Louisiana. It is part of the New Orleans−Metairie−Kenner metropolitan statistical area.
Arabic name
Arabic names have historically been based on a long naming system. Many people from Arabic-speaking and also non-Arab Muslim countries have not had given, middle, and family names but rather a chain of names. This system remains in use throughout the Arab and Muslim worlds.

Kunya (Arabic)
A kunya (Arabic: كُنيَة) is an Arabic teknonym, an epithet mentioning a first born son, or sometimes daughter. Abū or Umm precedes the son's or daughter's name in the genitive case, for example Abu Bakr or Umm Kulthum. It is often used as a component of an Arabic name, and implies a familiar, but respectful relationship.
Roland Poska
Roland Poska (1938 – February 2, 2017) was an American artist who was notable for pioneering papermaking in modern art, for printmaking, and for frequently combining the two into completed works of art. He was also a teacher at the Layton School of Art in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, a co-founder of the Milwaukee Institute of Art & Design, and founder of the lithography studio the Fishy Whale Press.

Milwaukee Institute of Art & Design
The Milwaukee Institute of Art & Design (MIAD) is a private art school in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. Founded in 1974, MIAD is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and the National Association of Schools of Art and Design. The Jane Bradley Pettit Building is the college's main academic building, located on the Milwaukee River in the Historic Third Ward.
Listed buildings in Church Stretton
Church Stretton is a civil parish in Shropshire, England. It contains 88 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, one is listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, four are at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The parish stretches along a valley between hills to the east and west. The major settlement is the market town of Church Stretton, with the village of All Stretton to the north, and the village of Little Stretton, and the smaller settlements of Marshbrook and Minton to the south. In the surrounding countryside are farms, and a number of farmhouses and farm buildings are listed. In the settlements most of the listed buildings are houses, cottages and associated structures. Also listed are churches and items in and around the churchyards, shops, public houses, two milestones and a milepost, a signal box, and two war memorials.

Minton, Shropshire
Minton is a hamlet in Shropshire, England.

It is located in the parish of Church Stretton, 2+1⁄2 miles (4.0 km) southwest of the market town of Church Stretton. A historic settlement, it is situated on a foothill of the Long Mynd at around 240 m (790 ft) above sea level. As of 2010, there are around 12 dwellings in the hamlet.

Three lanes lead out from the hamlet: one to the A49 road, one mile southeast at Marshbrook; another lane leads to the hamlet of Hamperley, which is also in Church Stretton parish; and Little Stretton is one mile to the northeast.