hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Supreme Court of California
The Supreme Court of California is the highest and final court of appeals in the courts of the U.S. state of California. It is headquartered in San Francisco at the Earl Warren Building, but it regularly holds sessions in Los Angeles and Sacramento. Its decisions are binding on all other California state courts.  Since 1850, the court has issued many influential decisions in a variety of areas including torts, property, civil and constitutional rights, and criminal law.

Negligent infliction of emotional distress
The tort of negligent infliction of emotional distress (NIED) is a controversial cause of action, which is available in nearly all U.S. states but is severely constrained and limited in the majority of them.  The underlying concept is that one has a legal duty to use reasonable care to avoid causing emotional distress to another individual.  If one fails in this duty and unreasonably causes emotional distress to another person, that actor will be liable for monetary damages to the injured individual.  The tort is to be contrasted with intentional infliction of emotional distress in that there is no need to prove intent to inflict distress.  That is, an accidental infliction, if negligent, is sufficient to support a cause of action.
Old Weston
Old Weston – in Huntingdonshire (now part of Cambridgeshire), England – is a village near Molesworth west of Huntingdon.

In 1870–1872, John Wilson, who was a writer for the "Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales:" describes the area as, "a parish, with a scattered village, in the district of Thrapston and county of Huntingdon; 8 miles N of Kimbolton r. station. It has a post-office under St. Neots. Acres, 2,012. Real property, £2,364. Pop., 426. Houses, 93. The property is much sub-divided. The living is a p. curacy, annexed to Brington. The church is ancient but good, and has a tower and spire. There are a Wesleyan chapel and a national school." According to the 2011 UK population census, the parish of Old Weston had a population of 250 people.

Huntingdonshire
Huntingdonshire (/ˈhʌntɪŋdənʃər, -ʃɪər/; abbreviated Hunts) is a local government district in Cambridgeshire, England. 
The district had a population of 180,800 at the 2021 census, and has an area of 354.3 square miles (918 km2). The largest towns are St Neots (33,410), Huntingdon (25,428), and St Ives (16,815). The district council is based in Huntingdon.

Historically a county in its own right, Huntingdonshire's boundaries were established in the Anglo-Saxon era. Huntingdonshire became an administrative county in 1889. In 1965, it was merged with the Soke of Peterborough to form Huntingdon and Peterborough, which was in turn merged with Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely in 1974 to form Cambridgeshire, of which Huntingdonshire is now a district.
Japanese radiotelephony alphabet
The Japanese radiotelephony alphabet (和文通話表, wabuntsūwahyō; literally "Japanese character telecommunication chart") is a radiotelephony spelling alphabet, similar in purpose to the NATO/ICAO radiotelephony alphabet, but designed to communicate the Japanese kana syllables rather than Latin letters. The alphabet was sponsored by the now-defunct Ministry for Posts and Telecommunications.

Each kana is assigned a code word, so that critical combinations of kana (and numbers) can be pronounced and clearly understood by those who transmit and receive voice messages by radio or telephone, especially when the safety of navigation or persons is essential.

There are specific names for kana, numerals, and special characters (i.e. vowel extender, comma, quotation mark, and parentheses).

NATO phonetic alphabet
The International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, commonly known as the NATO phonetic alphabet, is an internationally recognized set of names for the letters of the Latin alphabet and the Hindu-Arabic digits. It is most commonly used in radio communication, where the usual names of the letters are likely to be misheard.
It was defined in 1955–1956 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
Badi-ud-din Mahmud
Deshamanya Al-Haj Badi-ud-din Mahmud (23 June 1904 – 16 June 1997) was a prominent Sri Lankan politician and educationist from Matara. He was a member of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party and he served multiple terms as a cabinet minister under Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike. His notable ministerial roles included Minister of Education for two terms and Minister of Health and Housing.

Mahmud was also dedicated to social and educational reform, having served as the first principal of Zahira College in Gampola.

Deshamanya
Deshamanya (Sinhala: දේශමාන්‍ය, romanized: Dēshamāṉya; Tamil: தேசமான்ய, romanized: Tēcamāṉya; "Pride of the Nation") is the second-highest national honour of Sri Lanka awarded by the Government of Sri Lanka as a civil honour. It is awarded for "highly meritorious service", and is conventionally used as a title or prefix to the recipient's name.
Paul Marie Bonaparte
Prince Paul Marie Bonaparte (19 February 1809 in Canino – 7 September 1827 in Nafplio) fought in the Greek War of Independence.

Paul Marie Bonaparte was the third child of Lucien Bonaparte and Alexandrine de Bleschamp. He studied at the University of Bologna. In March 1827 he secretly left the city, and under an assumed name, went to Greece to take part in the Greek War of Independence. Arriving first at the Ionian Islands, Bonaparte was welcomed on 24 August at Poros by the British Admiral Cochrane, who was entrusted with command of the Greek fleet. Bonaparte served on the flagship frigate Hellas, which after a series of unsuccessful operations stood off in the strait of the island Spetses.

On 6 September 1827, on board the Hellas, Bonaparte was mortally wounded while cleaning his own gun and died the day after.

After the end of the war in 1832, Bonaparte was buried in a mausoleum on the island of Sphacteria, close to the French sailors who fell in the Battle of Navarino.

Lucien Bonaparte
Lucien Bonaparte, 1st Prince of Canino and Musignano (French pronunciation: [lysjɛ̃ bɔnapaʁt]; born Luciano Buonaparte; 21 May 1775 – 29 June 1840), was a French politician and diplomat of the French Revolution and the Consulate. He served as Minister of the Interior from 1799 to 1800 and as the president of the Council of Five Hundred in 1799.

The third surviving son of Carlo Bonaparte and his wife Letizia Ramolino, Lucien was the younger brother of Napoleon Bonaparte. As president of the Council of Five Hundred, he was one of the participants of the Coup of 18 Brumaire that brought Napoleon to power in France.
Essays and Reviews
Essays and Reviews, published by John William Parker in March 1860, is a broad-church volume of seven essays on Christianity. The topics covered the biblical research of the German critics, the evidence for Christianity, religious thought in England, and the cosmology of Genesis. Despite lacking originality, the book was popular due to its high-profile authors, and "caused a furore among English Christians by its readiness to adopt (in a very moderate way) the methods of biblical criticism".

The book is not to be confused with other books titled Essays and Reviews, which is a generic title that has been used for many other books, none of which have been as notable as this one.

Charles Wycliffe Goodwin
Charles Wycliffe Goodwin (1817–1878) was an English Egyptologist, bible scholar, lawyer and judge.  His last judicial position was as Acting Chief Judge of the British Supreme Court for China and Japan.
Sardinian Crimea Medal
The Sardinian Crimean War Medal or, more formally, the silver medal for Military Valour for the Eastern Expedition 1855–1856 (Italian: Medaglia d’Argento al Valor Militare per la spedizione d’Oriente 1855–1856) was a gallantry medal awarded by King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia for bravery during the Crimean War (1855–1856) against the Russian Empire. It is a variant of the Sardinian Medal of Military Valor.

Medal of Military Valor
The Medal of Military Valor (Italian language: Medaglia al valor militare) is an Italian medal, originally established as a Sardinian award. It is awarded to military personnel, units above the level of company, and civilians for exceptional valor in the face of the enemy.

The medal has three levels:

The Gold Medal of Military Valor, established on 21 May 1793 by King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia.

The Silver Medal of Military Valor, established on 21 May 1793 by King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia.

The Bronze Medal of Military Valor, established in 1887 by King Umberto I of Italy.

Below the medal, the War Cross of Military Valor is awarded, established in 1922 by King Victor Emmanuel III.
2K Czech
2K Czech, s.r.o. (formerly Illusion Softworks, a.s.) was a Czech video game developer based in Brno, founded as Illusion Softworks in 1997 by Petr Vochozka and Jan Kudera. The company was acquired by Take-Two Interactive in January 2008 and subsequently organised under the 2K label, becoming 2K Czech. The studio was merged into 2K's Hangar 13 in 2017. The developer is best known for creating the Mafia series.

Warhorse Studios
Warhorse Studios s.r.o. is a Czech video game developer based in Prague. Founded in July 2011 by Dan Vávra and Martin Klíma, the studio produced Kingdom Come: Deliverance, which was released in February 2018. In February 2019, the company was acquired by Plaion.
Larry Townsend
Larry Townsend (October 27, 1930 – July 29, 2008) was the American author of dozens of books, including Run, Little Leather Boy (1970) and The Leatherman's Handbook (1972), published by pioneer erotic presses such as Greenleaf Classics and the Other Traveler imprint of Olympia Press. Leatherman's Handbook, with illustrations by Sean, was among the first books to popularize BDSM and kink among the general public.

Sean (cartoonist)
John Klamik (July 22, 1935 – January 5, 2005), better known by his pseudonyms Sean and Shawn, was an American artist specializing in gay male erotica and comics. His gay-themed cartoons were among the first to appear in US publications, including a regular feature in the early years of The Advocate. He worked under two pen names: Shawn for more mainstream gay publications such as In Touch, and Sean for fetish publications such as Drummer and Bound & Gagged.
Warren Haynes
Warren Haynes (born April 6, 1960) is an American musician, singer and songwriter. He is best known for his work as longtime guitarist with the Allman Brothers Band and as founding member of the jam band Gov't Mule. Early in his career he was a guitarist for David Allan Coe and The Dickey Betts Band. Haynes is also known for his associations with the surviving members of the Grateful Dead, including touring with Phil Lesh and Friends and the Dead. In addition, Haynes founded and manages Evil Teen Records.

The Central Park Concert
The Central Park Concert is a 2003 live album by the American rock group, Dave Matthews Band, recorded in Central Park, New York City. The concert attracted more than 120,000 people, which makes it the biggest audience to attend a Dave Matthews Band concert.
Thitarodes shambalaensis
Thitarodes shambalaensis is a species of moth of the family Hepialidae. It was described by Zhengyang Wang, along with Hailing Zhuang, Min Wang, and Naomi E. Pierce in 2019, and is known from Sichuan, China from the Tibetan Plateau, where it was found on the Yanzigou glacial valley, Mt. Gongga. It was differentiated as a new species using morphological and genetic evidence, including genome-wide analysis of SNPs and COI barcodes. Notably, this species is a host for the caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis, which is economically important for its use in traditional herbal medicine. This fungus is in decline due to overharvesting and climate change. Species in the genus Thitarodes are largely unknown due to logistical difficulties in collecting adult, male specimens (which are often not attracted to light), correct identification of their genitalia, and lack of accessible holotypes.

Thitarodes
Thitarodes is a genus of moths of the family Hepialidae. In English Thitarodes is known as "ghost moth". They are found in eastern Asia. The majority are restricted to the Tibetan Plateau. Often in Chinese entomological nomenclature Thitarodes is still referred to as Hepialus, although the name was changed back in 1968. Furthermore, some authors use incorrectly the term "bat moth" which is a bad translation of the Chinese term for ghost moth.

Many larvae of this genus are the hosts to the parasitic fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis. The fungus-insect complex known as caterpillar fungus, or by its original Tibetan name yartsa gunbu (or its Nepali pidgin version yarsa gumba). It was first used in traditional Tibetan medicine, but is now highly prized by practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine who know it as dong chong xiacao or short chong cao.
Volkhov Front
The Volkhov Front (Russian: Волховский фронт) was a major formation of the Red Army during the first period of the Second World War. It was formed as an expediency of an early attempt to halt the advance of the Wehrmacht Army Group North in its offensive thrust towards Leningrad. Initially the front operated to the south of Leningrad, with its flank on Lake Ladoga.

2nd Shock Army
The 2nd Shock Army (Russian: 2-я Ударная армия), sometimes translated to English as 2nd Assault Army, was a field army of the Soviet Union during the Second World War. This type of formation was created in accordance with prewar doctrine that called for Shock Armies to overcome difficult defensive dispositions in order to create a tactical penetration of sufficient breadth and depth to permit the commitment of mobile formations for deeper exploitation. However, as the war went on, Shock Armies lost this specific role and reverted, in general, to ordinary frontline formations.
Store Urevatn
Store Urevatn or Urevatn is a lake in the municipality of Bykle in Agder county, Norway.  The 14.61-square-kilometre (5.64 sq mi) lake lies about 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) west of the village of Hoslemo and about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) northwest of the municipal centre of Bykle. The lake sits at an elevation of 1,164 metres (3,819 ft) above sea level, high up in the Setesdalsheiene mountains, just north of the mountains Urevassnutene and Djuptjønnuten and just west of Snjoheinuten.

The northeastern arm of the lake has a dam on it which leads to a canal that brings the out-flowing water to the nearby lake Vatndalsvatnet.

The lake has large populations of brook trout and brown trout, which makes it a popular fishing location.

Bykle
Bykle is a municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Setesdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Bykle. Other villages in Bykle municipality include Berdalen, Bjåen, Breive, Hoslemo, Hovden, and Nordbygdi. Bykle was established as a municipality on 1 January 1902 when it was separated from the municipality of Valle.

The 1,467-square-kilometre (566 sq mi) municipality is the 60th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Bykle is the 333rd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 995. The municipality's population density is 0.8 inhabitants per square kilometre (2.1/sq mi) and its population has increased by 7.1% over the previous 10-year period.
Mission Hockey
Mission Hockey is an American brand of inline skates currently owned by Bauer Hockey. In December 1994, three former Bauer employees founded the Dare Development Group and began producing roller hockey equipment under the Mission brand name. In December 1997, Dare changed its name to the Mission Hockey Company after it expanded to ice hockey. During the late 1990s and early 2000s, Mission equipment was used widely in the National Hockey League. In 2004, Mission merged with Itech to form Mission-Itech Hockey Ltd. Mission equipment remained in production until 2008, when Bauer purchased Mission-Itech. Bauer continues to produce inline skates using Mission branding, while the name has been absent in the hockey market since it was taken over.

Itech
Itech is a Canadian brand of ice hockey equipment owned by Bauer Hockey. The brand was created by former NHL player Robin Burns in 1984 and was manufactured by his company Itech Sports Products Inc. In 2004, his company merged with Mission Hockey to form Mission-Itech Hockey, which continued to produce Itech products until its purchase in 2008 by Bauer. Since 2009, the name has been absent from the hockey market.
Fry's Island
Fry's Island, also known as De Montfort Island, is an island in the River Thames in England. The island is on the reach above Caversham Lock at Reading, Berkshire. The centre of Reading is to the south and the suburb of Caversham to the immediate north.

Fry's Island is a natural island, the only access to it being by boat. It is home to a private house (De Montfort House), a boatyard with a residence (Caversham Boat Services) and a private bowling club (the Island Bohemian Club). Each of these occupants runs their own private ferry service. Administratively, the island forms part of Reading's Abbey Ward.

Caversham Lock
Caversham Lock is a lock and main weir on the River Thames in England at Reading, Berkshire. Both the lock and main weir are connected to De Bohun Island (colloquially known as Lock Island). The Thames Navigation Commissioners built the original lock in 1778. Additional sluices north of View Island and Heron Island form the whole weir complex. A footbridge, known as The Clappers, passes over the weir and all three islands to connect Lower Caversham to Reading.

The weir is upstream of the lock and in the mid-channel. Kings Meadow, Reading, and buildings comprising homes and office blocks adjoin to the south of the lock itself. The island contains a typical lock-keeper's house, a crane depot, small boatyard, and large boathouse owned by the Environment Agency for occasional use by that authority and police in river patrol and maintenance of boats.

The head of water provided by the weir is used by Reading Hydro to generate up to 46 kW of electricity.
Nakatsue, Ōita
Nakatsue (中津江村, Nakatsue-mura) was a village located in Hita District, Ōita, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 1,300 and the density of 15.87 persons per km2. The total area was 81.91 km2.

On March 22, 2005, Nakatsue, along with the towns of Amagase and Ōyama, and the villages of Kamitsue and Maetsue (all from Hita District), was merged into the expanded city of Hita.

The town attracted national attention when it served as the base camp for the Cameroon national football team before the 2002 FIFA World Cup. When the team arrived several days behind schedule, the town's plight briefly became a top news story in Japan.

Hita, Ōita
Hita (日田市, Hita-shi) is a city located in Ōita Prefecture, Japan. As of 30 November 2023, the city had an estimated population of 61,148 in 27,556 households, and a  population density of 96 persons per km2.  The total area of the city is 666.03 km2 (257.16 sq mi).
Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park
Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park is a state park in California, 12 miles south of Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park on California's Pacific coast.  A main feature of the park is McWay Falls, which drops over a cliff of 80 feet (24 m)  into the Pacific Ocean.   The park is also home to 300-foot (90 m) redwoods which are over 2,500 years old.  The park is named after Julia Pfeiffer Burns, a respected resident and rancher in the Big Sur region in the early 20th century, who lived in the area for much of her life until her death in 1928.  The 6-square-mile (16-square-kilometer) park was established in 1962.

McWay Falls
McWay Falls is an 80-foot-tall (24 m) waterfall on the coast of Big Sur in central California that flows year-round from McWay Creek in Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park, about 37 miles (60 km) south of Carmel, into the Pacific Ocean. During high tide, it is a tidefall, a waterfall that empties directly into the ocean. The only other tidefall in California is Alamere Falls.
Within Our Gates
Within Our Gates is a 1920 American silent race drama film produced, written and directed by Oscar Micheaux. The film portrays the contemporary racial situation in the United States during the early twentieth century, the years of Jim Crow, the revival of the Ku Klux Klan, the Great Migration of blacks to cities of the North and Midwest, and the emergence of the "New Negro".

The plot features an African-American woman who goes North in an effort to raise money for a rural school in the Deep South for poor Black children. Her romance with a Black doctor eventually leads to revelations about her family's past and her own mixed-race, European ancestry. The film portrays racial violence under white supremacy, and the lynching of black people. It is the oldest known surviving film by an African-American director and has been named as one of the greatest films of all time by a Black director.

Oscar Micheaux
Oscar Devereaux Micheaux (US: /mɪˈʃoʊ/ ⓘ; January 2, 1884 – March 25, 1951) was an American author, film director and independent producer of more than 44 films. Although the short-lived Lincoln Motion Picture Company was the first movie company owned and controlled by black filmmakers, Micheaux is regarded as the first major African-American feature filmmaker, a prominent producer of race films, and has been described as "the most successful African-American filmmaker of the first half of the 20th century." He produced both silent films and sound films.
Castle of Óbidos
The Castle of Óbidos (Portuguese: Castelo de Óbidos) is a well preserved medieval castle located in the civil parish of Santa Maria, São Pedro e Sobral da Lagoa, in the Portuguese municipality of Óbidos, the historical province of Portuguese Estremadura.

Óbidos, Portugal
Óbidos (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈɔβiðuʃ] ⓘ; Proto-Celtic: *Eburobrittium) is a town  and a municipality in the Oeste region, historical province of Estremadura and the Leiria district. The town proper has approximately 3,100 inhabitants. The municipality population in 2011 was 11,772 covering an area of 141.55 square kilometres (54.65 square miles).
Camellia amplexicaulis
Camellia amplexicaulis is a species of flowering tree in the tea family. Originally native to Vietnam, it has been considered extinct in the wild since 2018. It is one of two species of trees in the tea family that only exists in cultivation, the other being Franklinia. It is known in Vietnam as Hải đường.

The species was first collected in 1910 in the Tam Đảo region of northern Vietnam. Its habitat was likely tropical and sub-tropical evergreen forests. Although extinct in the wild, it is commonly cultivated in Vietnam and flowers are utilized during the Tết festival.

Franklinia
Franklinia is a monotypic genus in the tea family, Theaceae. The sole species in this genus is a flowering tree, Franklinia alatamaha,  commonly called Franklinias or the Franklin tree, and native to the Altamaha River valley in Georgia in the southeastern United States. It has been extinct in the wild since the early 19th century, but survives as a cultivated ornamental tree.

In the past, some botanists have included Franklinia within the related genus Gordonia. The southeastern North American species Gordonia lasianthus differs in having evergreen foliage, flowers with longer stems, winged seeds, and conical seed capsules. Franklinia was often known as Gordonia pubescens until the middle of the 20th century.