hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lockwood, Montana
Lockwood is a census-designated place (CDP) in Yellowstone County, Montana, United States. It is not an organized city or town. The population was 7,195 at the 2020 census. Lockwood is a suburb of Billings and is the second largest community in the Billings Metropolitan Statistical Area. Annexation of Lockwood to Billings has been studied; however, the June 2009 Billings City Council Annexation Plan states that the city has no plans to annex Lockwood in the foreseeable future.

Yellowstone County, Montana
Yellowstone County is the most populous county in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 164,731.  Its county seat is Billings, the state's most populous city. Like the nearby national park, Yellowstone County is named after the Yellowstone River which roughly bisects the county, flowing southwest to northeast. The river, in turn, was named for the yellow sandstone cliffs in what is now Yellowstone County.

Yellowstone County is included in the Billings, Montana Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Tom Jackson Jr.
Tom Jackson Jr. (born December 18, 1959) is an American academic who served as president of California Polytechnic University Humboldt from fall 2019 to August 2024. He is best known for overseeing the university's transition to a polytechnic.

He was previously president of Black Hills State University in Spearfish, South Dakota, vice president for student affairs at the University of Louisville in Louisville, Kentucky, and president of the American College Personnel Association (ACPA).

Black Hills State University
Black Hills State University (BHSU) is a public university in Spearfish, South Dakota, United States.  Close to 4,000 students attend classes at its 123-acre (50 ha) campus in Spearfish, with a satellite campus in Rapid City which is shared with South Dakota State University, and through distance offerings. BHSU is governed by the South Dakota Board of Regents.
Bradford District High School
Bradford District High School is a public, English-language secondary school located in Bradford, Ontario.  It is managed by the Simcoe County District School Board. The principal is Heather Lagace. The school has an enrollment of about 1,100. During the last half of the 2006–2007 school year BDHS underwent extensive renovations that included a new greenhouse and full expansion and renovation of existing facilities.

The school offers a construction-oriented apprenticeship program offering students to learn about hands-on labour and the real experiences of working in that field.

BDHS serves the town of Bradford West Gwillimbury and portions of Innisfil. Elementary feeder schools include:

Chris Hadfield Public School

Cookstown Central Public School

Fieldcrest Elementary School

Fred C. Cook Public School

Harvest Hills Public School

Honorable Earl Rowe Public School

Marshview Public School

Harvest Hills Public School

Sir William Osler Public School

WH Day Elementary School

Bradford, Ontario
Bradford is the primary country urban area of the Town of Bradford West Gwillimbury, Ontario, in Canada. It overlooks a farming community, known as The Holland Marsh, located on the Holland River that flows into Lake Simcoe.
Lord Edmund Howard
Lord Edmund Howard (c. 1478 – 19 March 1539) was the third son of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, and his first wife, Elizabeth Tilney.  His sister, Elizabeth, was the mother of Henry VIII's second wife, Anne Boleyn, and he was the father of the king's fifth wife, Katherine Howard.  His first cousin, Margery Wentworth, was the mother of Henry's third wife, Jane Seymour.

Margery Wentworth
Margery Wentworth, also known as Margaret Wentworth, and as both Lady Seymour and Dame Margery Seymour (c. 1478 – 18 October 1550), was the wife of Sir John Seymour and the mother of Queen Jane Seymour, the third wife of King Henry VIII of England. She was the grandmother of King Edward VI of England.
James Monroe Houses
The James Monroe Houses or Monroe Houses are a housing project in Soundview, Bronx, New York City. The project consists of twelve buildings, 8, 14, and 15-stories tall with 1,102 apartment units. The 18.49-acre Bronx development is bordered by Soundview, Story, Taylor and Lafayette Avenues. It is owned and managed by New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA). It was completed on November 2, 1961 and named after the fifth President of the United States, James Monroe. The complex was designed by the architectural firm of Brown & Guenther.

Soundview, Bronx
Soundview is a neighborhood on the Clason Point peninsula, on the southern section of the borough of the Bronx in New York City. Its boundaries, starting from the north and moving clockwise, are the Cross Bronx Expressway to the north, White Plains Road to the east, Lacombe Avenue to the south, and the Bronx River to the west. The Bruckner Expressway bisects the neighborhood horizontally along the center and the Bronx River Parkway runs north to south. Soundview Avenue is the primary thoroughfare through Soundview.
Halogen addition reaction
A halogen addition reaction is a simple organic reaction where a halogen molecule is added to the carbon–carbon double bond of an alkene functional group.

The general chemical formula of the halogen addition reaction is:

C=C + X2 → X−C−C−X

(X represents the halogens bromine or chlorine, and in this case, a solvent could be CH2Cl2 or CCl4). The product is a vicinal dihalide.

This type of reaction is a halogenation and an electrophilic addition.

Halogenation
In chemistry, halogenation is a chemical reaction which introduces one or more halogens into a chemical compound. Halide-containing compounds are pervasive, making this type of transformation important, e.g. in the production of polymers, drugs. This kind of conversion is in fact so common that a comprehensive overview is challenging. This article mainly deals with halogenation using elemental halogens (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2). Halides are also commonly introduced using halide salts and hydrogen halide acids. Many specialized reagents exist for introducing halogens into diverse substrates, e.g. thionyl chloride.
Dhruggi Rajgan
Dharuggi-Rajgan is a village of Rajput Chohan caste. Dharuggi-Rajgan is located in union council Mulhal Mughlan, Chakwal District of the Punjab province, Pakistan. The village is located on the main Chakwal-Jehlum road.

Mulhal Mughlan
Mulhal Mughlan (Urdu: ملہال مغلاں) is a village and union council of Chakwal district in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is located on Sohawa-Chakwal Road, which leads to Talagang and Mianwali.

Since 1947 Chakwal was a part of District Jhelum but in 1984 Chakwal became a district with five tehsils. The district is administratively subdivided into five tehsils, including Chakwal, Kallar Kahar, and Choa Saidan Shah Tehsil. Mulhal Mughlan was included in Tehsil Chakwal with Mulhal Mughlan Union Council.
WAZZ
WAZZ (1490 AM, "My Kiss Radio 93.5") is a Contemporary hit radio station in Fayetteville, North Carolina, owned by Beasley Media Group, LLC. Its studios and transmitter are located separately in Fayetteville.

WFAY
WFAY (1230 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Fayetteville, North Carolina, United States.  The station is owned by Jeffrey Andrulonis' Andrulonis Media. WFAY serves the Fayetteville area.

WFAY is the flagship station of the Carolina Country network, a country music network covering portions of North and South Carolina, and having been in Andrulonis's hands on and off since 1995, it is the flagship of the entire Andrulonis Media portfolio.
Sigmund Selberg
Sigmund Selberg (11 August 1910 – 20 April 1994) was a Norwegian mathematician. He was born in Langesund as the son of Ole Michael Ludvigsen Selberg and Anna Kristina Brigtsdatter Skeie. He was twin brother of Arne Selberg and brother of Henrik Selberg and Atle Selberg. He was appointed professor of mathematics at the Norwegian Institute of Technology in Trondheim from 1947 to 1977. His works mainly focused on the distribution of prime numbers.

Atle Selberg
Atle Selberg (14 June 1917 – 6 August 2007) was a Norwegian mathematician known for his work in analytic number theory and the theory of automorphic forms, and in particular for bringing them into relation with spectral theory. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1950 and an honorary Abel Prize in 2002.
DuVal High School
DuVal High School (DHS) is a comprehensive science and technology public magnet high school in the Seabrook census-designated place in unincorporated Prince George's County, Maryland, United States, with a Lanham postal address. Prior to 2010 the U.S. Census Bureau defined the area containing DuVal High as being within the Goddard CDP.

The school serves: most of Seabrook CDP, all of Lanham CDP, portions of the Fairwood CDP, Glenn Dale, Landover, and Mitchellville CDPs, a portion of the City of Glenarden, and a small portion of the City of New Carrollton. It also serves a section of the former Goddard CDP.

Lanham, Maryland
Lanham is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. As of the 2020 United States census, it has a population of 11,282. The New Carrollton station (the terminus of the Washington Metro's Orange Line) as well as an Amtrak station are across the Capital Beltway in New Carrollton, Maryland. Doctors Community Hospital is located in Lanham.
Atlas of Historical County Boundaries
The Atlas of Historical County Boundaries (abbreviated AHCB) is a historical atlas and historical geographic information system chronicling the history of counties and county equivalents in the United States. It was compiled by the Dr. William M. Scholl Center for American History and Culture at the Newberry Library and edited by John Hamilton Long.

Historical geographic information system
A historical geographic information system (also written as historical GIS or HGIS) is a geographic information system that may display, store and analyze data of past geographies and track changes in time. It is a tool for historical geography.
Zhenning River
Zhenning River (simplified Chinese: 镇宁河; traditional Chinese: 鎮寧河; pinyin: Zhènníng Hé) is a 14.05-kilometre-long (8.73 mi) river in downtown Zhenning Buyei and Miao Autonomous County and is a tributary of Guijia River (桂家河). The river rises in Boluo Village (簸箩村) of Shuanglongshan Subdistrict, and flows generally west through Shuanglong Subdistrict, Baimahu Subdistrict and Huancui Subdistrict, where it flows into the Guijia River in Guozhai Village (果寨村).

Zhenning Buyei and Miao Autonomous County
Zhenning Buyei and Miao Autonomous County (simplified Chinese: 镇宁布依族苗族自治县; traditional Chinese: 鎮寧布依族苗族自治縣; pinyin: Zhènníng Bùyīzú Miáozú Zìzhìxiàn; usually referred to as "Zhenning County", commonly abbreviated as Zhenning (镇宁县; 鎮寧縣; Zhènníng Xiàn); Buyei: Zenqninf Buxqyaix Buxyeeuz Ziqziqxianq) is an autonomous county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Anshun, in the southwest of Guizhou Province, China.
Daya River
The Daya River starts as a branch of the Kuakhai River at Saradeipur (near Badahati) in Odisha state in India. It is joined by the Malaguni River below Golabai and flows through Khordha and Puri districts before emptying into the north-eastern corner of Chilika Lake, 37 kilometres (23 mi) from its origin.

The historically important Dhauli hill is located on the banks of the Daya River, 8 kilometres (5 mi) south of Bhubaneswar. It is a hill with vast open space adjoining it, and has major edicts of Ashoka engraved on a mass of rock, by the side of the road leading to the summit of the hill. Dhauli hill is presumed to be the area where Kalinga War was fought.

Malaguni River
The Malaguni River (Mallaguni, Malangui) is a Nullah or hill stream in Khurda District, Odisha state of India. It originates on the border of Ganjam District and Khurda District. It flows northeast, east and southeast through Khurda Tahasil, passes historic Golabai Sassan and joins the Daya River at 20°0′1″N 85°37′30″E﻿ / ﻿20.00028°N 85.62500°E﻿ / 20.00028; 85.62500, 1 km (0.62 mi) north of Balabhadrapur village in Puri District. The Daya then flows southwest into Chilika Lake, which then flows into the Bay of Bengal.

There is a minor irrigation project constructed on this stream near Rameswar village. When it floods, some portions of Khurda, Chilika and Tangi blocks are badly affected.
Robert E. Horton
Robert Elmer Horton (May 18, 1875 – April 22, 1945) was an American hydrologist, geomorphologist, civil engineer, and soil scientist, considered by many to be the father of modern American hydrology. An eponymous medal is awarded by the American Geophysical Union (AGU) to recognize outstanding contributions to the field of hydrological geophysics. The AGU Hydrology section (representing about a 3rd of AGU's membership) was formed largely due to his personal property (near New York) that was bequeathed to AGU.

American Geophysical Union
The American Geophysical Union (AGU) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization of Earth, atmospheric, ocean, hydrologic, space, and planetary scientists and enthusiasts that according to their website includes 130,000 people (not members). AGU's activities are focused on the organization and dissemination of scientific information in the interdisciplinary and international fields within the Earth and space sciences. The geophysical sciences involve four fundamental areas: atmospheric and ocean sciences; solid-Earth sciences; hydrologic sciences; and space sciences. The organization's headquarters is located on Florida Avenue in Washington, D.C.
Scutarius
A scutarius in ancient Rome was any of the various types of gladiator who used a large shield called a samnite shield, which is named after another type of gladiator—a samnite. In Latin, the shield was called a scutum—where the name scutarius comes from. Due to having a large shield, scutarii would wear shin armour (ocrea) on their shield leg. This piece of armour would be smaller than the two ocreae worn by parmularii, who carried a smaller, though still somewhat large, shield. Scutarii also usually carried short swords and wore visored helmets. Scutarii and parmularii are mentioned by Marcus Aurelius in his Meditations as two factions at the gladiator fights—both as gladiators and people who supported those gladiators.

A scutarius could also refer to a guard armed with a scutum, as well as someone who made shields.

Parmularius (gladiator)
A parmularius was any of the various types of gladiator who used a small shield called a parma. Due to having a small shield parmularii would wear shin armour (ocreae) on both shins. This armour would be larger than the single ocrea worn on the right shin by a scutarius who carried a larger shield. Scutarii and parmularii are mentioned by Marcus Aurelius in his Meditations as two factions at the gladiator fights.
Superman Celebration
The Superman Celebration is an annual four-day festival held in Metropolis, Illinois, dedicated to honoring Superman and celebrating his legacy in popular culture. Since its inception in 1979, the event has drawn thousands of fans of all ages from around the world to the "Home of Superman". The festival includes events such as celebrity appearances, costume contests, art exhibits, and panel discussions, alongside a giant Superman statue.

The Superman Celebration is organized by a collaboration between the Metropolis Chamber of Commerce, the City of Metropolis, and the Greater Metropolis Convention & Visitors Bureau.

Metropolis, Illinois
Metropolis is a city and the county seat in Massac County, Illinois, United States. It is located by the Ohio River. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 5,969, down from 6,537 in 2010. Metropolis is part of the Paducah metropolitan area in Southern Illinois.
Giulio Parigi
Giulio Parigi (6 April 1571 – 13 July 1635) was an Italian architect and designer.

He was the main member of a family of architects and designers working for the Grand Ducal court of the Medici.  His father, Alfonso Parigi the Elder, was an architect and designer working in Florence for the Grand Duke of Tuscany. He became noted as one of the most innovative stage designers of the 17th-century and was also the first architect to use the loggia style in public buildings.

Alfonso Parigi the Elder
Alfonso Parigi (died 1590) was an Italian architect and designer working in Florence for the Grand Duke of Tuscany.

His major commission was the completion of Giorgio Vasari's Palazzo degli Uffizi. His main works are all in Florence, and include:

The palazzo of the Archiconfraternità di Misericordia, an ancient charitable foundation devoted to helping the wounded and sick, rebuilt 1575–78, partly remodelled ito designs by Stefano Diletti, 1781.

At Santa Trinita he rebuilt the convent cloister, working to designs of Buontalenti, beginning in 1584.

His son Giulio worked also as architect for the House of Medici.
Schloss Oldenburg
Schloss Oldenburg (Oldenburg palace) is a schloss, or palace, in the city of Oldenburg in the present-day state of Lower Saxony, Germany. The first castle on the site was built around 1100 and became the ancestral home of the House of Oldenburg. The present building served as residence to the counts (1667–1785), dukes (1785–1815) and grand dukes (1815–1918) of Oldenburg.

The building now houses part of the State Museum for Art and Cultural History, especially its decorative arts and local history exhibitions, as well as some old master paintings. Immediately outside the palace to the west and north is the Schlossplatz. Opposite it, to the north, is the Schlosshöfe shopping mall, opened in 2011. To the south are the Prinzenpalais and Augusteum, also part of the State Museum for Art and Cultural History. To the southwest is the Elisabeth-Anna-Palais, adjacent to the Schlossgarten Oldenburg, the main public park in Oldenburg.

Schlossplatz (Oldenburg)
Schlossplatz (German pronunciation: [ˈʃlɔsˌplats] ⓘ) is the main square in the city of Oldenburg, Lower Saxony, Germany.

The square is used for outdoor markets.
To the southeast is Schloss Oldenburg. To the southwest is Schlossgarten Oldenburg. To the northwest is St Lamberti-Kirche. To the north is the Schlosshöfe shopping centre.
Friedrich Ritter von Friedländer-Malheim
Friedrich Friedländer, later Friedrich Ritter von Friedländer-Malheim (Mahlheim) (January 10, 1825 – June 13, 1901), was a Bohemian-Austrian painter.

Friedländer was born in Kohljanowitz/Uhlířské Janovice, Bohemia. He studied at the Vienna Academy, and later under Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, and visited Italy in 1850, Düsseldorf in 1852, and finally Paris. He is associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting.

He devoted himself at first to historical pictures, creating a genuine sensation with his painting entitled "The Death of Tasso". After 1854 he painted genre pictures exclusively, taking his subjects chiefly from military life and the local life of Vienna. His scenes from Swabian folk-life are well known. He died in Vienna.

Düsseldorf School of painting
The Düsseldorf School of painting is a term referring to a group of painters who taught or studied at the Düsseldorf Academy (now the Staatliche Kunstakademie Düsseldorf or Düsseldorf State Art Academy) roughly between 1819 and 1918, first directed by the painter Wilhelm von Schadow.
Léon Fagel
Léon Fagel (1851–1913) was a French sculptor, best known for his busts.

Fagel was born in Valenciennes, won the second Prix de Rome in 1875, and the Prix de Rome in 1879. He exhibited busts of Chevreul, J. Cavelier, and Le Greffeur at the Exposition Universelle (1900), along with two large reliefs for Sacré-Cœur (Faith and Fortitude).

Prix de Rome
The Prix de Rome (pronounced [pʁi də ʁɔm]) or Grand Prix de Rome was a French scholarship for arts students, initially for painters and sculptors, that was established in 1663 during the reign of Louis XIV of France. Winners were awarded a bursary that allowed them to stay in Rome for three to five years at the expense of the state. The prize was extended to architecture in 1720, music in 1803 and engraving in 1804. The prestigious award was abolished in 1968 by André Malraux, then Minister of Culture, following the May 68 riots that called for cultural change.
Jesus Dosado
Jesús Armamento Dosado C.M., D.D. (1 September 1939 – 22 June 2020) was a Vincentian Filipino prelate of the Catholic Church in the Philippines. He served as the Bishop and later Archbishop of Ozamis from 1981 until his retirement in 2016.

Archdiocese of Ozamis
The Archdiocese of Ozamis is a metropolitan Latin Catholic archdiocese of the Catholic Church in the province of Misamis Occidental. The archdiocese cathedral is the Metropolitan Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Ozamiz City, and its present archbishop is Martin Jumoad. The official spelling of the archdiocese is Ozamis, while the city it is located in is Ozamiz.

The larger ecclesiastical province over which the archbishop of Ozamis serves as metropolitan see covers the northwestern portion of the island of Mindanao, including the highly urbanized city of Iligan and the provinces of Misamis Occidental, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte and Zamboanga del Sur.
Ammonium bicarbonate
Ammonium bicarbonate is an inorganic compound with formula (NH4)HCO3. The compound has many names, reflecting its long history. Chemically speaking, it is the bicarbonate salt of the ammonium ion. It is a colourless solid that degrades readily to carbon dioxide, water and ammonia.

Bicarbonate
In inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate (American English: /baɪˈkɑːr.bə.neɪt/ ⓘ) (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid. It is a polyatomic anion with the chemical formula HCO3–.

Bicarbonate serves a crucial biochemical role in the physiological pH buffering system.

The term "bicarbonate" was coined in 1814 by the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston. The name lives on as a trivial name.
Smolny Institute of Noble Maidens
The Smolny Institute of Noble Maidens of Saint Petersburg (Russian: Смольный институт благородных девиц Санкт-Петербурга) was the first women's educational institution in Russia that laid the foundation for women's education in the country. It was Europe's first public educational institution for girls.

Yekaterina Nelidova
Yekaterina Ivanovna Nelidova (Russian: Екатери́на Ива́новна Нели́дова; 1756–1839) was a Russian noblewoman and lady-in-waiting. She was the royal mistress of Paul I of Russia.

Nelidova graduated from the Smolny Institute in 1776 and became a lady-in-waiting, first to Grand Duchess Natalya and then to Grand Duchess Maria alongside her friend and fellow graduate Natalya Borshchova. She had a relationship with Grand Duke Paul, the future monarch, and acted as a successful mediator between him and people he was in conflict with. Nelidova was also noted for her dramatic talents, which endeared her to the crown prince, who liked to stage operas with the participation of people he was close with.

She was an important courtier and her position also led to her relatives' acquiring positions at court. Paul's defense of Nelidova was even documented amid issues of social conformity at Catherine the Great's court.  She left her position at court in 1798.