hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Efficiency wage
In labor economics, an efficiency wage is a wage paid in excess of the market-clearing wage to increase the labor productivity of workers. Specifically, it points to the incentive for managers to pay their employees more than the market-clearing wage to increase their productivity or to reduce the costs associated with employee turnover.

Theories of efficiency wages explain the existence of involuntary unemployment in economies outside of recessions, providing for a natural rate of unemployment above zero. Because workers are paid more than the equilibrium wage, workers may experience periods of unemployment in which workers compete for a limited supply of well-paying jobs.

George Akerlof
George Arthur Akerlof (born June 17, 1940) is an American economist and a university professor at the McCourt School of Public Policy at Georgetown University and Koshland Professor of Economics Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley. Akerlof was awarded the 2001 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, jointly with Michael Spence and Joseph Stiglitz, "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information." He is the husband of former United States Secretary of the Treasury Janet Yellen.
Hel, Poland
Hel (Kashubian: Hél; German: Hela) is a seaside resort city in Puck County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, located on the tip of the Hel Peninsula, some 33 kilometres (21 miles) from the Polish mainland.

Puck County
Puck County (Polish: powiat pucki, Kashubian: pùcczi pòwiat) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Pomeranian Voivodeship, northern Poland, on the Baltic coast. The powiat of this name existed  in the history of Poland, since the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth up to 1795, and then reintroduced in 1999.
Bank of Alexandria (Alexandria, Virginia)
The Bank of Alexandria is a historic bank building located at Alexandria, Virginia, United States. It was built in 1807, and consists of a three-story main block, with a two-story east wing.  The main block is five bays wide and 7 bays deep. In 1848, James Green purchased the building and turned it into a hotel, then in 1855, he expanded it across the lawn of the Carlyle House next door, tripling the size of the Mansion House Hotel.  The hotel was used as a hospital during the Civil War.  In the late 1960's, the expansion, by then an aging apartment building, was torn down by the Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority to reveal Carlyle House, which was restored in 1976.

The  remaining part of the bank building was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It is located in the Alexandria Historic District.

Alexandria Historic District
The Alexandria Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District in Alexandria, Virginia.  Encompassing all of the city's Old Town and some adjacent areas, this area contains one of the nation's best-preserved assemblages of the late-18th and early-19th century urban architecture.  The district was locally designated (as the Old and Historic Alexandria district) in 1946 and was 
declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966.
Barbary macaque
The Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus)  is a macaque species native to the Atlas Mountains of Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco, along with a small introduced population in Gibraltar. It is the type species of the genus Macaca. From the Early Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene, until around 85-40,000 years ago, it was widely distributed in Europe. Today, the Barbary macaques in Gibraltar are the only Old World monkeys in Europe. About 300 individuals live on the Rock of Gibraltar. This population appears to be stable or increasing, while the North African population is declining.

The diet of the Barbary macaque consists primarily of plants and insects. Males play an atypical role in rearing young. Because of uncertain paternity, males are integral to raising all infants. Generally, both sexes and all ages contribute in alloparental care of the young. Males live to around 25 years old while females may live up to 30 years.

Kabylia
Kabylia or Kabylie (/kəˈbɪliə/; Arabic: منطقة القبائل, lit. 'Area of the Tribes') is a mountainous coastal region in northern Algeria and the homeland of the Kabyle people. It is part of the Tell Atlas mountain range and is located at the edge of the Mediterranean.

Kabylia covers two provinces of Algeria: Tizi Ouzou and Béjaïa. Gouraya National Park and Djurdjura National Park are also located in Kabylia.
745th Tank Battalion
The 745th Tank Battalion was an independent tank battalion that participated in the European Theater of Operations (ETO) with the United States Army in World War II. It was one of five tank battalions (all independent) that landed in Normandy on D-Day (6 June 1944). The battalion participated in combat operations throughout northern Europe until V-E Day. Unlike many independent tank battalions, which were attached to different units over time, the 745th was attached to the 1st Infantry Division for the duration of its combat operations in the ETO. It was inactivated in October 1945.

Separate tank battalion
Separate tank battalions were military formations used by the United States Army during World War II, especially in the European Theater of Operations. These battalions were temporarily attached to infantry, armored, or airborne divisions according to need, though at least one battalion (745th Tank Battalion) spent the entire war in Europe attached to one division. They were also known as general headquarters ("GHQ") tank battalions.
Star 944
The Star 944 is a Polish 4x4 truck designed for transport of cargo and personnel. Created by Starachowice-based Star Trucks company.

Successor to the Star 744, also intended to partially replace the Star 266. The premiere of the new vehicle took place in 1999.

It was powered by diesel engines with an output of 150 HP (maximum torque 580 Nm), and later 180 HP (650 Nm).

FSC Star
Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych "Star" (FSC Star), also known simply as Star, was a Polish truck manufacturer. The name comes from the City of Starachowice, where the factory is located. Their first vehicle was the Star 20 in 1948. The most popular product was the Star 266. The 266 model offered very good quality and powerful engines for a low price. It was sold in various countries for many years (not only in the Eastern Bloc; for example it was used by the Yemen Army). For many years, FSC Star was a state-owned company. Star is now owned by MAN AG who retired the brand in January 2009.
7th Battalion, The Rifles
The 7th Battalion, The Rifles (7 RIFLES) is an Army Reserve battalion of the British Army originally formed from elements of the Royal Rifle Volunteers, and Royal Green Jacket badged Sub-Units of The London Regiment following the Future Army Structure programme, and remains an integral part of the regiment.

20th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)
The 20th Armoured Brigade, previously the 20th Armoured Infantry Brigade, is an armoured infantry brigade formation of the British Army, currently headquartered at Wing Barracks, Bulford, Wiltshire, as part of the 3rd (United Kingdom) Division.
Havelock, North Carolina
Havelock is a city in Craven County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, Havelock had a population of 16,621. The city is home to Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, the world's largest Marine Corps air station, and home to the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing.

Havelock is part of the New Bern, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area.

New Bern micropolitan area
The New Bern metropolitan statistical area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of three counties in the Inner Banks region of eastern North Carolina, anchored by the city of New Bern.  The designation of the area was changed from Micropolitan to Metropolitan in 2013.

As of the 2000 census, the μSA had a population of 114,751 (though a July 1, 2009, estimate placed the population at 121,022).
Radhakanta Deb
Raja Sir Radhakanta Deb Bahadur KCSI (10 March 1784 – 19 April 1867) was a scholar and a leader of the Calcutta conservative Hindu society, son of Gopimohan Deb of Shovabazar Raj who was the adopted son and heir of Maharaja Nabakrishna Deb of Shovabazar Raj.

Sovabazar Raj
The Sovabazar Raj family, seated at Sovabazar Palace in the Indian city of Kolkata, were the Zamindars of Shobhabazar. The clan begins with a Maharaja Naba Krishna Deb Bahadur left behind two sons, adopted son Raja Gopimohan Deb (1768) and his own son Raja Raj Krishna Deb. Raja Gopimohan Deb was founder director of Hindu College and founder of famous Dharma Sabha. He offered much precious gold and silver to Maa Kali of Kalighat. A very well known scholar in Urdu, Persian, and English. His son was Radhakanta Deb, whereas Raja Rajkrishna Deb (1782–1823) had eight sons.

Shiv Krishna

Kali Krishna

Debi Krishna

Apurbo Krishna "Kunvar"

Kamal Krishna

Madhab Krishna

Narendra Krishna Deb

The Zamindari consisted more than half of Sutanuti and thousands of acres of lands in several districts of Bengal (now parts of West Bengal and Bangladesh).
Eyring equation
The Eyring equation (occasionally also known as Eyring–Polanyi equation) is an equation used in chemical kinetics to describe changes in the rate of a chemical reaction against temperature. It was developed almost simultaneously in 1935 by Henry Eyring, Meredith Gwynne Evans and Michael Polanyi. The equation follows from the transition state theory, also known as activated-complex theory. If one assumes a constant enthalpy of activation and constant entropy of activation, the Eyring equation is similar to the Arrhenius equation, despite the Arrhenius equation being phenomenological and the Eyring equation based on statistical mechanical justification.

Chemical kinetics
Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the branch of physical chemistry that is concerned with understanding the rates of chemical reactions. It is different from chemical thermodynamics, which deals with the direction in which a reaction occurs but in itself tells nothing about its rate. Chemical kinetics includes investigations of how experimental conditions influence the speed of a chemical reaction and yield information about the reaction's mechanism and transition states, as well as the construction of mathematical models that also can describe the characteristics of a chemical reaction.
Helcogramma rharhabe
Helcogramma rharhabe is a species of triplefin blenny in the genus Helcogramma. It was described by Wouter Holleman in 2007, the specific name the Xhosa chief Rharhabe who broke away from his main tribe and formed his own grouping named after him, the Rharhabe. This species is found in the western Indian Ocean, along the south eastern coast of Africa from the Transkei to the Bazaruto Archipelago.

Helcogramma
Helcogramma is a genus in the triplefin family Tripterygiidae. The blennies in the genus Helcogramma are found throughout the Indo-Pacific and in the South Atlantic Ocean off the islands of St Helena and Ascension.
HMS Gnat (T60)
HMS Gnat was a Royal Navy Insect-class gunboat. She was built by Lobnitz and launched in 1915. Gnat saw service during the First World War as part of a flotilla operating on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. After the war, the vessel was transferred to China, where in 1927, Gnat took part in the Nanking Incident. Gnat began the Second World War still in China, but was towed to the Mediterranean Sea in 1940. There, the gunboat took part in an assault on Tobruk before being torpedoed by a German submarine. Gnat did not sink, and was beached at Alexandria, Egypt where the vessel was used as an anti-aircraft platform. The vessel was declared a constructive total loss and scrapped in 1945.

Insect-class gunboat
The Insect-class gunboats (or large China gunboats) were a class of small but well-armed Royal Navy ships designed for use in shallow rivers or inshore. They were intended for use on the Danube against Austria-Hungary (the China name was to disguise their function; however, they did see service on the Yangtze river in China). The first four ships—Gnat, Mantis, Moth and Tarantula—were first employed during the Mesopotamian Campaign of the First World War on the Euphrates and Tigris rivers.
Whitfield Street
Whitfield Street is a street in the London Borough of Camden that runs from Warren Street in the north to Windmill Street in the south. The street is crossed by Grafton Way, Maple Street, Howland Street, Tottenham Street, and Goodge Street. Whitfield Place starts and ends in Whitfield Street on its eastern side. Hertford Place, Chitty Street and Scala Street all join Whitfield Street on its western side.

The street was named after George Whitefield who founded a chapel in nearby Tottenham Court Road.

Chitty Street
Chitty Street is a street in the London Borough of Camden that runs between Charlotte Street and Whitfield Street. Charlotte Mews adjoins Chitty Street on its south side.

Chitty Street was originally known as North Street and marked the southern border of the Bedford Estate on the western side of Tottenham Court Road. Leases on the plots on the north side of the street were granted to builder William Gowing in 1776. All the original buildings of Chitty Street have been replaced with modern buildings.
FM broadcasting
FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting that uses frequency modulation (FM) to modulate the carrier wave. In November 1919, Hans Idzerda began broadcasts, using narrow-band FM, over station PCGG, located at The Hague in the Netherlands. However, most early broadcasting stations instead employed Amplitude Modulation (AM) transmissons.

In 1933, American engineer Edwin Armstrong invented wide-band FM, which is used worldwide to transmit high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio. FM broadcasting offers higher fidelity—more accurate reproduction of the original program sound—than other analog broadcasting techniques, such as AM broadcasting. It is also less susceptible to common forms of interference, having less static and popping sounds than are often heard on AM, but with a more limited broadcast distance. Therefore, FM is used for most broadcasts of music and general audio (in the audio spectrum). FM radio stations use the very high frequency range of radio frequencies.

WRVE
WRVE (99.5 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed in Schenectady and serving the Capital District and Upper Hudson Valley in New York. It broadcasts a hot adult contemporary radio format and calls itself "99.5 The River", referring to the Hudson River. The station is owned by iHeartMedia as one of seven radio stations owned by the company in the Albany-Schenectady-Troy radio market.

Studios and offices are at Riverhill Center on Troy-Schenectady Road (NY Route 7) in Latham, New York.  The transmitter is on Pinnacle Road in Helderberg Escarpment tower farm in New Scotland.

WRVE is among the nation's oldest FM radio stations and was the first to broadcast full-time in stereo.
Jet2.com
Jet2.com Limited is a British low-cost airline based at Leeds Bradford Airport, England. It offers scheduled and charter flights from the United Kingdom. As of 2022, it is the third-largest scheduled airline in the UK, behind easyJet and British Airways. Jet2 is also officially the largest tour operator in the UK after overtaking TUI in 2023.

Further bases are at Belfast International, Birmingham, Bournemouth, Bristol, East Midlands, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, London–Luton, London–Stansted, Manchester and Newcastle airports. The company holds a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating Licence to carry passengers, cargo and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats. Jet2 also offers a charter service through its Jet2charters brand.

TUI Airways
TUI Airways Limited (formerly Thomson Airways Limited) is the British arm of the TUI airline group, which is owned and operated by the TUI Group. They offer scheduled and charter flights from the United Kingdom and Ireland to destinations in Europe, Africa, Asia and North America.

The airline is the fourth largest UK airline by total passengers carried, after EasyJet, British Airways and Jet2.com. It is also the world's tenth largest airline by number of route pairings served. TUI Airways holds a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) Type A Operating Licence permitting it to carry passengers, cargo and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats. Its head office and registered office is Wigmore House in Luton, Bedfordshire.
Casamarciano
Casamarciano is a comune (municipality) in the  Metropolitan City of Naples in the Italian region Campania, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northeast of Naples.

Casamarciano borders the following municipalities: Avella, Cimitile, Comiziano, Nola, Tufino, Visciano.

Comiziano
Comiziano is a comune (municipality) in the  Metropolitan City of Naples in  Italy,  Campania region, located about 30 km northeast of Naples.

Comiziano borders the following municipalities: Camposano, Casamarciano, Cicciano, Cimitile, Tufino.
St Bede's Catholic High School, Ormskirk
St. Bede's Catholic High School is a Roman Catholic, co-educational secondary school located on St. Anne's Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, North West England. As a Catholic community school, it gives priority to parishioners' children and those living within the LEA.

Ormskirk
Ormskirk is a market town in the West Lancashire district of Lancashire, England. Ormskirk is a market town in the West Lancashire district of Lancashire, England. It is located 13 miles (21 km) northeast of Liverpool, 11 miles (18 km) northwest of St Helens, 9 miles (14 km) southeast of Southport and 18 miles (29 km) southwest of Preston. Ormskirk is known for its gingerbread. In 2011 it had a population of 24,073.

Ormskirk is home to Edge Hill University.
Abu Qash
Abu Qash (Arabic: ابو قش) is a Palestinian village located in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate in the northern West Bank, located north of Ramallah and south of the Birzeit University. According to the 2017 census conducted by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, it had a population of 2,237.

Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate
31°55′59″N 35°12′18″E﻿ / ﻿31.933°N 35.205°E﻿ / 31.933; 35.205

The Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate (Arabic: محافظة رام الله والبيرة, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat Rām Allāh wa l Bīra) is one of 16  governorates of Palestine. It covers a large part of the central West Bank, on the northern border of the Jerusalem Governorate. Its district capital or muhfaza (seat) is the city of al-Bireh.

According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the district had a population of 279,730 in 2007. Laila Ghannam serves as governor, the first woman in this role.
Hearne, Texas
Hearne (/hɜːrn/ hurn) is a city in Robertson County, Texas, United States.  As of the 2020 census, its population was 4,544.  The city is named for a family who settled in the area in the 19th century and promoted the construction of rail lines through the city.

Robertson County, Texas
Robertson County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 16,757. Its county seat is Franklin. The county was created in 1837 and organized the following year. It is named for Sterling C. Robertson, an early settler who signed the Texas Declaration of Independence.

Robertson County is in east-central Texas and is part of the College Station-Bryan, TX metropolitan statistical area.
Raby Bay
Raby Bay is a bay within Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia, created by the Cleveland Point headland. It forms the coastline of the suburbs of Cleveland and Ormiston in the City of Redland. It is the site of seagrass meadows that support a population of dugongs. Raby Bay is also the name of a neighbourhood (a canal estate development) within Cleveland that borders the bay.

Cleveland, Queensland
Cleveland is a coastal and central locality in the City of Redland, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Cleveland had a population of 15,850 people.

Its location makes it a transport hub for islands in Moreton Bay.
Eagle House (suffragette's rest)
Eagle House is a Grade II* listed building in Batheaston, Somerset, near Bath. Before World War I the house had extensive grounds.

When Emily Blathwayt and her husband Colonel Linley Blathwayt owned the house, its summerhouse was used, from 1909 to 1912, as a refuge for suffragettes who had been released from prison after hunger strikes. It became known as the Suffragette's Rest or Suffragette's Retreat. Emily Blathwayt was a suffragette and member of the Women's Social and Political Union.

Between April 1909 and July 1911, trees were planted in the grounds to commemorate individual suffragettes, and at least 47 were planted in a 2-acre (0.81 ha) site. Known as Annie's Arboretum, after Annie Kenney, the trees were destroyed in the 1960s when a housing estate was built. Only one tree remains, an Austrian pine planted in 1909 by Rose Lamartine Yates.

Mary Phillips (suffragette)
Mary Elizabeth Phillips (15 July 1880 – 21 June 1969) was an English suffragette, feminist and socialist. She was the longest prison serving suffragette. She worked for Christabel Pankhurst but was sacked; she then worked for Sylvia Pankhurst as Mary Pederson or Mary Paterson. In later life she supported women's and children's organisations.
Ballardvale, Massachusetts
Ballardvale (sometimes written archaically as BallardVale or Ballard Vale) is a village located within the boundaries of the town of Andover, Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. Growing originally in the 19th century around mills located on the Shawsheen River, the village is a local historic district, boasting many varieties of historic architecture and a rich industrial heritage.

Andover, Massachusetts
Andover is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. It was settled in 1642 and incorporated in 1646. At the 2020 census, the population was 36,569. It is located 20 miles (32 km) north of Boston and 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Lawrence. Part of the town comprises the census-designated place of Andover. It is twinned with its namesake: Andover, Hampshire, England.
Mangalore International Airport
Mangalore International Airport (IATA: IXE, ICAO: VOML) (also known as Mangaluru International Airport) is an international airport serving the coastal city of Mangaluru in the state of Karnataka, India. It is one of only two international airports in the state, the other being Kempegowda International Airport in the capital city of Bengaluru. Mangalore International Airport is the second-busiest airport in the state. In addition to domestic destinations, flights depart daily for major cities in the Middle East. The airport was named Bajpe Aerodrome, when it opened on 25 December 1951 by the former and First Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, who arrived on a Douglas DC-3 aircraft.

Tabletop runway
A tabletop runway is a runway that is located on the top of a plateau or hill with one or both ends adjacent to a steep precipice which drops into a deep gorge. This type of runway creates an optical illusion of being at the same level as the plains below, which requires a very precise visual approach by the pilot when instrument landing is not used or not available.
Zoltan Gyimesi
Zoltán Gyimesi (born 31 March 1977) is a Hungarian chess grandmaster and national champion in 2005. He has participated in four Chess Olympiads (1998, 2002, 2004, 2006) with a record of +11=18-4. In 2002, at the 35th Chess Olympiad, the Hungarian team won the silver medal with Gyimesi on the fourth board.

In 2004, he tied for 1st-6th with Evgeniy Najer, Artyom Timofeev, Kaido Külaots, Sergey Grigoriants and Oleg Korneev in the Cappelle-la-Grande Open. In 2005 he won the Hungarian Chess Championship, the EU Individual Open Chess Championship and the European Rapid Chess Championship.

Gyimesi is married to IM Nóra Medvegy.

Evgeniy Najer
Evgeniy Yuryevich Najer (Russian: Евгений Юревич Наер; born 22 June 1977) is a Russian chess grandmaster and the European champion of 2015. He is also one of the coaches of the Russian women's national team.