hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Two Dogmas of Empiricism
"Two Dogmas of Empiricism" is a canonical essay by analytic philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine published in 1951.  According to University of Sydney professor of philosophy Peter Godfrey-Smith, this "paper [is] sometimes regarded as the most important in all of twentieth-century philosophy". The paper is an attack on two central aspects of the logical positivists' philosophy: the first being the analytic–synthetic distinction between analytic truths and synthetic truths, explained by Quine as truths grounded only in meanings and independent of facts, and truths grounded in facts; the other being reductionism, the theory that each meaningful statement gets its meaning from some logical construction of terms that refer exclusively to immediate experience.

"Two Dogmas" has six sections. The first four focus on analyticity, the last two on reductionism. There, Quine turns the focus to the logical positivists' theory of meaning. He also presents his own holistic theory of meaning.

Holism
Holism is the interdisciplinary idea that systems possess properties as wholes apart from the properties of their component parts.
The aphorism "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts", typically attributed to Aristotle, is often given as a summary of this proposal. The concept of holism can inform the methodology for a broad array of scientific fields and lifestyle practices. When applications of holism are said to reveal properties of a whole system beyond those of its parts, these qualities are referred to as emergent properties of that system. Holism in all contexts is often placed in opposition to reductionism, a dominant notion in the philosophy of science that systems containing parts contain no unique properties beyond those parts. Proponents of holism consider the search for emergent properties within systems to be demonstrative of their perspective.
2021 WNBL–Philippines draft
The 2021 WNBL–Philippines draft was the league's draft for the 2021 WNBL–Philippines season which is also the first season of the WNBL as a professional league. It is the first ever draft of the league. Delayed by restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, the draft was held on February 13, 2021.

Fille Claudine Cainglet by the Glutagence Glow Boosters was the first overall pick of the draft.

2021 WNBL–Philippines season
The 2021 WNBL–Pilipinas season, also known as the 2021 Pia Cayetano WNBL season, is the second season of the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL) of the Philippines. It is also the first season of the WNBL as a professional league as recognized by the Games and Amusement Board of the Philippine government. The season started on July 18, 2021.

On July 29, the league announced through their Facebook page that the games were postponed due to the implementation of the highest quarantine restriction (Enhanced Community Quarantine) in Metro Manila beginning on August 6. The season resumed on September 18 after quarantine restrictions in Metro Manila eased up.
Aralsor
Aralsor (Kazakh: Аралсор; Russian: Аралсор) is a bittern salt lake group in Bokey Orda  District, West Kazakhstan Region, Kazakhstan.

The lake lies about 80 kilometers (50 mi) to the east of the Russian border, north of the R-97 Highway (Kazakhstan). The road connects Saykyn station of the Volga Railway near lake Botkul with the village of Taipak on the right bank of the Ural River. Salt extraction on an industrial scale is carried out at the lake.

West Kazakhstan Region
West Kazakhstan Region is a region of Kazakhstan. As of 1 August 2025, it had a population of 695,900. Its administrative centre is Oral (also known as Uralsk), a city of about 250,000 inhabitants.

The region was created as West Kazakhstan Oblast in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic during the Soviet-era. Between 1962 and 1992, it was named Uralsk Oblast. It was renamed in 1993 following the independence of Kazakhstan from the Soviet Union.
Dischidia platyphylla
Dischidia platyphylla is a species of plant in the genus Dischidia native to the Philippines. Its name (platyphylla) refers to the flattened leaves, which as it climbs may cling in a shingle-like way to trees, similar to related species like Dischidia imbricata. These leaves are a form of domatia, which act as a shelter for ants in an example of mutualism with ants that is found in several species of Dischidia.

Dischidia
Dischidia is a genus of plants in the "dog-bane" family Apocynaceae, collectively known as the "milkweeds" (true perennial milkweeds in the Apocynaceae are found in the genus Asclepias). They are epiphytes, native to tropical areas of China, India as well as Bhutan’s southern borders, wherever minimal frost occurs. Additionally, they are known from most areas of Mainland Southeast Asia,  including forested areas of Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and some parts of Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. Several species are also native to Papua New Guinea, northeastern Australia, Mariana Islands and other Pacific islands.
North Shore Country Day School
North Shore Country Day School is an independent school in Winnetka, Illinois.  It took its current form as a coeducational school in 1919 during the Country Day School movement, though it started as the Rugby School for Boys (1893-1900) and Girton School for Girls (1900-1918). It consists of a lower school, a middle school, and an upper school. North Shore Country Day School offers a liberal arts education with students representing the community's values of respect and inclusiveness.

Winnetka, Illinois
Winnetka (/wɪˈnɛtkə/) is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States, 16 miles (26 km) north of downtown Chicago. The population was 12,508 as of the 2026 census. The village is one of the wealthiest places in the United States in terms of household income. It was the second-ranked Illinois community on Bloomberg's 2019 Richest Places Annual Index. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Winnetka's median household income exceeded $250,000 in 2023.
Hornell Public Library
Hornell Public Library is a historic library building located at Hornell in Steuben County, New York, USA. It was designed in 1908 and dedicated in 1911, with funds provided by the philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. It is one of 3,000 such libraries constructed between 1885 and 1919. Carnegie provided $25,000 toward the construction of the Hornell library. It is a one-story, five bay structure built of white pressed brick with masonry trim.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

Hornell, New York
Hornell is a city in Steuben County, New York, United States. The population was 8,259 at the 2020 census. The city is named after the Hornell family, early settlers.

The City of Hornell is surrounded by the Town of Hornellsville. Hornell is about 55 miles (89 km) south of Rochester and is near the western edge of Steuben County.

Hornell is nicknamed the "Maple City" after the large maple trees that once grew throughout the town and covered the surrounding hills of the Canisteo Valley. Hornell residents celebrate with one of the largest Saint Patrick's Day parades and celebrations in the area, bringing many out to welcome spring and show their green.
.40 Super
The .40 Super (10.2x25mm) is a powerful autoloading pistol cartridge developed through the collaboration of Fernando Coelho and Tom Burczynski and introduced by Triton Cartridge in 1996. It delivers ballistics comparable to the .41 Magnum revolver cartridge, yet functions in standard 1911s and other full-size pistols. A 5 in (130 mm) 1911 chambered in the cartridge is capable of penetrating 46 in (120 cm) of Clear Ballistics gel.

The cartridge never attained mainstream success, Triton Cartridge eventually suspended operations, and supplies and support for the round are now limited.

.45 Super
The .45 Super / 11.5x22mm is a smokeless center fire metallic cartridge developed in 1988 by Dean Grennell. Its external dimensions are identical to the .45 ACP/.45 ACP +P round, but it has a thicker internal case-wall, web-area and overall hardness of the cartridge case and is loaded to significantly higher pressures, which offers an average 300 feet per second (91 m/s) improvement in muzzle velocity. The cartridge was co-developed by Tom Fergerson and Ace Hindman.
Pevensey Bay railway station
Pevensey Bay railway station serves Pevensey Bay in East Sussex, England. It is on the East Coastway Line, and train services are provided by Southern.

It was opened by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway on 11 September 1905, and was originally named Pevensey Bay Halt. It was renamed Pevensey Bay on 5 May 1969.

The station was the setting for an episode of The Goon Show called 'The Pevensey Bay Disaster' which was first broadcast in 1956.

Pevensey
Pevensey (/ˈpɛvənzi/ PEV-ən-zee) is a village and civil parish in the Wealden district of East Sussex, England. The main village is located five miles (8 km) north-east of Eastbourne, one mile (1.6 km) inland from Pevensey Bay. The settlement of Pevensey Bay forms part of the parish. It was here that William the Conqueror made the landing in his invasion of England in 1066 after crossing the English Channel from Normandy.
Deep geological repository
A deep geological repository is a way of storing hazardous or radioactive waste within a stable geologic environment, typically 200–1,000 m below the surface of the earth. It entails a combination of waste form, waste package, engineered seals and geology that is suited to provide a high level of long-term isolation and containment without future maintenance. This is intended to prevent radioactive dangers. A number of mercury, cyanide and arsenic waste repositories are operating worldwide including Canada (Giant Mine) and Germany (potash mines in Herfa-Neurode and Zielitz). Radioactive waste storage sites are under construction with the Onkalo in Finland being the most advanced.

Transuranium element
The transuranium (or transuranic) elements are the chemical elements with atomic number greater than 92, which is the atomic number of uranium. All of them are radioactively unstable and decay into other elements. They are synthetic and none occur naturally on Earth, except for neptunium and plutonium which have been found in trace amounts in naturally occurring uranium ore.
Moselopteridae
Moselopteridae are an extinct family of eurypterids. It is the only family classified as part of the superfamily Moselopteroidea, and contains three genera: Moselopterus, Stoermeropterus and Vinetopterus.

Stoermeropterus
Stoermeropterus is a genus of prehistoric eurypterid from the Silurian period in Europe and North America classified as part of the Moselopteridae family. The genus contains three species, S. conicus and S. latus from Ringerike, Norway and S. nodosus from West Virginia.
Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa
Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa is a Christian megachurch located near the boundary between the cities of Costa Mesa and Santa Ana in Orange County. Although the church takes its name from its original facilities on the Costa Mesa side of the boundary, it is now in Santa Ana. The original Calvary Chapel, the church has grown since 1965 from a handful of people, led by senior pastor Chuck Smith, to become the "mother church" of over one thousand congregations worldwide. Outreach Magazine's list of the 100 Largest Churches in America lists attendance as 9,500, making it the thirty-ninth largest in America.

Costa Mesa, California
Costa Mesa (/ˌkoʊstə ˈmeɪsə/ KOH-stə MAY-sə; Spanish for 'Mesa Coast') is a city in Orange County, California, United States. Since its incorporation in 1953, the city has grown from a semi-rural farming community of 16,840 to an urban area including part of the South Coast Plaza–John Wayne Airport edge city, one of the region's largest commercial clusters, with an economy based on retail, commerce, and light manufacturing. The population was 111,918 at the 2020 census.
Theo Thurlings
Theodorus Lambertus Mathis Thurlings (24 December 1916 – 10 September 1997) was a Dutch economist and politician.

He was a member of the CDA. He was president of the Dutch Senate from 1973 till 1983. He  was preceded Maarten de Niet Gerritzoon and was succeeded by Piet Steenkamp.

Maarten de Niet Gerritzoon
Maarten de Niet Gerritzoon (16 March 1904 – 25 July 1979) was a Dutch politician.

During the Second World War, he was a prisoner in several Japanese prisoner-of-war camps, like Sukamiskin Penitentiary in Bandung.

After the war he became a member of the PvdA and was considered to be very progressive. Between 1950 and 1969 he was mayor of Wageningen. From 1956, he was a member of the Senate as well. As a senator, he often collided with Minister of Foreign Affairs Joseph Luns on the issue of Netherlands New Guinea. In 1969, he replaced Jannes Pieter Mazure as president of the Senate. In 1973 De Niet was succeeded by Theo Thurlings.
The Daily Comet
The Daily Comet is a newspaper in Thibodaux, Louisiana, United States. It covers Lafourche, Assumption, the west bank of St. James and the northern part of Terrebonne parishes.

It began publishing in 1889 as the weekly Lafourche Comet. It is the only paper currently published in America named "Comet".  Its publisher, a Democrat, selected the name "Comet" because the rival Republican newspaper was named the Star. The publisher reasoned that a comet is brighter than a star.

The Daily Comet was purchased by Halifax Media Group from The New York Times Company on January 6, 2012. In 2015, Halifax was acquired by New Media Investment Group.

Thibodaux, Louisiana
Thibodaux (/ˈtɪbədoʊ/ TIB-ə-doh) is a city in and the parish seat of Lafourche Parish, Louisiana, United States, along the banks of Bayou Lafourche in the northwestern part of the parish. The population was 15,948 at the 2020 census. Thibodaux is a principal city of the Houma–Bayou Cane–Thibodaux metropolitan statistical area.

Thibodaux is nicknamed the "Queen City of Lafourche", and is home to Nicholls State University.
2000 Enggano earthquake
On 4 June 2000, at 23:28 WIB, southern Sumatra in Indonesia was struck by an earthquake of Mw7.9 with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). The event occurred off the coast near Enggano Island. There were more than 100 fatalities and up to 2,585 injuries. Over 340 aftershocks shook the area throughout the rest of 2000, one just eleven minutes after the mainshock.

This was the first and southernmost in a series of very large to great Sumatran earthquakes in the 2000s to rupture almost the entire western part of the Sunda megathrust, most notably including the 2004 Indian Ocean, 2005 Nias–Simeulue and 2007 Bengkulu earthquakes.

2007 Bengkulu earthquakes
The 2007 Bengkulu earthquakes were a series of megathrust earthquakes that struck the Sunda Trench off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, with three of magnitude 7 or greater. A series of tsunami bulletins was issued for the area. The most powerful of the series had a magnitude of 8.4, which makes it in the top 20 of the largest earthquakes ever recorded on a seismograph.
Bodashtart inscriptions
The Bodashtart inscriptions are a well-known group of between 22 and 24 Phoenician inscriptions from the 6th century BC referring to King Bodashtart.

The first known inscription was CIS I 4, said to be found in 1858 in a wall near Sidon.

Subsequently, two series of inscriptions were found in the early 20th century at the Temple of Eshmun, near Sidon in Lebanon, immediately before and during the excavations there. They are known as KAI 15 and 16. One of these set of inscriptions refers to only the name of Bodashtart (KAI 15), and the other refers to both Bodashtart and his heir Yatan-milk (KAI 16).

In 2004 another significant inscription was reconstructed.

Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften
Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften (in English, Canaanite and Aramaic Inscriptions), or KAI, is the standard source for the original text of Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions not contained in the Hebrew Bible.

It was first published from 1960 to 1964 in three volumes by the German orientalists Herbert Donner and Wolfgang Röllig, and has been updated in numerous subsequent editions.

The work attempted to "integrate philology, palaeography and cultural history" in the commented re-editing of a selection of Canaanite and Aramaic Inscriptions, using the "pertinent source material for the Phoenician, Punic, Moabite, pre-exile-Hebrew and Ancient Aramaic cultures." Röllig and Donner had the support of William F. Albright in Baltimore, James Germain Février in Paris and Giorgio Levi Della Vida in Rome during the compilation of the first edition.
Russet Pikes
Russet Pikes (67°49′S 67°8′W﻿ / ﻿67.817°S 67.133°W﻿ / -67.817; -67.133) are Antarctic peaks just east of the mouth of Gaul Cove on Horseshoe Island. Surveyed by Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1955–57. The name is descriptive; reddish-brown colour is visible on the feature most of the year, the slopes being too steep to retain snow cover for any length of time.

Gaul Cove
Gaul Cove (67°49′S 67°11′W﻿ / ﻿67.817°S 67.183°W﻿ / -67.817; -67.183) is a cove indenting the northeast side of Horseshoe Island, off the coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for Kenneth M. Gaul, first leader of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Horseshoe Island station in 1955.
Bay Terrace, Queens
Bay Terrace is a neighborhood in the northeastern section of the New York City borough of Queens. It is often considered part of the larger area of Bayside. Bay Terrace overlooks the East River and the approaches to the Throgs Neck Bridge from the Clearview Expressway and Cross Island Parkway. It is bounded on the west by the Clearview Expressway, on the south by 26th and 28th Avenues, to the east by the Little Neck Bay, and to the north by the East River.

Bay Terrace is located in Queens Community District 7 and its ZIP Code is 11360. It is patrolled by the New York City Police Department's 109th Precinct. Politically, Bay Terrace is represented by the New York City Council's 19th District.

Fort Totten (Queens)
Fort Totten is a former active United States Army installation in the New York City borough of Queens. It is located on the north shore of Long Island. Fort Totten is at the head of Little Neck Bay, where the East River widens to become Long Island Sound.  While the U.S. Army Reserve continues to maintain a presence at the fort, the property is now owned by the City of New York.
Beckius
Beckius is an extinct genus of marine whitefish known from the Early Oligocene of California. It contains a single species, B. plicatus, known only from a single fossilized scale from the Tumey Formation, a lens of the Kreyenhagen Shale. The scale was found to resemble those of Coregonus, although significantly different in many ways, leading to its classification as a new genus of Coregoninae.

The genus name was later reused in 1992 for a scarab beetle from New Guinea, until it was discovered to be preoccupied; the beetle was thus renamed Debeckius.

Freshwater whitefish
The freshwater whitefish are fishes  of the subfamily Coregoninae, which contains whitefishes (both freshwater and anadromous) and ciscoes, and is one of three subfamilies in the salmon family Salmonidae. Apart from the subfamily Coregoninae, the family Salmonidae includes the salmon, trout, and char species of the subfamily Salmoninae, and grayling species of the subfamily Thymallinae. Freshwater whitefish are distributed mainly in relatively cool waters throughout the northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere.
Cook Park, Orange
Cook Park is a heritage-listed 4-hectare (10-acre) urban park at 24–26 Summer Street, Orange, a city in the Central West region of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed and built by Alfred Patterson from 1873 to 1950. It is also known as Orange Botanic Garden. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 24 August 2018. The park's main entrance is from the corner of Summer Street and Clinton Street.

Orange, New South Wales
Orange is a city in the Central Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia. It is 254 km (158 mi) west of the state capital, Sydney [206 km (128 mi) on a great circle], at an altitude of 862 metres (2,828 ft). Orange had an urban population of 41,920 at the 2021 Census, making the city a significant regional centre. A significant nearby landmark is Mount Canobolas with a peak elevation of 1,395 m (4,577 ft) AHD and commanding views of the district. Orange is situated within the traditional lands of the Wiradjuri tribe.

Orange was the birthplace of poets Banjo Paterson and Kenneth Slessor, although Paterson lived in Orange for only a short time as an infant. Walter W. Stone, book publisher (Wentworth Books) and passionate supporter of Australian literature, was also born in Orange. The first Australian Touring Car Championship, known today as the Supercars Championship, was held at the Gnoo Blas Motor Racing Circuit in 1960.
Rollins College Interracial Committee
The Rollins College Interracial Committee was a student-run organization at Rollins College with the aim of improving race relations, acting mainly through service projects for the African-American community throughout central Florida. The committee was founded in the mid-1930s. It was renamed to the "Rollins College Race Relations Committee" in 1945. It was renamed to the "Rollins Inter-Faith and Race Relations Committee" between the years 1949 and 1950. Notably, Fred Rogers, later famous for his role on Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, served as president during the 1950-1951 school year. The committee was disbanded between 1956 and 1960.

Rollins College
Rollins College is a private liberal arts college in Winter Park, Florida. It was founded in November 1885 and has about 30 undergraduate majors and several master's programs. Florida's fourth oldest post-secondary institution, and oldest private university, it has an approximate enrollment of 3,000 students, composed of roughly 2,500 undergraduates and 500 postgraduates.
Ranuccio Farnese (cardinal)
Ranuccio Farnese (11 August 1530 – 29 October 1565) was an Italian prelate of the Farnese family, who was Cardinal of Santa Lucia in Selci from 1545 to his death in 1565.  Son of Pier Luigi Farnese, the illegitimate son of Pope Paul III, Farnese was created Cardinal at the age of 15 by his grandfather the pope: he was nicknamed the cardinalino ("little cardinal") for his young age.

House of Farnese
The House of Farnese (/fɑːrˈneɪzi, -zeɪ/, also US: /-eɪsi/, Italian: [farˈneːze, -eːse]) was an influential family in Renaissance Italy. The titles of Duke of Parma and Piacenza, Duke of Latera and Duke of Castro were held by various members of the family.

Its most important members included Pope Paul III, Alessandro Farnese (a cardinal), Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza (a military commander and Governor of the Spanish Netherlands), and Elisabeth Farnese, who became Queen of Spain and whose legacy was brought to her Bourbon descendants.

A number of important architectural works and antiquities are associated with the Farnese family, either through construction or acquisition. Buildings include the Palazzo Farnese in Rome and the Villa Farnese at Caprarola, and ancient artifacts include the Farnese Marbles.
Beuronese Congregation
The Beuronese Congregation, also known as Beuron Congregation, is a union of mostly German or German-speaking monasteries of both monks and nuns within the Benedictine Confederation. The congregation is under the patronage of Martin of Tours, the patron saint of the Archabbey of Beuron.

Tholey Abbey
Tholey Abbey (German: Abtei Tholey) in Tholey, in the district of Sankt Wendel in Saarland, Germany, is a Benedictine monastery dedicated to Saint Maurice. It is part of the Beuronese Congregation within the Benedictine Confederation.