hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Polyvalent DNA gold nanoparticles
Polyvalent DNA gold nanoparticles, now more commonly referred to as spherical nucleic acids, (Fig. 1) are colloidal gold particles densely modified with short (typically ~30-mer or less), highly oriented, synthetic DNA strands. They were invented by Chad Mirkin et al. at Northwestern University in 1996. Paul Alivisatos et al. at the University of California, Berkeley introduced a related monovalent structure the same year. Due to the strong interaction between gold and thiols (-SH), the first polyvalent DNA gold nanoparticles were obtained by capping the gold nanoparticles with a dense monolayer of thiol-modified DNA. The dense packing and negative charge of the phosphate backbones of DNA orients it into solution (like a “koosh ball”) with a footprint that is dependent on factors including the particle size and radius of curvature.

Spherical nucleic acid
Spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) are nanostructures that consist of a densely packed, highly oriented arrangement of linear nucleic acids in a three-dimensional, spherical geometry. This novel three-dimensional architecture is responsible for many of the SNA's novel chemical, biological, and physical properties that make it useful in biomedicine and materials synthesis. SNAs were first introduced in 1996 by Chad Mirkin's group at Northwestern University.
HP 660LX
The HP 660LX (F1270A) is a handheld palmtop organizer that runs Windows CE 2.0 or 2.11 that launched in 1998. It is similar to the previous model, the HP 620LX.  It has a CompactFlash Type I card slot, a PC card slot, a serial link cable plug,  and an infrared port.

It is internet capable by attaching an add-on modem or through an Ethernet or Wi-Fi card. Only Type I PC cards are supported and special drivers for the Windows CE operating system are required.

On June 4, 1998, the 660LX was announced to ship in the month of July with a 75Mhz Hitachi SH-3 RISC processor and 32Mb of RAM at a price of $999.

By August 1998, the 660LX was available for purchase through corporate resellers including CompUSA.

HP 620LX
The HP 620LX (F1250A, F1259A) is a palmtop computer released by Hewlett-Packard in March 1998. It was shipped with Windows CE 2.0 or 2.11 and included a CompactFlash Type I card slot, a PC card slot, a serial link cable plug, and an infrared port. It has 16 MB of RAM and a Hitachi SH3 processor running at 75 MHz. It also has a 256-color display with a resolution of 640x240. The screen is backlit.

It is internet capable by attaching an add-on modem or through an Ethernet or Wi-Fi card. Only Type I PC cards are supported, and special drivers for Windows CE are required.

The 620LX had a MSRP of $889 USD.
G. C. Malhotra
Shri G.C. Malhotra (born 24 July 1943) is the former Secretary General of 12th Lok Sabha  and 13th Lok Sabha and Lok Sabha Secretariat, Parliament of India, i.e. the House of the People (Lower House) in the Indian Parliament. As Secretary General, he is also the Administrative head of the Secretariat of the Lok Sabha. The post of Secretary General is of the rank of the Cabinet Secretary in the Government of India, who is the senior most civil servant to the Indian Government.

13th Lok Sabha
The 13th Lok Sabha (20 October 1999 – 6 February 2004) is the thirteenth session of the Lok Sabha (House of the People, or lower house in the Parliament of India). It was convened after 1999 Indian general election held during September–October 1999.

This majority group in the Lok Sabha during this period was the National Democratic Alliance, a nationalist group led by the Bharatiya Janata Party, which won 270 seats, 16 more than 12th Lok Sabha. The NDA, under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee completed its term until the next general elections of May 2004 for the next 14th Lok Sabha. This was the first non-INC government to complete the full term.

Four sitting members from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 13th Lok Sabha after the 1999 Indian general election.
Lake Ngami
Lake Ngami is an endorheic lake in Botswana, north of the Kalahari Desert. It is seasonally filled by the Taughe River, an effluent of the Okavango River system flowing out of the western side of the Okavango Delta. It is one of the fragmented remnants of the ancient Lake Makgadikgadi. Although the lake has shrunk dramatically beginning from 1890, it remains an important habitat for birds and wildlife, especially in flood years.

Lake Makgadikgadi
Lake Makgadikgadi (Setswana: Letsha la Makgadikgadi, [lɪt͜sʰa la makχʰadiˈkχʰaːdi]) was a paleolake that existed in what is now the Kalahari Desert in Botswana from 2,000,000 years BP to 10,000 years BP.  It may have once covered  an area of from 80,000 to 275,000 km2 (30,888 to 106,178 sq mi) and was 30 metres (98 ft) deep. The Okavango, Upper Zambezi, and Cuando rivers once all emptied into the lake. Its remains are seen in the Makgadikgadi salt pans, one of the largest salt pans in the world.

DNA research suggests (though this remains a matter of controversy) that the lake region is the homeland of Homo sapiens, where humans first evolved as a distinct species about 200,000 years ago, before expanding to other parts of Africa about 70,000 years later.
Littleton, North Carolina
Littleton is a town in Halifax County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, Littleton had a population of 559. It is part of the Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Roanoke Rapids micropolitan area
The Roanoke Rapids, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area (μSA) as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of two counties in North Carolina, anchored by the city of Roanoke Rapids.

As of the 2000 census, the μSA had a population of 79,456 (though a July 1, 2009 estimate placed the population at 74,716).
Clancy Edwards
Clancy Edwards (born August 9, 1955) is an American retired track and field sprinter. He was considered one of the best sprinters in the world between 1974 and 1978. He won the 200 metres at the 1977 IAAF World Cup, the most important meet of that year, defeating future World Record holder Pietro Mennea.

Pietro Mennea
Pietro Paolo Mennea (Italian pronunciation: [ˈpjɛːtro menˈnɛːa]; 28 June 1952 – 21 March 2013), nicknamed la Freccia del Sud ("the Arrow of the South"), was an Italian sprinter and politician. He was most successful in the 200 m event, winning a gold medal at the 1980 Moscow Olympics, and setting a world record at 19.72 seconds in September 1979. This record stood for almost 17 years – the longest duration in the event history – and is still the European record. He is the only male sprinter who has qualified at four consecutive 200 metres Olympic finals: from 1972 to 1984.
Ayacucho Partido
Ayacucho Partido is a partido in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.

The provincial subdivision has a population of 19,669 inhabitants in an area of 6,785 km2 (2,619.7 sq mi), and its capital city is Ayacucho, which is around 330 km (210 mi) from Buenos Aires.

Ayacucho, Buenos Aires
Ayacucho is a city in eastern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina; the administrative seat of Ayacucho Partido. The city is located on the bankAgriculture Arroyo Tandileoufú. Agriculture and ranching are central to the economy, along with agrotourism.
Fourteenth Area Army
The Fourteenth Area Army (第14方面軍, Dai-jyūyon hōmen gun) was a field army of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during World War II. It was originally the 14th Army, formed on November 6, 1941, for the upcoming invasion of the Philippines. It was reorganized in the Philippines on July 28, 1944, when American landings were considered imminent. The Fourteenth Area Army was formed by reinforcing and renaming the Fourteenth Army (第14軍, Dai-jyūyon gun). (An IJA "area army" was equivalent to a field army in other militaries, while an IJA "army" was a smaller, corps-level formation.)

8th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 8th Division (第8師団, Dai-hachi Shidan) was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. It was formed 1 October 1898 in Hirosaki, Aomori, as one of the six new reserve divisions created after the First Sino-Japanese War and was annihilated in the Philippines during the Pacific War at Rodriguez, Rizal in 1945. Its Tsūshōgō (code name) was Sugi (杉, "Cryptomeria"). The 8th Division consisted of troops from the Tōhoku region of Japan, primarily Aomori, Akita and Yamagata Prefectures. Its first commander was General Tatsumi Naofumi, formerly commander of the Sendai Garrison.
Wyman, Arkansas
Wyman is an unincorporated community in Wyman Township, Washington County, Arkansas, United States. It is located east of the White River, north of Lake Sequoyah, southwest of Goshen, and east of Fayetteville.

Fayetteville, Arkansas
Fayetteville (/ˈfeɪətvɪl/ FAY-ət-vil) is a city in Washington County, Arkansas, United States, and its county seat. The population was 93,949 at the 2020 census, and was estimated at 103,134 in 2024, making it the second-most populous city in Arkansas and the most populous city in Northwest Arkansas. Fayetteville is on the outskirts of the Boston Mountains, within the Ozarks. It is included in the three-county Northwest Arkansas metropolitan area, with 546,725 residents in 2020.

Fayetteville was named after Fayetteville, Tennessee, from which many settlers had come, and was incorporated on November 3, 1836. It is home to the University of Arkansas, the state's flagship university.  When classes are in session, thousands of students on campus change up the pace of the city. Thousands of Arkansas Razorbacks alumni and fans travel to Fayetteville to attend football, basketball, and baseball games.
Maryland Route 440
Maryland Route 440 (MD 440) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland.  Known as Dublin Road, the state highway runs 5.65 miles (9.09 km) from MD 543 in Ady east to U.S. Route 1 (US 1) near Dublin.  MD 440 was built between Ady and MD 136 in Dublin in the early 1930s and extended east to US 1 in 1956.

U.S. Route 1 in Maryland
U.S. Route 1 (US 1) is the easternmost and longest of the major north–south routes of the older 1920s era United States Numbered Highway System, running from Key West, Florida, to Fort Kent, Maine. In the U.S. state of Maryland, it runs 81 miles (130 km) from the Washington, D.C. line to the Pennsylvania state line near the town of Rising Sun.

US 1 is paralleled by several major highways as it passes through Maryland, including Interstate 95 (I-95), the Baltimore–Washington Parkway (B–W Parkway), US 29, and US 301. Thus, US 1 has lost its significance as a long distance route through the state. It is often congested, however, because it remains a major route in the individual towns it traverses.
Severn Stars
Severn Stars are an English netball team based at the University of Worcester. The team is named after the River Severn, which runs through Worcester and Gloucester, the original home cities of the two universities. Severn Stars were formed in 2016 and since 2017 their senior team has played in the Netball Superleague. The franchise disbanded at the end of the 2024 season after it was not offered a contract in the relaunched Netball Superleague. Birmingham Panthers was instead named as a franchise for the region and entered its inaugural season in 2025.

Birmingham Panthers (netball)
Birmingham Panthers is an English netball team based in Birmingham which plays in the Netball Superleague. The franchise was added in 2025 as one of two new entries in the relaunched “NSL 2.0”, which aims to professionalise the league.

The Birmingham Panthers' original debut netball kit was designed by Fashion Design students Rohan Scott and Zoe Bennett at Birmingham City University. The design was inspired by a combination of local architecture translated into
stylistic shapes curves and hidden elements such as an iridescent pattern that resembled the rosettes often unseen on a panther's shiny black coat. Scott and Bennett collaborated to combine their concepts to create the striking electric blue debut kit for the Birmingham Panthers.
Berga Naval Training Schools
Berga Naval Training Schools (Swedish: Berga örlogsskolor, BÖS) was a military branch school for the Swedish Fleet within the Swedish Navy, which operated in various forms from 1946 to 1997. The staff was located at Berga Naval Base in Haninge Garrison in Berga, Haninge Municipality.

Berga Naval Base
59°05′N 18°08′E﻿ / ﻿59.08°N 18.14°E﻿ / 59.08; 18.14
Berga Naval Base (Swedish: Berga örlogsbas) is a naval base of the Swedish Navy located in the Hårsfjärden fjard near Berga, Haninge Municipality. Today it is the home of the 4th Naval Warfare Flotilla, the 1st Marine Regiment and Home Guard unit Södertörn Group (Södertörnsgruppen).
Lambda-mu calculus
In mathematical logic and computer science, the lambda-mu calculus is an extension of the lambda calculus introduced by Michel Parigot. It introduces two new operators: the μ operator (which is completely different both from the μ operator found in computability theory and from the μ operator of modal μ-calculus) and the bracket operator. Proof-theoretically, it provides a well-behaved formulation of classical natural deduction.

One of the main goals of this extended calculus is to be able to describe expressions corresponding to theorems in classical logic. According to the Curry–Howard isomorphism, lambda calculus on its own can express theorems in intuitionistic logic only, and several classical logical theorems can't be written at all. However with these new operators one is able to write terms that have the type of, for example, Peirce's law.

The μ operator corresponds to Felleisen's undelimited control operator C  and bracket corresponds to calling a captured continuation.

Natural deduction
In logic and proof theory, natural deduction is a kind of proof calculus in which logical reasoning is expressed by inference rules closely related to the "natural" way of reasoning. This contrasts with Hilbert-style systems, which instead use axioms as much as possible to express the logical laws of deductive reasoning.
Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary
The Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary in the Great Rann of Kutch, Kutch district, Gujarat, India. It was declared in February 1986 and with 7,506.22 km2 (2,898.17 sq mi), it is the largest in India.

It is one of the largest seasonal saline wetlands having an average water depth between 0.5 and 1.5 metres. By October–November each year, rain water dries up and the entire area turns into saline desert. The sanctuary supports a wide variety of water birds and mammalian wildlife.

Great Rann of Kutch
The Great Rann of Kutch (IPA: [ɾən...kət͡ːʃʰ]) is a salt marsh in the Thar Desert in the Kutch District of Gujarat, India. It is about 7500 km2 (2900 sq miles) in area and is reputed to be one of the largest salt deserts in the world. This area has been inhabited by the Kutchi people.

The Gujarati word Rann and Sindhi word Rinn is derived from Sanskrit/Vedic word iriṇa (इरिण), meaning the salt flat or barren ground, attested in the Rigveda and Mahabharata. It is the southern extension of the Thar Desert.
Monica Colby
Monica Scott Colby is a fictional character from the ABC television series Dynasty and its spin-off The Colbys, both created by Richard and Esther Shapiro. Portrayed by Tracy Scoggins, the character was introduced on Dynasty in the November 1985 two-part episode "The Titans" as the lawyer daughter of wealthy California CEO Jason Colby (Charlton Heston) and his socialite wife, Sable (Stephanie Beacham). Scoggins was subsequently a series regular on The Colbys for two seasons from 1985 to 1987. She reappeared as Monica on Dynasty for its final eight episodes in 1989.

In The CW's 2017 Dynasty reboot, Monica is portrayed by Wakeema Hollis. In this series, Monica is the sister of Jeff Colby (Sam Adegoke) and the daughter of Cesil Colby (Hakeem Kae-Kazim) and Dominique Deveraux (Michael Michele), who is the half-sister of Blake Carrington (Grant Show).

Dynasty (1981 TV series) season 9
The ninth and final season of Dynasty originally aired in the United States on ABC from November 3, 1988, through May 11, 1989. The series, created by Richard and Esther Shapiro and produced by Aaron Spelling, revolves around the Carringtons, a wealthy family residing in Denver, Colorado.

Season nine stars John Forsythe as millionaire oil magnate Blake Carrington; Linda Evans as his wife Krystle; Gordon Thomson as Blake and Alexis' eldest son Adam; Heather Locklear as Krystle's niece Sammy Jo; Michael Nader as Alexis's husband Dex Dexter;  Emma Samms as Blake and Alexis' daughter Fallon; John James as Fallon's ex-husband Jeff Colby; Leann Hunley as Adam's wife Dana; Stephanie Beacham as Alexis' cousin Sable Colby; Tracy Scoggins as Sable's daughter Monica; and Joan Collins as Alexis Colby, Blake's ex-wife and the mother of Adam, Fallon, Steven, and Amanda.
Warrego Highway
The Warrego Highway is located in southern Queensland, Australia. It connects coastal centres to the south western areas of the state, and is approximately 715 km in length. It takes its name from the Warrego River, which is the endpoint of the highway. The entire highway is part of the National Highway system linking Darwin and Brisbane: formerly National Highway 54, Queensland began to convert to the alphanumeric system much of Australia had adopted in the early-2000s and this road is now designated as National Highway A2.

Warrego River
The Warrego River is an intermittent river that is part of the Darling catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, which is located in South West Queensland and in the Orana region of New South Wales, Australia. The Warrego River is the northernmost tributary of the Darling River.
Fuyan Cave
Fuyan Cave (Chinese: 福岩洞) is a complex of limestone caves in Tangbei village, Lefutang town, Daoxian, Hunan province, south central China famous for the discovery of the oldest evidence for unambiguously fully modern humans outside Africa. 47 human teeth, dating to between 80,000 and 120,000 years ago, were discovered at Fuyan Cave. The teeth are also unusual for showing signs of cavities, a feature typically not found in teeth older than 50,000 years. However, a later study focusing on autosomal DNA analysis of the remains challenged this assertion, and found that the remains were younger than previously suspected.

Dao County
Dao County (simplified Chinese: 道县; traditional Chinese: 道縣; pinyin: Dào Xiàn) is a county in Hunan Province, China. It is under the administration of Yongzhou prefecture-level City.

Located on the southern margin of the province, it is adjacent to the northeastern border of Guangxi. The county borders to the northeast by Shuangpai County, to the east by Ningyuan County, to the south by Jianghua County, to the southwest by Jiangyong County, and to the northwest and the north by Guanyang and Quanzhou Counties of Guangxi. Dao County covers 2,448 km2 (945 sq mi), and as of 2015, it had a registered population of 802,800 and a resident population of 624,600. The county has 11 towns, four townships and 7 subdistricts under its jurisdiction, and the county seat is Lianxi (濂溪街道).
American Standard Version
The American Standard Version (ASV), officially Revised Version, Standard American Edition, is a Bible translation into English that was completed in 1901 with the publication of the revision of the Old Testament. The revised New Testament had been published in 1900.

It was previously known by its full name, but soon came to have other names, such as the American Revised Version, the American Standard Revision, the American Standard Revised Bible, and the American Standard Edition.

Bible translations into English
More than 100 complete translations of the Bible into English languages  have been produced.
Translations of Biblical books, especially passages read in the Liturgy can be traced back to the late 7th century, including translations into Old and Middle English.
Redcliff, Zimbabwe
Redcliff is a town situated in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe, with a population of  41,526 (as of 2022). It lies about 219 km (136 mi) north-east of Bulawayo.

The town sits in an extremely iron-rich area, and has relied on steel production as a source of revenue since it was founded in the early part of the 20th century. The Zimbabwe Iron and Steel Company (ZISCO, formerly RISCO, founded in 1942), which is based in Redcliff, was the town's largest employer until it closed down in 2008.

Zimbabwe Iron and Steel Company
Zimbabwe Iron and Steel Company is the largest steel works in Zimbabwe. It is located just outside Kwekwe, in Redcliff, Kwekwe District. Over the years the company has faced many operational problems and corruption scandals.
Bryoamaride
Bryoamaride is a chemical compound isolated from certain plants, notably Bryonia dioica.  It can be seen as a derivative of the triterpene hydrocarbon cucurbitane (C30H54), more specifically from cucurbitacin L or 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin I.: 65

The derivative 25-O-acetylbryoamaride is found in Trichosanthes tricuspidata.: 66

Cucurbitane
Cucurbitane is a tetracyclic chemical compound with formula C30H54.  It is a polycyclic hydrocarbon, specifically triterpene.  It is also an isomer of lanostane (specifically 19(10→9β)-abeolanostane), from which it differs by the formal shift of a methyl group (carbon number 19) from the 10 to the 9β position in the standard steroid numbering scheme.

The name is applied to two stereoisomers, distinguished by the prefixes 5α- and 5β-, which differ by the handedness of the bonds at a particular carbon atom (number 5 in the standard steroid numbering scheme).

5α-Cucurbitane

5β-Cucurbitane

Cucurbitane is the core chemical structure of a class of derivatives known as cucurbitane-type triterpenoids or simply as cucurbitanes.
Lykens, Pennsylvania
Lykens is a borough in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, United States. Anthracite coal mining sustained a population of 2,762 in 1900 and 2,943 in 1910. The population was 1,865 at the 2020 census.

Lykens is part of the Harrisburg–Carlisle Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Dauphin County, Pennsylvania
Dauphin County (/ˈdɔːfɪn/) is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 286,401. The county seat is Harrisburg, Pennsylvania's state capital and ninth-most populous city. The county was created on March 4, 1785, from part of Lancaster County and was named after Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France, the first son of King Louis XVI. Dauphin County is included in the Harrisburg–Carlisle Metropolitan Statistical Area. Located within the county is Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station, site of the 1979 nuclear core meltdown. The nuclear power plant closed in 2019. The county is part of the South Central region of the commonwealth.
Health and Welfare Canada
The Department of National Health and Welfare (NHW), commonly known as Health and Welfare Canada, was a Canadian federal department established in 1944.

Its advisory body on welfare was the National Council of Welfare. In June 1993, Prime Minister Kim Campbell split the department into two separate entities: Health Canada and Human Resources and Labour Canada (later Human Resources Development Canada).

Canada Child Benefit
The Canada Child Benefit (CCB), previously the Canada Child Tax Benefit (CCTB), is an income-tested basic income program for Canadian families. It is delivered as a tax-free monthly payment available to eligible Canadian families to help with the cost of raising children. The CCTB could incorporate the National Child Benefit (NCB), a monthly benefit for low-income families with children, and the Child Disability Benefit (CDB), a monthly benefit for families caring for children with severe and prolonged mental or physical disabilities.