hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2007–08 Coppa Titano
The 2007–08 Coppa Titano was the 53rd edition of the Sammarinese football tournament. It started on September 14, 2007 and ended with the final on May 2, 2008. The final saw Murata defeat Juvenes/Dogana by a score of one to zero.

The winner of the tournament would receive a spot in the 2008–09 UEFA Cup tournament. Because Murata also won the Campionato Sammarinese, they received a spot in the Champions League, awarding the UEFA Cup qualification to Juvenes/Dogana.

2007–08 Campionato Sammarinese di Calcio
The 2007–08 Campionato Sammarinese di Calcio season was the twenty-third since its establishment. The regular season started on September 21, 2007 and ended on April 20, 2008. The playoff competition, in which the top three clubs from each girone competed for the national title and qualification for the first qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League next season, started on May 7, 2008 and ended with the final on June 3, 2008. S.S. Murata successfully defended their title for the second time, winning their third straight national title, and winning qualification, beating out Juvenes/Dogana in the final.
Alfred Hutton
Alfred Hutton FSA (10 March 1839 – 18 December 1910) was a British Army officer, antiquarian and writer. Serving during the Victorian era in the 1st King's Dragoon Guards, he played a major role in the revival of historical fencing in England, together with fellow fencers Egerton Castle, Ernest Stenson-Cooke, Sir Frederick Pollock and Walter Herries Pollock.

Edward Hutton (British Army officer)
Lieutenant-General Sir Edward Thomas Henry Hutton, KCB, KCMG, DL, FRGS (6 December 1848 – 4 August 1923) was a British military commander, who pioneered the use of mounted infantry in the British Army and later commanded the Canadian Militia and the Australian Army.
Bara District
Bara District (Nepali: बारा जिल्ला Listenⓘ) is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal, located in the western part of the Madhesh Province. The district is third richest district in Nepal after Kathmandu and Morang with 3.3% share of total GDP of Nepal and highest per capita income in Madhesh province. Kalaiya serves as the district's headquarter. Bakaiya, Jamuniya, Pasaha, Dudhaura and Bangari are the main rivers of Bara. The main languages spoken in the district are Tharu, Bhojpuri, Bajjika, and Nepali.

Kolhabi
Kolhabi (Nepali: कोल्हवि ) is a municipality in Bara District in the Madhesh Province of Nepal. It was formed in 2016, occupying current 11 sections (wards) from previous 11 former VDCs. It occupies an area of 157.4 km2 with a total population of 43,036.
4th Marine Division (United States)
The 4th Marine Division is a reserve division in the United States Marine Corps. It was raised in 1943 for service during World War II, and subsequently fought in the Pacific against the Japanese. Deactivated after the war, the division was re-formed in 1966 and elements of the division deployed during the Gulf War in 1990–1991, as well as during the Iraq War. It is currently the ground combat element of the Marine Forces Reserve and is headquartered in New Orleans, Louisiana, and has units throughout the United States.

Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 133
Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 133 (NMCB 133) is a United States Navy Construction Battalion, otherwise known as a Seabee battalion, homeported at the Naval Construction Battalion Center (Gulfport, Mississippi).  The unit was formed during WWII as the 133rd Naval Construction Battalion.  It saw action and was decommissioned shortly after the war ended.  The unit was reactivated as Mobile Construction Battalion 133 for the Vietnam War and remains an active unit today.
Finite set
In mathematics, a finite set is a collection of finitely many different things; the things are called elements or members of the set and are typically mathematical objects, such as numbers, symbols, points in space, lines, other geometric shapes, variables, or other sets.

Informally, a finite set is a set which one could in principle count and finish counting.  For example,

is a finite set with five elements. The number of elements of a finite set is a natural number (possibly zero) and is called the cardinality (or the cardinal number) of the set. A set that is not a finite set is called an infinite set. For example, the set 

of all positive integers is infinite.

Finite sets are particularly important in combinatorics, the mathematical study of counting. Many arguments involving finite sets rely on the pigeonhole principle, which states that there cannot exist an injective function from a larger finite set to a smaller finite set.

Element of a set
In mathematics, an element (or member) of a set is any one of the distinct objects that belong to that set. For example, given a set called A containing the first four positive integers (), one could say that "3 is an element of A", expressed notationally as .
Defence Industries Limited
Defence Industries Limited (DIL) was a subsidiary of Canadian Industries Limited (C-I-L), founded in 1939 to manufacture munitions for use in World War II. The company  operated in a number of locations in Canada, in the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, and Manitoba. Its Pickering Works shell-filling plant, along with nearby housing, grew into the town of Ajax.

Nobel, Ontario
Nobel is a village on the shores of Parry Sound, Ontario, Canada. It is in the Municipality of McDougall in the District of Parry Sound.  The community is named after Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite.

This village is the administrative office of the Shawanaga First Nation reserve.
John of Trokelowe
John of Trokelowe (fl. c. 1294–1330) was an English chronicler and Benedictine monk of the fourteenth century. He was a monk of St Albans Abbey, and in 1294 was living in the dependent priory of Tynemouth, Northumberland. Once he was thought to be a significant chronicler, on the basis of internal evidence; it is now considered very possible that he was merely the scribe for William Rishanger.

The prior and monks endeavoured to sever connection with St Albans and to obtain independence by presenting the advowson to the king; but abbot John of Berkamsted resisted this arrangement, visited Tynemouth, and sent Trokelowe with other monks as prisoners back to St Albans. There Trokelowe wrote his Annales including the period 1259 to 1296 and a useful account of the reign of Edward II, from 1307 to 1323, after which date his chronicle was continued by Henry de Blaneford. A reference made by Trokelowe to the execution of Roger Mortimer shows that he was writing after 1330.

Henry Blaneforde
Henry (de) Blaneforde or Blankfrount (fl. c. 1324–1330) was an English chronicler and a Benedictine monk of St. Albans. He wrote a short continuation of the chronicle of Trokelowe for the years 1323 to 1324.
Kentucky Department of Criminal Investigation
The Kentucky Department of Criminal Investigation is an agency in the Commonwealth of Kentucky that operates as the law enforcement and investigative arm of the Office of the Attorney General.It is the State Bureau of Investigation for the state of Kentucky. The department was founded in September 2004 by former Kentucky Attorney General Greg Stumbo as the Kentucky Bureau of Investigation (KBI). The KBI was reorganized into the Department of Criminal Investigation by Stumbo's successor Jack Conway.

State bureau of investigation
A state bureau of investigation (SBI) is a state-level detective agency in the United States. They are plainclothes agencies that usually investigate criminal cases involving the state and/or multiple jurisdictions. They also typically provide technical support to local agencies in the form of laboratory and/or record services, or to directly assist in investigations at the local agency's request.

An SBI is a state's equivalent to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, but can include investigative jurisdiction similar to other federal law enforcement agencies. SBIs investigate a range of cases assigned to them by state laws and typically report to their state's attorney general, or in some cases, directly to their state's governor.

SBIs can also exist either independently or within a state Department of Public Safety or Department of Justice (an agency coordinating and/or controlling various state-level law enforcement agencies) or a state police force.
St. Peter's Church, St. George's
Their Majesties Chappell, St. Peter's Church, in St. George's, Bermuda, is the oldest surviving Anglican church in continuous use outside the British Isles. It is also reportedly the oldest continuously used Protestant church in the New World. A UNESCO World Heritage Site (together with related fortifications), St. George's Town is the oldest surviving English settlement in the New World, having been settled by the Virginia Company in 1612 (in the aftermath of the wrecking of its flagship, the Sea Venture, in Bermuda in 1609).

Richard Sharples
Sir Richard Christopher Sharples, KCMG, OBE, MC (6 August 1916 – 10 March 1973) was a British politician and Governor of Bermuda who was shot dead by assassins linked to a small militant Bermudian Black Power group called the Black Beret Cadre. The former army major, who had been a Cabinet Minister, resigned his seat to take up the position of Governor of Bermuda in late 1972. His murder resulted in the last executions conducted under British rule, in 1977.
Louise Farrenc
Louise Farrenc (née Jeanne-Louise Dumont; 31 May 1804 – 15 September 1875) was a French composer, virtuoso pianist and teacher of the Romantic period. Her compositions include three symphonies, a few choral works, numerous chamber pieces and a wide variety of piano music.

Nonet (Farrenc)
The Nonet in E-flat major, Op. 38, is an 1849 composition for chamber ensemble by French composer Louise Farrenc.

In line with the tradition established by Louis Spohr, it is scored for a combined string quartet and wind quintet: flute, oboe, clarinet, French horn, bassoon, violin, viola, cello, double bass. The double bass is sometimes replaced by a contrabassoon.

The manuscript, dated November 1849, is held at the Bibliothèque nationale de France. Farrenc also arranged the Nonet for string quintet. The work was not printed in Farrenc's lifetime.
NGC 6633
NGC 6633 is a large bright open cluster in the constellation Ophiuchus. Discovered in 1745-46 by Philippe Loys de Chéseaux, it was independently rediscovered by Caroline Herschel in 1783 and included in her brother William's catalog as H VIII.72. Bright enough to be seen with the naked eye, the cluster is considered a fine object for binoculars or small telescopes.

NGC 6633 is also known as the Tweedledum Cluster (paired with IC 4756 as Tweedledee), also as the Captain Hook Cluster and the Wasp Cluster. It is also designated Collinder 380 or Melotte 201. Nearly as large as the full moon, the cluster contains 38 known stars and shines with a total magnitude of 4.6; the brightest star is of mag 7.6. Its age has been estimated at 550 million years.

The cluster contains at least one chemically peculiar star - NGC 6633 48 (BD+06 3755).

The 8th-magnitude binary star HD 169959 (NGC 6633 58) is within the line-of-sight of the open cluster but is not physically associated with it.

Ophiuchus
Ophiuchus (/ˌɒfiˈjuːkəs/) is a large constellation straddling the celestial equator. Its name comes from the Ancient Greek ὀφιοῦχος (ophioûkhos), meaning "serpent-bearer", and it is commonly represented as a man grasping a snake. The serpent is represented by the constellation Serpens. Ophiuchus was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. An old alternative name for the constellation was Serpentarius.
The Nationwide Project
The Nationwide Project was an influential media audience research project conducted by the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham, England, in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Its principal researchers were David Morley and Charlotte Brunsdon.

Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies
The Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) was a research centre at the University of Birmingham, England. It was founded in 1964 by Stuart Hall and Richard Hoggart, its first director. From 1964 to 2002, it played a critical role in developing the field of cultural studies.
HAL PTAE-7
The HAL PTAE-7 (Pilotless Target Aircraft Engine-7) is an Indian small  turbojet engine developed by the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and Gas Turbine Research Establishment , a lab under DRDO Defence Research and Development Organisation.

The engine uses a four-stage, axial-flow compressor design with a single-stage turbine. The first stage is transonic. The engine is intended for target drones and other UAVs.

DRDO Lakshya
Lakshya (lit. 'Target') is a remotely piloted  high speed Indian target drone system developed by the Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE) of DRDO. A variant Lakshya-1 is used to perform discreet aerial reconnaissance of battlefield and target acquisition.

The drone is remotely piloted by a ground control station and provides realistic towed aerial sub-targets for live fire training. The drone is ground- or ship-launched from a zero length launcher. Recovery is by a two-stage parachute system developed by ADE (DRDO), for land- or sea-based recovery. The drone has a crushable nose cone, which absorbs the impact of landing, minimizing damage. The flight path may be controlled or pre-programmed, based upon the type of mission.
IES Jaume Vicens Vives
Jaume Vicens Vives Secondary School (Institut Jaume Vicens Vives in Catalan) is a Spanish state secondary school located in the city of Girona (Spain). It has around 900 pupils from ages 12 to 18 studying for Spanish secondary education qualifications (ESO from 12 to 16, and LOE Baccalaureate from 16 to 18). It was the first state secondary school in Catalonia to offer the International Baccalaureate.

Girona
Girona, also known as Gerona, is the capital city of the Province of Girona in the autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain, at the confluence of the Ter, Onyar, Galligants, and Güell rivers. The city had an official population of 106,476 in 2024, but the population of the Girona–Salt urban area is estimated to be about 156,400 (2020). Girona is also capital of the comarca of the Gironès and the vegueria of Girona. Since much of the old quarter of this ancient city has been preserved, Girona is a popular tourist destination. The city is located 99 km (62 mi) northeast of Barcelona.
Reentry capsule
A reentry capsule is the portion of a space capsule which returns to Earth following a spaceflight. The shape is determined partly by aerodynamics; a capsule is aerodynamically stable falling blunt end first, which allows only the blunt end to require a heat shield for atmospheric entry. A crewed capsule contains the spacecraft's instrument panel, limited storage space, and seats for crew members.  Because a capsule shape has little aerodynamic lift, the final descent is via parachute, either coming to rest on land, at sea, or by active capture by an aircraft. In contrast, the development of spaceplane reentry vehicles attempts to provide a more flexible reentry profile.

Shenzhou (spacecraft)
Shenzhou (Chinese: 神舟; pinyin: Shénzhōu, /ˈʃɛnˈdʒoʊ/ shen-JOH; see § Etymology) is a Chinese spacecraft developed for the nation's crewed space program. Its design was based on Russia's Soyuz, but larger and modernized. Like Soyuz, Shenzhou is a single-use vehicle composed of three modules; a descent module which houses the crew during launch and reentry, an orbital module which provides additional living space and storage during orbit, but is jettisoned before reentry, and a service module responsible for propulsion and power, also discarded before reentry. For added safety and aerodynamics, the spacecraft is encased within a fairing and fitted with a launch escape system during liftoff.

Its maiden uncrewed flight, Shenzhou 1, was on 19 November 1999, with the first crewed mission, Shenzhou 5, taking flight on 15 October 2003. It is slated for replacement by the next-generation Mengzhou, currently in development, with a two module configuration.
Diet of Istria
The Diet of Istria (Croatian: Istarski sabor; Italian: Dieta provinciale dell'Istria/Dieta istriana; German: Istrian[isch]er Landtag) was the regional parliament of the Margravate of Istria within the Austrian Littoral of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was founded in 1861 and based in Poreč.

March of Istria
The March of Istria, or the Margraviate of Istria (German: Markgrafschaft Istrien) was a historical frontier county, or march centered on the Istrian peninsula. It was established after the Carolingian conquest at the end of the 8th century, and continued to exist in various territorial scopes and administrative forms within the Holy Roman Empire, consequently becoming integrated into the Austrian Kingdom of Illyria, and the Austrian Littoral. In time it lost its most western (coastal) regions, that became part of the Venetian Istria, while the Istrian frontier county, or march was reduced to central and eastern parts of the Istrian peninsula. Those regions were reintegrated after 1797, and the reunited Istrian march was finally abolished in 1918.
Ma On Shan Park
Ma On Shan Park is a public park located at 12 On Chun Street in the town centre of Ma On Shan town in the Sha Tin District of Hong Kong's New Territories. It is situated next to the shopping centre of Ma On Shan Plaza. The natural scenery of Pat Sin Leng and Tolo Harbour can be viewed from the park. The park occupies 5.5 hectares (14 acres) of land, and is managed by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department. The opening hours are from 6:30 am to 11:00 pm.

Ma On Shan (town)
22°25′19″N 114°13′57″E﻿ / ﻿22.42194°N 114.23250°E﻿ / 22.42194; 114.23250

Ma On Shan (Chinese: 馬鞍山) is a new town along the eastern coast of Tolo Harbour in the New Territories of Hong Kong. The neighbourhood takes its name from the twin peaks of Ma On Shan, which are partially located within the town.

Although it was initially an extension of Sha Tin New Town, Ma On Shan has its own town centre and various government facilities, and is now classified as a separate new town in government reports. Administratively, it belongs to Sha Tin District.
Cross Plains, Texas
Cross Plains is a town in Callahan County, Texas, United States. The population was 899 at the 2020 census, down from 982 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Abilene, Texas Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Callahan County, Texas
Callahan County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 13,708. Its county seat is Baird. The county was founded in 1858 and later organized in 1877. It is named for James Hughes Callahan, an American soldier in the Texas Revolution. Callahan County is included in the Abilene metropolitan area.
Smooth maximum
In mathematics, a smooth maximum of an indexed family x1, ..., xn of numbers is a smooth approximation to the maximum function  meaning a parametric family of functions  such that for every ⁠⁠, the function ⁠⁠ is smooth, and the family converges to the maximum function ⁠⁠ as ⁠⁠. The concept of smooth minimum is similarly defined. In many cases, a single family approximates both: maximum as the parameter goes to positive infinity, minimum as the parameter goes to negative infinity; in symbols, ⁠⁠ as ⁠⁠ and ⁠⁠ as ⁠⁠. The term can also be used loosely for a specific smooth function that behaves similarly to a maximum, without necessarily being part of a parametrized family.

Softmax function
The softmax function, also known as softargmax: 184  or normalized exponential function,: 198  converts a tuple of K real numbers into a probability distribution over K possible outcomes. It is a generalization of the logistic function to multiple dimensions, and is used in multinomial logistic regression. The softmax function is often used as the last activation function of a neural network to normalize the output of a network to a probability distribution over predicted output classes.
Moreau envelope
The Moreau envelope (or the Moreau-Yosida regularization)  of a proper lower semi-continuous convex function  is a smoothed version of . It was proposed by Jean-Jacques Moreau in 1965.

The Moreau envelope has important applications in mathematical optimization: minimizing over  and minimizing over  are equivalent problems in the sense that the sets of minimizers of   and  are the same. However, first-order optimization algorithms can be directly applied to , since  may be non-differentiable while  is always continuously differentiable. Indeed, many proximal gradient methods can be interpreted as a gradient descent method over .

Proximal operator
In mathematical optimization, the proximal operator is an operator associated with a proper, lower semi-continuous convex function  from a Hilbert space 
to , and is defined by:

For any function in this class, the minimizer of the right-hand side above is unique, hence making the proximal operator well-defined. The proximal operator  is used in proximal gradient methods, which is frequently used in optimization algorithms associated with non-differentiable optimization problems such as total variation denoising.
Kingston Mines, Illinois
Kingston Mines is a village in Peoria County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2020 census, Kingston Mines had a population of 266. It is part of the Peoria, Illinois Metropolitan Statistical Area. Located on the Illinois River, it was a shipping port, loading coal from the nearby mines (the largest nearby mine was called Kingston).

Peoria County, Illinois
Peoria County is located in the U.S. state of Illinois. The 2020 United States census listed its population at 181,830. Its county seat is Peoria. Peoria County is part of the Peoria metropolitan area.
Motherboard
A motherboard, also known as a mainboard, system board, logic board, and informally mobo (see "Nomenclature" section), is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in general-purpose computers and other expandable systems. It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals.

Unlike a backplane, a motherboard usually contains significant sub-systems, such as the CPU, the chipset's input/output and memory controllers, interface connectors, and other components integrated for general use.: 48

Power-on self-test
A power-on self-test (POST) is a process performed by firmware or software routines immediately after a computer or other digital electronic device is powered on.

POST processes may set the initial state of the device from firmware and detect if any hardware components are non-functional. The results of the POST may be displayed on a panel that is part of the device, output to an external device, or stored for future retrieval by a diagnostic tool. In some computers, an indicator lamp or a speaker may be provided to show error codes as a sequence of flashes or beeps in the event that a computer display malfunctions.

POST routines are part of a computer's pre-boot sequence. If they complete successfully, the bootstrap loader code is invoked to load an operating system.

In IBM PC compatible computers, the main duties of POST are handled by the BIOS or UEFI.