hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Finsler manifold
In mathematics, particularly differential geometry, a Finsler manifold is a differentiable manifold M where a (possibly asymmetric) Minkowski norm F(x, −) is provided on each tangent space TxM, that enables one to define the length of any smooth curve γ : [a, b] → M as

Finsler manifolds are more general than Riemannian manifolds since the tangent norms need not be induced by inner products. Despite their generality, many concepts in Riemannian geometry still exist, including length, geodesics, curvature, connections, covariant derivative, and Cartan structural equations, except that they are lifted from the manifold to the tangent bundle. However, normal coordinates do not.

Every Finsler manifold becomes an intrinsic quasimetric space when the distance between two points is defined as the infimum length of the curves that join them.

Élie Cartan (1933) named Finsler manifolds after Paul Finsler, who studied this geometry in his dissertation (Finsler 1918).

Double tangent bundle
In mathematics, particularly differential topology, the double tangent bundle or the second tangent bundle refers to the tangent bundle (TTM,πTTM,TM) of the total space TM of the tangent bundle (TM,πTM,M) of a smooth manifold M
. A note on notation: in this article, we denote projection maps by their domains, e.g., πTTM : TTM → TM. Some authors index these maps by their ranges instead, so for them, that map would be written πTM.

The second tangent bundle arises in the study of connections and second order ordinary differential equations, i.e., (semi)spray structures on smooth manifolds, and it is not to be confused with the second order jet bundle.
Chumki Chowdhury
Chumki Choudhury is an Indian actress who is known for her work in Bengali cinema.  Chowdhury made her silver screen debut with Hirak Jayanti (1990), a Bengali film directed by Anjan Choudhury. She rose to fame because of the massive success of the film.

Furthermore, she has acted in multiple Bengali films such as Abhagini (1991), Indrajit (1992), Maya Mamata (1993), Geet Sangeet (1994), Mejo Bou (1995) and Naach Nagini Naach Re (1996), which earned her further recognition and popularity.

Anjan Choudhury
Anjan Choudhury (25 November 1944 – 21 February 2007) was an Indian film director, writer and screenplay writer who worked in the Bengali cinema of West Bengal. He had two daughters and one son. The daughters Chumki Chowdhury (elder) and Rina Choudhury became actresses. His son Sandip Choudhury was a T.V. serial and film director. He died on 3 January 2023. His elder son-in-law is named Sajal. His daughter-in-law Bidisha Choudhury is also a film actress. He made Evergreen movies like Satru, Jibon Niye Khela and Choto Bou.
Othniel Tripp
Othniel Tripp (c. 1826 – unknown) was a sailor in the U.S. Navy stationed aboard the USS Seneca (1861) during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Second Battle of Fort Fisher on January 15, 1865.

USS Seneca (1861)
USS Seneca was a Unadilla-class gunboat built on behalf of the United States Navy for service during the American Civil War. Seneca was outfitted with guns for horizontal fire as well as with two howitzers for bombardment of shore targets. With her crew of 84, she was assigned to the Union blockade of the Confederate States of America.
2024 FIVB Men's Volleyball Nations League
The 2024 FIVB Men's Volleyball Nations League was the sixth edition of the FIVB Men's Volleyball Nations League, an annual men's international volleyball tournament. The competition was held from 21 May to 30 June 2024, with the final round taking place at the Atlas Arena, Łódź, Poland.

Following the results of the 2023 Nations League and the 2023 Challenger Cup, China were replaced by debutants Turkey in this edition.

France won their second VNL title after a four-set match against Japan in the final. It was Japan's first silver medal in 47 years. Finals host Poland swept Slovenia in the third place match to bag their third bronze medal. Antoine Brizard from France was named the MVP of the tournament.

2024 FIVB Men's Volleyball Challenger Cup
The 2024 FIVB Men's Volleyball Challenger Cup was the fifth and last edition of the FIVB Men's Volleyball Challenger Cup, an annual men's international volleyball tournament contested by eight national teams that acts as a qualifier for the FIVB Men's Volleyball Nations League. The tournament was held at Linyi Olympic Sports Park Stadium in Linyi, China, between 4 and 7 July 2024.

Three teams made their first appearance in the men's Challenger Cup in this edition: Belgium, Croatia and Mexico.

The host China won the title and earned the right to participate in the 2025 Nations League after defeating Belgium in the final. Egypt defeated Ukraine in the 3rd place match, but Ukraine still qualified for the 2025 Nations League through FIVB World Ranking.
Howard Schenken
Howard Schenken (September 28, 1903 – February 20, 1979) was an American bridge player, writer, and long-time syndicated bridge columnist. He was from New York City. He won three Bermuda Bowl titles, and set several North American records. Most remarkably he won the Life Master Pairs five times, the Spingold twelve, and the Vanderbilt Trophy ten times; the LM Pairs and Vanderbilt records that still stand today.

Schenken is ACBL Life Master number 3, dating from 1936. He was named to the bridge hall of fame by The Bridge World in 1966, which brought the number of members to nine, all made founding members of the ACBL Hall of Fame in 1995.

Ely Culbertson
Elie Almon Culbertson (July 22, 1891 – December 27, 1955), known as Ely Culbertson, was an American contract bridge entrepreneur and personality dominant during the 1930s. He played a major role in the popularization of the new game and was widely regarded as "the man who made contract bridge". He was a great showman who became rich, was highly extravagant, and lost and gained fortunes several times over.
Arua Regional Cancer Centre
Arua Regional Cancer Centre (ARCC) is a public, specialised, tertiary care medical facility owned by the Uganda Ministry of Health. The facility is located off of Weatherhead Lane, in the central business district of the city of Arua, on the campus of Arua Regional Referral Hospital.

It is expected, at a later date, that   a standalone regional cancer centre in Arua will be constructed.

Uganda Cancer Institute
Uganda Cancer Institute (UCI) is a public, specialized, tertiary care medical facility owned by the Uganda Ministry of Health. Located in the Ugandan capital Kampala, the institute is designated as East Africa's Centre of Excellence in Oncology. In collaboration with Makerere University College of Health Sciences, UCI plans to start offering  master's degrees, doctoral programs and post-doctoral fellowships in oncology care.
Praziquantel
Praziquantel, sold under the brandname Biltricide among others, is a medication used to treat a number of types of parasitic worm infections in mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and fish. In humans specifically, it is used to treat schistosomiasis, clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, tapeworm infections, cysticercosis, echinococcosis, paragonimiasis, fasciolopsiasis, and fasciolosis. It should not be used for worm infections of the eye. It is taken by mouth.

Side effects in humans may include poor coordination, abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, and allergic reactions. While it may be used during pregnancy, it is not recommended for use during breastfeeding. Praziquantel is in the anthelmintic class of medications. It works partly by affecting the function of the worm's sucker.

Praziquantel was approved for medical use in the United States in 1982, and in the European Union in April 2025. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Paragonimiasis
Paragonimiasis is a food-borne parasitic disease caused by several species of lung flukes belonging to genus Paragonimus. Infection is acquired by eating crustaceans such as crabs and crayfishes which host the infective forms called metacercariae, or by eating raw or undercooked meat of mammals harboring the metacercariae from crustaceans.

More than 40 species of Paragonimus have been identified; 10 of these are known to cause disease in humans. The most common cause of human paragonimiasis is P. westermani, the oriental lung fluke.

About 22 million people are estimated to be affected yearly worldwide. It is particularly common in East Asia. Paragonimiasis is easily mistaken for other diseases with which it shares clinical symptoms, such as tuberculosis and lung cancer.
Strip Search (web series)
Strip Search is a 2013 online reality television game show created by Penny Arcade and produced by Bionic Trousers Media (also known as LoadingReadyRun). The show featured twelve artists who competed over thirty-one episodes, with the series' winner receiving a cash prize and integration into the Penny Arcade offices in Seattle for one year.

The show was created as a stretch goal in Penny Arcade's 2012 Kickstarter campaign to remove ads from their website. The show was won by artist Katie Rice, who went on to produce the webcomic Camp Weedonwantcha.

Penny Arcade
Penny Arcade is a webcomic focused on video games and video game culture, written by Jerry Holkins and illustrated by Mike Krahulik. The comic debuted in 1998 on the website loonygames.com. Since then, Holkins and Krahulik have established their own site, which is typically updated with a new comic strip each Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. The comics are accompanied by regular updates on the site's blog.

By 2005, Penny Arcade was among the most popular and longest running webcomics online, listed in 2010 as having 3.5 million readers. Holkins and Krahulik were among the first webcomic creators successful enough to make a living from their work. In addition to the comic, Holkins and Krahulik also created Child's Play, a children's charity; PAX, a gaming convention; Penny Arcade TV, a YouTube channel; Pinny Arcade, a pin exchange; and the episodic video game Penny Arcade Adventures: On the Rain-Slick Precipice of Darkness with Hothead Games and Zeboyd Games.
Barr v. City of Columbia
Barr v. City of Columbia, 378 U.S. 146 (1964), is a United States Supreme Court decision that reversed the breach of peace and criminal trespass convictions of five African Americans who were refused service at a lunch counter of a department store. The Court held that there was insufficient evidence to support the breach of peace convictions, and reversed the criminal trespass convictions for the reasons stated in another case that was decided that same day, Bouie v. City of Columbia, which held that the retroactive application of an expanded construction of a criminal statute was barred by due process of ex post facto laws.

Bouie v. City of Columbia
Bouie v. City of Columbia, 378 U.S. 347 (1964), was a case in which the US Supreme Court held that due process prohibits retroactive application of any judicial construction of a criminal statute that is unexpected and indefensible by reference to the law that has been expressed prior to the conduct in issue. The holding is based on the Fourteenth Amendment prohibition by the Due Process Clause of ex post facto laws.
Agnes Gavin
Agnes Gavin (1872–1947), was an Australian actor and screenwriter in the silent film era. She worked in collaboration with her husband John Gavin throughout her career. She wrote the majority of his films and was arguably the first specialist screenwriter in the history of the Australian film industry. In newspapers she was advertised as the "well known picture dramatizer" and was praised for creating "cleverly constructed stories". Agnes and her husband have ben described as "good solid carny folk who fought the good fight" in creating Australian movies.

Many of her films are considered lost.

Jack Gavin
John F. Gavin (9 February 1874 – 6 January 1938) was a pioneer Australian film actor and director, one of the early filmmakers of the 1910s. He is best known for making films about bushrangers such as Captain Thunderbolt, Captain Moonlite, Ben Hall and Frank Gardiner.  Known informally as 'Jack', Gavin worked in collaboration with his wife Agnes, who scripted many of his films.

Film historians Graham Shirley and Brian Adams have written; "although Gavin was prolific his later surviving work shows that his entrepreneurial talent outweighed any he might have had as director." Filmink called Gavin and his wife "good solid carny folk who fought the good fight."

Amongst several claims made later in life or soon after his death was one that he had made Australia's first animated short, an advertising film which featured a koala "lapping up a cough remedy".
Roddy Doyle
Roderick Doyle (born 8 May 1958) is an Irish novelist, dramatist and screenwriter. He is the author of eleven novels for adults, eight books for children, seven plays and screenplays, and dozens of short stories. Several of his books have been made into films, beginning with The Commitments in 1991. Doyle's work is set primarily in Ireland, especially working-class Dublin, and is notable for its heavy use of dialogue written in slang and Irish English dialect. Doyle was awarded the Booker Prize in 1993 for his novel Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha.

Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha
Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha is a novel by Irish writer Roddy Doyle, first published in 1993 by Secker and Warburg. It won the Booker Prize that year. The story is about a ten-year-old boy living in Barrytown, North Dublin, and the events that happen within his age group, school and home in around 1968.
2017 PDL season
The 2017 USL Premier Development League season is the 23rd season of the PDL. The league consisted of 72 teams playing in 10 divisions. The Michigan Bucks entered the season as the defending champions, but their title defense campaign ended with a loss in the Central Conference semi-finals. On August 5, 2017, the Charlotte Eagles won their first PDL championship by defeating the Thunder Bay Chill 2-1.

Thunder Bay Chill
Thunder Bay Chill Soccer Club is a Canadian soccer team based in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. Founded in 2000, the team plays in the Prairies Premier League, in the third tier of the Canadian soccer pyramid. The team played in USL League Two, the fourth tier of the United States soccer pyramid from 2000 to 2024.

The team plays its home games at Chapples Park Stadium. The team's colours are white and blue. The club also has a large youth program, with over 2000 youth players.
Georgia State Route 334
State Route 334 (SR 334) is a 12.4-mile-long (20.0 km) south-to-north state highway located entirely within Jackson County in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. It travels from north of Athens to Commerce. It is effectively an alternate route of U.S. Route 441 (US 441).

Jackson County, Georgia
Jackson County is a county located in the East Central region of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 75,907. The county seat is Jefferson. Jackson County comprises the Jefferson, GA Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Atlanta-Athens-Clarke County-Sandy Springs, GA Combined Statistical Area.
Australian east coast low
Australian east coast lows (known locally as east coast lows, maritime lows, and east coast cyclones) are extratropical cyclones or low-pressure systems on the coast of southeastern Australia that
may be caused by both mid-latitude and tropical influences over a variety of levels in the atmosphere. These storms should not be confused with Australian region tropical cyclones which typically affect the northern half of the continent.

The most intense of these systems have many of the characteristics of subtropical cyclones. They develop between 25° south and 40° south and within 5° of the eastern Australian coastline, mostly during autumn and early winter with a peak in June. Prior to the introduction of satellite imagery in the early 1960s, many east coast lows were classified as tropical cyclones. ECLs are responsible for more than half of all days with rainfall above 50 mm (2.0 in) in the southeastern seaboard.

Explosive cyclogenesis
Explosive cyclogenesis (also referred to as a weather bomb, meteorological bomb, explosive development, bomb cyclone, or bombogenesis) is the rapid deepening of an extratropical cyclonic low-pressure area. The change in pressure needed to classify something as explosive cyclogenesis is latitude dependent. For example, at 60° latitude, explosive cyclogenesis occurs if the central pressure decreases by 24 millibars (0.71 inHg) or more in 24 hours. This is a predominantly maritime, winter event, but also occurs in continental settings. This process is the extratropical equivalent of the tropical rapid deepening. Although their cyclogenesis is entirely different from that of tropical cyclones, bomb cyclones can produce winds of 74 to 95 mph (120 to 155 km/h), the same order as the first categories of the Saffir–Simpson scale, and yield heavy precipitation. Even though only a minority of bomb cyclones become this strong, some weaker ones can also cause significant damage.
Enriched flour
Enriched flour is flour with specific nutrients added to it. These nutrients include iron and B vitamins (folic acid, riboflavin, niacin, and thiamine). Calcium may also be supplemented. The purpose of enriching flour is to replenish the nutrients in the flour to match the nutritional status of the unrefined product. This differentiates enrichment from fortification, which is the process of introducing new nutrients to a food.

79 countries have made fortification or enrichment for wheat or maize flour "mandatory", according to the Global Fortification Data Exchange.

B vitamins
B vitamins are a class of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism and synthesis of red blood cells. They are a chemically diverse class of compounds.

Dietary supplements containing all eight are referred to as a vitamin B complex. Individual B vitamins are referred to by B-number or by chemical name, such as B1 for thiamine, B2 for riboflavin, and B3 for niacin, while some are more commonly recognized by name than by number, such as pantothenic acid (B5), biotin (B7), and folate (B9). B vitamins are present in protein-rich foods, such as fish, poultry, meat, dairy products, and eggs; they are also found in leafy green vegetables, beans, and peas. Fortified foods, such as breakfast cereals, baked products, and infant formulas, may contain B vitamins.

Each B vitamin is either a cofactor (generally a coenzyme) for key metabolic processes or is a precursor needed to make one.
McKenna Cottage
The McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire.  It was originally built about 1889 as a single-story wing of the nearby Stonehenge estate house.  It is a good example of Shingle style architecture, and one of the town's surviving reminders of the turn-of-the-century summer estate period.  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

Stonehenge (Dublin, New Hampshire)
Stonehenge, also known as Stone Cottage or High House, is a historic summer estate house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire.  Built in 1889, it is one of the first summer houses to be built in eastern Dublin, and was a centerpiece of the extensive holdings of the Parsons family.  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
Zemba language
Zemba or Dhimba is a Bantu language spoken mainly in Angola where the language has about 18,000 speakers, and also in Namibia with some 7,000. It is closely related to Herero, and is often considered a dialect of that language, especially as the Zemba are ethnically Herero.

There are various spellings and pronunciations of the name: Zimba, Dhimba, Tjimba, Chimba, etc. However, when spelled Tjimba or Chimba in English, it generally refers to the Tjimba people, non-Herero hunter-gatherers who speak Zemba. The spelling Himba should be distinguished from the Himba people and their dialect of Herero.

Ethnologue separates Zemba as a distinct language from Himba (Otjihimba, Ovahimba), classified as a dialect of Herero proper. Maho (2009), however, sets up a Northwest Herero language, which includes Zemba; from the map, it would appear to include Himba and Hakaona as well.

Herero language
Herero (Otjiherero) is a Bantu language spoken by the Herero and Mbanderu peoples in Namibia and Botswana, as well as by small communities of people in southwestern Angola. There were 250,000 speakers in these countries between 2015 and 2018.
Joseph Coolidge
Joseph Coolidge (1798–1879), who married Thomas Jefferson's granddaughter Ellen Wayles Randolph, was a partner of several trading companies, working most of his career overseas in the opium, silk, porcelain, and tea trades. He watched over his mother-in-law Martha Jefferson Randolph's interests and provided a home for her temporarily after Thomas Jefferson's death.

Thomas Mann Randolph Jr.
Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. (October 1, 1768 – June 20, 1828) was an American planter, soldier, and politician from Virginia. He served as a member of both houses of the Virginia General Assembly, a representative in the United States Congress, and as the 21st governor of Virginia, from 1819 to 1822. He married Martha Jefferson, the oldest daughter of Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States. They had eleven children who survived childhood. As an adult, Randolph developed alcoholism, and he and his wife separated for some time before his death.
Valley Central School District
The Valley Central School District serves most of the Town of Montgomery in Orange County, New York, United States, and its three villages: Maybrook, Montgomery and Walden. Students also come from adjacent areas of the towns of Newburgh, Crawford, Wallkill, Hamptonburgh, and New Windsor. A small portion of Ulster County's Town of Shawangunk also sends students to this district.
There is also another school named Valley Central Public School in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.

It operates six schools:

Montgomery (village), New York
Montgomery is a village located in Orange County, New York, United States. Located 60 miles (97 km) northwest of New York City, and 90 miles (140 km) southwest of Albany, it is an historical and cultural hub of the Hudson Valley region and has grown in the last 30 years to become an outer-ring commuter suburb within the New York metropolitan area. The population was 3,834 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Kiryas Joel–Poughkeepsie–Newburgh, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area.  The village is named after General Richard Montgomery, an officer of the American Revolution.

The Village of Montgomery is inside the Town of Montgomery.
Fran Wilson
Frances Claire Wilson (born 7 November 1991) is an English former cricketer and now cricket coach. A right handed batter and right arm off break bowler, she made 64 appearances for England across three formats between 2010 and 2021 including being part of the tean which won the 2017 50-over World Cup. Wilson made her One Day International debut against Sri Lanka at Colombo on 15 November 2010 and played her first Twenty20 International game for her country four days later. Her only Test match was against Australia in November 2017.

In club and franchise cricket, she played for Somerset, Middlesex, Kent, Gloucestershire, Sunrisers, Western Storm, Oval Invincibles, Welsh Fire, Trent Rockets, Birmingham Phoenix abd Canterbury.

Wilson retired from professional cricket in November 2025 to take up the job as head coach of Gloucestershire Women.

Kent Women cricket team
The Kent Women cricket team is the women's representative cricket team for the English county of Kent. They play their home matches at St Lawrence Ground in Canterbury, as well as the County Cricket Ground, Beckenham. They are captained by Megan Belt and are coached by former Kent County Cricket Club player James Hockley. They are the most successful team in both the Women's County Championship and Women's Twenty20 Cup, with 8 and 3 titles respectively. Until 2025, they were partnered with the regional team South East Stars.