hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gwalchmai ap Meilyr
Gwalchmai ap Meilyr (fl. 1130 – 1180) was a Welsh-language court poet, connected with Trewalchmai in Anglesey. He was one of the earliest of the Gogynfeirdd ("less early poets") or Beirdd y Tywysogion ("Poets of the Princes"). He composed poems in praise of Owain Gwynedd, king of Gwynedd, and his brothers. He was the son of another poet, Meilyr Brydydd, and father of the poets Meilyr ap Gwalchmai and Einion ap Gwalchmai. He shares his name with Gwalchmei ap Gwyar, a figure from Welsh legend described as the nephew of Arthur and known in English as Gawain.

His most important work is perhaps Gorhoffedd Gwalchmai ("Gwalchmai's praise poem"), one of the greatest medieval Welsh poems.

Meilyr ap Gwalchmai
Meilyr ap Gwalchmai (fl. second half of the 12th century) was the son of the Welsh poet Gwalchmai ap Meilyr (fl. 1130–1180) and brother of another poet, Einion ap Gwalchmai. His surviving work is religious in nature.
Louise Cowan
Mary Louise Cowan (née Shillingburg; December 22, 1916 – November 16, 2015) was an American critic and teacher, and wife of the physicist and University of Dallas president Donald Cowan. She taught at Texas Christian University and Thomas More College of Liberal Arts. Cowan lived in Dallas, where she taught at both at the University of Dallas and the Dallas Institute of Humanities and Culture. As "one of the most famous faculty members" at the University of Dallas, she was a prominent figure in Dallas society, a mentor and friend to many Dallas dignitaries, and one of the city's leading intellectuals.

Thomas More College of Liberal Arts
The Thomas More College of Liberal Arts is a private Catholic liberal arts college in Merrimack, New Hampshire, United States. Established in 1978, it emphasizes classical education in the Catholic intellectual tradition and is named after Saint Thomas More.
Thomas Widdrington (died 1660)
Thomas Widdrington (baptized 19 June 1640 – May 1660) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1660.

Widdrington was the son of Sir Thomas Widdrington and was baptised at St. Martin's, Coney Street, York on 19 June 1640. He was educated at Wormley School, Hertfordshire. He matriculated from Christ's College, Cambridge in 1654 and was awarded an MA in 1656. In April 1660, while still a minor, he was elected member of parliament (MP) for Morpeth in the Convention Parliament. He obtained leave to accompany Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron in a delegation to King Charles II and died at The Hague, The Netherlands of a violent fever at the age of about 20.

Thomas Widdrington
Sir Thomas Widdrington SL (died 13 May 1664) was an English judge and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1640 and 1664. He was the speaker of the House of Commons in 1656.
Alikram Hummatov
Alikram Hummatov or Ali Akram Hummatzade (also spelled as Alakram Hummatov, 28 October 1948 – 22 December 2022) was an Azerbaijani Talysh military commander and political activist. He was the president of the self-proclaimed Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic in 1993 and was imprisoned in Azerbaijan. He was considered as a political prisoner by international organizations including Amnesty International and the Council of Europe. After demands from the Council of Europe, Hummatov was granted retrials, yet according to Human Rights Watch report, the authorities conducted him inside prisons, and with procedural violations. He was pardoned in 2004 and stripped of his Azerbaijani citizenship; he lived in exile in the Netherlands.

Talysh people
The Talysh people (Talysh: Tolışon, تالشان) or Talyshis, Talyshes, Talyshs, Talishis, Talishes, Talishs, Talesh are an Iranian ethnic group, with the majority residing in Azerbaijan and a minority in Iran. They are the indigenous people of the Talish, a region on the western shore of the Caspian Sea shared between Azerbaijan and Iran. The main city of the Talysh people and their homeland is Lankaran, the majority of the population of which is ethnically Talysh. They speak the Talysh language, closely related to Tati and Zaza languages and is one of the Northwestern Iranian languages. The majority of Talyshis in Azerbaijan are Shiite Muslims, and predominantly Sunni in Iran.

The Talysh people are famous for their longevity and centenarianism.
Value Alliance
Value Alliance was an airline alliance formed in May 2016. The alliance was the second commercial airline alliance that comprised low-cost carriers, after the U-FLY Alliance. It was the first pan-regional LCC alliance and comprised five, originally eight, Asia-Pacific airlines: Cebu Pacific, Cebgo, Jeju Air, Nok Air and Scoot.

Value Alliance was the fourth-largest airline alliance in terms of passengers, flights, destinations, combined fleet and members, ahead of U-FLY Alliance and Vanilla Alliance.

According to the Wayback Machine, the Value Alliance website ceased operating or taking fares sometime after May 19, 2023, with a message saying "This website is no longer supported. If you have questions regarding your booking or flight, please connect with the airline of your booking."

Cebu Pacific
Cebu Air, Inc. (PSE: CEB), operating as Cebu Pacific (stylized in lowercase), is a Philippine low-cost airline based in Pasay, Metro Manila. Founded in 1988, the airline is the first low-cost carrier in Asia and is also the largest airline in the Philippines by fleet size. It offers scheduled flights to both domestic and international destinations. The airline operates flights from five bases in Cebu, Clark, Davao, Iloilo, and Manila.

With its low-cost business model and extensive destination network, Cebu Pacific became the Philippines' largest airline based on number of passengers flown on domestic and international routes in 2010, overtaking rival Philippine Airlines (PAL). According to Civil Aeronautics Board data, Cebu Pacific flew a total of 2.45 million passengers in the first quarter of 2010, nearly 110,000 more than PAL, which carried 2.34 million systemwide during the same period.
Okutono Domain
Okutono Domain (奥殿藩, Okutono-han), also known as Okudono, was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Kamo District and Nukata Districts  of Mikawa Province (part of modern Aichi Prefecture), and in Saku District, Shinano Province, (part of modern Nagano Prefecture)  Japan. The domain was also known as Ogyū Domain (大給藩, Ogyū-han) and later known as Tanoguchi Domain (田野口藩, Tanoguchi-han) and Tatsuoka Domain (龍岡藩, Tatsuoka-han). The ruling family was the Ogyū-Matsudaira clan.

Matsudaira clan
The Matsudaira clan (松平氏, Matsudaira-shi) was a Japanese samurai clan that descended from the Minamoto clan. It originated in and took its name from Matsudaira village, in Mikawa Province (modern-day Aichi Prefecture).  During the Sengoku period, the chieftain of the main line of the Matsudaira clan, Matsudaira Motoyasu became a powerful regional daimyo under Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi and changed his name to Tokugawa Ieyasu. He subsequently seized power as the first shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate which ruled Japan during the Edo period until the Meiji Restoration of 1868. Under the Tokugawa shogunate, many cadet branches of the clan retained the Matsudaira surname, and numerous new branches were formed in the decades after Ieyasu. Some of those branches were also of daimyō status.

After the Meiji Restoration and the abolition of the han system, the Tokugawa and Matsudaira clans became part of the new kazoku nobility.
Albert Brunies
Albert "Abbie" Brunies (January 19, 1900 - October 2, 1978) was an American jazz cornetist.

Brunies came from a famous New Orleans musical family, which counted among its members George Brunies and Merritt Brunies. Brunies was the leader of the Halfway House Orchestra from 1919 to about 1927, playing at the Halfway House club in New Orleans. This ensemble recorded for Okeh Records in 1925. Among the musicians who played in this group were New Orleans Rhythm Kings members Charlie Cordella, Mickey Marcour, Leon Rappolo, Sidney Arodin, Bill Eastwood, Joe Loyacano and Leo Adde. He played in New Orleans into the mid-1940s, after which time he moved to Biloxi, Mississippi. There he played with Merritt in the Brunie Brothers Dixieland Jazz Band. This ensemble recorded sparsely.

George Brunies
George Clarence Brunies (February 6, 1902 – November 19, 1974), a.k.a. Georg Brunis, was an American jazz trombonist, who was part of the dixieland revival. He was known as "The King of the Tailgate Trombone".
Membership of British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies in international organisations
There are fourteen British Overseas Territories, and three Crown dependencies which are under the sovereignty of the United Kingdom but not part of the United Kingdom itself. Some of these territories have gained membership of international intergovernmental organisations and sports federations. Notably Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands and Montserrat are associate members of UNESCO; Bermuda, British Virgin Islands and Cayman Islands are members of the International Olympic Committee; and Bermuda is a member of the International Paralympic Committee.

United Kingdom Overseas Territories Association
The United Kingdom Overseas Territories Association (UKOTA) is an organisation that exists to promote the interests of the United Kingdom Overseas Territories and co-operation between them. It was established in 1993 during the first Dependent Territories Conference.
Phoxinus
Phoxinus is a genus of freshwater fish in the family Leuciscidae of order Cypriniformes, and the only members of the subfamily Phoxininae, or Eurasian minnows. The other species in this genus are also commonly known as minnows. The name "minnow" was what early English fisherman used to describe "small and insignificant". The genus Phoxinus is found throughout Eurasia, and includes 21 known species. Previously, members of the North American genus Chrosomus were also believed to form part of this genus.

Chrosomus
Chrosomus is a genus of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Leuciscidae, which includes the daces, chubs and related fishes. The fishes in this genus are found in the eastern half of the United States and Canada. These fishes have sometimes been included in Eurasian minnow genus Phoxinus. They are the only members of the predominantly western subfamily Laviniinae that are found in eastern North America.
Apostolic Nunciature to Sudan
The Apostolic Nunciature to Sudan is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church in Sudan. It is a diplomatic post of the Holy See, whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio with the rank of an ambassador.

The Apostolic Nunciature to Sudan was established in 1972. It had previously been overseen by a variety of delegations with regional authority, the last of which were the Delegation to Eastern Africa erected in 1960 and the Delegation to the Red Sea Region.

The Apostolic Nuncio to Sudan is usually also the Apostolic Nuncio to Eritrea upon his appointment to said nation.

Apostolic Nunciature to Eritrea
The Apostolic Nunciature to Eritrea is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church in Eritrea. It is a diplomatic post of the Holy See, whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio with the rank of an ambassador.

The title Apostolic Nuncio to Eritrea is held by the prelate appointed Apostolic Nuncio to Sudan; he resides in Sudan.
1963 Philippine House of Representatives special elections
Two special elections (known as "by-elections" elsewhere) to the House of Representatives of the Philippines, the lower house of the Congress of the Philippines, were held on November 12, 1963, along with the 1963 Philippine Senate election. These were for vacancies in the 5th Congress of the Philippines for Batangas's 1st congressional district and Negros Occidental's 1st congressional district. The winners were to serve the rest of the term, which had ended on December 30, 1965. Political parties were allowed to field multiple candidates per district.

Just like the Senate election where the Nacionalista Party and the Liberal Party split even the disputed eight seats, both parties won one seat each; the Liberals picked up the Batangas seat, while the Nacionalistas held the Negros Occidental seat.

1963 Philippine Senate election
A senatorial election was held on November 12, 1963 in the Philippines. The 1963 elections were known as a midterm election as the date when the elected officials take office falls halfway through President Diosdado Macapagal's four-year term.

The Liberal Party won control of the chamber after having ten seats out of the 24-member Senate, as the 2-member Grand Alliance (the old Progressive Party) were caucusing with them, plus Alejandro Almendras of the Nacionalistas who personally supported Senate President Ferdinand Marcos.
Patapsco station
Patapsco station is a Baltimore Light Rail station in Halethorpe, Maryland. The stop is located along Patapsco Avenue from which its name is derived. The station serves as a hub for several MTA bus routes. Patapsco was the final stop along the line for a period from September 1992 until April 1993, when the line was extended to Linthicum.

The station has 216 spaces for commuters, some of that allow for overnight parking. Patapasco station was the original northern terminus of the Baltimore and Annapolis Railroad, which connected to the Curtis Bay Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.

Bus routes 14, 75, 51, 77 and the Patapsco branch of CityLink Yellow lay over at the station. Route 16 also passes through the station in both directions along its route.

Baltimore Light RailLink
The Baltimore Light RailLink (formerly Baltimore Light Rail, also known simply as the "Light Rail") is a light rail system serving Baltimore, Maryland, United States, and its northern and southern suburbs. It is operated by the Maryland Transit Administration (MTA Maryland).

In downtown Baltimore, it uses street-embedded tracks. Outside the central portions of the city, the line is located on private rights-of-way, mostly from the defunct Northern Central Railway, Baltimore and Annapolis Railroad and Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Electric Railway. The system had a ridership of 5,015,100, or about 14,500 per weekday, as of the fourth quarter of 2025.
George W. Mason
George Walter Mason (March 12, 1891 – October 8, 1954) was an American industrialist. During his career Mason served as the chairman and CEO of the Kelvinator Corporation (1928–1937), chairman and CEO of the Nash-Kelvinator Corporation (1937–1954), and chairman and CEO of American Motors Corporation (1954).

Hudson Motor Car Company
The Hudson Motor Car Company made Hudson and other branded automobiles in Detroit, Michigan, U.S., from 1909 until 1954. In 1954, Hudson merged with Nash-Kelvinator to form American Motors Corporation (AMC). The Hudson name was continued through the 1957 model year, after which it was discontinued.
Ermoceras
Ermoceras is a genus of ammonite belonging to the  Thomboceratidae family of the Middle Jurassic ( u Baj) found in deposites of central Arabia, Sinai, and Algeria with strong primary and secondary ribs and a single row of lateral tubercles; described as having a deep ventral groove

Telermoceras, with low, depressed whorls, and Kosmermoceras with high, compressed whorls are considered subgenera of Ermoceras   Both are from the same time and region. Telermoceras has coarse secondary ribs and a deep umbilicus surrounded by large tubercles or spines. Kosmermocerashas fine sharp to coarse ribbing and a flattish venter

Ermoceras s.l. is derived from Arkelloceras. Westermann (1965) tentatively placed Ermoceras in the Thamboceratidae, based on sutural morphology, removing it from the Stephanoceratidae where it was previously included.

Arkelloceras
Arkelloceras is an early Middle Jurassic (Bajocian stage) Stephanoceratoid (Ammonitina) genus from arctic Canada, Alaska, and Siberia belonging to the family Otoitidae (Imlay 1984, Westermann 1965)

Arkelloceras seems to be a direct descendant of Abbasites and is thought to have given rise to Ermoceras and possibly to Thamboceras. (Westermann 1965)
Papuasia
Papuasia is a Level 2 botanical region defined in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD). It lies in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in the Melanesia ecoregion of Oceania and Tropical Asia.

It comprises the following geographic and political entities:

Aru Islands (Indonesia; treated as part of Western New Guinea in the Scheme)

New Guinea
Papua New Guinea
Western New Guinea (Indonesia)

Solomon Islands (archipelago)
Bougainville
Solomon Islands (excluding the Santa Cruz Islands)

World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions
The World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD) is a biogeographical system developed by the international Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG) organization, formerly the International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases. The WGSRPD standards, like other standards for data fields in botanical databases, were developed to promote "the wider and more effective dissemination of information about the world's heritage of biological organisms for the benefit of the world at large". The system provides clear definitions and codes for recording plant distributions at four scales or levels, from "botanical continents" down to parts of large countries. The codes may be referred to as TDWG geographical codes. Current users of the system include the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), and Plants of the World Online (POWO).
Burton (near Neston)
Burton is a village on the Wirral Peninsula, in the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. It is situated south of the town of Neston.

At the 2001 Census, the settlement constituted part of the Burton and Ness Ward of the Borough of Ellesmere Port and Neston. The population of the village was 715 with the ward having a total population of 1,620.  
As of 2025 Burton is part of Willaston and Thornton Ward.

Wirral Peninsula
The Wirral Peninsula (/ˈwɪrəl/), known locally as the Wirral, is a peninsula in North West England. The roughly rectangular peninsula is about 15 miles (24 km) long and 7 miles (11 km) wide, and is bounded by the Dee Estuary to the west, the Mersey Estuary to the east and Liverpool Bay to the north.

Historically, the Wirral was wholly in Cheshire; in the Domesday Book, its border with the rest of the county was placed at "two arrow falls from Chester city walls".  However, since the Local Government Act 1972, only the southern third has been in Cheshire, with almost all the rest lying in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, Merseyside. An area of saltmarsh and reclaimed land adjoining the south-west of the peninsula lies in the Welsh county of Flintshire.
Westminster Dragoons
The Westminster Dragoons (WDs) was a yeomanry regiment of the British Army Army Reserve, located in central London. Its lineage is continued by one of the Royal Yeomanry's six squadrons. Formed in the aftermath of Second Boer War as part of the County of London Yeomanry, the WDs fought in the Battle of Gallipoli and led British forces onto the beaches during the Normandy Invasion in 1944. The squadron most recently saw action in Operation Telic for which it was mobilised for the 2003 war in Iraq.

Thomas Scott-Ellis, 8th Baron Howard de Walden
Thomas Evelyn Scott-Ellis, 8th Baron Howard de Walden, 4th Baron Seaford (9 May 1880 – 5 November 1946) was an English peer, landowner, writer and patron of the arts.

Howard de Walden was also a powerboat racer who competed for Great Britain in the 1908 Summer Olympics.
Kate Warne
Kate Warne (August 28, 1833 – January 28, 1868) was an American law enforcement officer best known as the first female detective in the United States, for the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. She also had a role in uncovering the 1861 Baltimore Plot against President-elect Abraham Lincoln, recruiting female agents for the Pinkerton Agency, and conducting intelligence work for the Union during the American Civil War.

Timothy Webster
Timothy Webster (March 12, 1822 – April 29, 1862) was a British-born American lawman and soldier. He served as a Pinkerton agent and Union spy, and was the first spy in the American Civil War to be executed.
Microsoft Open Specification Promise
The Microsoft Open Specification Promise (OSP) is a promise by Microsoft, published in September 2006, to not assert its patents, in certain conditions, against implementations of a certain list of specifications.

The OSP is not a licence, but rather a covenant not to sue.  It promises protection but does not grant any rights.

The OSP is limited to implementations to the extent that they conform to those specifications.  This allows for conformance to be partial.  So if an implementation follows the specification for some aspects, and deviates in other aspects, then the Covenant Not to Sue applies only to the implementation's aspects which follow the specification.

Internet Explorer 8
Internet Explorer 8 or IE8 (officially Windows Internet Explorer 8) is a major version of the Internet Explorer web browser for Windows released by Microsoft on March 19, 2009 and is the successor to Internet Explorer 7. It was the default browser on Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2.

It is the first version of Internet Explorer to pass the Acid2 test, the last of the major browsers to do so. (In the later Acid3 Test, it only scores 24/100.) It is the last version of Internet Explorer to support Windows XP across all editions, Windows Vista RTM–SP1, and Windows Server 2008 RTM, as well as Itanium-based processors. Additionally, it introduced a Compatibility View mode to optionally emulate older versions' rendering behavior, and color-coded tab groups where links opened in new tabs share the color of the website they originated from. According to Microsoft, security, ease of use, and improvements in RSS, CSS, and Ajax support were its priorities for IE8.
Vsevolod Gantmakher
Vsevolod Feliksovich Gantmakher (October 8, 1935 – March 5, 2015; Russian: Всеволод Феликсович Гантмахер), was a prominent Russian experimental physicist of Jewish origin, was born in Moscow as son of Felix Gantmacher, a prominent mathematician. He was a full Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and is known for his fundamental contributions to condensed matter physics especially for the Gantmakher effect and Gantmakher–Kaner oscillations.

Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT; Russian: Московский физико-технический институт, also known as PhysTech), is a public research university located in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It prepares specialists in theoretical and applied physics, applied mathematics and related disciplines.

The main MIPT campus is located in Dolgoprudny, a northern suburb of Moscow. However the Aeromechanics Department is based in Zhukovsky, a suburb south-east of Moscow.

As Phystech's founder, Pyotr Kapitsa, designed the institute inspired by and in accordance with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology model, Phystech is commonly hailed as the "MIT of Russia" and is considered to be the leading specialized technical institution of higher education in the former Soviet Union.

The rector Dmitry Livanov and Nikolay Kudryavtsev, the president of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, both have signed a letter of support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine.