hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Coequalizer
In category theory, a coequalizer (or coequaliser) is a generalization of the quotient of a set by an equivalence relation to objects in an arbitrary category. It is the categorical construction dual to the equalizer.

Equaliser (mathematics)
In mathematics, an equaliser is a set of arguments where two or more functions have equal values.
An equaliser is the solution set of an equation.
In certain contexts, a difference kernel is the equaliser of exactly two functions.
Chichester, New York
The hamlet of Chichester, New York, formerly referred to as Chichesterville, is one of the northernmost communities in the town of Shandaken, being adjacent to the borderline between Ulster and Greene counties.

The hamlet of Chichester, New York, is not to be confused with the city in West Sussex, England. One difference is that, unlike the city of Chichester, England, the "i" in Chichester, New York, is pronounced like "eye" instead of a vowel sound such as in the word "chip".

Ulster County, New York
Ulster County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. It is situated along the Hudson River. As of the 2020 census, the population was 182,977. The county seat is Kingston. The county is named after the Irish province of Ulster. The county is part of the Hudson Valley region of the state.
2008 United States Senate election in New Hampshire
The 2008 United States Senate election in New Hampshire was held on November 4, 2008. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator John E. Sununu ran for re-election to a second term, but was defeated by Democrat Jeanne Shaheen in a rematch of the 2002 election. Shaheen's win marked the first time since 1972 that a Democrat won this seat, and made her the first Democratic senator elected from New Hampshire since John A. Durkin's victory in 1975.

1974–75 United States Senate elections in New Hampshire
The 1974–75 elections for United States Senator in New Hampshire, first held November 5, 1974 and held again September 16, 1975, were part of the longest contested election for the Congress in United States history.
Po Rome
Po Rome (?–1651), also spelled Po Romê, Po Romé or Po Ramo, with the Muslim name Nik Mustafa Bin Wan Abul Muzaffar Waliyullah (Jawi: نئ مصطفى بن وان ابول موزففر والييولله), regnal name Sultan Abdul Hamid Shah (Jawi: سلطان عبدالحميد شه), was the king of Panduranga Champa, reigning from 1627 to 1651.

Po Nraup
Po Nraup (?–1653), also spelled Po Nrop, who has been hypothesized as having the Muslim name Sultan Nik Ibrahim Bin Nik Mustafa (Jawi: سلطان نئ إبراهيم بن نئ مصطفى) alias Po Brohim, was the king of Panduranga Champa who ruled from 1652 to 1653. In Vietnamese records, he is mentioned as Bà Thấm or Bà Tấm (婆抋). His short reign was marked by a ruinous war with the southern Vietnamese which cost Champa half of its territory.
State Assembly of the Republic of Bashkortostan
The State Assembly — Kurultai of the Republic of Bashkortostan is the regional parliament of Bashkortostan, a federal subject of Russia.  Its members are elected for five years.

The chairman is Konstantin Tolkachyov since March 1999.

Regional parliaments of Russia
The regional parliaments of Russia are the regional legislatures in the federal subjects of Russia (republics, krais, oblasts, autonomous oblasts and federal cities), which have different names but are often collectively referred to as regional parliaments.

The federal structure of Russia includes 85 regional parliaments. The largest regional parliament is the State Assembly of the Republic of Bashkortostan, which consists of 110 deputies, while the smallest one is the Duma of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, which consists of 15 deputies. Currently, deputies in the regional parliaments are elected for five-year terms.
Abe Goldstein
Abe Goldstein (September 10, 1898 – February 12, 1977) was an American Undisputed World Bantamweight Champion boxer from New York known as the Pride of the Ghetto.  He defeated Joe Lynch to become World Bantamweight champion on March 21, 1924, in Madison Square Garden, and was ranked the #5 bantamweight of all time by boxing Manager Charley Rose. He worked with the famous New York trainer Ray Arcel.

He successfully defended the title twice the year he took it, against Charles Ledoux and Tommy Ryan, before losing to Eddie "Cannonball" Martin in a 15-round decision on December 19, 1924. He had an unsuccessful attempt at the American Flyweight Championship early in his career against Johnny Buff and fought Pancho Villa, another holder of the American Flyweight Title in a non-title match.

Ray Arcel
Ramil "Ray" Arcel (August 30, 1899 – March 7, 1994) was an American boxing trainer who was active from the 1920s through the 1980s. In his long and distinguished career, he trained 20 world boxing champions.
National Museum of Peru
The National Museum of Peru is a national museum in Lurín District, Lima, Peru, located within the archaeological zone of Pachacamac. The museum will hold over a half million artifacts of the Pre-Columbian era and Inca Empire, ranging back to 5,000 BCE. It opened in July 2021 as part of Peru's bicentennial celebrations and is capable of accepting 15,000 guests per day.

Lurín District
Lurín is a district of the Lima Province in Peru known for its archaeological temple of Pachacámac, the Pachacámac Islands (or "La Ballena"), countryside areas, villages, fincas, rural restaurants, nightlife and beaches. The Lurín River runs through the district, one of the three valleys of the city of Lima.
Capture of Tahert (909)
The capture of Tahert or the Siege of Tahert occurred on August 26, 909 AD, at the city of Tahert (present-day Tagdemt), when the Fatimid army led by Ghazwiyya ibn Yusuf besieged and toppled the city, leading to the end of the Rustamid state, the surviving population migrated to Ouargla, from where they later moved to the Mzab region in the 11th century.

Rustamid dynasty
The Rustamid dynasty (Arabic: الرستميون) was an Ibadi dynasty of Persian origin which ruled a state that was centered in present-day Algeria. The dynasty governed as a Muslim theocracy for a century and a half from its capital Tahert (present day Tagdemt) until the Ismaili Fatimid Caliphate defeated it. Rustamid authority extended over what is now central and western Algeria, parts of southern Tunisia, and the Jebel Nafusa and Fezzan regions in Libya as far as Zawila.
Longevity claims
Longevity claims are unsubstantiated cases of asserted human longevity. Those asserting lifespans of 110 years or more are referred to as supercentenarians. Many have either no official verification or are backed only by partial evidence. Cases where longevity has been fully verified, according to modern standards of longevity research, are reflected in an established list of supercentenarians based on the work of organizations such as the Gerontology Research Group (GRG) or Guinness World Records. This article lists living claims greater than that of the oldest living person whose age has been independently verified, British woman Ethel Caterham, aged 116 years, 191 days, and deceased claims greater than that of the oldest person ever whose age has been verified, French woman Jeanne Calment, who died aged 122 years and 164 days. The upper limit for both lists is 130 years.

Supercentenarian
A supercentenarian, sometimes hyphenated as super-centenarian, is a person who is 110 or older. This age is achieved by about one in 1,000 centenarians. Supercentenarians typically live a life free of significant age-related diseases until shortly before the maximum human lifespan is reached.
Jacob Volhard
Jacob Volhard  (4 June 1834 – 14 January 1910) was the German chemist who discovered, together with his student Hugo Erdmann, the Volhard–Erdmann cyclization reaction. He was also responsible for the improvement of the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky halogenation.

From 1852 to 1855 he studied chemistry at the University of Giessen, and afterwards, furthered his education at the University of Heidelberg. For two years he worked as an assistant under Justus von Liebig at the University of Munich, and in 1860/61 studied with August Wilhelm von Hofmann in London. In 1863 he obtained his habilitation at Munich, where he subsequently became an associate professor. In the meantime, he worked in the Institute of Plant Physiology at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences (1865–76). In 1879 he was named a professor of organic chemistry at the University of Erlangen, then in 1882 relocated to the University of Halle, where he served as a professor up until 1908.

Hugo Erdmann
Hugo Wilhelm Traugott Erdmann (8 May 1862 – 25 June 1910) was the German chemist who discovered, together with his doctoral advisor Jacob Volhard, the Volhard-Erdmann cyclization. In 1898 he was the first who coined the term noble gas (the original noun is Edelgas in German).

Erdmann invented the name Thiozone in 1908, hypothesizing that S3 made up a large proportion of liquid sulfur.

In collaboration with Rudolph Fittig, Erdmann found that dehydration of γ-phenyl structural analog of isocrotonic acid produced α-naphthol, an observation that provided evidence in understanding the nature of naphthalene.
Southern Kaduna
Southern Kaduna (Tyap: A̱tak Ka̱duna [ǝtag kǝduna] ⓘ; Jju: Ka̱tak Ka̱duna [kǝtag kǝduna] ⓘ; Hausa: Kudancin Kaduna [kudǝnt͡ʃin kəduna] ⓘ; formerly Southern Zaria) is an area of the Nok Culture region inhabited by various related ethnic groups who do not identify as Hausa, living south of Zaria, Kaduna State. It is located in the Middle Belt region of Nigeria. According to the Southern Kaduna People's Union (SOKAPU), Southern Kaduna consists of 12 (or 13) Local Government Areas out of 23 in Kaduna State.

In September 2020, the SOKAPU national publicity secretary, Luka Binniyat, in a statement he signed said the region makes up 51.2% of the entire state's population as shown in the 2006 census figures, occupying 26,000 sq. km. of the state's 46,000 sq. km. total land mass, with 57 registered ethnic nationalities of the state's 67 identified ones. Angerbrandt (2015) views it as being less of a geographical identity and more of an ethnic identity concept.

Bajju people
The Bajju people (Jju: Ba̱jju; exonyms: Tyap: A̱jhyuo; Hausa: Kajje, Kaje), are an ethnic group found in the Middle Belt (central) area of Nigeria. The word Bajju stems from Ba̠nyet Jju, literally "people who speak Jju". The Jju language is spoken in Ka̠jju, the homeland of the Bajju people. They are primarily found in the southern part of Kaduna State, chiefly in Kachia, Zangon Kataf, Jema'a and in Kaduna South Local Government Areas. Bajju people are also commonly known as "Kaje" which is a pejorative name used to refer to both the Bajju people and their language, Jju, by the larger Hausa people who mispronounced "Kajju" (meaning the land of the Bajju people). The people are predominantly farmers, hunters, blacksmiths and petty traders.
Ecomuseo delle ferriere e fonderie di Calabria
The Ecomuseo delle ferriere e fonderie di Calabria (Ecomuseum of the iron-works and iron-foundries of Calabria) is an ecomuseum in Bivongi, Calabria, southern Italy.

The project was founded in 1982 by the Associazione Calabrese Archeologia Industriale (Calabrian Association for Industrial Archaeology). Its purposes are research, study, preservation and cultural promotion of the Calabrian industrial heritage, and, in particular, what remains of it in the Vallata dello Stilaro and Serre Calabresi.

Bivongi
Bivongi (Calabrian: Bivungi or Bigungi) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Reggio Calabria in the Italian region Calabria, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) southwest of Catanzaro and about 80 kilometres (50 mi) northeast of Reggio Calabria in the Stilaro Valley, at the feet of the Monte Consolino.

Attractions include the Cascata del Marmarico, a 114-metre (374 ft) high waterfall, and the Monastery of San Giovanni Theristis.
Ayşe Sultan (daughter of Murad III)
Ayşe Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: عائشه سلطان; c. 1565 – 15 May 1605) was an Ottoman princess, daughter of Sultan Murad III (reign 1574–1595) and Safiye Sultan, as well as sister of Sultan Mehmed III (reign 1595–1603) of the Ottoman Empire.

Ayşe Hümaşah Sultan
Ayşe Hümaşah Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: عایشه سلطان; 1541–1604) was an Ottoman princess, the only daughter of Mihrimah Sultan and Rüstem Pasha (Grand Vizier 1544–53, 1555–61). She was the granddaughter of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566) and his legal wife Hürrem Sultan.
HMS F2
HMS F2 was a British F class submarine of the Royal Navy. She was built at J. Samuel White at Cowes, laid down on 30 November 1914 and launched on 7 July 1917.

F2 was sold for scrapping in Portsmouth in 1922.

British F-class submarine
The F-class submarine was built for the Royal Navy as a coastal submarine based on the doubled hulled V-class submarine (World War I) with very few minor improvements. The only important improvement was the addition of a stern torpedo tube. The F class were ordered as a successor to the E-class submarine, but only three were built out of the ten ordered, the first F1  at Chatham.

During World War I, the F-class submarines were primarily used for coastal defence. All three survived the war and ended their service as training boats at Campbeltown. F1 and F3 were scrapped in 1920, F2 was sold in 1922.
Hesar-e Garmkhan
Hesar-e Garmkhan (Persian: حصارگرمخان) is a city in, and the capital of, Garmkhan District in Bojnord County, North Khorasan province, Iran. It also serves as the administrative center for Garmkhan Rural District. As a village, it was the capital of Baba Aman Rural District until its capital was transferred to the village of Baba Aman. Hesar-e Garmkhan was converted to a city in 2000.

Baba Aman Rural District
Baba Aman Rural District (Persian: دهستان باباامان) is in the Central District of Bojnord County, North Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Baba Aman. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Hesar-e Garmkhan, now a city.
Hoendiep
53°13′52″N 6°23′52″E﻿ / ﻿53.231111°N 6.397778°E﻿ / 53.231111; 6.397778

The Hoendiep (Dutch: [ˈɦundip]; Gronings: Houndaip) is a canal in the Dutch province of Groningen, located between the city of Groningen and Zuidhorn. Before 1949, the section of the Van Starkenborgh Canal from Zuidhorn to the Frisian border was also called Hoendiep. The road on the south side of the Van Starkenborgh Canal is still called Hoendiep.

The current canal is 15 km long. The settlements of Groningen, Hoogkerk, De Poffert, Enumatil, Zuidhorn and Briltil are located on the Hoendiep.

Van Starkenborgh Canal
The Van Starkenborgh Canal (Dutch: Van Starkenborghkanaal)  is a canal in Groningen that connects the Prinses Margriet Canal with the Eems Canal. The canal is suitable for CEMT-Class Va (barges up tp 2,500t), and is part of the Lemmer–Delfzijl Waterway. It is getting upgraded to allow passage to barges with four layers of containers.

The improvement of the waterway between Lemmer and Groningen was above all a political challenge. Planning started in 1900, construction took place from 1922 to 1937. The original Van Starkenborgh Canal was dug between the Eems Canal and Noordhorn and named Van Starkenborgh Canal in 1938. At about the same time, a section of the Hoendiep west of this was upgraded to the same dimensions. In July 1949 this also received the name Van Starkenborgh Canal.
Camino, Piedmont
Camino is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) east of Turin and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of Alessandria. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 763 and an area of 18.4 square kilometres (7.1 sq mi).

Camino borders the following municipalities: Gabiano, Mombello Monferrato, Morano sul Po, Palazzolo Vercellese, Pontestura, Solonghello, and Trino.

Morano sul Po
Morano sul Po (in Piedmontese Muran)  is a comune  in the  province of Alessandria, Piedmont, northwestern Italy.

It is about 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of the regional capital Turin and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northwest of the provincial capital Alessandria. Its immediate neighbours are:
Balzola, Camino, Casale Monferrato, Coniolo, Costanzana, Pontestura, and Trino.
Karma Triyana Dharmachakra
Karma Triyana Dharmachakra is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery in Woodstock, New York, United States, which serves as the North American seat of the 17th Gyalwa Karmapa, head of the Karma Kagyu lineage. It was founded in 1976 by the 16th Gyalwa Karmapa with Khenpo Karthar Rinpoche as abbot.  He held this position until his death in 2019.  The
Third Bardor Tulku Rinpoche stayed in the United States to help Khenpo Karthar Rinpoche and Mr. Tenzin Chonyi establish and develop Karma Triyana Dharmachakra.

Woodstock, New York
Woodstock is a town in Ulster County, New York, United States, in the northern part of the county, northwest of Kingston. It lies within the borders of the Catskill Park. The population was 6,287 at the 2020 census, up from 5,884 in 2010.

Although local Woodstock Sound-Outs were staged in the local area, the actual "Woodstock" Festival was held almost 60 miles (97 km) away at Max Yasgur's farm in the town of Bethel.
El Brujo
Located in the Chicama Valley, the El Brujo Archaeological Complex, just north of Trujillo, La Libertad Province, Peru, is an ancient archaeological site that was occupied from preceramic times. Considering the broad cultural sequencing, the Chicama Valley can be considered as an archaeological microcosm. Research at the site benefits from the favourable environmental and topological conditions for material conservation.

Huaca Prieta is the earliest part of the complex but the biggest constructions on the site belong to the Moche culture. In this area, there are also the remains of the later Lambayeque and Chimú cultures.

Chicama Valley
Chicama Valley is an area located at north of the Valley of Moche in La Libertad Region, northern Peru, it has agricultural resources where one of the main products is cane of sugar; this valley has been formed on both sides of the Chicama River.
Archdiocese of Suva
The Archdiocese of Suva (Latin: Archidioecesis Suvana) is a Latin Catholic metropolitan archdiocese in Fiji. It is responsible for the suffragan dioceses of Rarotonga and Tarawa and Nauru and —as of 21 March 2003—the Mission Sui Iuris of Funafuti. The archdiocese was created in 1966 to succeed the Apostolic Vicariate of Fiji.

Mission sui iuris of Funafuti
The Mission sui iuris of Funafuti (Latin: Missio Sui Iuris Funafutinum) is a Latin Catholic mission sui juris (pre-diocesan missionary jurisdiction) in Tuvalu, Polynesia.

It depends on the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, yet it is exceptionally not exempt, but instead is a suffragan of a Metropolitan archdiocese. Since 21 March 2003, that metropolitan see has been the Archdiocese of Suva; until that date, it had been a different see, i.e., the Archdiocese of Samoa-Apia.

Its only place of worship is Teone Church in Vaiaku, on Fongafale island in Tuvalu.

On June 3, 2024, Pope Francis appointed Mission Society of the Philippines priest, Fr. Eliseo Napiere, as superior of the Mission sui iuris of Funafuti. He succeeded Reynaldo B. Getalado, M. S. P., appointed in 2014, who was installed coadjutor bishop of the Diocese of Rarotonga on April 27.
Sámi University of Applied Sciences
Sámi University of Applied Sciences (Northern Sami: Sámi allaskuvla, Norwegian: Samisk høgskole) is a university that is located in the village of Kautokeino in Kautokeino Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. It was established in 1989 and has about 200 students and 110 faculty, technical and administrative staff. It is one of 25 Norwegian state university colleges. Since 2009 it has been located at the campus complex of Diehtosiida.

Sámi University of Applied Sciences has a national responsibility for Sámi higher education, including education within teaching and journalism. The college attempts to develop its syllabi on the basis of Sámi needs, and attempts to develop Sámi as an academic language. The college has students from all four countries covered by Sápmi.

Diehtosiida
The Diehtosiida (lit. 'knowledge-place') is a campus and academic facility situated in Kautokeino, Norway. It houses several Sámi academic institutions – the Sámi University College, The Sámi Archives, Inner Finnmark Student Welfare Organization, the language department of the Sámi Parliament of Norway, the International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry and the International Resource Centre on Indigenous Rights. The facility opened in 2009.
Diocese of Worcester, Massachusetts
The Diocese of Worcester (Latin: Diœcesis Wigorniensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory, or diocese, of the Catholic Church in central Massachusetts in the United States. The diocese consists of Worcester County. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Boston. The patron saint of the diocese is Paul the Apostle.

The mother church of the Diocese of Worcester is the Cathedral of Saint Paul in the city of Worcester. The fifth and current bishop is Robert McManus.

Bernard Joseph Flanagan
Bernard Joseph Flanagan (March 31, 1908 – January 28, 1998) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Norwich in Connecticut (1953–1959) and as bishop of the Diocese of Worcester in Massachusetts (1959–1983).
Indiana High School Rugby
Indiana has become one of the premiere states for high school rugby, with the boys' top league, the Super League, crowned the 2014 toughest high school league. Indiana teams have claimed multiple national and regional championships. At the start of the 2016 season, there were approximately fifty boys teams and fifteen girls teams competing in Indiana. The fifty boys teams were organized into four programs in the Super League, eight in Division 1, twelve in Division 2, and one developmental side. In addition to varsity competition, many programs also contest in junior varsity and developmental competitions, allowing programs to put forth multiple teams.

Midwest Rugby Football Union
The Midwest Rugby Football Union (MRFU) is a Territorial Union (TU) for rugby union teams playing in the Midwestern United States. It is one of seven TUs that governed a specific region of USA Rugby. It was founded in 1964.

In 2013, USA Rugby reorganized from Territorial Unions (TU's) to Geographical Unions (GU's).
Renfrew County
Renfrew County is a county and census division in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is located on the west bank of the Ottawa River. There are 17 municipalities in the county. Its county seat is Pembroke, which is geographically within the county but administered independently.

Killaloe, Hagarty and Richards
Killaloe, Hagarty and Richards is an incorporated township in Renfrew County in eastern Ontario, Canada, created on July 1, 2000, as a result of an amalgamation of the Township of Hagarty and Richards with the Village of Killaloe.