hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2017–18 Russian Premier League
The 2017–18 Russian Premier League was the 26th season of the premier football competition in Russia since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the 16th under the current Russian Premier League name. Spartak Moscow came into the season as the defending champions.

2018–19 Russian Premier League
The 2018–19 Russian Premier League was the 27th season of the premier football competition in Russia since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the 17th under the current Russian Premier League name. Lokomotiv Moscow came into the season as the defending champions.

The new logo was presented on 24 July 2018, there was no title sponsor announced for the season.
Geometric Brownian motion
A geometric Brownian motion (GBM), also known as an exponential Brownian motion, is a continuous-time stochastic process in which the logarithm of the randomly varying quantity follows a Brownian motion with drift. It is an important example of stochastic processes satisfying a stochastic differential equation (SDE); in particular, it is used in mathematical finance to model stock prices in the Black–Scholes model.

Itô's lemma
In mathematics, Itô's lemma or Itô's formula (also called the Itô–Doeblin formula) is an identity used in Itô calculus to find the differential of a time-dependent function of a stochastic process. It serves as the stochastic calculus counterpart of the chain rule. It can be heuristically derived by forming the Taylor series expansion of the function up to its second derivatives and retaining terms up to first order in the time increment and second order in the Wiener process increment. The lemma is widely employed in mathematical finance, and its best known application is in the derivation of the Black–Scholes equation for option values.

This result was discovered by Japanese mathematician Kiyoshi Itô in 1951.
Puttegga
Puttegga is the highest mountain in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It lies on the border of Fjord Municipality and Rauma Municipality. It is located just 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) northwest of the mountain Karitinden, inside Reinheimen National Park. The nearest village is Tafjord, 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) to the west. The mountain is easily accessed from the cabin Pyttbua to the east, which is maintained by the Norwegian Trekking Association.

Fjord Municipality
Fjord is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Sunnmøre. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Stordal. Other villages in the municipality include Valldal, Eidsdal, Norddal, Tafjord, Fjørå/Selboskarbygda, Sylte. The name Fjord is a common word and name part in Norway and was chosen for the new municipality established in 2020 for reasons of search engine optimization, despite not having any historical tradition in the municipality.

The 1,191-square-kilometre (460 sq mi) municipality is the 92nd largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Fjord Municipality is the 255th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,492. The municipality's population density is 2.1 inhabitants per square kilometre (5.4/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 8.4% over the previous 10-year period.
Bilawal Bhutto Zardari
Bilawal Bhutto Zardari (born 21 September 1988) is a Pakistani politician who served as the 37th Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2022 to 2023. He became the chairman of the Pakistan People's Party in 2007 following his mother's assassination.

Born in Karachi, Sindh, Bilawal maternally belongs to the Bhutto family and paternally to the Zardari family, he is the son of former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and President Asif Ali Zardari, and the grandson of former President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.

Bhutto Zardari was a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from 2018 to 2023. He was re-elected as a Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan in the 2024 Pakistani general election from newly formed constituency NA-194 Larkana-I, taking oath in 2024.

Bhutto family
The Bhutto family is a  Pakistani political family of Sindhi background, belonging to the Bhutto clan. The Bhuttos have played a prominent role in Pakistani politics and government. The Bhuttos have been settled in Sindh for over three centuries and have held the leadership of the Pakistan People's Party since its inception in 1967.

Two members of the family, Zulfikar and Benazir Bhutto, have been the Prime Ministers of Pakistan, whereas Asif Ali Zardari, Benazir's widower, has been the President of Pakistan twice, from 2008 to 2013 and from 2024 to present.
Fugaku (supercomputer)
Fugaku (Japanese: 富岳) is a petascale supercomputer at the Riken Center for Computational Science in Kobe, Japan. It started development in 2014 as the successor to the K computer and made its debut in 2020. It is named after an alternative name for Mount Fuji.

It became the fastest supercomputer in the world in the June 2020 TOP500 list as well as becoming the first ARM architecture-based computer to achieve this. At this time it also achieved 1.42 exaFLOPS using the mixed fp16/fp64 precision HPL-AI benchmark. It started regular operations in 2021.

Fugaku was superseded as the fastest supercomputer in the world by Frontier in May 2022.

AArch64
AArch64, also known as ARM64, is a 64-bit version of the ARM architecture family, a widely used set of computer processor designs. It was introduced in 2011 with the ARMv8 architecture and later became part of the ARMv9 series. AArch64 allows processors to handle more memory and perform faster calculations than earlier 32-bit versions. It is designed to work alongside the older 32-bit mode, known as AArch32, allowing compatibility with a wide range of software. Devices that use AArch64 include smartphones, tablets, personal computers, and servers. The AArch64 architecture has continued to evolve through updates that improve performance, security, and support for advanced computing tasks.
Economics education
Economics education or economic education is a field within economics that focuses on two main themes:

The current state of, and efforts to improve, the economics curriculum, materials and pedagogical techniques used to teach economics at all educational levels; and

Research into the effectiveness of alternative instructional techniques in economics, the level of economic literacy of various groups, and factors that influence the level of economic literacy.

Economics education is distinct from economics of education, which focuses on the economics of the institution of education.
This article discusses the field conceptually, and also provides a general outline of the typical curriculum.

Outline of finance
The following outline provides an overview and topical guide to finance:

Finance – the field concerned with how individuals, businesses, and organizations raise, allocate, and manage monetary resources over time, while accounting for the risks associated with their activities and investments.
Jean de La Rochetaillée
Jean de La Rochetaillée (died 1437) was a French churchman, eminent jurist, and Cardinal. His real name was Jean de Fort.

He was bishop of Saint-Papoul in 1413, bishop of Geneva in 1418, and bishop of Paris in 1421/2. He became archbishop of Rouen in 1423, but fell out with his chapter. From 1429 to 1437 he was administrator of the diocese of Besançon.

He attended the conclave of 1431.

He was created titular Patriarch of Constantinople in 1412, and Cardinal in 1426. He was Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church in 1436/7. Jean attended the Council of Basel from May 1433 to April 1435, functioning as the council's vice-chancellor.

Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople
The Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople was an office established as a result of the Fourth Crusade and its conquest of Constantinople in 1204. It was a Catholic replacement for the Eastern Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and remained in the city until the reconquest of Constantinople by the Byzantines in 1261, whereupon it became a titular see with only ceremonial powers. The St. Peter's Basilica was the patriarchium, or papal major basilica assigned to the Patriarch of Constantinople, where he officiated when visiting Rome. The office was abolished in 1964.
Monmouth, Oregon
Monmouth (/ˈmɒnməθ/) is a city of Polk County in the U.S. state of Oregon. It was named after Monmouth, Illinois, the origin of its earliest settlers. The population is 11,110 as of the 2020 Census; and Monmouth is part of the Salem Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city is home to Western Oregon University. The city’s first public library, Monmouth Public Library, opened in 1934.

Polk County, Oregon
Polk County is one of the 36 counties in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2020 census, the population was 87,433. The county seat is Dallas. The county is named for James Knox Polk, the 11th president of the United States.

Polk County is part of the Salem, OR Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Portland-Vancouver-Salem, OR-WA Combined Statistical Area. It is located in the Willamette Valley.
Estadio Félix Capriles
The Estadio Sudamericano Félix Capriles is a multi-purpose stadium in Cochabamba, Bolivia. It is currently used mostly for football matches, and has a maximum capacity of 32,100. It is the home stadium of Club Jorge Wilstermann and Club Aurora. It is also used for bigger concerts, political rallies, and other public events held in the city of Cochabamba. It is located at 2,567 meters (8,422 feet) above sea level.

Club Aurora
Club Deportivo Aurora is a football club from Cochabamba, Bolivia, that plays in the División de Fútbol Profesional, the top tier of Bolivian football. The club was founded 27 May 1935, and plays its home games at the Estadio Félix Capriles.
April 25 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
April 24 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - April 26

All fixed commemorations below are observed on May 8 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For April 25th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on April 12.

April 26 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
April 25 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - April 27

All fixed commemorations below are observed on May 9 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For April 26th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on April 13.
Mattituck Airport
Mattituck Airport (FAA LID: 21N) is a privately owned public use airport located one nautical mile (2 km) southeast of the central business district of Mattituck, a hamlet in the Town of Southold, in Suffolk County, on Long  New York, United States. It is owned by Mattituck Airport, LLC.

Authorization is required prior to landing at Mattituck Airport. Please see the Permission to Land page to request authorization. The landing fee is $50 and parking is $50/day.

Southold, New York
The Town of Southold is one of ten towns in Suffolk County, New York, United States. It is located in the northeastern tip of the county, on the North Fork of Long Island. The population was 23,732 at the 2020 census. The town contains a hamlet,  also named Southold, which was settled in 1640.
St Marylebone Parish Church
St Marylebone Parish Church is an Anglican church on the Marylebone Road in London. It was built to the designs of Thomas Hardwick in 1813–17. The present site is the third used by the parish for its church. The first was further south, near Oxford Street. The church there was demolished in 1400 and a new one erected further north. This was completely rebuilt in 1740–42, and converted into a chapel-of-ease when Hardwick's church was constructed. The Marylebone area takes its name from the church. Located behind the church is St Marylebone School, a Church of England school for girls.

Samuel Wesley (composer, born 1766)
Samuel Wesley (24 February 1766 – 11 October 1837) was an English organist and composer in the late Georgian period. Wesley was a contemporary of Mozart (1756–1791) and was called by some "the English Mozart".
Macrothelypteris
Macrothelypteris is a genus of ferns in the family Thelypteridaceae, subfamily Phegopteridoideae, in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). The genus name means 'large Thelypteris'.

Thelypteridaceae
Thelypteridaceae is a family of about 900 species of ferns in the order Polypodiales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is placed in the suborder Aspleniineae. Alternatively, the family may be submerged in a very broadly defined family Aspleniaceae as the subfamily Thelypteridoideae.

The ferns are terrestrial, with the exception of a few which are lithophytes (grow on rocks).  The bulk of the species are tropical, although there are a number of temperate species.

These ferns typically have creeping rhizomes. The fronds are simply pinnate to pinnate-pinnatifid. There is either no frond dimorphism or only mild dimorphism, either open venation or very simple anastomosing. The sori are mostly reniform in shape and have indusia, except for the Phegopteris group.
Natural hair movement
The natural hair movement is a movement which aims to encourage people of sub-Saharan African descent to embrace their natural, afro-textured hair, especially in the workplace. It originated in the United States during the 1960s, and resurged in popularity in the 2000s.

Relaxer
A relaxer is a type of lotion or cream generally used by people with tight curls or very curly hair which makes hair easier to straighten by chemically "relaxing" the natural curls. The active agent is usually a strong alkali, although some formulations are based on ammonium thioglycolate or formaldehyde.
Ángel Torres (baseball)
Ángel Rafael Torres Ruiz (October 24, 1952 – February 1, 2025) was a Dominican Major League Baseball pitcher who played in 1977 with the Cincinnati Reds. He batted and threw left-handed. Torres had a 0–0 record, with a 2.16 ERA, in five games, in his one-year career. He was signed by the St. Louis Cardinals in 1971 as an amateur free agent. He was traded along with Bill Greif and Sam Mejías from the Cardinals to the Montreal Expos for Tony Scott, Steve Dunning and Pat Scanlon on November 8, 1976.  He was then dealt to the Reds early in the 1977 season. Torres died on February 1, 2025, at the age of 72.

Steve Dunning
Steven John Dunning (born May 15, 1949) is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a right-handed pitcher between 1970 and 1977 for the Cleveland Indians, Texas Rangers, California Angels, Montreal Expos and the Oakland Athletics. Dunning was the 1st round draft choice by the Cleveland Indians in the 1970 Major League Baseball draft.
2005 PBA draft
The 2005 Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) rookie draft was an event at which teams drafted players from the amateur ranks. It was the first PBA Draft to feature only two rounds of drafting and the first draft held in August due to the league's adjustment of the season calendar. It was held on August 14, 2005 at the Sta. Lucia East Grand Mall in Cainta, Rizal.

Philippine Basketball Association draft
The Philippine Basketball Association draft is an annual Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) event dating back to 1985 in which the league's teams can draft eligible prospects seeking to join the league. Each team has one draft pick per round to select players and the draft lasts for as many rounds as needed until all teams have passed their selection.

The draft usually takes place between October and December, during the league's off-season. During the early to mid-2020s, due to the COVID-19 pandemic affecting the league's schedule, the draft is scheduled towards the earlier or middle part of the year. No player may sign with any PBA team until he has been eligible for at least one draft.
Muskegon Catholic Central High School
Muskegon Catholic Central High School is a private, Roman Catholic high school in Muskegon, Michigan.  It is located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Grand Rapids. Muskegon Catholic Central has won 13 football state championships (1979, 1980, 1982, 1990, 1991, 1995, 2000, 2006, 2008, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016).

Diocese of Grand Rapids
The Diocese of Grand Rapids (Latin: Dioecesis Grandcataractensis) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in western Michigan in the United States. It comprises 80 parishes in 11 counties. It is a suffragan see to the Archdiocese of Detroit. The mother church of the diocese is the Cathedral of Saint Andrew in Grand Rapids. On April 18, 2013, Pope Francis appointed David J. Walkowiak to be the twelfth bishop of Grand Rapids.
Locus Award for Best Horror Novel
The Locus Award for Best Horror Novel is a literary award given annually by Locus Magazine as part of their Locus Awards. It has also been known as both the Locus Award for Best Horror/Dark Fantasy Novel and Locus Award for Best Dark Fantasy/Horror Novel.

Locus Award
The Locus Awards are an annual set of literary awards voted on by readers of the science fiction and fantasy magazine Locus, a monthly magazine based in Oakland, California. The awards are presented at an annual banquet.

Originally a poll of Locus subscribers only, voting is now open to anyone, but the votes of subscribers count twice as much as the votes of non-subscribers. The award was inaugurated in 1971, and was originally intended to provide suggestions and recommendations for the Hugo Awards. They have come to be considered a prestigious prize in science fiction, fantasy and horror literature. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction regards the Locus Awards as sharing the stature of the Hugo and Nebula Awards.

Gardner Dozois holds the record for the most wins (43), while Neil Gaiman has won the most awards for works of fiction (18). Robert Silverberg has received the  highest number of nominations (158).
Bandfish
The bandfishes, family Cepolidae, are 23 species of marine ray-finned fishes, They are native to the East Atlantic and Indo-Pacific where they dig burrows in sandy or muddy seabeds and eat zooplankton.

Cepola macrophthalma
Cepola macrophthalma is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Cepolidae, the bandfishes. It is found in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean from Senegal north to the British Isles. This species is known as the red bandfish, though this name is also given to other members of the genus Cepola.
Sweeny Toddler
Sweeny Toddler (sometimes titled Help! It's Sweeny Toddler) was a British comic strip by Leo Baxendale, which originally appeared in the British magazines Shiver and Shake, Whoopee!, Whizzer and Chips and finally Buster between 1973 and 2000. It was a gag-a-day about a little mischievous toddler. The name is a play on Sweeney Todd.

Shiver and Shake
Shiver and Shake was a British comic magazine published every Monday by IPC Magazines Ltd. It ran from (issue dates) 10 March 1973 to 5 October 1974, when it merged with Whoopee! As often happens with British comics, many names of strips were a play on popular television programmes and films of the time. The theme of the strips were mainly horror (albeit of a comic nature); similar to the later Monster Fun; indeed, Frankie Stein appeared in both comics.

In an idea borrowed from the successful Whizzer and Chips, it was two comics in one; Shake being a pull-out section from Shiver. The main star of Shiver was a ghost of the same name, while the eponymous Shake was an elephant. Both had their own strips in their respective sections (The Duke's Spook and Shake). In 1973, the comic also featured a one-page strip starring stand-up comedian Charlie Williams.

Shiver and Shake ran for 79 issues. It also had eight specials, from 1973 to 1980, and 13 annuals, from 1974 to 1986.
Iterative deepening depth-first search
In computer science, iterative deepening search or more specifically iterative deepening depth-first search (IDS or IDDFS) is a state space/graph search strategy in which a depth-limited version of depth-first search is run repeatedly with increasing depth limits until the goal is found. IDDFS is optimal, meaning that it finds the shallowest goal. Since it visits all the nodes in the search tree down to depth  before visiting any nodes at depth , the cumulative order in which nodes are first visited is effectively the same as in breadth-first search. However, IDDFS uses much less memory.

State-space search
State-space search is a process used in the field of computer science, including artificial intelligence (AI), in which successive configurations or states of an instance are considered, with the intention of finding a goal state with the desired property.

Problems are often modelled as a state space, a set of states that a problem can be in. The set of states forms a graph where two states are connected if there is an operation that can be performed to transform the first state into the second.

State-space search often differs from traditional computer science search methods because the state space is implicit: the typical state-space graph is much too large to generate and store in memory.  Instead, nodes are generated as they are explored, and typically discarded thereafter.  A solution to a combinatorial search instance may consist of the goal state itself, or of a path from some initial state to the goal state.
Fourth Ward Historic District (Greenwich, Connecticut)
The Fourth Ward Historic District encompasses an early urban residential subdivision of Greenwich, Connecticut.  Extending north from United States Route 1 along Sherwood Place, Church Street, and adjacent streets, it is one of two subdivisions created before the arrival of the railroad in Greenwich in 1848.  It is characterized by dense residential construction, with architectural styles from the Greek Revival to early 20th-century styles.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

Greenwich, Connecticut
Greenwich (/ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ/ GREN-itch) is a town in southwestern Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 63,518. It is the largest town on Connecticut's affluent Gold Coast. Greenwich is home to many hedge funds and financial services firms due to its residential setting and proximity to Manhattan.

Greenwich is a principal community of the Bridgeport–Stamford–Norwalk–Danbury metropolitan statistical area, which comprises all of Fairfield County, and is part of both the greater New York metropolitan area and the Western Connecticut Planning Region. The town is the southwesternmost municipality in both the State of Connecticut and the six-state region of New England. The town is named after Greenwich, a royal borough of London in the United Kingdom.
Twelve Generals' Letter
The Twelve Generals' Letter (Croatian: Pismo dvanaestorice generala) was an open letter, signed by twelve generals of the Croatian Armed Forces, that criticized the government, politicians and media for perceived criminalization of the Croatian War of Independence and asserted that war veterans had suffered undignified treatment. On 29 September 2000, a day after the letter was published by the Croatian media, Croatian President Stjepan Mesić reacted by sending into forced retirement all seven of the signatories who were active-duty officers. The affair was a source of significant controversy in Croatia and is considered one of the key events in Mesić's ten-year presidential incumbency.

Damir Krstičević
Damir Krstičević (Croatian pronunciation: [dȁmīr kȑstičević]; born 1 July 1969) is a Croatian general and politician who served as the Minister of Defence and Deputy Prime Minister from 2016 until his resignation in May 2020, which he tendered due to the deaths of two Croatian military pilots in an aircraft accident.