hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Formylation
Formylation refers to any chemical processes in which a compound is functionalized with a formyl group (-CH=O). In organic chemistry, the term is most commonly used with regard to aromatic compounds (for example the conversion of benzene to benzaldehyde in the Gattermann–Koch reaction). In biochemistry the reaction is catalysed by enzymes such as formyltransferases.

Formylation generally involves the use of formylation agents, reagents that give rise to the CHO group. Among the many formylation reagents, particularly important are formic acid and carbon monoxide. A formylation reaction in organic chemistry refers to organic reactions in which an organic compound is functionalized with a formyl group (-CH=O). The reaction is a route to aldehydes (C-CH=O), formamides (N-CH=O), and formate esters (O-CH=O).

Rieche formylation
Rieche formylation is a type of formylation reaction. The substrates are electron rich aromatic compounds, such as mesitylene or phenols, with dichloromethyl methyl ether acting as the formyl source. The catalyst is titanium tetrachloride and the workup is acidic. The reaction is named after Alfred Rieche who discovered it in 1960.
Tilmàtli
A tilmàtli (or tilma; Classical Nahuatl: tilmahtli, Classical Nahuatl pronunciation: [tilmaʔtɬi]) was a type of outer garment worn by men as a cloak/cape, documented from the late Postclassic and early Colonial eras among the Aztec and other peoples of central Mexico.

Cape
A cape is a clothing accessory or a sleeveless outer garment of any length that hangs loosely and connects either at the neck or shoulders. They usually cover the back, shoulders, and arms. They come in a variety of styles and have been used throughout history for many different reasons.
Vils (Danube)
The Vils (German pronunciation: [fɪls]) is a river in Bavaria, Germany, it is a right tributary of the Danube.

The Vils is formed by the confluence of its two source rivers, the Kleine Vils and the Große Vils, in Gerzen. It is 81.7 km (50.8 mi) long (127.5 km (79.2 mi) including Große Vils). It flows east through a rural area with small towns, including Aham, Frontenhausen, Marklkofen, Reisbach, Eichendorf and Aldersbach. It flows into the Danube in Vilshofen.

Vilshofen an der Donau
Vilshofen an der Donau (German pronunciation: [fɪlsˈhoːfn̩ ʔan deːɐ̯ ˈdoːnaʊ] ⓘ, lit. 'Vilshofen on the Danube') is the largest town in the southeast of Bavaria, Germany in the district of Passau. Until 1972, the town was the district seat of the district of Vilshofen.
Nadia district
Nadia district (Bengali pronunciation: [nɔd̪iːaː]) is a district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It lies in the Presidency division. It borders Bangladesh to the east, North 24 Parganas and Hooghly districts to the south, Purba Bardhaman to the west, and Murshidabad to the north.

Nadia district is highly influential in the cultural history of Bengal. The standard form of modern Bengali, developed in the 19th century, is based on the dialect spoken around Shantipur region of Nadia. Known as the "Oxford of Bengal", Nabadwip made many contributions to Indian philosophy, such as the Navya-Nyaya system of logic, and is the birthplace of the Vaishnava saint Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. The district is still largely agricultural.

Palashi
Palashi or Plassey, pronounced [ˈpɔlaʃi], Hindustani pronunciation: [pəˈlaːʃi]) is a town on the east bank of Bhagirathi River, located approximately 50 kilometres north of the city of Krishnanagar  in Kaliganj CD Block in the Nadia District of West Bengal, India.

It is particularly well known due to the Battle of Plassey fought there in June 1757, between the private army of the British East India Company and the army of Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal.
AqME
AqME (pronounced ack-MEE; previously known as Neurosyndrom) was a French alternative metal band from Paris, consisting of four members. AqME was part of a French nu metal movement called "Team Nowhere" for a few years, but the band eventually left this artist collective.

Eurockéennes
The Eurockéennes de Belfort (French pronunciation: [øʁɔkeɛn də bɛlfɔʁ]; English: Eurockeans of Belfort) is one of France's largest rock music festivals. The Eurockéennes, a play on words involving rock (rock music) and européennes (Europeans), is a festival based in a nature reserve beside Lac de Malsaucy Belfort.
Granule-cell–Purkinje-cell synapse
Granule-cell to Purkinje-cell synapses or gcPc synapses  are the junctions that form the synapse in the cerebellum between granule cells and Purkinje cells. These synapses are thought to be a storage site for the information that is required for motor coordination and their misfunctioning is involved with some movement disorders. Glutamate is the neurotransmitter.

Purkinje cell
Purkinje cells or Purkinje neurons, named for Czech physiologist Jan Evangelista Purkyně who identified them in 1837, are a unique type of prominent, large neuron located in the cerebellar cortex of the brain. With their flask-shaped cell bodies, many branching dendrites, and a single long axon, these cells are essential for controlling motor activity. Purkinje cells mainly release GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) neurotransmitter, which inhibits some neurons to reduce nerve impulse transmission. Purkinje cells efficiently control and coordinate the body's motor motions through these inhibitory actions.
Los Alamitos High School
Los Alamitos High School (also known as Los Al) is a public school for grades 9 to 12 located in Los Alamitos, California, and also serving the city of Seal Beach and the community of Rossmoor. It is the only high school in the Los Alamitos Unified School District. Both Oak Middle School and McAuliffe Middle School feed into Los Alamitos High.

Mike Muñoz (soccer)
Michael Alejandro Muñoz (born September 14, 1983) is an American soccer coach and former player. He currently works for Major League Soccer club LA Galaxy as the Director of Methodology and Development, overseeing all LA Galaxy Academy decisions.
Chemogram
A chemogram (from "chemistry", "optic" and gramma, Greek for "things written") is an experimental art where a photographic image is partly or fully enlarged and processed onto photographic paper in the darkroom and afterwards selectively painted over in full light with chemicals used in photographic processing. Due to the production process chemograms can be considered works of abstract photography.

Chemograms were invented in 1974 by the German photo artist Josef H. Neumann.

Abstract photography
Abstract photography, sometimes called non-objective, experimental or conceptual photography, is a means of depicting a visual image that does not have an immediate association with the object world and that has been created through the use of photographic equipment, processes or materials. An abstract photograph may isolate a fragment of a natural scene to remove its inherent context from the viewer, it may be purposely staged to create a seemingly unreal appearance from real objects, or it may involve the use of color, light, shadow, texture, shape and/or form to convey a feeling, sensation or impression. The image may be produced using traditional photographic equipment like a camera, darkroom or computer, or it may be created without using a camera by directly manipulating film, paper or other photographic media, including digital presentations.
When Moonshine and Dynamite Collide
When Moonshine and Dynamite Collide is the 6th studio album from Jackyl and is Jackyl's first studio album in 8 years since Relentless from 2002.

When Moonshine and Dynamite Collide features a cover of Janis Joplin's "Mercedes Benz", and a lyrically reworked cover of "Just Like A Negro", originally by the funk rock band Mother's Finest. The album also contains a studio version of "Deeper in Darkness" which first appeared in a live version on their live album Night of the Living Dead from 1996.

The album was rated 3.5 out of 5 stars by AllMusic.

Jackyl
Jackyl is a rock band formed in 1991. Their sound has been described as hair metal and southern rock. Their self-titled debut album has sold more than a million copies in the United States with hit singles like "Down on Me" and "When Will It Rain". The band is best known for the song "The Lumberjack", which features a chainsaw solo by lead singer Jesse James Dupree.
Windeckkopf
The Windeckkopf, sometimes called the Windeck, is a mountain, 1,209 metres high, in the Southern Black Forest in the municipality of Hinterzarten in the county of Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.

Hinterzarten
Hinterzarten (German pronunciation: [ˈhɪntɐˌtsaʁtn̩]) is a resort village in the Black Forest (German: Schwarzwald), located in the southwest of the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Although Hinterzarten is mostly famous for its ski jumping, it has many other tourist attractions.
Nadzikambia
Nadzikambia (derived from their name in Chichewa) is a genus of chameleons. It includes two species of small, plesiomorphic chameleons from the Ruo Gorge forest on Mount Mulanje in Malawi and Mount Mabu in Mozambique.

Initially only a single species was recognized and placed in Chamaeleo. It was for some time moved to the South African dwarf chameleons (Bradypodion) by some (Klaver & Böhme, 1986). This was criticized because plesiomorphies cannot be used to define clades, and eventually turned out to be in error. In 2006, it was moved to its own genus Nadzikambia. In 2010, the second species of Nadzikambia was described.

Chamaeleo
Chamaeleo is a genus of chameleons in the family Chamaeleonidae. Most species of the genus Chamaeleo are found in sub-Saharan Africa, but a few species are also present in northern Africa, southern Europe, and southern Asia east to India and Sri Lanka.
Siahkal incident
The Siahkal incident (Persian: رویداد سیاهکل) or Siahkal movement (Persian: جنبش سیاهکل) refers to a guerrilla operation against the Pahlavi government organized by Iranian People's Fadaee Guerrillas that happened near Siahkal town in Gilan on February 8, 1971. The guerrillas attacked a gendarmerie post at Siahkal, killing three policemen and freeing two previously arrested guerrillas.

Thirteen men were convicted and executed for the incident, including two who were in prison at the time.

The event marked the beginning of the guerrilla era in Iran for most historians — an era which ended with the Islamic Revolution.

Siahkal
Siahkal (Persian: سياهكل) is a city in the Central District of Siahkal County, Gilan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. As of 2016, the city had a population of 19,924.
Benedict Swingate Calvert
Benedict Swingate Calvert (January 27, 1722 – January 9, 1788) was a planter, politician and a Loyalist in Maryland during the American Revolution. He was the son of Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, the third Proprietor Governor of Maryland (1699–1751). His mother's identity is not known, though one source speculates that she was Melusina von der Schulenburg, Countess of Walsingham. As he was illegitimate, he was not able to inherit his father's title or estates, which passed instead to his half brother Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore (1731–1771). Benedict Calvert spent most of his life as a politician, judge and planter in Maryland, though Frederick, by contrast, never visited the colony. Calvert became wealthy through proprietarial patronage and became an important colonial official, but he would lose his offices and his political power, though not his land and wealth, during the American Revolution.

John Hesselius
John Hesselius (1728 – April 9, 1778) was an American portrait painter who worked mostly in Virginia and Maryland. He was the son of the Swedish-born portraitist Gustavus Hesselius. He painted the portraits of many wealthy politicians and planters in Colonial Maryland, making him a successful and wealthy individual; at his death in 1778 he left a substantial estate of land and slaves.
Madeiran wall lizard
The Madeiran wall lizard (Teira dugesii), being the only species in the genus Teira, is a species of lizard in the family Lacertidae with four recognized subspecies. The species is endemic to the Madeira Archipelago, Portugal. In the Azores, this lizard has become naturalized after an involuntary introduction by the shipping trade between the two archipelagos. The species is both endemic and common, ranging from sea coasts to altitudes of 1,850 metres (6,070 ft).

Lacertidae
The Lacertidae are the family of the wall lizards, true lizards, or sometimes simply lacertas, which are native to Afro-Eurasia. It is a diverse family with at about 360 species in 39 genera. They represent the dominant group of reptiles found in Europe.
Tripura (princely state)
Tripura State, also known as Hill Tipperah, was a princely state in India during the period of the British Raj and for some two years after the departure of the British. Its rulers belonged to the Manikya dynasty and until August 1947 the state was in a subsidiary alliance, from which it was released by the Indian Independence Act 1947. The state acceded to the newly independent Indian Union on 13 August 1947, and subsequently merged into the Indian Union in October 1949.

The princely state was located in the present-day Indian state of Tripura. The state included one town, Agartala, as well as a total of 1,463 villages. It had an area of 10,660 km2 and a population of 513,000 inhabitants in 1941.

Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya Bahadur
Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya Bahadur (19 August 1908 – 17 May 1947) was a king (or Maharaja) of Tripura State. He is known as "the architect of modern Tripura".

He was succeeded by his son, Maharaja Kirit Bikram Kishore Debbarman, who was the nominal king for two years till the state's merger into India in 1949. Since he was a minor during this time, the state was governed by a Council of Regency headed by his mother, Kanchan Prava Devi.
Raj Bisaria
Raj Bisaria (10 November 1935 – 16 February 2024) was an Indian director, producer, actor and educationalist, described by the Press Trust of India as "the father of the modern theatre in North India". He founded Theatre Arts Workshop in 1966, and Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts in 1975 and the repertory company of Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts in 1980.
He blended artistic concepts of the East and the West, and the traditional and the modern. He was nurtured and supported by Senior Member in the University Executive Council Nirmal Chandra Chaturvedi, MLC.

Dharamvir Bharati
Dharamvir Bharati (25 December 1926 – 4 September 1997) was a renowned Hindi poet, author, playwright and a social thinker of India. He was the chief editor of the popular Hindi weekly magazine Dharmayug, from 1960 till 1987.

Bharati was awarded the Padma Shree for literature in 1972 by the Government of India. His novel Gunaho Ka Devta became a classic. Bharati's Suraj ka Satwan Ghoda is considered a unique experiment in story-telling and was made into a National Film Award-winning movie by the same name in 1992 by Shyam Benegal. Andha Yug, a play set immediately after the Mahabharata war, is a classic that is frequently performed in public by drama groups[3].

He was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in Playwriting (Hindi) in 1988, given by Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy of Music, Dance and Drama.
Richard Mayne (Royal Navy officer)
Rear-Admiral Richard Charles Mayne CB FRGS (7 July 1835 – 29 May 1892) was a Royal Navy officer and explorer, who in later life became a Conservative politician.

Richard Mayne was the son of Sir Richard Mayne KCB (the first joint commissioner of the Metropolitan Police) and the grandson of Judge Edward Mayne. Both his father and grandfather were graduates of Trinity College, Dublin. Richard Mayne was educated at Eton. He was a scion of a family that settled at Mount Sedborough in County Fermanagh during the Plantation of Ulster and subsequently at Freame Mount, County Cavan in Ireland.

Richard Mayne
Sir Richard Mayne KCB (27 November 1796 – 26 December 1868) was a barrister and the joint first Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, the head of the London Metropolitan Police (1829–1868). With an incumbency of 39 years, he remains  the longest-serving Commissioner in the force's history, as well as the youngest on his appointment.
Berengar II of Italy
Berengar II (c. 900 – 4 August 966) was the king of Italy from 950 until his deposition in 961. He was a scion of the Anscarid and Unruoching dynasties, and was named after his maternal grandfather, Berengar I. He succeeded his father as margrave of Ivrea around 923 (whence he is often known as Berengar of Ivrea), and after 940 led the aristocratic opposition to kings Hugh and Lothair II. In 950 he succeeded the latter and had his son, Adalbert, crowned as his co-ruler. In 952 he recognised the suzerainty of Otto I of Germany, but he later joined a revolt against him. In 960 he invaded the Papal States, and the next year his kingdom was conquered by Otto. Berengar remained at large until his surrender in 964. He died imprisoned in Germany two years later.

March of Ivrea
The March of Ivrea was a large frontier county (march) in the northwest of the medieval Italian kingdom from the late 9th to the early 11th century.  Its capital was Ivrea in present-day Piedmont, and it was held by a Burgundian family of margraves called the Anscarids. The march was the primary frontier between Italy and Upper Burgundy and served as a defense against any interference from that state.
Bitcoin Cash
Bitcoin Cash (also referred to as Bcash) is a cryptocurrency that is a fork of bitcoin. Launched in 2017, Bitcoin Cash is considered an altcoin or spin-off of bitcoin. In November 2018, Bitcoin Cash further split into two separate cryptocurrencies: Bitcoin Cash (BCH) and Bitcoin Satoshi Vision (BSV).

Bitcoin scalability problem
The Bitcoin scalability problem refers to the limited capability of the Bitcoin network to handle large amounts of transaction data on its platform in a short span of time. It is related to the fact that records (known as blocks) in the Bitcoin blockchain are limited in size and frequency.

Bitcoin's blocks contain the transactions on the bitcoin network.: ch. 2  The on-chain transaction processing capacity of the bitcoin network is limited by the average block creation time of 10 minutes and the original block size limit of 1 megabyte. These jointly constrain the network's throughput. The transaction processing capacity maximum estimated using an average or median transaction size is between 3.3 and 7 transactions per second. There are various proposed and activated solutions to address this issue.
SS Eastland
SS Eastland was a passenger ship based in Chicago. On July 24, 1915, the ship capsized while tied to a dock in the Chicago River. In total, 844 passengers and crew were killed in what is the largest loss of life from a single shipwreck on the Great Lakes.

After the disaster, Eastland was salvaged and sold to the United States Navy. After restorations and modifications, Eastland was designated a gunboat and renamed USS Wilmette. She was used primarily as a training vessel on the Great Lakes, and was scrapped after World War II.

Western Electric
Western Electric Co., Inc. was an American electrical engineering and manufacturing company that operated from 1869 to 1996. A subsidiary of the AT&T Corporation for most of its lifespan, Western Electric was the primary manufacturer, supplier, and purchasing agent for all telephone equipment for the Bell System from 1881 until 1984, when the Bell System was dismantled.

For much of the 20th century, Western Electric's equipment, especially their telephones, was ubiquitous throughout most of the United States and Canada. This was a result of the Bell System's near-total monopoly on phone service, combined with the legal ban on connecting third-party premises equipment to the telephone network.

The company was responsible for many technological innovations, as well as developments in industrial management.
Hydroxyl aluminium bis(2-ethylhexanoate)
Hydroxyl aluminium bis(2-ethylhexanoate) is a chemical substance derived from 2-ethylhexanoic acid and aluminium(III).  Nominally it is the coordination complex with the formula Al(OH)(O2CCHEt(CH2)3CH3)2 where Et = ethyl. The composition is not a homogeneous compound.  It is used as a thickening agent in various products, including in napalm. It is slightly hygroscopic.

2-Ethylhexanoic acid
2-Ethylhexanoic acid (2-EHA), commonly known as octoic acid, is the organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)3CH(C2H5)CO2H.  It is a carboxylic acid that is widely used to prepare lipophilic metal derivatives that are soluble in nonpolar organic solvents.  2-Ethylhexanoic acid is a colorless viscous oil.  It is supplied as a racemic mixture.  Esters and salts of 2-EHA are called 2-ethylhexanoates, e.g. potassium 2-ethylhexanoate.
Wien Meidling railway station
Wien Meidling (German for 'Vienna Meidling') is one of Vienna's main railway stations located at the Philadelphiabrücke. When the Südbahnhof (South station) was demolished in December 2009 to build Vienna's new Hauptbahnhof (main station), Wien Meidling assumed the functions of the Südbahnhof and has been in the 2020s frequented by 55,000 people daily, up from its usual 45,000, making it one of Austria's busiest railway stations.

Bahnhof Meidling station
Bahnhof Meidling  is a station on U6 of the Vienna U-Bahn. Up until 4 October 2013 it was called Philadelphiabrücke.

Above the U-Bahn station is the Wien Meidling railway station, which is served by long distance and regional trains, and by Vienna S-Bahn lines S1, S2, S3, S60 and S80.

Both stations are located in the Meidling District. The U-Bahn station opened on 7 October 1989. On 15 April 1995 the line was extended further south to Siebenhirten.
Prince Rupert, British Columbia
Prince Rupert is a port city in the province of British Columbia, Canada. It is located on Kaien Island near the Alaskan panhandle. It is the land, air, and water transportation hub of British Columbia's North Coast, and has a population of 12,300 people as of 2021.

Prince Rupert station
The Prince Rupert station is on the Canadian National Railway mainline in Prince Rupert, British Columbia. The station is the western terminus for the Via Rail's Jasper–Prince Rupert train.

The station building was designed by the CNR Architectural Division in Winnipeg and constructed between 1921 and 1922 in a Modern Classical style adjacent to the waterfront. It became a federally designated Heritage Railway Station in 1992.
Services include car rental, telephones, vending machines and washrooms.

Freight capacity at Prince Rupert was upgraded in 2024.
Meghna River
The Meghna (Bengali: মেঘনা, romanized: Mēghnā) is one of the major rivers in Bangladesh, one of the three that form the Ganges Delta, the largest delta on earth, which fans out to the Bay of Bengal. A part of the Surma-Meghna River System, the Meghna is formed inside Bangladesh in Kishoreganj District above the town of Bhairab Bazar by the joining of the Surma and the Kushiyara, both of which originate in the hilly regions of eastern India as the Barak River. The Meghna meets its major tributary, the Padma, in Chandpur District. Other major tributaries of the Meghna include the Dhaleshwari, the Gumti, and the Feni. The Meghna empties into the Bay of Bengal in Bhola District via four principal mouths, named Tetulia (Ilsha), Shahbazpur, Hatia, and Bamni.

Tentulia River
The Tentulia River, called Ilsha for part of its length, is located in southern Bangladesh. It is one of the larger coastal rivers of the Ganges-Padma system, and adds major flow to the Meghna River. The Ilsha is one of four principal mouths through which the Meghna empties into the Bay of Bengal in Bhola District.