hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
National Route 22 (Argentina)
National Route 22 (Spanish: Ruta Nacional 22) is a highway located in Argentina, that connects the provinces of Buenos Aires, La Pampa, Río Negro and Neuquén in 685 km (426 mi). The route starts at the connection with
National Route 3 (Argentina), 32 km (20 mi) west of Bahía Blanca. Until 2004 the highway end was in Paso de Pino Hachado, on the border with Chile, but currently ends on the connection with National Route 40 (Argentina) in Zapala. The track between Las Lajas and Paso de Pino Hachado is now part of National Route 242.
The Highway has two lanes, mostly; only the Cipolletti - Plottier track has 4 lanes.

National Route 242 (Argentina)
National Route 242 (Spanish: Ruta Nacional 242) is a paved highway located in the Picunches Department in the Argentine province of Neuquén. Along its 60 km (37 mi) route, it joins National Route 40 in the vicinity of the town of Las Lajas with the Pino Hachado Pass, at 1,864 m (6,115 ft) above sea level, on the border with Chile. Until 2004, this section belonged to National Route 22. The route continues in Chile as Route CH-181.
William Allis
William Phelps Allis (November 15, 1901 – March 5, 1999) was an American theoretical physicist specializing in electrical discharges in gases.  He was the grandson of Edward P. Allis, founder of the E.P. Allis Company, which became Allis-Chalmers. His father Edward Phelps Allis was a leading comparative anatomist and evolutionary morphologist in the early twentieth century.

Edward P. Allis (businessman)
Edward Phelps Allis (May 12, 1824 – April 1, 1889) was an American businessman who founded the Edward P. Allis Company, a manufacturer of milling and mining equipment, steam engines, and other large-scale capital equipment. He was a notable ideologue in the Greenback Movement, running for governor of Wisconsin as a candidate of the Greenback Party. About a decade after his death, his company merged with others to form the Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company. In 1883, Allis was elected a fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers.
ΛProlog
λProlog, also written lambda Prolog, is a logic programming language featuring polymorphic typing, modular programming, and higher-order programming.  These extensions to Prolog are derived from the higher-order hereditary Harrop formulas used to justify the foundations of λProlog.  Higher-order quantification, simply typed λ-terms, and higher-order unification gives λProlog the basic supports needed to capture the λ-tree syntax approach to higher-order abstract syntax, an approach to representing syntax that maps object-level bindings to programming language bindings. Programmers in λProlog need not deal with bound variable names: instead various declarative devices are available to deal with binder scopes and their instantiations.

Prolog
Prolog is a logic programming language that has its origins in artificial intelligence, automated theorem proving,  and computational linguistics.

Prolog has its roots in first-order logic, a formal logic. Unlike many other programming languages, Prolog is intended primarily as a declarative programming language: the program is a set of facts and rules, which define relations.  A computation is initiated by running a query over the program.

Prolog was one of the first logic programming languages and remains the most popular such language today, with several free and commercial implementations available. The language has been used for theorem proving, expert systems, term rewriting, type systems,, automated planning,, and question answering as well as its original intended field of use, natural language processing.

Prolog is a Turing-complete, general-purpose programming language, which is well-suited for intelligent knowledge-processing applications.
Doyle spiral
In the mathematics of circle packing, a Doyle spiral is a pattern of non-crossing circles in the plane in which each circle is surrounded by a ring of six tangent circles. These patterns contain spiral arms formed by circles linked through opposite points of tangency, with their centers on logarithmic spirals of three different shapes.

Doyle spirals are named after mathematician Peter G. Doyle, who made an important contribution to their mathematical construction in the late 1980s or early 1990s. However, their study in phyllotaxis (the mathematics of plant growth) dates back to the early 1900s.

Fermat's spiral
A Fermat's spiral or parabolic spiral is a plane curve with the property that the area between any two consecutive full turns around the spiral is invariant. As a result, the distance between turns grows in inverse proportion to their distance from the spiral center, contrasting with the Archimedean spiral (for which this distance is invariant) and the logarithmic spiral (for which the distance between turns is proportional to the distance from the center). Fermat spirals are named after Pierre de Fermat.

Their applications include curvature continuous blending of curves, modeling plant growth and the shapes of certain spiral galaxies, and the design of variable capacitors, solar power reflector arrays, and cyclotrons.
Chloroalkyl ether
Chloroalkyl ethers are a class of organic compounds with the general structure R-O-(CH2)n-Cl, characterized as an ether connected to a chloromethyl group via an alkane chain.

Chloromethyl methyl ether (CMME) is an ether with the formula CH3OCH2Cl. It is used as an alkylating agent and industrial solvent to manufacture dodecylbenzyl chloride, water repellents, ion-exchange resins, polymers, and as a chloromethylation reagent. In organic synthesis the compound is used for the introduction of the methoxymethyl (MOM) protecting group.

Closely related compounds of industrial importance are bis(chloromethyl) ether (BCME) (closely related to chemical weapon sulfur mustard) and benzyl chloromethyl ether (BOMCl).

Methoxymethyl ethers (MOMs) and methoxyethyl ethers (MEMs) are common protecting groups in organic synthesis.

Bis(chloromethyl) ether
Bis(chloromethyl) ether is an organic compound with the chemical formula (ClCH2)2O. It is a colourless liquid with an unpleasant suffocating odour and it is one of the chloroalkyl ethers. Bis(chloromethyl) ether was once produced on a large scale, but was found to be highly carcinogenic and thus such production has ceased.
Archdiocese of Cincinnati
The Archdiocese of Cincinnati (Latin: Archidiœcesis Cincinnatensis) is an archdiocese of the Catholic Church in the State of Ohio. The archbishop is Robert Casey. The mother church is the Cathedral Basilica of St. Peter in Chains in Cincinnati.

Paul Francis Leibold
Paul Francis Leibold (December 22, 1914 – June 1, 1972) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as archbishop of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati in Ohio from 1969 until his death in 1972.

Leibold previously served as bishop of the Diocese of Evansville in Indiana from 1966 to 1969 and as an auxiliary bishop of Cincinnati from 1958 to 1966.
2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia
On 20–22 March 2023, Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and Chinese president, visited Russia, in his first international meeting since his re-election as president during the 2023 National People's Congress.

During the talks, the two sides signed a joint statement. The two sides stated that they should strengthen overall design and top-level planning, expand trade in energy, resources and electromechanical products, enhance the resilience of the industrial chain supply chain between the two sides, expand cooperation in the fields of information technology, digital economy, agriculture and trade in services, and push forward the complementary and synchronized development of cooperation in traditional trade and emerging fields, as well as further smoothening cross-border logistics and transportation. Xi said he has a peace plan for Ukraine.

2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine
On 21 March 2023, Fumio Kishida, the Prime Minister of Japan, visited Ukraine. This was the first visit to Ukraine by the Prime Minister since the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Out of security concerns, plans for the visit had not been made public prior, and only about ten persons, including his entourages, accompanied him, from India, the first destination on the itinerary.

Kishida became the first Prime Minister of Japan to visit a battlefield since the end of World War II.
Gaeana maculata
Gaeana maculata is the type species of cicadas in the genus Gaeana. It was first described by Dru Drury in 1773, from China and now three subspecies have been identified:

G. maculata barbouri Liu, 1940

G. maculata distanti Liu, 1940

G. maculata maculata (Drury, 1773) - type (as Cicada maculata Drury)

Gaeana
Gaeana (from Sanskrit: गायन, romanized: gāyana, lit. 'singer') is a genus of cicadas, most members of which have colourful marking on their forewings, found across tropical and temperate Asia. Their bright wing patterns have been hypothesized as being a case of Batesian mimicry where the toxic models may be day-flying moths of the subfamilies Zygaeninae and Arctiinae. It was thought to be related to the genus Tosena but is differentiated by the exposed tympanum and lacks spines on the sides of the pronotum and now in a separate tribe.

Some species like G. maculata have been found to show a great deal of patterning variability across geography.
History of the Jews in Nalchik
The Jewish community in Nalchik consists of Jews who have lived in the territory of modern-day Nalchik, a city in Kabardino-Balkaria. This community is one of the oldest in the North Caucasus, Russia. Jews settled here as early as the beginning of the 19th century, with most of the first settlers coming from Zasulak Kumykia, part of modern-day Dagestan. By the mid-19th century, Mountain Jews were concentrated in the Jewish Quarter, near the Nalchik fortress, not far from the city center. In the 19th century, Nalchik had two synagogues, the first of which opened in 1848. In the years following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Jewish organizations actively developed in the city, and even a newspaper was published. Mountain Jews received autonomy, which was liquidated in 1938.

Nalchik
Nalchik (Russian: Нальчик, IPA: [ˈnalʲtɕɪk]; Kabardian: НалщӀэч, romanized: Nalṣ̂ăčʼ [naːɮɕʼakʲ]; Karachay-Balkar: Нальчик or Налчыкъ, romanized: Nalçik or Nalçıq [naltʃɯk]) is the capital city of Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia, situated at an altitude of 550 meters (1,800 ft) in the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains; about 100 kilometers (62 mi) northwest of Beslan (Beslan is in the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania). It covers an area of 131 square kilometers (51 sq mi). Population: 247,054 (2021 census); 240,203 (2010 census); 274,974 (2002 census); 234,547 (1989 Soviet census).
Rogožarski SIM-XI
The Rogožarski SIM-XI (Serbian Cyrillic: Рогожарски СИМ-XI) was a single-seat, single-engine trainer monoplane built in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1938. It was designed and built at the Rogožarski factory in Belgrade.

Siemens-Halske Sh 14
The Siemens-Halske Sh 14 was a seven-cylinder air-cooled radial engine for aircraft produced in Germany in the 1920s and 1930s. First run in 1928, it was rated at 93 kW (125 hp). It was briefly distributed in the United States by Ryan Aeronautical as the Yankee 7.
Unique molecular identifier
Unique molecular identifiers (UMIs), or molecular barcodes (MBC) are short sequences or molecular "tags" added to DNA fragments in some next generation sequencing library preparation protocols to identify the input DNA molecule. These tags are added before PCR amplification, and can be  used to reduce errors and quantitative bias introduced by the amplification.

Applications include analysis of unique cDNAs to avoid PCR biases in iCLIP, variant calling in ctDNA, gene expression in single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) and haplotyping via linked reads.

Single-cell sequencing
Single-cell sequencing examines the nucleic acid sequence information from individual cells with optimized next-generation sequencing technologies, providing a higher resolution of cellular differences and a better understanding of the function of an individual cell in the context of its microenvironment. For example, in cancer, sequencing the DNA of individual cells can give information about mutations carried by small populations of cells. In development, sequencing the RNAs expressed by individual cells can give insight into the existence and behavior of different cell types. In microbial systems, a population of the same species can appear genetically clonal. Still, single-cell sequencing of RNA or epigenetic modifications can reveal cell-to-cell variability that may help populations rapidly adapt to survive in changing environments.
Hemoglobinopathy
Hemoglobinopathy is the medical term for a group of inherited blood disorders involving the hemoglobin, the major protein of red blood cells. They are generally single-gene disorders and, in most cases, they are inherited as autosomal recessive traits.

There are two main groups: abnormal structural hemoglobin variants caused by mutations in the hemoglobin genes, and the thalassemias, which are caused by an underproduction of otherwise normal hemoglobin molecules. The main structural hemoglobin variants are HbS, HbE and HbC. The main types of thalassemia are alpha-thalassemia and beta thalassemia.

Hematologic disease
Hematologic diseases are disorders which primarily affect the blood and blood-forming organs. Hematologic diseases include rare genetic disorders, anemia, HIV, sickle cell disease and complications from chemotherapy or transfusions.
Renminbi
The renminbi (/ˌrɛnˌmɪnˈbiː/; Chinese: 人民币; pinyin: Rénmínbì; lit. 'People's Currency' Chinese pronunciation: [ʐən˧˥min˧˥pi˥˩]; symbol: ¥; ISO code: CNY; abbreviation: RMB) is the official currency of China. The renminbi is issued by the People's Bank of China, the monetary authority of China. It is the world's fifth-most-traded currency as of April 2025. The Chinese yuan (元) is the basic unit of the renminbi.

One yuan is divided into 10 jiao (角), and the jiao is further subdivided into 10 fen (分). The word yuan is widely used to refer to the Chinese currency generally, especially in international contexts.

Fen (currency)
A fen (Chinese: 分; pinyin: fēn) (Cantonese: sin [Chinese: 仙]), is a unit of currency used in Greater China, including the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), Hong Kong (called a cent in English) and Macao (called an avo in Portuguese). One fen is equal to 1⁄100 of a yuan or 1⁄10 of a Chinese jiao.

Renminbi were issued in coin denominations of 1, 2, and 5 fen and also banknote denominations of 1, 2, and 5 fen. The fen banknotes have stopped circulation since 1 April 2007, while the fen coins are still legal tenders by de jure, but generally limited to interests settlement by banks or exchange of foreign remittances, and rarely used in normal shopping purpose, as shops usually rounded it to jiao (e.g. ¥4.55 is rounded to ¥4.60).

The character 分 is also used to translate "cent" in other currencies. A euro cent is called 欧分; 歐分; Ōufēn in Chinese.
Siramesine
Siramesine (or Lu 28-179) is a sigma receptor agonist, selective for the σ2 subtype. In animal studies, siramesine has been shown to produce anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. It was developed by the pharmaceutical company H Lundbeck for the treatment of anxiety, although development was discontinued after clinical trials showed a lack of efficacy in humans. Siramesine has been shown to produce an enhanced antidepressant effect when co-administered with NMDA antagonists. It has also been used to study the σ2 activity of cocaine, and has been shown to produce anticancer properties both in vitro and in vivo.

Sigma-2 receptor
The sigma-2 receptor (σ2R) is a sigma receptor subtype that has attracted attention due to its involvement in diseases such as neurological diseases, neurodegenerative, neuro-ophthalmic and cancer. It is currently  under investigation for its potential diagnostic and therapeutic uses.

Although the sigma-2 receptor was identified as a separate pharmacological entity from the sigma-1 receptor in 1990, the gene that codes for the receptor was identified as TMEM97 only in 2017. TMEM97 was shown to regulate the cholesterol transporter NPC1 and to be involved in cholesterol homeostasis. The sigma-2 receptor is a four-pass transmembrane protein located in the endoplasmic reticulum. It has been found to play a role in both hormone signaling and calcium signaling, in neuronal signaling, in cell proliferation and death, and in binding of antipsychotics.
Mathura district
Mathura district (Hindi pronunciation: [mət̪ʰʊɾaː]), situated along the banks of the river Yamuna, is a district of Uttar Pradesh state of north-central India. The historic city of Mathura is the district headquarters. Mathura district is home to many important sites associated with goddess Radha and Lord Krishna, who according to legend, was born in Mathura and grew up in the nearby town of Vrindavan. Both cities are some of the most sacred sites in the Vaishnava tradition, making Mathura district an important Hindu pilgrimage centre.

The District is part of Agra division. Total area of Mathura district is 3340 sq. km. There are 5 tehsils in Mathura district.

Mathura

Govardhan

Chhata

Mant

Mahavan. Mathura is bounded on the northeast by Aligarh district, on the southeast by Hathras district, on the south by Agra district, and on the west by Rajasthan and northwest by Haryana state.

Radha Rani Temple
Shri Radha Rani Temple, is a historical Hindu temple, located in Barsana in Mathura district, Uttar Pradesh, India. The temple is dedicated to the goddess Radha. The main deities of the temple are Radha Krishna who are worshiped together in the form of Shri Laadli Lal, which means the beloved daughter and son of the town.

The temple is stretched on the top of Bhanugarh hills, which is about 250 meters in height. It attracts huge crowd of devotees and tourists visiting temple from across the world for its most popular festivals - Radhashtami and Lathmar Holi.
Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians
The Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians, commonly abbreviated Pol. Phil., is an epistle attributed to Polycarp, an early bishop of Smyrna, and addressed to the early Christian church in Philippi. It is widely believed to be a composite of material written at two different times (see § Unity), in the first half of the second century. The epistle is described by Irenaeus as follows:

There is also a forceful epistle written by Polycarp to the Philippians, from which those who wish to do so, and are anxious about their salvation, can learn the character of his faith, and the preaching of the truth.

The epistle is one of a number believed to have been written by Polycarp, but is the only extant document.

Philippi
Philippi (/fɪˈlɪpaɪ, ˈfɪləˌpaɪ/; Ancient Greek: Φίλιπποι, Phílippoi) was a major mainland Greek city northwest of the nearby island, Thasos. Its original name was Crenides (Ancient Greek: Κρηνῖδες, Krēnĩdes "Fountains"). The city was renamed by Philip II of Macedon in 356 BC and abandoned in the 14th century after the Ottoman conquest. The present village of Filippoi is located near the ruins of the ancient city within the modern city of Kavala, in turn a
part of the administrative region of East Macedonia and Thrace. The archaeological site was classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2016 because of its exceptional Roman architecture, its urban layout as a smaller reflection of Rome itself, and its importance in early Christianity. Philippi is also the place where the legendary battle of Mark Antony and Octavian Caesar against Brutus and  Cassius took place in 42 BC, as seen in William Shakespeare's famous play, Julius Caesar (1599).
Warragul
Warragul (/ˈwɒrəɡʊl/) is a town in Victoria, Australia, 102 kilometres (63 miles) south-east of Melbourne. Warragul lies between the Strzelecki Ranges to the south and the Mount Baw Baw Plateau of the Great Dividing Range to the north. As of the 2021 census, the town had a population of 19,856 people. Warragul forms part of a larger urban area that includes nearby Drouin that had an estimated total population of 42,827 as of the 2021 census.

Warragul is the main population and service centre of the West Gippsland region and the Shire of Baw Baw. The surrounding area is noted for dairy farming and other niche agriculture and has long been producing gourmet foods.

St Paul's Anglican Grammar School
St Paul's Anglican Grammar School is a multi-campus private Anglican co-educational early learning, primary, and secondary day school, with campuses located in Warragul and Traralgon, Victoria, Australia.
Tulsi Gabbard 2020 presidential campaign
The 2020 presidential campaign of Tulsi Gabbard, the U.S. representative for Hawaii's 2nd congressional district, was announced in January 2019, and officially launched in February 2019. Gabbard was the first female combat veteran to run for president. Her foreign policy platform was described as anti-interventionist and her economic platform was considered populist by political analysts.

While Gabbard gained attention in the 2020 Democratic primary debates, her polling numbers remained low and in January 2020, she was polling at about 1 to 2 percent. On March 19, 2020, Gabbard dropped out of the 2020 election and endorsed Joe Biden.

Hawaii's 2nd congressional district
Hawaii's 2nd congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Hawaii. It is represented by Jill Tokuda, who succeeded Kai Kahele after the 2022 election. The district encompasses all rural and most suburban areas of Oahu/Honolulu County, as well as the entire state outside of Oahu. It includes the counties of Kauai, Maui, Kalawao, and Hawaii ("the Big Island"). The district spans 331 miles. The most populous community entirely within the district is Hilo. Major segments of the economy include tourism, ranching, and agriculture.

Under the U.S. Constitution, a candidate for this district has to be a resident of Hawaii, but does not have to live in the district itself. The first non-resident elected to this seat was Ed Case, a Honolulu attorney, though he was born and raised on the Big Island of Hawaii. The home state office of the second congressional district is at the Prince Kuhio Federal Building near Honolulu Harbor.
St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh (Roman Catholic)
St. Patrick's Cathedral in Armagh, Northern Ireland is the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Armagh, Primate of All Ireland. It was built in various phases between 1840 and 1904 to serve as the Roman Catholic cathedral of the Archdiocese of Armagh, the original medieval Cathedral of St. Patrick having been appropriated by the state church called the Church of Ireland at the time of the Irish Reformation.

The Cathedral stands on a hill, as does its Anglican counterpart.

Michael Logue
Michael Cardinal Logue (1 October 1840 – 19 November 1924) was an Irish prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland from 1887 until his death in 1924. He was appointed a cardinal in 1893.