hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sir William Portman, 5th Baronet
Sir William Portman, 5th Baronet (died 1646) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons  from 1640 to 1644. He supported the Royalist side in the English Civil War.

Portman was the son of Sir John Portman, 1st Baronet and his wife Anne Gifford, daughter of Sir Henry Gifford. The baronetcy went successively to Sir John Portman's four sons, passing to William on the death of Sir Hugh Portman, 4th Baronet unmarried in 1632.

In April 1640, Portman was elected Member of Parliament for Taunton for the Short Parliament. He was re-elected for Taunton in November 1640 for the Long Parliament where he sat until February 1644 when he was disabled for supporting the Royalists

Portman married Anne Colles, daughter of John Colles of Barton, and left an only son William who succeeded to the baronetcy.

Hugh Portman
Sir Hugh Portman, 4th Baronet (died 1632) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons  in two parliaments between 1625 and 1629.

Portman was the son of Sir John Portman, 1st Baronet and his wife Anne Gifford, daughter of Sir Henry Gifford. The baronetcy went successively to Sir John Portman's four sons, passing to Hugh on the death of Sir John Portman, 3rd Baronet unmarried in 1624.

In 1625, Portman was elected Member of Parliament for Taunton for the Useless Parliament. He was re-elected for Taunton in 1628 where he sat until 1629 when King Charles decided to rule without parliament.

Portman died in 1632 and was succeeded by his brother William.
Blåmannsisvatnet
Blåmannsisvatnet (Norwegian) or Ålmåjalosjiegŋajávrre (Lule Sami) is a lake in Fauske Municipality in Nordland county, Norway.  The 3.76-square-kilometre (1.45 sq mi) lake lies on the southeast edge of the large Blåmannsisen glacier, about 35 kilometres (22 mi) east of the town of Fauske.  The border with Sweden is located about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) east of the lake.

Fauske Municipality
Fauskeⓘ (Norwegian) or Fuossko (Lule Sami) is a municipality located in Nordland county, Norway. It is part of the traditional district of Salten. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Fauske. Some of the villages in Fauske include Nystad, Venset, Straumsnes, Sjønstå, Valnesfjord, Finneid, and Sulitjelma.

The municipality borders Sweden in the east, Sørfold Municipality to the north, Bodø Municipality to the west, and Saltdal Municipality to the southeast. The town is located on the northern shore of Skjerstad Fjord.

The 1,197-square-kilometre (462 sq mi) municipality is the 90th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Fauske Municipality is the 116th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 9,827. The municipality's population density is 8.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (21/sq mi) and its population has increased by 2.8% over the previous 10-year period.
Azra Sherwani
Azra Sherwani (1940–2005) was a Pakistani Television (PTV) actress with a career spanning over 35 years who played a variety of roles. Amongst her most memorable roles are Ghazi Apa in Uncle Urfi, Saliha Begum in Aangan Terha, Apa Begum in Tanhaiyaan and Fazeelat in Dhoop Kinarey.

Haseena Moin
Haseena Moin (Urdu: حسینہ معین) (20 November 1941 – 26 March 2021) was a Pakistani dramatist, playwright and scriptwriter. She wrote several plays for stage, radio, and television. She was the recipient of the Pride of Performance award for her services to the performing arts in Pakistan. She wrote Pakistan Television's first original script Kiran Kahani aired in the early 1970s. PTV had previously relied upon novel-based scripts for its dramas. She was considered to be the best Urdu playwright and dramatist Pakistan has ever witnessed.

Some of the dramas she wrote include Ankahi, Tanhaiyaan, Kiran Kahani, Dhoop Kinaray, Aahat, Uncle Urfi, Shehzori, Kohar, Des Pardes, Pal Do Pal, Aansoo, Kasak, Parchaiyan and Parosi. Other works include Mere Dard ko Jo Zuban Milay, Kaisa Yeh Junoon, Dhundle Raste, Shayad ke Bahar Aaye, Mohim Joo, Tum Se Mil Kar, Bandish and Zair, Zabar, Pesh.
Danavorexton
Danavorexton (developmental code name TAK-925) is a selective orexin 2 receptor agonist. It is a small-molecule compound and is administered intravenously. The compound was found to dose-dependently produce wakefulness to a similar degree as modafinil in a phase 1 clinical trial. As of March 2021, danavorexton is under development for the treatment of narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia, and sleep apnea. It is related to another orexin receptor agonist, firazorexton (TAK-994), the development of which was discontinued for safety reasons in October 2021.

Wakefulness-promoting agent
A wakefulness-promoting agent (WPA), or wake-promoting agent, is a drug that increases wakefulness and arousal. They are similar to but distinct from psychostimulants, which not only promote wakefulness but also produce other more overt central nervous system effects, such as improved attention span, executive functions, vigilance and motivation. Wakefulness-promoting agents are used to treat narcolepsy and hypersomnia and to increase wakefulness and performance in healthy people.
Alcohol tax
Excise taxes on alcoholic beverages are per unit taxes levied by governments to raise revenue or used as corrective taxes to control health-related externalities associated with consumption of alcohol. Almost all countries tax alcohol. This page addresses the economics and politics of alcohol excise  taxation.

Excess burden of taxation
In economics, the excess burden of taxation is one of the economic losses that society suffers as the result of taxes or subsidies.  Economic theory posits that distortions change the amount and type of economic behavior from that which would occur in a free market without the tax. Excess burdens can be measured using the average cost of funds or the marginal cost of funds (MCF). Excess burdens were first discussed by Adam Smith.

An equivalent kind of inefficiency can also be caused by subsidies (which technically can be viewed as taxes with negative rates). The excess burden of taxation is also known as the deadweight loss from taxation.

Economic losses due to taxes have been evaluated to be as low as 2.5 cents per dollar of revenue, and as high as 30 cents per dollar of revenue (on average), and even much higher at the margins.
Vermonter (train)
The Vermonter is a passenger train operated by Amtrak between St. Albans, Vermont, and Washington, D.C., via New York City. It replaced the overnight Montrealer, which terminated in Montreal until 1995. Amtrak receives funding from the states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont for Vermonter operations north of New Haven.

During fiscal year 2023, the Vermonter carried 99,974 passengers (not including riders between New Haven and Washington, D.C.), a 14.5% increase from FY22. In FY16, the train earned $5,718,268 in revenue, a decrease of 1.8% from FY15.

Central Vermont Railway
The Central Vermont Railway (reporting mark CV) was a railroad that operated in the U.S. states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont, as well as the Canadian province of Quebec. After decades of ownership by Canadian National Railway, the company was spun off under the name New England Central Railroad in 1995.

It connected Montreal, Quebec, with New London, Connecticut, using a route along the shores of Lake Champlain, through the Green Mountains and along the Connecticut River valley. It also connected Montreal to Boston, in eastern Massachusetts, through a junction with the Boston and Maine Railroad at White River Junction, Vermont.
Peppercorn (law)
In legal parlance, a peppercorn is a metaphor for a very small cash payment or other nominal consideration, used to satisfy the requirements for the creation of a legal contract. It is featured in Chappell & Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd ([1960] AC 87), an  important English contract law case where the House of Lords stated that "a peppercorn does not cease to be good consideration if it is established that the promisee does not like pepper and will throw away the corn". However, the cited passage is mere dicta, and not the basis for the decision.

Ground rent
As a legal term, ground rent specifically refers to regular payments made by a holder of a leasehold property to the freeholder or a superior leaseholder, as required under a lease. In this sense, a ground rent is created when a freehold piece of land is sold on a long lease or leases. The ground rent provides an income for the landowner. In economics, ground rent is a form of economic rent meaning all value accruing to titleholders as a result of the exclusive ownership of title privilege to location.
Roi Klein
Roi Klein (Hebrew: רועי קליין; IPA: [ʁoˈʕi klain]; (July 10, 1975—July 26, 2006) was an Israeli major in the Golani Brigade of the Israeli Defense Forces (and one of its most highly decorated soldiers) who died during the 2006 Lebanon War. Klein was killed in the Battle of Bint Jbeil after jumping on a grenade to save his fellow soldiers.

Ra'anana
Ra'anana (Hebrew: רעננה, lit. 'Fresh') is an affluent city in the southern Sharon Plain of the Central District of Israel. It was founded in 1922 as an American-Jewish settlement, c.1 km south of the village of Tabsur, where an important World War I battle had taken place four years previously.

Bordered by Kfar Saba and Hod HaSharon on the east and Herzliya on the southwest, it had a population of 83,145 in 2023. While the majority of its residents are Israeli-born Jews, a large part of the population consists of Jewish immigrants from the Americas, Europe and South Africa.

Ra'anana's industrial park is home to global and local start-up companies. It was designated a "Green City" by the World Health Organization in 2005.
Bisset v Wilkinson
Bisset v Wilkinson [1927] AC 177 is a leading contract law case from New Zealand on the issue of misrepresentation. The case establishes that a mere misstatement of opinion given fairly cannot amount to a misrepresentation.

The case was heard in London by the Privy Council, which was then the final appeal court for New Zealand. As such, the decision, although "very strongly persuasive" on English contract law, is not conclusively binding. Nevertheless, the case has been cited and applied in England and Wales several times.

Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon
Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon [1976] EWCA Civ 4 is an English contract law case, concerning misrepresentation. It holds that the divide between a statement of opinion and fact becomes more factual if one holds himself out as having expert knowledge.
14 Herculis c
14 Herculis c or 14 Her c is the outermost of two known exoplanets orbiting the star 14 Herculis, approximately 58.4 light-years away in the constellation of Hercules. The planet has a mass that would make it a gas giant roughly the same size as Jupiter but much more massive.

14 Herculis
14 Herculis or 14 Her is a K-type main-sequence star 58.4 light-years (17.9 parsecs) away in the constellation Hercules. It is also known as HD 145675. Because of its apparent magnitude, of 6.61 the star can be very faintly seen with the naked eye. As of 2021, 14 Herculis is known to host two exoplanets.
Lawrence Preston Joseph Graves
Lawrence Preston Joseph Graves (May 4, 1916 – January 15, 1994) served as the first bishop of the Diocese of Alexandria-Shreveport in Louisiana (1976–1982).  He previously served as an auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Little Rock in Arkansas (1969–1973) and as bishop of the Diocese of Alexandria (1973 -1976)

Diocese of Little Rock
The Diocese of Little Rock (Latin: Dioecesis Petriculana) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church for Arkansas in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Oklahoma City. The seat of the diocese is the Cathedral of St. Andrew in Little Rock.
The Dawn (magazine)
The Dawn is a religious magazine printed and published by the Dawn Bible Students Association, East Rutherford, New Jersey, and branch offices around the world. The magazine was first published in 1932 as a monthly journal, with the full title, The Dawn—A Herald of Christ’s Presence.

Dawn Bible Students Association
The Dawn Bible Students Association is a Christian organization and movement, and a legal entity used by a branch of the Bible Student movement. There were approximately 60,000 members in 2004.

It was founded with the intention of becoming a publishing house to begin printing and distributing the first six volumes of the Studies in the Scriptures series that were written directly by Charles Taze Russell which the Watchtower Society had officially ceased publishing in 1927.

In 1966, the Dawn published 'Oh, the Blessedness', a small booklet which rejected most of Russell's views of Bible prophecy and end time predictions resulting in numerous internal divisions.
Wörlitz Synagogue
The Wörlitz Synagogue is a former Jewish congregation and synagogue built in 1790 by order of Duke Leopold III of Anhalt-Dessau. It is located within the Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000.

Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm
The Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm (German: Dessau-Wörlitzer Gartenreich) is a cultural landscape and World Heritage Site in Germany, located between the city of Dessau and the town of Wörlitz in Central Germany. One of the first and largest English parks in Germany and continental Europe, it was created in the late 18th century under the regency of Duke Leopold III of Anhalt-Dessau. Today, the cultural landscape of Dessau-Wörlitz encompasses an area of 142 km2 (55 sq mi) within the Middle Elbe Biosphere Reserve in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. Because of its exceptional landscape design and testimony to the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment, the Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm was designated as a world heritage site in 2000.
Battle of Valverde
The Battle of Valverde, also known as the Battle of Valverde Ford, was fought from February 20 to 21, 1862, near the town of Val Verde at a ford of the Rio Grande in Union-held New Mexico Territory, in what is today the state of New Mexico. It is considered a major Confederate success in the New Mexico Campaign of the American Civil War, despite the invading force abandoning the field. The belligerents were Confederate cavalry from Texas and several companies of Arizona militia versus U.S. Army regulars and Union volunteers from northern New Mexico Territory and the Colorado Territory.

Fort Craig
Fort Craig was a U.S. Army fort located along El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, near Elephant Butte Lake State Park and the Rio Grande in Socorro County, New Mexico.

The Fort Craig site was approximately 1,050 feet east-west by 600 feet  north-south (320 by 180 m) and covered 40 acres (16 hectares).
Fort Yukon Long Range Radar Site
Fort Yukon Long Range Radar Site is a radar site of the United States Air Force. It is located 1.6 miles (2.6 km) east-southeast of Fort Yukon, Alaska.

It was the former Fort Yukon Air Force Station (AAC ID: F-14, LRR ID: A-01), a General Surveillance Radar station. The ground control intercept (GCI) station was closed on 1 November 1983, and was redesignated as a Long Range Radar (LRR) site as part of the Alaska Radar System. Today, it remains active as part of the Alaska NORAD Region under the jurisdiction of the 611th Air and Space Operations Center, Elmendorf AFB, Alaska.

Fort Yukon, Alaska
Fort Yukon (Gwichyaa Zheh in Gwichʼin) is a village in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area in the U.S. state of Alaska, straddling the Arctic Circle. The population, predominantly Gwichʼin Alaska Natives, was 428 at the 2020 census, down from 595 in 2000.

Fort Yukon was the hometown of the late Alaska Congressman Don Young. Served by Fort Yukon Airport, it is also known for having the record highest temperature in Alaska.
Skeena Mountains
The Skeena Mountains, also known as the Skeenas, are a subrange of the Interior Mountains of northern British Columbia, Canada, essentially flanking the upper basin of the Skeena River. They lie just inland from the southern end of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains, and from the northern end of the Kitimat Ranges, another subrange of the Coast Mountains. Their southern limit is described by the Bulkley River and the upper northwestern reaches of Babine and Takla Lakes. To the northeast, their boundary is marked by the upper reaches of the Omineca River.

To the north, the Skeenas abut the southern Tahltan Highland and Klastline Plateau, part of the southern reaches of the Stikine Plateau, and the Spatsizi Plateau, another subplateau of the Stikine. To the northwest, across the narrow confines of the Spatsizi Plateau, are the Stikine Ranges of the Cassiar Mountains, while to the east of the Skeenas are the Omineca Mountains. To the south lie the Hazelton Mountains.

Spatsizi Plateau
The Spatsizi Plateau is a plateau in the upper basin of the Stikine River in north-central British Columbia, Canada.  Most of the plateau, which is a sub-plateau of the Stikine Plateau, is enshrined in either Spatsizi Plateau Wilderness Provincial Park or Spatsizi Headwaters Provincial Park.  It is flanked on the south and southwest by the Skeena Mountains, on the southeast by the Omineca Mountains, on the northeast by the Stikine Ranges of the Cassiar Mountains, and on the west by the Klastline Plateau (another subplateau of the Stikine Plateau).
Qul Ghali
Qul Ghali (Volga Türki: قل علی; Tatar: Кол Гали, Qol Ğali; Bashkir: Ҡол Ғәли, romanized: Qul Ğəliy; Chuvash: Кул Али, romanized: Kul Ali; c. 1183 – 1236) was a famous Muslim Volga Bulgarian poet. His most famous poem is Qissa-i Yusuf (قصه یوسف; Tale of Yusuf), written in the Volga Turki language, which is mutually intelligible with the modern Tatar, Bashkir and Chuvash languages.

Volga Bulgaria
Volga Bulgaria or Volga–Kama Bulgaria (sometimes referred to as the Volga Bulgar Emirate) was a historical Bulgar state that existed between the 9th and 13th centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama River, in what is now European Russia. Volga Bulgaria was a multi-ethnic state with large numbers of Bulgars, Finno-Ugrians, Varangians, and East Slavs. Its strategic position allowed it to create a local trade monopoly with Norse, Cumans, and Pannonian Avars.
Robert Barrie
Rear-Admiral Sir Robert Barrie, KCB, KCH (5 May 1774 – 7 June 1841) was a Royal Navy officer who served in the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812. He was helped early in his naval career by the patronage of his uncle, Sir Alan Gardner, who arranged for him to take part in the Vancouver Expedition. When the Pacific Coast was explored, he had served as a midshipman with Captain Vancouver in 1791. He attained the rank of Rear-Admiral in the Royal Navy.

Royal Military College of Canada
The Royal Military College of Canada (French: Collège militaire royal du Canada), abbreviated in English as RMC and in French as CMR, is a military academy and, since 1959, a degree-granting university of the Canadian Armed Forces. It was established in 1874 and conducted its first classes on June 1, 1876. Programs are offered at the undergraduate and graduate levels, both on campus as well as through the college's distance learning program via the Division of Continuing Studies.

Located on Point Frederick, a 41-hectare (101-acre) peninsula in Kingston, Ontario, the college is a mix of historic buildings and more modern academic, athletic, and dormitory facilities. RMC officer cadets are trained in what are known as the "four pillars": academics, officership, athletics, and bilingualism.
A Bad Night
"A Bad Night" is a short story by E. W. Hornung, and features the gentleman thief A. J. Raffles, and his companion and biographer, Bunny Manders. The story was published in June 1905 by Pall Mall Magazine in London. The story was also included as the sixth story in the collection A Thief in the Night, published by Chatto & Windus in London, and Charles Scribner's Sons in New York, both in 1905.

A Thief in the Night (short story collection)
A Thief in the Night is a 1905 collection of short stories by E. W. Hornung. It was published in the UK by Chatto & Windus, London, and in the US by Scribner's, New York.

The stories feature Hornung's popular character A. J. Raffles. It was the third book in the series, and the final collection of short stories. In it, Raffles, a gentleman thief, commits a number of burglaries in late Victorian England.

A full-length Raffles novel, Mr. Justice Raffles, would follow in 1909.
Marcantonio Diedo
Marcantonio Diedo or Marco Antonio Diedo was a Venetian naval commander who served as Provveditore Generale da Mar in 1728–31. He served as commander of the Venetian fleet (Capitano delle Navi) in the Battle of Imbros (June 1717) and Battle of Matapan (July 1717) against the Ottoman fleet.

Battle of Imbros (1717)
The Battle of Imbros was a naval clash that took place on 12, 13 and 16 June 1717 near Imbros in the Aegean Sea, between the sailing fleets of Venice and the Ottoman Empire. The outnumbered Venetian Armada Grossa, under the Capitano Straordinario delle Navi Lodovico Flangini, proved herself able to match a superior Turkish force under the Kapudan Pasha Hodja Ibrahim Pasha in a manoeuvred fight that lasted nearly ten days. The outcome of this tough battle was unclear, since both fleet retired to their bases badly damaged, after Flangini died of wounds on the 22nd.
David W. Alexander
David Watt Alexander (June 22, 1812 – April 29, 1886) was an early California politician and pioneer in Los Angeles County, California. He was on the Board of Supervisors in 1853 and 1854, and in 1855 he was elected the third sheriff for the county.

Phineas Banning
Phineas Banning (August 19, 1830 – March 8, 1885) was an American businessman, financier and entrepreneur.

Known as "The Father of the Port of Los Angeles," he was one of the founders of the town of Wilmington, in Los Angeles County, California, which was named for his birthplace. His drive and ambition laid the foundations for what would become one of the busiest ports in the world.

Besides operating a freighting business, Banning operated a stage coach line between San Pedro and Wilmington, and later between Banning, California, which was named in his honor, and Yuma, Arizona.

During the Civil War, he ceded land to the Union Army to build a fort at Wilmington, the Drum Barracks. He was appointed a brigadier general of the First Brigade of the militia, and used the title of general for the rest of his life.
Ernest Smith
Ernest Alvia "Smokey" Smith VC CM OBC CD (3 May 1914 – 3 August 2005) was a Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was the last living Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross.

Seaforth Highlanders of Canada
The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada is a Primary Reserve infantry regiment of the Canadian Army based in Vancouver, British Columbia. The regiment is subordinate to 39 Canadian Brigade Group, 3rd Canadian Division. Based at the Seaforth Armoury on Burrard Street in Vancouver, the regiment serves in both times of war and civil emergency, such as disaster relief after earthquakes or floods. It also contributes individual volunteers or "augmentees" to Canadian Forces operations around the world.

The regiment was formed in 1910 and served overseas in both World War I and World War II. Members of the Seaforth Highlanders have deployed on many missions since World War II including Korea, Egypt, Cyprus, Croatia and most recently in Afghanistan.
The Case of the Velvet Claws
The Case of the Velvet Claws is a 1936 American mystery film directed by William Clemens and starring Warren William, Claire Dodd and Wini Shaw. It is based on the first Perry Mason novel (1933) by Erle Stanley Gardner, and it features the fourth and final appearance of William as defense attorney Mason.

Della Street
Della Street is the fictional secretary of Perry Mason in the long-running series of novels, short stories, films, and radio and television programs featuring the fictional defense attorney created by Erle Stanley Gardner.

In 1950, Gardner published the short story "The Case of the Suspect Sweethearts" under the pseudonym Della Street.: 331