hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of economic thought
The history of economic thought is the study of the philosophies of the different thinkers and theories in the subjects that later became political economy and economics, from the ancient world to the present day.

This field encompasses many disparate schools of economic thought. Ancient Greek writers such as the philosopher Aristotle examined ideas about the art of wealth acquisition, and questioned whether property is best left in private or public hands. In the Middle Ages, Thomas Aquinas argued that it was a moral obligation of businesses to sell goods at a just price.

In the Western world, economics was not a separate discipline, but part of philosophy until the 18th–19th century Industrial Revolution and the 19th century Great Divergence, which accelerated economic growth.

George Stigler
George Joseph Stigler (/ˈstɪɡlər/; January 17, 1911 – December 1, 1991) was an American economist. He was the 1982 laureate in Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences and is considered a key leader of the Chicago school of economics.
Constitutional Court of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Constitutional Court of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serbo-Croatian: Ustavni sud Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine) was established by the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which guarantees its respect and implementation. It functions alongside the state-wide Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the corresponding subnational Constitutional Court of Republika Srpska.

The operation is based on the provisions of the Constitution of the Federation and the Law on Procedure before the Constitutional Court of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its seat is in Sarajevo.

Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serbo-Croatian: Ustavni sud Bosne i Hercegovine, Уставни суд Босне и Херцеговине) is the interpreter and guardian of the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has the appellate jurisdiction over issues arising out of judgments of any other court in the country, including the constitutional courts of the two entities and the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Uniformat
Uniformat is a standard for classifying building specifications, cost estimating, and cost analysis in the U.S. and Canada. The elements are major components common to most buildings. The system can be used to provide consistency in the economic evaluation of building projects. It was developed through an industry and government consensus and has been widely accepted as an ASTM standard.

Cost estimate
A cost estimate is the approximation of the cost of a program, project, or operation. The cost estimate is the product of the cost estimating process. The cost estimate has a single total value and may have identifiable component values.

The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) defines a cost estimate as "the summation of individual cost elements, using established methods and valid data, to estimate the future costs of a program, based on what is known today".

The American Association of Cost Engineering (AACEI) defines a cost estimate as the prediction of the probable costs of a project or effort, for a given and documented scope, a defined location, and point of time in the future (February 2021).

Potential cost overruns can be avoided with a credible, reliable, and accurate cost estimate.
Cyprus Association of Research and Development Pharmaceutical Companies
The Cyprus Association of Research and Development Pharmaceutical Companies is a trade association in Cyprus, established in 2006.

It welcomed the establishment of Gesy, the national health system of Cyprus, in 2017.  In November 2022 it organised a conference entitled A New Era for Health Care in Cyprus: Embrace, Evaluate, Evolve  to  review the steps and achievements in the three years since the introduction of GESY.

Kyriakos Mikellis was re-elected president in 2022.

General Health System (Cyprus)
GeSY (Greek: Γενικό Σύστημα Υγείας (ΓεΣΥ), Genikó Sýstima Ygeías, English: General Healthcare System, GHS) is the universal health insurance system of Cyprus established in 2017 when three government bills and regulations were agreed by parliament after prolonged negotiation led by health minister Yiorgos Pamboridis.

In November 2022 the Cyprus Association of Research and Development Pharmaceutical Companies organised a conference entitled A New Era for Health Care in Cyprus: Embrace, Evaluate, Evolve  to  review the steps and achievements in the three years since the introduction of GESY.

The running of these service is in the hands of the Health Insurance Organisation.
Municipality of Cue
The Municipality of Cue was a local government area in Western Australia centred on town of Cue.

The municipality was established on 30 May 1894. The first elections were held on 16 August 1894, with W. Hepburn Gale becoming the council's first chairman. The municipal council first met in the Cue Warden's Court on 24 September 1894.

In 1896, the municipality constructed the Cue Municipal Chambers to serve as their new headquarters. The state-heritage listed building was used by the municipality's successor institutions until 1980 and is now used as corporate offices.

The municipality's boundaries were expanded on 6 July 1904.

It ceased to exist on 11 October 1912, when along with the nearby Municipality of Day Dawn, it merged into the surrounding Cue Road District, which was in turn renamed the Cue-Day Dawn Road District. The Cue council supported the amalgamation.

Politicians Harry Marshall, Con O'Brien and William Patrick Sr. served on the council.

Shire of Cue
The Shire of Cue is a local government area in the Mid West region of Western Australia, about 420 kilometres (260 mi) east-northeast of the port city of Geraldton and about 650 kilometres (400 mi) north-northeast of the state capital, Perth. The Shire covers an area of 13,623 square kilometres (5,260 sq mi), and its seat of government is the town of Cue.
WCMU-FM
WCMU-FM (89.5 FM) is a public radio station in Mount Pleasant, Michigan. The station, owned by Central Michigan University, is a National Public Radio member station, airing a news/talk format along with a variety of other programming. It is the flagship station of a network called WCMU Public Radio made up of six other affiliate stations in Northern Michigan.

Central Michigan University
Central Michigan University (CMU, CMICH) is a public research university in Mount Pleasant, Michigan, United States. It was established in 1892 as a private normal school and became a state institution in 1895. CMU is one of the eight research universities in Michigan and is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". It has more than 14,000 students on its Mount Pleasant campus. CMU offers 200 academic programs at the undergraduate, master's, specialist, and doctoral levels. The Central Michigan Chippewas compete in the NCAA Division I Mid-American Conference in six men's and ten women's sports.
Francisk Skorina Gomel State University
Francisk Skorina Gomel State University (Russian: Гомельский государственный университет имени Франциска Скорины; Belarusian: Гомельскі дзяржаўны ўніверсітэт імя Францыска Скарыны, romanized: Homielski dziaržaŭny ŭniversitet imia Francyska Skaryny) is a medium-sized university situated in Gomel, Belarus. It was opened in 1930.

Gomel
Gomel (Russian: Гомель, IPA: [ˈɡomʲɪlʲ]) or Homyel (Belarusian: Гомель, romanized: Homieĺ, IPA: [ˈɣomʲelʲ]) is a city in south-eastern Belarus. It serves as the administrative centre of Gomel Region and Gomel District, though it is administratively separated from the district. As of 2025, it is the second-largest city in Belarus, with 501,193 inhabitants.
Kent, New York
Town of Kent is a town in Putnam County, New York, United States. The population was 12,900 at the 2020 census. The name is that of an early settler family. The town is in the north-central part of the Putnam County. Many of the lakes are reservoirs for New York City.

Clarence Fahnestock State Park
Clarence Fahnestock Memorial State Park, also known as Fahnestock State Park, is a 22.4-square-mile (58 km2) state park located in Putnam and Dutchess counties, New York. The park has hiking trails, a beach on Canopus Lake, and fishing on four ponds and two lakes. Spanning parts of the towns of Putnam Valley, Kent, and Carmel, most of the park is situated in northern Putnam County between the Taconic State Parkway and U.S. Route 9.

During the winter season, part of the park functions as the Fahnestock Winter Park. The park also includes an environmental center known as the Taconic Outdoor Education Center.
Kamienna Góra
Kamienna Góra [kaˈmʲɛnːa ˈɡura] (German: Landeshut, Czech: Lanžhot or Kamenná Hora) is a town in south-western Poland with 18,235 inhabitants (2023). It is the seat of Kamienna Góra County, and also of the rural district called Gmina Kamienna Góra, although it is not part of the territory of the latter (the town forms a separate urban gmina).

Kamienna Góra on the Bóbr river is situated in Lower Silesian Voivodeship between the Stone Mountains and the Rudawy Janowickie at the old trade route from Silesia to Prague, today part of the National Road No. 5.

Kamienna Góra County
Kamienna Góra County (Polish: powiat kamiennogórski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, south-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. The county covers an area of 396.1 square kilometres (152.9 sq mi). Its administrative seat is the town of Kamienna Góra; the only other town in the county is Lubawka.

As of 2019 the total population of the county is 43,429, out of which the population of Kamienna Góra is 19,010, the population of Lubawka is 6,028 and the rural population is 18,391.
Mahmud Tarzi
Mahmud Tarzi (Pashto: محمود طرزۍ, Dari: محمود بیگ طرزی; August 23, 1865 – November 22, 1933) was an Afghan politician and intellectual. He is known as the father of Afghan journalism. He became a key figure in the history of Afghanistan, following the lead of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Turkey by working for modernization and secularization, and strongly opposing religious extremism and obscurantism. Tarzi emulated the Young Turks coalition.

Soraya Tarzi
Soraya Tarzi (Pashto/Dari: ثريا طرزی) (24 November 1899 – 20 April 1968) was Queen of Afghanistan as the wife of King Amanullah Khan. As Queen, she became one of the most influential women in the world at the time. She played a major part in the modernization reforms of Amanullah Khan, particularly regarding the emancipation of women.

Owing to the reforms King Amanullah instituted, the country's religious sects grew violent. In 1929, the King abdicated to prevent a civil war and went into exile. Their first stop was India, then part of the British Empire.
Decorah Municipal Airport
Decorah Municipal Airport (IATA: DEH, ICAO: KDEH, FAA LID: DEH) is a city-owned public-use airport located two nautical miles (3.7 km) southeast of the central business district of Decorah, in Winneshiek County, Iowa, United States.

Decorah, Iowa
Decorah is the largest city in and the county seat of Winneshiek County, Iowa, United States. The population was 7,587 at the time of the 2020 census. Decorah is the home of Luther College, a private liberal arts college.  It is known for its Norwegian-American heritage and the corresponding Vesterheim Norwegian-American Museum.

Decorah is located at the intersection of State Highway 9 and U.S. Route 52. Located within the Driftless Area in northeastern Iowa, Decorah is situated in the bluffs of the Upper Iowa River, which flows through the city.
Dillon Reservoir
Dillon Reservoir, sometimes referred to as Lake Dillon, is a large fresh water reservoir located in Summit County, Colorado, United States, south of I-70 and bordered by the towns of Frisco, Silverthorne, and Dillon. It is a reservoir for the city of Denver, and its waters are under the control of Denver Water. Popular ski areas are close to the reservoir, including Copper Mountain, Keystone, Arapahoe Basin, and Breckenridge.

Arapahoe Basin
Arapahoe Basin (/əˈræpəhoʊ/ ə-RAP-ə-hoh; often shortened to A-Basin, or simply The Basin) is an alpine ski area in the Rocky Mountains of the United States, in the Arapaho National Forest of Colorado. Arapahoe Basin is known for its extended season and its extreme terrain. Arapahoe Basin is located south of Loveland Pass on U.S. Highway 6 in Summit County. The resort's terrain spans over 1,400 acres, serving up a mix of groomed runs, moguls, cornices, and glades. It features a lift-served vertical drop of 2,270 feet and is served by nine lifts, with easy access to 145 trails. Additionally, there is a significant amount of hike-to terrain which expands the in-bounds area appeal. There is also an abundance of non-winter activities available.
Prince Albert Mountains
The Prince Albert Mountains (76°00′S 161°30′E﻿ / ﻿76.000°S 161.500°E﻿ / -76.000; 161.500﻿ (Prince Albert Mountains)) are a major mountain group in Antarctica over 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) long.  
Located in Victoria Land, they run north–south between the Priestley Glacier to the north and Ferrar Glacier to the south.
They are south of the Deep Freeze Range and north of the Kirkwood Range.

Nansen Ice Sheet
Nansen Ice Sheet (74°53′S 163°10′E﻿ / ﻿74.883°S 163.167°E﻿ / -74.883; 163.167) is a 30 nautical miles (56 km; 35 mi) long by 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) wide ice shelf. 
It is nourished by the Priestley and Reeves Glaciers and abuts the north side of the Drygalski Ice Tongue, along the coast of Victoria Land, Antarctica. This feature was explored by the South Magnetic Polar Party of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907-09 and by the Northern Party of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-13. Frank Debenham, geologist with the latter expedition, applied the name Nansen Sheet as the feature is adjacent to Mount Nansen, the dominating summit in the area.
Afroptilum
Afroptilum is a genus of mayflies belonging to the family Baetidae.

The species of this genus are found in Southern Africa.

Species:

Afroptilum biarcuatum (Kopelke, 1980)

Afroptilum bicorne (Ulmer, 1909)

Afroptilum boettgeri (Kopelke, 1980)

Afroptilum confusum Lugo-Ortiz & McCafferty, 1998

Afroptilum dicentrum (Demoulin, 1956)

Afroptilum gilberti Gattolliat & Sartori, 1999

Afroptilum lepidum Lugo-Ortiz & McCafferty, 1998

Afroptilum mathildae Gattolliat & Sartori, 1999

Afroptilum parvum (Crass, 1947)

Afroptilum sudafricanum (Lestage, 1924)

Baetidae
Baetidae is a family of mayflies with about 1000 described species in 110 genera distributed worldwide. These are among the smallest of mayflies, adults rarely exceeding 10 mm in length excluding the two long slender tails and sometimes much smaller, and members of the family are often referred to as small mayflies or small minnow mayflies. Most species have long oval forewings with very few cross veins (see Comstock-Needham system) but the hindwings are usually very small or even absent. The males often have very large eyes, shaped like turrets above the head (this is known as "turbinate condition").

Baetids breed in a wide range of waters from lakes and streams to ditches and even water butts. The nymphs are strong swimmers and feed mainly on algae.
Alexander County, Illinois
Alexander County is the southernmost county in the U.S. state of Illinois. As of the 2020 census, the population was 5,240. Its county seat is Cairo and its western boundary is formed by the Mississippi River.

Alexander County is part of the Cape Girardeau–Jackson metropolitan area which is made up of jurisdictions on both sides of the Mississippi River.

Cape Girardeau–Jackson metropolitan area
The Cape Girardeau–Jackson Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of two counties in southeastern Missouri and one in southern Illinois with its core in both states. Its largest cities are the cities of Cape Girardeau and Jackson. It was upgraded from a Micropolitan Statistical Area (μSA) to a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) by the Office of Management and Budget on November 20, 2008.

As of the 2010 census, the MSA had a population of 96,275.
Foxhunters' Open Hunters' Chase
The Foxhunters' Open Hunters' Chase is a National Hunt steeplechase in Great Britain for amateur riders which is open to horses aged six years or older. 
It is run at Aintree over a distance of about 2 miles and 5 furlongs (2 miles, 5 furlongs and 19 yards, or 4,242 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in April.

The Foxhunters' is one of only three races run over the Grand National fences at the Aintree Festival, the other two races being the Topham Chase and the Grand National itself. The race is currently sponsored by Randox Laboratories.

The race was originally run over the full Grand National distance.

Aintree Racecourse
Aintree Racecourse is a racecourse in Aintree, Merseyside, England, near to Liverpool. The racecourse is the venue for the Grand National steeplechase, which takes place annually in April over three days. Aintree also holds meetings in May, October (Sunday), November and December (both Saturdays).

The Aintree Racecourse had suffered three major disruptions in post-war history, starting with the 1993 Grand National due to a series of false starts and no winner was announced, followed by the 1997 Grand National, postponed to Monday because of an IRA bomb threat and the 2023 Grand National was delayed due to Animal Rights protesters.
Serra Riccò
Serra Riccò (Ligurian: A Særa) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Genoa, in the Italian region Liguria, located about 9 kilometres (6 mi) north of Genoa, in the Val Polcevera.

Serra Riccò borders the following municipalities: Casella, Genoa, Mignanego, Montoggio, Sant'Olcese, Savignone. It is composed by a series of villages, the municipal seat being located in Pedemonte.

Mignanego
Mignanego is a municipality (Italian: comune) of the Metropolitan City of Genoa in the Italian region Liguria, located about 11 kilometres (7 mi) north of Genoa in the northeastern part of the Val Polcevera valley.
Svatay
Svatay (Russian: Сватай; Yakut: Сыбаатай, Sıbaatay) is a rural locality (a selo), the administrative center of, and one of two settlements in addition to Suchchino in Myatissky 2-y Rural Okrug of Srednekolymsky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, located 146 kilometers (91 mi) from Srednekolymsk, the administrative center of the district. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 578; down from 615 recorded during the 2002 Census.

Suchchino
Suchchino (Russian: Суччино; Yakut: Суччун, Suççun) is a rural locality (a selo) in Myatissky 2-y Rural Okrug of Srednekolymsky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, located 141 kilometers (88 mi) from Srednekolymsk, the administrative center of the district, and 60 kilometers (37 mi) from Svatay, the administrative center of the rural okrug. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 33; down from 57 recorded during the 2002 Census.
Montemarcello
Montemarcello is a frazione of the comune of Ameglia (Italy). It is the home to the Regional natural Park of Montemarcello-Magra. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

Ameglia
Ameglia (Italian: [aˈmeʎʎa]; Ligurian: Ameggia, locally Megia [ˈmeːdʒa]) is a municipality in the Province of La Spezia in the region of Liguria in Italy, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southeast of Genoa and about 11 kilometres (7 mi) southeast of La Spezia. It has a population of 4,265.

Ameglia borders the municipalities of Lerici and Sarzana.
Broad River (Carolinas)
The Broad River is a principal tributary of the Congaree River, about 150 miles (240 km) long, in western North Carolina and northern South Carolina in the United States.  Via the Congaree, it is part of the watershed of the Santee River, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean. It is called the 
Rocky Broad River in the Hickorynut Gorge in North Carolina near the communities of Bat Cave and Chimney Rock.

Rutherford County, North Carolina
Rutherford County is a county in the southwestern area of the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 64,444. Its county seat is Rutherfordton. Rutherford County comprises the Forest City, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Bruno of Cologne
Bruno of Cologne, OCart (German: Bruno von Köln; Italian: Bruno di Colonia; c. 1030 – 6 October 1101), venerated as Saint Bruno, was the founder of the Carthusians. He personally founded the order's first two communities. He was a celebrated teacher at Reims and a close advisor of his former pupil, Pope Urban II. His feast day is 6 October.

Grande Chartreuse
Grande Chartreuse (French: [ɡʁɑ̃d ʃaʁtʁøz]) is the head monastery of the Carthusian religious order.  It is located in the Chartreuse Mountains, north of the city of Grenoble, in the commune of Saint-Pierre-de-Chartreuse (Isère), France.
Malus × sublobata
Malus × sublobata is the botanical name for the yellow autumn crabapple. It is a species of the genus malus in the family Rosaceae, native to Japan.

This tree produces blossoms of pink and white coloration, and yellow fruit.

Malus
Malus (/ˈmeɪləs/ or /ˈmæləs/) is a genus of about 32–57 species of small deciduous trees or shrubs in the family Rosaceae, including the domesticated orchard apple, crab apples (sometimes known in North America as crabapples) and wild apples.

The genus is native to the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere.
2014 Skate America
The 2014 Hilton HHonors Skate America was the first event of six in the 2014–15 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating, a senior-level international invitational competition series. It was held at the Sears Centre in Hoffman Estates, Illinois on October 24–26. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 2014–15 Grand Prix Final.

Now Arena
The Now Arena (originally known as the Sears Centre, Sears Centre Arena and stylized as NOW Arena) is a multi-purpose arena in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, a northwest suburb 25 miles (40 km) from Chicago, near land which formerly contained the Poplar Creek Music Theater. Since 2016, the arena has been home to the Windy City Bulls, the Chicago Bulls' affiliate in the NBA G League.
Solvent Red 26
Solvent Red 26, also known as Oil Red EGN or C.I. 26120, is a purplish red synthetic azo dye.  It is soluble in oils and insoluble in water.

Its main use is as a standard fuel dye in the US mandated by the US IRS to distinguish low-taxed or tax exempt heating oil from automotive diesel fuel, and by the EPA to mark fuels with higher sulfur content; it is however increasingly replaced with Solvent Red 164, a similar dye with longer alkyl chains, which is better soluble in hydrocarbons. The concentration required by IRS is a spectral equivalent of 3.9 pounds per 1,000 barrels, or 11.13 mg/L, of Solvent Red 26 in solid form; the concentrations required by EPA are roughly 5 times lower.

Fuel dye
Fuel dyes are dyes added to fuels, as in some countries it is required by law to dye a low-tax fuel to deter its use in applications intended for higher-taxed ones. Untaxed fuels are referred to as "dyed", while taxed ones are called "clear" or "white".

Aviation gasoline is dyed, both for tax reasons (avgas is typically taxed to support aviation infrastructure) as well as safety (due to the consequences of fuelling an aircraft with the wrong kind of fuel).