hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Constitutional basis of taxation in Australia
The constitutional basis of taxation in Australia is predominantly found in sections 51(ii), 90, 53, 55, and 96, of the Constitution of Australia. Their interpretation by the High Court of Australia has been integral to the functioning and evolution of federalism in Australia.

The constitutional scheme as well as judicial interpretations have created a vertical fiscal imbalance, whereby the Commonwealth has the revenue-raising abilities while the States have major spending responsibilities. For example, primarily, Australian states fund schools and hospitals. The result of the limitations on state taxing power is that the Commonwealth collects the money through taxes, and distributes that money to states. The power to distribute funds to states, on conditions, is contained in section 96. As a result, the sphere of Commonwealth power has expanded through dictating policy through conditional grants. This limits the autonomy and power of the states in controlling policy.

Federalism in Australia
Federalism was adopted, as a constitutional principle, in Australia on 1 January 1901 – the date upon which the six self-governing Australian Colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia federated, formally constituting the Commonwealth of Australia. It remains a federation of those six original States under the Constitution of Australia.

Australia is the seventh oldest surviving federation in the world after the United States (1789), Mexico (1824), Switzerland (1848), Argentina (1853), Canada (1867), and Brazil (1891).

Relatively few changes have been made in terms of the formal (written) constitution since Australian federation occurred; in practice, however, the way the federal system functions has changed enormously. The most significant respect in which it has changed is in the degree to which the Commonwealth government has assumed a position of dominance.
Kvænangen concentration camp
Kvænangen concentration camp was established in Kvænangen Municipality in Troms county, Norway by the Nazi administration of occupied Norway in August 1942. It was an annex to the Grini concentration camp. This camp consisted of two subcamps, Veidal and Badderen, which was also known as Veiskaret.  The camp remained open until 11 November 1942, during which time about 400 prisoners were put to slave labor building a shelter over 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) of road in the area. The shelter was known as "Norway's longest" wooden house.

The camp was guarded by Wehrmacht soldiers, and run by members of Organisation Todt. Climate conditions were harsh, but prisoners received provisions both from the Red Cross in Tromsø and locals.

Grini detention camp
Grini prison camp (Norwegian: Grini fangeleir, German: Polizeihäftlingslager Grini) was a Nazi concentration camp in Bærum, Norway, which operated between 1941 and May 1945. Ila Detention and Security Prison is now located here.
Mullin v Richards
Mullin v Richards [1998] 1 All ER 920 is a judgment of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales, dealing with liability of children under English law of negligence. The question in the case was what standard of behaviour could be expected of a child.

Breach of duty in English law
In English tort law, there can be no liability in negligence unless the claimant establishes both that they were owed a duty of care by the defendant, and that there has been a breach of that duty. The defendant is in breach of duty towards the claimant if their conduct fell short of the standard expected under the circumstances.
Western Administrative Okrug
Western Administrative Okrug (Russian: За́падный администрати́вный о́круг, romanized: Zapadny administrativny okrug), or Zapadny Administrativny Okrug, is one of the twelve high-level territorial divisions (administrative okrugs) of the federal city of Moscow, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,285,914, up from 1,049,104 recorded during the 2002 Census.

Mozhaysky District, Moscow
Mozhaysky District (Russian: Можа́йский райо́н) is a territorial division (a district, or raion) in Western Administrative Okrug, one of the 125 in the federal city of Moscow, Russia. It is located in the west of the federal city. The area of the district is 17.526 square kilometers (6.767 sq mi). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 132,373. Mozhaysky District takes its name after Mozhayskoe Highway, the district's major road, which in turn was named after the old Mozhayskaya road which led to Mozhaysk town, located 110 kilometers (68 mi) to the west of Moscow, which was protecting west approach routes to Moscow since 13th century.

From 1 July, 2012, the district also includes the territory of the Skolkovo Innovation Center.

As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Mozhaysky Municipal Okrug.
Borrelia miyamotoi
Borrelia miyamotoi is a bacterium of the spirochete phylum in the genus Borrelia. A zoonotic organism, B. miyamotoi can infect humans through the bite of several species of hard-shell Ixodes ticks, the same kind of ticks that spread B. burgdorferi, the causative bacterium of Lyme disease. Ixodes ticks are also the primary vector in the spread of babesiosis and anaplasmosis.

B. miyamotoi causes Borrelia miyamotoi disease (BMD) in humans. BMD is a relapsing fever illness that has been reported across the world, often in the same geographic areas where Lyme disease is endemic. Treatment currently follows that of Lyme disease.

Borrelia burgdorferi
Borrelia (Borreliella) burgdorferi is a bacterial species of the spirochete class in the genus Borrelia, and is one of the causative agents of Lyme disease in humans. Along with a few similar genospecies, some of which also cause Lyme disease, it makes up the species complex of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. The complex currently comprises 20 accepted and 3 proposed genospecies. B. burgdorferi sensu stricto exists in North America and Eurasia and until 2016 was the only known cause of Lyme disease in North America. B. burgdorferi are often mistakenly described as Gram negative because of their two external membranes, but they lack lipopolysaccharide and possess many surface lipoproteins, unlike true Gram-negative bacteria.
Starčevo culture
The Starčevo culture is an archaeological culture of Southeastern Europe, dating to the Neolithic period between c. 6200 and 4500 BCE. It originates in the spread of the Neolithic package of peoples and technological innovations including farming and ceramics from Asia Minor to the area of Sesklo. The Starčevo culture marks its spread to the inland Balkan peninsula as the Cardial ware culture did along the Adriatic coastline. It forms part of the wider Starčevo–Criş culture which gave rise to the central European Linear Pottery culture c. 700 years after the initial spread of Neolithic farmers towards the northern Balkans.

The Starčevo site, the type site, is located on the north bank of the Danube near the village of Starčevo in Serbia (Vojvodina province), opposite Belgrade.

Starčevo site
Starčevo (Serbian Cyrillic: Старчево), also known as Grad (Град) is the eponymous archaeological site of the Starčevo culture that has been dated to the Early Neolithic period. It is located on the left bank of the Danube, north-west from the village of Starčevo and 8 kilometers south of Pančevo, Serbia. Starčevo site has been in central register from 1993 as an Archaeological Site of Exceptional Importance.
John Grandisson
John de Grandisson (1292 – 16 July 1369), also spelt Grandison, was Bishop of Exeter, in Devon, England, from 1327 to his death in 1369. Several works of art associated with him survive in the British Library, the British Museum and the Louvre in Paris.

Exeter Cathedral
Exeter Cathedral, properly known as the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter in Exeter, is an Anglican cathedral, and the seat of the Bishop of Exeter, in the city of Exeter, Devon, in South West England. The present building was complete by about 1400 and has several notable features, including an early set of misericords, an astronomical clock and the longest uninterrupted medieval stone vaulted ceiling in the world.
Calderside Academy
Calderside Academy is a Scottish secondary school in Blantyre. It was created by merging two local secondary schools (Blantyre High School and Earnock High School) on the land where Blantyre High School was. The school opened in January 2008 and was ceremonially opened by Fiona Hyslop MSP in November 2008.

The Academy has approximately 1400 pupils and around 100 teachers, making it one of the largest schools in Scotland.

Blantyre, South Lanarkshire
Blantyre (listenⓘ or listenⓘ; Scottish Gaelic: Blantaidhr) is a town and civil parish in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, with a population of 16,900. It is bounded by the River Clyde to the north, the Rotten Calder to the west, the Park Burn to the east (denoting the boundary with the larger adjoining town of Hamilton) and the Rotten Burn to the south.

Blantyre was the birthplace of David Livingstone, the 19th-century explorer and missionary, and because of Livingstone's work, the second-largest city in Malawi is named after it.
Patrick Aquino
Patrick Henry Aquino (born May 30, 1971) is a Filipino basketball coach who serves as the head coach of the Philippines women's national basketball team, he has been appointed by the Samahang Basketbol ng Pilipinas since December 2014 when the team have a new corporate backer Ever Bilena, replacing long-time mentor Haydee Ong. This is the second time that Aquino has coached a national team, Aquino once coached for the Philippines women's national under-19 basketball team. Among his coaching achievements for promoted into Level 1 of 2017 FIBA Asia Women's Championship.

Haydee Ong
Haydee Ong (born April 19, 1970) is a Filipino basketball coach and former player who is the head coach of the UST Growling Tigresses women's basketball team. She was the head coach of the Philippines women's national basketball team from 2008 to 2014. In October 2024, she was named the inaugural commissioner for the upcoming Women's Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League (WMPBL).
Assin People
The Assin (also known as Asin and Asen) are a subgroup of the Akan people who live mainly in Ghana’s Central Region. They are historically linked to the wider Akan cultural and political world, with roots in the forest–savanna transition zone. Today, they occupy territory around Assin Foso, which serves as the capital of the modern Assin area.

Akan people
The Akan (/ˈækæn/) people are a Kwa group living primarily in Ghana and parts of Ivory Coast and Togo in West Africa. The Akan speak languages within the Central Tano branch of the Potou–Tano subfamily of the Niger–Congo family. Subgroups of the Akan people include: the Adanse, Agona, Akuapem, Akwamu, Akyem, Anyi, Asante, Baoulé, Bono, Chakosi, Fante, Kwahu, Sefwi, Wassa, Ahanta, Denkyira and Nzema, among others. The Akan subgroups all have cultural attributes in common; most notably the tracing of royal matrilineal descent in the inheritance of property, and for succession to high political office. All Akans are considered royals in status, but not all are in royal succession or hold titles.
Bubbiano
Bubbiano (Milanese: Bibian [biˈbjãː]) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of Milan.

Bubbiano borders the following municipalities: Morimondo, Rosate, Calvignasco, Casorate Primo.

Calvignasco
Calvignasco (Milanese: Calvignasch [kalʋiˈɲask]) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Italian region Lombardy, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of Milan.

Calvignasco borders the municipalities of Rosate, Vernate, Bubbiano, Casorate Primo.
Division of Boothby
The Division of Boothby is an Australian federal electoral division in South Australia. The division was one of the seven established when the former Division of South Australia was redistributed on 2 October 1903 and is named after William Boothby (1829–1903), the Returning Officer for the first federal election.

At the 2016 federal election, the seat covered 130 km², extending from Clarence Gardens and Urrbrae in the north to Marino and part of Happy Valley in the south, including the suburbs of Belair, Blackwood, Brighton, Daw Park, Eden Hills, Marion, Mitcham, Seacliff, St Marys and Panorama.

Division of South Australia
The Division of South Australia was an Australian electoral division covering South Australia. The seven-member statewide seat existed from the inaugural 1901 election until the 1903 election. Each elector cast seven votes. Unlike most of the other states, South Australia had not been split into individual single-member electorates. The other exception was the five-member Division of Tasmania. The statewide seats were abolished at a redistribution conducted two months prior to the 1903 election and were subsequently replaced with single-member divisions, one per displaced member, with each elector now casting a single vote.
Alpena Community College
Alpena Community College (ACC) is a public community college in Alpena, Michigan. It was founded in 1952. The college has a 700-acre (280 ha) main campus in Alpena and another campus, Huron Shores, located in Wurtsmith Air Force Base in Oscoda, Michigan.

The college offers associate's degrees to students in the arts, general studies, science, and applied science; and one Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Systems Technology. There are also certificate programs in twenty concentrations and cooperative programs with seven universities and three community colleges.

Alpena, Michigan
Alpena (/ælˈpiːnə/ al-PEE-nə) is the only city in and the county seat of Alpena County, Michigan, United States. The population was 10,197 at the 2020 census, making it the third most populated city in the Northern Michigan region, after Traverse City and Cadillac. The city is surrounded by Alpena Township, but the two are administered autonomously. It is the core city of the Alpena micropolitan statistical area, which encompasses all of Alpena County and had a total population of 28,907 at the 2020 census.

Alpena is located at the head of Thunder Bay, a bay of Lake Huron. Offshore of Alpena is the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary, which protects an estimated 116 historically significant shipwrecks. Alpena is the second-largest American city on Lake Huron, behind Port Huron.
North Battleford station
The North Battleford station is a former railway station in North Battleford, Saskatchewan. It was built by the Canadian National Railway in 1956 and used as a passenger terminal. North Battleford no longer receives scheduled passenger rail service (the closest stations are now served by Via Rail station to the south in Biggar and Unity), and the station is now used as an office space for CNR, and was once the intercity bus terminal.

The building is designed in the International Style with a main entrance in the tower; passenger facilities, waiting room and washrooms at one end on the ground floor with baggage and parcel service at the other end; office space on upper floors; much of the original interior finishes, (terrazzo, plaster and linoleum) still services.

The building was designated a historic railway station in 1995.

North Battleford
North Battleford is a city in west-central Saskatchewan, Canada. It is the seventh largest city in the province and is directly across the North Saskatchewan River from the town of Battleford. Together, the two communities are known as "The Battlefords".

North Battleford and the greater Battlefords area are a notable stop along the Yellowhead Highway, part of the Trans-Canada system, and serve as a commercial and cultural hub for west- and north-central Saskatchewan. Together, the Battlefords are served by the Yellowhead Highway as well as Highway 4, Highway 26, Highway 29, and Highway 40.

Battlefords Provincial Park is 40 kilometres (25 mi) north on Highway 4.
Triops mauritanicus
Triops mauritanicus is a species of tadpole shrimp, found in Southern Spain and Morocco. This species of Triops can grow to 4 to 6 cm (1.6 to 2.4 in) and can be expected to live for 90-120 days on average. This species can be usually found in arid areas and are sometimes sold in kits (although Triops longicaudatus is the most commonly sold triops).

Triops
Triops, from Ancient Greek τρία (tría), meaning "three", and ὄψ (óps), meaning "face" or "eye", is a genus of small crustaceans in the order Notostraca (tadpole shrimp). The long-lasting resting eggs of several species of Triops are commonly sold in kits as pets. The animals hatch upon contact with fresh water. Most adult-stage Triops have a life expectancy of up to 90 days and can tolerate a pH range of 6 to 10. In nature, they often inhabit temporary pools.
FI$Cal
The Financial Information System for California, branded as FI$Cal, is a state government department under the California Government Operations Agency of the executive branch of the government of California.

The department operates the statewide financial system that enables California to perform budgeting, procurement, cash management and accounting functions transparently and efficiently.

California Government Operations Agency
The Government Operations Agency (CalGovOps) is the California government agency responsible for administering state operations including procurement, real estate, information technology, and human resources. Amy Tong was appointed Secretary of Government Operations by Governor Gavin Newsom in March of 2022. Previously, the role was held by Secretary Yolanda Richardson and Secretary Marybel Batjer, who was appointed as the inaugural agency secretary in June 2013 by then-Governor Jerry Brown.
Alias Systems Corporation
Alias Systems Corporation (formerly  Alias Research, Alias|Wavefront), headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, was a software company that produced high-end 3D graphics software. Alias was eventually bought by Autodesk.

Autodesk Maya
Autodesk Maya, commonly shortened to just Maya (/ˈmaɪə/; MY-ə), is a 3D computer graphics application that runs on Windows, macOS, and Linux, originally developed by Alias and currently owned and developed by Autodesk. It is used to create digital assets for interactive 3D applications (including video games), animated films, TV series, and visual effects.
Once Upon a Time in China IV
Once Upon a Time in China IV is a 1993 Hong Kong–Chinese martial arts film and the fourth installment in the Once Upon a Time in China film series. It was directed by Yuen Bun in his directorial debut and produced by Tsui Hark, who directed the first three films. Vincent Zhao starred as Chinese martial arts master and folk hero of Cantonese ethnicity, Wong Fei-hung, who was portrayed by Jet Li in the first three films.

Thirteenth Aunt
Thirteenth Aunt, Chinese given name Siu-kwan or Aunt Yee (少筠; "Siu-kwan", incorrectly translated in some subtitles as "Peony"), is a fictional character created by Hong Kong director Tsui Hark for his 1991 martial arts film Once Upon a Time in China. The character was first portrayed by Rosamund Kwan.
2017 New York City mayoral election
An election for Mayor of New York City was held on November 7, 2017. Incumbent Democratic Mayor Bill de Blasio won re-election to a second term with 66.2% of the vote against Republican Nicole Malliotakis.

Reform Party of New York State
The Reform Party of New York State was the New York branch of the Reform Party of the United States of America. The branch was founded in 2000 after the Independence Party of New York, which had been affiliated with the national Reform Party from 1994 to 2000, severed ties with the national party.

A statewide ballot-access party bearing the Reform Party name, which had a sometimes contentious relationship with the national party, existed from 2015 to 2018. It was originally named the Stop Common Core party, referring to the common core educational curriculum. Aside from this period, the party has had limited operations in the state, never qualifying for ballot access in its own right and mainly running candidates in multiple number of local elections including that of Mayor of New York City and many state legislators. Leigh S. Pollet is chair of the party.
2016–17 Women's Big Bash League season
The 2016–17 Women's Big Bash League season or WBBL|02 was the second season of the Women's Big Bash League (WBBL), the semi-professional women's Twenty20 domestic cricket competition in Australia. The tournament ran from 10 December 2016 to 28 January 2017.

The Sydney Sixers finished the round-robin stage of the tournament in first place and, despite a late-season injury to captain Ellyse Perry, went on to claim their maiden championship. In the final, held at the WACA, Sydney defeated the Perth Scorchers by seven runs in a "veritable classic". Sixers medium-pace bowler Sarah Aley was named Player of the Final, managing figures of 4/23 in the decider and also clinching the title of WBBL|02 leading wicket-taker.

Brisbane Heat wicket-keeper Beth Mooney was named Player of the Tournament, while Melbourne Stars captain Meg Lanning topped the leading run-scorer table for the second-straight season.

Sydney Sixers (WBBL)
The Sydney Sixers (WBBL) are an Australian women's Twenty20 cricket team based in Moore Park, New South Wales. They are one of two teams from Sydney to compete in the Women's Big Bash League, the other being the Sydney Thunder. Having won two championship titles and four minor premierships, the Sixers are the most successful WBBL franchise to date.
Minister of Energy and Natural Resources
The minister of energy and natural resources (French: ministre de l’énergie et des ressources naturelles) is the minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible for Natural Resources Canada (NRCan).

In addition to NRCan, the minister oversees the federal government's natural resources portfolio, which includes Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, the Canada Energy Regulator, and the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, as well as the Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore and the Canada-Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Boards. The Energy Supplies Allocation Board and the Northern Pipeline Agency also report to the Minister as required.

The current minister of energy and natural resources is Tim Hodgson, since May 13, 2025. This position was established in 1995 under the Department of Natural Resources Act, S.C. 1994, c. 41, which merged the positions of the minister of energy, mines and resources and minister of forestry.

Tim Hodgson (politician)
Timothy Hodgson is a Canadian politician who has been Minister of Energy and Natural Resources since 2025. A member of the Liberal Party, Hodgson was elected to the House of Commons in the 2025 federal election, serving as the member of Parliament (MP) for Markham—Thornhill. Prior to entering politics, Hodgson worked in finance; he was CEO of Goldman Sachs Canada and has worked at the Bank of Canada, PwC, and served in the Canadian Armed Forces.
Saxe-Lauenburg
The Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg (German: Herzogtum Sachsen-Lauenburg, Danish: Hertugdømmet Sachsen-Lauenborg), was a reichsfrei duchy that existed from 1296 to 1803 and again from 1814 to 1876 in the extreme southeast region of what is now Schleswig-Holstein. Its territorial centre was in the modern district of Herzogtum Lauenburg and originally its eponymous capital was Lauenburg upon Elbe, though the capital moved to Ratzeburg in 1619.

Principality of Lüneburg
The Principality of Lüneburg (later also referred to as Celle) was a territorial division of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg within the Holy Roman Empire, immediately subordinate to the emperor. It existed from 1269 until 1705 and its territory lay within the modern-day state of Lower Saxony in Germany. The principality was named after its first capital, Lüneburg (also called Lunenburg in English), which was ruled jointly by all Brunswick-Lüneburg lines until 1637. From 1378, the seat of the principality was in Celle. It lost its independence in 1705 when it was annexed by the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg, but retained its vote in the Reichstag as Brunswick-Celle.