hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cumulonimbus cloud
Cumulonimbus (from Latin  cumulus 'swell' and  nimbus 'cloud') is a dense, towering, vertical cloud, typically forming from water vapor condensing in the lower troposphere that builds upward carried by powerful buoyant air currents. Above the lower portions of the cumulonimbus the water vapor becomes ice crystals, such as snow and graupel, the interaction of which can lead to hail and to lightning formation, respectively.

When causing thunderstorms, these clouds may be called thunderheads. Cumulonimbus can form alone, in clusters, or along squall lines. These clouds are capable of producing lightning and other dangerous severe weather, such as tornadoes, hazardous winds, and large hailstones. Cumulonimbus progress from overdeveloped cumulus congestus clouds and may further develop as part of a supercell. Cumulonimbus is abbreviated as Cb.

Overshooting top
An overshooting top (or penetrating top) is a dome-like protrusion shooting out of the top of the anvil of a thunderstorm and into the lower stratosphere. When an overshooting top is present for 10 minutes or longer, it is a strong indication that the storm is severe.
Endless Love (2014 TV series)
Endless Love (Korean: 끝없는 사랑; RR: Kkeudeomneun sarang) is a 2014 South Korean television series directed by Lee Hyun-jik and written by Na Yeon-sook, with an ensemble cast starring Hwang Jung-eum, Ryu Soo-young, and Jung Kyung-ho. It aired on SBS from June 21 to October 26, 2014 on Saturdays and Sundays at 22:00 for 37 episodes.

Jung Kyung-ho
Jung Kyung-ho (Korean: 정경호; born August 31, 1983) is a South Korean actor. He first gained recognition for starring in the television series Missing Nine (2017), Prison Playbook (2017–2018), and Life on Mars (2018) before gaining prominence with the first and second seasons of Hospital Playlist (2020–2021). Since then, he has starred in the series Crash Course in Romance (2023) and Oh My Ghost Clients (2025).
M6 aircrew survival weapon
The M6 aircrew survival weapon was a specially-made .22 Hornet over .410 bore combination gun issued to United States Air Force aircrews to help forage for food in the event of a plane crash. It was issued from 1952 until the early 1970s, in conjunction with the M4 Survival Rifle. Plans to replace both with the ArmaLite AR-5 (aka: MA-1) never came to fruition and in 2018 was instead replaced with the GAU-5A Aircrew Self Defense Weapon in some instances.

M4 survival rifle
The M4 Survival Rifle was a .22 caliber bolt-action rifle developed after World War II as part of the survival gear stored under the seat of American military aircraft. It was designed to give downed aircrew a survival weapon for foraging wild game for food.
Aaron Pierre (actor)
Aaron Stone Pierre (born 7 June 1994) is a British actor and model. He is best known for his roles as Dev-Em in Krypton (2018–2019), Caesar Garner in The Underground Railroad (2021), Brendan in Old (2021), Terry Richmond in Rebel Ridge (2024), Malcolm X in Genius (2024), and the voice of Mufasa in Mufasa: The Lion King (2024).

The Underground Railroad (miniseries)
The Underground Railroad is an American historical drama television miniseries created and directed by Barry Jenkins based on the 2016 novel of the same name by Colson Whitehead. The series premiered on Amazon Prime Video on May 14, 2021.

The series won the Golden Globe Award for Best Limited or Anthology Series or Television Film, the BAFTA for Best International Programme, received a Peabody Award, and garnered several other nominations including the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited or Anthology Series.
Daniel Paton
Daniel John Ferguson Paton (3 December 1871 – 9 August 1957) was a Scottish footballer who played in the Football League for Aston Villa. He made one appearance for Scotland in 1896 while playing club football for St Bernard's in Edinburgh, where he also won the Scottish Cup a year earlier. He began and ended his career at Vale of Leven and also featured for Clyde.

Some publications assert that Robert Paton, also an international from the same neighbourhood, was his brother, but this is incorrect; however his actual elder brothers were footballers: Alex had several seasons with Bolton Wanderers, and Jim also played for Vale of Leven and made one appearance for Aston Villa.

Alex Paton
Alexander Paton (13 August 1869 – 1935) was a Scottish footballer who played in the Football League for Bolton Wanderers in the 1890s as a right half; he featured for the club over 200 times in the league, as well as on the losing side in the 1894 FA Cup Final.

His elder brother Jim and younger brother Dan were both footballers, the former playing in the 1890 Scottish Cup Final and the latter winning the 1895 Scottish Cup Final and appearing once for Scotland.
Ahmad Fathy Zaghlul
Ahmad Fathy Zaghlul (1863–1914) was an Egyptian nationalist lawyer and politician. The brother of Saad Zaghloul, Fathy Zahlul studied law in Paris and wrote several law texts. He had several administrative and government posts, and at one point was Deputy Minister of Justice.

In 1906 he was amongst the Egyptian judges at the summary trial for the Denshawai Incident, which damaged his popular reputation in Egypt.

An anti-populist liberal, Fathy Zaghlul also translated several works of European social science into Arabic, including À quoi tient la supériorité des Anglo-Saxons? by Edmond Demolins. A translation of Herbert Spencer's The Man Versus the State was left unfinished and unpublished at his death.

Saad Zaghloul
Saad Zaghloul Pasha (Arabic: سعد زغلول / ALA-LC: Saʻd Zaghlūl; also Sa'd Zaghloul Pasha ibn Ibrahim) (July 1857 – 23 August 1927) was an Egyptian revolutionary and statesman. He was the leader of Egypt's nationalist Wafd Party.

He led a civil disobedience campaign with the goal of achieving independence for Egypt (and Sudan) from British rule. He played a key role in the Egyptian Revolution of 1919, as well as played a role in prompting the British Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence in 1922. He served as Prime Minister of Egypt from 26 January 1924 to 24 November 1924.
Kumulipo
In Hawaiian religion, the Kumulipo is the creation chant, first recorded in the 18th century. It also includes a genealogy of the members of Hawaiian royalty and was created in honor of Kalaninuiamamao and passed down orally to his daughter Alapaʻiwahine.

Hawaiian religion
Hawaiian religion refers to the Indigenous religious beliefs and practices of Native Hawaiians, also known as the kapu system. Hawaiian religion is based largely on the tapu religion common in Polynesia and likely originated among the Tahitians and other Pacific islanders who landed in Hawaiʻi between 500 and 1300 AD. It is polytheistic and animistic, with a belief in many deities and spirits, including the belief that spirits are found in non-human beings and objects such as other animals, the waves, and the sky. It was only during the reign of Kamehameha I that a ruler from Hawaii island attempted to impose a singular "Hawaiian" religion on all the Hawaiian islands that was not Christianity.

Today, Hawaiian religious practices are protected by the American Indian Religious Freedom Act. Traditional Hawaiian religion is unrelated to the modern New Age practice known as "Huna".
The Archer's Craft
The Archer's Craft (ISBN 1-897853-80-7, first published in 1951) by A. E. Hodgkin is a book on the making and use of traditional English and Welsh bows. The book describes how to make both longbows and short hunting bows and arrows. It also describes hunting with the bow and on its history and place in English culture of the yeoman class and royal mandates. It draws inspiration and often quotes from the 16th century Toxophilus written by Roger Ascham.

Toxophilus
Toxophilus is a book about longbow archery by Roger Ascham, first published in London in 1545. Dedicated to King Henry VIII, it is the first book on archery written in English.

Ascham was a keen archer and a lecturer at St John's College, Cambridge, and wrote Toxophilus or the Schole or Partitions of Shooting to defend archery against claims that it was a sport unbefitting a scholar.

Toxophilus is written in the form of a dialogue between two characters, Philologus ("a lover of study") and Toxophilus ("a lover of the bow"), who is also a scholar and defends archery as a noble pastime.

Ascham prefixed his work with an elaborate dedication to Henry VIII, who approved of the book and granted Ascham a pension of £10 a year, which was confirmed and augmented by Edward VI.
Daniel Deronda (film)
Daniel Deronda is a 1921 British silent drama film directed by Walter Courtney Rowden and starring Reginald Fox, Ann Trevor and Clive Brook. It is an adaptation of the 1876 novel Daniel Deronda by George Eliot. The short film was made at Teddington Studios by Master Films.

Reginald Fox
Reginald Fox (22 December 1881, in Stoke Newington, London – 3 May 1943, in Harefield, Middlesex) was a British actor. He appeared with Louise Maurel and John Hamilton in a dramatic short film, The Whistler (released December 1926), directed by Miles Mander, and made in the Phonofilm sound-on-film system.
Captain Britain (comic)
Captain Britain is a British comic feature published by Marvel UK – the British division of Marvel Comics between 1976 and 1985, in various anthology magazines.

The first of these was named after the strip and debuted the first incarnation of Captain Britain, Brian Braddock. The strip was revived in 1980 and appeared in various British comics before headlining a second eponymous series in 1985. After this was cancelled in 1986, many of the characters and concepts were incorporated into the Marvel Comics series Excalibur.

Excalibur (comic book)
Excalibur is the name of several superhero comic books published by Marvel Comics since 1988, generally featuring the team of the same name.

The first volumes ran for 125 issues, complemented by several one-shot special editions, between 1987 and 1998. The second was a four-issue limited series published in 2001, and the third an ongoing series printed from 2004 and 2005 before being relaunched as New Excalibur. While featuring some of the same characters and concepts, the second and third series did not centre on an Excalibur team. The 2019 series, complete with the return of the eponymous team, was revived as part of the Dawn of X X-Men relaunch.
Rebellion R13
The Rebellion R13 is a sports prototype racing car built by French constructor Oreca on behalf of Swiss-based team Rebellion Racing. It is a variation of the Oreca 07, created to compete in the LMP1 class. It would later be renamed by Alpine to Alpine A480 when it was rebadged to run as a grandfathered into the Hypercar class in 2021 and 2022.

Oreca 07
The Oreca 07 is a Le Mans Prototype built by French manufacturer Oreca to meet the 2017 FIA/ACO LMP2 regulations. It made its official race debut in the opening round of the 2017 IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship, the 24 Hours of Daytona, and its FIA World Endurance Championship debut at the 2017 6 Hours of Silverstone. The car is the successor to the Oreca 05.

Its performance and reliability versus rival LMP2 sports cars has allowed the 07 to become the de facto number one option for prospective racing teams, finding more buyers every year since its launch, including those switching away from other brands. Since first launching in 2017, nearly all teams competing in series featuring an LMP2 class or similar have used the Oreca 07. Over 140 Oreca 07s have been developed by Oreca in-house.
Light front quantization
The light-front quantization
of quantum field theories
provides a useful alternative to ordinary equal-time 
quantization.  In
particular, it can lead to a relativistic description of bound systems
in terms of quantum-mechanical wave functions.  The quantization is
based on the choice of light-front coordinates,
where  plays the role of time and the corresponding spatial coordinate is .  Here,  is the ordinary time, 
is one Cartesian coordinate, and  is the speed of light.  The other two Cartesian coordinates,  and , are untouched and often called transverse or perpendicular, denoted by symbols of the type 
.  The choice of the frame of reference where the time
 and -axis are defined can be left unspecified in an exactly soluble relativistic theory, but in practical calculations some choices may be more suitable than others.

Light front holography
In strong interaction physics, light front holography or light front holographic QCD is an approximate version of the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) which results from  mapping the gauge theory of QCD to a higher-dimensional anti-de Sitter space (AdS) inspired by the AdS/CFT correspondence (gauge/gravity duality) proposed for string theory. This procedure makes it possible to find analytic solutions (closed-form expression) in situations where strong coupling occurs (the "strongly coupled regime"), improving predictions of the masses of hadrons (such as protons, neutrons, and mesons) and their internal structure revealed by high-energy accelerator experiments. The most widely used approach to finding approximate solutions to the QCD equations, lattice QCD,  has had many successful applications; It is a numerical approach formulated in Euclidean space rather than physical Minkowski space-time.
Isaak Mazel
Isaak Yakovlevich Mazel (Russian: Исаак Яковлевич Мазель; Belarusian: Ісак Якаўлевіч Мазэль; December 1911, in Minsk – March 31, 1945, in Tashkent) was a Soviet chess master.

He tied for 8-9th at Moscow 1931 (the 7th USSR Chess Championship, Mikhail Botvinnik won), tied for 15-16th at Leningrad 1934 (the 9th USSR-ch, Grigory Levenfish and Ilya Rabinovich won).

He shared 2nd, behind Nikolai Riumin, in Moscow City Chess Championship in 1933/34,
tied for 9-12th at Moscow 1936 (the 4th Trade Unions ch, Georgy Lisitsin and Vitaly Chekhover won), and won ahead of Vladimirs Petrovs in Moscow City-ch in 1941/42. He was married to Olga Rubtsova who later became Women's Chess World Champion.

Olga Rubtsova
Olga Nikolayevna Rubtsova (Russian: О́льга Никола́евна Рубцо́ва; 20 August 1909 – 13 December 1994) was a Soviet chess player and the fourth women's world chess champion. In 2015, she was inducted into the World Chess Hall of Fame.
Randall Duk Kim
Randall Duk Kim (born September 24, 1943) is an American actor. On stage, he is known both for his extensive classical repertoire and as an interpreter of the works of playwright Frank Chin. He is the co-founder of the American Players Theatre. To film audiences, he is best known for his portrayal of the Keymaker in The Matrix franchise, and as the voice of Master Oogway in the Kung Fu Panda franchise. He is an Obie Award winner and an Outer Critics Circle Award nominee.

Keymaker
The Keymaker is a fictional character, portrayed by Korean-American actor Randall Duk Kim, in the 2003 film The Matrix Reloaded. He is a computer program that can create shortcut commands, physically represented as keys, which can be used by other programs to gain quick access to various areas within the simulated reality of the Matrix. He appears as an elderly, bespectacled Korean man dressed in a button-down shirt, smock, and an apron hung with bunches of keys.
The Science Fictional Olympics
The Science Fictional Olympics is an anthology of science fiction short stories edited by Isaac Asimov, Martin H. Greenberg, and Charles G. Waugh as the second volume in their Isaac Asimov's Wonderful Worlds of Science Fiction series. It was first published in paperback by Signet/New American Library in June 1984. It has been translated into Italian in the series Urania.

The book collects sixteen novelettes and short stories by various science fiction authors, with an introduction by Asimov.

Isaac Asimov's Wonderful Worlds of Science Fiction
Isaac Asimov's Wonderful Worlds of Science Fiction is a series of ten themed paperback science fiction anthologies edited by  Isaac Asimov, Martin H. Greenberg and Charles G. Waugh, a companion set to the twelve volume Isaac Asimov's Magical Worlds of Fantasy, produced by the same editors. It was published by Signet/New American Library from 1983 to 1990.

Each volume in the series featured stories devoted to a different science fictional theme, as indicated in the individual volume titles. Most volumes also included an introduction by Asimov.
Kremlin Regiment
The Kremlin Regiment (Russian: Кремлёвский полк, romanized: Kremlyovskiy polk), also called the Presidential Regiment (Russian: Президентский полк, romanized: Prezidentskiy polk), is a unique military regiment and part of the Russian Federal Protective Service with the status of a special unit. The regiment ensures the security of the Kremlin, its treasures, and state officials. In accordance with the federal law of December 8, 1997 "On Immortalizing the Soviet People’s Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945", the regiment also maintains a guard of honor (Russian: Почётный караул) at the eternal flame of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier known as Post No. 1 . The regiment is housed in the historic Kremlin Arsenal.

Presidential Band of the Russian Federation
The Presidential Band of the Commandant's Office of the Moscow Kremlin of the Federal Protective Service of the Russian Federation (Russian:Президентский оркестр Службы коменданта Московского Кремля Федеральной службы охраны Российской Федерации) shortened to the Presidential Band of the Russian Federation (Russian:Президентский оркестр Российской Федерации) is a special military unit that is the official military band for the president of Russia. It is the main band that plays at official ceremonies and receptions for high-ranking officials that visit Russia, including heads of state, heads of government, and diplomatic delegations. Although it is not an official military unit, it is affiliated with the Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of Russia. Unlike the Special Exemplary Military Band of the Guard of Honor Battalion of Russia, which shares a similar role, the Presidential Band is the official band of the president of Russia and is based in the Kremlin.
Bounkiling department
Bounkiling department is one of the 46 departments of Senegal, one of the three making up the Sédhiou region.  It was created in 2008 along with the Sédhiou region, which was formerly part of the Kolda region.

The department has two communes: Bounkiling and Madina Wandifa.

The rural districts (communautés rurales) comprise:

Arrondissement of Boghal:
Boghal
Tankon
Ndiamacouta

Arrondissement of Bona:
Bona
Diacounda
Inor
Kandiong Mangana

Arrondissement of Diaroumé
Diaroumé
Diambati
Faoune

13°01′19″N 15°24′50″W﻿ / ﻿13.02194°N 15.41389°W﻿ / 13.02194; -15.41389

Sédhiou region
Sédhiou region (retroactively called Middle Casamance) is a region of Senegal located in the southwest of the country in the natural region called Casamance.

It was historically a department of the Kolda region until 2008.

It is located between the Kolda region in the east and the Ziguinchor region in the west. It also shares borders with the Gambia in the north and Guinea-Bissau in the south.
ArmaLite AR-18
The ArmaLite AR-18 is a gas-operated rifle chambered for 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition. The AR-18 was designed at ArmaLite in California by Arthur Miller, Eugene Stoner, George Sullivan, and Charles Dorchester in 1963 as an alternative to the Colt AR-15 design, a variant of which had just been selected by the U.S. military as the M16.

A semi-automatic version known as the AR-180 was later produced for the civilian market. While the AR-18 was never adopted as the standard service rifle of any nation, its production license was sold to companies in Japan and the United Kingdom, and it is said to have influenced many later weapons such as the British SA80, the Singaporean SAR-80 and SR-88, the Belgian FN F2000, the Japanese Howa Type 89 and the German Heckler and Koch G36.

Eugene Stoner
Eugene Morrison Stoner (November 22, 1922 – April 24, 1997) was an American machinist and firearms designer who is most associated with the development of the ArmaLite AR-15 rifle that was redesigned and modified by  Colt's Patent Firearm Company for the United States military as the M16 rifle.
Sirpa Kukkonen
Sirpa Kukkonen (born 7 December 1958 in Tervo) is a Finnish ski-orienteering competitor and World Champion.

Kukkonen won a silver medal in the relay, with teammates Sinikka Kukkonen and Mirja Puhakka, and a bronze medal in the individual event at the 1982 World Ski Orienteering Championships.

At the 1988 World Championships she won a gold medal in the relay with the Finnish team, with Anne Benjaminsen and Virpi Juutilainen, and also bronze medals in both the long course and in the short course.

Sinikka Kukkonen
Sinikka Kukkonen (1 August 1947 – 25 July 2016) was a Finnish orienteering competitor. She is World Champion in both orienteering and ski orienteering. She became the first World Champion in ski orienteering, in 1975.
Rudolf Kittel
Rudolf Kittel (28 March 1853, in Eningen, Württemberg – 20 October 1929, in Leipzig) was a German Old Testament scholar.

Kittel studied at University of Tübingen (1871–76). He was a professor of Old Testament studies at the universities of Breslau (1888–98) and Leipzig (1898–1923). In 1917 he was appointed rector at the University of Leipzig.

He produced commentaries and histories of the Israelites and the Near East, but his most enduring work was his critical edition of the Hebrew scriptures, Biblia Hebraica, which has remained a standard text.

Kittel's son was the theologian and Nazi apologist Gerhard Kittel.

Gerhard Kittel
Gerhard Kittel (23 September 1888 – 11 July 1948) was a German Lutheran theologian and lexicographer of biblical languages. He was an enthusiastic supporter of the Nazis and an open antisemite. He is known in the field of biblical studies for his Theological Dictionary of the New Testament.
Ghulam Nabi Kashmiri
Ghulam Nabi Kashmiri (2 July 1965 – 7 November 2019) was a Kashmiri Muslim scholar and jurist of the Hanafi school who served as the senior professor of hadith at Darul Uloom Waqf. He also taught hadith at Jamia Ziya al-Uloom and Jamiat al-Tayyibat in Poonch. He was among the early graduates of Darul Uloom Waqf and authored books such as Hayat-e-Tayyib, a biography of Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi.

Darul Uloom Waqf Deoband
Al-Jamia Al-Islamia Darul Uloom Waqf Deoband  (known as Darul Uloom Waqf) is a madrasa situated in the Indian town of Deoband. It was established by scholars led by Muhammad Salim Qasmi and Anzar Shah Kashmiri in 1982 as a result of administration disputes in Darul Uloom Deoband during 1980–1982. As of 2021, Muhammad Sufyan Qasmi is its rector.
Jack Ciattarelli
Giacchino Michael "Jack" Ciattarelli (/ˌtʃɪtəˈrɛli/ CHIT-ə-REL-ee; born December 12, 1961) is an American businessman and politician. A member of the Republican Party, he represented the 16th legislative district in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2011 to 2018. He was also the Republican nominee for governor of New Jersey in 2021 and 2025, narrowly losing the 2021 election to incumbent Phil Murphy and the 2025 election by a wide margin to U.S. representative Mikie Sherrill, despite polls showing a tight race. He also ran in 2017, but lost the primary to Kim Guadagno, who lost the general election to Murphy.

New Jersey's 16th legislative district
New Jersey's 16th legislative district is one of 40 in the New Jersey Legislature. The district includes the Hunterdon County municipalities of Clinton Town, Clinton Township, Flemington Borough, High Bridge, Lebanon, Raritan Township, and Readington Township; the Mercer County municipality of Princeton; the Middlesex County municipality of South Brunswick Township; and the Somerset County municipalities of Branchburg Township, Hillsborough Township, Millstone Borough, Montgomery Township, and Rocky Hill Borough.