hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gentlemen's Agreement of 1908
The Gentlemen's Agreement of 1908 (Hayashi-Lemieux Agreement) was an informal diplomatic agreement between Canada and Japan aimed at restricting Japanese immigration to Canada. This was part of broader efforts to address rising anti-Asian sentiment in Canada while maintaining good diplomatic relations between the two countries. In Canada, a "minority fear complex" contributed to rising hostility, culminating in the 1907 Vancouver anti-Asian riots, which further pressured the Canadian government to limit Japanese immigration. The agreement remained in effect until it was superseded by more restrictive immigration policies in the late 1920s which remained in effect until 1949.

Japanese Canadians
Japanese Canadians (日系カナダ人, Nikkei Kanadajin; French: Canadiens japonais) are Canadian citizens of Japanese ancestry. Japanese Canadians are mostly concentrated in Western Canada, especially in the province of British Columbia, which hosts the largest Japanese community in the country with the majority of them living in and around Vancouver. In 2016, there were 121,485 Japanese Canadians throughout Canada.
Charles II, Duke of Lorraine
Charles II (11 September 1365 – 25 January 1431), called the Bold (French: le Hardi) was the Duke of Lorraine from 1390 to his death and Constable of France from 1418 to 1425.

Charles joined the Barbary Crusade, fought at Nicopolis, and aided the Teutonic knights in Livonia. During the Hundred Years War, he sought closer ties to the French royal family, even being made Constable by Queen Isabella. Following an indecisive war against his nephew, he died in 1431.

Rupert, King of the Romans
Rupert of the Palatinate (German: Ruprecht von der Pfalz; 5 May 1352 – 18 May 1410), a member of the House of Wittelsbach, was Elector Palatine from 1398 (as Rupert III) and King of Germany from 1400 until his death.
Montegallo
Montegallo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Ascoli Piceno in the Italian region Marche, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) south of Ancona and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) west of Ascoli Piceno.

Montegallo borders the following municipalities: Acquasanta Terme, Arquata del Tronto, Comunanza, Montemonaco, Roccafluvione.

Roccafluvione
Roccafluvione is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Ascoli Piceno in the Italian region Marche, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of Ancona and about 8 kilometres (5 mi) west of Ascoli Piceno.

Roccafluvione borders the following municipalities: Acquasanta Terme, Ascoli Piceno, Comunanza, Montegallo, Palmiano, Venarotta.
Söderslätt
Söderslätt ("South Plain") is a Swedish agricultural district, known for its very high quality soil. It is located in the south-west of Scania, at the southernmost peak of the Scandinavian Peninsula. It isn't an administrative area but is usually considered to comprise four municipalities: Skurup, Svedala, Trelleborg and Vellinge (of which the latter includes the Falsterbo Peninsula). Malmö, Scania's largest city, is not really associated with this agricultural area. But that city's eastern end equals Söderslätt's western boundary. Whilst the smaller town Trelleborg sooner is a part of the area. It's the southernmost town at the entire Scandinavian Peninsula and has extensive car ferry traffic with the European continent.

Trelleborg
Trelleborg (Swedish pronunciation: [trɛlɛˈbɔrj]) is a town in Skåne County, Sweden, with 43,359 inhabitants as of 31 December 2015. It is the southernmost town in Sweden located some 10–15 kilometres (6.2–9.3 mi) west from the southernmost point of Sweden and the Scandinavian Peninsula. It is one of the most important ferry towns in Scandinavia as well as around the Baltic Sea, and the main town of the Söderslätt agricultural areas.
St Andrew's Church, Langar
52°54′17″N 00°55′44″W﻿ / ﻿52.90472°N 0.92889°W﻿ / 52.90472; -0.92889

Christianity portal

St Andrew's Church, Langar-cum-Barnstone, is a parish church in the Church of England in Langar, Nottinghamshire. It is Grade I listed as a building of outstanding architectural or historic interest.

Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe
Admiral of the Fleet Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe (8 March 1726 – 5 August 1799) was a Royal Navy officer and politician. After serving in the War of the Austrian Succession, he gained a reputation for his role in amphibious operations against the French coast as part of Britain's policy of naval descents during the Seven Years' War. He also took part, as a naval captain, in the decisive British naval victory at the Battle of Quiberon Bay in November 1759.

In North America, Howe is best known for his service during the American War of Independence, when he acted as a naval commander and a peace commissioner with the American rebels; he also conducted a successful relief during the Great Siege of Gibraltar in the later stages of the War. Howe later commanded the victorious British fleet during the Glorious First of June in June 1794 during the French Revolutionary Wars.
Batheaston
Batheaston is a village and civil parish 2 miles (3.2 km) east of the English city of Bath, on the north bank of the River Avon. The parish had a population of 2,735 in 2011. The northern area of the parish, on the road to St Catherine, is an area known as Northend.

Batheaston has been twinned with Oudon, France since 2005.

A4 road (England)
The A4 is a major road in England from Central London to Avonmouth via Heathrow Airport, Reading, Bath and Bristol. It is historically known as the Bath Road with newer sections including the Great West Road and Portway. The road was once the main route from London to Bath, Bristol and the west of England and formed, after the A40, the second main western artery from London.

Although most traffic is carried by the M4 motorway today, the A4 still acts as the main route from Bristol to London for non-motorway traffic.
Dunblane
Dunblane (/dʌnˈbleɪn/, Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Bhlàthain) is a town in the council area of Stirling, in central Scotland; it is inside the historic boundaries of the county of Perthshire. It is a commuter town, with many residents making use of good transport links to much of the Central Belt, including Glasgow and Edinburgh.

The town is built on the banks of the Allan Water (or River Allan), a tributary of the River Forth. Dunblane Cathedral is its most prominent landmark. It had a population of 8,114 at the 2001 census, which grew to 8,811 at the 2011 census; both of these figures were computed according to the 2010 definition of the locality. In mid-2016 it was estimated that the population had grown to 9,410.

Bridge of Allan
Bridge of Allan (Scots: Brig Allan, Scottish Gaelic: Drochaid Ailein), also known colloquially as Bofa, is a former spa town in the Stirling council area in Scotland, just north of the city of Stirling.

Overlooked by the National Wallace Monument, it lies on the Allan Water, a northern tributary of the River Forth, built largely on the well-wooded slopes of the Westerton and Airthrey estates, sheltered by the Ochil Hills from the north and east winds. Most of the town is to the east of the river; the bridge is part of the A9, Scotland's longest road, while the railway line and the M9 pass to the west of the river. Bridge of Allan railway station is on the electrified Edinburgh to Dunblane Line and is accessible by train from Stirling in under 5 minutes as well as London in under six hours.
Twisted (1996 film)
Twisted is a 1996 film written and directed by Seth Michael Donsky in his debut. The film, a Don Quixote and Miravista Films production, is a retelling of Charles Dickens' classic 1838 novel Oliver Twist, set in a New York City contemporary underground populated by drag queens, drug abusers and hustlers. The film was an official selection and debuted in 1997 at the 47th Berlin International Film Festival, and was also screened as an official selection at the Seattle International Film Festival. Donsky's film was made prior to Jacob Tierney's similar film Twist, starring American actor Nick Stahl.

Donsky's Twisted was re-discovered by the Museum of Modern Art in 2013, included in their Charles Dickens bicentenary film series and subsequently accepted into their permanent film collection.

David Norona
David Noroña, usually simplified as David Norona, (born December 14, 1972) is a Cuban American actor and director who has appeared in films including Though None Go with Me, TV series including The Mentalist and Jack Ryan, and various theatre works. He is co-creator and co-lyricist for Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings and has directed two short films.
Chichibu District, Saitama
Chichibu (秩父郡, Chichibu-gun) is a district located in Saitama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district has an estimated population 755 and a density of 77.58 persons per km2. The total area is 796.03 km2.

Minano, Saitama
Minano (皆野町, Minano-machi) is a town located in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 January 2021, the town had an estimated population of 9,497 in 3994 households and a population density of 150 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 63.74 square kilometres (24.61 sq mi).
Loazzolo
Loazzolo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont (Regione Piemonte), located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southeast of Turin and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of Asti.

Loazzolo borders the following municipalities: Bubbio, Canelli, Cessole, Cossano Belbo, Monastero Bormida, Roccaverano, and Santo Stefano Belbo.

A local wine, Loazzolo, is a two-year aged golden sweet yellow wine is produced in the municipality of Loazzolo with grapes from Moscato vineyards.

Roccaverano
Roccaverano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Turin and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) south of Asti.

Roccaverano borders the following municipalities: Bubbio, Cessole, Denice, Loazzolo, Mombaldone, Monastero Bormida, Olmo Gentile, San Giorgio Scarampi, Serole, Spigno Monferrato, and Vesime.
Gulbarga Institute of Medical Sciences
Gulbarga Institute of Medical Sciences (GIMS) is a medical college located in Kalaburagi, Karnataka and run by the Government of Karnataka. The institution is affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences (RGUHS), is a public university located in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. It was chartered in 1996 by the Government of Karnataka, India, for the regulation and promotion of higher education in health sciences throughout the state of Karnataka. It is the largest medical university in India.
Eritrean cuisine
Eritrean cuisine is based on Eritrea's native culinary traditions, but also arises from social interchanges with other regions. The local cuisine shares very strong similarities with the cuisine of neighboring Ethiopia with several dishes being cultural to both nations as a result of the two nations having been unified for hundreds of years. It also has influences from Italian cuisine due to the Italian colonization of the nation, and minor influences from other cuisines in the region.

Genfo
Genfo (Amharic: ገንፎ, romanized: gänəfo), ga’at (Tigrinya: ጋዓት, ga'atə), or marca (Oromo: marqaa) is a stiff porridge-like substance that is normally formed into a round shape with a hole in the middle for the dipping sauce, a mixture of butter and red peppers, or pulses such as sunflower, seed, nut (Carthamus tinctorius) and flax (Linum usitatissimum).

Genfo shares many similarities with the Arab asida. Genfo is made with barley or wheat flour and to cook it the flour and water are combined and stirred continuously with a wooden spoon. Genfo is presented in a large mound with a hole in the center, filled with a mixture of niter kibbeh and berbere. The porridge may be eaten with the hands or with a utensil.
2008 AIHL season
The 2008 AIHL season was the ninth season of the Australian Ice Hockey League (AIHL). It ran from 19 April 2008 until 24 August 2008, with the Goodall Cup finals following on 30 and 31 August 2008. The Bears won the H Newman Reid Trophy (backdated) after finishing the regular season first in the league standings. The Newcastle North Stars won the Goodall Cup for the fourth time by defeating the Western Sydney Ice Dogs in the final.

Sydney Ice Dogs
The Sydney Ice Dogs (formally Western Sydney Ice Dogs) is an Australian semi-professional ice hockey team from Sydney. Formed in 2002, the Ice Dogs are a member of the Australian Ice Hockey League (AIHL). The Ice Dogs are two time Goodall Cup champions.
Challenger Mountains
The Challenger Mountains are a mountain range on Ellesmere Island in Nunavut, Canada. The range is the most northern range in the world and of the Arctic Cordillera. The highest mountain in the range is Commonwealth Mountain 2,225 m (7,300 ft). The United States Range is immediately to the east of the Challenger Mountains.

The range lies within Quttinirpaaq National Park, the second most northerly park in the world after Northeast Greenland National Park in Greenland.

Low elevation lakes located along Taconite Inlet are part of the Challenger Mountains and local relief exceeds 1,250 m (4,101 ft).

Commonwealth Mountain
Commonwealth Mountain is a mountain on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada. It lies in western Quttinirpaaq National Park, which is the most northerly extent of Canada, and is the second most northerly park on Earth after Northeast Greenland National Park.

With a height of 2,225 m (7,300 ft), it is highest point of the Challenger Mountains which in turn form part of the Arctic Cordillera mountain range.
Grace Lee
Grace Lee (Korean: 이경희; Lee Kyung-hee) is a South Korean-born Filipino film distributor, businesswoman, former television host and former radio disc jockey. In 2015, she left the country to go back home to her native country and serve there.  She can speak Tagalog and English in addition to her native Korean.

Aksyon (TV program)
Aksyon (transl. Action) is a Philippine television news broadcasting show that aired on TV5. Originally anchored by Paolo Bediones, Erwin Tulfo and Cheryl Cosim, it premiered on April 5, 2010, on the network's evening line up replacing TEN: The Evening News. The show concluded on March 16, 2020. Luchi Cruz-Valdes and Ed Lingao served as the final anchors. It was replaced by Frontline Pilipinas in its timeslot.
Sunnyside, Georgia
Sunnyside is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Ware County, Georgia, United States. The population was 1,472 in 2020. It is part of the Waycross micropolitan statistical area.

Ware County, Georgia
Ware County is a county located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 36,251. The county seat and only incorporated place is Waycross. Ware County is part of the Waycross, Georgia micropolitan statistical area.
Bigstick Lake
Bigstick Lake is a shallow endorheic alkali lake in the south-west region of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The lake was named after the Big Stick Trail that ran between the town of Maple Creek and the South Saskatchewan River. The trail was notable for a large, solitary tree along its route. The lake and its drainage basin are in a semi-arid region known as Palliser's Triangle.

The western half of Bigstick Lake is in the RM of Big Stick No. 141, while the eastern half is in the RM of Piapot No. 110. There are no communities nor recreational facilities along the lake's shore. Access is from Highway 728. A Big Stick Lake post office operated near the lake at SE-27-14-26-W3 from 1911 to 1925.

Rural Municipality of Big Stick No. 141
The Rural Municipality of Big Stick No. 141 (2016 population: 136) is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 8 and SARM Division No. 3. It is located in southwest portion of the province.
Naevia (fungus)
Naevia is a small genus of fungi in the family Arthoniaceae. Unlike most members of their family, these fungi do not form lichens because they lack algal partners and instead obtain nutrients by decomposing dead bark material. They appear as tiny black dots scattered across the smooth bark of trees and shrubs, where they act as early colonisers of fresh bark surfaces. The genus was historically confused with the related lichen-forming genus Arthonia, but modern molecular phylogenetics studies have confirmed that Naevia represents a distinct evolutionary lineage of non-lichenised fungi.

Arthoniaceae
The Arthoniaceae are a family of lichenized, lichenicolous and saprobic fungi in the order Arthoniales. The Arthoniaceae is the largest family of Arthoniales, with around 800 species. Most species in Arthoniaceae belong in Arthonia which is the largest genus with 500 species. The second and third largest genus is Arthothelium with 80 species, and Cryptothecia with 60 species.
NeXML format
NeXML is an exchange standard for representing phyloinformatic data. It was inspired by the widely used Nexus file format but uses XML to produce a more robust format for rich phylogenetic data. Advantages include syntax validation, semantic annotation, and web services.
The format is broadly supported and has libraries in many popular programming languages for bioinformatics.

Nexus file
The extensible NEXUS file format is widely used in phylogenetics, evolutionary biology, and bioinformatics. It stores information about taxa, morphological character states, DNA and protein sequence alignments, distances, and phylogenetic trees. The NEXUS format also allows the storage of data that can facilitate analyses, such as sets of characters or taxa. Many popular phylogenetic programs, including PAUP*, MrBayes, Mesquite, MacClade, and SplitsTree, use this format. Nexus file names typically have the extension .nxs or .nex .
VIS-AVTO
VIS-AVTO (Russian: ВИС-АВТО), originally called VAZInterServices (Russian: ВАЗинтерСервис), is a Russian company owned by AvtoVAZ and focused on the manufacturing of Lada-based light commercial vehicles and vehicle conversion. A spin-off company of VAZInterServices, called also VAZInterServices or VIS (Russian: ВИС), specialises in auto parts and is controlled by  United Automotive Technologies. Both VIS-AVTO and VIS are headquartered in Tolyatti, Samara Oblast.

AvtoVAZ
AvtoVAZ (Russian: АвтоВАЗ, IPA: [ɐftɐˈvas]) is a Russian state-owned automobile manufacturing company. It was formerly named as VAZ (ВАЗ), an acronym for Volga Automotive Plant in Russian (Во́лжский автомоби́льный заво́д, Volzhskiy avtomobil'nyy zavod). AvtoVAZ is best known for its flagship series of Lada vehicles. In the Soviet Union, its products used various names, including Zhiguli, Oka, and Sputnik, which were phased out in the 1990s and replaced by Lada for the Russian market. From December 2019 to August 2020, AvtoVAZ sold Niva cars with Chevrolet branding.

AvtoVAZ was established in 1966 by the Soviet government as a state-run car manufacturer. It was privatized in the 1990s and was a subsidiary of Renault from October 2016 to May 2022. In May 2022, it was re-acquired by the Russian government. The company is indirectly owned by Russian state enterprises through Lada Auto Holding.
KNFL (Utah)
KNFL (1470 AM) was an adult standards formatted radio station licensed to Tremonton, Utah, United States. The station was originally simulcast with sister station KOGN however then began running its own network.

KOGN
KOGN (1490 AM) is a radio station which is currently silent, but previously broadcast a Regional Mexican format. Licensed to Ogden, Utah, United States, the station serves the Ogden area. The station is owned by Marcos Rivas and Ruth de Alba, through licensee Radio Positivia, Inc. The station was an affiliate of Dial Global's adult standard format. KOGN's signal was also simulcast on nearby KNFL 1470 kHz in Tremonton, Utah. The station was silent for quite some time beginning in 2009. In 2010, the station returned to air with a regional Mexican format. KNFL is no longer simulcasting KOGN, and had its license cancelled by the FCC in 2012.
Lady in Red (ghost)
A Lady in Red or Red Lady is a type of female ghost, similar to the White Lady, but according to legend is more specifically attributed to a jilted lover, killed in a fit of passion, or woman of vanity. In all cases, the Lady in Red is wearing a scarlet or blood red dress. She is said to typically be friendly in disposition, with a story attached to historic hotels, theatres or other public places, with a higher frequency of reports.

White Lady
A White Lady (or woman in white) is a type of female ghost. She is typically dressed in a white dress or similar garment, reportedly seen in rural areas and associated with local legends of tragedy. White Lady legends are found in many countries around the world. Common to many of these legends is an accidental or impending death, murder, or suicide and the theme of loss, betrayed by a husband or fiancé, and unrequited love.
Montopoli in Val d'Arno
Montopoli in Val d'Arno is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pisa in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Florence and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) east of Pisa.

Montopoli in Val d'Arno borders the following municipalities: Castelfranco di Sotto, Palaia, Pontedera, San Miniato, Santa Maria a Monte.

It is home to a tower and an arch named after Castruccio Castracani, once belonging to a castle. Outside of town is the Franciscan Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Romano and the parish church of Santa Maria Novella.

Palaia
Palaia is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pisa in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) southwest of Florence and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Pisa.

Palaia borders the following municipalities: Capannoli, Montaione, Montopoli in Val d'Arno, Peccioli, Pontedera, San Miniato.
John Moray Stuart-Young
John Moray Stuart-Young (1881–1939) was an English Uranian poet, memoirist, novelist and merchant trader. Stuart-Young published numerous works, including books of poetry, novels, descriptions of African life and autobiographical works. His poems are closely linked to fin-de-siècle and Uranian themes, being informed by decadence, colonialism, and pederasty.

Stuart-Young's 1905 memoirs focused on his supposed romantic relationship with Oscar Wilde during his adolescence. Stuart-Young presented forged letters by Wilde to support his claim. Wilde's biographers doubt that Stuart-Young ever met Wilde.

Uranians
The Uranians were a late-19th-century and early-20th-century clandestine group of up to several dozen male homosexual poets and prose writers who principally wrote on the subject of the love of (or by) adolescent boys. In a strict definition they were an English literary and cultural movement; in a broader definition there were also American Uranians. The movement reached its peak between the late 1880s and mid 1890s, but has been regarded as stretching between 1858, when William Johnson Cory's poetry collection Ionica appeared, and 1930, the year of publication of Samuel Elsworth Cottam's Cameos of Boyhood and Other Poems and of E. E. Bradford's last collection, Boyhood.