hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Weir formula
The Weir formula is a formula used in indirect calorimetry, relating metabolic rate to oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. According to original source, it says:

Metabolic rate (kcal per day) = 1.440 (3.9 VO2 + 1.1 VCO2)

where VO2 is oxygen consumption in litres per minute and VCO2 is the rate of carbon dioxide production in litres per minute. 
The formula can also be written for units of calories per day where VO2 is oxygen consumption expressed in millilitres per minute and VCO2 is the rate of carbon dioxide production in millilitres per minute.

Another source gives

Energy (kcal/min) = (respiration in L/min times change in percentage oxygen) / 20

This corresponds to:

Metabolic rate (cal per minute) = 5 (VO2 in mL/min)

Indirect calorimetry
Indirect calorimetry calculates heat that living organisms produce by measuring either their production of carbon dioxide and nitrogen waste (frequently ammonia in aquatic organisms, or urea in terrestrial ones), or from their consumption of oxygen. Indirect calorimetry estimates the type and rate of substrate utilization and energy metabolism in vivo starting from gas exchange measurements (oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production during rest and steady-state exercise). This technique provides unique information, is noninvasive, and can be advantageously combined with other experimental methods to investigate numerous aspects of nutrient assimilation, thermogenesis, the energetics of physical exercise, and the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases.
San Pedro, Los Angeles
San Pedro (/sæn ˈpiːdroʊ/ san PEE-droh; Spanish for 'Saint Peter') is a neighborhood located within the South Bay and Harbor region of the city of Los Angeles, California, United States. Formerly a separate city, it consolidated with Los Angeles in 1909. The Port of Los Angeles, a major international seaport, is partially located within San Pedro. The district has grown from being dominated by the fishing industry, to a working-class community within the city of Los Angeles, to an increasingly dense and diverse community.

Los Angeles Harbor Region
The Los Angeles Harbor Region, sometimes truncated to simply The Harbor, takes up a large portion of southern Los Angeles County, California. The area is impacted by the harbor complex consisting of the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach.
Khirbet Safa
Khirbet Safa (Arabic: خربة صافا) is a Palestinian village located twelve kilometers north-west of Hebron. The village is in the Hebron Governorate Southern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the village had a population of 1,105 in mid-year 2006.

Hebron Governorate
The Hebron Governorate (Arabic: محافظة الخليل, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat al-Khalīl) is an administrative district of Palestine in the southern West Bank.

The governorate's land area is 1,060 square kilometres (410 sq mi) and its population according to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics in mid-year 2019 was 1,004,510. This makes the Hebron Governorate the largest of 16 governorates in both population and land area in the Palestinian territories. The city of Hebron is the district capital or muhfaza (seat) of the governorate. The current Governor of Hebron is Khaled Dudin.

During the first six months of the First Intifada 42 people in Hebron Governorate were killed by the Israeli army.
Tunisia women's national youth handball team
The Tunisia women's national youth handball team(Arabic: منتخب تونس للإناث تحت 17 سنة لكرة اليد), nicknamed Les Aigles de Carthage (The Eagles of Carthage or The Carthage Eagles), represents Tunisia in the international handball competitions and it is controlled by the Tunisian Handball Federation

Tunisian Handball Federation
The Tunisian Handball Federation (French: Fédération tunisienne de handball) (FTHB) (Arabic: الجامعة التونسية لكرة اليد), is the national handball association in Tunisia. FTHB organizes team handball within Tunisia and represents Tunisian handball internationally. The federation is a member of the Arab Handball Federation, Mediterranean Handball Confederation, African Handball Confederation (CAHB) and the International Handball Federation (IHF). The president of FTHB is Karim Helali.
Ludwik III of Oława
Louis III of Oława, mostly known as of Lüben (Polish: Ludwik; before 1405 – before 18 June 1441), was a Duke of Oława (Ohlau) from 1419 to 1420 and Duke of Lubin (Lüben) and Chojnów (Haynau) from 1431 until his death.

He was the third and youngest son of Henry IX, Duke of Lubin, by his wife Anna, daughter of Przemyslaus I Noszak, Duke of Cieszyn.

Henry IX of Lubin
Henry IX of Lubin (Polish: Henryk ; 1369 – between 9 January 1419 and 10 July 1420), was a Duke of Brzeg (Brieg) during 1399–1400 with his brother and since 1400, Duke of Lubin (Lüben), Chojnów (Haynau) and Oława (Ohlau).

He was the eldest son of Henry VII with a Scar, Duke of Brzeg, by his first wife Helena, the daughter of Otto V, Count of Orlamünde.
Phaya Thai district
Phaya Thai (Thai: พญาไท, pronounced [pʰā.jāː tʰāj]) is a district in central Bangkok, Thailand. From the north clockwise, its neighbouring districts are: Bang Sue, Chatuchak, Din Daeng, Ratchathewi, and Dusit. Despite sharing a name, due to boundary changes, Phaya Thai Road and Phaya Thai BTS Station are in the adjoining Ratchathewi District.

Chatuchak district
Chatuchak (Thai: จตุจักร, pronounced [t͡ɕàʔ.tùʔ.t͡ɕàk]) is one of the 50 districts (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand. The district is bounded by seven other districts (from the north clockwise): Lak Si, Bang Khen, Lat Phrao, Huai Khwang, Din Daeng, Phaya Thai, and Bang Sue.
Mixer (appliance)
A mixer (also called a hand mixer or stand mixer depending on the type) is a kitchen device that uses a gear-driven mechanism to rotate a set of "beaters" in a bowl containing the food or liquids to be prepared by mixing them.

Mixers help automate the repetitive tasks of stirring, whisking or beating. When the beaters are replaced by a dough hook, a mixer may also be used to knead.

A mixer may be a handheld mechanism known as an eggbeater, a handheld motorized beater, or a drill mixer. Stand mixers vary in size from small counter top models for home use to large capacity commercial machines. Stand mixers create the mixing action by either rotating the mixing device vertically (planetary mixers), or by rotating the mixing container (spiral mixers).

Sunbeam Products
Sunbeam Products is an American company founded in 1897 that has produced electric home appliances under the Sunbeam name since 1910. Its products have included the Mixmaster mixer, the Sunbeam CG waffle iron, Coffeemaster (1938–1964) and the fully automatic T20 toaster.

The company has endured a long history of struggles, including in 2001, when it filed for bankruptcy and was also found to have committed massive accounting fraud, for which it was subject to SEC investigation. In 2002, Sunbeam emerged from bankruptcy as American Household, Inc. (AHI). Sunbeam was owned by Jarden Consumer Solutions after Jarden's acquisition in 2004, which was itself later purchased by Newell Rubbermaid (now Newell Brands) in 2015.
Great Works River
The Great Works River is a 30.6-mile-long (49.2 km) river in southwestern Maine in the United States. It rises in central York County and flows generally south past North Berwick and joins the tidal part of the Salmon Falls River at South Berwick.

The native Newichawannock band of Abenaki called it the Asbenbedick. In July 1634, William Chadbourne, James Wall and John Goddard arrived from England aboard the ship Pied Cow with a commission to build a sawmill and gristmill  at the river's Assabumbadoc Falls.   The sawmill they built, thought to be the first over-shot water-powered site in America, was located in the "Rocky Gorge" below today's Brattle Street bridge.  Their sawmill was rebuilt with up to 20 saws on what was then the "Little River" in 1651 by Richard Leader, an engineer granted exclusive right to the water power. It was thereafter called the "Great mill workes," from which the Great Works River derives its present name.

North Berwick, Maine
North Berwick is a town in York County, Maine, United States. The town was set off from Berwick in 1831, following South Berwick in 1814.

North Berwick's population was 4,978 at the 2020 census. It contains the census-designated place of the same name. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine metropolitan statistical area.
Brown (crater)
Brown is a lunar impact crater that is located in the southeast part of the Moon, to the southwest of the prominent ray crater Tycho. Northwest of Brown is the crater Wilhelm, and to the west is Montanari. This crater was named after Ernest William Brown, and is distinct from crater D. Brown, a satellite crater of the Apollo crater.

The rim of Brown is mis-shapen from a typical circular formation, most notably due to the intrusion of the satellite crater Brown E into the southeast of the formation. The northern rim is polygonal in shape, with a flattened northern rim. There is also a small gap in the western rim which protrudes to the west.

Apollo (crater)
Apollo, also called the Apollo , is a large impact crater located  on the far side of the Moon, in the southern hemisphere. It was previously known as Basin XVI; in 1970 it was officially named after the Apollo missions by the International Astronomical Union.

The Chang'e 6 spacecraft landed within Apollo basin in 2024, collected samples of the surface, then brought them to Earth for analysis.
Tickle torture
Tickle torture is the prolonged use of tickling to abuse, dominate, harass, humiliate, or interrogate an individual. While laughter is popularly thought of as a pleasure response, in tickle torture, the one being tickled may laugh whether or not they find the experience pleasant. In a tickling situation, laughter can indicate a panic reflex rather than a pleasure response.

Tickling
Tickling is the act of touching a part of a person's body in a way that causes involuntary twitching movements or laughter. The word "tickle"ⓘ evolved from the Middle English tikelen, perhaps frequentative of ticken, to touch lightly.

In 1897, psychologists G. Stanley Hall and Arthur Allin described a "tickle" as two different types of phenomena. One type is caused by very light movement across the skin. This type of tickle, called a knismesis, generally does not produce laughter and is sometimes accompanied by an itching sensation.
2023 General Tire 200 (Talladega)
The 2023 General Tire 200 was the 3rd stock car race of the 2023 ARCA Menards Series season, and the 61st iteration of the event. The race is scheduled to be held on Saturday, April 22, 2023, in Lincoln, Alabama at Talladega Superspeedway, a 2.66 mile (4.28 km) permanent tri-oval shaped superspeedway. The race took the scheduled 76 laps to complete. Jesse Love, driving for Venturini Motorsports, would dominate a portion of the race, and earned his 3rd career ARCA Menards Series win, and his first of the season. Love and Andrés Pérez de Lara would dominate the race in general, leading 35 and 28 laps respectively. To fill out the podium, Gus Dean, driving for Venturini Motorsports, and Bret Holmes, driving for his family-owned team, Bret Holmes Racing, would finish 2nd and 3rd, respectively.

Venturini Motorsports
Venturini Motorsports was an American professional stock car racing team that competed in the ARCA Menards Series, ARCA Menards Series East, and ARCA Menards Series West. Founded in 1982 by Bill Venturini Sr., Venturini Motorsports was the longest continually operated ARCA racing team in the United States. The team was based in Concord, North Carolina.

The team announced on April 18, 2025 that they will shut down their operations, transferring the ownership to Nitro Motorsports beginning on October 15.
Loy Ehrlich
Loy Ehrlich (born 1950) is a French musician, composer and producer based in Paris.

A multi-instrumentalist, Ehrlich plays keyboards, Bass, Guembri, Gumbass and Kora.
He played with  major African artists such as Touré Kunda, Youssou N'Dour and Geoffrey Oryema. Member of the Hadouk Trio, he has been the artistic director of the Gnaoua Essaouira festival (Morocco) for 12 years. He invented the musical instrument known as the Gumbass.

The song "Long Road" from his 2014 album Global Traveller was featured in the 2016 video game Uncharted 4: A Thief's End as a record that can be played during the game's epilogue mission.

Gumbass
The gumbass is a French musical instrument. It is a cross between a guembri and an electric bass.

The gumbass was invented by musician Loy Ehrlich. He plays the instrument in the musical group Hadouk Trio.

Loy Ehrlich playing the gumbass
Fedje Vessel Traffic Service Centre
Fedje Vessel Traffic Service Centre (Norwegian: Fedje trafikksentral), commonly abbreviated Fedje VTS, is a vessel traffic service and pilot station situated on the island of Fedje in Fedje Municipality, Norway. Its main responsibility is handling traffic headed to the offshore bases and refineries at Sture and Mongstad.

Piloting has been provided out of Fedje since time immemorial. This gradually became more organized, and from 1953 a hut was erected on the site of the current station. It was rebuilt in 1977, and then demolished and rebuilt again in 1992, this time opening as Norway's second VTS. Since 1994 the nearby Fedje Heliport, Høgden has been used to fly pilots to ships.

Fedje Municipality
Fedje is an island municipality in the Nordhordland region of Vestland county, Norway. The municipality is located in the traditional district of Nordhordland. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Fedje. The main economic activity of the inhabitants for a long time has been fishing. The municipality consists of the main island of Fedje which is also surrounded by about 125 smaller islands and rocks mostly north of the main island. The name Fedje applies both to the main island, the main village, and to all the islands and rocks as a whole municipality.

The 9.27-square-kilometre (3.58 sq mi) municipality is the 355th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Fedje Municipality is the 351st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 521. The municipality's population density is 56.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (146/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 7.5% over the previous 10-year period.
Consenting Adults (2007 film)
Consenting Adults is a 2007 BBC Four television film which portrays the events of the Wolfenden Committee, chaired by Sir John Wolfenden. The film is set in the 1950s and depicts social attitudes towards homosexuality in Britain at that time, while also focusing on Wolfenden and his homosexual son Jeremy Wolfenden.

The Committee first met on 15 September 1954 and published its report on 4 September 1957, recommending that "homosexual behaviour between consenting adults in private should no longer be a criminal offence". The report led to the passage of the Sexual Offences Act 1967, which partially decriminalised homosexuality in England and Wales.

The film was commissioned as part of a season of programming marking the 40th anniversary of the partial decriminalisation of homosexuality in England and Wales in 1967.

Wolfenden report
The Report of the Departmental Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution (better known as the Wolfenden report, after Sir John Wolfenden, the chairman of the committee) was published in the United Kingdom on 4 September 1957 after a succession of well-known men, including Lord Montagu of Beaulieu, Michael Pitt-Rivers, John Gielgud and Peter Wildeblood were convicted of homosexual offences.
Hyde (UK Parliament constituency)
Hyde  was a county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1885 until 1918. It was seated in the town of Hyde, Cheshire.

From the 1918 general election onwards, the town has been represented in parliament through the constituency of Stalybridge and Hyde.

Hyde, Greater Manchester
Hyde is a town in Tameside, Greater Manchester, England. It lies within the historic county boundaries of Cheshire, and became part of Greater Manchester in 1974. The built-up area as defined by the Office for National Statistics had a population of 35,895 at the 2021 census. The town lies 5 miles (8 km) north-east of Stockport, 6 miles (10 km) west of Glossop and 6.5 miles (10 km) east of Manchester.
National Police Agency (Japan)
The National Police Agency (Japanese: 警察庁, Hepburn: Keisatsu-chō) is the central coordinating law enforcement agency of the Japanese police system. Unlike national police in other countries, the NPA does not have any operational units of its own aside from the Imperial Guard; rather, it is responsible for supervising Japan's 47 prefectural police departments and determining their general standards and policies, though it can command police agencies under it in national emergencies or large-scale disasters. It is under the National Public Safety Commission of the Cabinet Office.

As of 2017, the NPA has a strength of approximately 7,800 personnel: 2,100 sworn officers, 900 guards, and 4,800 civilian staff.

Cabinet Office (Japan)
The Cabinet Office (内閣府, Naikaku-fu) (CAO) is an agency of the Cabinet of Japan. It is responsible for handling the day-to-day affairs of the Cabinet.

The Cabinet Office is formally headed by the Prime Minister.
Moses Hagiz
Moses Hagiz (1671 – c. 1750) (Hebrew: משה חגיז) was a Talmudic scholar, rabbi and writer born in Jerusalem during the time of the Old Yishuv. He was also one of the most prominent and influential Jewish leaders in 17th-century Amsterdam. During Hagiz's lifetime, there was an overall decline in rabbinic authority which was the result of migration and assimilation, and Hagiz devoted his career to restoring rabbinic authority. His most prominent talent was as a polemicist, and he campaigned ceaselessly against Jewish heresy in an attempt to unify the rabbinate.

Moshe Chaim Luzzatto
Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (Hebrew: משה חיים לוצאטו; also Moses Chaim, Moise Vita, Moses Hayyim or Luzzato; 1707 – 16 May 1746), also known by the Hebrew acronym RaMCHaL (or RaMHaL; רמח"ל‎), was an Italian Jewish rabbi, kabbalist, and philosopher.
Horse-drawn vehicle
A horse-drawn vehicle is a wheeled vehicle pulled by horses to carry passengers or a load. They were common during the horse-drawn era, though have mostly been replaced by automobiles and other mechanized transport. Some are still in use today in rural areas, and also for pleasure, tourists, and sport. Many vehicles have been preserved and are on display in carriage museums and transport museums.

Clarence (carriage)
A clarence is a type of carriage that was popular in the early 19th century.  It is a closed, four-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle with a projecting glass front and seats for four passengers inside. The driver sat at the front, outside the carriage. The clarence was named after Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews, later King William IV of the United Kingdom, who died in 1837.: 41   It was introduced in 1840 in London. The Brougham was a lighter, two-passenger version originally commissioned by Lord Brougham.: 24–25

In time, second-hand clarences came to be used as hackney carriages, earning the nickname growler from the sound they made on London's cobbled streets.: 41 : 30
Caba, La Union
Caba, officially the Municipality of Caba (Ilocano: Ili ti Caba; Pangasinan: Baley na Caba; Filipino: Bayan ng Caba), is a coastal municipality in the province of La Union, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 23,432 people.

It was the birthplace of Diego Silang, a prominent Filipino revolutionary leader who led an uprising against Spanish colonial rule in the Ilocos Region in 1762. The municipality is also known for its thriving bamboo industry and its scenic beaches. As of 2022, Caba had 17,787 registered voters.

Bauang
Bauang, officially the Municipality of Bauang (Ilocano: Ili ti Bauang; Pangasinan: Baley na Bauang; Filipino: Bayan ng Bauang), is a municipality in the province of La Union, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 77,670 people.

The mumicipality is recognized as the "Fruit Basket and Beach Capital of the North," known for its pristine beaches, which remain a popular destination for swimming, as well as its cultivation of grapes and guapples.

In the annals of Philippine literature and history, Bauang holds significance as the birthplace of the renowned literary figure and World War II martyr, Manuel Arguilla. The municipality is strategically located along the MacArthur Highway, with a key junction connecting to Naguilian Road, one of the main routes leading to Baguio City.
Phymateus
Phymateus is a genus of fairly large grasshoppers of the family Pyrgomorphidae, native to shrubland, semi-deserts, savanna, woodland, gardens and cultivated areas in Sub-Saharan Africa, with ten species in the African mainland and two species in Madagascar. Some species have bright aposematic colours and are highly toxic.

Pyrgomorphidae
Pyrgomorphidae is a family of grasshoppers in the order Orthoptera; it is the only family in the superfamily Pyrgomorphoidea. Pyrgomorphidae are found worldwide in tropical and warm temperate regions (though none are from US mainland), but the vast majority of the family's approximately 500 species are from Africa, Asia and Australia. Their name is probably derived from pyrgos (Greek: Πύργος) meaning "tower": a reference to the form (morph) of the head in the type genus Pyrgomorpha and other genera.

They may sometimes be known as "gaudy grasshoppers", due to the striking, bright aposematic colouration of a number of genera, warning of their toxicity. However, about 90% of the species in the family are harmless and well-camouflaged, with a few, notably Sphenarium, even caught for human consumption.
Kalraj Mishra
Kalraj Mishra (born 1 July 1941) is an Indian politician who served as the governor of Rajasthan from 2019 to 2024. He is the former governor of Himachal Pradesh and cabinet minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in the BJP-led NDA government of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Being affiliated with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), he was a member of Parliament from Deoria constituency in Uttar Pradesh from 2014 to 2019.

He was a member of Rajya Sabha and a MLA from Lucknow East assembly constituency. He was also President of Uttar Pradesh state unit of the BJP.

He was appointed the Union Minister for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME).

Acharya Devvrat
Acharya Devvrat  (born 18 January 1959) is an Indian politician and former educator serving as the 19th Governor of Gujarat. He also serves as the acting Governor of Maharashtra. He is an Arya Samaj pracharak and served previously as the principal of a Gurukul in Kurukshetra, Haryana. Being the Governor of Gujarat and Maharashtra, he is also the Chancellor of state universities of Gujarat and Maharashtra.
Modern Standby
Modern Standby known formerly as Connected Standby or InstantGo, is a Microsoft specification for Windows 8 (and later) hardware and software that aims to bring smartphone-type power management capabilities to the PC platform, as well as increasing physical security.

Trusted Platform Module
A Trusted Platform Module (TPM) is a secure cryptoprocessor that implements the ISO/IEC 11889 standard. Common uses are verifying that the boot process starts from a trusted combination of hardware and software and storing disk encryption keys.

A TPM 2.0 implementation is part of the Windows 11 system requirements.