hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Arthur Williams (bishop)
Christianity portal

Arthur Acheson Williams (1848–?) was the second Bishop of Tinnevelly in the last decades of the 19th century and the first two of the 20th.

He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin and ordained in 1870. He was then held curacies at Bromley and St John the Evangelist, Penge. Emigrating to India he became Chaplain of St George's Cathedral, Madras and then the incumbent at Vellore. His last post before appointment to the episcopate was as Archdeacon of Madras.

Anglican Bishop of Tinnevelly
The Bishop of Tinnevelly was the Ordinary of the Anglican Church in Tinnevelly, Tamil Nadu, India, from its inception in 1896 until the foundation of the Church in India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon in 1927; and after that head of one of its Dioceses.

In October 1896, Tinnevelly was separated from the Diocese of Madras and Rev. Samuel Morley was ordained as the first Bishop of the newly formed diocese.

Under the British, the area was known as Tinnevelly; since independence, the Tamil spelling of Tirunelveli is normally used.
War of the Camps
The War of the Camps (Arabic: حرب المخيمات, romanized: Ḥarb al-Mukhayimat), was a subconflict within the 1984–1990 phase of the Lebanese Civil War, in which the Sunni Palestinian refugee camps in Beirut were besieged by the Shia Amal militia.

The "War of the Camps" was a struggle for control over West Beirut and was considered an extension of the political struggle between Syria and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). It took place between May 1985 and July 1988.

People's Liberation Army (Lebanon)
The People's Liberation Army – PLA (Arabic: جيش التحرير الشعبي  | Jayish al-Tahrir al-Sha'aby), also known as the Armée populaire de libération (APL) in French or Forces of the Martyr Kamal Jumblatt (Arabic: قوات الشهيد كمال جنبلاط | Quwwat al-Shahid Kamal Junblat), was the military wing of the left-wing Druze Progressive Socialist Party (PSP), which fought in the Lebanese Civil War. The PSP and its militia were members of the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) from 1975 to 1982 and its successor, the Lebanese National Resistance Front (LNRF) from 1983 to 1990.
School of Diplomacy and International Relations
The School of Diplomacy and International Relations (SODIR) is the international affairs school of Seton Hall University, a private Catholic research university in South Orange, New Jersey, United States.  Founded in collaboration with the United Nations Association of the United States of America, it was the first school of international relations to be founded after the Cold War.  The school offers both undergraduate and graduate programs.

Seton Hall University School of Law
Seton Hall University School of Law is the law school of Seton Hall University, and is located in downtown Newark, New Jersey. Seton Hall Law is the only private law school in New Jersey. The school confers three law degrees: Juris Doctor, Master of Laws, and Master of General Legal Studies. Founded in 1951, it is accredited by the American Bar Association (ABA), and is also a member of the Association of American Law Schools (AALS).
Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans
Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans (12 May 1725 – 18 November 1785), known as le Gros (the Fat), was a French royal of a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon. The First Prince of the Blood after 1752, he was the most senior male at the French court after the immediate royal family. He was the father of Philippe Égalité. He greatly augmented the already huge wealth of the House of Orléans.

Palais-Royal
The Palais-Royal (French: [pa.lɛ ʁwa.jal]) is a former French royal palace located on Rue Saint-Honoré in the 1st arrondissement of Paris. The screened entrance court faces the Place du Palais-Royal, opposite the Louvre. Originally called the Palais-Cardinal, it was built for Cardinal Richelieu from about 1633 to 1639 by architect Jacques Lemercier. Richelieu bequeathed it to Louis XIII, before Louis XIV gave it to his younger brother, Philippe I, Duke of Orléans. As the succeeding Dukes of Orléans made such extensive alterations over the years, almost nothing remains of Lemercier's original design.

The Palais-Royal is now the seat of the Ministry of Culture, the Conseil d'État and the Constitutional Council. The central Palais-Royal Garden (Jardin du Palais-Royal) serves as a public park; its arcade houses shops.
Echolalia
Echolalia is the repetition of vocalizations made by another person; when repeated by the same person, it is called palilalia. In its profound form it is automatic and effortless. It is one of the echophenomena, closely related to echopraxia, the automatic repetition of movements made by another person; both are "subsets of imitative behavior" whereby sounds or actions are imitated "without explicit awareness". Echolalia may be an immediate reaction to a stimulus or may be delayed.

Echolalia occurs in many cases of autism spectrum disorder and Tourette syndrome. It may also occur in several other neurological conditions such as some forms of dementia or stroke-related aphasia.

The word "echolalia" is derived from the Greek ἠχώ (ēchō), meaning "echo" or "to repeat", and λαλιά (laliá) meaning "speech" or "talk" (of onomatopoeic origin, from the verb λαλέω (laléo), meaning "to talk").

Palilalia
Palilalia, a complex tic, is a language disorder characterized by the involuntary repetition of syllables, words, or phrases. It has features resembling other complex tics such as echolalia or coprolalia, but, unlike other aphasias, palilalia is based upon contextually correct speech.

It was originally described by Alexandre-Achille Souques in a patient with a stroke that resulted in left-side hemiplegia, although a condition described as auto-echolalia in 1899 by Édouard Brissaud may have been the same condition.
Queen Mother Moore
Audley "Queen Mother" Moore (July 27, 1898 – May 2, 1997) was an American civil rights leader and a black nationalist who was friends with such civil rights leaders as Marcus Garvey, Nelson Mandela, Winnie Mandela, Rosa Parks, and Jesse Jackson. She was a figure in the American Civil Rights Movement and a founder of the Republic of New Afrika. Delois Blakely was her assistant for 20 years. Blakely was later enstooled in Ghana as a Nana (Queen Mother).

Delois Blakely
Delois Blakely, also referred to with the honorary title Queen Mother, is an American former Catholic nun and current religious leader, pan-Africanist, writer, activist and humanitarian.

A goodwill ambassador to Africa at the United Nations, she claims to represent the 55 million displaced Africans of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, and calls for reparations for slavery. She has published books and articles on self-reliance, education, recreation and culture.

She is the successor of Queen Mother Audley Moore, and attended the unveiling ceremony of the United Nations' permanent memorial “The Ark of Return” on March 25, 2015.
79th Group Army
The 79th Group Army (Chinese: 第七十九集团军; pinyin: Dì Qīshíjiǔ Jítuánjūn), Unit 31671, formerly the 39th Group Army (第三十九集团军), is a military formation of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Ground Force (PLAGF). The 79th Group Army is one of thirteen total group armies of the PLAGF, the largest echelon of ground forces in the People's Republic of China, and one of three assigned to the nation's Northern Theater Command.

Northern Theater Command
The Northern Theater Command (Chinese: 北部战区; pinyin: Běibù Zhànqū) is one of the five theater commands of the People's Liberation Army, founded on 1 February 2016. Its predecessor is the Shenyang Military Region, Jinan Military Region and Beijing Military Region. Its headquarters is in the Heping District of Shenyang, Liaoning Province. The Northern Theater Command shares borders with North Korea, Russia and Mongolia.
Po Shek Wu Estate
Po Shek Wu Estate (Chinese: 寶石湖邨) is a public housing estate located at the junction of Po Shek Wu Road and Choi Yuen Road in Sheung Shui, New Territories, Hong Kong near MTR Sheung Shui station. It comprises three residential blocks of 25, 29 and 33 storeys on a 3-storeyed carpark podium including one semi-basement storey for car park at a total number of 1,144 units completed in 2019. In addition, there is an ancillary facility block including socket-H pile foundation, superstructure and E&M services, one kindergarten, ground floor retail facilities and roof garden site formation and slope upgrading works.

Sheung Shui
Sheung Shui (Chinese: 上水; Jyutping: soeng6 seoi2, literally "Above-water") is an area in New Territories, Hong Kong. Sheung Shui Town, a part of this area, is part of Fanling–Sheung Shui New Town in North District of Hong Kong. Fanling Town is to its southeast.
Renmin Road Subdistrict, Anqing
Renmin Road Subdistrict (Chinese: 人民路街道; pinyin: Rénmínlù Jiēdào)  is a subdistrict  situated in Yingjiang District, Anqing, Anhui, China. As of 2020, it administers the following four residential neighborhoods:

Paoyingshan (炮营山)

Xianfeng (先锋)

Kangxihe (康熙河)

Dongzheng (东正)

Yingjiang District
Yingjiang District (simplified Chinese: 迎江区; traditional Chinese: 迎江區; pinyin: Yíngjiāng Qū) is an urban district of and the easternmost county-level division of the city of Anqing, Anhui Province, China. It has a population of 244,000 (2005) and an area of 207 square kilometres (80 sq mi).
Upsala College
Upsala College (UC) was a private college affiliated with the Swedish-American Augustana Synod (later the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America) and located in East Orange in Essex County, New Jersey, United States, with an additional campus in Wantage Township in Sussex County. Upsala was founded in 1893 in Brooklyn, New York City, and moved to Kenilworth, and finally to East Orange in 1924. Despite a turnaround strategy that involved recruiting minority and international students, declining enrollment and financial difficulties forced the school to close in 1995.

East Orange, New Jersey
East Orange is a city in Essex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the city's population was 69,612, an increase of 5,342 (+8.3%) from the 2010 census count of 64,270, which in turn reflected a decline of 5,554 (−8.0%) from the 69,824 counted in the 2000 census. The city was the state's 17th most populous municipality in 2020, after having been ranked 20th in 2010 and 14th statewide in 2000. The Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program calculated a population of 69,556 for 2023, making it the 544th-most populous municipality in the nation.
Sensbachtal
Sensbachtal (German pronunciation: [ˈzɛnsbaxˌtaːl], lit. 'Sensbach Valley') is a village and a former municipality in the Odenwaldkreis (district) in Hesse, Germany. Since January 2018, it is part of the new town Oberzent.

Oberzent
Oberzent (German pronunciation: [ˈoːbɐtsɛnt], lit. 'Upper Zent') is a town in the district of Odenwaldkreis, in Hesse, Germany. It was created with effect from 1 January 2018 by the merger of the former town Beerfelden and the former municipalities of Hesseneck, Rothenberg and Sensbachtal.
Tribune
Tribune (Latin: Tribunus) was the title of various elected officials in ancient Rome.  The two most important were the tribunes of the plebs and the military tribunes.  For most of Roman history, a college of ten tribunes of the plebs acted as a check on the authority of the senate and the annual magistrates, holding the power of ius intercessionis to intervene on behalf of the plebeians, and veto unfavourable legislation.  There were also military tribunes, who commanded portions of the Roman army, subordinate to higher magistrates, such as the consuls and praetors, promagistrates, and their legates.  Various officers within the Roman army were also known as tribunes.  The title was also used for several other positions and classes in the course of Roman history.

Praetor
Praetor (/ˈpriːtər/ PREE-tər, Classical Latin: [ˈprae̯tɔr]), also pretor, was the title granted by the government of ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected magistratus (magistrate), assigned to discharge various duties. The functions of the magistracy, the praetura (praetorship), are described by the adjective itself: the praetoria potestas (praetorian power), the praetorium imperium (praetorian authority), and the praetorium ius (praetorian law), the legal precedents established by the praetores (praetors). Praetorium, as a substantive, denoted the location from which the praetor exercised his authority, either the headquarters of his castra, the courthouse (tribunal) of his judiciary, or the city hall of his provincial governorship. The minimum age for holding the praetorship was 39 during the Roman Republic, but it was later changed to 30 in the early Empire.
Ilbe Storehouse
Daily-Best Archive (Korean: 일간베스트 저장소; Hanja: 日刊베스트 貯藏所; RR: Ilganbeseuteu Jeojangso) or Ilbe Storehouse (일베저장소; 日베貯藏所; Ilbe Jeojangso; lit. "Daily Best Archive"), also known as Ilbe, is a South Korean Internet forum that has a predominantly far-right userbase. The site was created in April 2010 and started as an archive of the daily best posts from the forum DC Inside.

The site's userbase is often described as having an alt-right, anti-feminist, anti-immigrant, and anti-LGBT stance,  with elements of manosphere culture. Due to its vocal users and strong political and cultural influence, the forum has gained widespread attention from social critics, with some labeling it a social phenomenon. Some critics consider the site a Korean analogue of 4chan and 2channel.

Minjuhwa
Minjuhwa or Minjoohwa (Korean: 민주화; Hanja: 民主化, sometimes 民主和) is political satire of the word democratization in South Korea. It now only remains in usage in far right communities despite its apolitical origins. It is alleged by some that it was coined in 1991, originally used by anonymous apolitical undergraduate netizens to describe violent opposition and mock annihilation of minority opinions.

South Korean newspaper Jeonjashinmun defines this term as "to suffer damage" or "to receive unfair treatment", and says it is usually used in the expression Minjuhwadanghaetda (민주화당했다) or Minjuhwadanghada (민주화당하다).
Markeli Point
Markeli Point (Bulgarian: нос Маркели, ‘Nos Markeli’ \'nos mar-'ke-li\) is a point on the northwest coast of Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, projecting 1.2 km west-southwestwards into Drake Passage.  Situated on the north side of the entrance to Cabut Cove 14.5 km southwest of Cape Smith, 2 km south-southwest of Gregory Point and 19.8 km north-northeast of Cape James.  Bulgarian early mapping in 2009.  Named after the medieval fortress of Markeli in southeastern Bulgaria.

62°56′10″S 62°33′05″W﻿ / ﻿62.93611°S 62.55139°W﻿ / -62.93611; -62.55139

Gregory Point
Gregory Point is a rocky point on the northwest coast of Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica projecting 700 m into Drake Passage.  Situated 12.85 km west-southwest of Cape Smith, 3.9 km northwest of Mount Pisgah and 2 km north-northeast of Markeli Point.  The point was roughly charted by Captain Henry Foster in 1829 and named Cape Gregory.

62°55′11″S 62°31′55″W﻿ / ﻿62.91972°S 62.53194°W﻿ / -62.91972; -62.53194
Bombardment of Mailly-le-Camp
The Bombardment of Mailly-le-Camp was an RAF raid against a German panzer training center located in northern France undertaken during the night of 3/4 May 1944. The mission was a part of the "softening up" campaign Bomber Command conducted prior to the D-Day invasion. The operation was assigned to No. 5 Group, which was joined by No. 1 Group. Estimated a lightly defended target, confusion in the mission plan and communication problems led to the force being held up at the assembly point, where German night fighters slipped in among the bombers. Though the bombers succeeded in destroying the training camp, the victory was achieved at a heavy price.

Leonard Cheshire
Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire, Baron Cheshire, VC, OM, DSO & Two Bars, DFC (7 September 1917 – 31 July 1992), was a British Royal Air Force pilot, officer and philanthropist.

Cheshire fought in the Second World War. Among the decorations Cheshire received as a pilot was the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was the youngest group captain in the Royal Air Force (RAF) and one of the most highly decorated pilots of the war.

After the war he founded a nursing home that grew into the charity Leonard Cheshire Disability. He became known for his work in conflict resolution. In 1991 he was created a life peer in recognition of his charitable work. He is under consideration for beatification in the Roman Catholic Church.
Colington Island
Colington Island is an island located to the west of Kill Devil Hills in Dare County, North Carolina, United States. The island is located at the converging point of Albemarle Sound, Currituck Sound, Croatan Sound, and Roanoke Sound. While it is commonly referred to as one island, there are actually two separate islands, Big Colington Island and Little Colington Island. Colington Harbour is a gated community located on Big Colington Island.

The residents of Colington Island are governed by the Dare County Board of Commissioners.  Colington is part of District 2, along with the towns of Kill Devil Hills and Nags Head.

Residents are zoned to Dare County Schools. The specific schools are: First Flight Elementary School, First Flight Middle School, and First Flight High School. Prior to 2004 students in the First Flight High area were zoned to Manteo High School.

Dare County, North Carolina
Dare County is the easternmost county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 36,915. Its county seat is Manteo.

Dare County is included in the Kill Devil Hills, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Virginia Beach-Chesapeake, VA-NC Combined Statistical Area.

Because it includes much of Pamlico Sound, Dare County is the largest county in North Carolina by total area, although if considering land area only, it drops down to 68th in size among the state's 100 counties.
Whitney umbrella
In geometry, the Whitney umbrella or Whitney's umbrella, named after American mathematician Hassler Whitney, and sometimes called a Cayley umbrella, is a specific self-intersecting ruled surface placed in three dimensions.  It is the union of all straight lines that pass through points of a fixed parabola and are perpendicular to a fixed straight line which is parallel to the axis of the parabola and lies on its perpendicular bisecting plane.

Right conoid
In geometry, a right conoid is a ruled surface generated by a family of straight lines that all intersect perpendicularly to a fixed straight line, called the axis of the right conoid.

Using a Cartesian coordinate system in three-dimensional space, if we take the z-axis to be the axis of a right conoid, then the right conoid can be represented by the parametric equations:

where h(u) is some function for representing the height of the moving line.
Sputnik (rocket)
The Sputnik rocket was an uncrewed orbital carrier rocket designed by Sergei Korolev in the Soviet Union, derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, it was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing Sputnik 1 into a low Earth orbit.

Two versions of the Sputnik were built, the Sputnik-PS (GRAU index 8K71PS), which was used to launch Sputnik 1 and later Sputnik 2, and the Sputnik (8A91), which failed to launch a satellite in April 1958, and subsequently launched Sputnik 3 on 15 May 1958.

A later member of the R-7 family, the Polyot, used the same configuration as the Sputnik rocket, but was constructed from Voskhod components. Because of the similarity, the Polyot was sometimes known as the Sputnik 11A59.

RD-107
The RD-107 (Russian: Ракетный Двигатель-107, romanized: Raketnyy Dvigatel-107, lit. 'Rocket Engine 107') and its sibling, the RD-108, are a type of rocket engine used on the R-7 rocket family. RD-107 engines are used in each booster and the RD-108 is used in the central core. The engines have four main combustion chambers (each with a nozzle) and either two (RD-107) or four (RD-108) vernier chambers.

The engines were first developed in the mid-1950s to launch the R-7 Semyorka, the first intercontinental ballistic missile. The R-7 was later adapted into space launch vehicles and the engines have been improved over several generations. The most recent versions are the RD-107A and RD-108A engines are used to launch the Soyuz-2, which is in active service as of 2024.
Smith & Wesson Model 610
The Model 610 is a six-shot, double-action revolver chambered for the 10mm Auto cartridge.

The 610 was manufactured by Smith & Wesson on the N-frame, similar to the Smith & Wesson Model 29 in .44 Magnum, and the Model 27/28 in .357 Magnum. The 10mm Auto is a rimless automatic pistol cartridge, so moon clips are used to hold cartridges when loading and extracting spent cases en bloc. The Model 610 can also chamber and fire .40 S&W rounds, as the .40 S&W cartridge is a shorter, less powerful variant of the 10mm Auto with the same diameter.

.40 S&W
The .40 S&W is a rimless pistol cartridge developed jointly by American firearms manufacturers Smith & Wesson and Winchester in 1990. The .40 S&W was developed as a law enforcement cartridge designed to duplicate the performance of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) reduced-velocity 10mm Auto cartridge which could be retrofitted into medium-frame (9 mm size) semi-automatic handguns. It uses 0.40-inch-diameter (10 mm) bullets ranging in weight from 105 to 200 grains (6.8 to 13.0 g).
Georgios Stavridis
Georgios Stavridis (Greek: Γεώργιος Σταυρίδης; born 15 June 1976) is a Greek water polo referee, who has officiated in the water polo tournaments at the Olympic Games of 2012, 2016, 2020 and 2024, and in the World water polo championships of 2011, 2017, 2019, 2022 and 2025.

He is widely recognised as one of the top water-polo referees globally. In July 2025, following his officiating at the gold-medal final between Spain and Hungary at the World Championships in Singapore, the World Aquatics praised his yearlong refereeing records.

As of the 2025–2026 season, Stavridis, along with Slovenian referee Boris Margeta, is considered one of the two top water polo referees worldwide.

Boris Margeta
Boris Margeta (born 1972) is a Slovenian water polo referee and the current president of the World Water Polo Referees’ Association (WWR). Widely recognized as one of the top referees, he has officiated numerous high-profile games since the early 2000s.
River Don, Yorkshire
The River Don (also called River Dun in some stretches) is a river in South Yorkshire and the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It rises in the Pennines, west of Dunford Bridge, and flows for 69 miles (111 km) eastwards, through the Don Valley, via Penistone, Sheffield, Rotherham, Mexborough, Conisbrough, Doncaster and Stainforth. It originally joined the Trent, but was re-engineered by Cornelius Vermuyden as the Dutch River in the 1620s, and now joins the River Ouse at Goole. Don Valley is a UK parliamentary constituency near the Doncaster stretch of the river.

Meadowhall (shopping centre)
Meadowhall is an indoor shopping centre in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. It lies 3 miles (5 km) north-east of Sheffield city centre, and 2 miles (3 km) from Rotherham town centre. It is the largest shopping centre in Yorkshire, and currently the twelfth-largest in the United Kingdom. As of 2021, plans for an extension are currently under consideration, for completion in the 2020s, which would make Meadowhall the 11th largest shopping centre in the United Kingdom.

Architecturally, the original construction of Meadowhall in the early 1990s was inspired by the Place d'Orléans shopping centre in Ottawa, Canada. The Meadowhall Retail Park is a separate development, owned by British Land, lying almost 1 mile (1.6 km) to the south of Meadowhall shopping centre in the Carbrook area of the city.