hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Marina Kudriavtseva
Marina Grigorevna Kudriavtseva (née Titova) (Russian: Марина Григорьевна Кудрявцева (Титова), born 1 June 1952) is a Soviet figure skating coach and former competitor. She married her coach Viktor Kudriavtsev and has one son named Anton. After her competitive career, she coached skaters Elena Sokolova, Viktoria Volchkova, and Alexander Uspenski among others.

Viktoria Volchkova
Viktoria Yevgenyevna Volchkova (Russian: Виктория Евгеньевна Волчковаⓘ; married name: Butsaeva (Russian: Буцаева); born 30 July 1982) is a Russian figure skating coach and former competitor. She is a four-time (1999–2002) European bronze medalist, the 2002 Grand Prix Final bronze medalist, the 2002 Cup of Russia champion, and a seven-time Russian national medalist. She is also the 1998 JGP Final champion and a two-time (1998–99) World Junior bronze medalist.
Judge of Logudoro
The kings or judges (iudices or judikes) of Logudoro (or Torres) were the local rulers of the locum de Torres or region (province) around Porto Torres, the chief northern port of Sardinia, during the Middle Ages.

The identity, number, relationships, and chronology of the kings up until about 1112 are poorly sourced and highly disputed among historians of the period.

Gonario I (c. 1015 – c. 1038)

Comita II (c. 1038 – c. 1060)

Barisone I (c. 1060 – c. 1073)

Andrew Tanca (c. 1064 – c. 1073)

Marianus I (to c. 1082)

Constantine I (c. 1082 – c. 1127)

Gonario II (c. 1127 – 1153)
Saltaro (1127), pretender
Ittocorre Gambella (1127 – 1140), regent

Barisone II (1153 – 1186)

Constantine II (1186 – 1198)

Comita III (1198 – 1218)

Marianus II (1218 – 1233)

Barisone III (1233 – 1236)

Adelasia (1236 – 1259)
Ubaldo (1236 – 1238), husband
Enzio (1238 – 1272), husband

Partitioned between Arborea and the Doria.

Gonario I of Torres
Gonario I Comita (also Gunnari, Gunnar, Gunnarius, Gonmar, Gunter, or Gunther) was the first known Judge of Logudoro and Arborea from perhaps as early as the late tenth century and as late as circa 1038. It is possible that he was the father of Barison I of Logudoro and Orzocorre I of Arborea.

The families of Torchitorio, Athen, Salanis, Kerki, Lacon, Gunale, Thori, Serra, Orrubu, and Sogostas can be identified in the Sardinia of his day, but to which he belonged is unknown. He had a sister named Giorgia and married Tocode. He made his capital at Tharros in Arborea.
ASFAT
ASFAT Inc., (Turkish: ASFAT, acronym: Askeri Fabrika ve Tersane İşletme, Military Factory and Shipyard Management) is a Turkish state-owned defense contractor. The company under the jurisdiction of the Turkish Ministry of National Defense, which develop, manage and utilise the facilities and capabilities of the 27 ordnance factories and three public naval shipyards in Turkey that were previously led by the country's Ministry of National Defense, to provide design, manufacture, maintenance, sustainment and training for global defence market.

Ministry of National Defense (Turkey)
The Ministry of National Defence (Turkish: Millî Savunma Bakanlığı) is a cabinet-level agency of the Government of Turkey responsible for managing the Turkish Armed Forces and its supportive defence establishments to safeguard the country against external threats. It is the fourth biggest employer in Turkey with a total count of 370,000 personnel.
Mysore railway division
Mysuru railway division is one of the three railway divisions under the jurisdiction of South Western Railway zone of the Indian Railways. This railway division was formed on 5 November 1951 and its headquarter is located at Mysuru in the state of Karnataka in India.

Bengaluru railway division and Hubballi Railway division are the other railway divisions under SWR Zone headquartered at  Hubballi.

South Western Railway zone
The South Western Railway (abbreviated SWR) is one of the 19 railway zones of Indian Railways, headquartered at Hubballi in the Indian state of Karnataka. SWR was created from carving out the routes from Southern Railways, South Central Railways and Central Railways in 2003.
2015 NLL season
The 2015 National Lacrosse League season, the 29th in the history of the NLL, began on January 2, 2015, and ended with Game 2 of the Champion's Cup Finals series on June 5, 2015. In the finals, the Edmonton Rush defeated the Toronto Rock two games to none to win their first-ever Champion's Cup.

Edmonton Rush
The Edmonton Rush were a  professional lacrosse team in the National Lacrosse League (NLL) that played from the  2006 to 2015 NLL seasons.

The team announced on July 20, 2015, that they would be relocating to Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, for the 2016 season, where they would play at the SaskTel Centre as the Saskatchewan Rush.
Yelden
Yelden or Yielden is a village in the civil parish of Melchbourne and Yielden, in the Bedford borough of Bedfordshire, England, near the borders with Northamptonshire and Cambridgeshire. It lies on the River Til which feeds into the Great Ouse valley and is about 70 m (230 ft) above sea level. It is approximately 14 miles (23 km) north of Bedford, 3.75 miles (6.04 km) south-east of Higham Ferrers and 6.75 miles (10.86 km) west of Kimbolton.

The countryside around the village rises to about 90 m (300 ft) above sea level, is generally open and rolling in nature and is predominantly used for agricultural purposes. Yielden Castle was a Norman motte-and-bailey castle. Other notable features include the church of St Mary, a Wesleyan Chapel, and the Village Hall.

Melchbourne and Yielden
Melchbourne and Yielden is a civil parish in the Borough of Bedford in the county of Bedfordshire, England.

The two parishes of Melchbourne and Yelden (also known as Yielden) were combined in 1934. Until 1974 the parish formed part of Bedford Rural District.

The official name of the parish as recorded by the Office for National Statistics and Ordnance Survey is "Melchbourne and Yielden", but the parish council calls itself "Melchbourne and Yelden Parish Council", using the other common variant spelling for Yelden. Ordnance Survey maps prior to the 1934 parish merger generally used the name "Yelden" for both the village and parish, whereas their maps since 1934 generally call the village "Yelden" but the parish "Melchbourne and Yielden", suggesting that the official use of the spelling "Yielden"  in the merged parish name may have arisen from the 1934 North Bedfordshire Review Order which merged the parishes.
Snydertown, New Jersey
Snydertown is an unincorporated community located within East Amwell Township in Hunterdon County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The settlement is located on the southern face of Sourland Mountain at the intersection of Linvale Road and Snydertown Road. In the past, a mill operated in Snydertown.

East Amwell Township, New Jersey
East Amwell Township is a township in Hunterdon County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 3,917, a decrease of 96 (−2.4%) from the 2010 census count of 4,013, which in turn reflected a decline of 442 (−9.9%) from the 4,455 counted in the 2000 census.

East Amwell Township is located in the southeastern corner of Hunterdon County where it borders both Somerset and Mercer counties, within the heart of the Amwell Valley and Raritan Valley regions. It includes the unincorporated community of Ringoes, the oldest known settlement in Hunterdon County, as well as the communities of Larison's Corner, Weert's Corner and part of Reaville.
University of Iowa College of Liberal Arts and Sciences
The University of Iowa College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (CLAS) is the largest of the eleven colleges at The University of Iowa, founded in 1900. In 2007-2008, there was a total of 16,417 undergraduates enrolled in CLAS, 81% of all undergraduates at the university, and about 2,400 graduate students. The largest undergraduate majors are: Psychology, English, Biology, Communication Studies, Interdepartmental Studies, Political Science, School of Art and Art History, History, International Studies, and Journalism. The College is housed in Schaeffer Hall, part of the historic Pentacrest on the university's Iowa City campus.

University of Iowa School of Art and Art History
The University of Iowa School of Art and Art History is a top 10 public art school in the US. The school is part of the University of Iowa located in Iowa City, IA which awards undergraduate and graduate degrees in art and art history.  The graduate program offers Masters of Arts in art and art history, Master of Fine Arts in art, and Doctor of Philosophy in art history.
One of the largest departments in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, the school has approximately 650 undergraduate majors, 100 graduate students and 40 faculty and is consistently ranked as one of the top ten public art schools in the US. Faculty and students have included: Grant Wood, Mauricio Lasansky, David Hockney, Elizabeth Catlett, H. W. Janson, Philip Guston, Charles Ray, and Ana Mendieta.
Raw Tea
Raw Tea was a line of alcoholic malt beverages under Diageo's Smirnoff brand, available from 2006 to 2009 and sold mostly on the US market. It contains tea, and originally came in Lemon, Peach, Raspberry and Green Tea flavors. The drink was discontinued sometime in 2009.

Smirnoff
Smirnoff (/ˈsmɪərnɒf/; Russian: [smʲɪrˈnof]) is a brand of vodka owned and produced by the British company Diageo. The Smirnoff brand began with a vodka distillery founded in Moscow by Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov (1831–1898), but its modern incarnation traces back to the 1930s, by American liquor distributor Heublein. Distributed in 130 countries, it is manufactured in different countries depending on market, but is not currently produced in Russia or anywhere in Eastern Europe.

Smirnoff products include vodka, flavoured vodka, and malt beverages. In 2014, Smirnoff was the best selling vodka around the world.

The vodka is unaged, made using a traditional filtration method developed by P. A. Smirnov. Recipe No. 21 was created by Smirnov's son Vladimir after escaping Russia during the October Revolution.
Democratic Party (Chile)
The Democratic Party (Partido Democrático) of Chile was a Chilean political party created by a left-wing faction of the Democrat Party in 1932. It was created by a leftist faction of the Democrat Party, which opposed the right-wing group that officially supported the government of Arturo Alessandri.

Although they supported the presidential candidacy of Alessandri, eventually became opponents. In 1937, they joined the Popular Front and supported the candidacy of Pedro Aguirre Cerda. In 1941, they merged with the Democrat Party.

In the 1940s again were divided in the Democratic Party of Chile and the People's Democratic Party. Both parties were reunited in 1956. The party was dissolved in 1960, when meeting with other organizations to form the National Democratic Party (PADENA).

National Democratic Party (Chile)
The National Democratic Party (Partido Democrático Nacional), known by its acronym PADENA, was a Chilean political party. This party was one of the last political movements linked to the figure of President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo.
Johann Heinrich Ferdinand von Autenrieth
Johann Heinrich Ferdinand von Autenrieth (20 October 1772 – 2 May 1835) was a German physician.

Born in Stuttgart, on 20 October 1772, he studied medicine at Karlsschule Stuttgart, and following graduation attended lectures by Antonio Scarpa (1752–1832) and Johann Peter Frank (1745–1821) at Pavia. Afterwards he accompanied his father to the United States, where he practiced medicine for several months in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. In 1797, he was appointed professor of anatomy, physiology, surgery and obstetrics at the University of Tübingen. In 1805, he founded an in-patient clinic at Tübingen, where in 1822 he was appointed chancellor of the university.

Autenrieth specialized in forensic medicine, and was considered one of the top clinical physicians during the early part of the 19th century. One of his better written efforts was an 1806 treatise on forensics titled "Anleitung für gerichtliche Ärzte und Wundärzte".

He died in Tübingen, on 2 Mar 1835.

Karlsschule Stuttgart
Hohe Karlsschule ("Karl's High School") was the strict military academy founded by Karl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg in Stuttgart, Germany. It was first founded in 1770 as a military orphanage, but then converted into a military academy in 1773 for the duke.

Politically the duke was quite unimportant and with this school he wanted to enhance his prestige. In 1770, it was moved to Castle Solitude, and in 1775 into the city.  Raised in 1781 by Emperor Joseph II to university status under the name Karls Hohe Schule, it was disbanded after the death of Duke Carl Eugen by his brother Ludwig Eugen, Duke of Württemberg in 1794. The building, situated behind Neues Schloss, was destroyed in World War II.
Wenker synthesis
The Wenker synthesis is an organic reaction converting a beta amino alcohol to an aziridine with the help of sulfuric acid.  It is used industrially for the synthesis of aziridine itself.

The original Wenker synthesis of aziridine itself takes place in two steps. In the first step ethanolamine is reacted with sulfuric acid at high temperatures (250 °C) to form the sulfate monoester. This salt is then reacted with sodium hydroxide in the second step forming aziridine. The base abstracts an amine proton enabling it to displace the sulfate group. A modification of this reaction involving lower reaction temperatures (140–180 °C) and therefore reduced charring increases the yield of the intermediate.

The Wenker synthesis protocol using trans-2-aminocyclooctanol, available from reaction of ammonia with the epoxide of cyclooctene, gives a mixture of cyclooctenimine (the Wenker aziridine product) and cyclooctanone (a competing Hofmann elimination product).

Aziridine
Aziridine is an organic compound consisting of the three-membered heterocycle C2H5N. It is a colorless, toxic, volatile liquid that is of significant practical interest.  Aziridine was discovered in 1888 by the chemist Siegmund Gabriel. Its derivatives, also referred to as aziridines, are of broader interest in medicinal chemistry.
Aubry–André model
The Aubry–André model is a toy model of a one-dimensional crystal with periodically varying onsite energies and a metal–insulator transition. The model is employed to study both quasicrystals and the Anderson localization metal-insulator transition in disordered systems. It was first developed by Serge Aubry and Gilles André in 1980.

Metal–insulator transition
Metal–insulator transitions are transitions of a material from a metal (material with good electrical conductivity of electric charges) to an insulator (material where conductivity of charges is quickly suppressed). These transitions can be achieved by tuning various ambient parameters such as temperature, pressure or, in case of a semiconductor, doping.
Reiyūkai
Reiyūkai (霊友会, Spiritual-Friendship-Association), or Reiyūkai Shakaden, is a Japanese Buddhist new religious movement founded in 1919 by Kakutarō Kubo (1892–1944) and Kimi Kotani (1901–1971). It is a lay organization (there are no priests) inspired by Nichiren Buddhism, but not affiliated to any particular sect.

Reiyūkai considers itself the grandfather of lay-based new religions devoted to the Lotus Sutra and ancestor veneration. Reiyūkai membership currently stands at 5.14 million members, with the majority living in Japan.

Japanese new religions
Japanese new religions are new religious movements established in Japan. In Japanese, they are called shinshūkyō (新宗教) or shinkō shūkyō (新興宗教). Japanese scholars classify all religious organizations founded since the middle of the 19th century as "new religions"; thus, the term refers to a great diversity and number of organizations. Most came into being in the mid-to-late twentieth century and are influenced by much older traditional religions including Buddhism and Shinto. Foreign influences include Islam and  Christianity, the Bible, and the writings of Nostradamus.
British Tanker Company
British Tanker Company Limited was the maritime transport arm of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, the forerunner of BP. Formed in 1915 with an initial fleet of seven oil tankers, the British Tanker Company became the BP Tanker Company in 1955.

Anglo-Persian Oil Company
The Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC; Persian: شرکت نفت ایران و انگلیس) was a British company founded in 1909 following the discovery of a large oil field in Masjed Soleiman, Persia (Iran). The British government purchased 51% of the company in 1914, gaining a controlling number of shares, effectively nationalizing the company. It was the first company to extract petroleum from Iran. In 1935 APOC was renamed the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) when Reza Shah formally asked foreign countries to refer to Persia by its endonym Iran.

In 1954, it was renamed again to The British Petroleum Company, one of the antecedents of the modern BP public limited company. The government of Mohammad Mosaddegh nationalized the company's local infrastructure assets and gave the new company the name National Iranian Oil Company.
Alnmouth railway station
Alnmouth (also known as Alnmouth for Alnwick) is a railway station on the East Coast Main Line, which runs between London King's Cross and Edinburgh Waverley. The station, situated 34 miles 69 chains (34.9 miles; 56.1 kilometres) north of Newcastle, serves the coastal and rural villages of Alnmouth and Lesbury and the market town of Alnwick in Northumberland, England. It is owned by Network Rail and managed by Northern Trains.

Alnwick
Alnwick (/ˈænɪk/ ⓘ AN-ik) is a market town in Northumberland, England, of which it is the traditional county town. The population at the 2021 Census was 8,430.

The town is 32 miles (51 km) south of Berwick-upon-Tweed and the Scottish border, 5 miles (8 km) inland from the North Sea at Alnmouth and 34 miles (55 km) north of Newcastle upon Tyne; it is sited on the south bank of the River Aln.

The town dates to about AD 600 and thrived as an agricultural centre. Alnwick Castle was the home of the most powerful medieval northern baronial family, the Earls of Northumberland. It was a staging post on the Great North Road between Edinburgh and London.
Light rail in North America
Light rail is a commonly used mode of public transit in North America. The term light rail was coined in 1972 by the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA; the precursor to the U.S. Federal Transit Administration) to describe new streetcar transformations which were taking place in Europe and the United States. The Germans used the term Stadtbahn, which is the predecessor to North American light rail, to describe the concept, and many in UMTA wanted to adopt the direct translation, which is city rail. However, in its reports, UMTA finally adopted the term light rail instead.

CTrain
CTrain (previously branded C-Train) is a light rail  system in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The system is operated by Calgary Transit as part of the Calgary municipal government's transportation department, and currently consists of two lines; the Red Line and the Blue Line.

The CTrain began operation on May 25, 1981, and has expanded as the city has increased in population. In 2024, the system had a ridership of 94,097,200, or about 279,200 per weekday as of the third quarter of 2025, making it one of the busiest light rail transit systems in North America. Approximately 45% of workers in Downtown Calgary take the CTrain to work.
Injury Severity Score
The Injury Severity Score (ISS) is an established medical score to assess trauma severity. It correlates with mortality, morbidity and hospitalization time after trauma. It is used to define the term major trauma. A major trauma (or polytrauma) is defined as the Injury Severity Score being greater than 15. The AIS Committee of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) designed and improves upon the scale.

Abbreviated Injury Scale
The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) is an anatomical-based coding system created by the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine to classify and describe the severity of injuries. It represents the threat to life associated with the injury rather than the comprehensive assessment of the severity of the injury.  AIS is one of the most common anatomic scales for traumatic injuries.
Natalie Simon
Natalie Simon (born ca. 1989) is an American international soccer referee for the Professional Referee Organization of the United States. In 2022, she became one of four American women to hold a FIFA international refereeing badge, and the first African-American woman to do so.

Professional Referee Organization
Professional Referee Organization (PRO) is the organization responsible for managing the referee and assistant referee program in professional soccer leagues in the United States and Canada, working alongside the United States Soccer Federation, Major League Soccer, the Canadian Soccer Association, the United Soccer League, the National Women's Soccer League, and the U.S. Open Cup.

The organization's targets are to increase the quality of officiating in U.S. and Canadian professional leagues, develop more professional-quality officials at a younger age, and produce officials who will represent the United States and Canada in FIFA competitions. The referees employed by PRO are represented by the PSRA.
Bland, Florida
Bland is an unincorporated community in northwestern Alachua County, Florida, United States. Cotton planters from Georgia and South Carolina settled in the area in the 1840s. The community briefly had a post office, from 1903 to 1906. The Alachua County School Board operated the Ogden School (Elementary School No. 49) for African-American students of the Bland community from the early 1900s until 1951.

William Washington, who successfully homesteaded 102 acres (41 ha) in the Bland area, has been identified as an ancestor of Whoopi Goldberg.

Alachua County, Florida
Alachua County (/əˈlætʃuə/ ⓘ ə-LATCH-oo-ə) is a county in the north central portion of the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2020 census, the population was 278,468. The county seat is Gainesville, the home of the University of Florida.
Whorwellsdown Hundred
51°19′N 2°08′W﻿ / ﻿51.32°N 2.14°W﻿ / 51.32; -2.14
Whorwellsdown was a hundred of the English county of Wiltshire, lying in the west of the county to the south of the towns of Bradford on Avon and Melksham and to the north and east of Westbury. An arm of the hundred reached several miles southwards into Salisbury Plain, with a detached portion, a tithing of Tilshead, lying high on the Plain about five miles east of the southern arm of the rest of the hundred. At its western end, it reached as far as the Somerset county boundary.

Edington, Wiltshire
Edington is a village and civil parish in Wiltshire, England, about 4 miles (6 km) east-northeast of Westbury. The village lies under the north slope of Salisbury Plain and the parish extends south onto the Plain. Its Grade I listed parish church was built for Edington Priory in the 14th century.

Tinhead is the former name of the eastern half of present-day Edington, towards Coulston along the B3098 Westbury to Market Lavington road. Tinhead is labelled on the Ordnance Survey map of 1945 but not on the 1958 map. Today the combined settlement is Edington and the name survives only in Tinhead Hill and Tinhead Lane.