hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Edwin Chadwick
Sir Edwin Chadwick KCB (24 January 1800 – 6 July 1890) was an English social reformer who is noted for his leadership in reforming the Poor Laws in England and instituting major reforms in urban sanitation and public health.  A disciple of Utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham, he was most active between 1832 and 1854; after that he held minor positions, and his views were largely ignored. Chadwick pioneered the use of scientific surveys to identify all phases of a complex social problem, and pioneered the use of systematic long-term inspection programmes to make sure the reforms operated as planned.

Local board of health
A local board of health (or simply a local board) was a local authority in urban areas of England and Wales from 1848 to 1894. They were formed in response to cholera epidemics and were given powers to control sewers, clean the streets, regulate environmental health risks including slaughterhouses and ensure the proper supply of water to their districts. Local boards were eventually merged with the corporations of municipal boroughs in 1873, or became urban districts in 1894.
Jakob Dylan
Jakob Luke Dylan (born December 9, 1969) is an American singer-songwriter. He rose to fame as the lead vocalist, guitarist, and principal songwriter of the rock band the Wallflowers, which he formed in 1989.

Born in New York City to musician Bob Dylan and model Sara Lownds, Dylan began his musical career in various indie bands before creating the Wallflowers. As its frontman and lead vocalist, he wrote and performed the band's hit songs including "One Headlight", "6th Avenue Heartache", "The Difference" and "Three Marlenas"—the former of which was included on Rolling Stone's list of the "100 Greatest Pop Songs", and won two Grammy Awards. With the Wallflowers, Dylan has released seven studio albums.

As a solo act, Dylan signed with Columbia Records to release two studio albums—Seeing Things (2008) and Women + Country (2010)—the latter of which peaked at number 12 on the Billboard 200.

Rami Jaffee
Rami Jaffee (born March 11, 1969) is an American musician. He is the keyboardist for the rock band Foo Fighters, whom he initially joined in a touring and session capacity in 2005. He has contributed to seven of the band's studio albums, and formally joined the band as a full-time member in 2016.

Prior to joining Foo Fighters, Jaffee was a member of The Wallflowers from 1990 to 2005, and again from 2012 to 2013. He has worked with many artists including Pete Yorn, Stone Sour, Joseph Arthur and Coheed and Cambria.
GT4 Australia Series
The GT4 Australia Series (known commercially as Monochrome GT4 Australia Series for 2024–2025) is a motor racing series for SRO GT4-class grand touring cars. The series is promoted by the SRO Motorsports Group, who are the global owner of the category, and also promote the GT World Challenge Australia for SRO GT3 cars.

The first series ran in 2024, after GT4 cars had previously run in the Australian Production Car Championship. In 2024, the series ran as part of the SpeedSeries events promoted by Motorsport Australia.  For 2025, SRO has taken over as event promoter and the series will run on events headlined by the World Challenge Australia.

GT World Challenge Australia
The GT World Challenge Australia, formerly known as the Australian GT Championship, is a Motorsport Australia-sanctioned national title for drivers of GT cars, held annually from 1960 to 1963, from 1982 to 1985 and from 2005. Each championship up to and including the 1963 title was contested over a single race and those after that year over a series of races. The categories which have contested the championship have not always been well defined and often have become a home for cars orphaned by category collapse or a sudden change in regulation.

As of 2024, the series uses the international GT3 rules.

For 2025, the GT World Challenge will be the headline category of a national race series organised by the category promoters, SRO Motorsports Group.
Dracula (Marvel Comics)
Dracula is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is based on the vampire Count Dracula from the novel of the same name by author Bram Stoker. After the initial run of the series The Tomb of Dracula, the character has been depicted primarily as an antagonist to superheroes in the Marvel Universe.

The character appeared in the film Blade: Trinity (2004) as Drake, primarily portrayed by Dominic Purcell in his normal form and performed by Brian Steele in his "Beast" form.

Captain Britain and MI13
Captain Britain and MI13 is an American comic book series published by Marvel Comics and written by Paul Cornell, with art by Leonard Kirk. The series centers on the fictional British government agency MI: 13, which is dedicated to protecting the United Kingdom from supernatural threats. The main strikeforce is led by the superhero Captain Britain (Brian Braddock), and consists of various Marvel Comics characters that are of British descent or have a connection to the country. The series launched as a tie-in to the Secret Invasion event in May 2008 and ceased publication with issue #15.
Mosman Rugby Club
Mosman Rugby Club (known as The Mosman Whales) is an Australian rugby union club. It is based is Mosman on the Lower North Shore of Sydney. Home games are played at Rawson Oval and Balmoral Oval. Mosman won the first Kentwell Cup in 1923 and Mosman continues to compete in Division One of the New South Wales Suburban Rugby Union.

Mosman
Mosman is a suburb on the Lower North Shore region of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Mosman is located 8 kilometres north-east of the Sydney central business district and is the administrative centre for the local government area of the Municipality of Mosman.
City Gallery (Hong Kong)
City Gallery is an exhibition centre about the planning and development of urban areas in Hong Kong. It is located at Edinburgh Place in Central, Victoria City. It is a public relations effort of the Planning Department of the Hong Kong government.

Central, Hong Kong
Central (Chinese: 中環), also known as Central District, is the central business district of Hong Kong. It is located in the northeastern corner of the Central and Western District, on the north shore of Hong Kong Island, across Victoria Harbour from Tsim Sha Tsui, the southernmost point of Kowloon Peninsula. The area was the heart of Victoria City, although that name is rarely used anymore.

As the central business district of Hong Kong, it is the area where many multinational financial services corporations have their headquarters. Consulates of many countries are also located in this area, as is Government Hill, the site of the government headquarters until 2011. The area, with its proximity to Victoria Harbour, has served as the centre of trade and financial activities from the earliest days of the British colonial era in 1841, and continues to flourish and serve as the place of administration since the handover to China in 1997.
Sąjūdis
The Sąjūdis (Lithuanian: [ˈsâːjuːdʲɪs], lit. 'Movement'), initially known as the Reform Movement of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Persitvarkymo Sąjūdis), is a political organisation which led the struggle for Lithuanian independence in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It was established on 3 June 1988 as the first opposition party in Soviet Lithuania, and was led by Vytautas Landsbergis. Its goal was to seek the return of independent status for Lithuania.

Ringaudas Songaila
Ringaudas Bronislovas Songaila (20 April 1929 – 25 June 2019) was a communist politician and a member of the nomenklatura of the Lithuanian SSR. He was the last First Secretary of the Communist Party of Lithuania (de facto leader of Lithuanian SSR) from December 1987 to October 1988.
CARB-X
Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Biopharmaceutical Accelerator (CARB-X) is a global nonprofit partnership focused on supporting the development of new antibacterial products. Its mission is to strengthen the pipeline of vaccines, rapid diagnostics, antibiotics and non-traditional products to prevent, diagnose and treat life-threatening bacterial infections.

CARB-X was launched in summer of 2016 at the Boston University School of Law, where Kevin Outterson, CARB-X Executive Director and Professor of Law, teaches health law, corporate law, and co-directs the Health Law Program.

Boston University School of Law
The Boston University School of Law (BU Law) is the law school of Boston University, a private research university in Boston. Established in 1872, it is the third-oldest law school in New England, after Harvard Law School and Yale Law School. Approximately 630 students are enrolled in the full-time J.D. degree program (approximately 210 per class) and about 350 in the school's five LLM degree programs. BU Law was one of the first law schools in the country to admit students to study law regardless of race or gender.
Speaking Canaries
The Speaking Canaries (sometimes "Thee Speaking Canaries" or "The(e) Speaking Canaries") are an indie rock group from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  They are known for being Don Caballero drummer Damon Che's "other band", and for their unabashed love of the kind of 1970s and '80s hard rock purveyed by bands such as Kiss and Rush—indeed, the Canaries' second album Songs for the Terrestrially Challenged features covers of two Van Halen songs.

Songs for the Terrestrially Challenged
Songs For The Terrestrially Challenged is an album by Pittsburgh's The(e) Speaking Canaries, released in 1995.  It is the first Speaking Canaries album to be released on compact disc, and the first to see worldwide distribution; therefore, it has often been erroneously attributed as The(e) Speaking Canaries' debut album.  (The Joy of Wine, the band's actual debut, was a vinyl-only release on a small label and was limited to five hundred copies.)  Songs For The Terrestrially Challenged is notable for its long songs, its long total running time, and its multiple album versions.

Songs For The Terrestrially Challenged includes two Van Halen covers: "Girl Gone Bad" and "Secrets".  ("Summer's Empty Resolution", a harmonics-drenched solo for acoustic guitar, is vaguely reminiscent of Eddie Van Halen's "Spanish Fly".)
Logical framework
In logic, a logical framework provides a means to define (or present) a logic as a signature in a higher-order type theory in such a way that provability of a formula in the original logic reduces to a type inhabitation problem in the framework type theory. This approach has been used successfully for (interactive) automated theorem proving. The first logical framework was Automath; however, the name of the idea comes from the more widely known Edinburgh Logical Framework, LF. Several more recent proof tools like Isabelle are based on this idea. Unlike a direct embedding, the logical framework approach allows many logics to be embedded in the same type system.

Type theory
In mathematics and theoretical computer science, a type theory is the formal presentation of a specific type system. Type theory is the academic study of type systems.

Some type theories serve as alternatives to set theory as a foundation of mathematics. Two influential type theories that have been proposed as foundations are:

Typed λ-calculus of Alonzo Church

Intuitionistic type theory of Per Martin-Löf

Most computerized proof-writing systems use a type theory for their foundation. A common one is Thierry Coquand's calculus of inductive constructions.
Umeda Station
Umeda Station (梅田駅, Umeda-eki) is a major railway station in Kita-ku in the northern commercial center of Osaka, Japan. It is the busiest station in western Japan, serving 2,343,727 passengers daily in 2005.

Umeda Station is served by the following railways:

Hankyu Railway (Kōbe Line, Kyōto Line, Takarazuka Line) - Osaka-umeda Station

Hanshin Electric Railway (Main Line) - Osaka Umeda Station

Osaka Metro (Midōsuji Line, Station number: M16)

The freight terminal of Japan Freight Railway Company (JR Freight) (Umeda Freight Branch of Tōkaidō Main Line), closed in 2013, was also called Umeda. Portions of this line was moved underground in 2023.

The nearby stations Ōsaka (JR West), Kitashinchi (JR West Tōzai Line), Nishi-Umeda (Osaka Subway Yotsubashi Line, Y11) and Higashi-Umeda (Osaka Subway Tanimachi Line, T20) are within walking distance and connected by a large complex of underground malls.

Hankyu Kyoto Main Line
The Hankyu Kyoto Main Line (阪急京都本線, Hankyū Kyōto Honsen) is a railway line in Japan operated by the private railway operator Hankyu Railway. It connects Osaka-umeda Station in Osaka and Kyoto-kawaramachi Station in Kyoto.
Prague 9
Prague 9 (Czech: Praha 9) is a municipal and administrative district of Prague, Czech Republic. Prague 9 administrative districts takes care mainly of districts of Vysočany, Prosek, Hrdlořezy, and partly of Hloubětín, Libeň, Střížkov a Malešice.

The O2 Arena is located in Prague 9 between Libeň and Vysočany.

Prosek (Prague)
Prosek (German: Prossek) is a district and cadastral area in the north of Prague, Czech Republic. It is part of the Prague 9 administrative district and is bordered by Střížkov to the west, Letňany to the north, Vysočany to the south, Libeň to the southwest, and Prague–Kbely Airport to the east. Prosek has a population of 17,463 (2011).

The area is home to a large panel housing estate, which was completed in 1971. In 2008, a Prague Metro station was opened in the district with a new office complex, Prosek Point, built next to it.
JSONP
JSONP, or JSON-P (JSON with Padding), is a JavaScript technique for requesting data via the <script> HTML element. It was proposed by Bob Ippolito in 2005. JSONP enables sharing of data bypassing same-origin policy, which disallows running JavaScript code to read media DOM elements or XMLHttpRequest data fetched from outside the page's originating site. The originating site is indicated by a combination of URI scheme, hostname, and port number.

JSONP requests are vulnerable to the data source replying with malicious code, which is why it has been enhanced by CORS (cross-origin resource sharing, available since 2009) in modern applications.

XMLHttpRequest
XMLHttpRequest (XHR) is an API in the form of a JavaScript object whose methods transmit HTTP requests from a web browser to a web server. The methods allow a browser-based application to send requests to the server after page loading is complete, and receive information back. XMLHttpRequest is a component of Ajax programming. Prior to Ajax, hyperlinks and form submissions were the primary mechanisms for interacting with the server, often replacing the current page with another one.
Meridian Manor
Meridian Manor is an historic structure located in the Meridian Hill neighborhood in the  Northwest Quadrant of Washington, D.C. George T. Santmyers designed the structure in the  Colonial Revival style.   It exemplifies the speculative middle class apartment buildings that were constructed in Washington in the 1910s and 1920s near the 14th Street streetcar line.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.

Meridian Hill
Meridian Hill is a small urban neighborhood in Washington, D.C., located in Northwest D.C. Meridian Hill is often considered to be a part of the larger neighborhoods of Adams Morgan and Columbia Heights, which it sits between. The neighborhood is primarily residential, though it also hosts a number of diplomatic missions and embassies.

Meridian Hill was developed as part of the City Beautiful movement in the late 19th century, when socialite Mary Foote Henderson embarked on a major initiative to turn Meridian Hill into the city's most prestigious area. While the neighborhood lured many prominent figures to build mansions and embassies, Henderson did not achieve her goal of building a new Presidential Mansion on the central area of the hill, which was eventually developed into Meridian Hill Park.
Austin Film Critics Association Award for Best Film Editing
The Austin Film Critics Association Award for Best Film Editing is an annual award given by the Austin Film Critics Association, honoring the best in film editor. This category was first awarded in 2018.

Austin Film Critics Association
The Austin Film Critics Association (AFCA) is an organization of professional film critics from Austin, Texas, United States.

Each year, the AFCA votes on their end-of-year awards for films released in the same calendar year. A special award, the Austin Film Award, is given each year to the best film made in Austin or by an Austin-area director.
Hetin
Hetin (Serbian Cyrillic: Хетин; Hungarian: Tamásfalva or Hetény; German: Hettin or Tomsdorf) is a village in Serbia. It is situated in the Žitište municipality, in the Central Banat District, Vojvodina province. The village has a Hungarian ethnic majority (53.21%) and its population numbering 763 people (2002 census).

Žitište
Žitište (Serbian Cyrillic: Житиште, pronounced [ʒîtiːʃte]; Hungarian: Begaszentgyörgy; Romanian: Jitiște) is a town and municipality located in the Central Banat District of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. As of 2022 census, the town itself has a population of 2,550, while Žitište municipality has 13,412 inhabitants.
Bistratified cell
Bistratified cell or bistratified ganglion cell can refer to either of two kinds of retinal ganglion cells whose cell body is located in the ganglion cell layer of the retina:

the small bistratified cell (SBC), also known as small-field bistratified ganglion cell

the large bistratified cell (LBC) or large-field bistratified ganglion cell

Bistratified cells receive their input from bipolar cells and amacrine cells.  The bistratified cells project their axons through the optic nerve and optic tract to the koniocellular layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), synapsing with koniocellular cells.  Koniocellular means "cells as small as dust"; their small size made them hard to find.  About 8 to 10% of retinal ganglion cells are bistratified cells.  They receive inputs from intermediate numbers of rods and cones. They have moderate spatial resolution, moderate conduction velocity, and can respond to moderate-contrast stimuli. They may be involved in color vision.

Koniocellular cell
In neuroscience, koniocellular cells, also called K-cells, are relatively small neurons located in the koniocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) within the thalamus of primates, including humans. The term 'koniocellular' is derived from Greek  konio 'dust, poison'.

Koniocellular layers are located ventral to each parvocellular and magnocellular layer of the LGN. Even if the quantity of neurons is approximately equal to the number of magnocellular cells, the koniocellular layers are much thinner due to their size. In comparison to the parvocellular and magnocellular system, fewer studies have been conducted to investigate the koniocellular system. Koniocellular cells are a heterogeneous population differing in many aspects, such as response properties and connectivity.
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Flavoplaca calcitrapa
Flavoplaca calcitrapa is a species of crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Found in Europe, it was described as a new species in 2000 by the lichenologists Pere Navarro-Rosinés, Ester Gaya, and Claude Roux, as a member of the genus Caloplaca. It was reclassified in genus Flavoplaca in 2013.

Flavoplaca
Flavoplaca is a genus of crust-like or scaly lichens in the family Teloschistaceae. It has about 30 species with a mostly Northern Hemisphere distribution. The genus was established in 2013 when genetic studies revealed that these species formed their own distinct evolutionary group, separate from other lichen classifications where they were previously placed. These lichens typically grow on limestone and other calcium-rich rocks, forming distinctive orange to yellow crusty patches that are particularly common in coastal environments and sunny locations. Most species grow directly on rock surfaces, but unusually for lichens, four species in the genus are parasitic and live on other lichen species instead.
Gaines, New York
Gaines is a town in Orleans County, New York, United States. The population was 3,226 at the 2020 census, and 3,378 at the 2010 census. The town is named after General Edmund P. Gaines, who defended the area during the War of 1812.

The Town of Gaines is in the north-central part of the county and contains part of the Village of Albion, the county seat. The current supervisor of Gaines is Tyler James Allport.

Orleans County, New York
Orleans County is a county in the western part of the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 40,343. The county seat is Albion. The county received its name at the insistence of Nehemiah Ingersoll though historians are unsure how the name was selected. The two competing theories are that it was named to honor the French Royal House of Orleans or that it was to honor Andrew Jackson's victory in New Orleans.

Located on the south shore of Lake Ontario, Orleans County since the late 20th century has been considered part of the Rochester, New York metropolitan area.
Hassi Zehana
Hassi Zahana (formerly known as Tassin during The French Empire) is a small town and commune in Sidi Bel Abbès Province in northwestern Algeria.

Located in the countryside, the town is surrounded by farms and large fields consisting mostly of wheat and olive trees.

The town was originally named after one Mr. Tassin, who stopped at the stagecoach relay of Hassi-Zehana in 1883.

35°01′33″N 0°53′25″W﻿ / ﻿35.02583°N 0.89028°W﻿ / 35.02583; -0.89028

Sidi Bel Abbès Province
Sidi Bel Abbès (Arabic: ولاية سيدي بلعباس) is one of the provinces (wilayas) of Algeria, situated in the northwestern part of the country. Its name is derived from the name of its capital, the city of Sidi Bel Abbès.
Spot Pond Archeological District
The Spot Pond Archeological District is a historic archaeological site near Spot Pond in Stoneham, Massachusetts.  It is located in the Virginia Woods section of the Middlesex Fells Reservation, a state park.  The district encompasses sites along Spot Pond Brook that were mill sites dating from the 17th to the 19th centuries.  At its height, in the mid-19th century the Hayward Rubber Works was located in the area, giving it the name "Haywardville".  One of the park's trails runs through the area, and a park pamphlet provide a self-guided tour joining the major remnants of the industries that once flourished there.

The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

Stoneham, Massachusetts
Stoneham (/ˈstoʊnəm/ STO-nəm) is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, nine miles (14 km) north of downtown Boston. Its population was 23,244 at the 2020 census. Its proximity to major highways and public transportation offers convenient access to Boston and the North Shore coastal region and beaches of Massachusetts. The town is the birthplace of the Olympic figure-skating medalist Nancy Kerrigan and is the location of the Stone Zoo.
Michael Chandler
Michael Chandler Jr. (born April 24, 1986) is an American professional mixed martial artist. He currently competes in the Lightweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). Chandler previously competed for Bellator MMA from 2010 through 2020 where he became a three-time Bellator Lightweight Champion and won the Bellator Season Four Lightweight Tournament. As of February 3, 2026, he is #13 in the UFC lightweight rankings.

David Rickels
David Rickels (born January 5, 1989) is an American professional mixed martial artist and bare-knuckle fighter who is currently competing in the Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship. A professional since 2010, he is a 23-fight veteran of the Bellator MMA, and won the Season Eight Lightweight Tournament.