hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Haapavesi
Haapavesi is a town and a municipality of Finland.

It is located in the North Ostrobothnia region. The name means "Aspen Water". The town has a population of 6,347 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 1,086.11 square kilometres (419.35 sq mi) of which 36.41 km2 (14.06 sq mi) is water. The population density is 6.04 inhabitants per square kilometre (15.6/sq mi). Neighbour municipalities are Haapajärvi, Kärsämäki, Nivala, Oulainen, Raahe, Siikalatva and Ylivieska.

The municipality is unilingually Finnish.

The town is the Finnish national kantele village. It is also known for the Haapavesi Folk Music Festival which gathers folk musicians together.

At Haapavesi, there is a 327 metres (1,073 ft) tall guyed TV mast, which belongs to Finland's tallest man-made structures.

Oulainen
Oulainen (Swedish: Oulainen, also Oulais) is a town and a municipality of Finland. It is located in the Northern Ostrobothnia region, 101 kilometres (63 mi) south of the city of Oulu. The municipality has a population of 6,887
(30 June 2025) and covers an area of 597.53 square kilometres (230.71 sq mi) of
which 10.01 km2 (3.86 sq mi)
is water. The population density is
11.72 inhabitants per square kilometre (30.4/sq mi). Oulainen is founded in 1865, and it received township rights in 1977.

The municipality is unilingually Finnish. The municipality has previously also been known as "Oulais" in Swedish documents, but is today referred to as "Oulainen" also in Swedish.
Quantities of information
The mathematical theory of information is based on probability theory and statistics, and measures information with several quantities of information.  The choice of logarithmic base in the following formulae determines the unit of information entropy that is used.  The most common unit of information is the bit, or more correctly the shannon, based on the binary logarithm. Although bit is more frequently used in place of shannon, its name is not distinguished from the bit as used in data processing to refer to a binary value or stream regardless of its entropy (information content). Other units include the nat, based on the natural logarithm, and the hartley, based on the base 10 or common logarithm.

In what follows, an expression of the form  is considered by convention to be equal to zero whenever  is zero.  This is justified because  for any logarithmic base.

Binary entropy function
In information theory, the binary entropy function, denoted  or , is defined as the entropy of a Bernoulli process (i.i.d. binary variable)  with probability  of one of two values, and is given by the formula:

The base of the logarithm corresponds to the choice of units of information; base e (natural logarithm) corresponds to nats and is mathematically convenient, while base 2 (binary logarithm) corresponds to shannons and is conventional (as shown in the graph); explicitly:

Note that the values at 0 and 1 are given by the limit  (by L'Hôpital's rule); and that "binary" refers to two possible values for the variable, not the units of information.

When , the binary entropy function attains its maximum value of 1 shannon (1 binary unit of information); this is the case of an unbiased coin flip. When  or , the binary entropy is 0 (regardless of the unit), corresponding to no information, since there is no uncertainty in the variable.
Scott J. Shapiro
Scott Jonathan Shapiro is an American legal scholar who is the Charles F. Southmayd Professor of Law and Philosophy at Yale Law School and the Director of Yale's Center for Law and Philosophy and of the Yale CyberSecurity Lab.

Southmayd Professor of Law
The Charles F. Southmayd Professorship  at the Yale Law School was established in 1913 by a gift in memory of Charles F. Southmayd, LL.D. 1884, from his sister, Emily F. Southmayd. Scott J. Shapiro is the current Charles F. Southmayd Professor of Law and Professor of Philosophy at Yale Law School, appointed in April 2012. Akhil Reed Amar was formerly Southmayd Professor of Law, until 2008 when he was named a Sterling Professor of Law. Earlier Southmayd law professors included Boris I. Bittker, named Southmayd Professor in 1958, then Sterling Professor of Law in 1970, and Arthur Allen Leff.
Tin Tin Deo
"Tin Tin Deo" is a song composed by Dizzy Gillespie, Gil Fuller, and Luciano "Chano" Pozo, first recorded on October 25, 1948.
Along with Manteca, written in 1947, it is one of the foremost contributions of Gillespie to Afro-Cuban jazz.

Afro-Cuban jazz
Afro-Cuban jazz is the earliest form of Latin jazz. It mixes Afro-Cuban clave-based rhythms with jazz harmonies and techniques of improvisation. Afro-Cuban music has deep roots in African ritual and rhythm. The genre emerged in the early 1940s with the Cuban musicians Mario Bauzá and Frank Grillo "Machito" in the band Machito and his Afro-Cubans in New York City. In 1947, the collaborations of bebop trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie and percussionist Chano Pozo brought Afro-Cuban rhythms and instruments, such as the tumbadora and the bongo, into the East Coast jazz scene. Early combinations of jazz with Cuban music, such as "Manteca" and "Mangó Mangüé", were commonly referred to as "Cubop" for Cuban bebop.

During its first decades, the Afro-Cuban jazz movement was stronger in the United States than in Cuba.: 59  In the early 1970s, Kenny Dorham and his Orquesta Cubana de Música Moderna, and later Irakere, brought Afro-Cuban jazz into the Cuban music scene, influencing styles such as songo.
Elisabeth Ypsilantis
Elisabeth Ypsilantis (Greek: Ελισάβετ Υψηλάντη, romanized: Elisavet Ypsilanti; 1768–1866), née Elisabeth Văcărescu (Romanian: Elisabeta Văcărescu; Greek: Ελισάβετ Βακαρέσκου), was a Greek aristocrat and an important figure during the period before the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821.

Demetrios Ypsilantis
Demetrios Ypsilantis (alternatively spelled Demetrius Ypsilanti; 1793 – 16 August 1832) was a Greek army officer who served in both the Hellenic Army and the Imperial Russian Army.  Ypsilantis played an important role in the Greek War of Independence, leading several key battles. He was also a member of the Filiki Eteria and the younger brother of Alexander Ypsilantis.
Zhangshu, Yongxing County
Zhangshu (simplified Chinese: 樟树; traditional Chinese: 樟樹; pinyin: Zhāngshù) is a town under the administration of Yongxing County, in southeastern Hunan, China. As of 2018, it has one residential community and 12 villages under its administration.

Yongxing County
Yongxing County (simplified Chinese: 永兴县; traditional Chinese: 永興縣; pinyin: Yǒngxīng Xiàn) is a county in Hunan Province, China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Chenzhou.

Located on the south eastern part of the province, it is adjacent to the north of the city proper in Chenzhou. The county borders to the northwest by Leiyang City, to the southwest by Guiyang County, to the south by Suxian District, to the southeast by Zixing City, and to the northeast by Anren County. Yongxing County covers an area of 1,979 km2 (764 sq mi), and as of 2015, it had a registered population of 696,000 and a resident population of 542,800. The county has 11 towns and four townships under its jurisdiction, and the county seat is Bianjiang Town (便江镇).
1981 Curtin by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Curtin on 21 February 1981. This was triggered by the resignation of Liberal MP Victor Garland in order to be appointed High Commissioner of Australia to the United Kingdom. It was held on the same day as by-elections for Boothby and McPherson.

The by-election was won by Liberal Allan Rocher, who had resigned from the Senate to contest it.

1981 McPherson by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of McPherson on 21 February 1981. This was triggered by the sudden death of Liberal Party MP Eric Robinson. It was held on the same day as by-elections for Boothby and Curtin.

Although National Country Party Senator Glen Sheil resigned from the Senate to contest the by-election, it was won by Liberal candidate Peter White, a former member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland who had retired in preparation for the by-election.

The 1981 McPherson by-election is among the frequent by-elections triggered by the death of the sitting member and would in fact be the last by-election triggered by the death of a sitting member until the 2000 Isaacs by-election triggered by the suicide of Greg Wilton.
Subdivisions of Austria
Subdivisions of Austria:

Locality

Cadastral community

Municipality

District (Austria)

States of Austria

NUTS statistical regions of Austria

ISO 3166-2:AT

Seven telephone areas: see Telephone numbers in Austria

NUTS statistical regions of Austria
The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) is a geocode standard for referencing the subdivisions of Austria for statistical purposes. The standard is developed and regulated by the European Union. The NUTS standard is instrumental in delivering the European Union's Structural Funds. The NUTS code for Austria is AT and a hierarchy of three levels is established by Eurostat. Below these is a further levels of geographic organisation - the local administrative unit (LAU). In Austria, the LAU 2 is municipalities.
Haramachi Thermal Power Station
Haramachi Thermal Power Station (原町火力発電所, Haramachi Karyoku Hatsudensho) is a coal-fired thermal power station operated by Tohoku Electric in the city of Minamisōma, Fukushima, Japan. The facility is located on the Pacific coast of Honshu north of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant.

Minamisōma
Minamisōma (南相馬市, Minamisōma-shi) is a city located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 March 2020, the city had an estimated population of 53,462 in 26,355 households, and a population density of 130 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 398.58 square kilometres (153.89 sq mi).
2015–2018 Iraqi protests
As sequel to protests in 2011, 2012 and 2013, Iraqi citizens have also in 2015 up until 2018 often and massively protested against the corruption and incompetence in their government which according to analysts and protesters had led to long-running problems in electricity supplies, clean water availability, Iranian interference in Iraqi politics, high unemployment, and a stagnant economy.

The muhasasa quota agreements of 2003–2006 (distributing ministerial positions including budgets over 'ethnic and religious groups', thus undermining and obliterating any sense of Iraqi national unity) were considered the root of most of those Iraqi problems.

Haider al-Abadi
Haider Jawad Kadhim al-Abadi (Arabic: حيدر جواد كاظم العبادي; born 25 April 1952) is an Iraqi politician who was Prime Minister of Iraq from September 2014 until October 2018. Previously he served as Minister of Communication from 2003 to 2004, in the first government after Saddam Hussein was deposed.

He was designated as prime minister by President Fuad Masum on 11 August 2014 to succeed Nouri al-Maliki and was approved by the Iraqi parliament on 8 September 2014. Al-Abadi was included in Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People of 2018.

In office throughout the majority of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) which he announced victory against ISIL, he later left the office of Prime Minister in 2018, following rising domestic discontent and widespread violent protests.
Baldwin Cooke
Baldwin Gardiner Cooke (March 10, 1888 – December 31, 1953), also known as Baldy Cooke, was a comedic American actor. Born in New York, Cooke and his wife, Alice, toured in vaudeville with Stan Laurel, remaining close friends over the years. He appeared in some thirty Laurel and Hardy comedies. Cooke also appeared in the Our Gang series, and supported Charley Chase in 1931's La Señorita de Chicago. His grave is located at Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery where Laurel's co-star, Oliver Hardy is interred.

Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery
Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery and Mortuary is a cemetery and funeral home located at 10621 Victory Boulevard, straddling the border between the Los Angeles neighborhood of North Hollywood and Burbank, California.

The cemetery's East entrance features the Portal of the Folded Wings Shrine to Aviation, the final resting place for aviation pioneers — "barnstormers, daredevils and sundry architects of aviation". The cemetery is south of Hollywood Burbank Airport. It has memorials to Amelia Earhart and others, honoring their accomplishments. The portal features colorful tiled dome and female figures stretching their arms to the heavens. The cemetery was named "Valhalla" for the hall of slain warriors presided over by Odin, the Norse god of war and death, amongst other associations.

Among those interred in Valhalla are celebrities from the entertainment industry.
E-mu Systems
E-mu Systems was a software synthesizer, audio interface, MIDI interface, and MIDI keyboard manufacturer. Founded in 1971 as a synthesizer maker, E-mu was a pioneer in samplers, sample-based drum machines and low-cost digital sampling music workstations.

After its acquisition in 1993, E-mu Systems was a wholly owned subsidiary of Creative Technology, Ltd. In 1998, E-mu was combined with Ensoniq, another synthesizer and sampler manufacturer previously acquired by Creative Technology. E-mu was last based in Scotts Valley, California, on the outskirts of Silicon Valley.

Oberheim Electronics
Oberheim is an American synthesizer manufacturer founded in 1969 by Tom Oberheim. Beginning in 1975, Oberheim developed some of the first commercially available polyphonic synthesizers and was a prominent synthesizer and drum machine manufacturer through the mid-1980s. In 1988, the company changed ownership and was eventually purchased by Gibson Guitar Corporation, which developed new Oberheim products and licensed the trademark to other companies that produced Oberheim products, but development of Oberheim products ceased after 2000. In 2009, Tom Oberheim began developing instruments through his own company, and in 2019, Gibson returned the Oberheim trademark to Tom Oberheim, whose company rebranded as Oberheim.
33rd Annual Grammy Awards
The 33rd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 20, 1991. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year. Quincy Jones was the night's biggest winner, winning a total of six awards including Album of the Year.

Back on the Block
Back on the Block is a 1989 studio album by Quincy Jones. The album features musicians and singers from across three generations, including Ella Fitzgerald, Miles Davis, Joe Zawinul, Ice-T, Big Daddy Kane, Sarah Vaughan, Dizzy Gillespie, George Benson, Luther Vandross, Dionne Warwick, Barry White, Chaka Khan, Take 6, Bobby McFerrin, Al Jarreau, Al B. Sure!, James Ingram, El DeBarge, Ray Charles and a 13-year-old Tevin Campbell.
S. Sreesanth
Shanthakumaran Nair Sreesanth (pronunciationⓘ, born 6 February 1983) is an Indian former cricketer and film actor who played all formats of the game for his country. He is a right-arm fast-medium-pace bowler and a right-handed tail-ender batsman. In first class cricket, he played for Kerala. In the Indian Premier League (IPL) he played for the Rajasthan Royals. He became the first Kerala Ranji player to play Twenty20 cricket for India. Sreesanth was initially banned for life after spot-fixing in the 2013 IPL, however, the ban was reduced to seven years in August 2019.
In 2018, he participated in the popular reality show, Bigg Boss and became the runner up. In 2020 he was selected for the Kerala cricket team and resumed his career in national cricket. In March 2022, Sreesanth announced his retirement from domestic cricket. Sreesanth was a member of the Indian team that won both the 2007 T20 World Cup and the 2011 Cricket World Cup, where in the 2007 final, he took the winning catch.

2013 Indian Premier League
The 2013 Indian Premier League season (abbreviated as IPL 6 or Pepsi IPL 2013) was the sixth season of the Indian Premier League, established by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in 2007. The tournament featured nine teams and was held from 3 April to 26 May 2013. The opening ceremony was held at the Salt Lake Stadium in Kolkata on 2 April 2013. This was the first season with PepsiCo as the title sponsor. The Kolkata Knight Riders were the defending champions, having won the 2012 season. A spot fixing case was revealed by Delhi Police, leading to arrest of three cricketers from Rajasthan Royals and other persons. Mumbai Indians won the tournament for the first time, defeating Chennai Super Kings in the final by 23 runs.
Simon Weston (MP)
Sir Simon Weston (1565–1637) was an English Knight and politician, personal ally of the Earls of Essex, who sat in the House of Commons between 1624 and 1626. He was involved in the Earl's of Essex rebellion against Queen Elizabeth Tudor.

Cassandra Willoughby, Duchess of Chandos
Cassandra Willoughby, Duchess of Chandos (23 April 1670 – 16 July 1735) was an English historian, travel writer and artist. She spent more than a quarter-century overseeing the restoration of the gardens and rebuilding of the family mansion at Wollaton Hall, now in Nottingham, inherited by her father, Francis Willoughby.
Germ cell
A germ cell is any cell that gives rise to the gametes of an organism that reproduces sexually. In many animals, the germ cells originate in the primitive streak and migrate via the gut of an embryo to the developing gonads. There, they undergo meiosis, followed by cellular differentiation into mature gametes, either eggs or sperm. Unlike animals, plants do not have germ cells designated in early development. Instead, germ cells can arise from somatic cells in the adult, such as the floral meristem of flowering plants.

Germ cell tumor
A germ cell tumor (GCT) is a neoplasm derived from primordial germ cells. Germ-cell tumors can be cancerous or benign. Germ cell tumors typically originate from  the gonads (ovary and testis), but can arise in other areas of the body. Extragonadal GCTs are thought to result from abnormal migration of germ cell precursors during development of the embryo.
Cugliate-Fabiasco
Cugliate-Fabiasco is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Varese in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northwest of Milan and about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north of Varese. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,961 and an area of 6.7 square kilometres (2.6 sq mi).

Cugliate-Fabiasco borders the following municipalities: Cadegliano-Viconago, Cremenaga, Cuasso al Monte, Cunardo, Grantola, Marchirolo, Montegrino Valtravaglia, Valganna.

Montegrino Valtravaglia
Montegrino Valtravaglia is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Varese in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 110 kilometres (68 mi) northwest of Milan and about 70 kilometres (43 mi) west of Varese.

Montegrino Valtravaglia borders the following municipalities: Brissago-Valtravaglia, Cadegliano-Viconago, Cremenaga, Cugliate-Fabiasco, Germignaga, Grantola, Luino, Mesenzana.
La Cornette
La Cornette (French pronunciation: [la kɔʁnɛt]) is a hamlet of Wallonia in the municipality of Bouillon, district of Bellevaux, located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium. It is located on the heights of the Semois river in the southern Ardennes, 9 kilometres from downtown Bouillon.

Bouillon, Belgium
Bouillon (French pronunciation: [bujɔ̃] ⓘ; Walloon: Bouyon) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg in the Ardennes, Belgium.

The municipality, which covers 149.09 km2, had 5,477 inhabitants, giving a population density of 36.7 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Bellevaux, Bouillon, Corbion, Dohan, Les Hayons, Noirefontaine, Poupehan, Rochehaut, Sensenruth, Ucimont, and Vivy.
Sion, Switzerland
Sion (French pronunciation: [sjɔ̃] ⓘ, German: Sitten [ˈzɪtn̩] ⓘ; former Italian: Seduno; Latin: Sedunum) is a Swiss town situated in the Rhône valley, a municipality, and the capital of the canton of Valais and of the district of Sion. As of December 2020 it had a population of 34,978 (known as Sédunois(es)).

On 17 January 1968, the former municipality of Bramois merged into the municipality of Sion. On 1 January 2013, the former municipality of Salins merged into the municipality of Sion, and on 1 January 2017, Les Agettes did the same.

Landmarks in Sion include the Basilique de Valère and the Château de Tourbillon. Sion has an airfield for civilian and military use, which serves as a base for air rescue missions.

Archdiocese of Vienne
The Archbishopric of Vienne, named after its episcopal seat in Vienne in the Isère département of Southern France, was a metropolitan Roman Catholic archdiocese. It is now part of the Archdiocese of Lyon.
Ashur-dan I
Aššur-dān I, mAš-šur-dān(kal)an, was the 83rd king of Assyria, reigning for 46 (variant: 36) years, c. 1178 to 1133 BC (variant: c. 1168 to 1133 BC), and the son of Ninurta-apal-Ekur, where one of the three variant copies of the Assyrian King List shows a difference. The Synchronistic King List and a fragmentary copy give his Babylonian contemporaries as Zababa-šum-iddina, c. 1158 BC, and Enlil-nādin-aḫe, c. 1157—1155 BC, the last of the kings of the Kassite dynasty, but it is probable he was contemporary with two more preceding and two following these monarchs, if the length of his reign is correct.

Ninurta-apal-Ekur
Ninurta-apal-Ekur, inscribed mdMAŠ-A-é-kur, meaning "Ninurta is the heir of the Ekur," was a king of Assyria in the early 12th century BC who usurped the throne and styled himself king of the universe and priest of the gods Enlil and Ninurta. His reign overlaps the reigns of his Babylonian contemporaries Adad-šuma-uṣur and Meli-Šipak.
Ben Hall's Death Site
Ben Hall's Death Site is a heritage-listed site at Billabong Creek, Ben Halls Road, Forbes, Forbes Shire, New South Wales, Australia. It is one of a group of historic sites labelled the Ben Hall Sites for their association with bushranger Ben Hall, along with the Bushranger Hotel, Cliefden, Escort Rock, the Grave of Ben Hall and Wandi. It is also known as Blowclear Pastoral Run and Ben Hall's Place. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 8 October 2010.

Forbes, New South Wales
Forbes is a town in the Central West region of New South Wales, Australia, located on the Newell Highway between Parkes and West Wyalong. According to the 2021 census, Forbes has a population of 6,319. Forbes is probably named after Sir Francis Forbes, first Chief Justice of NSW.

Located on the banks of the Lachlan River, Forbes is 245 metres (804 ft) above sea-level and about 380 kilometres (240 mi) west of Sydney. The district is a cropping area where wheat and similar crops are grown. Nearby towns and villages include Calarie, Parkes, Bedgerebong, Bundabarrah, Corradgery, Daroobalgie, Eugowra, Ooma North and Paytens Bridge. Forbes is subject to a pattern of flooding, generally occurring to a significant level once every seven years, including 2016 and 2022.