hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ibaraki Botanical Garden
The Ibaraki Botanical Garden (茨城県植物園, Ibaraki-ken Shokubutsuen) is a botanical garden and arboretum located at 4589 To, Naka, Ibaraki, Japan. It is open daily except Mondays; an admission fee is charged.

The garden was established in 1981, and now contains a rose garden, aquatic plant garden, rock garden; collections of camellias, conifers, and tropical fruit trees; and a tropical greenhouse. All told, the garden contains about 70 bird species and 600 plant species, including 240 species of tropical plants, with approximately 360 types of trees in its arboretum.

Naka, Ibaraki
Naka (那珂市, Naka-shi) is a city located in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.  As of 1 July 2020, the city had an estimated population of 53,153 in 20,953 households and a population density of 543.4 persons per km2. The percentage of the population aged over 65 was 32.4%. The total area of the city is 97.82 square kilometres (37.77 sq mi).
Ana María Huarte
Ana María Josefa Ramona Juana Nepomucena Marcelina de Huarte Muñiz (17 January 1786 – 21 March 1861) was the first Empress of Mexico. Noted for her beauty, grace and education, she married Agustín de Iturbide, who ruled briefly as Emperor in 1822-23 before he was exiled by the short-lived provisional government. Inspired to return to Mexico to serve the nation as a soldier, he was arrested and executed. The former empress mostly lived out her widowhood in the United States.

Agustín de Iturbide
Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu (Spanish pronunciation: [aɣusˈtin de ituɾˈbiðe] ⓘ; 27 September 1783 – 19 July 1824), commonly known as Agustín de Iturbide and later by his regnal name Agustín I, was the first Emperor of Mexico from 1822 until his abdication in 1823. An officer in the royal Spanish army, during the Mexican War of Independence he initially fought insurgent forces rebelling against the Spanish crown before changing sides in 1820 and leading a coalition of former royalists and long-time insurgents under his Plan of Iguala. The combined forces under Iturbide brought about Mexican independence in September 1821.  After securing the secession of Mexico from Spain, Iturbide was proclaimed president of the Regency in 1821; a year later, he was proclaimed Emperor, reigning from 19 May 1822 to 19 March 1823, when he abdicated. In May 1823 he went into exile in Europe. When he returned to Mexico in July 1824, he was arrested and executed.
Lashmar Conservation Park
Lashmar Conservation Park is a protected area located on the north coast of Dudley Peninsula on Kangaroo Island in South Australia about 40 kilometres (25 miles) south-east of Penneshaw.  It was proclaimed under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 in 1993. The Lashmar Lagoon, which is considered to be a significant wetland, is located within the boundaries of the conservation park.  The conservation park is classified as an IUCN Category III protected area.

Dudley Peninsula
Dudley Peninsula (known as Presquila Gallissoniere and as the MacDonnell Peninsula from 1857 to 1986) is the peninsula forming the eastern end of Kangaroo Island in the Australian state of South Australia.  It was inhabited by Aboriginal Australians as recently as 3,100 years BP but was found to be unoccupied by the first European explorers to visit it in the early 19th century.  It was first settled by Europeans as early as the 1830s.  As of 2011, it had a population of 595 people.
HM Prison Wandsworth
HM Prison Wandsworth is a Category B men's prison at Wandsworth in the London Borough of Wandsworth, South West London, England. It is operated by His Majesty's Prison Service and is one of the largest prisons in the UK.

Stratton Brothers case
Alfred Edward Stratton (1882-1905) and his brother Albert Ernest Stratton (1884-1905) were the first men to be convicted in Britain for murder based on fingerprint evidence. They were both executed at 9 am on 23 May 1905 at HM Prison Wandsworth. The case, otherwise known as the Mask Murders (due to the black stocking-top masks that had been left at the scene of the crime), the Deptford Murders (due to the location) or the Farrow Murders (the last name of the victims), was one of the earliest convictions using forensic science.
Sahiwal
Sahiwal (Punjabi / Urdu: ساہيوال; Punjabi pronunciation: [sä˦ʱi̯.ʋälᵊ]; Urdu pronunciation: [ˈsɑːˌɦiːˈʋɑːl]), formerly known as Montgomery in British India, is a city in central Punjab, Pakistan.

It is the administrative capital of both Sahiwal District and Sahiwal Division. It is the 19th most populous city of Pakistan, according to the 2023 census. Sahiwal is located approximately 180 km from the major city Lahore and 100 km from Faisalabad and lies between Lahore and Multan.

Sahiwal is approximately 152 meters above the sea level.

Beaconhouse School System
The Beaconhouse School System (BSS), established in 1978, is a private, for-profit  preparatory school system in Pakistan. It has over 146 campuses in major cities across Pakistan. BSS also operates independent divisions in Belgium, Malaysia, Oman, the Philippines, Thailand, the UAE and the United Kingdom. Its activities extend beyond education in some countries.

In 2019, referring to the business model of Beaconhouse and other private schools in Pakistan, in a case regarding the exorbitant fees these schools charged, the Chief Justice of Pakistan observed: "No business other than drugs can bring in such profits."
Intermediate Geographic Region of Ipatinga
The Intermediate Geographic Region of Ipatinga (code 3105) is one of the 13 intermediate geographic regions in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais and one of the 134 of Brazil, created by the National Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in 2017.

It comprises 44 municipalities, distributed in 3 immediate geographic regions:

Immediate Geographic Region of Ipatinga.

Immediate Geographic Region of Caratinga.

Immediate Geographic Region of João Monlevade.

Immediate Geographic Region of João Monlevade
The Immediate Geographic Region of João Monlevade is one of the 3 immediate geographic regions in the Intermediate Geographic Region of Ipatinga, one of the 70 immediate geographic regions in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais and one of the 509 of Brazil, created by the National Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in 2017.
Coracobrachialis muscle
The coracobrachialis muscle  muscle in the upper medial part of the arm. It is located within the anterior compartment of the arm. It originates from the coracoid process of the scapula; it inserts onto the middle of the medial aspect of the body of the humerus. It is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. It acts to adduct and flex the arm.

Fascial compartments of arm
The fascial compartments of arm  refers to the specific anatomical term of the compartments within the upper segment of the upper limb (the arm) of the body. The upper limb is divided into two segments, the arm and the forearm. Each of these segments is further divided into two compartments which are formed by deep fascia – tough connective tissue septa (walls). Each compartment encloses specific muscles and nerves.

The compartments of the arm are the anterior compartment of the arm and the posterior compartment of the arm, divided by the lateral and the medial intermuscular septa. The compartments of the forearm are the anterior compartment of the forearm and posterior compartment of the forearm.
RAF Finningley
Royal Air Force Finningley or more simply RAF Finningley is a former Royal Flying Corps and Royal Air Force station at Finningley, in the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England. The station straddled the historic county boundaries of both Nottinghamshire and the West Riding of Yorkshire.

The station was used as a bomber base during the Second World War, then in the early 1950s it had fighters allocated to it. From the late 1950s to the 1970s it was one of the home airfields of the V-bomber force, before becoming an RAF Support Command base and housing the headquarters of the RAF Search and Rescue Force.

RAF Finningley was decommissioned in 1996.  The airfield was developed into an international airport named Doncaster Sheffield Airport, which opened on 28 April 2005. The closure of the airport was announced in September 2022 with the final passenger flight arriving on 4 November 2022.

No. 6 Flying Training School RAF
No. 6 Flying Training School RAF is a Flying Training School (FTS) within No. 22 (Training) Group of the Royal Air Force that delivers flying training to University Air Squadrons and Air Experience Flights.
Multi-valve
A multi-valve or multivalve four-stroke internal combustion engine is one where each cylinder has more than two valves – more than the minimum required of one of each, for the purposes of air and fuel intake, and venting exhaust gases. Multi-valve engines were conceived to improve one or both of these, often called "better breathing", and with the added benefit of more valves that are smaller, thus having less mass in motion (per individual valve and spring), may also be able to operate at higher revolutions per minute (rpm) than a two-valve engine, delivering even more intake an/or exhaust per unit of time, thus potentially more power.

Cosworth
Cosworth is a British automotive engineering company founded in London in 1958, specialising in high-performance internal combustion engines, powertrain, and electronics for automobile racing (motorsport) and mainstream automotive industries. Cosworth is based in Northampton, England, with facilities in Cottenham, England, Silverstone, England, and Indianapolis, IN, US.

Cosworth has collected 176 wins in Formula One (F1) as engine supplier, ranking third with most wins, behind Ferrari and Mercedes.
Soča dialect
The Soča dialect (Slovene: obsoško narečje [ɔpˈsóːʃkɔ naˈɾéːt͡ʃjɛ]) is a Slovene dialect spoken in upper Soča Valley. It is one of the most archaic Slovene dialects, together with the Natisone Valley, Torre Valley, and Rosen Valley dialects. It borders the Karst dialect to the south, Natisone Valley dialect to the southwest, Torre Valley and Resian dialects to the west, Fiulian and Carinthian Bavarian to the northwest, Gail Valley dialect to the north, Upper Carniolan dialect to the east, and Tolmin dialect to the southeast. The dialect belongs to the Littoral dialect group, and it evolved from Soča–Idrija dialect base.

Littoral dialect group
The Littoral dialect group (primorska narečna skupina) is a group of very heterogeneous dialects of Slovene. The Littoral dialects are spoken in most of the Slovenian Littoral (except for the mountainous areas around Tolmin and Cerkno, where Rovte dialects are spoken) and in the western part of Inner Carniola. They are also spoken by Slovenes in the Italian provinces of Trieste and Gorizia, and in the mountainous areas of eastern Friuli (Venetian Slovenia and Resia).
Glossinavirus
Glossinavirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Hytrosaviridae. Glossina sp serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus (Glossinavirus glopallidipedis). Diseases associated with this genus include: partial sterility due to ovarian abnormalities or to testicular degeneration; can be asymptomatic in laboratory colonies.

Hytrosaviridae
Hytrosaviridae is a family of double-stranded DNA viruses that infect insects. The name is derived from Hytrosa, sigla from the Greek Hypertrophia for 'hypertrophy' and 'sialoadenitis' for 'salivary gland inflammation.'
Ii Naomori
Ii Naomori (井伊 直盛, 1506 or 1526 – June 12, 1560) was a retainer of the Japanese Imagawa clan during the Sengoku period of the 16th century. His childhood name was Toramatsu (虎松). Naomori's daughter was Ii Naotora who succeeded him as head of the Ii clan.

During the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, Naomori was killed while trying to protect his lord, Imagawa Yoshimoto during the attack led by Oda Nobunaga, who surprised his enemy when he attacked in thick fog following a hard rain.

Later, his daughter, Naotora, adopted Ii Naomasa as her son, who become one of the Four Guardian Kings of Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Ii clan
Ii clan (Japanese: 井伊氏, Hepburn: Ii-shi) is a Japanese clan which originates in Tōtōmi Province. It was a retainer clan of the Imagawa family, and then switched sides to the Matsudaira clan of Mikawa Province at the reign of Ii Naotora. A famed 16th-century clan member, Ii Naomasa, adopted son of Ii Naotora, was Tokugawa Ieyasu's son-in-law and one of his most important generals. He received the fief of Hikone in Ōmi Province as a reward for his conduct in battle at Sekigahara. The Ii and a few sub-branches remained daimyō for the duration of the Edo period. Ii Naosuke, the famed politician of the late Edo period, was another member of this clan.

The clan claims descent from Fujiwara no Yoshikado,  who had been one of the Daijō daijin during the ninth century.
Mandsaur
Mandsaur is a city and a municipality in Mandsaur district located on the border of Mewar and Malwa regions of Madhya Pradesh, a state in Central India. It is the administrative headquarters of Mandsaur District. The ancient Pashupatinath Temple is located in Mandsaur. Later come under Gwalior state Which was 2nd biggest state. Mandsaur is famous for its opium farming.

Yashodharman
Yashodharman (Gupta script:  Ya-śo-dha-rmma, IAST: Yaśodharman) was a ruler of the Malava Empire in North India, from 515 until his death in 545. He belonged to the Second Aulikara dynasty. He conquered much of the Indian subcontinent between c. 530–540 according to the Mandsaur pillar inscription.
Daisy Igel
Daisy Igel (1927–2019) was a Brazilian architect and billionaire heiress. She studied architecture at the School of Design - IIT Illinois Institute of Technology, in Chicago. She was a professor at the School of Industrial Design of the State University of Rio de Janeiro, from 1969 to 1970. She also gave courses at the Museum of Modern Art in Rio de Janeiro.

Daisy Igel was the daughter of Ernesto Igel, the founder of Ultrapar.

Igel was divorced, with three children, and lived in Rio de Janeiro.

Igel died in 2019.

Ernesto Igel
Ernesto Igel (27 November 1893 – 24 January 1966) was an Austrian entrepreneur and founder of the company Empresa Brasileira de Gáz a Domilicio Ltda, the first Brazilian gas distribution network of fuel for cooking equipment (LPG).

In 1938, the company changed its name to Ultragaz S.A.

Through Ultragaz's growth and the creation of new companies, Ernesto Igel founded Ultra, also known as Ultrapar.
Montegabbione
Montegabbione is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Terni in the Italian region Umbria, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southwest of Perugia and about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northwest of Terni.

Monteleone d'Orvieto
Monteleone d'Orvieto is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Terni in the Italian region Umbria, located about 35 km southwest of Perugia and about 60 km northwest of Terni. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").
St Patrick halfpenny
The St Patrick halfpenny was a milled coin minted in the 17th century in England, Ireland and Wales. The reverse design shows King David kneeling playing a harp while gazing up at the royal crown of England. One peculiarity of the harp is that it bears a semi-nude winged female figure on the pillar, a feature which became common on English coins beginning in the second quarter of the 17th century. The legend on the obverse reads FLOREAT REX (May the King Flourish).

Mark Newby
Mark Newby (also known as Mark Newbie) was born in England and emigrated to Ireland due to religious persecution for his being a Quaker. Along with several other families he sailed to America landing in West New Jersey and settled in Camden, New Jersey.

He owned a tract of land and built a home establishing himself as a banker. He and/or some of the other settlers brought the St. Patrick halfpenny in sufficient quantity that he along with others received a grant to make these coins legal tender in the region on 18 May 1682.
SV Werder Bremen II
SV Werder Bremen II is the reserve team of SV Werder Bremen. It plays in the Bremenliga, the fifth level of the German football league system, and has qualified for the first round of the DFB-Pokal on nineteen occasions. It also has won the German amateur football championship three times, a joint record. Until 2005 the team played as SV Werder Bremen Amateure.

It plays its home matches at Weserstadion Platz 11, adjacent to the first team's ground.

Weserstadion Platz 11
Weserstadion Platz 11 is a football stadium in Bremen, Germany. The stadium is mainly used by SV Werder Bremen (women), playing in the Frauen-Bundesliga, and by SV Werder Bremen II, the reserve team of Werder Bremen, which is playing in the 3. Liga in the season 2017–18.

The stadium consists mainly of terraces with room for 4,500 spectators. A small stand with 1,000 seats for both home and visiting supporters is located on the west side of the stadium and brings the total capacity to 5,500 spectators.
Taiz Governorate
Taiz (Arabic: تَعِزّ, romanized: Taʿizz) is a governorate of Yemen. The governorate's capital Taiz, the third-largest city in Yemen, is among the most important commercial centres in the country, owing to its proximity to  farmland, the Red Sea port of Mokha and Taiz International Airport.

Maqbanah district
Maqbanah District (Arabic: مديرية مقبنة) is a district of the Taiz Governorate, Yemen. As of 2003, the district has a population of 62,471 inhabitants. The district is divided into three Makhalief: Mikhlaf Shamir, Mikhlaf Mirab and Mikhlaf al-Tharibat.
Iranian Taboo
Iranian Taboo (Persian: تابوی ایرانی) is a 2011 documentary film by Iranian filmmaker Reza Allamehzadeh about the persecution of Baháʼís in Iran. It was selected for the 2012 Dawn Breakers International Film Festival as well as the Newport Beach and Uninvited Film Festivals.

Persecution of Baháʼís
Baháʼís are persecuted in various countries, especially in Iran, where the Baháʼí Faith originated and where a large Baháʼí population still lives. The persecution stems from the traditional Islamic perspective that Baháʼí teachings are inconsistent with Islamic  beliefs, including the finality of Muhammad's prophethood, and the placement of Baháʼís outside the Islamic religion. Thus, Baháʼís are seen as apostates from Islam.

The United Nations, European Union, rights groups including  Amnesty International and the Human Rights Watch (HRW) and scholarship have documented how the Baháʼí community in Iran has been subjected to the denial of civil rights, false imprisonment, torture, unjustified executions and the confiscation and destruction of property. According to HRW, the Iranian government’s long-term, systematic campaign against the Bahá’ís rises to the level of the crime against humanity of persecution. Baháʼís have also been significantly persecuted in Egypt.
Mytilene
Mytilene (/ˌmɪtɪˈliːni/; Greek: Μυτιλήνη, romanized: Mytilíni [mitiˈlini] ⓘ) is the capital of the Greek island of Lesbos, and its port. It is also the capital and administrative center of the North Aegean Region, and hosts the headquarters of the University of the Aegean. It was founded in the 11th century BC.

Mytilene is one of the two municipalities on the island of Lesbos, created in 2019; the other is West Lesbos. Mytilene is built on the southeast edge of the island. It is the seat of a metropolitan bishop of the Greek Orthodox Church.

Gera, Lesbos
Gera or Yera (Greek: Γέρα) is a town on the Aegean island of Lesbos in Greece. It once stood as one of the largest ports of the island. According to scholars the ancient name may have been Portus Hieraeus; Pliny the Elder mentions a Lesbian city called Hiera, which was abandoned before his time.
Language education
Language education refers to the processes and practices of teaching a second or foreign language. Its study reflects interdisciplinary approaches, usually including some applied linguistics. There are four main learning categories for language education: communicative competencies, proficiencies, cross-cultural experiences, and multiple literacies.

Center for Applied Linguistics
The Center for Applied Linguistics (CAL) is a private, nonprofit organization founded in 1959 and headquartered in Washington, DC. Its mission is to promote language learning and cultural understanding. Its president and chief executive officer is Diep Nguyen.

The organization carries out its mission by working in the fields of bilingual education, English as a second language, world languages education, language policy, assessment, immigrant and refugee integration, literacy dialect studies; and the education of linguistically and culturally diverse adults and children. Staff members conduct research, design and develop language assessments and instructional materials, provide technical assistance and professional development, and disseminate information and resources related to language and culture.
Johnny Cook (singer)
Johnny Cook (March 22, 1949 – May 14, 2000) was a Southern Gospel singer. He led a group, the Johnny Cook Trio, in the 1980s. Cook was a tenor and also sang with The Happy Goodmans and The Statesmen Quartet. Cook may be best remembered for his years singing with The Happy Goodmans, where he and Vestal Goodman would often engage in friendly contests to see who could sing higher; Cook usually won singing the song Looking For A City.

In 1974 and 1975, Cook won the award for Favorite Tenor from the Singing News Fan Awards.

Cook released three albums in the 1970s. His first album was Voice Extraordinaire.

In the late 70's Cook also released the Johnny Cook tape club where he preaches and sings the good news to his fans.

In 1993 Cook was featured in two Gaither Homecoming videos, Old Friends and Turn Your Radio On because of his involvement with the Statesman during that time.

A collection of 169 of Cook's videos has been archived on www.youtube.com.

Happy Goodman Family
The Happy Goodman Family is a Southern gospel group that was founded in the 1940s by Howard "Happy" Goodman and performed together for several decades. The Happy Goodmans achieved significant popularity in the 1960s. In 1968, they won the first Grammy Award to be awarded for a gospel album by a gospel group.
Arcore
Arcore (Italian: [ˈarkore]; Brianzoeu: Arcor [ˈaːrkur]) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region of Lombardy, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Milan. It's situated on the banks of River Lambro.

Arcore borders the following municipalities: Usmate Velate, Camparada, Lesmo, Biassono, Vimercate, Villasanta, and Concorezzo.

Biassono
Biassono (Brianzöö: Biassòn) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Milan.

Biassono borders the following municipalities: Lesmo, Arcore, Macherio, Lissone, Monza, Vedano al Lambro, Villasanta.

Biassono is noteworthy because of its location situated to the northwest of the Autodromo Nazionale Monza, constructed in the park of Monza's Royal Villa.
It opened in 1922, making it the oldest Grand Prix venue that the FIA Formula One World Championship still uses for the annual Gran Premio d'Italia.

Biassono is crossed by the Lambro river in San Giorgio al Lambro, a small suburb of the municipality.