hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Derry
Derry, officially Londonderry, is the second-largest city in Northern Ireland. Located in County Londonderry, the city now covers both banks of the River Foyle. Cityside and the old walled city being on the west bank and Waterside on the east, with two road bridges and one footbridge crossing the river in-between.

The population of the city was 85,279 in the 2021 census, while the Derry Urban Area had a population of 105,066 in 2011. The district administered by Derry City and Strabane District Council contains both Londonderry Port and City of Derry Airport. Derry is close to the border with County Donegal, with which it has had a close link for many centuries. The person traditionally seen as the founder of the original Derry is Saint Colmcille, a holy man from Tír Chonaill, the old name for almost all of modern County Donegal, of which the west bank of the Foyle was a part before 1610.

In 2013, Derry was the inaugural UK City of Culture, having been awarded the title in 2010.

Siege of Derry
54°59′38″N 7°19′34″W﻿ / ﻿54.994°N 7.326°W﻿ / 54.994; -7.326

The siege of Derry in 1689 was the first major event in the Williamite War in Ireland. The siege was preceded by an attempt against the town by Jacobite forces on 7 December 1688 that was foiled when 13 apprentices shut the gates. This was an act of rebellion against James II.

The second attempt began on 18 April 1689 when James himself appeared before the walls with an Irish army led by Jacobite and French officers. The town was summoned to surrender but refused. The siege began. The besiegers tried to storm the walls, but failed. They then resorted to starving Derry. They raised the siege and left when supply ships broke through to the town. The siege lasted 105 days from 18 April to 1 August 1689. It is commemorated yearly by the Protestant community.
Bedong
Bedong (pronounced as /bɪdoʊŋ/) is a small town in Kuala Muda District, Kedah, Malaysia.

Due to the town's name spelling being irregular from the standard Malay alphabet, Malaysians who are not familiar with the town will call Bedong as /bədoʊŋ/ or /bɛdoʊŋ/ instead of the actual pronunciation which is /bɪdoʊŋ/.

Kuala Muda District
The Kuala Muda District is a district in Kedah, Malaysia. Sungai Petani is the administrative center of the district. Kuala Muda district is in close proximity to the border of Kedah and Penang. Apart from Sungai Petani, other major towns in the district include Tikam Batu, Padang Tembusu, Sungai Lalang, Bedong, Bukit Selambau, Sidam, Gurun, Semeling, Merbok, Kota Kuala Muda and Tanjung Dawai. The Mount Jerai is shared with the neighbouring district of Yan while the Muda River is shares the bordering state of Penang. The iconic Jambatan Merdeka (Independent Bridge) connect both Tikam Batu with Bumbung Lima in Penang. Kuala Muda is the second largest and most populous district in Kedah, and it is also the site of some of the earliest civilization site in the country.
Lėvuo
The Lėvuo is a river in Northern Lithuania, a right tributary of the river Mūša. Lėvuo is 148 kilometres long. In 1931 Sanžilė channel, connecting Lėvuo and Nevėžis rivers was built. The largest tributaries of Lėvuo are Mituva, Svalia, Kupa and Viešinta.

Nevėžis
The Nevėžis (/nɪˈvɛʒɪs, nɛ-/; Lithuanian: [nʲɛˈvʲěːʑɪs] ⓘ) is the sixth longest river in Lithuania and one of the main tributaries of the Nemunas. The 209 km (130 mi) long Nevėžis flows entirely within Lithuania. Among the rivers that flow exclusively within Lithuania's borders, the Nevėžis is the second longest, after the Šventoji. Its source is in the Anykščiai District Municipality. The river first flows in a northwesterly direction, but at Panevėžys it turns southwest, and passing Kėdainiai, flows into the Neman just west of Kaunas near Raudondvaris.
Kustanaysky Uyezd
Kustanaysky Uyezd (Кустанайский уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Turgay Oblast of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the northern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Kustanay (Kostanay).

Turgay Oblast (Russian Empire)
48°N 60°E﻿ / ﻿48°N 60°E﻿ / 48; 60

Turgai (also spelled Turgay or Turgaj) was an oblast (province) in Imperial Russia, established on October 21, 1868. It was located in the central part of present-day Kazakhstan.

Its land area was 456,185 square kilometres (176,134 sq mi). The site of administration was located in Orenburg, outside the borders of the oblast, since there was no town within it suitable for accommodation of the administration.
FC Khimik Chernihiv
FC Khimik Chernihiv (Ukrainian: ФК «Хімік» Чернігів) was a Ukrainian football "Khimik" Chernihiv. A Ukrainian and Soviet amateur club, the club played in the Championship and Cup of Chernihiv region and the Championship of the USSR among CPK. The club played at a stadium of the same name.

Chernihiv Oblast Football Association
Chernihiv Oblast Football Association is a football governing body in the region of Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine. The association is a collective member of the Ukrainian Association of Football.

The first championship took place in 1935.
Fall River, Wisconsin
Fall River is a village in Columbia County, Wisconsin, United States, along the North Fork of the Crawfish River. The population was 1,801 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Madison Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Madison metropolitan area
The Madison metropolitan area, also known as Greater Madison, is the metropolitan area surrounding the city of Madison, Wisconsin. The Madison, WI Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), as defined by the Office of Management and Budget, consists of Columbia, Dane, Green, and Iowa counties in south-central Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the MSA had a population of 680,796, making it the 84th-largest in the United States.

The Madison–Janesville–Beloit, WI Combined Statistical Area (CSA) consists of the four counties in the Madison MSA as well as Rock County (Janesville–Beloit metropolitan area) and Sauk County (Baraboo micropolitan area). The CSA population as of the 2020 census was 910,246, making it the 64th-largest in the United States.
WinStar Farm
WinStar Farm is an American Thoroughbred horse breeding and racing farm near Versailles, Kentucky, owned by Kenny Troutt. It won the 2010 Eclipse Award for Outstanding Owner and 2016 Outstanding Breeder. WinStar Farm owned 2018 Triple Crown winner Justify, 2010 Kentucky Derby winner Super Saver, 2010 Belmont Stakes winner Drosselmeyer, and 2016 Belmont Stakes winner Creator. Notable stallions that have stood at stud at Winstar Farm include two-time Breeders' Cup Classic winner Tiznow, leading sire and broodmare sire Distorted Humor, and Triple Crown and Breeders' Cup Classic winner American Pharoah's sire Pioneerof the Nile.

Funny Cide
Funny Cide (April 20, 2000 – July 16, 2023) was an American Thoroughbred champion racehorse who won the 2003 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes. He was the first New York-bred horse to win the Kentucky Derby. He was a popular horse and remained a fan favorite in retirement at the Kentucky Horse Park.
JS Estonia Tallinn
Jalgpalliselts Estonia Tallinn was an Estonian football club based in Tallinn. Founded in 1930 by active and ex-footballers, the club won five domestic league titles and were the second most successful football club in Estonia during the country's first period of independence.

The club was dissolved in 1944 due to Soviet occupation of Estonia. JS Estonia's five consecutive league titles from 1934 to 1939 has remained to be the Estonian top division record in terms of consecutive titles.

1936 Estonian Football Championship
The 1936 Estonian Football Championship was the 16th official football league season in Estonia. Eight teams took part in the league six from Tallinn, one from Pärnu and Narva. Each team played every opponent twice, once at home and once on the road, for total of 14 games. JS Estonia Tallinn successfully defended the title and clinched their third consecutive league title.
Limestone High School
Limestone High School is a former high school in the town of Limestone, Maine. It changed to Limestone Community School and incorporated grades K-12 when nearby Loring Air Force Base closed and is now also home to the Maine School of Science and Mathematics.

Maine School of Science and Mathematics
The Maine School of Science and Mathematics (MSSM) is a public residential magnet high school in Limestone, Maine, United States.

MSSM serves students from all over the state of Maine, as well as youth from other states and international students. It is a public high school for students in grades 9–12, and its summer program is for boys and girls from grades 5–9. MSSM is an all-residential boarding school with a total capacity of 156 students.

The school is a member of the National Consortium of Secondary STEM Schools (NCSSS).
DSTN
DSTN (double super twisted nematic), also known as dual-scan super twisted nematic or simply dual-scan, is an LCD technology in which a screen is divided in half, which are simultaneously refreshed giving faster refresh rate than traditional passive matrix screens. It is an improved form of supertwist nematic display that offers low power consumption but inferior sharpness and brightness compared to TFT screens.

STN display
An STN (super-twisted nematic) display is a type of liquid-crystal display (LCD). An LCD is a flat-panel display that uses liquid crystals to change its properties when exposed to an electric field, which can be used to create images. This change is called the twisted nematic (TN) field effect. Earlier TN displays twisted the liquid crystal molecules at a 90-degree angle. STN displays improved on that by twisting the liquid crystal molecules at a much greater angle, typically between 180 and 270 degrees. This allows for a sharper image and passive matrix addressing, a simpler way to control the pixels in an LCD.

While STN displays were once common in various electronic devices, they have been largely replaced by TFT (thin-film transistor) displays.
Balkar and Karachay nationalism
Balkar and Karachay nationalism is the national sentiment among the Balkars and Karachays. It generally manifests itself in:

The movement for the recognition of the 1944 deportations (where the Balkars and Karachay, along with the Kalmyks, Chechens and Ingush were deported to Siberia and Central Asia) as a genocide against the nation.

The movement to separate Kabardino-Balkaria into Kabardin and Balkar administrative units (Circassian nationalists also share this goal)

Likewise, the movement to separate Karachay–Cherkessia into Karachay and Cherkess administrative units

The movement to unify Karachai and Balkar units into a single republic

The movement to unify the census categories of Karachai and Balkar into a single category

Turkic nationalist flavor, and a strong affinity to the state of Turkey

Mandate of Karachay-Balkar language as the official language

Defense of Balkar grazing lands against Kabardin influence

In some circles, Pan-Turkism

Karachays
The Karachays or Karachais  (Karachay-Balkar: къарачайлыла, romanized: qaraçaylıla or таулула, tawlula, 'mountaineers') are a North Caucasian-Turkic ethnic group primarily located in their ancestral lands in Karachay–Cherkess Republic, a republic of Russia in the North Caucasus. They and the Balkars share a common origin, culture, and language.
Sicilian Defence
The Sicilian Defence is a chess opening that begins with the following moves:

1. e4 c5

1...c5 is one of the most popular responses to White's first move 1.e4. Like 1...e5, the move contests control of the d4-square, but breaks symmetry immediately, often leading to dynamic and sharp positions.

The earliest recorded notes on the Sicilian Defence date back to the late 16th century by the Italian chess players Giulio Polerio and Gioachino Greco. It was extremely popular in the second half of the 20th century and was extensively played and analysed by many grandmasters, such as Bobby Fischer, Garry Kasparov, and Mikhail Tal.

Lev Polugaevsky
Lev Abramovich Polugaevsky (Russian: Лев Абрамович Полугаевский, IPA: [pəlʊɡɐˈjefskʲɪj]; 20 November 1934 – 30 August 1995) was a Soviet chess player. He was awarded the title of International Grandmaster by FIDE in 1962 and was a frequent contender for the World Championship, although he never achieved that title. He was one of the strongest players in the world from the early 1960s until the late 1980s, as well as a distinguished author and opening theorist whose contributions in this field remain important to the present day.
Shanghai University of Finance and Economics
The Shanghai University of Finance and Economics (SUFE) is a public finance and economics university located in Shanghai, China. The university is affiliated with the Ministry of Education. It is part of the Double First-Class Construction and Project 211.

Project 211
Project 211 (Chinese: 211工程) was a higher education development and sponsorship scheme of the government of China for "preparing approximately 100 universities for the 21st century", initiated in November 1995. There were 115 universities and colleges selected to be part of this program.

Project 211 and Project 985 were both initiated by the Jiang Zemin administration in 1990s as part of the "revitalize the country through science and education" strategy. They were nullified and replaced by the Double First-Class Construction in 2015, under the Xi Jinping administration.
Rancho San Lorenzo (Castro)
Rancho San Lorenzo was a 26,722-acre (108.14 km2) Mexican land grant given in 1841 by Governor Juan Alvarado to Guillermo Castro a career soldier posted to the Pueblo of San José. The land grant included present day Hayward, San Lorenzo, and Castro Valley, including Crow Canyon, Cull Canyon, and Palomares Canyons.

Hayward, California
Hayward is a city in Alameda County, California, United States, in the East Bay subregion of the San Francisco Bay Area. With a population of 162,954 as of 2020, Hayward is the sixth largest city in the Bay Area, and the third largest in Alameda County. Hayward was ranked as the 36th most populous municipality in California. It is included in the San Francisco–Oakland–San Jose Metropolitan Statistical Area by the US Census. It is located primarily between Castro Valley, San Leandro and Union City, and lies at the eastern terminus of the San Mateo–Hayward Bridge.
Onthophagini
Onthophagini are a tribe of scarab beetles. Commonly placed in the true dung beetle subfamily (Scarabaeinae), it belongs to a group of subfamilies separated as subfamily Coprinae in some treatments.

Onthophagini often display sexual dimorphism, with the males having larger and more elaborate head and thorax ornaments, but not to the degree seen in the rhinoceros beetles of the scarab subfamily Dynastinae for example.

Scarabaeinae
The scarab beetle subfamily Scarabaeinae consists of species collectively called true dung beetles (there are also dung beetles in other subfamilies and families). Most of the beetles of this subfamily feed exclusively on dung. However, some may feed on decomposing matter including carrion, decaying fruits and fungi. Dung beetles can be placed into three structural guilds based on their method of dung processing namely rollers (telecoprids), dwellers (endocoprids) and tunnelers (paracoprids). Dung removal and burial by dung beetles result in ecological benefits such as soil aeration and fertilization; improved nutrient cycling and uptake by plants, increase in pasture quality, biological control of pest flies and intestinal parasites and secondary seed dispersal. Well-known members include the genera Scarabaeus and Sisyphus, and Phanaeus vindex.
The New Hampshire Gazette
The New Hampshire Gazette is a nonprofit, alternative, bi-weekly newspaper published in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Its editors claim that the paper, which all but disappeared into other publications until the late 1900s, is the oldest newspaper in the United States. The paper trademarked the phrase "The Nation's Oldest Newspaper" after being revived as a small biweekly in 1989. This assertion is highly contested, and the Hartford Courant is generally understood to be the nation's oldest newspaper when considering scholarly articles, standard journalism, and historical texts.

Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Portsmouth is a city in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. It had a population of 21,956 at the 2020 census. A historic seaport and popular summer tourist destination on the Piscataqua River bordering the state of Maine, Portsmouth was formerly the home of the Pease Air Force Base, since converted to Portsmouth International Airport at Pease.
Folding wing
Folding wings are design features incorporated into aircraft to reduce the amount of space a plane takes up on a deck or other surface, so that more aircraft can be parked in a given area.  They are most frequently found on aircraft intended to operate from aircraft carriers, where stowage space on flight decks and hangar decks is at a premium; however, during World War I, in particular, the feature was also used on very large bomber aircraft operating from land, to allow them to fit into hangars designed for smaller aircraft.  More recently wing folding has been incorporated into light civil aircraft, to allow their storage in car garages.

A folding wing has some disadvantages compared to a non-folding wing. It is heavier and has more complex connections for electrical, fuel, aerodynamic, and structural systems.

Grumman E-1 Tracer
The Grumman E-1 Tracer (WF prior to 1962)  was the first purpose-built airborne early warning aircraft used by the United States Navy. It was a derivative of the Grumman C-1 Trader and entered service in 1960. It was replaced by the more modern Grumman E-2 Hawkeye by the mid-1960s-1970s.
Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation
The Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation was a charter proposed by Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika, in an attempt to bring closure to the Algerian Civil War by offering an amnesty for most violence committed in it.  The referendum on it was held on September 29, 2005, passing with 97%, and the charter was implemented as law on February 28, 2006.

Islamic Salvation Front
The Islamic Salvation Front (Arabic: الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ, romanized: al-Jabhah al-Islāmiyah lil-Inqādh; French: Front islamique du salut, FIS) was an Islamist political party in Algeria. The party had two major leaders representing its two bases of its support; Abbassi Madani appealed to pious small businessmen, and Ali Belhadj appealed to the angry, often unemployed youth of Algeria.

Officially made legal as a political party in September 1989, less than a year later the FIS received more than half of valid votes cast by Algerians in the 1990 local government elections. When it appeared to be winning a general election in January 1992, a military coup dismantled the party, interning thousands of its officials in the Sahara. It was officially banned two months later. Its armed wing, the Islamic Salvation Army (AIS), fought in the Algerian Civil War against the Algerian government from July 1994 until its dissolution in January 2000.
Ipsos-Reid
Ipsos Reid was the name of a Canada-based research company, still existing under the name Ipsos, as the Canadian arm of the global Ipsos Group. Founded in Winnipeg in 1979 as the Angus Reid Group, the company expanded across the country and was purchased by the Ipsos Group and given the name Ipsos Reid in 2000.

Today, Ipsos is Canada's largest market research and public opinion polling firm. The company's researchers conduct both syndicated and customized research studies across key sectors of the Canadian economy, including consumer packaged goods, financial services, automotive, retail, health and technology & telecommunications.

With operations in seven Canadian cities, Ipsos employs more than 600 research professionals and support staff across Canada. The company has the biggest network of telephone call centres in the country, as well as the largest pre-recruited household and online panels. The current President and CEO for Ipsos in Canada is Gary Bennewies.

Ipsos
Ipsos Group S.A. (French pronunciation: [ip.sos]; acronym of Institut Public de Sondage d'Opinion Secteur and inspired from the Latin expression, ipso facto) is a multinational market research and consulting firm with headquarters in Paris, France. The company was founded in 1975 by Didier Truchot, Chairman of the company, and has been publicly traded on Euronext Paris since 1 July 1999.

Since 1990, the Group has created or acquired numerous companies. In October 2011, Ipsos acquired Synovate, resulting in an Ipsos organization that ranks as the world’s third largest research agency. As of 2025, Ipsos has offices in 87 countries, employing approximately 20,000 people.
Paopi 22
Paopi 21 – Coptic calendar – Paopi 23

The twenty-second day of the Coptic month of Paopi, the second month of the Coptic year. On a common year, this day corresponds to October 19, of the Julian calendar, and November 1, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Peret, the season of emergence.

Paopi 23
Paopi 22 – Coptic calendar – Paopi 24

The twenty-third day of the Coptic month of Paopi, the second month of the Coptic year. On a common year, this day corresponds to October 20, of the Julian calendar, and November 2, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Peret, the season of emergence.
Samuel Oughton
The Rev. Samuel Oughton (1803 – December 1881), Baptist missionary to Jamaica 1836–1866, and colleague of William Knibb, was an abolitionist who became an outspoken advocate of black labour rights in Jamaica during the gradual abolition of slavery in the late 1830s and thereafter. He was briefly imprisoned in Jamaica during 1840. Originally associated with James Sherman's Independent Congregational Surrey Chapel, Southwark, and from time to time invited back by Sherman, he was closely associated with the Baptists in Jamaica, who were largely organised along Congregational lines and among the predominantly African-Caribbean population, following their founding by George Lisle, a former slave from America.

James Sherman (minister)
James Sherman  (21 February 1796 – 15 February 1862), was an English Congregationalist minister. He was an abolitionist, and a popular preacher at The Castle Street Chapel in Reading from 1821 to 1836. He and his second wife Martha Sherman made a success of Surrey Chapel, Blackfriars, London from 1836−54. Martha died in 1848.

Sherman was successor at the Surrey Chapel to Rowland Hill. Although he subsequently became known as a Congregationalist, Sherman was originally ordained to the Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion.
Ihara zeta function
In mathematics, the Ihara zeta function is a zeta function associated with a finite graph. It closely resembles the Selberg zeta function, and is used to relate closed walks to the spectrum of the adjacency matrix. The Ihara zeta function was first defined by Yasutaka Ihara in the 1960s in the context of discrete subgroups of the two-by-two p-adic special linear group. Jean-Pierre Serre suggested in his book Trees that Ihara's original definition can be reinterpreted graph-theoretically. It was Toshikazu Sunada who put this suggestion into practice in 1985. As observed by Sunada, a regular graph is a Ramanujan graph if and only if its Ihara zeta function satisfies an analogue of the Riemann hypothesis.

Ramanujan graph
In the mathematical field of spectral graph theory, a Ramanujan graph is a regular graph whose spectral gap is almost as large as possible (see extremal graph theory). Such graphs are excellent spectral expanders. As Murty's survey paper notes, Ramanujan graphs "fuse diverse branches of pure mathematics, namely, number theory, representation theory, and algebraic geometry". 
These graphs are indirectly named after Srinivasa Ramanujan; their name comes from the Ramanujan–Petersson conjecture, which was used in a construction of some of these graphs.