hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Abstract family of languages
In computer science, in particular in the field of formal language theory,
an abstract family of languages is an abstract mathematical notion generalizing characteristics common to the regular languages, the context-free languages and the recursively enumerable languages, and other families of formal languages studied in the scientific literature.

Regular language
In theoretical computer science and formal language theory, a regular language (also called a rational language) is a formal language that can be defined by a regular expression, in the strict sense in theoretical computer science (as opposed to many modern regular expression engines, which are augmented with features that allow the recognition of non-regular languages).

Alternatively, a regular language can be defined as a language recognised by a finite automaton. The equivalence of regular expressions and finite automata is known as Kleene's theorem (after American mathematician Stephen Cole Kleene). In the Chomsky hierarchy, regular languages are the languages generated by Type-3 grammars.
Zinc uptake regulator
The zinc uptake regulator (Zur) gene is a bacterial gene that codes for a transcription factor protein involved in zinc homeostasis. The protein is a member of the ferric uptake regulator family and binds zinc with high affinity. It typically functions as a repressor of zinc uptake proteins via binding to characteristic promoter DNA sequences in a dimer-of-dimers arrangement that creates strong cooperativity. Under conditions of zinc deficiency, the protein undergoes a conformational change that prevents DNA binding, thereby lifting the repression and causing zinc uptake genes such as ZinT and the ZnuABC zinc transporter to be expressed.

ZnuABC
ZnuABC is a high-affinity transporter specialized for transporting zinc ions as part of a system for metal ion homeostasis in bacteria. The complex is a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter protein family. The transporter contains three protein components:

ZnuA, a periplasmic zinc-binding protein.

ZnuB, an integral membrane protein that transports zinc across the cytoplasmic membrane.

ZnuC, an ATPase responsible for coupling ion transport to ATP hydrolysis.

The expression of ZnuABC is regulated by the zinc uptake regulator (Zur) protein and is induced by conditions of zinc starvation. Because zinc is often a limiting factor in bacterial infections, some pathogenic bacteria are heavily dependent on ZnuABC to scavenge zinc from the environment in an animal host.

The periplasmic protein ZnuA interacts with ZinT, another component of the regulon controlled by Zur, which is also involved in periplasmic zinc homeostasis.
MaRRS Spelling Bee
MaRRS International Spelling Bee (MISB) is a spelling bee competition held in Asia for school children. It is conducted by MaRRS Intellectual Services Pvt. Ltd. The assessment and learning materials for the MISB is created in association with expert staff from the English and Foreign Language University, Hyderabad. The objective of the competition is to enhance the spelling and literary skills of children by encouraging them to explore the English language, expand their vocabulary and improve their communication and comprehension skills.

Unlike a normal spelling bee, the MISB has been designed as a motivational learning programme with training modules built in. The eleven rounds of the competition go beyond just spellings and tests almost all the elements of the English Language.

Spelling bee
A spelling bee is a competition in which contestants are asked to spell a broad selection of words, usually with a varying degree of difficulty. To compete, contestants must memorize the spellings of words as written in dictionaries, and recite them accordingly.
Malcolm Morley (musician)
Malcolm Morley is an English rock singer, guitarist and keyboard player who came to fame in the 1970s. Best known as a founder of Help Yourself and as a member of Man, he continues to perform to this day.

Deke Leonard
Roger Arnold "Deke" Leonard (18 December 1944 – 31 January 2017) was a Welsh rock musician, best known as a member of the progressive rock band Man, which he joined and left several times, and for fronting his own rock and roll band Iceberg, which he formed and disbanded several times. He was also an author, raconteur and television panelist.
South Arch volcanic field
South Arch volcanic field is an underwater volcanic field south of Hawaiʻi Island. It was active during the last 10,000 years, and covers an area of 35 by 50 kilometres (22 mi × 31 mi) at a depth of 4,950 metres (16,240 ft).

Although the field is related to the Hawaiian hotspot, it does not appear to be a precursory volcano, but seems to have formed when the weight of the growing Hawaiian volcanoes caused the oceanic crust to buckle, opening up pathways for magma to ascend in front of the hotspot.

North Arch volcanic field
North Arch volcanic field is an underwater volcanic field north of Oahu, Hawaii. It covers an area of about 25,000 square kilometres (9,700 sq mi) and consists of large expanses of alkali basalt, basanite and nephelinite that form extensive lava flows and volcanic cones. Some lava flows are longer than 100 kilometres (62 mi).

This volcanic field appears to be somehow related to the Hawaii hotspot, although the exact mechanisms are debated. Similar volcanic units are also found on the adjacent islands, such as the Honolulu Volcanics on Oahu. The volcanic field was formed through effusive and explosive eruptions between 1.5 and 0.5 million years ago, although eruptions before and after these dates also took place.
OzJet
Ozjet Airlines Pty Ltd was a scheduled and charter airline with its head office in Tullamarine, Melbourne, Australia operating within Australasia from Melbourne Airport, Sydney Airport and Perth Airport. In 2008 the airline was sold to HeavyLift Cargo Airlines, and on 20 May 2009 it suspended its last remaining operations from Perth. In June 2009, OzJet was purchased by the Strategic Group. With the insolvency of Strategic Airlines on 17 February 2012 also OzJet ceased all operations.

Nauru Airlines
Nauru Air Corporation, trading as Nauru Airlines (formerly trading as Our Airline and Air Nauru), is the flag carrier of the Republic of Nauru. It operates scheduled international services to other Pacific islands and Australia. Its main base is Nauru International Airport. Its head office is on the premises of Nauru International Airport, Yaren District and its operations office is in Brisbane in the Australian state of Queensland. In August 2014, the airline changed its name from Our Airline to Nauru Airlines.
Bongo Fury
Bongo Fury is a collaborative album by American artists Frank Zappa, Captain Beefheart, and Zappa's band the Mothers, released in October 1975. The live portions were recorded on May 20 and 21, 1975, at the Armadillo World Headquarters in Austin, Texas. Tracks 5, 6 and 9 (intro only) are studio tracks recorded in January 1975 during the sessions which produced One Size Fits All (1975) and much of Studio Tan (1978).

Studio Tan
Studio Tan is an album by American musician Frank Zappa, released in September 1978 on his own DiscReet Records label, distributed by Warner Bros Records.  It reached No. 147 on the Billboard 200 albums chart in the United States.

Though it was on his own label, Zappa did not authorize the original 1978 release of this album. Warner did no promotion and it was largely overlooked by fans upon release. At the same time Zappa gave interviews which described his legal problems with Warner and former manager Herb Cohen. The 1991 CD re-release was the first time the album was issued with Zappa's authorization.
Bargulum
Bargulum was a settlement of the Illyrian tribe of the Parthini in southern Illyria, modern Albania. Its exact location is still unknown, though it has been proposed that it could be linked with present-day Bargullas or the Margëlliç Castle.

Margëlliç Castle
Margëlliç Castle (Albanian: Kalaja e Margëlliçit) is a castle in the village of Margëlliç near Patos, western Albania. It is a castle that dates from the 7th century AD and is found on top of a hill. The castle was part of the defence system of the ancient city of Byllis. The castle has also been the scene of a World War II battle between the Wehrmacht and Albanian Partisans.  Lefter Talo was killed in this battle defending Albania.
Peterbell
Peterbell is an unincorporated place and dispersed rural community in geographic Coderre Township, in the Unorganized North part of Algoma District in northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is on the Canadian National Railway transcontinental railway main line between the railway points of Argolis to the west and Dunrankin to the east, has a passing track, and is passed but not served by Via Rail transcontinental Canadian trains.

The place is on the Missinaibi River, a tributary of the Moose River. It is named for Peter Warren Bell, who was in charge of the Hudson's Bay Company Superior District from 1866 to 1895.

Argolis, Ontario
Argolis is an unincorporated place and railway point in geographic Hayward Township, in the Unorganized North part of Algoma District in northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is on the Canadian National Railway transcontinental railway main line between the railway points of Fire River to the west and Peterbell to the east, has a passing track, and is passed but not served by Via Rail transcontinental Canadian trains. Argolis is on an unnamed right tributary of the Greenhill River, itself a tributary of the Missinaibi River, and is named for the Greek region of Argolis.
Florø Stadion
Florø stadion is a multi-use stadium in the town of Florø which is located in Kinn Municipality, Vestland county, Norway. It is used for football matches, as the home ground of 2. divisjon team Florø SK, and for track and field meets by Florø TIF.

The attendance record at Florø Stadion is 2,710 and was set in the 2016 2. divisjon match against Nest-Sotra on 15 October 2016. Florø won the game 2–0 and secured the team their first ever promotion to the 1. divisjon, the second tier of the Norwegian football league system.

Florø SK
Florø Sportsklubb is a Norwegian sports club from the town of Florø which is located in Kinn Municipality, Vestland county, Norway. It has sections for association football, team handball and swimming.

The club was founded in 1912 as Florø FK. Florø FK was later incorporated into Florø-Varg, founded in 1929. In 1945 Florø-Varg merged with Atgeir, a worker's football club founded in 1931, to form Florø SK.
Christian Zeitz
Christian Zeitz (born 18 November 1980 in Heidelberg) is a former German handball player.

Zeitz received a silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens with the German national team. He is World Champion from 2007, and European champion from 2004.

He was known for an unconventional playing style, often called 'street handball'.

Veszprém KC
Veszprém KC is a Hungarian professional handball club from Veszprém, that for sponsorship reasons is called ONE Veszprém. Veszprém plays in the Hungarian Nemzeti Bajnokság I and are the most successful team in the country, having won the Hungarian Championship a record 28 times and the Hungarian Cup title a record 31 times. Veszprém has also won the regional SEHA League 5 times.

Veszprém are one of the three Hungarian clubs that have won a major European trophy, most recently in 2008, when they overcame Rhein-Neckar Löwen and were crowned as the EHF Cup Winner's Cup champions. They are yet to win the EHF Champions League, having been defeated in the final on four occasions.

The main sponsors of the club were the MKB Bank, MVM Group and the Magyar Telekom. In the summer of 2015, the MKB Bank decided to quit sponsoring after a 10-year interval. Their main focus is now on the younger teams. Currently the main sponsor is One Hungary.
Allan Moffat
Allan George Moffat (10 November 1939 – 22 November 2025) was a Canadian and Australian racing driver known for his four championships in the Australian Touring Car Championship, six wins in the Sandown 500, his four wins in the Bathurst 500/1000 and his win in the 1975 12 Hours of Sebring. Moffat was inducted into the V8 Supercars Hall of Fame in 1999.

Moffat and his long-time friend and rival (and later co-driver) Peter Brock are the only drivers to have won The Great Race at Bathurst in both its 500-mile and 1000-kilometre formats.

In October 2018, he was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame.

1984 Australian Endurance Championship
The 1984 Australian Endurance Championship was a CAMS sanctioned motor racing competition open to Group C Touring Cars. The championship, which was the fourth Australian Endurance Championship, was contested over a five-round series. Titles were awarded for both Drivers and Makes with Allan Moffat winning the Drivers title and Mazda winning the Makes award.
Abraham Salaman
Abraham Walley Mahomed Salaman (also spelt Mohamed; 1881-1886 – 8 February 1941) was a notable New Zealand merchant, dyer, herbalist and charlatan. He was born in Amritsar, to Muslim parents, in Punjab, British India in the 1880s.

In 1930 he was convicted of manslaughter after requiring that a diabetic patient of his be taken off insulin and subsequently died in a diabetic coma.

Salaman died in 1941 and is buried at Te Henui Cemetery in New Plymouth, where his tomb is one of the outstanding architectural features. Prior to his death, in 1940, Salaman designed his tomb in Islamic style and obtained special permission for it to occupy ten plots in Te Henui cemetery. The tomb cost £2,500 and was topped with a brass star and crescent moon, featuring the words ‘Mohammed Islam Salaman Tomb’ above the door.

Te Henui Cemetery
Te Henui Cemetery, also known as New Plymouth Cemetery, is the oldest public cemetery in New Plymouth, New Zealand. It was first used in 1861.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "the great mistake" for Te Hēnui.
Crookes Peak
Crookes Peak (66°14′S 65°18′W﻿ / ﻿66.233°S 65.300°W﻿ / -66.233; -65.300) is a peak at the east side of Widmark Ice Piedmont, midway between Stair Hill and Rugg Peak on Stresher Peninsula on the west coast of Graham Land. It was charted by the British Graham Land Expedition of 1934-37 under John Rymill and was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1959 for Sir William Crookes, an English chemist and physicist whose pioneer work on the optical properties of tinted glass in 1909–13 led to the design of the first satisfactory snow goggles and the prevention of snow blindness.

Rugg Peak
Rugg Peak (66°19′S 65°23′W﻿ / ﻿66.317°S 65.383°W﻿ / -66.317; -65.383) is a peak on the east side of Widmark Ice Piedmont south of Crookes Peak, on the west coast of Graham Land. Photographed by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd in 1956–57, it was mapped from these photos by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS). It was named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1959 after Andrew Rugg-Gunn, an English ophthalmic surgeon, who, in 1934, brought together relevant data on radiation and protective glasses to improve the design of snow goggles.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Rugg Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
Park Yong-man
Park Yong-man (Korean: 박용만; 2 July 1881 – 17 October 1928) was a Korean nationalist and independence activist who, after spending time in prison for reformist activities, immigrated to the United States of America. There Park was involved in the establishment of various Korean nationalist organizations in Denver, Nebraska and Hawaii. Park also founded the Korean National Army Corps. Following the March 1st Movement in 1919, Park became involved with the military training of Korean nationalists in China, but may have also engaged in anti-communist activity. Park was assassinated in Beijing by a Korean communist.

Sinhan Minbo
Sinhan Minbo (Korean: 신한민보; Hanja: 新韓民報) or The New Korea was a Korean language newspaper published in the United States. It was founded on February 10, 1909 by the Korean National Association (KNA) and published weekly from San Francisco. The newspaper became a vital part in promoting nationalism amongst Korean immigrant communities and spreading news on the issue of Korean independence. It would be the most influential and longest lasting newspaper for Korean Immigrants in the US. It ceased publication around the late 1980s.
Orange Center Historic District (Orange, Massachusetts)
Orange Center Historic District is a historic district encompassing the historic civic, commercial, and industrial heart of Orange, Massachusetts in the United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

Orange, Massachusetts
Orange is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 7,569 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Part of the town is included in the census-designated place of Orange.
Stewartby
Stewartby is a model village and civil parish in Bedfordshire, England, originally built for the workers of the London Brick Company. The village was designed and built to the plans of the company's architect Mr F W Walker, laid out on 'Garden City' principle, a later and more modern development than such better-known Victorian model villages as Saltaire. Started in 1926, Stewartby is also a later model than Woodlands which was first planned in 1905. The later retirement bungalow development of the 1950s and 1960s with the pavilion community centre in their midst was designed by the neo-Georgian architect Professor Sir Albert Richardson. Today, Stewartby parish also includes Kempston Hardwick.

Model village
A model village is a mostly self-contained community, built from the late 18th century onwards by landowners and business magnates to house their workers. "Model" implies an ideal to which other developments could aspire. Although the villages are located close to the workplace, they are generally physically separated from them and often consist of relatively high-quality housing, with integrated community amenities and attractive physical environments.
Harlingen, Texas minor league baseball history
Minor league baseball teams were based in Harlingen, Texas in various seasons between 1931 and 2014. Harlingen teams played as members of the 1931 Rio Grande Valley League, 1938 Texas Valley League, 1950 Rio Grande Valley League, the Gulf Coast League from 1951 to 1953, Big State League in 1954 and 1955, Texas League in 1960 and 1961, 1976 Gulf States League and 1977 Lone Star League , winning four league championships. The Rio Grande Valley WhiteWings played in various leagues between 1994 and 2014. The Harlingen minor league home ballpark was Harlingen Field.

Harlingen teams were a minor league affiliate of the Detroit Tigers in 1938 and San Francisco Giants in 1960 and 1961.

Harlingen, Texas
Harlingen (/ˈhɑːrlɪndʒɪn/ HAR-lin-jin) is a city in Cameron County in the central region of the Rio Grande Valley of the southern part of the U.S. state of Texas, about 30 miles (48 km) from the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The city covers more than 40 square miles (104 km2) and is the second-largest city in Cameron County, as well as the sixth-largest in the Rio Grande Valley. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 71,892.

Harlingen is a principal city of the Brownsville–Harlingen metropolitan area, which is part of the larger Brownsville–Harlingen–Raymondville combined statistical area, included in the Matamoros–Brownsville metropolitan region.
Intraplate earthquake
An intraplate earthquake occurs in the interior of a tectonic plate, in contrast to an interplate earthquake on the boundary of a tectonic plate. They are relatively rare compared to the more familiar interplate earthquakes. Buildings far from plate boundaries are rarely protected with seismic retrofitting, so large intraplate earthquakes can inflict heavy damage. Examples of damaging intraplate earthquakes are the devastating 2001 Gujarat earthquake, the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, the 2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes, the 2017 Puebla earthquake, the 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes, and the 1886 Charleston earthquake. An earthquake that occurs within a subducting plate is known as an intraslab earthquake.

New Madrid seismic zone
The New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ), sometimes called the New Madrid fault line (or fault zone or fault system), is a major seismic zone and a prolific source of intraplate earthquakes (earthquakes within a tectonic plate) in the Southern and Midwestern United States, stretching to the southwest from New Madrid, Missouri.

The New Madrid fault system was responsible for the 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes and has the potential to produce large earthquakes in the future. Since 1812, frequent smaller earthquakes have been recorded in the area.

Earthquakes that occur in the New Madrid seismic zone potentially threaten parts of seven American states: Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, and to a lesser extent Mississippi and Indiana.
Ghana Airways
Ghana Airways Limited was the flag carrier of Ghana from 1958 to 2005, with its main base of operation and hub at Accra International Airport in Accra. The airline ceased operations in June 2005, although plans were discussed to revive it in 2020 in partnership with Egyptair.

Félix-Houphouët-Boigny International Airport
Félix-Houphouët-Boigny International Airport (IATA: ABJ, ICAO: DIAP), also known as Port Bouët Airport, is located 16 km (9 nmi; 10 mi) south east of Abidjan, Ivory Coast. It is the largest airport in the country for air traffic. The airport is the main hub of the national airline Air Côte d'Ivoire. Named after the first president of Ivory Coast, Félix Houphouët-Boigny (1905–1993), this international airport is directly connected currently to airports in Europe and to many destinations within the rest of Africa and the Middle East. The airport is served by 21 airlines, covering more than 30 destinations.
Darkovice
Darkovice (German: Groß Darkowitz) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,400 inhabitants. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.

Hlučín Region
Hlučín Region (Czech: Hlučínsko, German: Hultschiner Ländchen, Polish: Ziemia hulczyńska) is a historically significant part of Czech Silesia, now part of the Moravian-Silesian Region in the Czech Republic. It is named after its largest town, Hlučín. Its area is 316.9 km2 (122.4 sq mi), and in 2021, it had 66,750 inhabitants.
Graham Arnold (artist)
Graham Arnold (1932 – 19 March 2019) was an English contemporary fine artist, working primarily in oil and mixed media.

Arnold, along with his wife and fellow artist Ann Arnold, was a founder member of the Brotherhood of Ruralists, with Sir Peter Blake, David Inshaw, Jann Haworth, Graham Ovenden and Annie Ovenden.

Arnold's work contains a combination of realistic and surrealist elements. Subjects often include still life and landscapes. Themes such as Lewis Carroll's Alice In Wonderland and Ophelia inspired his work and that of the Brotherhood as a whole.

Arnold's paintings are held in a number of public collections, including the Royal Academy of Arts, Victoria and Albert Museum, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa and the British Museum.

Brotherhood of Ruralists
The Brotherhood of Ruralists is a British art group founded in 1975 in Wellow, Somerset, to paint nature. Their work is figurative with a strong adherence to 'traditional' skills. Painting in oil and watercolour predominate, with mixed media assemblage, printmaking, ink and pencil drawing also being common. It has been described as "a kind of late twentieth-century reinvention of William Morris's arcadian craft guilds."