hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hangaroa River
The Hangaroa River is a river in the Gisborne Region of New Zealand. Its source is the Huiarau Ranges in the Te Urewera National Park, and flows southeast to merge with the Ruakituri River near Te Reinga. The combined rivers form the Wairoa River, which flows south into Hawke Bay.

Ruakituri River
The Ruakituri River is a river of the Gisborne and Hawke's Bay Region of New Zealand's North Island. It initially flows northeast from its sources north of Lake Waikareiti. Within its course are the 72 m high Waitangi Falls. Afterwards it turns southeast for the majority of its course, reaching the settlement of Te Reinga, 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of Wairoa. It merges with the Hangaroa River resulting in the Wairoa River.
Serbs
The Serbs (/sɜːb/; Serbian: Срби, romanized: Srbi, pronounced [sr̩̂bi]) are a South Slavic ethnic group and nation who share a common Serbian ancestry, culture, history, and language. They primarily live in their nation-state of Serbia, and in neighboring Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, and Kosovo, with smaller communities in North Macedonia, Romania, and Hungary. They also constitute a significant diaspora with communities across Europe, the Americas, and Oceania.

The Serbs are predominantly Eastern Orthodox Christians and speak Serbian language which is official in Serbia, co-official in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo, and spoken by the plurality in Montenegro.

Serbian Americans
Serbian Americans or American Serbs, are Americans of ethnic Serb ancestry. As of 2024, there were over 176,000 American citizens who identified as having Serb ancestry, though broader estimates include many of those with Yugoslav ancestry. Serbian Americans represent one of the largest groups within the global Serb diaspora.
Alpha hydroxycarboxylic acid
Alpha hydroxy carboxylic acids, or α-hydroxy carboxylic acids (AHAs), are a group of carboxylic acids featuring a hydroxy group located one carbon atom away from the acid group. This structural aspect distinguishes them from beta hydroxy acids, where the functional groups are separated by two carbon atoms. Notable AHAs include glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, and citric acid.

α-Hydroxy acids are stronger acids compared to their non-alpha hydroxy counterparts, a property enhanced by internal hydrogen bonding. AHAs serve a dual purpose: industrially, they are utilized as additives in animal feed and as precursors for polymer synthesis. In cosmetics, they are commonly used for their ability to chemically exfoliate the skin.

Citric acid
Citric acid is an organic compound with the formula C6H8O7. It is a colorless weak organic acid. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits. In biochemistry, it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms.

More than two million tons of citric acid are manufactured every year. It is used widely as acidifier, flavoring, preservative, and chelating agent.

A citrate is a derivative of citric acid; that is, the salts, esters, and the polyatomic anion found in solutions and salts of citric acid. An example of the former, a salt is trisodium citrate; an ester is triethyl citrate. When citrate trianion is part of a salt, the formula of the citrate trianion is written as C6H5O3−7 or C3H5O(COO)3−3.
Shell Canada
Shell Canada Limited (French: Shell Canada Limitée) is the principal Canadian subsidiary of British energy major Shell plc and one of Canada's largest integrated oil companies. Exploration and production of oil, natural gas and sulphur is a major part of its business, as well as the marketing of gasoline and related products through the company's approximately 1,800 stations across Canada.

After a global reorganization by the European parent, Shell's North American operations are controlled by Shell Energy North America, which is headquartered in Houston, Texas. Shell Energy North America's Canadian operational unit, Shell Canada, maintains a regional corporate office in Calgary, Alberta. Shell Canada also maintains a major office in Toronto, Ontario.

Clive Mather
Harold Clive Mather (born 19 September 1947) is an English executive and company director. From 2004 to 2007 he served as the president of Shell Canada. Mather is currently the chairman of the Church of England Pensions Board.
Prunus spinulosa
Prunus spinulosa is an evergreen species of cherry-laurel native to southeastern China and warmer parts of Japan. Its lustrous leaves superficially resemble those of holly. Individual trees can reach 20 m, and are typically found growing in places with high ambient humidity, such as forested areas near larger rivers.

Prunus subg. Padus
Prunus subg. Padus is a subgenus of Prunus, characterised by having racemose inflorescences. Padus was originally a distinct genus, but genetic and morphological studies have shown that Padus is polyphyletic. It has been proposed that all the racemose taxa within Prunus (Padus, Maddenia, Laurocerasus and Pygeum) are incorporated into a broad-sense Prunus subg. Padus.

Padus is the Latin name for the Po River.  The term Padus (παδος) in reference to the plant comes from the Greek father of botany, Theophrastus, meaning "from the River Po."
Diocese of Chengdu
The Diocese of Chengdu (formerly spelt Chengtu) (Latin: Dioecesis Cemtuana; simplified Chinese: 天主教成都教区; traditional Chinese: 天主教成都教區) is a suffragan Latin Catholic diocese in the ecclesiastical province of Chongqing covering southwestern China's Sichuan area, yet depends on the missionary Roman Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.

Established on 15 October 1696 as the Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan, its episcopal see is the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (colloquially known as Ping'anqiao Church) located in the city of Chengdu. The Diocese of Chengdu is the first bishopric of the Catholic Church in Sichuan (Szechwan), since the separation of the mission's eastern territory in 1856, it was designated Western Szechwan Mission.

Diocese of Shunqing
The Diocese of Shunqing (formerly spelled Shunking; Latin: Dioecesis Scioenchimensis; Chinese: 天主教順慶教區), also known as Diocese of Nanchong, is a suffragan Latin Catholic diocese in the ecclesiastical province of Chongqing in southwestern China, yet depends on the missionary Roman Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.

Established on August 2, 1929 as the Apostolic Vicariate of Shunking for the Mission of Sichuan (Szechwan), its episcopal see is the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, located in the Shunqing city center district of Nanchong, Sichuan province. No statistics available.
Nanaimo—Cowichan—The Islands
Nanaimo—Cowichan—The Islands was a federal electoral district—also known as a "riding"—in British Columbia, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1962 to 1979.

This riding was created in 1962 from Nanaimo. The 1966 electoral redistribution saw this riding gain territory from Metchosin and lose territory in the northern end toward the Englishman River. This riding was dissolved into Cowichan—Malahat—The Islands and Nanaimo—Alberni in 1979.

Nanaimo—Alberni
Nanaimo—Alberni was a federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1979 to 1988. It was subsequently recreated and was represented in the House of Commons from 1997 to 2015.
New World monkey
New World monkeys are the five families of primates that are found in the tropical regions of Mexico, Central and South America: Callitrichidae, Cebidae, Aotidae, Pitheciidae, and Atelidae. The five families are ranked together as the Ceboidea (/səˈbɔɪdi.ə/), the only extant superfamily in the parvorder Platyrrhini (/plætɪˈraɪnaɪ/).

Platyrrhini is derived from the Greek for "broad nosed", and their noses are flatter than those of other simians, with sideways-facing nostrils. Monkeys in the family Atelidae, such as the spider monkey, are the only primates to have prehensile tails. New World monkeys' closest relatives are the other simians, the Catarrhini ("down-nosed"), comprising Old World monkeys and apes. New World monkeys descend from African simians that colonized South America, a line that split off about 40 million years ago.

Titi monkey
The titis, or titi monkeys, are New World monkeys of the subfamily Callicebinae, which contains three extant genera: Cheracebus, Callicebus, and Plecturocebus. This subfamily also contains the extinct genera Miocallicebus, Homunculus, and Carlocebus.

Titi monkeys live in South America, from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, east through Brazil, and south to Bolivia and northern Paraguay.
Michigan City Transit
Michigan City Transit is a municipal bus service in Michigan City, Indiana. It was known as Michigan City Municipal Coach until 2007. The service was created in 1955, when Michigan City assumed control of bus routes operated by Michigan City Transit Lines, a private bus system. Michigan City Transit Lines, in turn, was a successor of Michigan City's streetcar system.

Michigan City, Indiana
Michigan City is a city in LaPorte County, Indiana, United States. It had a population of 32,075 at the 2020 census. Located along Lake Michigan in the Michiana region, the city is about 45 miles (72 km) east of Chicago and is 40 miles (64 km) west of South Bend.

Michigan City is noted for both its proximity to Indiana Dunes National Park and for bordering Lake Michigan. It receives a fair amount of tourism during the summer, especially by residents of Chicago and nearby cities in Northern Indiana. It is connected to Chicago via the South Shore Line passenger train.
Qu (surname 屈)
Qu (Chinese: 屈; pinyin: Qū; Jyutping: wat1) is a Chinese surname. It also transliterated as Chu in Wade–Giles and Wat in Cantonese. It is also transliterated as Qū in pinyin. The surname Qu (屈) is listed 124th on the famous Song dynasty book of common Chinese surnames, Hundred Family Surnames (Chinese: 百家姓), contained in the verse 熊紀舒屈 (Xiong, Ji, Shu, Qu).

Shu (surname)
Shu (Chinese: 舒; pinyin: Shū) is a Chinese surname. It is 43rd in the Hundred Family Surnames, contained in the verse 熊紀舒屈 (Xiong, Ji, Shu, Qu). Šumuru sinicized their clan name to the Chinese surnames Shu (舒), Xu (徐) or Xiao (蕭) after the demise of the Qing dynasty.

According to the a 2013 study, it is the 143rd most common surname, being shared by 1.09 million people, or 0.082% of the population, with Hunan being the province with the most people sharing the name.

In ancient usage, the characters of meng  (孟) (bo 伯 bearing the same notion), zhong (仲), shu (叔) and ji (季) were used to denote the first, second, third and fourth (or last) eldest sons in a family.

The Vietnamese version of the name is Thư, but it is extremely rare.

"Shu" can also be a romanization for Xú (徐) or Xǔ (许).
Pellet (air gun)
A pellet is a non-spherical projectile designed to be fired from an air gun, and an airgun that fires such pellets is commonly known as a pellet gun.  Air gun pellets differ from bullets, shells and shot used in firearms and artillery in terms of the pressures encountered; airguns operate at pressures as low as 50 atmospheres, while firearms and artillery operate at thousands of atmospheres.  Airguns generally use a slightly undersized projectile that is designed to obturate upon shooting so as to seal the bore, and engage the rifling; firearms have sufficient pressure to force a slightly oversized bullet to fit the bore in order to form a tight seal.  Since pellets may be shot through a smoothbore barrel, they are often designed to be inherently stable, much like the Foster slugs used in smoothbore shotguns.

Muzzle velocity
Muzzle velocity is the speed of a projectile (bullet, pellet, slug, ball/shots or shell) at the moment it leaves the end of a gun's barrel (i.e. the muzzle). Firearm muzzle velocities range from approximately 120 m/s (390 ft/s) to 370 m/s (1,200 ft/s) in black powder muskets, to more than 1,200 m/s (3,900 ft/s) in modern rifles with high-velocity cartridges such as the .220 Swift and .204 Ruger, all the way to 1,700 m/s (5,600 ft/s) for tank guns firing kinetic energy penetrator ammunition. To simulate orbital debris impacts on spacecraft, NASA launches projectiles through light-gas guns at speeds up to 8,500 m/s (28,000 ft/s).
Several factors, including the type of firearm, the cartridge, and the barrel length, determine the bullet's muzzle velocity.
Jisa-ye Kelarabad
Jisa-ye Kelarabad (Persian: جيساكلاراباد) is a village in Kelar-e Sharqi Rural District of Kelar District in Abbasabad County, Mazandaran province, Iran. It is a southern suburb of the city of Kelarabad, bordering Charaz village to its west and Yalbandan-e Sara to its east.

Kelarabad
Kelarabad (Persian: كلارآباد) is a coastal city in, and the capital of, Kelar District in Abbasabad County, Mazandaran province, Iran. It is located between the Caspian Sea in the north and the northern slopes of Alborz mountains in the south.
Chondrodendron
Chondrodendron is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Menispermaceae.

Its native range is tropical Central and South America, from Panama to Bolivia and eastern Brazil.

Species:

Chondrodendron microphyllum (Eichler) Moldenke

Chondrodendron platyphyllum (A.St.-Hil.) Miers

Chondrodendron tomentosum Ruiz & Pav.

Menispermaceae
Menispermaceae (botanical Latin: 'moonseed family' from Greek mene 'crescent moon' and sperma 'seed') is a family of flowering plants. The alkaloid tubocurarine, a neuromuscular blocker and the active ingredient in the 'tube curare' form of the dart poison curare, is derived from the South American liana Chondrodendron tomentosum, which belongs to this family. Several other South American genera belonging to the family have been used to prepare the 'pot' and 'calabash' forms of curare. The family contains 81 genera with some 440 species, which are distributed throughout low-lying tropical areas with some species present in temperate and arid regions.
George Yule (businessman)
George Yule (17 April 1829 – 26 March 1892) was a Scottish merchant in England and India who served as the fourth President of the Indian National Congress in 1888 at Allahabad, the first non-Indian to hold that office. He was the founder of George Yule & Co. of London (now Synthomer, a FTSE 250 company), and headed Andrew Yule & Co., of Calcutta. He served as Sheriff of Calcutta and President of Bengal Chamber of Commerce.

He killed almost 400 tigers during his tenure as Administrator.

Sheriff of Kolkata
The Sheriff of Kolkata (formerly known as the Sheriff of Calcutta) is an apolitical titular position of authority bestowed for one year on a prominent citizen of Kolkata (Calcutta). The Sheriff has an office and staff in Calcutta High Court but does not have executive powers. Mumbai (Bombay) and Kolkata (Calcutta) are the only cities in India to maintain the post of the Sheriff. Presently the office of the sheriff is situated in the Calcutta High Court building.
Sprucewold Lodge
Sprucewold Lodge is a historic summer tourist accommodation at 4-9 Nahanada Road in Boothbay Harbor, Maine.  Its main lodge built in 1927, it was the centerpiece of an extensive rustic retreat on the Spruce Point peninsula southeast of downtown Boothbay Harbor.  The lodge is one of the state's finest examples of rustic Adirondack architecture, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.  In 2016, the lodge was listed for sale.

Boothbay Harbor, Maine
Boothbay Harbor is a town in Lincoln County, Maine, United States. The population was 2,027 at the 2020 census. It includes the neighborhoods of Mount Pisgah, and Sprucewold, the Bayville and West Boothbay Harbor villages, the Isle of Springs summer colony, and the Boothbay Harbor census-designated place. Boothbay Harbor is surrounded by the larger town of Boothbay. During summer months, it is a popular yachting and tourist destination.
Veronica alpina
Veronica alpina, the alpine speedwell or alpine veronica, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Veronica, native to Canada, Greenland, Iceland, the Faroes, Svalbard, most of Europe, parts of Siberia, northern Pakistan, the western Himalayas, and Tibet. It is the namesake of the Veronica alpina species complex, which also includes V. bellidioides, V. copelandii, V. cusickii, V. nipponica, V. nutans, V. stelleri and V. wormskjoldii.

Veronica (plant)
Veronica is the largest genus in the flowering plant family Plantaginaceae, with about 500 species. It was formerly classified in the family Scrophulariaceae. Common names include speedwell, bird's eye, and gypsyweed.

Taxonomy for this genus was changed in the early 21st century, with the genus Hebe and the related Australasian genera Derwentia, Detzneria, Chionohebe, Heliohebe, Leonohebe and Parahebe now included. Monophyly of the genus is supported by nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and cpDNA.

The taxa of the genus are herbaceous annuals or perennials, and also subshrubs, shrubs or small trees when Hebe is included. Most of the species are from the temperate Northern Hemisphere, though with some species from the Southern Hemisphere; Veronica sect. Hebe is mostly from New Zealand.
Kim Yu-sin
Kim Yu-sin (Korean: 김유신; Hanja: 金庾信; 595 – 21 August 673) was a Korean military general and politician in 7th-century Silla. He led the unification of the Korean Peninsula by Silla under the reign of King Muyeol and King Munmu. He is said to have been the great-grandchild of King Guhae of Geumgwan Gaya, the last ruler of the Geumgwan Gaya state. This would have given him a very high position in the Silla bone rank system, which governed the political and military status that a person could attain.

Much of what is known about Kim's life comes from the detailed account in the Samguk Sagi, Yeoljeon 1-3, and the much briefer record in the Samguk Yusa, vol. 1.

Queen Seondeok (TV series)
Queen Seondeok (Korean: 선덕여왕) is a 2009 South Korean historical drama television series produced by MBC and Time Box Production for the former's 48th founding anniversary, starring Lee Yo-won, Go Hyun-jung, Uhm Tae-woong, Kim Nam-gil, and Park Ye-jin. It chronicles the life of Queen Seondeok of Silla. It aired on MBC from 25 May to 22 December 2009 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:55 for 62 episodes.

The viewership ratings for the show topped TV charts almost every week during its run, peaking at 43.6 percent. It swept the 2009 MBC Drama Awards; actress Go Hyun-jung's performance and subsequent grand prize win received near-universal acclaim.
Defoid languages
The Defoid languages are a proposed branch of the Benue–Congo language family. The name of the group derives from the fact that nearly all of the ethnic groups who speak member languages refer to the city of Ilé Ifè as their place of origin: "Defoid" comes from èdè ('language') + ifè (Ife) + -oid. It was first proposed by Capo (1989), but evidence for it is still regarded as insufficient by Güldemann (2018).

The Defoid language group consists of three branches, Yoruboid, Akoko and  Ayere-Ahan. Currently, these three branches are considered part of the Volta-Niger languages and not Benue-Congo.

Volta–Niger languages
The Volta–Niger family of languages, also known as West Benue–Congo or East Kwa, is one of the branches of the Niger–Congo language family, with perhaps 70 million speakers. Among these are the most important languages of southern Nigeria, Benin, Togo, and southeast Ghana: Yoruba, Igbo, Bini, and Gbe.

These languages have variously been placed within the Kwa or Benue–Congo families or, starting in the 1970s, combined with them altogether. Williamson & Blench (2000) separate the languages here called Volta-Niger from the others. Güldemann (2018) fails to see clear criteria for dividing the languages into two or three families and maintains the broad grouping and name of Benue-Kwa for all them.
Sheikh Said
Sheikh Said (Kirmanjki: Şêx Seîd; c. 1865 – 29 June 1925) was a Zaza Kurd religious leader, one of the leading sheikhs of the Naqshbandi order and the head of the Sheikh Said rebellion.

He was born around 1865 in Hınıs or Palu, into an influential family of the Naqshbandi order, where his grandfather was an influential sheikh. Sheikh Said studied religious sciences at the madrasa led by his father Sheikh Mahmud Fevzi as well from several Islamic scholars in the region. Later he was involved in the local tekke set up by his grandfather Sheikh Ali. His grandfather was a respected leader of the religious community and his grave was visited by thousands of pilgrims. He became the head of the religious community after his father Sheikh Mahmud died. In 1907 he toured the neighboring provinces in the east and he established contacts with officers from the Hamidiye cavalry.

Azadî
The Azadî (English: Freedom), officially Civata Azadiya Kurd (Society for Kurdish Freedom), later Civata Xweseriya Kurd (Kurdish: Society for Kurdish Independence) was a Kurdish secret organization. According to Kurds who reported to British intelligence officers, Azadî was established in Erzurum in 1921 by Halid Beg Cibran. The aim of Azadî was to deliver the Kurds a life in freedom in a developed environment.
Holtålen Municipality
Holtålen is a municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Gauldalen region. The administrative centre of the municipality is located in the Ålen area of the village of Renbygda. Other villages in the municipality include Hessdalen, Aunegrenda, and Haltdalen.

The 1,210-square-kilometre (470 sq mi) municipality is the 89th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Holtålen Municipality is the 280th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,035. The municipality's population density is 1.7 inhabitants per square kilometre (4.4/sq mi) and its population has increased by 0.5% over the previous 10-year period.

Haltdalen
Haltdalen is a village in Holtålen Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The village is located along the river Gaula, about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) northwest of the village of Renbygda and about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) southwest of the village of Aunegrenda. The village of Haltdalen has approximately 600 inhabitants (2004). It is situated along the Rørosbanen railway line connecting the town of Røros and the village of Støren.

Haltdalen-Røros-Brekken is home to the Haltdalen Training Center, which is used as a training camp for cold-weather warfare by Norwegian and American forces.
Griffin's leaf-nosed bat
Griffin's leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros griffini) is a species of roundleaf bats. First seen in 2008, it was formally described in 2012. It is found only in Vietnam, and only at two places, Cát Bà Island in northern Vietnam, and Chư Mom Ray National Park. It is generally similar to the species complex of the great roundleaf bat (Hipposideros armiger), with which it shares the habitat, but has distinguishing characters. It is relatively smaller and its sound navigation, echolocation, is different.

According to the World Wide Fund for Nature report, it became one of the 367 important new species discovered in the Greater Mekong during 2012 and 2013.

Hipposideros
Hipposideros is one of the most diverse genera of bats, with more than 70 species.  They are collectively called roundleaf bats after the shape of their nasal ornament. It is the type genus of the family Hipposideridae. It is divided into species groups based on morphology.

Some species that were previously placed in Hipposideros are now placed in the related genera Doryrhina and Macronycteris. Conversely, the genus Paracoelops, which was considered distinct until 2012, is now synonymized with Hipposideros, as the only species turned out to be based on a specimen of Hipposideros pomona.