hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mary of Shaftesbury
Marie (died 1215/16) was an abbess of Shaftesbury Abbey during the 12th century, from at least 1181 to 1215. She was the illegitimate daughter of Count Geoffrey V of Anjou, thus the half-sister of King Henry II of England. It is possible that she may have been the same person as Marie of France, but it is not known for certain. She became abbess sometime in the 1170s or 1180s and died in 1215 or 1216.

Several charters relating to the abbey in that period bear her name.

Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou
Geoffrey V (24 August 1113 – 7 September 1151), called the Fair (French: le Bel), Plantagenet, and of Anjou, was the count of Anjou and Maine by inheritance from 1129, and also duke of Normandy by his marriage claim and conquest, from 1144.

Geoffrey married Empress Matilda, daughter of Henry I, king of England and duke of Normandy. Geoffrey and Matilda's marriage led, through their son Henry II, to the 300-year long reign of the Plantagenet dynasty in England. Although it was never his family name or last name, "Plantagenet"  was taken for the dynasty from Geoffrey's epithet, long after his death.  Geoffrey's ancestral domain of Anjou in north central France gives rise to the name Angevin, and what modern historians name as the Angevin Empire in the 12th century.
History of Skat
The history of the game of Skat or Scat began in the early 19th century in Thuringia. The game spread rapidly within German-speaking Europe and also in the US and is now one of the most popular card games in Germany as well as being considered Germany's national card game.

German-suited playing cards
German-suited playing cards are a very common style of traditional playing card used in many parts of Central Europe characterised by 32- or 36-card packs with the suits of Acorns (Eichel or Kreuz), Leaves (Grün, Blatt, Laub, Pik or Gras), Hearts (Herz or Rot) and Bells (Schelle, Schell or Bolle). The German suit system is one of the oldest, becoming standard around 1450 and, a few decades later, influencing the design of the now international French suit system of Clubs, Spades, Hearts and Diamonds. Today German-suited playing cards are common in south and east Germany, Austria, German-speaking Switzerland, Liechtenstein, north Italy, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, northern Serbia (Vojvodina province), southern Poland and central and western Romania and Siebenbürgen (Romania).
Ron Wilson (newsreader)
Ronald Wilson (born 25 October 1954) is a Northern Irish-born Australian television and radio news presenter and voice-over with a lengthy career in journalism and hosting, especially with Network 10.

Wilson was a news presenter on FM radio network smoothfm, a division of Nova Entertainment and previously worked at Network 10 in Sydney for over 33 years.

Katrina Lee
Katrina Lee is an Australian executive director and former television news presenter.

Lee is perhaps best known for her association with Network Ten where she was a Logie Award-winning news presenter at TEN-10 in Sydney from the 1970s to the 1990s.
Hattie Mae Whiting White
Hattie Mae Whiting White (May 22, 1916 – July 30, 1993) was an American educator and politician. As the first Black member of the Houston Independent School District's board in 1958, she was also the city's first Black elected official in the 20th century.

Houston Independent School District
The Houston Independent School District (HISD) is the largest public school system in Texas, and the eighth-largest in the United States. Houston ISD serves as a community school district for most of the city of Houston and several nearby and insular municipalities in addition to some unincorporated areas. Like most districts in Texas, it is independent of the city of Houston and all other municipal and county jurisdictions. The district has its headquarters in the Hattie Mae White Educational Support Center in Houston.

In 2016, the school district was rated "met standards" by the Texas Education Agency.
Rutland Militia
The Rutlandshire Militia, later the Rutland Light Infantry, was an auxiliary military unit from the small English Midland county of Rutland. From their formal organisation as Trained Bands in 1558 the Militia of Rutland served during times of international tension and major wars. They provided internal security and home defence, relieving regular troops from routine garrison duties, and acting as a source of trained officers and men for the Regular Army. The regiment was amalgamated with that of neighbouring Northamptonshire in 1860.

George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea
George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea KG PC FRS (4 November 1752 – 2 August 1826), was an English peer, army officer and cricketer who was an important figure in the history of cricket.  His main contributions to the game were patronage and organisation but Winchilsea, an amateur, was also a very keen player. Finch was appointed to command the Rutland Militia in 1778 at the time of the American Revolutionary War, but transferred to the 87th Foot from its formation in 1779 to its disbanding in 1783, with the temporary ranks of major and lieutenant-colonel. Finch was the first president of the Royal Institution, and it was through his influence that it received the endorsement of King George III.
Hypsipetes
Hypsipetes is a genus of bulbuls, songbirds in the family Pycnonotidae. Most of its species occur in tropical forests around the Indian Ocean. But while the genus is quite diverse in the Madagascar region at the western end of its range it does not reach the African mainland.

Most Hypsipetes bulbuls are dark greyish birds with orange or red bills and feet. The feathers on top of the head are slightly elongated and usually black, and can be erected to form a short and wispy crest.

Seram golden bulbul
The Seram golden bulbul (Hypsipetes affinis) is a species of songbird in the family Pycnonotidae. It is endemic to the Moluccas. Until recently, it was considered conspecific with the northern golden bulbul and the Buru golden bulbul. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Municipalities of Kosovo
A municipality (Albanian: komuna; Serbian: општина, romanized: opština) is the basic administrative division in Kosovo and constitutes the only level of power in local governance. There are 38 municipalities in Kosovo; 30 of which have an Albanian ethnic majority, 7 Serb and 1 Turkish. After the 2013 Brussels Agreement, signed by the governments of Kosovo and Serbia, an agreement was made to create a Community of Serb Municipalities, which would operate within Kosovo's legal framework. Since 2013, the agreement has not been fulfilled by Kosovo's authorities, calling upon its constitution and territorial integrity.

Mamusha
Mamusha (Albanian definite form: Mamusha; Turkish: Mamuşa, Serbian: Мамуша / Mamuša) is a town and municipality located in the district of Prizren of Kosovo. According to the 2011 census, the municipality has a population of 5,507.

In 2008, it became a municipality after being split as a village from the Prizren municipality. Of all municipal units in Kosovo, this one is by far the smallest in terms of area along with North Mitrovica, with only 11 km2 (4 sq mi).

The town is located on the northern part of Prizren. It also borders the cities Gjakovë and Suharekë.
Mayiladuthurai district
Mayiladuthurai district is an administrative district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was formed in 2020 by the division the Nagapattinam district. The district is named after its headquarters, Mayiladuthurai. It is situated in the Cauvery Delta region.

Thanjavur district
Thanjavur district is one of the 38 districts of the state of Tamil Nadu, in southeastern India. Its headquarters is Thanjavur (Tanjore) . The district is located in the delta of the Cauvery River and is mostly agrarian.
Cape Ann Museum
Cape Ann Museum is an art and historical museum located in Gloucester, Massachusetts. Its collection and programming focuses on the artists and art colonies of Cape Ann, including the Rocky Neck Art Colony and the Folly Cove Designers. The museum's collection also features objects from Gloucester's fishing and maritime history, and granite quarrying history.

Cape Ann
Cape Ann is a rocky peninsula in northeastern Massachusetts on the Atlantic Ocean.  It is about 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Boston and marks the northern limit of Massachusetts Bay. Cape Ann includes the city of Gloucester and the towns of Essex, Manchester-by-the-Sea and Rockport.
Adrian Wojnarowski
Adrian Wojnarowski (/wɜːrdʒˈnaʊski/ wurj-NOW-skee; born March 4, 1969), nicknamed Woj (/woʊdʒ/ WOHJ), is an American basketball executive and former sports columnist and reporter. During his years as an NBA insider for ESPN and Yahoo! Sports, he became one of the NBA's preeminent reporters. Wojnarowski is largely credited with ushering in an era of Twitter-driven, breaking news-focused NBA reporting, in which top reporters are NBA celebrities in their own right. He retired from reporting in 2024 and is currently the general manager of the St. Bonaventure Bonnies men's basketball team.

Shams Charania
Shams Charania (/ˈʃɑːmz/ SHAHMZ; born April 1, 1994) is an American sports reporter for ESPN, where he covers the National Basketball Association. He previously worked for The Athletic, Stadium, and FanDuel TV.

Charania's success has been attributed to his persistent networking while sports reporting shifted away from long-form columns toward viral scoops.
Fitz-Greene Halleck
Fitz-Greene Halleck (July 8, 1790 – November 19, 1867) was an American poet and member of the Knickerbocker Group. Born and raised in Guilford, Connecticut, he went to New York City at the age of 20, and lived and worked there for nearly four decades.  He was sometimes called "the American Byron".  His poetry was popular and widely read but later fell out of favor. It has been studied since the late twentieth century for its homosexual themes and insights into nineteenth-century society.

In 1832, Halleck, a cultural celebrity, started working as personal secretary and adviser to the philanthropist John Jacob Astor, who appointed him as one of the original trustees of the Astor Library.  Given an annuity by Astor's estate, in 1849 Halleck retired to Guilford, where he lived with his sister Marie Halleck for the remainder of his life.

Markos Botsaris
Markos Botsaris (Greek: Μάρκος Μπότσαρης; 1790 – 21 August 1823) was a Souliot chieftain, general of the Greek revolutionary army and hero of the Greek War of Independence. He played a key role in relieving the First Siege of Missolonghi in 1822–1823 and was awarded the title of General of Western Greece by the revolutionary Greek government. He was killed during the Battle of Karpenisi and was buried in Missolonghi with full honors. Botsaris is among the most revered national heroes in Greece.
Big Spring Vietnam Memorial
The Big Spring Vietnam Memorial is a war memorial located in Big Spring, Texas, United States, honoring American servicemen (especially those local to Big Spring) who gave their lives, became prisoners of war or went missing in action in the Vietnam War.

Dedicated May 27, 1991, the black granite memorial monument measures 9.5 feet (2.9 m) by 6 feet (1.8 m) by 6 feet (1.8 m),a map of Vietnam, and a POW-MIA logo.

The 2-acre (8,100 m2) park surrounding the memorial also contains a UH-1 "Huey" MEDEVAC helicopter, an F-4E Phantom II fighter jet, an AH-1 Cobra attack helicopter, and a M60 Patton tank.

The Gold Star Memorial Chapel, built on the site, displays pictures of servicemen from Big Spring and Howard County who were killed in action and missing in action.  It also displays pictures of servicemen killed in action from the surrounding area. Also pictured are men and women who served their country, whether they were in a combat zone or not.

Big Spring, Texas
Big Spring is a city in and the county seat of Howard County, Texas, United States, at the crossroads of U.S. Highway 87 and Interstate 20. Its population was 26,144 at the 2020 census. Big Spring was established as the county seat of Howard County in 1882; it is the largest community in the county.

The city took its name from the single, large spring that issued into a small gorge between the base of Scenic Mountain and a neighboring hill in the southwestern part of the city limits. Although the name is sometimes still mistakenly pluralized, it is officially singular. "To the native or established residents who may wince at the plural in Big Spring, it should be explained that until about 1916, when for some unexplained reason the name dropped the final 's', the official name of the town was indeed Big Springs."
Pacific University Press
Pacific University Press is a university press affiliated with Pacific University, located in Forest Grove, Oregon. Operated by the university's library, the press was formally established in 2015 and built off the library's established journal publishing initiative (which began in 2009). The publisher is currently a member of the Library Publishing Coalition.

Pacific University
Pacific University is a private university in Forest Grove, Oregon, United States. Founded in 1849 as the Tualatin Academy, the original Forest Grove campus is 23 miles (37 km) west of Portland. The school maintains one other campus, in Hillsboro, and an office in Portland, and has an enrollment of more than 3,000 students. The university has Oregon's only optometry school, and offers doctorates in 14 programs. Pacific competes in NCAA Division III as part of the Northwest Conference, with its teams known as the Boxers.
Symzonia
Symzonia; Voyage of Discovery is a piece of fictional travel literature published on November 2, 1820, by Jonathan Seymour. It was written under the pseudonym Captain Adam Seaborn and its true authorship is uncertain, although stylometric analysis performed by Paul Collins suggests that the author was Nathaniel Ames. The book is premised on the Earth being hollow and was influenced by the theories of John Symmes. The account by the fictional Captain Seaborn details a voyage from the United States in which Captain Seaborn leads a crew of sailors to the center of the Earth.

Hollow Earth
The Hollow Earth is a concept proposing that the planet Earth is entirely hollow or contains a substantial interior space. Notably suggested in the late 17th century by Edmond Halley, the notion was later disproven, first tentatively by Pierre Bouguer in 1740, then definitively by Charles Hutton in his Schiehallion experiment around 1774.

It was still occasionally defended through the mid-19th century, notably by John Cleves Symmes Jr. and J. N. Reynolds, but by this time it was part of popular pseudoscience and no longer a scientifically viable hypothesis.

The concept of a hollow Earth still recurs in folklore and as a premise for subterranean fiction, a subgenre of adventure fiction. Hollow Earth also recurs in conspiracy theories and the cryptoterrestrial hypothesis and is often said to be inhabited by mythological figures or political leaders.
Iowa Traction Railway
43°08′06″N 93°16′48″W﻿ / ﻿43.135°N 93.280°W﻿ / 43.135; -93.280

The Iowa Traction Railway Company (reporting mark IATR), formerly the Iowa Traction Railroad Company, is a class III shortline railroad operating in the United States as a common carrier. It was originally founded in 1896 as the Mason City and Clear Lake Railway, a passenger carrier. Since 1937, Business has been exclusively freight. The company's main line connects Mason City and Clear Lake, Iowa. The IATR is notable for being one of two remaining non-passenger railroads in the United States to use electric locomotives, the other being the Deseret Power Railway in Utah and Colorado.

Mason City, Iowa
Mason City is a city in and the county seat of Cerro Gordo County, Iowa, United States. The population was 27,338 in the 2020 census. Mason City is known for its musical and masonry heritage, as well as being home to a significant collection of Prairie School style architecture. The city forms a regional commercial, industrial, and cultural hub for north-central Iowa with nearby Clear Lake.

The Mason City Micropolitan Statistical Area that includes all of Cerro Gordo and Worth counties is located at the transportation junction between Interstate 35 and the Avenue of the Saints. Local public education is provided by North Iowa Area Community College and Mason City Community School District. The Winnebago River traverses the community to the southeast.
The Retreat at Twin Lakes
28°47′33″N 81°19′50.5″W﻿ / ﻿28.79250°N 81.330694°W﻿ / 28.79250; -81.330694

The Retreat at Twin Lakes is a gated community in the US city of Sanford, Florida. The community initially consisted of 1,400-square-foot (130 m2) townhouses which sold on average for $250,000, but had values below $100,000 by February 2012 due in large part to the 2008 financial crisis. Twin Lakes received national attention as the site of the killing of Trayvon Martin by George Zimmerman.

George Zimmerman
George Michael Zimmerman (born October 5, 1983) is an American man who fatally shot Trayvon Martin, a 17-year-old African-American, in Sanford, Florida, on February 26, 2012. On July 13, 2013, he was acquitted of second-degree murder in Florida v. George Zimmerman. After his acquittal, Zimmerman was the target of a shooting stemming from a road rage incident, the perpetrator of which was convicted of attempted murder.

After the shooting, Zimmerman continued to generate controversy, such as painting the Confederate flag, mockingly posting images of Martin's body, selling the gun he used to kill Martin, and a number of other statements described as racist and Islamophobic.
Sunnyslope, Washington
Sunnyslope is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Chelan County, Washington, United States. It is part of the Wenatchee–East Wenatchee Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 4,041 at the 2020 census, up from 3,252 at the 2010 census.

By per capita income, Sunnyslope ranks 53rd of 522 areas in the state of Washington to be ranked. It is also the highest rank achieved in Chelan County.

Chelan County, Washington
Chelan County (/ʃəˈlæn/, shə-LAN) is a county in the U.S. state of Washington. As of the 2020 census, its population was 79,074. The county seat and largest city is Wenatchee. The county was created out of Okanogan and Kittitas Counties on March 13, 1899. It derives its name from a Chelan Indian word meaning "deep water," likely a reference to 55-mile (89 km)-long Lake Chelan, which reaches a maximum depth of 1,486 feet (453 m).

Chelan County is part of the Wenatchee, Washington, Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Ambiguous grammar
In computer science, an ambiguous grammar is a context-free grammar for which there exists a string that can have more than one leftmost derivation or parse tree. Every non-empty context-free language admits an ambiguous grammar by introducing e.g. a duplicate rule. A language that only admits ambiguous grammars is called an inherently ambiguous language. Deterministic context-free grammars are always unambiguous, and are an important subclass of unambiguous grammars; there are non-deterministic unambiguous grammars, however.

For computer programming languages, the reference grammar is often ambiguous, due to issues such as the dangling else problem. If present, these ambiguities are generally resolved by adding precedence rules or other context-sensitive parsing rules, so the overall phrase grammar is unambiguous. Some parsing algorithms (such as Earley or GLR parsers) can generate sets of parse trees (or "parse forests") from strings that are syntactically ambiguous.

Ogden's lemma
In the theory of formal languages, Ogden's lemma (named after William F. Ogden) is a generalization of the pumping lemma for context-free languages.

Despite Ogden's lemma being a strengthening of the pumping lemma, it is insufficient to fully characterize the class of context-free languages. This is in contrast to the Myhill–Nerode theorem, which unlike the pumping lemma for regular languages is a necessary and sufficient condition for regularity.
2015–16 Greek A2 Basket League
The 2015–16 Greek A2 Basket League was the 30th season of the Greek A2 Basket League, the second-tier level professional club basketball league in Greece. This season was the first season with the participation of 16 teams. It was also the first season where playoff and play out games were held. The winner was Kymis, which got promoted directly to GBL (A1). The second place team was Faros Keratsiniou, but the club didn't accept to play in the top-tier GBL, and it was replaced by the third placed team, Promitheas Patras. In contrast, Evropi Pefkochoriou and Filippos Veroias were relegated to Greek B League (Beta Ethniki) directly, and Peristeri and Panerythraikos were relegated after play out games.

Greek Elite League
The Greek Elite League (Greek: Ελληνική Ελίτ Λιγκ), is a professional basketball league in Greece. It is the 2nd-tier level of pro competition, among clubs in the country. It is organized by the Hellenic Basketball Federation.
Condensin
Condensins are large protein complexes that play a central role in chromosome condensation and segregation during mitosis and meiosis (Figure 1). Their subunits were originally identified as major components of mitotic chromosomes assembled in Xenopus egg extracts.

DNA supercoil
DNA supercoiling refers to the amount of twist in a particular DNA strand, which determines the amount of strain on it. A given strand may be "positively supercoiled" or "negatively supercoiled" (more or less tightly wound). The amount of a strand's supercoiling affects a number of biological processes, such as compacting DNA and regulating access to the genetic code (which strongly affects DNA metabolism and possibly gene expression). Certain enzymes, such as topoisomerases, change the amount of DNA supercoiling to facilitate functions such as DNA replication and transcription.  The amount of supercoiling in a given strand is described by a mathematical formula that compares it to a reference state known as "relaxed B-form" DNA.
Viejas Arena
Viejas Arena is an indoor arena in San Diego, California, located on the campus of San Diego State University (SDSU). Opened in 1997 on the site of the historic Aztec Bowl, it is the home of the San Diego State Aztecs men's and women's basketball teams. The Aztecs compete in NCAA Division I as a member of the Mountain West Conference (MW). The arena is also the home of the San Diego Mojo of Major League Volleyball (MLV).

San Diego State Aztecs women's basketball
For information on all San Diego State University sports, see San Diego State Aztecs

The San Diego State Aztecs women's basketball team is the women's college basketball program that represents San Diego State University (SDSU). The Aztecs compete in NCAA Division I as a member of the Mountain West Conference (MW). The team plays its home games at Viejas Arena.
Hastings, Michigan
Hastings (/ˈheɪstɪŋs/ HAY-stings) is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is the county seat of Barry County, as well as the county's only city. The population was 7,514 at the 2020 census. The city borders Hastings Charter Township on the north, east, and south, and Rutland Charter Township on the west.

Hastings Charter Township, Michigan
Hastings Charter Township is a charter township of Barry County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 3,013 at the 2020 census. The township borders the city of Hastings on the north, east, and south.