hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Scepsis
Scepsis or Skepsis (Ancient Greek: Σκῆψις or Σκέψις) was an ancient settlement in the Troad, Asia Minor that is at the present site of the village of Kurşunlutepe, near the town of Bayramiç in Turkey. The settlement is notable for being the location where the famous library of Aristotle was kept before being moved to Pergamum and Alexandria. It was also home to Metrodorus of Scepsis and Demetrius of Scepsis.

Neleus of Scepsis
Neleus of Scepsis (/ˈniːliəs, -ljuːs/; Greek: Νηλεύς), was the son of Coriscus of Scepsis. He was a disciple of Aristotle and Theophrastus, the latter of whom bequeathed to him his library, and appointed him one of his executors. Neleus supposedly took the writings of Aristotle and Theophrastus from Athens to Scepsis, where his heirs let them languish in a cellar until the 1st century BC, when Apellicon of Teos discovered and purchased the manuscripts, bringing them back to Athens.
Glossary of computer hardware terms
This glossary of computer hardware terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts related to computer hardware, i.e. the physical and structural components of computers, architectural issues, and peripheral devices.

Cache control instruction
In computing, a cache control instruction is a hint embedded in the instruction stream of a processor intended to improve the performance of hardware caches, using foreknowledge of the memory access pattern supplied by the programmer or compiler. They may reduce cache pollution, reduce bandwidth requirement, and bypass latencies, by providing better control over the working set. Most cache control instructions do not affect the semantics of a program, although some can.
Ankylosauridae
Ankylosauridae (/ˌæŋkɪloʊˈsɔːrɪdiː/) is a family of armored dinosaurs within Ankylosauria, and is the sister group to Nodosauridae. The oldest known ankylosaurids date to around 122 million years ago, and the clade went extinct 66 million years ago during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. These animals were mainly herbivorous and were obligate quadrupeds, with leaf-shaped teeth and robust, scute-covered bodies. Ankylosaurids possess a distinctly domed and short snout, wedge-shaped osteoderms on their skull, scutes along their torso, and a tail club.

Ankylosauridae is exclusively known from the Northern Hemisphere, with specimens found in North America, Europe, and Asia. The first discoveries within this family were of the genus Ankylosaurus, by Peter Kaiser and Barnum Brown in Montana in 1906. Brown went on to name Ankylosauridae and the subfamily Ankylosaurinae in 1908.

Nodosauridae
Nodosauridae is a family of ankylosaurian dinosaurs known from the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous periods in what is now Asia, Europe, North America, and possibly South America. While traditionally regarded as a monophyletic clade as the sister taxon to the Ankylosauridae, some analyses recover it as a paraphyletic grade leading to the ankylosaurids.
2016 ASB Classic
36°51′13″S 174°46′25″E﻿ / ﻿36.853742°S 174.773507°E﻿ / -36.853742; 174.773507

The 2016 Auckland Open, also known by its sponsored name ASB Classic, was a joint 2016 ATP World Tour and 2016 WTA Tour tennis tournament. Played on outdoor hard courts, it was the 31st edition of the women's event, and the 40th edition of the men's event. It took place at the ASB Tennis Centre in Auckland, New Zealand, from 4 to 9 January 2016 for the women, and from 11 to 16 January 2016 for the men.

2016 WTA Tour
The 2016 WTA Tour was the elite professional tennis circuit organised by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for the 2016 tennis season. The 2016 WTA Tour calendar comprises the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF), the WTA Premier tournaments (Premier Mandatory, Premier 5, and regular Premier), the WTA International tournaments, the Fed Cup (organized by the ITF), the year-end championships (the WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Elite Trophy). Also included in the 2016 calendar is the Summer Olympic Games and Hopman Cup, which were organized by the ITF and did not distribute ranking points.
Nishi-Tachiarai Station
Nishi-Tachiarai Station (西太刀洗駅, Nishi-Tachiarai-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the town of Tachiarai, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the Amagi Railway, a third sector public-private partnership corporation. Although the station's address is in Tachiarai, most of the platform extends across the border into the neighboring city of Ogōri, Fukuoka.

Tachiarai, Fukuoka
Tachiarai (大刀洗町, Tachiarai-machi) is a town located in Mii District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 January 2024, the town had an estimated population of 16,065 in 6283 households, and a  population density of 700 persons per km2.  The total area of the town is 22.84 km2 (8.82 sq mi).
Imidazole
Imidazole (ImH) is an organic compound with the formula (CH)2NHCHN. It is a white or colourless solid that is soluble in water, producing a mildly alkaline solution. It can be classified as a heterocycle, specifically as a diazole.

Many natural products, especially alkaloids, contain the imidazole ring. These imidazoles share the 1,3-C3N2 ring but feature varied substituents. This ring system is present in important biological building blocks, such as histidine and the related hormone histamine. Many drugs contain an imidazole ring, such as certain antifungal drugs, the nitroimidazole series of antibiotics, and the sedative midazolam.

When fused to a pyrimidine ring, it forms a purine, which is the most widely occurring nitrogen-containing heterocycle in nature.

The name "imidazole" was coined in 1887 by the German chemist Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch (1857–1935).

Debus–Radziszewski imidazole synthesis
The Debus–Radziszewski imidazole synthesis is a multi-component reaction used for the synthesis of imidazoles from a 1,2-dicarbonyl, an aldehyde, and ammonia or a primary amine. The method is used commercially to produce several imidazoles.  The process is an example of a multicomponent reaction.

The reaction can be viewed as occurring in two stages.  In the first stage, the dicarbonyl and two ammonia molecules condense with the two carbonyl groups to give a diimine:

In the second stage, this diimine condenses with the aldehyde:

However, the actual reaction mechanism is not certain.

This reaction is named after Heinrich Debus and Bronisław Leonard Radziszewski.

A modification of this general method, where one equivalent of ammonia is replaced by an amine, affords N-substituted imidazoles in good yields.

This reaction has been applied to the synthesis of a range of 1,3-dialkylimidazolium ionic liquids by using various readily available alkylamines.
Perpetual check
In the game of chess, perpetual check is a situation in which one player plays an unending series of checks from which the other player cannot escape. This typically arises when the player who is checking feels their position in the game is inferior, they cannot deliver checkmate, and wish to force a draw.

A draw by perpetual check is no longer one of the rules of chess, but will eventually allow a draw claim by either threefold repetition or the fifty-move rule. Players usually agree to a draw long before that.

Perpetual check can also occur in other forms of chess, although the rules relating to it might differ. For example, giving perpetual check is not allowed in shogi and xiangqi, where doing so leads to an automatic loss for the giver.

Rook (chess)
The rook (/rʊk/; ♖, ♜) is a piece in the game of chess. It may move any number of squares horizontally or vertically without jumping, and it may capture an enemy piece on its path; it may participate in castling. Each player starts the game with two rooks, one in each corner on their side of the board.

Formerly, the rook (from Persian: رخ, romanized: rokh/rukh, lit. 'chariot') was alternatively called the tower, marquess, rector, and comes (count or earl). The term "castle" is considered to be informal or old-fashioned.
Paramacrauchenia
Paramacrauchenia is an extinct genus of proterotheriid litopterns from the Early Miocene of what is now Argentina and Chile. Its fossils have been found in the Sarmiento and Santa Cruz Formations of Argentina and Chile.

Proterotheriidae
Proterotheriidae is an extinct family of litoptern ungulates known from the Eocene-Late Pleistocene of South America. Members of the group were small to medium-sized cursorial herbivores with brachydont teeth, with their toes showing progressive reduction, with later members of the group bearing weight on a single large toe similar to living horses.
Cusino
Cusino (Comasco: Cusin [kyˈzĩː]) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) north of Milan and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Como. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 247 and an area of 9.7 km².

Cusino borders the following municipalities: Carlazzo, Garzeno, Grandola ed Uniti, San Bartolomeo Val Cavargna.

Garzeno
Garzeno (Comasco: Garzee [ɡarˈdzeː]) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) north of Milan and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northeast of Como.

Garzeno borders the following municipalities:   Cremia, Cusino, Dongo,  Grandola ed Uniti, Orta Nova, Pianello del Lario, Plesio, San Bartolomeo Val Cavargna, San Nazzaro Val Cavargna,
Louis-Marie-Edmond Blanquart de Bailleul
Louis-Marie-Edmond Blanquart de Bailleul (1795, Calais - 1868) was a French Roman Catholic bishop.  He worked as a lawyer for a time, before becoming the third bishop of Versailles (1832-1844) and then archbishop of Rouen (1844-1858).  As bishop of Versailles, on 18 October 1837 he presided over the Catholic marriage service of Princess Marie of Orléans and Duke Alexander of Württemberg at Versailles, and in 1843 he consecrated Versailles's main town church as the cathedral of the 33-year-old diocese.

Diocese of Versailles
The Diocese of Versailles (Latin: Dioecesis Versaliensis; French: Diocèse de Versailles) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church, in France. The diocese, headed by the Bishop of Versailles, was established in 1801.  Until then, its territory had mostly been part of the Archdiocese of Paris and the Diocese of Chartres.  It was centred on Versailles.
GOST (hash function)
The GOST hash function, defined in the standards GOST R 34.11-94 and GOST 34.311-95 is a 256-bit cryptographic hash function. It was initially defined in the Russian national standard GOST R 34.11-94 Information Technology – Cryptographic Information Security – Hash Function. The equivalent standard used by other member-states of the CIS is GOST 34.311-95.

This function must not be confused with a different Streebog hash function, which is defined in the new revision of the standard GOST R 34.11-2012.

The GOST hash function is based on the GOST block cipher.

Streebog
Streebog (Russian: Стрибог) is a cryptographic hash function defined in the Russian national standard GOST R 34.11-2012 Information Technology – Cryptographic Information Security – Hash Function. It was created to replace an obsolete GOST hash function defined in the old standard GOST R 34.11-94, and as an asymmetric reply to SHA-3 competition by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology. The function is also described in RFC 6986 and one out of hash functions in ISO/IEC 10118-3:2018.
Respighi (crater)
Respighi is a small lunar impact crater that is located to the southeast of the crater Dubyago, near the eastern limb of the Moon. To the east is the comparably sized Liouville.

This is a crudely circular crater with inner walls that slope down to the relatively darker (lower albedo) interior central floor. The rim has not suffered significant erosion from subsequent impacts, but there is a shallower section to the south. Attached to the southern rim of this crater is Schubert N, a formation that has the appearance of two or more merged craters with a dark, lava-flooded floor that is elongated to the southeast.

Apollo 11 was the spacecraft that took the image of Respighi.

The crater is named for Lorenzo Respighi, 1824–89, Italian mathematician and astronomer.

Dubyago (crater)
Dubyago is a lunar impact crater that lies in the eastern limb of the Moon. It was named after Russian astronomers Dmitry Dubyago and Alexander Dubyago. It appears significantly foreshortened when viewed from the Earth. It lies along the southern shore of the Mare Undarum, to the southeast of the crater Firmicus.

This crater has a somewhat worn outer rim which dips down to a low point along the northern rim, and has its maximum altitude along the eastern side. The most notable aspect of this crater, however, is the dark hue of the interior floor which matches the albedo of the lunar mare to the northwest. This darker shading makes the crater stand out somewhat from its surroundings.

Dubyago has an unusual number of satellite craters, several of which have since been given names by the IAU. The most notable of these is Dubyago B, which is nearly attached to the southeastern rim of the main crater.

The name of this crater has also been spelled Dubiago in some publications.
Waikawau River (Waitomo District)
The Waikawau River is a river of the Waitomo District in the southern Waikato region. It flows generally west from the Herangi Range to reach the North Taranaki Bight 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Mokau.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "water of the shag" for Waikawau.

Herangi Range
Herangi Range is a range of hills south of Marokopa and north of Awakino, in the Waikato region of New Zealand, reaching to the Tasman Sea at Tapirimoko, Tirua, Taungaururoa, Te Mauku and Ngarupupu Points. Just to the south of Ngarupupu, the Waikawau River enters the sea. Other rivers draining the range are Mangaotaki River, Awakino River and Manganui River. Herangi is part of the Whareorino conservation area.

Herangi is in the Maniapoto rohe. Pā and other archaeological sites are found close together along the coast, but very few in the range itself. The Kiritehere valley was settled in the 1900s, but much of the rest of the range is in Whareorino Conservation Area, of particular importance for its native frogs.

A Reims Cessna F152 II crashed into a tree on a ridge between Whareorino (649 m (2,129 ft)) and Mangatoa Saddle on 21 July 2009. The pilot, who died, was inexperienced and had not complied with requirements to calculate a route allowing for the poor weather.
WWHX
WWHX (100.7 FM) is a commercial radio station in Normal, Illinois, serving the Bloomington-Normal radio market. It is owned by Woodward Community Media through licensee Woodward Community Media Bloomington, LLC. It airs a hot adult contemporary format. The studios are at 1 Brickyard Drive in Bloomington.

WWHX is a Class A FM station, with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 4,200 watts. The transmitter is off East Hamilton Road near Morrissey Drive (U.S. Route 150) in Normal.

Normal, Illinois
Normal is a town in McLean County, Illinois, United States. The population was 52,736 at the 2020 census. Normal is the smaller of two principal cities of the Bloomington–Normal metropolitan area, and is Illinois's seventh most populous community outside the Chicago metropolitan area. It is home to Illinois State University and Heartland Community College.

Founded in 1865, it was renamed Normal in 1867, because the university when it began was focused on educating teachers (a normal institute), Illinois State Normal University. Chris Koos has been the mayor of Normal since 2003.
Sōunzan Station
Sōunzan Station (Japanese: 早雲山駅, Hepburn: Sōunzan-eki) is a terminal funicular railway station on the Hakone Tozan Cable Car Line in the town of Hakone, Ashigarashimo District, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. It is 1.2 kilometers (0.75 mi) by rail from the Hakone Tozan Cable Car Line's opposing terminus at Gōra Station. It is also the lower terminus for the Hakone Ropeway, from Tōgendai Station, and is located at an altitude of 767 meters (2,516 ft).

Tōgendai Station
Tōgendai Station (Japanese: 桃源台駅, Hepburn: Tōgendai-eki) is a terminal on the Hakone Ropeway in the town of Hakone, Kanagawa, Japan. It is 4.0 kilometers (2.5 mi) from the Hakone Ropeway's opposing terminus at Sōunzan Station. It is located at an altitude of 741 meters (2,431 ft) in the Togendai area of Hakone.
USS Jamestown (AGTR-3)
USS Jamestown (AGTR-3/AG-166) was an Oxford-class technical research ship (a Cold War spy ship) acquired by the U.S. Navy for the task of "conducting research in the reception of electromagnetic propagations" (SIGINT).

Oxford-class research ship
The Oxford class of technical research ships were a class of three World War II Liberty ships converted in the early 1960s to provide a seaborne platform for global eavesdropping on behalf of the National Security Agency. The ships of this class were similar to the Belmont-class ships of the same era with the difference being that they were adapted from Victory ships.
Martin Barre
Martin Lancelot Barre (/bɑːr/; born 17 November 1946) is an English guitarist.  He was lead guitarist of British rock band Jethro Tull, with whom he recorded and toured from 1968 until the band's initial dissolution in 2011. Barre played on all of Jethro Tull's studio albums from their 1969 album Stand Up (replacing Mick Abrahams, who played on their first album) to their 2003 album The Jethro Tull Christmas Album. In the early 1990s he began a solo career, and he has recorded several albums as well as touring with his own live band.

He has also played the flute and other instruments such as the mandolin, both on stage for Jethro Tull and in his own solo work.

Clive Bunker
Clive William Bunker (born 12 December 1946) is an English rock drummer. He is best known as the original drummer of Jethro Tull, playing in the band from 1967 until 1971. Never a self-professed technical drummer, Bunker engaged with the essence of blues and rock 'n' roll, influenced by Ginger Baker and Mitch Mitchell. He was also inspired by Buddy Rich and the Hollies' Bobby Elliott.
Anion gap
The anion gap (AG or AGAP) is a value calculated from the results of multiple individual medical lab tests. It may be reported with the results of an electrolyte panel, which is often performed as part of a comprehensive metabolic panel.

The anion gap is the quantity difference between cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions) in serum, plasma, or urine. The magnitude of this difference (i.e., "gap") in the serum is calculated to identify metabolic acidosis. If the gap is greater than normal, then high anion gap metabolic acidosis is diagnosed.

The term "anion gap" usually implies "serum anion gap", but the urine anion gap is also a clinically useful measure.

Ketoacidosis
Ketoacidosis is a metabolic state caused by uncontrolled production of ketone bodies that cause a metabolic acidosis. While ketosis refers to any elevation of blood ketones, ketoacidosis is a specific pathologic condition that results in changes in blood pH and requires medical attention. The most common cause of ketoacidosis is diabetic ketoacidosis but it can also be caused by alcohol, medications, toxins, and rarely, starvation.
Lukttinden
Lukttinden is a 1,343-metre (4,406 ft) tall mountain in Vefsn Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The mountain lies between the towns of Mo i Rana and Mosjøen, directly east of the lake Ømmervatnet and directly south of the lake Luktvatnet. It lies to the west of the Okstindan mountains. Lukttinden is well known for having easy hiking conditions.

Vefsn Municipality
Vefsn (Southern Sami: Vaapste) is a municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is part of the Helgeland traditional region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Mosjøen (population: 9,843). Some of the notable villages in Vefsn include Drevvassbygda, Elsfjord, and Husvik.

The 1,929-square-kilometre (745 sq mi) municipality is the 41st largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Vefsn Municipality is the 91st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 13,469. The municipality's population density is 7 inhabitants per square kilometre (18/sq mi) and its population has increased by 1.4% over the previous 10-year period.
Diocese of Nanterre
The Diocese of Nanterre (Latin: Dioecesis Nemptodurensis; French: Diocèse de Nanterre) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in France. Erected in 1966, the diocese was split off from the Diocese of Versailles and the Archdiocese of Paris. Currently the diocese remains a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Paris.

Archdiocese of Paris
The Archdiocese of Paris (Latin: Archidioecesis Parisiensis; French: Archidiocèse de Paris) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in France. It is one of twenty-three archdioceses in France. The original diocese is traditionally thought to have been created in the 3rd century by St. Denis and corresponded with the Civitas Parisiorum; it was elevated to an archdiocese on October 20, 1622. Before that date the bishops were suffragan to the archbishops of Sens.
Taiwan Garrison Command
The Taiwan Garrison Command (Chinese: 臺灣警備總司令部; pinyin: Táiwān Jǐngbèi Zǒngsīlìngbù) was a secret police and national security body under the Republic of China Armed Forces on Taiwan. The agency was established at the end of World War II, and operated throughout the Cold War. It was disbanded on 1 August 1992.

Taiwan Garrison Command was responsible for suppressing activities viewed as promoting communism, democracy, and Taiwan independence.

Secret police
Secret police (or political police) are government agencies that operate as secret services engaging in covert operations against a government's political, ideological or social opponents and dissidents. Secret police organizations are characteristic of police states governed by authoritarian and totalitarian regimes. They protect the political power of a dictator or regime and often operate outside the law to repress dissidents and weaken political opposition, frequently using violence. They may enjoy legal sanction to hold and charge suspects without ever identifying their organization.
Ralph de la Torre
Ralph de la Torre is a Cuban American former health care executive and cardiac surgeon. The CEO of Steward Health Care from 2010 to 2024, and previously CEO of its predecessor Caritas Christi Health Care starting in 2008, de la Torre also founded and served as the first head of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center's CardioVascular Institute from 2007 to 2008.

De la Torre is currently the subject of a congressional investigation into the financial mismanagement of Steward, which declared bankruptcy in May 2024.

United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions
The United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions (HELP) generally considers these major social policy issues. Its jurisdiction also extends beyond these issues to include several more specific areas, as defined by Senate rules.
Inter-Provincial Cup
The Inter-Provincial Cup is a limited-overs cricket tournament in Ireland between the four leading cricketing provinces of Ireland.

The tournament was held for the first time in 2013 across venues in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Up to and including the 2016 tournament, the matches were not given List A status. However, at an International Cricket Council (ICC) meeting in October 2016, List A status was awarded to all future matches.

Inter-Provincial Trophy
The Inter-Provincial Trophy is a Twenty20 cricket tournament between the four leading cricketing provinces of Ireland.

The tournament was first held by three provinces in 2013, across venues in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.

Northern Knights are the current reigning champions, while Leinster Lightning are the most successful team in the competition's history, winning seven titles.