hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
851 Naval Air Squadron
851 Naval Air Squadron (851 NAS), also referred to as 851 Squadron, was a Fleet Air Arm (FAA) naval air squadron of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy (RN). It operated both Grumman Avenger torpedo bomber and Grumman Wildcat fighter aircraft between 1943 and 1945.

It was established at Squantum, Massachusetts, in October 1943, as a Torpedo Bomber Reconnaissance with Grumman Avenger Mk.I. In January 1944, the squadron traveled across the USA to California, before embarking in HMS Shah. The carrier was assigned to the 1st Aircraft Carrier Squadron and was one of the few escort carriers that went into active service before journeying to the UK and the squadron saw active service in the Far East. During its time it added a flight of four Grumman Wildcat Mk V, but the squadron was disbanded in October 1945.

The squadron was reformed for the Royal Australian Navy's Fleet Air Arm as 851 Squadron RAN on 3 August 1954.

Naval Air Station Squantum
Naval Air Station Squantum was an active naval aviation facility during 1917 and from 1923 until 1953. The original civilian airfield that preceded it, the Harvard Aviation Field, dates back to 1910. The base was sited on Squantum Point in the city of Quincy, Massachusetts. It also abutted Dorchester Bay, Quincy Bay, and the Neponset River.
Asia-Pacific Nazarene Theological Seminary
Asia-Pacific Nazarene Theological Seminary (APNTS) is a graduate-level theological institution located near Metro Manila in the Philippines. APNTS is a seminary in the Wesleyan theological tradition and affiliated with the Church of the Nazarene through its Division of World Mission. Its mission is to prepare "men and women for Christ-like leadership and excellence in ministries." Its institutional vision is: "Bridging cultures for Christ, APNTS equips each new generation of leaders to disseminate the gospel of Jesus Christ throughout Asia, the Pacific, and the world.

Floyd Cunningham
Floyd Timothy Cunningham (born September 22, 1954) is an American historian and ordained minister, who has been a global missionary in the Philippines for the Church of the Nazarene since 1983, who served as the fifth president of Asia-Pacific Nazarene Theological Seminary from July 1, 2008, until April 3, 2013. Cunningham serves currently as Distinguished Professor of the History of Christianity at APNTS, and is the author of Holiness Abroad: Nazarene Missions in Asia, the editor and co-author of Our Watchword & Song: The Centennial History of the Church of the Nazarene, and the author of dozens of articles in academic journals and magazines. Cunningham is a Life member of the Philippine National Historical Society, a member of the American Society of Church History, the Wesleyan Theological Society, and the American Historical Association since 1980.
Nicholas Troy Sheley
Nicholas Troy Sheley (born July 31, 1979) is an American spree killer. He is serving life in prison for six murders in Illinois and two other murders in Missouri. He was arrested on July 1, 2008, in Granite City, Illinois. A $25,000 reward was offered for information leading to his arrest. Federal authorities charged him with unlawful flight to avoid prosecution.

Rock Falls, Illinois
Rock Falls is a city in Whiteside County, Illinois, United States. The recorded population was 8,606 at the 2020 census, down 7.12% from 9,266 in 2010. The city is located on the Rock River, directly opposite its twin city of Sterling.
Open access in Austria
Open access to scholarly communication in Austria has developed in the 2010s largely through government initiatives. The Austrian Science Fund and Universities Austria launched the "Open Access Netzwerk Austria" in 2012 to coordinate country-wide efforts. The "E-Infrastructures Austria" project began in 2014 to develop repositories. The international advocacy effort "OpenscienceASAP – Open Science as a Practice" is based in Austria.

Österreichische Universitätenkonferenz
Universities Austria (German: Österreichische Universitätenkonferenz, uniko) is an advocacy organisation that supports research universities in Austria and promotes science, art, and research. It was founded in 1911. In 2008, it changed its name from Österreichische Rektorenkonferenz (Austrian Rectors' Conference) to Österreichische Universitätenkonferenz.

Members are all federal universities in accordance with the Austrian Universities Act 2002, which are represented in the plenary assembly by their rectors. The president since October 2024 is Brigitte Hütter, rector of the University of Art and Design Linz, following Oliver Vitouch in this capacity. The secretary general is Elisabeth Fiorioli.
Nugatti
Nugatti is a Norwegian brand of chocolate spread made from hazelnuts and nougat. It comes in ordinary or economy-sized plastic tubs, or the latest addition, a small red tube, similar to toothpaste tubes, and is produced by Stabburet.

It was introduced for sale in Finland in the autumn of 2020.

Chocolate spread
Chocolate spread is a sweet chocolate-flavored paste which is eaten mostly spread on breads and toasts or similar grain items such as waffles, pancakes, muffins, and pitas.

Although it tastes, smells, and looks like chocolate, it does not solidify, even at room temperature. The paste usually contains cocoa and vegetable oil, and is also likely to contain milk, sugar and additional flavors. Some varieties include nuts (e.g., ground hazelnuts) or honey. Chocolate spread is normally sold in glass jars or plastic tubs.

Chocolate spread is popular in countries such as the Netherlands and in Israel among Arab populations.
Tannheim Mountains
The Tannheim Mountains (German: Tannheimer Berge) are a sub-group of the Allgäu Alps in the Bavarian-Tyrolean border region. Their name is derived from the village of Tannheim in the Tannheim Valley in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

The highest peaks in the Tannheim Mountains are the Kellenspitze (2,238 m) and Gimpel (2,176 m); both can easily be ascended from Nesselwängle in the Tannheim valley. Other summits include the Gehrenspitze (2,163 m), Rote Flüh (2,111 m), the Schartschrofen (1,968 m), the Schneidspitze (2,009 m) and the Kelleschrofen  (2,091 m), from which rises the Babylonian Tower (Babylonischer Turm). To the north of  Tannheim rises the Einstein, a striking, isolated summit.

Bases for tours in the Tannheim Mountains are the Gimpelhaus (private), the Tannheim Hut (DAV), the Otto Mayr Hut (DAV) and the Füssen Hut (private). The base for the local mountain rescue services is the operations room in the multi-purpose centre in Nesselwängle and the Gimpelalm.

Rote Flüh
For the "Rote Flüh" feature on the North Face of the Eiger, see Eiger.  
The Rote Flüh is a peak in the Tannheim Mountains, a sub-range of the Allgäu Alps. It is 2,108 metres high. The Rote Flüh is built from Wetterstein limestone. It gets its name (which means "red rock face") from the layers of embedded particles of red limestone rock that appear reddish as the sun goes down.
Galina Vishnevskaya
Galina Pavlovna Vishnevskaya (Russian: Галина Павловна Вишневская, née Ivanova, Иванова; 25 October 1926 – 11 December 2012) was a Russian soprano opera singer and recitalist who was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1966. She was the wife of cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, and mother to their two daughters, Olga and Elena Rostropovich.

Elena Rostropovich
Elena Rostropovich (Russian: Елена Ростропович; born June 22, 1958 in Moscow) is a pianist. She left Russia with her parents, cellist and conductor Mstislav Rostropovich and soprano Galina Vishnevskaya in 1974. She is also a philanthropist.
René Veenstra
René Veenstra (Groningen, October 16, 1969) is professor of Sociology at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. He was the scientific director of the Interuniversity Center for Social Science Theory and Methodology (ICS) from 2014 to 2023. The ICS is a joint graduate school of the sociology departments of the University of Groningen, Utrecht University, the Radboud University Nijmegen, and the University of Amsterdam.

University of Groningen
The University of Groningen (abbreviated as UG; Dutch: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, abbreviated as RUG) is a public research university of more than 30,000 students in the city of Groningen, Netherlands. Founded in 1614, the university is the second oldest in the country (after Leiden).

The University of Groningen has eleven faculties, nine graduate schools, 27 research centres and institutes, and more than 175-degree programmes. The university's alumni and faculty include Johann Bernoulli, Aletta Jacobs, four Nobel Prize winners, nine Spinoza Prize winners, one Stevin Prize winner, various members of the Dutch royal family, several politicians, the first president of the European Central Bank, and a secretary general of NATO.
Rafael García (footballer, born 1974)
José Rafael García Torres (born 14 August 1974) is a Mexican former professional footballer and current manager.

As a player, he was a participant in the 2002 FIFA World Cup in South Korea/Japan and the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany.

2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup
The 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup was the seventh edition of the Gold Cup, the soccer championship of North America, Central America and the Caribbean (CONCACAF).

For the first time since 1993, the tournament was held in more than one country, with games played in both United States and Mexico. The games were played in Mexico City, Miami, and for the first time in a northern U.S. city, Foxborough. The format of the tournament stayed the same as in 2002: twelve teams were split into four groups of three, the top two teams in each group would advance to the quarter-finals. Colombia and Brazil were invited, with the latter sending an Under-23 team.

The United States' Landon Donovan put four past Cuba in the quarterfinals in a 5–0 win, but the defending champions went out to Brazil in the semi-finals. The South Americans scored a goal in the 89th minute and added a penalty in extra time to win 2–1. Mexico won their first championship since 1998, beating Brazil 1–0 in extra time.
Saint Peter's School (Saint Petersburg)
59°56′14.60″N 30°19′27.12″E﻿ / ﻿59.9373889°N 30.3242000°E﻿ / 59.9373889; 30.3242000

Saint Peter's School (Russian: Петришуле, German: Sankt-Petri-Schule), often referred to as Petrischule (the German transliteration of its Russian name) is a secondary school in St. Petersburg. It is one of the oldest educational institutions in Russia, having been founded in 1709.

Nicholas Bock
Father Nicholas Bock (Russian: Николай Иванович Бок), SJ (13 November 1880, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire – 27 February 1962, New York City, United States) was a diplomat from the Russian Empire who later became a Catholic priest.
John Champe (soldier)
Sergeant Major John Champe (ca. 1752 – 30 September 1798) was an American Revolutionary War senior enlisted soldier in the Continental Army who became a double agent in a failed attempt to capture the American traitor General Benedict Arnold (1741–1801).

Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War
During the American Revolutionary War, the Continental Army and British Army conducted espionage operations against one another to collect military intelligence to inform military operations. In addition, both sides conducted political action, covert action, counterintelligence, deception, and propaganda operations as part of their overall strategies.

American intelligence was monitored and sanctioned by the Continental Congress to provide military intelligence to the Continental Army to aid them in fighting the British during the American Revolutionary War. Congress created a Secret Committee for domestic intelligence, a Committee of Secret Correspondence for foreign intelligence, and a committee on spies, for tracking spies within the Patriot movement.

British espionage efforts were overseen by the British Army and focused primarily on gathering military intelligence to support military operations.
Jackson Martínez
Jackson Arley Martínez Valencia (locally [ˈɟʝaksom maɾˈtines]; born 3 October 1986) is a Colombian former professional footballer who played as a striker.

He started his career with Independiente Medellin in 2004 and becoming the league's top scorer in 2009, before being signed by Chiapas in January 2010. He spent three years with the Mexican side before moving to Portugal to play for Porto, where he was the Primeira Liga's top scorer in all three of his seasons with the club. In July 2015, Martínez joined Atlético Madrid for €35 million, and six months later Guangzhou Evergrande of China for €42 million. He  suffered an ankle injury in late 2016 that ruled him out for two years, before ending his career back in Portugal with Portimonense in 2020.

Martínez represented Colombia 40 times between 2009 and 2015, scoring nine goals for the country. He played for them at the Copa América in 2011 and 2015, as well as the 2014 FIFA World Cup, where he scored two goals against Japan.

2012–13 Primeira Liga
The 2012–13 Primeira Liga (also known as Liga ZON Sagres for sponsorship reasons) was the 79th season of the Primeira Liga, the top professional league for Portuguese association football clubs. It began on 19 August 2012 and concluded on 19 May 2013. Sixteen teams contested the league, fourteen of which took part in the previous season and two of which were promoted from the Liga de Honra. Porto were the defending champions and secured their third consecutive and 27th overall title, after completing their second unbeaten season in three years. Porto striker Jackson Martínez was the top scorer with 26 goals.
Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti (region)
The Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti (BET) was until 2008 one of the then 18 regions of Chad, its capital being Faya-Largeau. It comprised the former Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Prefecture. Most of the region was part of the Sahara desert.

In 2008, this region was split into three new regions: Borkou Region, Ennedi Region, and the Tibesti Region.

Borkou (region of Chad)
17°55′00″N 19°07′00″E﻿ / ﻿17.9167°N 19.1167°E﻿ / 17.9167; 19.1167

The Borkou region (Arabic: بوركو) is a province of Chad which was created in 2008 from the Borkou department of the former Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti region. Its capital is Faya-Largeau.
Downing College, Cambridge
Downing College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge and currently has around 950 students. Founded in 1800, it was the only college to be added to the university between 1596 and 1869, and is often described as the oldest of the new colleges and the newest of the old. Downing College was formed "for the encouragement of the study of Law and Medicine and of the cognate subjects of Moral and Natural Science", and has developed a reputation amongst Cambridge colleges for Law and Medicine.

In 2012, Downing was named one of the two most eco-friendly Cambridge colleges.

David Lloyd Jones, Lord Lloyd-Jones
David Lloyd Jones, Lord Lloyd-Jones, PC, FLSW (born 13 January 1952) is a British judge and legal scholar. He has served as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom since 2017, and has also served as a member of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales and as a chairman of the Law Commission prior to joining the Supreme Court.
Pobiedziska
Pobiedziska ([pɔbʲɛˈd͡ʑiska]) (German: Pudewitz) is a town in Poznań County, in west-central Poland, with 8,209 inhabitants as of the year 2004. It is also the seat of the administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Pobiedziska.

Poznań County
Poznań County (Polish: powiat poznański) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Poznań, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county's administrative offices (starostwo powiatowe) are in the Jeżyce neighbourhood of Poznań.
Mount Oliver, Pennsylvania
Mount Oliver is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,394 at the 2020 census. It is a largely residential area situated atop a crest about 3 miles (5 km) west of the Monongahela River. The borough is surrounded entirely by the city of Pittsburgh, having resisted annexation attempts by the city.

Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Allegheny County (/ˌælɪˈɡeɪni/ AL-ig-AY-nee) is a county in Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,250,578, making it the state's second-most populous county, after Philadelphia County. Its county seat and most populous city is Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania's second most populous city. The county is part of the Greater Pittsburgh region of the commonwealth, and is the center of the Pittsburgh media market.

Allegheny was the first county in Pennsylvania to be given a Native American name. It was named after the Lenape word for the Allegheny River. The meaning of "Allegheny" is uncertain. It is usually said to mean "fine river". Some historians state that the name may come from a Lenape account of an ancient mythical tribe called "Allegewi" who lived along the river before being taken over by the Lenape.
Bavarians
Bavarians are an  ethnographic group of Germans native to Bavaria, a state in Germany. The group's dialect or language is known as Bavarian, native to Altbayern ("Old Bavaria"), roughly the territory of the historic Electorate of Bavaria in the 17th century.

Like the neighboring Austrians, Bavarians are traditionally Catholic. In much of Altbayern, membership in the Catholic Church remains above 70%,
and the center-right Christian Social Union in Bavaria (successor of the Bavarian People's Party of 1919–1933) has traditionally been the strongest party in the Landtag, and also the party of all minister-presidents of Bavaria since 1946, with the single exception of Wilhelm Hoegner, 1954–1957.

Swabians
Swabians (German: Schwaben pronounced [ˈʃvaːbn̩] ⓘ, singular Schwabe) are a German ethnographic group native to the region of Swabia, which is mostly divided between the modern states of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria, in southwestern Germany.

The name is ultimately derived from the medieval Duchy of Swabia, one of the German stem duchies, representing the territory of Alemannia, whose Germanic inhabitants were interchangeably called Alemanni or Suebi. This territory would include all of the Alemannic German area, but the modern concept of Swabia is more restricted, due to the collapse of the duchy of Swabia in the 13th century. Swabia as understood in modern ethnography roughly coincides with the Swabian Circle of the  Holy Roman Empire as it stood during the Early Modern period.
Treaty of Union (1790)
The Treaty of Union (French: Traité d'Union; Dutch: Tractaet van Vereeninge) was a treaty that led to the creation of the United Belgian States, a confederal republic of territories of the Austrian Netherlands that were in revolt against Emperor Joseph II of Austria during the Brabant Revolution (1789–1790). It was signed by representatives of the provinces of Brabant, Flanders, West-Vlaanderen (1713), Tournai and Tournaisis, Hainaut, Namur, Limburg and the Lands of Overmaas, Austrian Upper Guelders, and Mechelen in the States General of the Southern Netherlands (which thereby reconstituted themselves as the Sovereign Congress) on 11 January 1790, and ratified by the various provinces on 20 January 1790, after which it came into effect. The Duchy of Luxemburg did not sign or ratify the treaty, and therefore never became a part of the United Belgian States.

United Belgian States
The United Belgian States (Dutch: Verenigde Nederlandse Staten or Verenigde Belgische Staten; French: États-Belgiques-Unis), also known as the United States of Belgium, was a short-lived confederal republic in the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) established under the Brabant Revolution. It existed from January to December 1790 as part of the unsuccessful revolt against the Habsburg Emperor, Joseph II.

United Belgian States' area coincided between 1789 and 1790 with the western and central part of present-day Belgium. Before that, it corresponded to the largest part of the Austrian Netherlands, that is to say, regions within the Holy Roman Empire ruled by the Austrian Habsburgs.
Chipewyan Lake
Chipewyan  Lake is an unincorporated community in northern Alberta within the Municipal District of Opportunity No. 17. It is located on the southern shore of Chipewyan Lake approximately 110 kilometres (68 mi) north of Wabasca and 128 kilometres (80 mi) west of Fort McMurray.  The community is not accessible by Alberta's provincial highway system. It is however accessible by using the Laricina Energy/Shell Canada S-4 access road.

Chipewyan Lake was placed under mandatory evacuation order on May 30, 2019, due to out-of-control wildfires in the area. It was placed under another mandatory evacuation order on May 14, 2023, due to an out-of-control wildfire north of the community.

Wabasca, Alberta
Wabasca (/ˈwɑːbəˌskɑː/ WAH-bə-skah), also known as Wabasca-Desmarais, is a hamlet in northern Alberta, Canada within the Municipal District (MD) of Opportunity No. 17. It is located between and along the South and North Wabasca Lakes, at the intersection of Highway 813 and Highway 754. It is approximately 123 km (76 mi) northeast of Slave Lake.

Wabasca, which is the location of the MD of Opportunity No. 17's municipal office, consists of two historical communities – Wabasca and Desmarais. The hamlet has a population of 1,585 which is largely Indigenous. Another 2,157 additional residents live on five Indian reserves in the immediate surrounding area. These First Nations reserves include Wabasca 166, 166A, 166B, 166C and 166D of the Bigstone Cree Nation, and the Woodland Cree people.

The name Wabasca originates from the Cree word wâpaskâw, meaning  "white grass," the name for the Wabasca River. Desmarais was named after Father Alphonse Desmarais, the first missionary in this area.
Astrothelium laurerosphaerioides
Astrothelium laurerosphaerioides is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling),  crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Guyana, it was formally described as a new species in 2016 by Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot. The type specimen was collected by Harrie Sipman on Kusad Mountain (Rupununi savannah, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo) at an altitude of 450 m (1,480 ft); there, it was found in a savanna growing on smooth tree bark. The lichen has a smooth and shiny, pale ochraceous-green thallus with a cortex, which covers areas of up to 15 cm (6 in) in diameter. An anthraquinone compound was the only lichen product detected in the collected specimens using thin-layer chromatography. The characteristics of the lichen distinguishing it from others in Astrothelium are its immersed-erumpent ascomata that have an exposed blackish area around their ostioles; the presence of two ascospores per ascus, and the dimensions of the spores (110–130 by 30–35 μm).

Astrothelium
Astrothelium is a large genus of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichens in the family Trypetheliaceae. The genus is characterized by a corticate thallus and diverse ascomata structures, which can be simple, aggregated, or forming pseudostromata. Astrothelium is also notable for the carbonized walls of its ascomata, the so-called textura intricata (i.e., tightly interwoven) arrangement of cells in these walls, and various forms of distoseptate, transparent spores.
Giuseppe Bossi
Giuseppe Bossi (11 August 1777 – 9 November 1815) was an Italian painter, arts administrator and writer on art. He ranks among the foremost figures of Neoclassical culture in Lombardy, along with Ugo Foscolo, Giuseppe Parini, Andrea Appiani or Manzoni.

Pinacoteca di Brera
The Pinacoteca di Brera ("Brera Art Gallery") is the main public gallery for paintings in Milan, Italy. It contains one of the foremost collections of Italian paintings from the 13th to the 20th century, an outgrowth of the cultural program of the Brera Academy, which shares the site in the Palazzo Brera.