hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mach bands
Mach bands is an optical illusion named after the physicist Ernst Mach. It exaggerates the contrast between edges of the slightly differing shades of gray, as soon as they contact one another, by triggering edge-detection in the human visual system. The Mach band illusion is sometimes called the Chevreul illusion.

Ernst Mach
Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel Mach (/mɑːx/ MAHK; Austrian German: [ˈɛrnst ˈmax] ⓘ; 18 February 1838 – 19 February 1916) was an Austrian-Czech physicist and philosopher who contributed to the understanding of the physics of shock waves. The ratio of the speed of a flow or object to that of sound is named the Mach number in his honor. As a philosopher of science, he was a major influence on logical positivism and American pragmatism. Through his criticism of Isaac Newton's theories of space and time, he foreshadowed Albert Einstein's theory of relativity.
2011 Tim Hortons Brier
The 2011 Tim Hortons Brier, the Canadian men's national curling championship, was held March 5 until March 13, 2011 at the John Labatt Centre in London, Ontario. This event marked the 30th time that the province of Ontario has hosted the Brier since it began in 1927 in Toronto, Ontario and the first time a Bronze Medal Game was added to the playoffs.

In the final, Manitoba's Jeff Stoughton defeated Ontario's Glenn Howard 8–6. Team Manitoba were nearly perfect in the game, curling a record 96%. The team led 4–2 after 5, and stole two points in the sixth to take a 6–2 lead, after Howard was light on a draw. Stoughton's win was the first win for Manitoba in 12 years, when he last won the event, and was the 27th title for the province. A total of 8,261 spectators were on hand to watch the final. Team Stoughton went on to represent Canada at the 2011 World Men's Curling Championship, where they won the gold medal.

The Brier
The Brier (French: Le Brier), known since 2024 as the Montana's Brier for sponsorship reasons, is the annual Canadian men's curling championship, sanctioned by Curling Canada. The Brier has been held since 1927, traditionally during the month of March.

The winner of the Brier goes on to represent Canada at the World Curling Championships of the same year. The Brier is the best supported curling competition in terms of paid attendance, attracting crowds far larger than even those for World Championships held in Canada.

Its current main sponsor is Montana's, a Canadian restaurant chain. "Brier" originally referred to a brand of tobacco sold by the event's first sponsor, the Macdonald Tobacco Company.
Saint Elijah the Prophet Serbian Orthodox Church (Coober Pedy, South Australia)
The Saint Elijah the Prophet Serbian Orthodox Church (Serbian: Српска православна црква Светог Илије Пророка, romanized: Srpska pravoslavna crkva Svetog Ilije Proroka an Eastern Orthodox church located in Coober Pedy, South Australia. Built in 1993, it is under jurisdiction of the Serbian Orthodox Metropolitanate of Australia and New Zealand of the Serbian Orthodox Church and is dedicated to Saint Elijah. The church is a popular tourist attraction because of its underground location. The whole church complex, with a church, a community hall, a parish house and a religious school, is carved in the sandstone between 3 and 17 metres under the ground level.

Coober Pedy
Coober Pedy (/ˈkuːbər ˈpiːdi/) is a town in northern South Australia, 846 km (526 mi) north of Adelaide on the Stuart Highway.  The town is sometimes referred to as the "opal capital of the world" because of the quantity of precious opals mined there. A blower truck is raised above the town sign, representing the importance of opal mining to the town's history. Coober Pedy is also renowned for its below-ground dwellings, called "dugouts", which are built in this fashion due to the scorching daytime heat.

The name "Coober Pedy" is thought to derive from the Kokatha-Barngarla term kupa-piti, which translates to "whitefellas' hole", but in 1975 the local Aboriginal people of the town adopted the name Umoona, which means "long life" and is also their name for the mulga tree.
South Lakeland
54°18′43″N 2°52′48″W﻿ / ﻿54.312°N 2.880°W﻿ / 54.312; -2.880

South Lakeland was a local government district in Cumbria, England, from 1974 to 2023. Its council was based in Kendal. The district covered the southern part of the Lake District region, as well as northwestern parts of the Yorkshire Dales. At the 2011 Census, the population of the district was 103,658, an increase from 102,301 at the 2001 Census.

The district was created on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. It was formed from the Kendal borough, Windermere urban district, most of Lakes urban district, South Westmorland Rural District, from Westmorland, Grange and Ulverston urban districts and North Lonsdale Rural District from Lancashire, and Sedbergh Rural District from the West Riding of Yorkshire.

In April 2023, Cumbria was reorganised into two unitary authorities. South Lakeland District Council was abolished and its functions were transferred to the Westmorland and Furness unitary authority.

Grange-over-Sands
Grange-over-Sands is a town and civil parish on the north side of Morecambe Bay in Cumbria, England, a few miles south of the Lake District National Park. In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 4,114, increasing at the 2021 census to 4,279.
Within the boundaries of the historic county of Lancashire, the town became administered as an urban district in 1894. Though the town remains part of the Duchy of Lancaster, since 2023 it has been administered as part of the Westmorland and Furness Council area.

Travelling by road, Grange-over-Sands is 13.1 miles (21.1 km) to the south of Kendal, 14.9 miles (24.0 km) to the east of Ulverston, 25 miles (40 km) to the east of Barrow-in-Furness and 28.1 miles (45.2 km) to the north of Lancaster.
Nicholas Cunliffe-Lister, 3rd Earl of Swinton
Nicholas John Cunliffe-Lister, 3rd Earl of Swinton (4 September 1939 – 21 March 2021), styled the Hon. Nicholas Cunliffe-Lister from 1955 to 2006, was a British peer.

The younger grandson of the first Earl, he became Earl of Swinton on the death of his older brother, the 2nd Earl, on 26 March 2006. Their father, Major the Hon. John Yarburgh Cunliffe-Lister, the son and heir of Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of Swinton, had been killed in action in 1943.

Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of Swinton
Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of Swinton (1 May 1884 – 27 July 1972), known as Philip Lloyd-Greame until 1924 and as The Viscount Swinton between 1935 and 1955, was a prominent British Conservative politician from the 1920s until the 1950s. He was notable through the 1940s and 1950s as being firstly the Minister for Aviation and then being on the steering committee for the Convention on International Civil Aviation. He retired from politics in 1955, and his status was raised to an earldom.
Genoni
Genoni (Sardinian: Geroni) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) north of Cagliari and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of Oristano.  
Genoni borders the following municipalities: Albagiara, Assolo, Genuri, Gesturi, Gonnosnò, Laconi, Nuragus, Nureci, Setzu, Sini.

Gonnosnò
Gonnosnò is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northwest of Cagliari and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Oristano.

Gonnosnò borders the following municipalities: Albagiara, Ales, Baradili, Baressa, Curcuris, Genoni, Simala, Sini, Usellus.
Rother District
Rother is a local government district in East Sussex, England. Its council is based in Bexhill-on-Sea. The district is named after the River Rother which flows within its boundaries.

The neighbouring districts are Wealden, Tunbridge Wells, Ashford, Folkestone and Hythe, and Hastings. Aside from its coast, Hastings is surrounded by Rother.

Hastings
Hastings (/ˈheɪstɪŋz/ ⓘ HAY-stingz) is a seaside town and borough in East Sussex on the south coast of England,
24 mi (39 km) east of Lewes and 53 mi (85 km) south east of London. The town gives its name to the Battle of Hastings, which took place 8 mi (13 km) to the north-west at Senlac Hill in 1066. It later became one of the medieval Cinque Ports. In the 19th century, it was a popular seaside resort, as the railway allowed tourists and visitors to reach the town. Hastings remains a popular seaside resort and is also a fishing port, with the UK's largest beach-based fishing fleet. The town's estimated population was 91,100 in 2021.
Wentworth South (federal electoral district)
Wentworth South was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1904. it was located near Hamilton in the province of Ontario.

It was created by the British North America Act 1867.  The "South Riding of Wentworth" initially consisted of the Townships of Saltfleet, Binbrook, Glanford, Barton and Ancaster. In 1882, the townships of Grimsby and Caistor, and the village of Grimsby were added, while the Township of Ancaster was removed.

In 1892, it was called "South Wentworth" and redefined to consist of the townships of Saltfleet, Binbrooke, Barton, Glanford, North and South Grimsby, Caistor, East and West Flamborough, the town of Dundas, and the villages of Grimsby and Waterdown.

The electoral district was abolished in 1903 when it was redistributed between Lincoln and Wentworth ridings.

Lincoln (federal electoral district)
Lincoln was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1883 and from 1904 to 1997. It was on the Niagara Peninsula in the Canadian province of Ontario. At various times, there was also an electoral district of the same name used in provincial elections.

At various times, the riding included all or parts of the former Lincoln County (including its successor, the Regional Municipality of Niagara). After 1976, it also represented parts of the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth, mainly Stoney Creek. As a suburban riding of Hamilton, it tended to vote Conservative much more often than the city proper.

By the 1997 election, the riding borders and name were changed to Stoney Creek although it included many areas outside that city.
Konstantin Posse
Konstantin Alexandrovich Posse (Russian: Константин Александрович Поссе; September 29, 1847 – August 24, 1928) was a Russian mathematician known for contributions to analysis and in particular approximation theory. Veniamin Kagan and D. D. Morduhai-Boltovskoi were among his students.

Benjamin Kagan
Veniamin Fyodorovich Kagan (Russian: Вениами́н Фёдорович Ка́ган; 9 March 1869 – 8 May 1953) was a Russian and Soviet mathematician and expert in non-Euclidean geometry. He is the maternal grandfather of mathematicians Yakov Sinai and Grigory Barenblatt.
Garrett Park Historic District
The Garrett Park Historic District is a national historic district located at Garrett Park, Montgomery County, Maryland.  It's a 154-acre (62 ha) residential community incorporated in 1891, along the B & O Railroad. The older community includes a number of late Victorian homes. During the 1920s, the town expanded with a set of 40,640-square-foot (3,776 m2), "Chevy" houses built by Maddux, Marshall & Co. The district also includes a set of Prairie Style homes designed and built by Alexander Richter during the 1950s.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

Garrett Park, Maryland
Garrett Park is a town in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It was named after a former president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Robert W. Garrett. The population was 996 at the 2020 census. Garrett Park is home to Garrett Park Elementary School, located just outside the town proper.
Eoxin A4
Eoxin A4 (EXA4), also known as 14,15-leukotriene A4, is an eoxin. Cells make eoxins by metabolizing arachidonic acid with a 15-lipoxygenase enzyme to form (15S)-hydroperoxyeicosapentaenoic acid (i.e. 15(S)-HpETE). This product is then converted serially to EXA4, EXC4, EXD4, and EXE4 by LTC4 synthase, an unidentified gamma-glutamyltransferase, and an unidentified dipeptidase, respectively, in a pathway which appears similar if not identical to the pathway which forms leukotrienes, i.e. LTA4, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4. This pathway is schematically shown as follows:

EXA4 is viewed as an intracellular-bound, short-lived intermediate which is rapidly metabolized to the downstream eoxins. The eoxins downstream of EXA4 are secreted from their parent cells and, it is proposed but not yet proven, serve to regulate allergic responses and the development of certain cancers (see eoxins).

Eoxin C4
Eoxin C4 (EXC4), also known as 14,15-leukotriene C4, is an eoxin. Cells make eoxins by metabolizing arachidonic acid with a 15-lipoxygenase enzyme to form (15S)-hydroperoxyeicosapentaenoic acid (i.e. 15(S)-HpETE). This product is then converted serially to EXA4, EXC4, EXD4, and EXE4 by LTC4 synthase, an unidentified gamma-glutamyltransferase, and an unidentified dipeptidase, respectively, in a pathway which appears similar if not identical to the pathway which forms leukotrienes, i.e. LTA4, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4. This pathway is schematically shown as follows:

EXA4 is viewed as an intracellular-bound, short-lived intermediate which is rapidly metabolized to the downstream eoxins. The eoxins downstream of EXA4 are secreted from their parent cells and, it is proposed but not yet proven, serve to regulate allergic responses and the development of certain cancers (see eoxins).
Krasnoznamensk, Moscow Oblast
Krasnoznamensk (Russian: Краснозна́менск) is a closed town in Moscow Oblast, Russia. Population: 43,868 (2021 Census); 36,103 (2010 Census); 28,044 (2002 Census). It was previously known as Golitsyno-2 (until 1994).

Closed city
A closed city or town is a settlement where travel or residency restrictions are applied.

Historically, the construction of closed cities became increasingly common after the beginning of the Cold War, particularly in the Soviet Union. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, they remain widespread in Russia and some of the other post-Soviet countries. The Russian government officially designates these closed cities as "closed administrative–territorial formations" (ZATO; Russian: закрытые административно–территориальные образования [ЗАТО]), for the management and execution of high-value research and development concerning nuclear energy, weapons of mass destruction, or the space industry.
Giant, Richmond, California
37°59′26″N 122°21′26″W﻿ / ﻿37.99056°N 122.35722°W﻿ / 37.99056; -122.35722
Giant (formerly, Nitro) was an unincorporated community, now within Point Pinole Regional Shoreline, and annexed to Richmond in Contra Costa County, California. It lies at an elevation of 23 feet (7 m).

Point Pinole Regional Shoreline
Point Pinole Regional Shoreline is a regional park on the shores of the San Pablo Bay, California (the northern arm of the San Francisco Bay), in the United States. It is approximately 2,315 acres (9.37 km2) in area, and is operated by the East Bay Regional Park District. It includes the Dotson Family Marsh (formerly Breuner Marsh) and the Point Pinole Lagoon and hosts the North Richmond Shoreline Festival.
Digital banks in the Philippines
Digital banks in the Philippines are a new formal category of banks which were only approved by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), the country's central bank, in 2020. The first such banks launched in the Philippines were Tonik, Overseas Filipino Bank, and UnionDigital of UnionBank of the Philippines. Several more banks were approved by the BSP before 2021, when it announced that it would stop approving the establishment of further digital banks for three years, in order to strengthen the industry and assure healthy competition among its players.

UnionBank (Philippines)
Union Bank of the Philippines, Inc., more commonly known as UnionBank, is one of the universal banks in the Philippines and the ninth largest bank in the country by assets.

UnionBank is a joint consortium among the Aboitiz Group, Insular Life, and the Social Security System. It started operations in 1981 and became a commercial bank on January 19, 1982. In July 1992, UnionBank was granted the license to operate as a universal bank.
Hedwig of Masovia
Hedwig of Masovia (Polish: Jadwiga mazowiecka, Hungarian: Hedvig mazóviai hercegnő; ca. 1392 – after 19 February 1439), was a Polish princess, member of the House of Piast in the Masovian branch.

She was the eldest daughter of Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia and Alexandra, a daughter of Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania and sister of King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland.

Alexandra of Lithuania
Alexandra (Polish: Aleksandra, Lithuanian: Aleksandra; died 20 April 1434 in Płock) was the youngest daughter of Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and his second wife, Uliana of Tver. Though Alexandra's exact date of birth is not known, it is thought that she was born in the late 1360s or early 1370s. In 1387, she married Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia, and had thirteen children with him.
Bruno Alves
Bruno Eduardo Regufe Alves ComM (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈbɾunu ˈalvɨʃ]; born 27 November 1981) is a Portuguese former footballer who played as a central defender, currently sporting director of Super League Greece club AEK Athens.

He began and spent most of his professional career at Porto, where he won a total of nine titles and appeared in 171 official games. He also won trophies in Russia with Zenit Saint Petersburg, and in Turkey with Fenerbahçe.

A senior Portugal international since 2007, Alves represented the country in three World Cups, three European Championships and one Confederations Cup, winning Euro 2016 and earning 96 caps in the process.

2008–09 Primeira Liga
The 2008–09 Primeira Liga was the 75th season of the Primeira Liga, the top professional league for Portuguese association football clubs. It began on 22 August 2008 and ended on 24 May 2009. Porto was the three-time defending champions and secured a fourth consecutive title for the second time in its history.
Ventura College
Ventura College is a public community college in Ventura, California. Established in 1925, the college has a 112-acre (45 ha) campus with an enrollment of 13,763 students. It is part of the Ventura County Community College District.

Ventura County Community College District
Ventura County Community College District (VCCCD) is the system of public community colleges in Ventura County, California. The district is a member of the California Community Colleges System. VCCCD member colleges are Ventura College in Ventura, California, Moorpark College in Moorpark, California and Oxnard College in Oxnard, California. The district was formed in 1962 after previous administration of Ventura College had been in combination with the Ventura High School District.

The district offices share a building with the Ventura Unified School District at 255 W. Stanley Ave., Ventura. The building was the corporate headquarters for Kinkos until 2002.
National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, Wisconsin
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, Wisconsin. It is intended to provide a comprehensive listing of entries in the National Register of Historic Places that are located in Jefferson County, Wisconsin.  The locations of National Register properties for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below may be seen in a map.

There are 60 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted December 12, 2025.

Jefferson County, Wisconsin
Jefferson County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 84,900. Its county seat is Jefferson. Jefferson County comprises the Watertown-Fort Atkinson, WI Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Milwaukee-Racine-Waukesha, WI Combined Statistical Area.
Kaimbulawa language
Kaimbulawa is an Austronesian language spoken on the island of Siompu, southwest of Buton Island, which is off the southeast coast of Sulawesi in Indonesia. It belongs to the Muna–Buton branch of the Celebic subgroup.

Muna–Buton languages
The Muna–Buton languages are a group of languages spoken on the islands of Muna and Buton off the coast of South East Sulawesi province, Indonesia. They belong to the Celebic subgroup of the Austronesian family.
Battleford-Cut Knife
Battleford-Cut Knife was a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, Canada. This constituency was created by the merging of parts of the Cut Knife-Lloydminster and The Battlefords electoral districts before the 1995 Saskatchewan general election. The Representation Act, 2002 (Saskatchewan) redistributed this riding into the Cut Knife-Turtleford and a revived The Battlefords electoral districts for the 2003 Saskatchewan general election.

Cut Knife-Turtleford
Cut Knife-Turtleford is a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, Canada. Located in northwest Saskatchewan, this constituency has an economy based primarily on farming — while oil and gas development is rising. The Battlefords Provincial Park is located here. Communities in the riding include the towns of Cut Knife (population 610), Maidstone (1,037), Lashburn (914), and Turtleford (461); and the villages of Neilburg, Meota, Glaslyn, Marsden, and Edam.

The riding was last contested in the 2024 general election. It sent Saskatchewan Party candidate James Thorsteinson to represent the district in the Legislature.
Fugløya, Gildeskål
Fugløya is an island in Gildeskål Municipality in Nordland county, Norway.  The 13-square-kilometre (5.0 sq mi) island is very mountainous, with the highest point being the 765-metre (2,510 ft) tall Hagtinden.  The island has no permanent residents (as of 2016), but as recently as the 1960s, there were 124 residents living on the island.  The island has several large bird colonies, including puffins.  It lies in the Fugløyvær archipelago which includes about 140 small islands and this one large island.

There were two main settlements on the island: Sør-Fugløy in the south and Nord-Fugløy in the north. Both are now used as vacation homes.  The islands of Fleina, Sør-Arnøya, Nord-Arnøya, and Sandhornøya lie several kilometers to the northeast.

Gildeskål Municipality
Gildeskål is a municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is part of the Bodø Region and the traditional district of Salten. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Inndyr. Other villages include Forstranda, Lekanger, Mevik, Mårnes, Nygårdsjøen, Saura, Storvik, Sør-Arnøy, Sørfinnset, and Våg.

The 665-square-kilometre (257 sq mi) municipality is the 170th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Gildeskål Municipality is the 285th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,958. The municipality's population density is 2.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (7.5/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 3.2% over the previous 10-year period.
People's Opposition Bloc of Natalia Vitrenko
The People's Opposition Bloc of Natalia Vitrenko, (Ukrainian: Blok Natalii Vitrenko Narodna Opoziciya) was a political alliance in Ukraine led by Natalia Vitrenko.

It consisted of:

Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine (Progresivna Sotsyalistychna Partiya Ukrayiny)

Party "Rus'-Ukrainian Union" (Partiya "Rus'ko-Ukrayins'kyj Soyuz" (Rus'))

Party "Rus"
Rus' (Ukrainian: Політична партія «Русь») is a minor Ukrainian liberal conservative political party founded in 1998, with Ivan Symonenko elected as its first leader. It has no representation in the Verkhovna Rada and is currently led by Ivan Nechyporuk.