hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pandit Kanshi Ram
Pandit Kanshi Ram (13 October 1883 – 27 March 1915) was an Indian revolutionary who, along with Har Dayal and Sohan Singh Bhakna, was one of the three key members in founding the Ghadar Party. He served as the treasurer of the party from its foundation in 1913 to 1914. In 1914, Ram returned to India as a part of the Ghadar Mutiny, which attempted to trigger mutinies in the British Indian Army during World War I. He was arrested in the aftermath of the failed February plot and later tried in the Lahore conspiracy trial. Ram was charged, along with Kartar Singh Sarabha and Vishnu Ganesh Pingle, and executed on 27 March 1915.

Vishnu Ganesh Pingle
Vishnu Ganesh Pingle (2 January 1888 – 16 November 1915) was an Indian revolutionary and a key member of the Ghadar Party. Born in Pune, Maharashtra, he studied engineering at the University of Washington before returning to India to lead revolutionary efforts. Pingle collaborated with leaders like Rash Behari Bose and Sachin Sanyal in organizing the Ghadr mutiny of 1915, which aimed to trigger a nationwide armed uprising against British rule. Arrested in Meerut with explosives, he was executed at Lahore Central Jail alongside Kartar Singh Sarabha. Despite his sacrifice at a young age, Pingle remains a largely unsung hero.
RuBisCO
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, commonly known by the abbreviations RuBisCo, rubisco, RuBPCase, or RuBPco, is an enzyme (EC 4.1.1.39) involved in the light-independent (or "dark") part of photosynthesis, including the carbon fixation by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is converted by plants and other photosynthetic organisms to energy-rich molecules such as glucose. It emerged approximately four billion years ago in primordial metabolism prior to the presence of oxygen on Earth.  It is probably the most abundant enzyme on Earth. In chemical terms, it catalyzes the carboxylation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (also known as RuBP).

Carboxylation
Carboxylation is a chemical reaction in which a carboxylic acid is produced by treating a substrate with carbon dioxide. The opposite reaction is decarboxylation. In chemistry, the term carbonation is sometimes used synonymously with carboxylation, especially when applied to the reaction of carbanionic reagents with CO2. More generally, carbonation usually describes the production of carbonates.
William Virts House
William Virts House, also known as the Uriah Beans House, is a historic home located near Waterford, Loudoun County, Virginia. It is a 2+1⁄2-story, three-bay, Federal-style stone dwelling that took this form about 1813.  It has a side gable roof and sits on a banked basement built about 1798.  Also on the property are the contributing 1+1⁄2-story vernacular stone spring house built about 1813 and frame shed built about 1840.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.

Waterford, Virginia
Waterford is a historic village located in western Loudoun County, Virginia, United States. Waterford lies forty-seven miles northwest of Washington, D.C. and seven miles northwest of Leesburg. In 1970, the village was designated a National Historic Landmark District in recognition of its well-preserved eighteenth- and nineteenth-century character.

In the 1810 United States census, the population center of the United States was recorded as being just northwest of the village.
Sangihe Islands Regency
The Sangihe Islands Regency (Indonesian: Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe) is a regency of North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. It comprises a group of islands situated to the North of Sulawesi. It covers a land area of 736.98 km2, and had a population of 126,100 at the 2010 census and 139,262 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 142,000 (comprising 72,420 males and 69,580 females). The principal island is also named Sangihe or Sangir, on which lies the main town of Tahuna. Minor island groups within the Regency include the Marore group which lies considerably to the north of Sangihe Island, the Tatoareng group to the south, and the Nusa Tabukan group off the northeast coast of Sangihe Island. It borders the Municipality of Sarangani of the Philippines in the north, making it one of Indonesia's border regions.

Tahuna, North Sulawesi
Tahuna is a town and the capital of Sangihe Islands Regency in North Sulawesi province, Indonesia. It stretches across the administrative districts (kecamatan) of Tahuna, Tahuna Timur and Tahuna Barat, with a combined population of 35,307 at the 2020 Census.
Caringbah
Caringbah is a suburb in Southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Caringbah is 24 kilometres (15 mi) south of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of Sutherland Shire.

Caringbah once stretched from Woolooware Bay on the Georges River to Yowie Bay and Burraneer Bay on the Port Hacking estuary. A number of Caringbah localities have been declared as separate suburbs but still share the postcode 2229. These suburbs include Taren Point to the north on the Georges River, and Port Hacking, Lilli Pilli, Dolans Bay and Caringbah South, located on the Port Hacking River to the south.

Dolans Bay, New South Wales
Dolans Bay is a bayside suburb in Southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia, that is located 26 kilometres (16 mi) south of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the Sutherland Shire.

Dolans Bay is on the north shore of the Port Hacking estuary. The suburb is named after the small cove on the edge of Burraneer Bay. Houses overlook the bay and some line the water's edge together with boatsheds. Boats are moored in the bay, which provides protection from the southerly wind. Burraneer Bay features a private marina and slipway with full repair facilities.

The suburb of Dolans Bay is surrounded by the suburbs of Caringbah South, Lilli Pilli and Port Hacking. The suburb of Burraneer is located across Burraneer Bay. The villages of Maianbar and Bundeena are located on the opposite bank of Port Hacking.
Minamoto no Yoriie
Minamoto no Yoriie (Japanese: 源 頼家; September 11, 1182 – August 14, 1204) was the second shōgun (1202–1203) of the Kamakura shogunate and the first son of its founder, Minamoto no Yoritomo. His Dharma name was Hokke-in-dono Kingo Da’i Zengo (法華院殿金吾大禅閤).

Hiki Yoshikazu
Hiki Yoshikazu was a Japanese samurai lord and a powerful gokenin of the Kamakura Shogunate during the Kamakura period. He was related to the ruling Minamoto clan through his daughter's marriage. He, and much of the Hiki clan, were killed for allegedly conspiring to have one of the Minamoto clan's heirs killed, in order to gain power himself.
Steve Burtt Sr.
Steven Dwayne Burtt (born November 5, 1962) is an American former professional basketball player. The 6'2" point guard played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) sporadically from 1984 until 1993. He also had an established playing career overseas. Born in New York City, Burtt played high school basketball for Charles Evans Hughes before enrolling at Iona to play for the Gaels. Burtt now teaches at Bronx Collegiate Academy (Bronx, New York).

Steve Burtt Jr.
Steven Dwayne Burtt Jr. (Ukrainian: Стівен Буртт; born March 7, 1984) is an American-born naturalized Ukrainian professional basketball player.

Born in the United States, he received Ukrainian citizenship in 2011 and played for the Ukrainian national team. After four years at Iona, Burtt entered the 2006 NBA draft but was not selected.
XYZ (English band)
XYZ were a short-lived English rock supergroup. The name XYZ is taken from "eX-Yes-Zeppelin" as the group consisted of ex-Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page, along with ex-Yes members Chris Squire (bass guitar, vocals, keyboards) and Alan White (drums).

Chris Squire
Christopher Russell Edward Squire (4 March 1948 – 27 June 2015) was an English musician, singer and songwriter best known as the bassist and backing vocalist of the progressive rock band Yes. He was the longest-serving original member, having remained in the band until his death. In 2017, he was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Yes.

Squire was widely regarded as the dominant bassist among the English progressive rock bands, influencing peers and later generations of bassists with his incisive sound and elaborately contoured, melodic bass lines. His name was associated with his trademark instrument, the Rickenbacker 4001 (British model RM1999). From 1991 to 2000, Rickenbacker produced a limited-edition signature model bass in his name, the 4001CS.
Reshe language
Reshe is the most divergent of the Kainji languages of Nigeria. It is spoken on the northern and southern sides of Kainji Lake. It is spoken in Yauri LGA, Kebbi State, and in Borgu LGA, Niger State.

Birnin Yauri (Ireshe ubinə) is the ancient city of the Reshe people and is situated about five miles east of Yelwa.

Yauri, Nigeria
Yauri is a Local Government Area in Kebbi State, northwestern Nigeria. It is the location of the Yauri Emirate, one of the smallest historical emirates in Northern Nigeria. In 1972, the population of the division was about 112,000 people inhabiting a land area of about 3,380 square kilometres (1,306 sq mi) and scattered over six major districts.
SK Haugar
Sportsklubben Haugar is an association football club from Haugesund, Norway, established in 1939. Its top women's team plays in the Second Division and the top men's team plays in the Fifth Division.

The men's team has played two Norwegian Football Cup finals, losing 0–7 against Fredrikstad in 1961 and 2–1 against Viking in 1979. This qualified the team for the 1980–81 European Cup Winners' Cup: in the first round, Haugar drew Sion 1–1 away and then beat them 2–0 at home. In the second round, Haugar tied Newport County 0–0 at home, but lost 0–6 away.

The team played their last season in the top division in 1981. In 1993, it merged its elite teams with Djerv 1919 to create FK Haugesund. Haugar continued to compete in lower divisions.

SK Djerv 1919
SK Djerv 1919 (full name, Sportsklubben Djerv 1919) is a 4th tier 3. divisjon of Norwegian football (promoted from the 4. divisjon in 2018) football club established in 1919 based in Haugesund, Norway.
Poet shirt
A poet shirt (also known as a poet blouse or pirate shirt) is a type of shirt made as a loose-fitting blouse with full bishop sleeves, usually decorated with large frills on the front and on the cuffs. Typically, it has a laced-up V-neck opening, designed to pull over the head, but can have a full-length opening fastened by buttons. The collar may be standing or folded over with points. Fabrics commonly used in its manufacture include linen, cotton, satin and velvet, while frills may be of the same fabric or of lace. Originally intended as a male garment, it is also worn by women today (though still interchangeably referred to as both a "shirt" and a "blouse" regardless of which gender is wearing it).

Shirt
A shirt is a cloth garment for the upper body (from the neck to the waist).

Originally an undergarment worn exclusively by men, it has become, in American English, a catch-all term for a broad variety of upper-body garments and undergarments. In British English, a shirt is more specifically a garment with a collar, sleeves with cuffs, and a full vertical opening with buttons or snaps (North Americans would call that a "dress shirt", a specific type of collared shirt). A shirt can also be worn with a necktie under the shirt collar.
Nicholas Scratch
Nicholas Scratch is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The son of Agatha Harkness, he is a warlock and father of the Salem's Seven and predominantly a foe of the Fantastic Four and Patsy Walker.

The character made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe miniseries Agatha All Along, portrayed by Abel Lysenko.

Patsy Walker
Patricia "Patsy" Walker is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stuart Little and Ruth Atkinson, Patsy Walker first appeared in Miss America Magazine #2 (November 1944), published by Marvel precursor Timely Comics, and became Hellcat in The Avengers #144 (February 1976). She premiered as the star of a teen romantic-comedy series, and was later integrated into Marvel superhero franchises such as the Avengers and the Defenders as the Hellcat.

Following her reintroduction as Hellcat, the character has been described as one of Marvel's most notable and powerful female heroes.

Rachael Taylor portrayed Trish Walker in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) series Jessica Jones (2015–2019), Luke Cage (2016), and The Defenders (2017).
Norwegian Union of Chemical Industry Workers
The Norwegian Union of Chemical Industry Workers (Norwegian: Norsk Kjemisk Industriarbeiderforbund, NKIF) was a trade union representing workers in the chemical industry in Norway.

The union was founded in 1924, as a split from the Norwegian Union of General Workers.  It affiliated with the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (LO).  By 1996, it had 32,031 members.

In 2006, the union merged with the Norwegian Oil and Petrochemical Union, to form Industri Energi.

Norwegian Oil and Petrochemical Union
The Norwegian Oil and Petrochemical Union (Norwegian: Norsk Olje- og Petrokjemisk Fagforbund, NOPEF) was a trade union representing workers in the oil and petrochemical sector in Norway.

The union was founded in 1977, and immediately affiliated to the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions.  By 1996, it had 12,334 members.

In 2006, it merged with the Norwegian Union of Chemical Industry Workers, to form Industri Energi.
Carlos Lezcano
Carlos Manuel Lezcano (30 September 1955 – 6 September 2025) was a Puerto Rican professional baseball player who appeared as an outfielder in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1980 to 1981 for the Chicago Cubs. His cousin, Sixto Lezcano, was also a Major League outfielder.

Sixto Lezcano
Sixto Joaquin Lezcano Curras (born November 28, 1953) is a Puerto Rican former professional baseball outfielder, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for 12 seasons (1974–1985). He played for five MLB teams and won a Gold Glove during his career.

Born in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, Lezcano attended Colegio San Jose High School in Río Piedras, Puerto Rico.
Dreyse needle gun
The Dreyse needle-gun was a 19th-century military breech-loading rifle, as well as the first breech-loading rifle to use a bolt action to open and close the chamber. It was used as the main infantry weapon of the Prussians in the Wars of German Unification. It was invented in 1836 by the German gunsmith Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse (1787–1867), who had been conducting numerous design experiments since 1824.

The name "ignition needle rifle" (German: Zündnadelgewehr) was based on its firing pin, since it passed like a needle through the paper cartridge to strike a percussion cap at the base of the bullet. However, to conceal the revolutionary nature of the design, the rifle entered military service in 1841 as the leichtes Perkussionsgewehr Modell 1841 (transl. Light Percussion Rifle Model 1841). It had a rate of fire of about six rounds per minute.

Firing pin
A firing pin or striker is a part of the firing mechanism of a firearm that impacts the primer in the base of a cartridge and causes it to fire.  In firearms terminology, a striker is a particular type of firing pin where a compressed spring acts directly on the firing pin to provide the impact force rather than it being struck by a hammer.

The terms may also be used for a component of equipment or a device which has a similar function.  Such equipment or devices include: artillery, munitions and pyrotechnics.
2013–14 Ligat Nashim
The 2013–14 Ligat Nashim was the 16th season of women's league football under the Israeli Football Association.

The league was won by ASA Tel Aviv University, its fifth consecutive title and sixth overall. By winning, ASA Tel Aviv qualified to 2014–15 UEFA Women's Champions League.

Maccabi Be'er Sheva finished bottom of the first division and was relegated to the second division, and was replaced by second division winner, Maccabi Tzur Shalom Bialik. The second-bottom club in the first division, Bnot Sakhnin met Bnot Netanya for a spot in Ligat Nashim Rishona, Bnot Sakhnin winning 7–0 to remain in the first division.

ASA Tel Aviv University
ASA Tel Aviv WFC is a women's football club from Tel Aviv. The club is affiliated with Tel Aviv University and is part of the ASA Tel Aviv Sports Club. The club has won eight Ligat Nashim titles and five Israeli Women's Cup finals, and has participated in the UEFA Women's Champions League.
Rhythm & Blues (Robert Palmer album)
Rhythm & Blues is the thirteenth studio album by English singer Robert Palmer. It was first released in Japan in October 1998, before being released elsewhere in 1999, and was his first new release in five years. The album reached No. 118 in the UK but did not chart in the US. Palmer's long-term girlfriend Mary Ambrose arranged strings and sang background vocals on "Twenty Million Things", a song from Lowell George's 1979 solo album Thanks, I'll Eat It Here. Sharon O'Neill co-wrote "True Love" and also provided backing vocals on "Twenty Million Things".

The album's only single, "True Love", peaked at No. 94 in the UK.

True Love (Robert Palmer song)
"True Love" is a song by English singer Robert Palmer, which was released in 1999 as the only single from his thirteenth studio album Rhythm & Blues. The song was written by Alan Mansfield, Sharon O'Neill and Palmer. It was produced by Palmer and Pino Pischetola.

Released as the lead single from the Rhythm & Blues album, the song saw limited commercial success, like the album. It reached No. 87 on the UK Singles Chart. It was his final single release (discounting a 2003 remix of "Addicted to Love").
Spencer family
The Spencer family is a noble and aristocratic British family. From the 16th century, its members have held numerous titles, including the dukedom of Marlborough, the earldoms of Sunderland and Spencer, and the barony of Churchill. Two prominent members of the family during the 20th century were Winston Churchill and Diana, Princess of Wales.

Victor Spencer, 1st Viscount Churchill
Major Victor Albert Francis Charles Spencer, 1st Viscount Churchill GCVO JP (23 October 1864 – 3 January 1934), known as the Hon. Victor Albert Spencer until 1886 and as The Lord Churchill between 1886 and 1902, was a British peer and courtier. He was from the Spencer family.
Diane Ladd
Diane Ladd (born Rose Diane Ladner; November 29, 1935 – November 3, 2025) was an American actress. With a career spanning over 70 years, she appeared in over 200 films and television shows, receiving three Academy Award nominations for her roles in Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974), Wild at Heart (1990) and Rambling Rose (1991), the first of which won her a BAFTA Award. She was also nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards and four Golden Globe Awards, winning one for her role in the sitcom Alice (1980–1981).

Ladd's other film appearances included Chinatown (1974), National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), Ghosts of Mississippi (1996), Primary Colors (1998), 28 Days (2000) and Joy (2015). She was the mother of actress Laura Dern, with her ex-husband, actor Bruce Dern.

Rambling Rose (film)
Rambling Rose is a 1991 American drama film directed by Martha Coolidge and written by Calder Willingham (based on his 1972 novel of the same name). It stars Laura Dern and Robert Duvall in leading roles, with Lukas Haas, John Heard, and Diane Ladd in supporting roles. The film is set in Georgia during the Great Depression (1935).

Ahead of the 64th Academy Awards in 1992, Dern was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress, while her real-life mother Ladd was nominated for Best Supporting Actress, making them the first mother-daughter duo to be nominated for Academy Awards for the same film or in the same year. The film won the Independent Spirit Award for Best Film and Coolidge won the Independent Spirit Award for Best Director.
Nodagawa, Kyoto
Nodagawa (野田川町, Nodagawa-chō) was a town located in Yosa District, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2006, the town had an estimated population of 11,281 and a density of 314 persons per km2. The total area was 35.90 km2.

On March 1, 2006, Nodagawa, along with the towns of Iwataki and Kaya (all from Yosa District), was merged to create the town of Yosano.

Yosa District, Kyoto
Yosa (与謝郡, Yosa-gun) is a district located in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 27,829 and a population density of 165 persons per square kilometer. The total area is 169.02 km2.
Neil Casey
Neil Casey (born July 28, 1981) is an American actor, writer, and comedian. Casey served as a writer for the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live from 2012 to 2013, and the Comedy Central series Inside Amy Schumer in 2014, receiving Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series for both shows. As an actor, he was a series regular on the comedies Other Space (2015) and Making History (2017). Casey also appeared in the 2016 reboot of Ghostbusters.

Other Space
Other Space is an American science fiction comedy television series created by Paul Feig for Yahoo! Screen. Set in the 22nd century, it follows the dysfunctional crew of an exploratory spaceship who become trapped in an unknown universe.

The first season of eight episodes premiered on April 14, 2015. The series was not renewed for a second season due to Yahoo! Screen being shut down the following year. The rights for Other Space were later picked up by DUST, which began streaming the series in August 2020.
Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Japan)
The  Ministry of Commerce and Industry  (商工省, Shōkō-shō) was a cabinet-level ministry in the government of the Empire of Japan from 1925 to 1947. It was created from the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce (農商務省, Nō-shōmu-shō), and was briefly merged with the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (農林省, Nōrin-shō) to reestablish that Ministry during World War II.

Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce
The  Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce or Trade (農商務省, Nō-shōmu-shō) was a cabinet-level ministry in the government of the Empire of Japan from 1881 to 1925. It was briefly recreated as the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce  (農商省, Nōshō-shō) during World War II.
Louis Michael Seidman
Louis Michael Seidman (born 1947) is the Carmack Waterhouse Professor of Constitutional Law at Georgetown University Law Center in Washington, D.C. He is a constitutional law scholar and major proponent of the critical legal studies movement. Seidman's 2012 work is On Constitutional Disobedience, where Seidman challenges the viability of political policy arguments made in reference to constitutional obligation.

Critical legal studies
Critical legal studies (CLS) is a school of critical theory that developed in the United States during the 1970s. CLS adherents claim that laws are devised to maintain the status quo of society and thereby codify its biases against marginalized groups.

Despite wide variations in the opinions of critical legal scholars around the world, there is a consensus regarding the key goals of critical legal studies:

to demonstrate the ambiguity and possible preferential outcomes of supposedly impartial and rigid legal doctrines;

to publicize historical, social, economic and psychological results of legal decisions;

to demystify legal analysis and legal culture in order to impose transparency on legal processes so that they earn the general support of socially responsible citizens.

The abbreviations "CLS" and "Crit" are sometimes used to refer to the movement and its adherents.