hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Band bending
In solid-state physics, band bending refers to the process in which the electronic band structure in a material curves up or down near a junction or interface. It does not involve any physical (spatial) bending. When the electrochemical potential of the free charge carriers around an interface of a semiconductor is dissimilar, charge carriers are transferred between the two materials until an equilibrium state is reached whereby the potential difference vanishes. The band bending concept was first developed in 1938 when Mott, Davydov and Schottky all published theories of the rectifying effect of metal-semiconductor contacts. The use of semiconductor junctions sparked the computer revolution in the second half of the 20th century. Devices such as the diode, the transistor, the photocell and many more play crucial roles in technology.

Electronic band structure
In solid-state physics, the electronic band structure (or simply band structure) of a solid describes the range of energy levels that electrons may have within it, as well as the ranges of energy that they may not have (called band gaps or forbidden bands).

Band theory derives these bands and band gaps by examining the allowed quantum mechanical wave functions for an electron in a large, periodic lattice of atoms or molecules. Band theory has been successfully used to explain many physical properties of solids, such as electrical resistivity and optical absorption, and forms the foundation of the understanding of all solid-state devices (transistors, solar cells, etc.).
Casisang
Casisang (Binukid: Báriyu Kasisang) is the most populous of the 46 barangays of Malaybalay. It is the seat of government of the City of Malaybalay since the City Hall is located here. Situated in the South Highway District of Malaybalay, Casisang borders on the north with the Poblacion barangays of Barangay 11, Barangay 7, and Barangay 9, on the east with Can-ayan, on the south with San Jose, Magsaysay, and Mapayag, and on the West by Imbayao and Kalasungay. According to 2015 census Casisang has a population of 25,696 people.

Poblacion, Malaybalay
Poblacion District refers to the poblacion (city center) of Malaybalay, Philippines. It is composed of eleven barangays and has an aggregate population of 26,579 and an area of 12.72 square kilometers. It is bounded to the north by Sumpong, to the east by Can-ayan, to the south by Casisang, and to the west by Kalasungay.
Federal Internet Exchange
Federal Internet Exchange (FIX) points were policy-based network peering points where U.S. federal agency networks, such as the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET), NASA Science Network (NSN), Energy Sciences Network (ESnet), and MILNET were interconnected.

Two FIXes were established in June 1989 under the auspices of the Federal Engineering Planning Group (FEPG). FIX East, at the University of Maryland in College Park, and FIX West, at the NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. The existence of the FIXes allowed the ARPANET to be phased out in mid-1990. FIX West was eventually expanded to become MAE-West, one of the NSF-supported Network Access Points.

National Science Foundation Network
The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) was a program of coordinated, evolving projects sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) from 1985 to 1995 to promote advanced research and education networking in the United States. The program created several nationwide backbone computer networks in support of these initiatives. It was created to link researchers to the NSF-funded supercomputing centers. Later, with additional public funding and also with private industry partnerships, the network developed into a major part of the Internet backbone.

The National Science Foundation permitted only government agencies and universities to use the network until 1989 when the first commercial Internet service provider emerged. By 1991, the NSF removed access restrictions and the commercial ISP business grew rapidly.
Fred Ladd
Fred Laderman (February 19, 1927 – August 3, 2021), known professionally as Fred Ladd, was an American television and film writer and producer. He is notable as the first to introduce anime to the Americas.

Bill Cayton
William D'Arcy Cayton (June 6, 1918 – October 4, 2003) was a boxing promoter and manager. Clients included Mike Tyson, who sued him, yet retained him as manager when the two settled the lawsuit four years later, in 1988. Cayton also acted as a film historian and producer to preserve boxing's legacy. During his career, Cayton founded or co-founded several companies, including Cayton Sports, Inc., Reel Sports., Inc., Radio and Television Packagers, Inc. and Cayton, Inc.
Wolf Parade
Wolf Parade is a Canadian indie rock band formed in Montreal, in 2003. The band consists of Spencer Krug (vocals, keyboards), Dan Boeckner (vocals, guitar), Arlen Thompson (drums) and Hadji Bakara (synthesizers). Longtime multi-instrumentalist Dante DeCaro was a member of the band between 2005 and 2011 and again between 2016 and 2019.

The band released three full-length albums – Apologies to the Queen Mary (2005),  At Mount Zoomer (2008) and Expo 86 (2010) – before taking a five-year hiatus in 2011. They announced their return in 2016, releasing a self-titled EP in May of that year, and a fourth studio album, Cry Cry Cry, in October 2017. Their fifth studio album, Thin Mind, was released on January 24, 2020.

Wolf Parade (2004 EP)
Wolf Parade (6 Song EP) is the second EP by Canadian indie rock band Wolf Parade. The EP is a collaborative effort by the band members.  Song writing and vocals are split between members Dan Boeckner and Spencer Krug.

All songs but "The National People's Scare" and "Killing Armies" would later be re-recorded for the band's debut LP Apologies to the Queen Mary. The recording of Killing Armies from this EP appears as an iTunes bonus track for the LP.

The EP is packaged in a clear plastic sleeve, with the CD itself wrapped in a tri-fold piece of paper with the album artwork and track listing on it. The artwork was made by Tracy Maurice.
SIMPLE (instant messaging protocol)
SIMPLE, the Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions, is an instant messaging (IM) and presence protocol suite based on Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) managed by the Internet Engineering Task Force.

Message Session Relay Protocol
In computer networking, the Message Session Relay Protocol (MSRP) is a protocol for transmitting a series of related instant messages in the context of a communications session. An application instantiates the session with the Session Description Protocol (SDP) over Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) or other rendezvous methods.

The MSRP protocol is defined in RFC 4975. MSRP messages can also be transmitted by using intermediaries peers, by using the relay extensions defined in RFC 4976.

MSRP is used in the RCS context, especially for the instant messaging, file transfer and photo sharing features.
Huangcun, Beijing
Huangcun Area (simplified Chinese: 黄村地区; traditional Chinese: 黃村地區; pinyin: Huángcūn Dìqū) is an area and a town situated in the northwest corner of Daxing District, Beijing, China. Since the creation of several subdistricts in 2001 and 2009, Huangcun has remained 3 regions that are disconnected from each other. It was home to 176,890 inhabitants in the 2020 census.

During the Yuan dynasty, this region was flooded by Guyu River and formed a large desert landscape. It was named Huangcun (Chinese: 荒村; lit. 'Deserted Village') at first, and the name got corrupted to Huangcun (Chinese: 黄村; lit. 'Yellow Village') in the Qing dynasty.

Area (Beijing)
Area (Chinese: 地区; pinyin: Dìqū) is a type of township-level divisions of China that is only used within Beijing. It is an intermediate designation between the rural township or town and the more urban subdistrict, and is given to settlements resembling desakotas.

Usually, each area within Beijing will also carry its previous respective designation as a town or township, and the town/township government will take additional role as the area office (Chinese: 地区办事处). Such a system is referred to as "One agency, two nameplates" (Chinese: 一个机构，两个牌子). For the most part, the area and town/township will share the same place name, such as Nanmofang and Liangxiang. However, there are also exceptions, such as the town name of Wanliu Area being Haidian. As of 2025, however, most official sources have begun to drop the 'area' name, and instead solely use 'town' or 'township'.
Edward Hoare (priest)
Edward Newenham Hoare (11 April 1802 – 1 February 1877),  a graduate of Trinity College, Dublin  was an Irish Anglican priest: he was Archdeacon of Ardfert from 1836 to 1839, then Dean of Achonry from 1839  to 1850; and Dean of Waterford  from then until his death.

Dean of Achonry
The Dean of Achonry used to be based at the Cathedral Church of St Crumnathy, Achonry (closed in 1997) in the Diocese of Achonry within the united bishopric of Tuam, Killala and Achonry of the Church of Ireland.
Bracero Program
The Bracero Program (from the Spanish term bracero [bɾaˈse.ɾo], meaning "manual laborer" or "one who works using his arms") was a temporary labor initiative from 1942 to 1964 between the United States and Mexico that allowed Mexican workers to be employed in the U.S. agricultural and railroad industries.

In studies published in 2018 and 2023, it was found that the Bracero Program did not have an adverse effect on the wages or employment for American-born farm workers, and that termination of the program had adverse impact on American-born farmers and resulted in increased farm mechanization.

Guest worker program
‍A guest worker program allows foreign workers to temporarily reside and work in a host country until a next round of workers is readily available to switch.  Guest workers typically perform low or semi-skilled agricultural, industrial, or domestic labor in countries with workforce shortages, and they return home once their contract has expired.

While migrant workers may move within a country to find labor, guest worker programs employ workers from areas outside of the host country. Guest workers are not considered permanent immigrants due to the temporary nature of their contracts.
Glendale, Kansas
Glendale is an unincorporated community in Saline County, Kansas, United States.  It is located approximately 15 miles (24 km) northwest of Salina, along the Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad line, at the intersection of north Brookville and west Watkins roads, about 1.0 mile (1.6 km) north of I-70.

Saline County, Kansas
Saline County is located in the U.S. state of Kansas.  Its county seat and largest city is Salina.  As of the 2020 census, the county population was 54,303.  The county was named after the Saline River.
2013 U.S. National Indoor Tennis Championships
The 2013 U.S. National Indoor Tennis Championships was an ATP World Tour and WTA Tour event held at the hardcourts of the Racquet Club of Memphis in Memphis, Tennessee, United States. It was the 38th edition of the U.S. National Indoor Tennis Championships and the 28th edition of the Memphis WTA International Event. The U.S. National Indoor Tennis Championships is part of the ATP World Tour 500 series on the 2013 ATP World Tour, and the Memphis International is an International-level tournament on the 2013 WTA Tour. The event took place from February 16 to February 24, 2013. Kei Nishikori and Marina Erakovic won the singles titles.

2013 WTA Tour
The 2013 WTA Tour was the elite professional tennis circuit organized by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for the 2013 tennis season. The 2013 WTA Tour calendar comprised the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation, the WTA Premier tournaments (Premier Mandatory, Premier 5, and regular Premier), the WTA International tournaments, the Fed Cup (organized by the ITF), and the year-end championships (the WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Tournament of Champions). Also included in the 2013 calendar is the Hopman Cup, which was organized by the ITF and does not distribute ranking points.
Balzan F.C.
Balzan Football Club is a Maltese professional football club from the village of Balzan that competes in the Maltese Challenge League, the second tier of Maltese football. The club was founded as Balzan Youths in 1937 and played in the top division between 2010 and 2025. They were renamed Balzan FC in June 2012.

Balzan has qualified for the UEFA Europa League for five consecutive seasons (2015–16 to 2019–20). The club finished as runners-up in the Maltese Premier League in the 2016–17 and 2017–18 seasons and were finalists of the 2015–16 Maltese FA Trophy, which they lost on penalties to Sliema Wanderers after a goalless draw in the regular time. In May 2019, the club finally won its first major honour, the 2018–19 Maltese FA Trophy, after defeating Valletta on penalties in the final.

Valletta F.C.
Valletta F.C. is a professional football club based in Valletta, the capital city of Malta. The club currently competes in the Maltese Premier League. The club was founded in 1943 after a merge of Valletta Prestons, Valletta St. Paul's and Valletta United, the latter being a two-time league winner before the Second World War.

Considered one of the most supported and successful clubs in Maltese football, the club has won 25 league titles, 14 FA Trophies and a record 13 Super Cups. During the 2021–22 season the club was sponsored by Meridianbet.
Nordvestfjord
Nordvestfjord, meaning 'Northwest Fjord', (Greenlandic: Kangertertivarmît Kangertivat) is a fjord in King Christian X Land, eastern Greenland.

Administratively most of its length lies in the Northeast Greenland National Park area, at the border of Sermersooq municipality. This fjord is part of the Scoresby Sound system. The distance from the head of Nordvestfjord across Hall Bredning to the mouth of Scoresby Sound is 313 km (194 mi), which makes this continuous stretch of water the longest fjord in the world.

Scoresby Sound
Scoresby Sound  (Danish: Scoresby Sund, Greenlandic: Kangertittivaq) is a large fjord system of the Greenland Sea on the eastern coast of Greenland. It has a tree-like structure, with a main body approximately 110 km (68 mi) long that branches into a system of fjords covering an area of about 38,000 km2 (14,700 sq mi). The longest of the fjords extends 340–350 km (210–220 mi) inland from the coastline. The depth is 400–600 m (1,300–2,000 ft) in the main basin, but depths increase to up to 1,450 m (4,760 ft) in some fjords. It is one of the largest and longest fjord systems in the world.

The name of the sound honours English explorer William Scoresby, who in 1822 mapped the fjord area in detail. The name “Sound” comes from the Scandinavian word “Sund”  for “strait”, which is commonly used to describe narrow waterways between landmasses.
NK Krško Posavje
Nogometni klub Krško Posavje (English: Krško Posavje Football Club), commonly referred to as NK Krško Posavje or simply Krško Posavje, is a Slovenian football club from Krško that competes in the Slovenian Second League, the second tier of Slovenian football. The club was founded in 1922. Their home ground is the Matija Gubec Stadium with a capacity to accommodate 1,470 spectators.

In 2023, the club merged with NK Posavje Krško and was renamed NK Krško Posavje.

Krško
Krško (pronounced [ˈkə́ɾʃkɔ] ⓘ; German: Gurkfeld) is a town in eastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the City Municipality of Krško. The town lies on the Sava River and on the northwest edge of the Krško Plain (Slovene: Krško polje), which is part of the larger Krka Flat (Slovene: Krška ravan). The area is divided between the traditional regions of Styria (territory on the left bank of the Sava) and Lower Carniola (territory on the right bank of the Sava). The entire municipality is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.

Slovenia's only nuclear power plant, the Krško Nuclear Power Plant, lies southeast of the town.
Saint Catherine, Egypt
Saint Catherine (Egyptian Arabic: سانت كاترين, pronounced [ˈsænte kætˈɾiːn]; Greek: Αγία Αικατερίνη; also spelled Saint Katrine) is a town located in the South Sinai Governorate of Egypt, situated at the foot of Mount Sinai. The city is the site of Saint Catherine's Monastery.

The city is 1,586 metres (5,203 ft) above sea level and is 120 kilometres (75 mi) from Nuweiba. In 1994, its population was 4,603 people. In 2002, the Saint Catherine area was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Nekhel
Nikhel (Arabic: نِخِل; also spelled and pronounced Nikhl) is administratively a city (though realistically more of a town) and the capital of the eponymous markaz (county)  North Sinai Governorate, Egypt. It is located in the heart of the Sinai Peninsula bordered to its south by the  South Sinai Governorate, and is bordered from the west by the Sinai side of the Suez governorate, from the east by the international border of Egypt with Israel, and from the north by Al-Hasana markaz. It is located at the skirts of al-Tih Mountains and foothills at an elevation of 420.6 m (1,380 ft). The coordinates of the city is 29°54'N; 33°45'E. In addition to the town of Nikhel, the markaz comprises 10 other towns and settlements: al-Contilla, Wadi al-Haj, Sadr al-Hitan, al-Tamad, Bir Grid, al-Khafaga, al-Buruk, al-Netila, Ein Twibah and al-Salam.
Beach Cities Transit
Beach Cities Transit (BCT) is a public transit service operated through inter-municipal cooperation among the cities of Redondo Beach, Hermosa Beach, and Manhattan Beach, with additional service to El Segundo. The agency operates two bus routes that provide local service and connections to the broader Greater Los Angeles transportation network. Established in 2005, Beach Cities Transit was created to assume operation of lower-ridership routes previously managed by Los Angeles Metro.

In 2024, the system recorded an annual ridership of 267,100, with an average of approximately 700 weekday boardings as of the third quarter of 2025.

Redondo Beach, California
Redondo Beach (Redondo, Spanish for 'round') is a coastal city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, located in the South Bay region of the Greater Los Angeles area. It is one of three adjacent beach cities along the southern portion of Santa Monica Bay. The population was 71,576 at the 2020 census, up from 66,748 in 2010.

Redondo Beach was originally part of the 1784 Rancho San Pedro Spanish land grant that later became the South Redondo area. The primary attractions include Municipal Pier and the sandy beach, popular with tourists and a variety of sports enthusiasts. The Southern terminus of the Metro Rail K Line (formerly the Western Terminus of the Metro Rail C Line) is in North Redondo Beach.
Barlings Eau
Barlings Eau is a small river near Barlings, Lincolnshire, England. It is a tributary of the River Witham, joining it near Short Ferry. It acts as the central spine for a number of other small rivers, which drain the low-lying land to either side. Most of its course is within the area managed by the Witham Third District IDB, an Internal Drainage Board responsible for land drainage. One of their pumping stations is on the banks of the river.

There is also an Environment Agency pumping station, which is used to pump water from the River Witham system to the River Ancholme, to maintain flows and water quality when required.

Witham Third District IDB
Witham Third District IDB is an English internal drainage board set up under the terms of the Land Drainage Act 1930. The Board inherited the responsibilities of the Witham General Drainage Commissioners, who were first constituted by an act of Parliament of 1762. They manage the land drainage of an area to the north and east of the River Witham, between Lincoln and Dogdyke, which includes the valley of the River Bain to above Hemingby, and the valleys of Barlings Eau and most of its tributaries, to the north east of Lincoln.

Most of the parishes were enclosed in the late 1700s, by separate acts of Parliament, and steam-powered drainage was introduced from the 1830s. Steam engines were gradually replaced by oil and diesel engines, and most have since been superseded by electric pumps. The Witham Third District IDB maintains seventeen pumping stations and 140 miles (230 km) of drainage channels.
Gwladus Ddu
Gwladus Ddu, ("Gwladus the Dark Eyes"), full name Gwladus ferch Llywelyn (died 1251) was a member of the Royal House of Gwynedd. She was a daughter of Llywelyn the Great of Gwynedd and probably Joan Plantagenet, Lady of Wales, the only known illegitimate daughter of John, King of England. Gwladus Ddu married two Marcher lords.

Sources differ as to whether Gwladus was Llywelyn's legitimate daughter by his wife Joan or an illegitimate daughter by his longterm mistress Tangwystl Goch, daughter of Llywarch Goch and whilst she is widely regarded to be the daughter of Joan, this may be problematic when considering the date of Llywelyn and Joan’s marriage (around 1204-05) and the date of Gwladus’ first marriage (1215). Gwladus is recorded in Brut y Tywysogion as having died at Windsor in 1251.

Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer of Wigmore
Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer of Wigmore (c. 1231 – 27 October 1282), of Wigmore Castle in Herefordshire, was a marcher lord who was a loyal ally of King Henry III of England and at times an enemy, at times an ally, of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales.
Jenchaña
Jenchaña (possibly from Aymara Qinchaña, for to surround with bushes) is a volcano in the Andes of Peru, about 3,600 m (11,800 ft) high. It is situated in the "Valley of the Volcanoes"  in the Arequipa Region, Castilla Province, Andagua District. Jenchaña lies northwest of Chilcayoc.

Andagua volcanic field
The Andagua volcanic field (also known as Andahua) is a volcanic field in southern Peru which includes a number of cinder cones, lava domes and lava flows which have filled the Andagua Valley (which is also known as Valley of the Volcanoes for this reason). The volcanic field is part of a larger volcanic province that clusters around the Colca River and is mostly of Pleistocene age, although the Andagua sector also features volcanic cones with historical activity, with the last eruption about 370 years ago. Eruptions were mostly effusive, generating lava flows, cones and small eruption columns. Future eruptions are possible, and there is ongoing fumarolic activity. Volcanic activity in the field has flooded the Andahua valley with lava flows, damming local watersheds in the Laguna de Chachas, Laguna Mamacocha and Laguna Pumajallo lakes and burying the course of the Andagua River. The Andahua valley segment of the larger volcanic province was declared a geopark in 2015.
Meinhard, Duke of Upper Bavaria
Meinhard (9 February 1344 – 13 January 1363), a member of the House of Wittelsbach, was duke of Upper Bavaria and count of Tyrol (as Meinhard III) from 1361 until his death. He was the son of Duke Louis V of Bavaria with Countess Margaret of Tyrol and as such also the last descendant of the Tyrolean branch of the House of Gorizia.

House of Wittelsbach
The House of Wittelsbach (German: Haus Wittelsbach) is a former Bavarian dynasty, with branches that have ruled over territories including the Electorate of Bavaria, the Electoral Palatinate, the Electorate of Cologne, Holland, Zeeland, Sweden (with Swedish-ruled Finland), Denmark, Norway, Hungary, Bohemia, and Greece. Their ancestral lands of Bavaria and the Palatinate were prince-electorates, and the family had three of its members elected emperors and kings of the Holy Roman Empire. They ruled over the Kingdom of Bavaria which was created in 1805 and continued to exist until 1918.

The House of Windsor, the reigning royal house of the British monarchy, are descendants of Sophia of Hanover (1630–1714), a Wittelsbach Princess of the Palatinate by birth and Electress of Hanover by marriage, who had inherited the succession rights of the House of Stuart and passed them on to the House of Hanover.