hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Iteratively reweighted least squares
The method of iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS) is used to solve certain optimization problems with objective functions of the form of a p-norm:

by an iterative method in which each step involves solving a weighted least squares problem of the form:

IRLS is used to find the maximum likelihood estimates of a generalized linear model, and in robust regression to find an M-estimator, as a way of mitigating the influence of outliers in an otherwise normally-distributed data set, for example, by minimizing the least absolute errors rather than the least square errors.

One of the advantages of IRLS over linear programming and convex programming is that it can be used with Gauss–Newton and Levenberg–Marquardt numerical algorithms.

Weighted least squares
Weighted least squares (WLS), also known as weighted linear regression, is a generalization of ordinary least squares and linear regression in which knowledge of the unequal variance of observations (heteroscedasticity) is incorporated into the regression.
WLS is also a specialization of generalized least squares, when all the off-diagonal entries of the covariance matrix of the errors are null.
Biddulph Town Hall
Biddulph Town Hall is a municipal building in the High Street in Biddulph, a town in Staffordshire, in England. It currently serves as the meeting place of Biddulph Town Council and as a venue for concerts and other public events.

Biddulph
Biddulph is a town and civil parish in the Staffordshire Moorlands district of the county of Staffordshire, England. The town lies 9 miles (14 km) north of Stoke-on-Trent and 5 miles (8 km) south-east of Congleton, close to part of the Staffordshire/Cheshire county border. In 2011 the parish had a population of 19,892.
Loshnitsa
Loshnitsa (Belarusian: Лошніца, romanized: Lošnica; Russian: Лошница) is an agrotown in Barysaw District, Minsk Region, Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Loshnitsa rural council. It is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) east from Barysaw and 96 kilometres (60 mi) from Minsk.

Barysaw district
Barysaw district or Barysaŭ district (Belarusian: Барысаўскі раён; Russian: Борисовский район) is a district (raion) of Minsk region in Belarus. Its administrative center is the city of Barysaw. As of 2024, it has a population of 168,672.
Nouvelle Relation de la Gaspésie
Nouvelle Relation de la Gaspésie (English translation: New Relation of Gaspesia), with full title Nouvelle relation de la Gaspésie, qui contient les moeurs & la religion des sauvages Gaspesiens porte-croix, adorateurs du soleil, & d'autres peuples de l'Amérique septentrionale, dite le Canada (roughly translated: A New Account of Gaspé, which contains the customs and religion of the Gaspesian savages, bearers of the cross, worshippers of the sun, and of other peoples of northern America, called Canada), is a documentation of indigenous life in New France, published in Paris in 1691 by the Recollect missionary Chrestien Le Clercq (1641–c. 1700), demonstrating the ways of life of those indigenous communities that he resided with as a result of his missions.

Recollects
The Franciscan Recollects (French: Récollets) were a French reform branch of the Friars Minor, a Franciscan order. Denoted by their gray habits and pointed hoods, the Recollects devoted their lives to an extra emphasis on prayer, penance, and spiritual reflection (recollection), focusing on living in small, remote communities to better facilitate these goals. Today they are best known for their activities as missionaries in various parts of the world, most notably in early French Canada.

This branch of the Order had its origins in the 16th century. Officially named the "Order of Friars Minor Recollect", they used the post-nominal initials O.F.M. Rec. (Latin: Ordo fratrum minorum recollectorum) or O.M.R. (Ordo minorum recollectorum). 
In 1897 Pope Leo XIII dissolved the Recollect branch and merged it, along with several other reform branches of the Order, into the Observant Friars Minor.
Gosselies
Gosselies (French pronunciation: [ɡɔsli]; Walloon: Gochliye) is a town of Wallonia and a district of the municipality of Charleroi, located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

Located in the north of Charleroi, it was a city and a municipality of its own before the merger of the municipalities in 1977. Gosselies was the home of the headquarters of Caterpillar Belgium, as well as Solar Turbines Europe. The Brussels South Charleroi Airport (BSCA) is located in Gosselies too.

On the pre-metro line M3, opened in June 2013, there are nine stations located in Gosselies. Since this date, Gosselies has been re-connected with the center of Charleroi and the SNCB Charleroi-South railway station by tram.

Charleroi
Charleroi (UK: /ˈʃɑːrlə.rwʌ/, US: /-rɔɪ, -rwɑː/, French: [ʃaʁləʁwa] ⓘ; Walloon: Tchålerwè [tʃɑːlɛʀwɛ]) is a city and a municipality of Wallonia, located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium. It is the largest city in both Hainaut and Wallonia. The city is situated in the valley of the Sambre, in the south-west of Belgium, not far from the border with France. By 1 January 2008, the total population of Charleroi was 201,593. The metropolitan area, including the outer commuter zone, covers an area of 1,462 square kilometres (564 sq mi) with a total population of 522,522 by 1 January 2008, ranking it as the 5th most populous in Belgium after Brussels, Antwerp, Liège, and Ghent. The inhabitants are called Carolorégiens or simply Carolos.
One Day (South Korean band)
One Day (Korean: 원데이; RR: Wondei) was an eleven-member South Korean band formed by Korean musician Park Jin-young of JYP Entertainment. After performing as one group, it was splintered into two separate bands, the ballad-oriented group 2AM and the dance-focused group 2PM. Since their debut, 2AM and 2PM members have frequently appeared together on YouTube videos and television programs, collaborated together on songs, and performed together.

Jang Wooyoung
Jang Woo-young (Korean: 장우영; born on April 30, 1989), better known mononymously as Wooyoung, is a South Korean singer, songwriter, dancer, and actor. In 2008, he debuted as a member of 2PM, a boy band currently managed by JYP Entertainment. He debuted as a solo artist with his first extended play, 23, Male, Single, in July 2012. As of 2025, he has released a total of six EPs. He has also composed several songs for 2PM and other artists.

Following his discharge from his mandatory military service in 2020, Jang has worked as a television personality on various Korean variety shows such as Beat Coin, I Can See Your Voice, and Street Man Fighter. He is currently a cast member for the Netflix variety program Screwballs. He is also known for his role as Jason in the 2011 South Korean drama Dream High.
Ai Orikasa
Ai Orikasa (折笠 愛, Orikasa Ai; born Kikue Orikasa (折笠 きく江, Orikasa Kikue) on December 12, 1963) is a Japanese actress, voice actress and singer.

She has played a variety of characters, from young girls to women and boys. In her leading roles, she often voiced boys, and has also done the voice of a mother. She also played the voice of Hagu-Hagu, a strange creature who only says "Hagu-Hagu" in the TV series Haō Taikei Ryū Knight. In recent years, she has voiced Shizuka's mother in Doraemon, and has also provided the Japanese dub voice for Jessica Rabbit in Who Framed Roger Rabbit.

Gundam Wing: Endless Waltz
Gundam Wing: Endless Waltz, known in Japan as New Mobile Report Gundam Wing: Endless Waltz (Japanese: 新機動戦記ガンダムW(ウイング) Endless Waltz, Hepburn: Shin Kidō Senki Gandamu Uingu Endoresu Warutsu), is the sequel to Mobile Suit Gundam Wing, both of which are set in the "After Colony" timeline, an alternate universe to that of the original Mobile Suit Gundam series. Aside from being a continuation to the Gundam Wing TV series, it also reveals details regarding the pasts of the five Gundam pilots and the true objective behind "Operation Meteor."

Endless Waltz originally premiered in Japan as a three-part OVA in 1997. It was later released as a theatrical compilation film in 1998, including additional scenes and an altered musical score.
Ras al-Far'a
Ras al-Far'a (Arabic: راس الفارعة) is a Palestinian town in the Tubas Governorate in the Northern area of the West Bank, located 5 kilometers South west of Tubas. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of over 701 inhabitants in mid-year 2006 and 1,250 by 2017. The healthcare facilities for Ras al-Far'a are based in Tammun and the nearby refugee camp of al-Far'a.

Tubas Governorate
The Tubas Governorate (Arabic: محافظة طوباس, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat Ṭūbās) is an administrative district of Palestine, in the northeastern West Bank. Its district capital or muhfaza is the city of Tubas. In 2007, the population was 50,267, raising to 60,927 in 2017.
Lantau South Country Park
Lantau South Country Park (Chinese: 南大嶼郊野公園) is one of two rural country parks on Lantau Island, Hong Kong, the other one being Lantau North Country Park and its extension.

Lantau South Country Park is located on the south side of the island. It was designated on 20 April 1978. At 56.4 square kilometres (21.8 sq mi), it is the largest country park in Hong Kong.

Lantau Island
Lantau Island (also Lantao Island, Lan Tao or Lan Tau) is the largest island in Hong Kong. Located west of Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula, it is part of the New Territories. Administratively, most of Lantau Island is part of the Islands District of Hong Kong. A small northeastern portion of the island is located in the Tsuen Wan District.

Originally an island with fishing villages, it has been developed since the late 20th century with the construction of Tung Chung New Town on its north-western coast and the completion of several major infrastructure projects, including Lantau Link (1997), Hong Kong International Airport (1998), Hong Kong Disneyland (2005), and the Ngong Ping 360 gondola lift (2006).
Camaronal Wildlife Refuge
The Camaronal Wildlife Refuge is a Wildlife refuge of Costa Rica, part of the Tempisque Conservation Area, on the Pacific Coast of the Nicoya Peninsula.

The refuge was created for the protection of sea turtles nesting sites for leatherback, olive ridley and hawksbill turtles. The success of the program was evidenced by the November 2006 mass arrival of egg-laying turtles (the first registered in 15 years). Unfortunately, proposed massive and unregulated real-estate developments constitute a grave threat to the Camaronal Wildlife Refuge. Although there is a groundswell of activism opposing said development, the Camaronal Wildlife Refuge's future remains uncertain.

Nicoya Peninsula
The Nicoya Peninsula (Spanish: Península de Nicoya) is a peninsula on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. It is divided into two provinces: Guanacaste Province in the north, and the Puntarenas Province in the south. It is located at . It varies from 30–60 km (19–37 mi) in width and is about 120 km (75 mi) long, forming the largest peninsula in the country. It is known for its beaches and is a popular tourist destination.

The main transport and commercial centre in the region is Nicoya, one of the oldest settlements in Costa Rica. Ferries run between the town of Puntarenas on the mainland and the Nicoya Peninsula. There is an international airport in nearby Liberia and small domestic airstrips in Nosara, Carrillo, Tamarindo and Tambor.
Eiffel Tower (Delaunay series)
The Eiffel Tower series of Robert Delaunay (1885–1941) is a cycle of paintings and drawings of the Eiffel Tower. The Eiffel Tower was built by Gustave Eiffel.

The series was painted in an emerging Orphist style, an art movement co-founded by Robert and Sonia Delaunay and František Kupka that added bright colors and increased abstraction to Cubism. The Eiffel Tower series sits chronologically and stylistically between the artist's Saint-Séverin series and Windows series.

Robert Delaunay
Robert Delaunay (French: [ʁɔbɛʁ dəlonɛ]; 12 April 1885 – 25 October 1941) was a French artist of the School of Paris movement; who, with his wife Sonia Delaunay and others, co-founded the Orphism art movement, noted for its use of strong colours and geometric shapes. His later works were more abstract. His key influence related to the bold use of colour and a clear love of experimentation with both depth and tone.
Moflag Church
Moflag Church (Norwegian: Moflag kirke) is a chapel of the Church of Norway in Lurøy Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is located in the island village of Moflaget. It is an annex chapel in the Lurøy parish which is part of the Nord-Helgeland prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Sør-Hålogaland. The white, wooden chapel was built in a long church style in 1921 using plans drawn up by the architect Harald J. Hansen. The chapel seats about 150 people.

Solvær
Solvær is a group of islands in Lurøy Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. They are located between the islands of Lovund to the west and Onøya to the east. The islands are located about a 90-minute ferry ride west of the mainland. Due to the Gulf Stream, the climate is mild, with little snow despite its northern location.
1974 Grantland Rice Bowl
The 1974 Grantland Rice Bowl was an NCAA Division II game following the 1974 season, between the Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens and the UNLV Rebels. This was the first time that the game was played at Tiger Stadium on the campus of LSU. Delaware running back Vern Roberts was named the game's outstanding offensive player, while his teammate defensive back Mike Ebersol was named the game's outstanding defensive player.

Tiger Stadium (Louisiana)
Tiger Stadium, also called Death Valley, is an outdoor stadium located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on the campus of Louisiana State University. It is the home stadium of the LSU Tigers football team. Prior to 1924, LSU played its home games at State Field, which was located on the old LSU campus in Downtown Baton Rouge.

Tiger Stadium opened with a capacity of 12,000 in 1924. Renovations and expansions have brought the stadium's current capacity to 102,321, making it the second largest stadium in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) behind Kyle Field of Texas A&M, the fifth largest stadium in the NCAA and the seventh largest stadium in the world.
Mount Pleasant, Pennsylvania
Mount Pleasant is a borough in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States. It stands 45 miles (72 km) southeast of Pittsburgh. As of the 2020 census, the borough's population was 4,245.

The Borough of Mount Pleasant, consisting of the town area, should not be confused with Mount Pleasant Township, which is an entirely separate municipality. Mount Pleasant Township is predominantly rural and adjoins the borough to the north.

In the past, Mount Pleasant was a center of an extensive coke-making industry. Other products included flour, lumber, iron, glass, foundry products, etc.

Mount Pleasant Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
Mount Pleasant Township is a township in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2020 census, the township population was 10,119. Mount Pleasant Township should not be confused with the Borough of Mount Pleasant, which is a separate municipality and comprises the town of that name.
Inferior phrenic vein
The inferior phrenic veins drain the diaphragm and follow the course of the inferior phrenic arteries;

the right ends in the inferior vena cava;

the left is often represented by two branches, 
one of which ends in the left renal or suprarenal vein,
while the other passes in front of the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm and opens into the inferior vena cava.

Renal vein
The renal veins in the renal circulation, are large-calibre veins that drain blood filtered by the kidneys into the inferior vena cava. There is one renal vein draining each kidney. Each renal vein is formed by the convergence of the interlobar veins of one kidney.

Because the inferior vena cava is on the right half of the body, the left renal vein is longer than the right one.
AS Watson
AS Watson Group (or AS Watson or ASW) is the world's largest international health and beauty retailer by number of stores, with over 16,500 stores in 28 markets, primarily in Asia and Europe.

A member of CK Hutchison Holdings, ASW operates the world's largest portfolio of retail formats, retail brands and has the largest geographical presence. The company is majority owned by multinational conglomerate CK Hutchison Holdings Limited, with just over 75 percent, after the remaining stake was sold to Singapore government-owned Temasek Holdings in March 2014.

CK Hutchison Holdings
CK Hutchison Holdings Limited (Chinese: 長江和記實業有限公司) is a Hong Kong–based and Cayman Islands–registered multinational conglomerate corporation. The company was formed in March 2015 through the merger of Cheung Kong Holdings and its main associate company Hutchison Whampoa. It has four core businesses – ports and related services, retail, infrastructure and telecommunications – which operate in over 50 countries, as well as several other investments around the world.
Rhyacichthys guilberti
Rhyacichthys guilberti is a goby belonging to the family Rhyacichthyidae. This fish only occurs in the Northern Province of New Caledonia and in Vanuatu. It is found in only two rivers. Its maximum standard length of about 240 mm. Its population on New Caledonia was estimated at less than 400 individuals, but it is now thought to have been extirpated from that island, it remains common on Vanuatu.

Rhyacichthys guilberti occurs in coastal streams with a relatively steep gradient set in hilly or mountainous terrain. It feeds on algae and diatoms on rocks and stones. holding on in the fast current using its broadened pelvic and pectoral fins and its compressed head and snout.

The specific name honours the French entomologist Eric Guilbert who was involved in collecting the type specimen.

Rhyacichthyidae
The Rhyacichthyidae or loach gobies are a small family of perciform fish in two genera.  The three species all inhabit rivers and streams, often with fast flow. R. aspro is widespread in Western Pacific region (China and Japan to New Guinea and the Solomons), but the two remaining species are restricted to New Caledonia and Vanuatu. Little is known about their breeding behavior, but the eggs or larvae float down into the sea where the young grow up, only to later return to the adult river and stream habitat. They are fairly small fish, no more than 25 cm (10 in) in standard length.
Bagnolo Piemonte
Bagnolo Piemonte (Occitan Banhuel, Piedmontese and  French Bagneul) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) southwest of Turin and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northwest of Cuneo. The ski resort and village Rucas is within the commune.

Bagnolo Piemonte borders the following municipalities: Barge, Bibiana, Cavour, Crissolo, Luserna San Giovanni, Ostana, Rorà, and Villar Pellice.

Ostana
Ostana is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of Turin and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northwest of Cuneo.  Its population has been in decline and in January 2016 it recorded its first birth since the 1980s.

Ostana borders the following municipalities: Bagnolo Piemonte, Barge, Crissolo, Oncino, and Paesana. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").
Army Apprentices College
The Army Apprentices College was a college system in the United Kingdom that offered military training, education and common core skills, leadership and adventurous training, character development and trade training.

Army Foundation College
The Army Foundation College (AFC) in Harrogate, England, is the sole initial military training unit for British Army recruits who enlist aged between 16 and 17.5 years.

AFC delivers two 'Phase 1' initial training courses: the 'long course' of 49 weeks, mainly for recruits in combat roles, and the 23-week 'short course' for recruits in most other roles. In addition to their military training, recruits are enrolled onto basic Functional Skills courses in English, maths, and ICT.

Approximately 1,200 boys and 100 girls begin training at AFC annually, of whom approximately 500 are enrolled for the infantry. On average, 70% of recruits complete their course, then moving to other army units for their 'Phase 2' role-specific training.

AFC is graded 'outstanding' for welfare by Ofsted but has also attracted criticism for the physical and sexual abuse of recruits, and high running costs, and racist abuse against black staff.
Park City Center
Park City Center is a shopping mall located in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and is the largest enclosed shopping center in Lancaster County. It is situated at the intersection of U.S. Route 30 and Harrisburg Pike. The mall has over 170 stores and features Boscov's, JCPenney, Kohl's, Raymour & Flanigan, and Round 1 Bowling & Amusement.

With 170 stores, Park City Center is currently the fourth largest shopping mall in Pennsylvania.

The Bon-Ton
Bonton Holdings Inc. operating as Bonton (/bɒntɒn/) is an American former department store chain and group founded in 1898 whose name is now used with an e-commerce website.

Bonton's stores operated in Western New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, West Virginia, Maryland, and throughout the Midwestern United States. The formerly York, Pennsylvania-based company filed for bankruptcy in February 2018 and sold the name to CSC Generation, which in turn sold it to BrandX.com in 2021, an e-commerce site under the brand name. Along with Bergner's, Boston Store, Carson's, Elder-Beerman, Herberger's, and Younkers, the names of most of the defunct retail group's department store chains are owned by BrandX.
Île de la Visitation
Île de la Visitation is a small island in the Rivière des Prairies, part of the Hochelaga Archipelago, and part of the city of Montreal in Quebec, Canada.

Located within the boroughs of Ahuntsic-Cartierville and Montréal-Nord, the island is the site of the L'Île-de-la-Visitation Nature Park, as well as the remaining buildings of the historic Sault-au-Récollet district.

The island also includes the former hydraulic installations, l'île du Cheval-de-Terre, which is connected to Laval by the Rivière des Prairies generating station, as well as a wooded area left intact along the Rivière des Prairies.

Rivière des Prairies
The Rivière des Prairies (pronounced [ʁivjɛʁ de pʁɛʁi]; lit. 'River of the Prairies'), called the Back River in English, is a delta channel of the Ottawa River in southwestern Quebec, Canada. The Kanien'kehá:ka called it Skowanoti, meaning "River behind the island". The river separates the cities of Laval and Montreal.
Timaeus of Locri
Timaeus of Locri (pronunciation in modern English /taɪˈmiːəs/; Ancient Greek: Τίμαιος ὁ Λοκρός, romanized: Tímaios ho Lokrós; Latin: Timaeus Locrus) is a character in two of Plato's dialogues, Timaeus and Critias. In both, he appears as a philosopher of the Pythagorean school. If there ever existed a historical Timaeus of Locri, he would have lived in the fifth century BC, but his historicity is dubious since he only appears as a literary figure in Plato's works; all other ancient sources are either based on Plato or are fictional accounts.

Critias (dialogue)
Critias (/ˈkrɪtiəs/; Greek: Κριτίας), one of Plato's late dialogues, recounts the story of the mighty island kingdom Atlantis and its attempt to conquer Athens, which failed due to the ordered society of the Athenians. Critias is the second of a projected trilogy of dialogues, preceded by Timaeus and followed by Hermocrates. The latter was possibly never written and the ending to Critias has been lost. Because of their resemblance (e.g., in terms of persons appearing), modern classicists occasionally combine both Timaeus and Critias as Timaeus-Critias.