hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pure tone
In psychoacoustics and signal processing, a pure tone is a sound or other signal with a sinusoidal waveform; that is, a sine wave of constant frequency, phase-shift, and amplitude.
A pure tone has the property – unique among real-valued wave shapes – that its wave shape is unchanged by linear time-invariant systems; that is, only the phase and amplitude change between such a system's pure-tone input and its output.

Sine and cosine waves can be used as basic building blocks of more complex waves.  As additional sine waves having different frequencies are combined, the waveform transforms from a sinusoidal shape into a more complex shape.
When considered as part of a whole spectrum, a pure tone may also be called a spectral component.

In clinical audiology, pure tones are used for pure-tone audiometry to characterize hearing thresholds at different frequencies.
Sound localization is often more difficult with pure tones than with other sounds.

Spectrum (physical sciences)
In the physical sciences, spectrum describes any continuous range of either frequency or wavelength values.  The term  initially referred to the range of observed colors as white light is dispersed through a prism — introduced to optics by Isaac Newton in the 17th century.

The concept was later expanded to other waves, such as sound waves and sea waves that also present a variety of frequencies and wavelengths (e.g., noise spectrum, sea wave spectrum). Starting from Fourier analysis, the concept of spectrum expanded to signal theory, where the signal can be graphed as a function of frequency and information can be placed in selected ranges of frequency. Presently, any quantity directly dependent on, and measurable along the range of, a continuous independent variable can be graphed along its range or spectrum.  Examples are the range of electron energy in electron spectroscopy or the range of mass-to-charge ratio in mass spectrometry.
Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue
Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue (/sənt æn də bɛlvjuː/, French pronunciation: [sɛ̃t an də bɛlvy]) is an on-island suburb located at the western tip of the Island of Montreal in southwestern Quebec, Canada. It is the second oldest community in Montreal's West Island, having been founded as a parish in 1703. The oldest, Dorval, was founded in 1667.

Points of interest include the Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue Canal (a National Historic Site of Canada), the Sainte-Anne Veterans' Hospital, the Morgan Arboretum, and the L'Anse-à-l'Orme Nature Park.  Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue is also home to John Abbott College and McGill University's Macdonald Campus, which includes the J. S. Marshall Radar Observatory and the Canadian Aviation Heritage Centre as well as about 2 square kilometres (0.77 sq mi) of farmland which separates the small town from neighbouring Baie-d'Urfé.

Montreal Aviation Museum
The Montreal Aviation Museum (French: Musée de L'aviation de Montréal), formerly the Canadian Aviation Heritage Centre (French: Centre canadien du patrimoine aéronautique), is an aviation museum located in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada.
Wenquan, Jiaozuo
Wenquan (simplified Chinese: 温泉; traditional Chinese: 溫泉; pinyin: Wēnquán; lit. 'hot springs') is a town in and the seat of Wen County in western Henan province, China, located about 9 km (5.6 mi) north of the Yellow River. As of 2011, it has 29 villages under its administration.

Wen County, Henan
Wen County or Wenxian (simplified Chinese: 温县; traditional Chinese: 溫縣; pinyin: Wēn Xiàn) is a county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Jiaozuo, in the northwest of Henan Province.
Niutron
Niutron (Mandarin: 自游家) is a Chinese electric car brand founded by Niu Technologies co-founder Yan Li on December 15, 2021. The mother company is called Huoxingshi Technology and is based in Beijing with its design center located in Shanghai, with vehicle R&D and manufacturing located in Changzhou.

Niutron NV
The Niutron NV is an electric mid-size SUV that Chinese electric vehicle manufacturer Niutron (Mandarin: 自游家) attempted to produce in 2022, although the production was ultimately unsuccessful. It would later be rebranded as the Docan V07 by vehicle manufacturer Docan (大乘) starting in 2023, without success again.
Ishkhan (fedayi)
Ishkhan (Armenian: Իշխան,  "prince"; 1883 – 1915), born Nikoghayos Mikayelian, and also known as Nigol, was an Armenian fedayi, a member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Along with Aram Manukian and Arshak Vramian, he was a leading figure in Van just before and during the early stages of World War I. He was well known for arming Armenian villages in eastern Anatolia and organizing their defences to defend themselves from attacks and raids by Turks and Kurds. He was killed on 17 April 1915 just before the Turks besieged Van.

Arshak Vramian
Arshak or Arshag Vramian (Armenian: Արշակ Վռամեան, born Onnik Derdzakian; 22 March 1870/1871 – 17 April 1915) was an Armenian revolutionary and a leading member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. He worked as an ARF activist in his native Constantinople before fleeing the police. He worked for the party in Bulgaria and Romania before moving to Geneva, where he served on the party's Western Bureau and edited the party organ Droshak. He lived in the United States from 1899 to 1907; while there, he edited the party newspaper Hairenik. He returned to the Ottoman Empire after the Young Turk Revolution restored the Ottoman constitution. He was a member of the Ottoman parliament elected from Van Province. He was killed by the Ottoman authorities in April 1915 at the start of the Armenian genocide.
National Register of Historic Places listings in Saginaw County, Michigan
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Saginaw County, Michigan.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Saginaw County, Michigan, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.

There are 41 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted September 26, 2025.

Saginaw County, Michigan
Saginaw County (SAG-ə-naw) is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 190,124. The county seat is Saginaw. The county was created by September 10, 1822, and was fully organized on February 9, 1835. The etymology of the county's name is uncertain. It may be derived from Sace-nong or Sak-e-nong (English: Sauk land), as the Sauk (French: Sac) tribe is believed by some to have once lived there. A more likely possibility is that it comes from Ojibwe words meaning "place of the outlet" –sag (English: an opening) and ong (English: place of). See List of Michigan county name etymologies.

Saginaw County comprises the Saginaw, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area and is included in the Saginaw-Midland-Bay City Combined Statistical Area, the 5th largest metropolitan area in Michigan.
Mollifier
In mathematics, mollifiers (also known as approximations to the identity) are particular smooth functions, used for example in distribution theory to create sequences of smooth functions approximating nonsmooth (generalized) functions, via convolution. Intuitively, given a (generalized) function, convolving it with a mollifier "mollifies" it, that is, its sharp features are smoothed, while still remaining close to the original.

They are also known as Friedrichs mollifiers after Kurt Otto Friedrichs, who introduced them.

Approximate identity
In mathematics, particularly in functional analysis and ring theory, an approximate identity is a net in a Banach algebra or ring (generally without an identity) that acts as a substitute for an identity element.
Teatro Juárez
The Teatro Juárez is a historical 19th century theater located in the Mexican city of Guanajuato. It was built from 1872 to 1903 from a design by architect José Noriega and by order of General Florencio Antillón. The building was completed by architect Antonio Rivas Mercado and engineer Alberto Malo, who implemented refurbishments that significantly changed the exterior and interior aspect.

The peak of its popularity was towards the end of the 19th century until the start of the Mexican Revolution, being an important center of artistic activity where the most famous artist of the time appeared.

The Teatro Juárez has been the main venue of the Festival Internacional Cervantino since 1972.

Festival Internacional Cervantino
The Festival Internacional Cervantino (FIC),  popularly known as El Cervantino, is a festival which takes place each fall in the city of Guanajuato, located in central Mexico. The festival originates from the mid 20th century, when short plays by Miguel de Cervantes called entremeses (singular entremés) were performed in the city's plazas.

In 1972, the festival was expanded with federal support to include more events to add a more international flavor. Since then, FIC has grown to become the most important international artistic and cultural event in Mexico and Latin America, and one of four major events of its type in the world. It is a member of the European Festivals Association and the Asian Association of Theater Festivals In addition to government support, there are also private sponsors such as Telmex, Televisa and Microsoft.
Aichi D3A
The Aichi D3A (Navy full designation "Type 99 Carrier Bomber"; Allied reporting name "Val") is a World War II carrier-borne dive bomber. It was the primary dive bomber of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) and was involved in almost all IJN actions, including the attack on Pearl Harbor.

The Aichi D3A was the first Japanese aircraft to bomb American targets in the war, commencing with Pearl Harbor and U.S. bases in the Philippines, such as Clark Air Force Base. The type sank more Allied warships than any other Axis aircraft.

Type 97 aircraft machine gun
The Type 97 aircraft machine gun (九七式七粍七固定機銃) was the standard fixed light machine gun on aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. This weapon was not related to the Type 97 heavy tank machine gun used by the Imperial Japanese Army in armored vehicles, or the Type 97 automatic cannon used as an anti-tank rifle.
Caldera (company)
Caldera, Inc. was a Canopy-funded software company founded in October 1994 and incorporated on 25 January 1995 by former Novell employees Bryan Wayne Sparks, Ransom H. Love and others to develop the Caldera Network Desktop (CND) and later create a Linux distribution named OpenLinux (COL). The company was originally based in Provo and later in Orem, Utah, USA.

Microsoft litigation
Microsoft has been involved in numerous high-profile legal matters that involved litigation over the history of the company, including cases against the United States, the European Union, and competitors.
Kalalé
Kalalé [ka.la.lɛ] is a town, arrondissement, and commune in the Borgou Department of eastern Benin. The commune covers an area of 3,586 square kilometres (1,385 sq mi) and as of 2013 had a population of 168,882 people.

Communes of Benin
The departments of Benin are subdivided into 77 communes, which in turn are divided into arrondissements and finally into villages or city districts. Prior to 1999 provinces were broken down into 84 districts, titled either urban or rural.  Before independence, the six provinces were subdivided into cercles, cantons, préfectures and villages or towns.

The communes are listed below, by department:
Akita Bank
The Akita Bank, Ltd. (株式会社秋田銀行, Kabushiki-gaisha Akita Ginkō) (TYO: 8343) is a Japanese regional bank headquartered in the city of Akita, Akita Prefecture. Although the bank’s core business comes from Akita prefecture, various branches are situated outside of the area. These include Koriyama, Sapporo, Morioka, Sendai, and Tokyo. The bank was noted for its initial reluctance to establish a wide ATM network, finally implementing one in January 2003.

Akita (city)
Akita (秋田市, Akita-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [aꜜ.kʲi̥.ta, a.kʲi̥.taꜜ.ɕi]) is the capital and most populous city of Akita Prefecture, Japan, and has been designated a core city since 1 April 1997. As of 1 August 2023, the city has an estimated population of 300,502 persons in 136,628 households and a population density of 332 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 906.07 square kilometres (349.84 sq mi).
Sridhar Tayur
Sridhar R. Tayur is an American business professor, entrepreneur, and management thinker. He is university professor of operations management and Ford Distinguished Research Chair at the Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University, and the founder of SmartOps Corporation  and OrganJet Corporation.

Tayur is known as an "academic capitalist," recognized for his contribution to Inventory Theory, Supply Chain Management, Lean Manufacturing, Operations Strategy, Healthcare Management, and Quantum Computing. He describes his own work as "research, industrial implementation, software entrepreneurship, investing in start-ups and turnarounds, and creating a social enterprise" that lies "in the intersection of math, money, and morals." Tayur's work "has earned him a reputation as someone uniquely talented in identifying, and then solving, novel and timely problems confronting society," according to a 2014 Productions and Operations Management article honoring him.

IIT Madras
The Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras or IITM) is a public institute of technology located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Along with being recognized as an Institute of Eminence, IIT Madras is widely regarded as one of India’s most prestigious higher education institutions, consistently ranking first nationally in engineering and overall categories by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) for many years.

As an Indian Institute of Technology, IIT Madras is also recognized as an Institute of National Importance by the Government of India. Founded in 1959 with technical, academic and financial assistance from the government of West Germany, IITM was the third Indian Institute of Technology to be established.
Claudetite
Claudetite is an arsenic oxide mineral with chemical formula As2O3. Claudetite is formed as an oxidation product of arsenic sulfides and is colorless or white. It can be associated with arsenolite (the cubic form of As2O3) as well as realgar (As4S4), orpiment (As2S3) and native sulfur.

It was first described in 1868 for an occurrence in the San Domingo mines, Algarve, Portugal. It was first described by and named for the French chemist Frederick Claudet.

Arsenolite
Arsenolite is an arsenic mineral, chemical formula As2O3. It is formed as an oxidation product of arsenic sulfides. Commonly found as small octahedra it is white,  but impurities of realgar or orpiment may give it a pink or yellow hue. It can be associated with its dimorph claudetite (a monoclinic form of As2O3) as well as realgar (As4S4), orpiment (As2S3) and erythrite, Co3(AsO4)2·8H2O.

Arsenolite belongs to the minerals which are highly toxic.
Phadiara
Phadiara is a town in Lahore District of the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located  at 31°14'40N 73°11'30E with an altitude of 175 metres (577 feet). Neighbouring settlements include Manak, Singh Khalsa and Gobindsar.

Manak
Manak is a residential town in Lahore District, in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at 31°13'0N 73°12'30E with an altitude of 173 metres (570 feet).

It is located in the Allama Iqbal Zone of Lahore District. Neighbouring settlements include Phadiara, Singh Khalsa and Ghator.
Roset, Vestland
Roset (also: Nordsida) is a village in Stryn Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The village is located on the northern shore of the Nordfjorden. The village is located about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) east of the village of Randabygda and about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) west of the village of Stryn. The village of Innvik lies directly across the Nordfjorden from Roset. Nordsida Church is located in Roset.

Nordsida Church
Nordsida Church (Norwegian: Nordsida kyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Stryn Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the village of Roset, on the northern shore of the Nordfjorden. It is the church for the Nordsida parish which is part of the Nordfjord prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin. The white, concrete church was built in a long church design in 1973 using plans drawn up by the architect Alf Apalseth. The church seats about 220 people.
Bartlett Bay
Bartlett Bay is an Arctic waterway in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is in Nares Strait off eastern Ellesmere Island, off the Bache Peninsula. Victoria Head marks the northern tip of its mouth.

It is named in honour of Captain Robert Bartlett, a Newfoundland navigator and Arctic explorer.

Bache Peninsula
Bache Peninsula is a geological formation in Canada, on Ellesmere Island in Nunavut. The peninsula is considered a cape', meaning that it is a headland that dramatically affects the ocean currents. It is primarily known for being the site of the world's northernmost permanent settlement from 1926 to 1933, a Royal Canadian Mounted Police post.
Pietralata (Rome Metro)
Pietralata is a station on Line B of the Rome Metro. It is located on Via di Pietralata, after which it is named, in the Pietralata quarter, the 21st quarter of Rome, near the Forte Tiburtino and the Autostrada A24.

It opened on 8 December 1990. It was originally to have been known as Feronia, after the street of that name not far from where the station was to be sited, while the name of Pietralata was supposed to be assigned to the Quintiliani station. Just a few months before the station opened to the public, it was decided to give it the present name.

Quintiliani
Quintiliani [kwin.ti.ˈlja.ni] is a station on Line B of the Rome Metro. It is located on Via della Pietra Sanguigna and takes its name from the ancient Casale dei Quintiliani, which stood near the station. Other nearby streets are Via delle Cave di Pietralata and Via del Casale Quintiliani. Nearby is the Ospedale Sandro Pertini.
Louis Armand II, Prince of Conti
Louis Armand de Bourbon (10 November 1695 – 4 May 1727) was Prince of Conti, from 1709 to his death, succeeding his father, François Louis de Bourbon. As a member of the reigning House of Bourbon, he was a Prince du Sang. His mother was Marie Thérèse de Bourbon, daughter of Henri Jules, Prince of Condé and granddaughter of Louis de Bourbon, le Grand Condé. He was nominated as the Prince of Orange by King Louis XIV of France in 1712.

His male line descendants died out in 1814; through his daughter, however, he is an ancestor of the present-day pretenders to the throne of France and Italy, the kings of Spain and Belgium and the Grand Duke of Luxemburg.

Marie Thérèse de Bourbon
Marie Thérèse de Bourbon (1 February 1666 – 22 February 1732) was the titular Queen consort of Poland in 1697. She was the daughter of the Prince of Condé. As a member of France's reigning House of Bourbon, she was a princesse du sang.
2013 International Criminal Court judges election
A special election for one judge of the International Criminal Court was held during the 12th session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court which took place in The Hague from 20 to 28 November 2013.

The election became necessary after one judge elected in the 2011 election was unavailable: Anthony Carmona had been elected President of Trinidad and Tobago and had resigned from the bench on 18 March 2013.

Geoffrey A. Henderson, also from Trinidad and Tobago, was elected in the first ballot after his only opponent had withdrawn.

Judges of the International Criminal Court
The eighteen judges of the International Criminal Court (ICC) are elected for nine-year terms by the member-countries of the court. Candidates must be nationals of those countries and they must "possess the qualifications required in their respective States for appointment to the highest judicial offices".

A judge may be disqualified from "any case in which his or her impartiality might reasonably be doubted on any ground", and a judge may be removed from office if found "to have committed serious misconduct or a serious breach of his or her duties" or is unable to exercise his or her functions.

The judges are organized into three divisions: the Pre-Trial Division, Trial Division, and Appeals Division.
Hammerless
A hammerless firearm is a firearm that lacks an exposed hammer or hammer spur. Although it may not literally lack a hammer, it lacks an external hammer that the user can manipulate directly. One of the disadvantages of an exposed hammer spur is the tendency for it to get caught on items such as clothing; covering (shrouding or bobbing) the hammer by removing the hammer spur reduces this from occurring.

Double-barreled shotgun
A double-barreled shotgun, also known as a double shotgun, is a break-action shotgun with two parallel barrels, allowing two single shots that can be fired simultaneously or sequentially in quick succession.
Osten Transporter Bridge
Osten Transporter Bridge is an 80-metre (262 ft) long transporter bridge over the Oste River in Osten (Oste), Lower Saxony, Germany. It was built in 1908-9 and was in regular use until 1974 and is now only used as a tourist attraction.
The bridge can transport 6 cars or 100 persons simultaneously.

Transporter bridge
A transporter bridge, also known as a ferry bridge or aerial transfer bridge, is a type of movable bridge that carries a segment of roadway across a river. The gondola is slung from a tall span by wires or a metal frame. The design has been used to cross navigable rivers or other bodies of water, where there is a requirement for ship traffic to be able to pass. This has been a rare type of bridge, with fewer than two dozen built. There are just twelve that continue to be used today.
Jetta (wrestler)
Victoria Owen (born 6 August 1987) is a retired English professional wrestler who wrestles as Jetta. She is best known for her work on the independent circuit in England with various promotions including LDN Wrestling, ChickFight and Real Quality Wrestling. She also wrestled in America with Shimmer Women Athletes, where she was part of the alliance The International Home Wrecking Crew.

She has primarily performed as a villainous character, using the gimmick of an arrogant and outspoken individual earning her the name 'Coventry's Loudest'. Fighting Spirit Magazine exclusively named her and early rival Eden Black as "spearheading a revolution in British wrestling" with regards to serious female wrestling. In April 2010, Jetta announced after a match in her home town that she would be retiring from wrestling in June of that year.

MsChif
Rachel Frobel (née Collins born June 11, 1976) is an American professional wrestler who is better known by her ring name MsChif. She has been wrestling since 2001 and in that time has worked for several independent promotions across the United States, with guest matches in England and Japan. She is known for her banshee gimmick, howling at her opponents and referees who stand in her way, as well as her unusually flexible body that allows her to perform, and be subjected to, modified submission holds.

For two years, between 2008 and 2010, she was a triple crown champion holding the NWA World Women's Championship for the second time, as well as the Shimmer Championship and the NWA Midwest Women's Championship. As well as being a two-time NWA World Champion, she is also a ChickFight tournament winner.