hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Supine
In grammar, a supine is a form of verbal noun used in some languages. The term is most often used for Latin, where it is one of the four principal parts of a verb.

The word also refers to a position of lying on one's back (as opposed to 'prone', lying face downward), but there exists no widely accepted etymology that explains why or how the term came to be used to also describe this form of a verb.

Principal parts
In language learning, the principal parts of a verb are the most fundamental forms of a verb that can be conjugated into any form of the verb. The concept originates in the humanist Latin schools, where students learned verbs by chanting them in the four key forms from which all other forms can be deduced, for example:

ferō – ferre – tulī – lātum  ('to carry')

Not all languages have to be taught in this way. In French, for example, regular verbs can be deduced from a single form, the infinitive, and irregular verbs are too random to be systematized under fixed parts. But the concept can be carried over to many languages in which the verbs have some kind of "regular irregularity", i.e. irregularity always occurs at the same place in an otherwise regular system.

Although the term 'principal part' is usually applied to verbs, the same phenomenon can be found in some languages in nouns and other word types.
George Elliston (politician)
Captain Sir George Sampson Elliston MC (27 July 1875, Ipswich – 21 February 1954) was Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Blackburn from 1931 to 1945.

Ellison was educated at Ayerst Hall, Cambridge, Framlingham College and Pembroke College, Cambridge. He was called to the Bar from Lincoln's Inn in 1901. However, he subsequently became a doctor by profession and served with the Royal Army Medical Corps during and after the First World War.

First elected MP for Blackburn in 1931, Elliston was re-elected in 1935.

Blackburn (UK Parliament constituency)
Blackburn is a constituency in Lancashire, England, which is represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament by independent politician Adnan Hussain. From 2015 to 2024 it was represented by
Kate Hollern of the Labour Party and, from 1979 to 2015, by Jack Straw who served under the Labour leaders of Neil Kinnock and John Smith and the Labour governments of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown.
Mariano Paredes (Guatemalan politician)
Mariano Paredes (1800–1856) was President of Guatemala  from January 1, 1849 to November 6, 1851 as a compromise chief of state. Paredes, an army colonel, came to power after Rafael Carrera was ineffective in quelling uprisings in eastern Guatemala and short-term governments failed to restore order. But Mariano Paredes was unable to control Guatemala.

Agustín Guzmán
Agustín Guzmán López (Early 1800s – October 1849), nicknamed "The Altense Hero", was a liberal Central American military general, politician and positivist, who was appointed as Army Commander in Chief of the State of Los Altos when it was formed as part of the Federal Republic of Central America on March 2, 1838. He was defeated by Rafael Carrera on March 19, 1840, and Los Altos was re-annexed by Guatemala. Trying to re-establish Los Altos once again while Carrera was briefly in exile in 1848, he tried to occupy Guatemala City along with rebel leader Agustín Reyes, and after setting fire to Carrera's house, he was killed by enemy fire in the Plaza de Armas.
Hugh of Italy
Hugh of Italy (c. 880/885 – April 10, 948), known as Hugh of Arles or Hugh of Provence, was the king of Italy from 926 until 947, and regent in Lower Burgundy and Provence from 911 to 933. He belonged to the Bosonid family. During his reign in Italy, he empowered his relatives at the expense of the aristocracy and tried to establish a relationship with the Byzantine Empire. He had success in defending the realm from external enemies, but his domestic habits and policies created many internal foes and he was removed from power before his death.

Liutprand of Cremona
Liutprand, also Liudprand, Liuprand, Lioutio, Liucius, Liuzo, and Lioutsios (c. 920 – 972), was a historian, diplomat, and the bishop of Cremona born in northern Italy, whose works are an important source for the politics of the 10th-century Byzantine court.
Alfa Romeo Boxer engine
The Alfa Romeo Boxer engine is a water-cooled flat-4 piston engine, developed by Alfa Romeo for front-wheel drive, and longitudinal applications.
It debuted on the Alfasud, which was introduced in 1971 at the Turin Motor Show. In the following decades the Boxer went through several upgrades and powered many Alfa Romeo front-wheel drive cars up to 1996 (not the 164). In 1997 it was phased out and replaced by the transversely-mounted Twin Spark engines.

Alfa Romeo 145 and 146
The Alfa Romeo 145 (Type 930A) and the Alfa Romeo 146 (Type 930B) are small family cars produced by Italian automobile manufacturer Alfa Romeo between 1994 and 2000. The 145 is a three-door hatchback and was launched at the 1994 Turin Motor Show, while the 146 is a five-door hatchback, launched in 1995 to replace the Alfa Romeo 33.

The 145 and 146 share exterior and interior components from the B-pillar forwards. A total of 221,037 145s and 233,295 146s were built.
Break of gauge
With railways, a break of gauge occurs where a line of one track gauge (the distance between the rails, or between the wheels of trains designed to run on those rails) meets a line of a different gauge. Trains and rolling stock generally cannot run through without some form of conversion between gauges, leading to passengers having to change trains, and freight having to be transloaded or transshipped. That can cause delays, added costs, and inconvenience to those travelling on affected routes.

5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways
Railways with a railway track gauge of 5 ft (1,524 mm) first appeared in the United Kingdom and the United States. This gauge became commonly known as "Russian gauge", because the government of the Russian Empire chose it in 1843. Former areas and states (such as Finland) of the Empire have inherited this standard. However in 1970, Soviet Railways redefined the gauge as 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in).

With about 225,000 km (140,000 mi) of track, 1,520 mm is the second-most common gauge in the world, after 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge.
SmartStax
SmartStax is a brand of genetically modified seed made through a collaboration between Monsanto Company and Dow Chemical Company. It takes advantage of multiple modes of insect protection and herbicide tolerance. SmartStax takes advantage of Yieldgard VT Triple (Monsanto), Herculex Xtra (Dow), RoundUp Ready 2 (Monsanto), and Liberty Link (Dow). The traits included protect against above-ground insects, below-ground insects, and provide broad herbicide tolerance.  It is currently available for corn, but cotton, soybean, and specialty crop variations are to be released. Previously, the most genes artificially added to a single plant was three, but Smartstax includes eight. Smartstax also incorporates Monsanto's Acceleron Seed Treatment System which protects against insects at the earliest stages of development.  Smartstax is sold under the Genuity (Monsanto) and Mycogen (Dow) brands.

Acceleron Seed Treatment System
Acceleron Seed Treatment system is a seed coating that protects from insects as well as mold, mildew, and disease. It was developed and patented by Monsanto. The Acceleron Seed Treatment System is available for Genuity Roundup Ready 2 yield soybeans and Smartstax seeds.
 The coating contains the fungicide pyraclostrobin and Imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide.
North Hollywood Masonic Temple
North Hollywood Masonic Temple, also known as North Hollywood Masonic Lodge, is a historic former masonic temple located at 5122 Tujunga Avenue in the NoHo Arts District in North Hollywood, California. It was declared Los Angeles Cultural-Historic Monument #1078 in 2015.

North Hollywood, Los Angeles
North Hollywood (NoHo) is a neighborhood and district in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles, California. The neighborhood contains the NoHo Arts District, El Portal Theater, several art galleries, and the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. The North Hollywood Metro Rail station is the northern terminus of the B Line subway on the Los Angeles Metro.

North Hollywood was established by the Lankershim Ranch Land and Water Company in 1887. It was first named "Toluca" before being renamed "Lankershim" in 1896 and finally "North Hollywood" in 1927.
Cova Figueira
Cova Figueira is a city in the southeastern part of the island of Fogo, Cape Verde. In 2010 its population was 1,230, making it the most populated place in the municipality.  It is situated 22 km east of the island capital São Filipe. Since 2005, it serves as the seat of Santa Catarina do Fogo Municipality.  Its elevation is 480 meters above sea level. The volcano Pico do Fogo is 7.7 km to the northwest. Nearby places include Figueira Pavão in the southwest, Mãe Joana and Estância Roque in the west and Tinteira in the north. Cova Figueira was elevated to a city in 2010.

Figueira Pavão
Figueira Pavão is a settlement in the southeastern part of the island of Fogo, Cape Verde. In 2010 its population was 320. It is situated 3 km southwest of Cova Figueira and 20 km east of the island capital São Filipe. Nearby settlements are Achada Furna to the west and Estância Roque to the north.
Harvey Hall (politician)
Harvey L. Hall (January 5, 1941 – May 19, 2018) was an American businessman and politician who served as the 25th mayor of Bakersfield, California. Hall was first elected in 2000, and re-elected in 2004, 2008 and 2012. He was one of the longest-serving mayors in Bakersfield's history. As mayor, one of his focuses had been beautification, through "Keep Bakersfield Beautiful" and the creation of, and participation in, monthly "Mayor's Freeway Cleanups", trash pickups on local freeways. Hall had donated his mayor's salary to the Kern Community Foundation.

Hall was the founder and former president of Hall Ambulance Service.

Mayor of Bakersfield, California
The mayor of Bakersfield is the elected leader for the city of Bakersfield, California. Prior to 1957, the mayor was appointed by the city council and the head of the executive branch. After that time, the mayor was split into two positions. The city manager would be appointed by the city council and run the executive branch. The mayor would be elected by the citizens and serve as the leader for the city. The mayor is elected to four-year terms, under the single-winner voting system. There is no limit on the number of terms they can serve. The office of the mayor is located at City Hall but has no official residence.
Conwy County Borough
Conwy County Borough (Welsh: Bwrdeistref Sirol Conwy) is a county borough in the north of Wales. It borders Gwynedd to the west and south and Denbighshire to the east. The largest settlement is Colwyn Bay, and Conwy is the administrative centre.

Conwy has an area of 1,126 square kilometres (435 sq mi) and a population of 114,891 in 2024, making it sparsely populated. The population is concentrated along the coast, along which are several seaside resorts and the county's largest towns: Colwyn Bay (34,284), Llandudno (20,701), and Conwy (14,753). Inland is much less populous, and the only town is Llanrwst (3,323).

Principal areas of Wales
The principal areas of Wales, comprising the counties and county boroughs of Wales, are a form of subdivision in Wales. There are currently 22 principal areas in Wales, and they were established in 1996. They are a single-tier form of local government, each governed by a principal council, with eleven styled as a "county" (sir) and the other eleven as a "county borough" (bwrdeistref sirol). They replaced the previous two-tier system of eight counties and 37 districts that were in place in Wales from 1974 to 1996.
Sir Henry Lyttelton, 2nd Baronet
Sir Henry Lyttelton, 2nd Baronet (1624 – 24 June 1693) was an English politician and member of the Lyttelton family. He was a Royalist officer during the English Civil War. After the Restoration, from 1678 to 1679 he sat in the House of Commons.

Lyttelton family
The Lyttelton family (sometimes spelled Littleton) is a British aristocratic family. Over time, several members of the Lyttelton family were made knights, baronets and peers. Hereditary titles held by the Lyttelton family include the viscountcies of Cobham (since 1889) and Chandos (since 1954), as well as the Lyttelton barony (since 1794) and Lyttelton baronetcy (since 1618). Several other members of the family have also risen to prominence, particularly in the field of cricket.
Kodaline discography
The discography of Kodaline, a Dublin-based Irish alternative rock quartet. Originally known as 21 Demands, the band made chart history in March 2007, when their debut single "Give Me a Minute" topped the Irish Singles Chart, becoming the first independently released track to achieve the feat. In June 2013 Kodaline released their debut studio album In a Perfect World, peaking at number 1 on the Irish Albums Chart. "High Hopes" was released as the lead single from the album in March 2013, peaking at number one on the Irish Singles Chart. "Love Like This" was released as the second single from the album in May 2013, peaking at number eight on the Irish Singles Chart. Their second studio album Coming Up for Air reached number one on the Irish Albums Chart. Their third studio album Politics of Living reached the number one on the Irish Albums Chart. Their fourth studio album One Day at a Time reached number two on the Irish Albums Chart.

Kodaline
Kodaline (/ˈkoʊdəlaɪn/) are an Irish rock band. Originally known as 21 Demands, the band adopted their current name in 2012 to coincide with the changing of their music. The group comprises Steve Garrigan, Vincent May, Mark Prendergast, and Jason Boland.

Garrigan and May grew up in Swords, County Dublin, and have known each other since childhood. May and Garrigan attended Colaiste Choilm CBS, Swords, where they participated in battles of the bands. Boland joined the group in 2012. They have released four albums: In a Perfect World (2013), Coming Up for Air (2015), and Politics of Living (2018). Their fourth album, One Day at a Time, was released on 12 June 2020. In October 2025, the band announced they would be disbanding after the release of a fifth and final album.
Surbiton High School
Surbiton High School is a private day school in Surbiton in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, Greater London, England. It
has seven buildings overall including the Boys’ Preparatory School, Girls’ Preparatory School, the Senior School and the Sixth Form.

Surbiton
Surbiton is a suburban neighbourhood in South West London, within the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames (RBK). It is next to the River Thames, 11 miles (18 km) southwest of Charing Cross. Surbiton was in the historic county of Surrey and since 1965 it has been in Greater London. Surbiton comprises five of the RBK's wards: Alexandra, Berrylands, St. Mark's, Surbiton Hill, and Tolworth.

Founded originally as Kingston-upon-Railway when the area was first developed in the 1840s, Surbiton possesses a mixture of grand 19th-century townhouses, Art Deco courts, and more recent residential blocks blending in with semi-detached 20th-century housing estates. With a population of 45,132 in 2016, it accounts for approximately 25% of the total population of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames. Surbiton extends over an area of 7.18 km2 (2.77 mi2).
Guitarfish
The guitarfish, also referred to as shovelnose rays, are a family, Rhinobatidae, of rays. The guitarfish are known for an elongated body with a flattened head and trunk and small, ray-like wings. The combined range of the various species is tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate waters worldwide.

Acroteriobatus
Acroteriobatus is a genus of fish in the Rhinobatidae family. Although its constituent species were previously assigned to Rhinobatos, recent authors treat it as distinct.

They are found near the shore off southern Africa and in the northwestern Indian Ocean. They are brownish above, often with a spotted pattern, and reach up to 60–140 cm (2.0–4.6 ft) depending on the exact species.
Torpè
Torpè (Sardinian: Torpè) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 160 kilometres (99 mi) northeast of Cagliari and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northeast of Nuoro. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,757 and an area of 92.2 square kilometres (35.6 sq mi).

The municipality of Torpè contains the following frazioni (subdivisions): Biddanoa, Talava, Concas, Su cossu, Brunella.

Torpè borders the following municipalities: Budoni, Lodè, Padru, Posada, San Teodoro, Siniscola.

San Teodoro, Sardinia
San Teodoro (Gallurese: Santu Diadòru, Sardinian: Santu Tiadòru) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Gallura North-East Sardinia in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 180 kilometres (110 mi) northeast of Cagliari and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Olbia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 3,565 and an area of 104.8 square kilometres (40.5 sq mi).

The municipality of San Teodoro contains several frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets), among which: La Suarédda, Monti Pitrosu, Straula, Budditogliu, La Traversa, Lu Fraili, and Lu Sitagliacciu.

San Teodoro borders the following municipalities: Budoni, Loiri Porto San Paolo, Padru, Torpè.

The beach of "La Cinta" was home of the kite boarding festival in September 2010.

The beach of "Lu Impostu" is also known as Little Tahiti due to the beautiful colours of the sea.
Istanbul (Not Constantinople)
"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)" is a 1953 novelty song, with lyrics by Jimmy Kennedy and music by Nat Simon. It was written on the 500th anniversary of the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans. The lyrics humorously refer to the official renaming of the city of Constantinople to Istanbul. The song's original release, performed by The Four Lads, was certified as a gold record. Numerous cover versions have been recorded over the years, most famously a 1990 version by They Might Be Giants.

Names of Istanbul
The city of Istanbul has been known by a number of different names. The most notable names besides the modern Turkish name are Byzantium, Constantinople, and Stamboul. Different names are associated with different phases of its history, with different languages, and with different portions of it.
Brattleboro Reformer
The Brattleboro Reformer is the third-largest daily newspaper in the U.S. state of Vermont. With a weekday circulation of just over 10,000, it is behind the Burlington Free Press and the Rutland Herald, respectively. It publishes six days a week, Monday through Saturday, with its Weekend Reformer having the largest readership; the offices of the paper are in Brattleboro, Vermont, and it has a market penetration (weekday sales per 100 households) of 62.8 in its home zip code.

The Reformer covers all of Windham County, Vermont, as well as some towns in neighboring Cheshire County, New Hampshire. It is owned by Vermont News and Media LLC.

The Reformer was possibly the first newspaper in the United States to run same-sex union announcements in parallel to the usual wedding notices, beginning the practice in 1989, well before the state of Vermont legalized civil unions.

It is the only newspaper in the United States called "Reformer."

Rutland Herald
The Rutland Herald, previously called the Rutland Daily Herald, is the second largest daily newspaper in the U.S. state of Vermont (after The Burlington Free Press). It is published in Rutland with its source of news geared towards the southern part of the state, along with the Brattleboro Reformer and the Bennington Banner. The Rutland Herald is the sister paper of the Barre Montpelier Times Argus.
Aghcheh Kohel, Maragheh
Aghcheh Kohel (Persian: آغچه كهل) is a village in, and the capital of, Sarajuy-ye Jonubi Rural District in Saraju District of Maragheh County, East Azerbaijan province, Iran. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Gol Tappeh.

Gol Tappeh, Maragheh
Gol Tappeh (Persian: گل تپه) is a village in Sarajuy-ye Shomali Rural District of Saraju District in Maragheh County, East Azerbaijan province, Iran. It was the capital of Sarajuy-ye Jonubi Rural District until its capital was transferred to the village of Aghcheh Kohel.
Westgard Pass
Westgard Pass is a mountain pass on State Route 168 in Inyo County, California in the U.S. state of California. The pass lies at an elevation of 7,323 ft (2,232 m) and is located in between the White Mountains and Inyo Mountains ranges in the Basin and Range Province of eastern California. Westgard Pass lies entirely within the Inyo National Forest, in northern Inyo County, California.

State Route 168 crosses the pass, connecting the Owens Valley to Deep Springs Valley. Route 168 is the only (paved) east–west route across the Inyo-White Mountains. The highway is known for its pristine scenery and grand vistas.

Inyo National Forest
Inyo National Forest is a United States National Forest covering parts of the eastern Sierra Nevada of California and the White Mountains of California and Nevada. The forest hosts several superlatives, including Mount Whitney, the highest point in the contiguous United States; Boundary Peak, the highest point in Nevada; and the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest, which protects the oldest living trees in the world. The forest, encompassing much of the Owens Valley, was established by Theodore Roosevelt as a way of sectioning off land to accommodate the Los Angeles Aqueduct project in 1907, making the Inyo National Forest one of the least wooded forests in the U.S. National Forest system.
Fanion
A fanion is a small flag used by the French military, equivalent to an American guidon or British company colour. The name derives from the Italian word gonfanone, or gonfanon. They were often attached to a small staff which was placed in the muzzle of a rifle.

The regulation sizes were 50 cm × 40 cm for a battalion fanion, 40 × 30 for a company fanion, and 34 × 27 for a platoon fanion (the latter can also be a triangular pennant 30 × 40).

Gonfalon
The gonfalon, gonfanon, gonfalone (from the early Italian confalone) is a type of heraldic flag or banner, often pointed, swallow-tailed, or with several streamers, and suspended from a crossbar in an identical manner to the ancient Roman vexillum. It was first adopted by Italian medieval communes, and later, by local guilds, corporations and districts. The difference between a gonfalon with long tails and a standard is that a gonfalon displays the device on the non-tailed area, and the standard displays badges down the whole length of the flag.
Misawa Station
Misawa Station (三沢駅, Misawa-eki) is a railway station and major stop along the Aoimori Railway Line in the city of Misawa in Aomori Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the third sector railway operator Aoimori Railway Company.

Misawa, Aomori
Misawa (三沢市, Misawa-shi) is a city in Aomori Prefecture, Japan. As of 30 November 2025, the city had an estimated population of 37,065 in 19557 households, and a population density of 310 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 119.87 square kilometers (46.28 sq mi).

Misawa is the location of a large military base, Misawa Air Base, which is under joint operation of the United States Air Force's 35th Fighter Wing, Naval Air Facility, and Japan Air Self-Defense Force's 3rd Fighter Wing. It is also an important US base for signals intelligence and related activities. The city population figures do not include the estimated 10,000 American military personnel and their dependents stationed at Misawa Air Base.