hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Walter A. Sheaffer
Walter A. Sheaffer (July 27, 1867 – June 19, 1946) was an American inventor and businessman who developed the first commercially successful lever-filling fountain pen and founded the W.A. Sheaffer Pen Company.

Fort Madison, Iowa
Fort Madison is a city in and a county seat of Lee County, Iowa, United States along with Keokuk. Of Iowa's 99 counties, Lee County is the only one with two county seats. The population was 10,270 at the time of the 2020 census. Located along the Mississippi River in the state's southeast corner, it lies between small bluffs along one of the widest portions of the river. Fort Madison is also the home of the Iowa State Penitentiary.
RDP shop
An RDP shop is a website where access to hacked computers is sold to cybercriminals.

The computers may be acquired via scanning the web for open Remote Desktop Protocol connections and brute-forcing passwords. High-value ransomware targets are sometimes available such as airports. Access to a compromised machine retails from $3 to $19 depending on automatically gathered system and network metrics using a standardised back door.

Many such shops exist on the dark web.

Ukrainian sites such as xDedic do not sell access to machines within the former Soviet nations.

Zombie (computing)
In computing, a zombie is a computer connected to the Internet that has been compromised by a hacker via a computer virus, computer worm, or trojan horse program and can be used to  perform malicious tasks under the remote direction of the hacker. Zombie computers often coordinate together in a botnet controlled by the hacker, and are used for activities such as spreading e-mail spam and launching distributed denial-of-service attacks (DDoS attacks) against web servers.  Most victims are unaware that their computers have become zombies. The concept is similar to the zombie of Haitian Voodoo folklore, which refers to a corpse resurrected by a sorcerer via magic and enslaved to the sorcerer's commands, having no free will of its own. A coordinated DDoS attack by multiple botnet machines also resembles a "zombie horde attack", as depicted in fictional zombie films.
Semi-postal stamp
A semi-postal stamp or semipostal stamp, also known as a charity stamp, is a postage stamp issued to raise money for a particular purpose (such as a charitable cause) and sold at a premium over the postal value. Typically the stamp shows two denominations separated by a plus sign, but in many cases the only denomination shown is for the postage rate, and the postal customer simply pays the higher price when purchasing the stamps.

Denomination (postage stamp)
In philately, the denomination is the "inscribed value of a stamp".

The denomination is not the same as the value of a stamp on the philatelic market, which is usually different, and the denominations of a country's stamps and money do not necessarily match. For instance, there might be a 47¢ stamp to pay a particular postal rate but there is unlikely to be a 47¢ coin.
Praecia
Praecia (fl. 73 BC) was a Roman courtesan, famed for her influence within Roman politics.

She was active as a professional high class courtesan in Rome. She was known for her wide net of high-profile clients among the political elite, and for using her contacts to benefit the political careers of her clients, which made her a popular and valuable figure in contemporary political life.   A known example of her activity was when she was asked by her client Lucullus to ask her other client Publius Cornelius Cethegus to appoint Lucullus governor of Cilicia, a task she performed successfully.

She is one of few free influential Roman courtesans mentioned by her contemporaries, others being Volumnia Cytheris and Chelidon.

Publius Cornelius Cethegus (political boss)
Publius Cornelius Cethegus (c. 131 BC – before 66 BC) was a politician of the Roman Republic. During the civil wars of the 80s BC, he was originally a partisan of Gaius Marius, but survived the purges of the political class by defecting to the eventual victor, Sulla, whose favor he endeavored to win by treacherously abetting in the massacre of several thousand prisoners of war. Although he was regarded as a moral reprobate with a dissolute lifestyle, Cethegus became in the 70s BC a leading figure in the Roman Senate as a master of intrigue and manipulation, to the extent that the most eminent men of the state vied for his favor. He played a key behind-the-scenes role in the allotment of important provincial governorships and military commands in the year 74 BC, and probably died not long afterwards.
Bathydraconidae
The Bathydraconidae, or the Antarctic dragonfishes, are a family of marine ray-finned fishes, notothenioids belonging to the Perciform suborder Notothenioidei. The family comprises four genera. These fishes are endemic to deep waters off Antarctica.

Notothenioidei
Notothenioidei is one of 19 suborders of the order Perciformes. The group is found mainly in Antarctic and Subantarctic waters, with some species ranging north to southern Australia and southern South America. Notothenioids constitute approximately 90% of the fish biomass in the continental shelf waters surrounding Antarctica.
Meg Lee Chin
Meg Lee Chin is a Taiwanese American singer, songwriter, sound engineer and video producer.

She is known as an early pioneer of the home studio revolution and female-produced music. As an early adopter of computer-based audio production, she built her own PC and created "Egg Studio" with a small mixing desk and audio interfaces. Her role in the movement toward DIY record production was first recognized when she appeared as the first home studio producer to be featured in the January 2000 Millennial issue of EQ Magazine, which was the foremost high-end audio publication of its time. She also appeared in Tape Op magazine and Electronic Musician.

Gearspace
Gearspace is a website and forum dedicated to audio engineering. Gearspace is one of the largest resources for pro audio information, with over 1.6 million monthly visitors from 218 countries. Originally established in 2002 as Gearslutz, the site rebranded in March 2021.
Guaram III
Guaram III (Georgian: გუარამ III), of the Guaramid dynasty, was a presiding prince of Iberia (Kartli, eastern Georgia) from before 693 to c. 748.

Guaram III was bestowed with the Byzantine title of curopalates, and thus, must have succeeded his father or grandfather Guaram II shortly before 693, i.e., before the resurgent Umayyad Caliphate ousted the Byzantines from the Caucasus region.

The chronicle of Pseudo-Juansher, written around 800, also refers to the princes Mihr, Archil, and the sons of the latter – Iovane and Juansher – in this period. However, neither of these individuals were presiding princes of Iberia, but the provincial rulers of Kakheti in the east.

Guaram III had a son also called Guaram (or Gurgen), and two anonymous daughters, one of whom married the Chosroid prince Archil, and the other married the Bagratid prince Vasak. His son, Guaram/Gurgen was married to a Nersianid princess, daughter of Adarnase III, and fathered Stephen III.

Kouropalates
Kouropalatēs, Latinized as curopalates or curopalata (Greek: κουροπαλάτης, from Latin: cura palatii "[the one in] charge of the palace") and anglicized as curopalate, was a Byzantine court title, one of the highest from the time of Emperor Justinian I to the Komnenian period in the 12th century. The female variant, held by the spouses of the kouropalatai, was kouropalatissa.
Marion Clawson
Robert Marion Clawson (August 10, 1905 – April 12, 1998) was an American agricultural economist. He worked for the United States Department of Agriculture from 1929 to 1946.

In 1948, he became the second director of the Bureau of Land Management, where he served until 1953.

Clawson spent 1953–1955 in Israel as a member of the Economic Advisory Staff, a group of American economists who were invited to Israel by David Ben-Gurion.

He spent the rest of his career at Resources for the Future. During his 20 years at Resources for the Future, Clawson worked on forestry resources and policy. He was active with the organization at the time of his death at age 92.

Resources for the Future
Resources for the Future (RFF) is an American nonprofit organization, founded in 1952, that conducts independent research into environmental, energy, and natural resource issues, primarily via economics and other social sciences. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., RFF performs research around the world.
Hürth-Kalscheuren station
Hürth-Kalscheuren station is in the town of Hürth in the Rhein-Erft district in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is at the junction of the Eifel Railway with the West Rhine Railway. The station was built in 1859 at the initiative of the city of Hürth, but was renamed Hürth-Kalscheuren in 1991/2 as a result of a contribution of Deutsche Mark 14,000 from Kalscheuren.

Hürth
Hürth (German pronunciation: [hʏʁt] ⓘ) is a town in the Rhein-Erft-Kreis, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Hürth shares borders with the city of Cologne and is about 6 km to the southwest of Cologne city centre, at the northeastern slope of the natural preserve Kottenforst-Ville. The town consists of thirteen districts, once independent villages, and is distributed over a relatively large area. The municipal area is interspersed with lakes and stretches of forest.

In former times, the Eifel Aqueduct, a Roman aqueduct which supplied the city of Cologne with drinking water, went through Hürth. Remnants of various aqueducts can still be found underground. It is also famous as the birthplace of Michael and Ralf Schumacher.
Journey of the Dunadan
Journey of the Dunadan is the debut studio album by American progressive rock band Glass Hammer, released on August 3, 1993. It is a concept album based on the story of Aragorn from J.R.R. Tolkien's novel The Lord of the Rings.

Steve Babb is credited under the name Stephen DeArqe on the album. Singer Michelle Young is featured on the album, but would only become a band member for their next release, Perelandra.

Perelandra (album)
Perelandra is the second studio album by American progressive rock band Glass Hammer, released on November 1, 1995.

A concept album, it was inspired by C. S. Lewis' The Chronicles of Narnia and Space Trilogy book series. It is the only album to feature singer Michelle Young as band member, although she had appeared on their first album Journey of the Dunadan and would later appear on their fourteenth Ode to Echo in 2014, both as a guest.
William Leslie, 3rd Earl of Rothes
William Leslie (died 9 September 1513), 3rd Earl of Rothes, was the son of Andrew Leslie, Master of Rothes, and Marjory (also known as Elizabeth) Sinclair, daughter of William Sinclair, 1st Earl of Caithness. He succeeded his elder brother George as Earl in 1513.

As George had tried to sell the family lands without royal permission William was trying to recover his rights, especially over the Barony centred on Ballinbreich Castle. However, he was killed at the battle of Flodden.

William married Margaret Balfour, and his heir was George Leslie, 4th Earl of Rothes. Their other children included John Leslie of Parkhill who was captured at the battle of Solway Moss, and James Leslie, Parson of Rothes.

William Sinclair, 1st Earl of Caithness
William Sinclair (1410–1480), 1st Earl of Caithness (1455–1476), last Earl (Jarl) of Orkney (1434–1470 de facto, –1472 de jure), 2nd Lord Sinclair and 11th Baron of Roslin was a Norwegian and Scottish nobleman and the builder of Rosslyn Chapel, in Midlothian.

In The Scots Peerage by James Balfour Paul he is designated as the 1st Lord Sinclair, but historian Roland Saint-Clair designates him the 2nd Lord Sinclair in reference to his father, Henry II Sinclair, Earl of Orkney, being the first person recorded as Lord Sinclair by public records.
Duke Street, Marylebone
Duke Street is a street crossing the western half of Oxford Street, London and connecting Wigmore Street and Grosvenor Square. It is best known as the setting for the BBC television drama series The Duchess of Duke Street and has been the headquarters of the Artists' Rifles, a regiment of the British Army Reserve, since 1880.

It is often confused with the relatively nearby central London location Duke Street, St James's which connects Piccadilly and King Street, intersecting Jermyn Street, and is the location of the Cavendish Hotel, which was the real life inspiration for the fictional hotel in The Duchess of Duke Street.

Duke Street, St James's
Duke Street, St James's is a street in the St James's area of the City of Westminster, London. It runs from Piccadilly in the north to King Street in the south, and is crossed by Jermyn Street. Ryder Street joins it on the western side. On the eastern side it provides access to Masons Yard. The upmarket department store Fortnum & Mason occupies the north-west corner.
Piazzale Roma
Piazzale Roma (Venetian: Piasal Roma) is a square in Venice, Italy, at the entrance of the city, at the end of the Ponte della Libertà, a road bridge. The bridge connects the islands that form the historical centre of the city of Venice to the mainland part of the city. Piazzale Roma and nearby Tronchetto island are the only places in Venice's insular urban core accessible to ground motor vehicles, such as automobiles and buses.

The square acts as the main bus station for Venice. There are bus links to Venice Marco Polo Airport and Treviso Airport. The square is close to the main Santa Lucia railway station for Venice, linked by the Ponte della Costituzione, a modern footbridge installed in 2008 over the western end of the Grand Canal. The Venice People Mover, a public transit system, connects Tronchetto island and Piazzale Roma. It started operating in 2010.

Venice Marco Polo Airport
Venice Marco Polo Airport (IATA: VCE, ICAO: LIPZ) is the international airport of Venice, Italy. It is located on the mainland near the village of Tessera, a frazione of the comune of Venice located about 4.1 nautical miles (7.6 kilometres; 4.7 miles) east of Mestre (on the mainland) and around the same distance north of Venice proper. Due to the importance of Venice as a leisure destination, it features flights to many European metropolitan areas as well as some partly seasonal long-haul routes to the United States, Canada, South Korea and the Middle East. The airport handled 11,184,608 passengers in 2018, making it the fourth-busiest airport in Italy. The airport is named after Marco Polo and serves as a base for Volotea, Ryanair, Wizz Air and easyJet.

Another airport located in the Venice area, Treviso Airport, is sometimes unofficially labelled Venice – Treviso and serves low-cost airlines Ryanair and Wizz Air.
Jonathan Warner House
The Jonathan Warner House, also known as Warner-Brooks House, is a historic house at 47 Kings Highway in Chester, Connecticut.  Built in 1798, it is a well-preserved local example of Federal period architecture, featured prominently by architectural historian J. Frederick Kelly in The Early Domestic Architecture of Connecticut (1963).  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

Chester, Connecticut
Chester is a town in Middlesex County, Connecticut, United States. The town is part of the Lower Connecticut River Valley Planning Region. The population was 3,749 at the 2020 census. The town center is defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as a census-designated place (CDP). The name is a transfer from Chester, in England.
Offenbach am Main
Offenbach am Main (German pronunciation: [ˈɔfn̩bax ʔam ˈmaɪn] ⓘ, lit. 'Offenbach on the Main') is a city in Hesse, Germany, on the left bank of the river Main. It borders Frankfurt and is part of the Frankfurt urban area and the larger Frankfurt Rhein-Main urban area. It has a population of 138,335 (December 2018).

In the 20th century, the city's economy was built on machine-building, leather-making, typography and design, and the automobile and pharmaceutical industries.

Hochschule für Gestaltung Offenbach am Main
The Hochschule für Gestaltung (HfG) Offenbach am Main (English: Offenbach am Main College of Design) is a German art and design university located in Offenbach am Main, in the German state of Hesse. It was given university status in 1970, and founded in 1832.
Royal Malaysian Air Force
The Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF, Malay: Tentera Udara Diraja Malaysia; TUDM; Jawi: تنترا اودارا دراج مليسيا) was formed on 2 June 1958 as the Royal Federation of Malaya Air Force (Tentera Udara Diraja Persekutuan Tanah Melayu; تنترا اودارا دراج ڤرسكوتون تانه ملايو). However, its roots can be traced back to the Malayan Auxiliary Air Force formations of the British Royal Air Force in then-colonial British Malaya. The Royal Malaysian Air Force operates a mix of modern American, European and Russian-made aircraft.

BAE Systems Hawk
The BAE Systems Hawk is a British single-engine, subsonic, jet-powered advanced trainer aircraft. Its aluminium alloy fuselage is of conventional string-frame construction. It was first known as the Hawker Siddeley Hawk, and subsequently produced by its successor companies, British Aerospace and BAE Systems. It has been used in a training capacity and as a low-cost combat aircraft.

Operators of the Hawk include the Royal Air Force (notably the Red Arrows display team) and several foreign military operators. The Hawk was produced at BAE Brough until 2020 in the UK, and continues to be produced under licence in India by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), with over 1000 Hawks sold to 18 operators around the world.
Langton Dock
Langton Dock is a dock on the River Mersey, England, and part of the Port of Liverpool. It is situated in the northern dock system in Bootle, connected to Alexandra Dock to the north and Brocklebank Dock to the south. Langton Dock locks provide a working connection to the river; one of the two remaining operational river entrances in the northern dock system.

Alexandra Dock, Liverpool
Alexandra Dock is a dock on the River Mersey, England, and part of the Port of Liverpool. It is situated in the northern dock system in Bootle. Alexandra Dock consists of a main basin nearest the river wall and three branch docks to the east, with the southern branch mostly filled in.
Regions of Mali
Since 2016, Mali has been divided into ten regions and one capital district. A reorganization of the country from eight to nineteen regions was passed into law in 2012, but of the new regions, only Taoudénit (partitioned from Tombouctou Region) and Ménaka (formerly Ménaka Cercle in Gao Region) have begun to be implemented. Each of the regions bears the name of its capital. The regions are divided into 56 cercles. The cercles and the capital district are divided into 703 communes.

In 2023, Mali has added nine new regions to its administrative structure, bringing the total to 19 regions plus the district of Bamako. This reorganization aims to improve governance and bring public services closer to local populations. This initiative continues the decentralization efforts that began with the creation of the Taoudénit and Ménaka regions in 2016. The nineteen regions in turn are subdivided into 159 cercles, 466 districts, 819 communes and 12.712 villages

Ménaka Region
Ménaka (Bambara: ߡߋߣߊߞߊ ߘߌߣߋߖߊ tr. Menaka Dineja) is a region of Mali legislatively created in 2012 from the cercle of the same name previously part of Gao Region. Actual implementation of the region began on 19 January 2016 with the appointment of Daouda Maïga as the region's governor. Members of the region's transitional council were appointed on 14 October 2016. The region is divided into four cercles: Andéramboukane, Inékar, Tidermène, and Ménaka, the location of the capital, also called Ménaka.
Purathakudi
Purathakudi  is a village in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and Tiruchirappalli district. Purathakudi is situated 18 kilometers away from Tiruchirappalli.

Main occupation of the people of Purathakudi is agriculture. There is a famous school, St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School. It has a 325-year-old St. Xavier church and Purathakudi AG Church which is about 40 years old, near the Mahilambadi, Neikkuppai and Pudur Uthamanur villages. Dharmanathapuram is just 4 km from Purathakudi.

It has a post office with PIN code as 621111.

Dharmanathapuram
Dharmanathapuram is a village near Lalgudi  in Tiruchirapalli district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It heads the revenue village of Neikuppai south. The village of Dharmanathapuram is surrounded by fertile wet lands. The village had a population of 200 in 2001.
John Dawson Watson
John Dawson Watson RWS (20 May 1832 – 3 January 1892) was a British painter, watercolorist, and illustrator.

He was educated at King Edward VI Grammar School, Sedbergh School and Manchester School of Design. His son was the Impressionist painter Dawson Dawson-Watson.
His daughter, Frances, married Myles Birkett Foster in 1864.

Sedbergh School
Sedbergh School is a public school (English private boarding and day school) in the town of Sedbergh in Cumbria, North West England. It comprises a junior school for pupils aged 4 to 13 and the main school for 13 to 18 year olds. It was established in 1525.
Withdrawal reflex
The withdrawal reflex (nociceptive flexion reflex or flexor withdrawal reflex) is a spinal reflex intended to protect the body from damaging stimuli.  The reflex rapidly coordinates the contractions of all the flexor muscles and the relaxations of the extensors in that limb causing sudden withdrawal from the potentially damaging stimulus. Spinal reflexes are often monosynaptic and are mediated by a simple reflex arc. A withdrawal reflex is mediated by a polysynaptic reflex resulting in the stimulation of many motor neurons in order to give a quick response.

Nociceptor
A nociceptor (from Latin  nocere 'to harm or hurt') is a sensory neuron that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending "possible threat" signals to the spinal cord and the brain. The brain creates the sensation of pain to direct attention to the body part, so the threat can be mitigated; this process is called nociception.
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
The University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) is a public land-grant research university in Paradise, Nevada, United States. The 332-acre (134 ha) campus is about 1.6 mi (2.6 km) east of the Las Vegas Strip. It was formerly part of the University of Nevada from 1957 to 1969. It includes the Shadow Lane Campus, just east of the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, which houses the School of Medicine and School of Dental Medicine. UNLV's law school, the William S. Boyd School of Law, is the only law school in the state.

It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". According to the National Science Foundation, UNLV spent $83 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 165th in the nation.

UNLV School of Dental Medicine
University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) School of Dental Medicine is the dental school of the University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV). The school is located on the Shadow Lane Campus, located just east of University Medical Center of Southern Nevada on Charleston and Shadow Lane, in Las Vegas, Nevada. The school enrolls, on average, 80 freshmen per year.
2013 NHK Trophy
The 2013 NHK Trophy was the fourth event of six in the 2013–14 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating, a senior-level international invitational competition series. It was held at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium in Tokyo on November 8–10. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 2013–14 Grand Prix Final.

2013–14 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final
The 2013–14 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final was an international figure skating competition in the 2013–14 season, held together with the ISU Junior Grand Prix Final. The combined event was the culmination of two international series — the Grand Prix of Figure Skating and the Junior Grand Prix.

The competition was held in Fukuoka, Japan from 5 to 8 December 2013, with medals awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing on the senior and junior levels.