hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Exit (system call)
On many computer operating systems, a computer process terminates its execution by making an exit system call. More generally, an exit in a multithreading environment means that a thread of execution has stopped running. For resource management, the operating system reclaims resources (memory, files, etc.) that were used by the process. The process is said to be a dead process after it terminates.

Process state
In a multitasking computer system, processes may occupy a variety of states.  These distinct states may not be recognized as such by the operating system kernel. However, they are a useful abstraction for the understanding of processes.
Progressive Unionist Party
The Progressive Unionist Party (PUP) is a minor unionist political party in Northern Ireland. It was formed from the Independent Unionist Group operating in the Shankill area of Belfast, becoming the PUP in 1979. Linked to the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and Red Hand Commando (RHC), for a time it described itself as "the only left of centre unionist party" in Northern Ireland, with its main support base in the loyalist working class communities of Belfast.

Since the Ulster Democratic Party's dissolution in 2001, the PUP has been the sole party in Northern Ireland representing paramilitary loyalism.

The PUP has one elected representative on the Causeway Coast and Glens Borough Council, Russell Watton, the party's current leader.

2003 Northern Ireland Assembly election
The 2003 Northern Ireland Assembly election was held on Wednesday, 26 November 2003, after being suspended for just over a year. It was the second election to take place since the devolved assembly was established in 1998. Each of Northern Ireland's eighteen Westminster Parliamentary constituencies elected six members by single transferable vote, giving a total of 108 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs). The election was contested by 18 parties and many independent candidates.
The General's Garden (Tangut translation)
The Tangut translation of The General's Garden (Tangut: 𘒏𗩈𗛝𘊳𗺉 Gia¹-bju̱² Lhejr²-bo¹ Tśhji² ) is a unique manuscript translation in the Tangut language and script of a Chinese military text, The General's Garden (Chinese: 將苑; pinyin: Jiàng Yuàn).  The manuscript was collected from the abandoned fortress city of Khara-Khoto by Aurel Stein in 1914, and is held at the British Library in London, where it is catalogued as Or.12380/1840.  The translation dates to the 12th or early 13th century, and predates any of the extant Chinese editions by some two hundred years.  The Tangut text may therefore represent a version that is closer to the original Chinese text than the extant Ming dynasty (1368–1644) Chinese editions.

Ksenia Kepping
Ksenia Borisovna Kepping (Russian: Ксе́ния Бори́совна Ке́пинг, Chinese: 克平; pinyin: Kè Píng, 7 February 1937 – 13 December 2002) was a Russian Tangutologist, known principally for her study of Tangut (or Mi-nia) grammar.  She is also known for her theories on the tantric nature of the Tangut state, and for her proposition of the existence of two contrasting forms of Tangut language, the common language used in most surviving Tangut texts, and a ritual language preserved only in a few ritual odes.
Flag of Venezuela
The current national flag of Venezuela (Spanish: Bandera de Venezuela) was introduced in 2006. The basic design includes a horizontal tricolour of yellow, blue, and red, dating to the original flag introduced in 1811, in the Venezuelan War of Independence.

Further modifications have involved including a set of stars, multiple changes to the placement and number of stars and inclusion of an optional coat of arms at the upper-left corner.

Triband (flag)
A triband is a vexillological style which consists of three stripes arranged to form a flag. These stripes may be two or three colours, and may be charged with an emblem in the middle stripe. Not all tribands are tricolour flags, which requires three unique colours.
Bombus ashtoni
Bombus ashtoni is a species of cuckoo bumblebee. This means that it parasitizes closely related species such as Bombus affinis,  Bombus terricola, and Bombus fervidus by residing in the nests of these bumblebees and tricking the bees into providing resources such as food for them.

Bombus fervidus
Bombus fervidus, the golden northern bumble bee or yellow bumblebee, is a species of bumblebee native to North America. It has a yellow-colored abdomen and thorax. Its range includes the North American continent, excluding much of the southern United States, Alaska, and the northern parts of Canada. It is common in cities and farmland, with populations concentrated in the Northeastern part of the United States. It is similar in color and range to its sibling species, Bombus californicus, though sometimes also confused with the American bumblebee (Bombus pensylvanicus) or black and gold bumblebee (Bombus auricomus). It has complex behavioral traits, which includes a coordinated nest defense to ward off predators. B. fervidus is an important pollinator, so recent population decline is a particular concern.
Hochatown State Park
Hochatown State Park was once an independent Oklahoma state park in far-southeastern Oklahoma, north of the city of Broken Bow. It was combined into Beavers Bend State Park in 2017. It is a popular destination for tourists from Oklahoma and Texas interested in camping or boating on Broken Bow Lake.

Broken Bow Lake
Broken Bow Lake is a reservoir in southeastern Oklahoma, located on Mountain Fork River and 9 miles (14 km) northeast of the town of Broken Bow in McCurtain County.  It is one of the largest fresh water lakes within the state of Oklahoma, and a popular tourist destination for locals and visitors from neighboring Texas and Arkansas.

The lake stretches 22 miles (35 km) back into the Ouachita Mountain country where its unusual beauty and scenic appeal beckons all sorts of nature enthusiasts. The mountain terrain is densely forested and there are many species of birds native to the area for birdwatchers to enjoy.
Churchtown, New Jersey
Churchtown, historically known as Penns Neck, is an unincorporated community located north of Pennsville in Pennsville Township, Salem County, New Jersey. St. George's Episcopal Church was started here in 1714 by Swedish and Finnish settlers as a Lutheran church.

St. George's, Penns Neck, N.J.Illustration from 1903

Pennsville Township, New Jersey
Pennsville Township is a township in Salem County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The township is named for William Penn. It is the westernmost town in New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 12,684, a decrease of 725 (−5.4%) from the 2010 census count of 13,409, which in turn reflected an increase of 215 (+1.6%) from the 13,194 counted in the 2000 census.

The township had the 24th-highest property tax rate in New Jersey, with an equalized rate of 4.285% in 2020, compared to 3.476% in the county as a whole and a statewide average of 2.279%. The township, and all of Salem County, is part of South Jersey and of the Philadelphia-Wilmington-Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD combined statistical area, also known as the Delaware Valley or Philadelphia metropolitan area.
Russian locomotive class O
The Russian locomotive class O (from Russian: Основной) was an early type of Russian steam locomotives. 9,129 locomotives were built between 1890 and 1928; hence it was the second most numerous class of locomotive in Russia, after E class, which was a unique number even on the international level.

0-8-0
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-8-0 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles and no trailing wheels. Locomotives of this type are also referred to as eight coupled.
Burgess Gate
The Burgess Gate was built as part of the outer defences of Denbigh Castle between 1282 and 1294. The gate is a Grade I listed building.

Located at the northern section of the medieval town walls of Denbigh, in Denbighshire, Wales, The gate was one of the two principal entrances into the walled town, the other being the exchequer gate to the south, which no longer survives. In 1646 the gate was the scene of a major conflict during the siege of Denbigh by Parliamentarian forces during the English civil war. The gate shows signs of considerable damage that was likely incurred the civil war.

Denbigh
Denbigh (/ˈdɛnbi/ DEN-bee; Welsh: Dinbych [ˈdɪnbɨχ]) is a market town and a community in Denbighshire, Wales. It was the original county town of the historic county of Denbighshire created in 1536. Denbigh's Welsh name (Dinbych) translates to "Little Fortress"; a reference to its historic castle. Denbigh lies near the Clwydian Hills.

The town developed around Denbigh Castle, built in 1282, and the walled settlement that followed under Edward I. Over the centuries, it became known as a stronghold, a busy market town, and an administrative hub. Although Denbigh has seen times of conflict and decline, its medieval walls, castle ruins, and historic centre still shape its character today. According to the 2021 census, the town has a population of about 8,669.
Llynclys
Llynclys (English: /ˈlʌŋklɪs/, Welsh pronunciation: [ˈɬɨːnklɨːs])) is a small village in Shropshire, England, in the civil parish of Llanyblodwel. It lies north of Pant at the crossroads of the A483 and B4396, where there are several houses and a pub, the White Lion.

Llanyblodwel
Llanyblodwel is a village and civil parish in Shropshire, England; the spelling "Llanyblodwell" was commonly used in the past, and the village was sometimes simply referred to as "Blodwel". The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 767. It lies 7 miles (11 km) west of the nearest town, Oswestry, in the valley of the River Tanat. Simon Jenkins, in his guide to English churches says of Llanyblodwel that "the Welsh Marches are seldom so lovely as where the River Tanat crosses the border through the steep wooded valleys west of Oswestry."

The parish had a population of 817 at the time of the 2001 census. It was formerly in the Llanyblodwel and Pant ward of the borough of Oswestry. The village is located in a scenic rural area, with attractive views of the Welsh hills across the border. There were formerly several limestone quarries around Llanyblodwel, and limited quarrying still takes place.
Glasgow University Union
Glasgow University Union (GUU) is one of the largest and oldest students' unions in the UK, serving students and alumni of the University of Glasgow since 1885.

The GUU organises social affairs for its members, provides catering and entertainment. Students are eligible to become members for free at any point throughout their university career and alumni may become Life Members by applying to the Board of Management.

World Universities Debating Championship
The World Universities Debating Championship (WUDC) is the world's largest international debating tournament and one of the largest annual international student events. WUDC is held in the British Parliamentary format (involving four teams of two people in each debate).

Each year, the event is hosted by an institution selected by the World Universities Debating Council. The current 2026 world champions are  Udai Kamath & Jack Story from University of Sydney.
Duke (G.I. Joe)
Duke is a fictional character from the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline, comic books, and animated series. He is the G.I. Joe Team's First Sergeant, and debuted in 1983. The character is also featured in both the G.I. Joe: Sigma 6 animated series and comic books. Channing Tatum portrays Duke in the 2009 live-action film, G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra, and the 2013 sequel G.I. Joe: Retaliation.

Cobra (G.I. Joe)
Cobra (sometimes referred to as Cobra Command) is a fictional terrorist organization and the nemesis of the G.I. Joe Team in the Hasbro action figure toyline G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero and G.I. Joe: Sigma 6, as well as in related media.

Cobra was first introduced during the launch of the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline in mid-1982. The toyline was accompanied by a Marvel Comics series, written by Larry Hama, and an animated television series by Sunbow and Marvel Productions. However, the origin and portrayal of Cobra has differed in each of them.

Marvel Comics invented the Cobra concept, with the name having been proposed by Archie Goodwin. When Marvel first proposed the concept, Hasbro was reluctant to make toys of the villains for fear that they would not sell. According to Jim Shooter, "later ... villains became 40% of their volume." Cobra's iconic logo was later created by Hasbro designer Ron Rudat.
Mill Valley, California
Mill Valley is a city in Marin County, California, United States, located about 14 miles (23 km) north of San Francisco via the Golden Gate Bridge and 52 miles (84 km) from Napa Valley. The population was 14,231 at the 2020 census.

Mill Valley is located on the western and northern shores of Richardson Bay, and the eastern slopes of Mount Tamalpais. Beyond the flat coastal area and marshlands, it occupies narrow wooded canyons, mostly of second-growth redwoods, on the southeastern slopes of Mount Tamalpais. The Mill Valley 94941 ZIP Code also includes the following adjacent unincorporated communities: Almonte, Alto, Homestead Valley, Tamalpais Valley, and Strawberry. The Muir Woods National Monument is also located just outside the city limits.

Jack Finney
Walter Braden "Jack" Finney (born John Finney; October 2, 1911 – November 14, 1995) was an American writer.  His best-known works are science fiction and thrillers, including The Body Snatchers and Time and Again. Themes that persisted throughout his career were a fascination with previous time periods and time travel, and ordinary people encountering extraordinary circumstances. Many of his works were adapted into films or television productions.
Longyear Valley
The Longyear Valley (Norwegian: Longyeardalen) is a valley and ravine in Svalbard. It slightly winds 40 kilometres (25 mi) WNW ending in Adventfjorden, facing west, the broadest inlet of Spitsbergen, the main landmass.  It has a few wind gaps to the south and north-east over small glaciers, under which small streams form. It is between mountains Platåberget and Gruvefjellet. The town of Longyearbyen is at its foot, which is named for the American industrialist John Munro Longyear. The Longyear River is, like all the island's rivers, silted from surrounding glaciers.

Longyear River
The Longyear River (Norwegian: Longyearelva) is a river which runs through the Longyear Valley, passing through the town of Longyearbyen and draining into Adventfjorden on the island of Spitsbergen in Svalbard, Norway. It is named for the American industrialist John Munro Longyear.
Old Lincoln High School
Lincoln High School, also known as Lincoln Academy, was a high school for African Americans in Tallahassee, Florida, United States. It is commonly referred to as "Historic Lincoln High School" or "Old Lincoln". The only remaining connection with Leon County's current (and distant) Lincoln High School is its name.

Lincoln High School (Tallahassee, Florida)
Lincoln High School is a public high school located in Tallahassee, Florida. It is part of the Leon County Schools district.

Lincoln High School offers an accelerated Advanced Placement (AP) program. In 2010, Newsweek ranked Lincoln High School as one of the top 100 high schools in the United States. On the state level, Lincoln has continuously ranked in the 90th percentile among all Florida high schools. Lincoln has also been ranked as one of the highest high schools in Florida in regards to college readiness. The "Best High Schools" report in 2016 & 2022 revealed that Lincoln High boasted the top college-readiness level of all area schools.
Sterility assurance level
In microbiology, sterility assurance level (SAL) is the probability that a single unit that has been subjected to sterilization nevertheless remains nonsterile.

It is never possible to prove that all organisms have been destroyed, as the likelihood of survival of an individual microorganism is never zero. So SAL is used to express the probability of the survival. For example, medical device manufacturers design their sterilization processes for an extremely low SAL, such as 10−6, which is a 1 in 1,000,000 chance of a non-sterile unit. SAL also describes the killing efficacy of a sterilization process. A very effective sterilization process has a very low SAL.

Sterilization (microbiology)
Sterilization (British English: sterilisation) refers to any process that removes, kills, or deactivates all forms of life (particularly microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, spores, and unicellular eukaryotic organisms) and other biological agents (such as prions or viruses) present in fluid or on a specific surface or object. Sterilization can be achieved through various means, including heat, chemicals, irradiation, high pressure, and filtration. Sterilization is distinct from disinfection, sanitization, and pasteurization, in that those methods reduce rather than eliminate all forms of life and biological agents present. After sterilization, fluid or an object is referred to as being sterile or aseptic.
Centrotinae
Centrotinae is a subfamily within the treehoppers (Membracidae) and is the largest and only subfamily with a worldwide distribution of species. There are nearly 1350 species placed in 216 genera. Species in the genus make use of a wide range of host plants belonging to 105 plant families with dominant ones being Leguminosae, Compositae, Solanaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. Most species have relationships with ants that tend them for honeydew. The Centrotinae typically have the posterior pronotal process not concealing the scutellum and the forewing has the clavus truncated at the apex and having a broad apical limbus. Exceptions in which the scutellum are partly concealed can be found both in the New and Old World.

Treehopper
Treehoppers (more precisely typical treehoppers to distinguish them from the Aetalionidae) and thorn bugs are members of the family Membracidae, a group of insects related to the cicadas and the leafhoppers. About 3,200 species of treehoppers in over 400 genera are known. They are found on all continents except Antarctica; only five species are known from Europe. Individual treehoppers usually live for only a few months.
St Peter's Church, Cowfold
St Peter's Church, Cowfold is a Church of England parish church in the village of Cowfold, West Sussex.  First recorded in 1232 as a chapelry of St Peter's, Henfield, it still retains some features of the Early English original building but is mainly Perpendicular in style and, apart from some 19th-century arches, entirely medieval.  It is known for its magnificent 15th-century memorial brass to Thomas Nelond, Prior of Lewes, its medieval stained glass, and its churchyard's rare "church marks" boundary fence.

English Heritage has listed St Nicholas' Church at Grade I for its architectural and historical importance.

Cowfold
Cowfold is a village and civil parish between Billingshurst and Haywards Heath in the Horsham District of West Sussex, England. The village is at the intersection of the A272 and A281 roads. The parish has a land area of 1,926 hectares (4,760 acres). In the 2001 census 1,864 people lived in 729 households, of whom 987 were economically active. The population at the 2011 Census had risen to 1,904.
Alina Kashlinskaya
Alina Anatolyevna Kashlinskaya (Russian: Алина Анатольевна Кашлинская; born 28 October 1993) is a Russian chess player playing for Poland. She holds the titles International Master and Woman Grandmaster, which FIDE awarded her in 2014 and 2009, respectively. Kashlinskaya is the 2019 European Women's Individual Chess Champion.

Wolfgang Uhlmann
Wolfgang Uhlmann (29 March 1935 – 24 August 2020) was a German chess grandmaster. He was East Germany's most successful chess player between the mid-1950s and the late 1980s, reaching the 1971 Candidates Tournament. During his career, Uhlmann played many of the top players of the time and won the East Germany Chess Championships 11 times.  Uhlmann continued to play chess into his later years, before dying at the age of 85 in Dresden.
Smegma
Smegma (from Ancient Greek σμῆγμα, smêgma, 'soap') is a cheesy substance composed of shed skin cells, skin oils, and moisture that occurs in male and female mammalian genitalia.  In males, smegma collects under the foreskin; in females, it collects around the clitoris and in the folds of the labia minora.

Labia minora
The labia minora (Latin for 'smaller lips', sg.: labium minus), also known as the inner labia, inner lips, or nymphae, are two flaps of skin that are part of the primate vulva, extending outwards from the inner vaginal and urethral openings to encompass the vestibule. At the glans clitoridis, each labium splits, above forming the clitoral hood, and below the frenulum of the clitoris. At the bottom, the labia meet at the labial commissure. The labia minora vary widely in size, color and shape from individual to individual.

The labia minora are situated between the labia majora and together form the labia. The labia minora are homologous to the penile raphe and ventral penile skin in males.
Gołkowice, Silesian Voivodeship
Gołkowice [ɡɔu̯kɔˈvit͡sɛ] is a village in Gmina Godów, Wodzisław County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It lies on the border with the Czech Republic.

The village was first mentioned in the document of Pope Gregory IX issued on 26 May 1229 among villages belonging to Benedictine abbey in Tyniec, as Golkowice. Benedictine abbey in Orlová (established in 1268) in the late 13th century had rights to revenues from three villages in the Castellany of Racibórz, namely Gorzyce, Uchylsko and Gołkowice.

There is a wooden Saint Anne Church from 1878 in the village.

Gorzyce, Silesian Voivodeship
Gorzyce [ɡɔˈʐɨt͡sɛ] is a village and the seat of Gmina Gorzyce in Wodzisław County, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland. It lies near the border with the Czech Republic, approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-west of Wodzisław Śląski.
Richard Paget Murray
Richard Paget Murray (1842, Isle of Man – 1908, Shapwick, Dorset) was an English clergyman, botanist and lepidopterist.

After secondary education at King William's College, he matriculated in 1864 at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. There he graduated with a B.A. in 1868 and an M.A. in 1871. He was ordained a deacon in 1868 and a priest in 1869.

His herbarium contained plants from Ireland,  the Canary Islands,  Mauritius, Portugal, France, the Alps and the Dolomites. With Edward Francis Linton, William Richardson Linton and William Moyle Rogers he issued the exsiccata series British Rubi, in dried specimens. Specimens dispersed after his death are held by several institutions including the Natural History Museum (London) and Kew Gardens.

He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1882.

William Richardson Linton
Rev. William Richardson Linton (2 April 1850 in Diddington, Huntingdonshire – 7 April 1908 in Ashbourne, Derbyshire), Corpus Christi College, M.A., was an English botanist and vicar of the parish of Shirley, Derbyshire. He was regarded as one of the leading batologists of his day.
Charles McGruder III
Charles H. McGruder III is an African-American astrophysicist, researcher and professor at Western Kentucky University, where he holds the William McCormack Endowed Chair in Physics and Astronomy. He is a former president of the National Society of Black Physicists.

National Society of Black Physicists
The National Society of Black Physicists (NSBP), established in the United States in 1977, is a non-profit professional organization with the goal to promote the professional well-being of African Diaspora physicists and physics students within the international scientific community and the world community at large.