hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Reuben Kolb
Reuben Francis Kolb (1839–1918) was an Alabama politician. Kolb ran unsuccessfully for governor of Alabama thrice, in  1890, 1892 and 1894, first as a Democrat and then as a Populist. He also served as the state's commissioner of agriculture twice, in 1887 and between 1910 and 1914.

Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries
The Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries (ADAI) is an independent agency of the government of Alabama first created by an Act of the State Legislature on February 23, 1883.  The Department is responsible for serving farmers and consumers of agricultural products and operates with an annual budget of just under $25 million.  The Department has about 300 full-time employees and 250 part-time employees.
Whiteknights Park
Whiteknights Park, or the Whiteknights Campus of the University of Reading, is the principal campus of that university. The park covers the area of the manor of Earley Whiteknights, also known as Earley St Nicholas and Earley Regis.

Whiteknights Park is some two miles south of the centre of the town of Reading in the English county of Berkshire. The campus is 1.3 square kilometres (321 acres) in size and includes lakes, conservation meadows and woodlands as well as being home to most of the university's academic departments and several halls of residence.

Although the campus is much closer to the centre of Reading than it is to the town of Wokingham, the boundary between the unitary authorities of Reading and Wokingham meanders across the campus in a rather unpredictable fashion. The campus is split about one third to Reading, two-thirds to Wokingham.

Borough of Wokingham
Wokingham, or the Borough of Wokingham, is a local government district with borough status in Berkshire, England. Since 1998 its council has been a unitary authority, having taken on county-level functions when Berkshire County Council was abolished. The borough is named after its main town, Wokingham. Other places in the district include Arborfield, Barkham, Charvil, Earley, Finchampstead, Hurst, Remenham, Ruscombe, Shinfield, Sonning, Spencers Wood, Three Mile Cross, Twyford, Wargrave, Winnersh and Woodley. Part of Crowthorne is also within the borough and forms part of the parish of Wokingham Without. The population of the borough is 177,500 according to 2021 census.
North Fly District
The North Fly District of the Western Province of Papua New Guinea is the northernmost, smallest, and arguably the most remote of the three districts of the province. It contains the Local-Level Government (LLG) areas of Kiunga Rural, Kiunga Urban, Ningerum Rural, Olsobip Rural and Star Mountains Rural, and the townships of Kiunga, Tabubil, Olsobip and Ningerum.

Western Province (Papua New Guinea)
Western Province is a coastal province in southwestern Papua New Guinea, bordering the Indonesian provinces of Highland Papua and South Papua. The provincial capital is Daru. The largest town in the province is Tabubil. Other major settlements are Kiunga, Ningerum, Olsobip and Balimo.

The provincial government has, as with the governments of  North Solomons, Chimbu and Northern provinces, sought to change the name of the province. The government uses the name Fly River Provincial Government; however, this remains unofficial as it has not been changed in the Constitution of Papua New Guinea.
Festus Mogae
Festus Gontebanye Mogae (born 21 August 1939) is a Motswana politician and economist who served as the third President of Botswana from 1998 to 2008. He succeeded Quett Masire as President in 1998 and was re-elected in October 2004. After ten years in office, he stepped down in 2008 and was succeeded by Lieutenant General Seretse Khama Ian Khama.

President of Botswana
The president of the Republic of Botswana is the head of state and the head of government of Botswana, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Botswana Defence Force, according to the Constitution. The president is elected by the National Assembly, the sole house of the Parliament, and is usually the leader of the largest party. The Constitution limits the president's tenure to two five-year terms. The first president to be elected under the  constitution was Sir Seretse Khama, who was the prime minister from 1965 until 1966, after which he served as president until his death on 13 July, 1980. The most recent incumbent is Duma Boko, who was elected by the National Assembly on 1 November 2024 following the 2024 general election. The president may be removed by a motion of no confidence.
Listed buildings in Thurcroft
Thurcroft is a civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England. The parish contains 17 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, one is listed at Grade II*, the middle of the three grades, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The parish contains the villages of Thurcroft and Brampton-en-le-Morthen and the surrounding area. The most important building in the parish is Thurcroft Hall, a country house, which is listed together with two associated structures. The other listed buildings consist of houses, cottages and associated structures, farmhouses and farm buildings, and a telephone kiosk.

Thurcroft
Thurcroft is a village and civil parish situated south-east of Rotherham in the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham in South Yorkshire, England. From 1902 to 1991, it was a mining community.  It has a population of 5,296, increasing to 6,900 at the 2011 Census.
Hanger steak
A hanger steak (US), also known as butcher's steak, hanging tenderloin, skirt (UK), or onglet, is a cut of beef steak prized for its flavor and tenderness. This cut is taken from the plate, which is the upper belly of the animal. In the past it was among several cuts of beef sometimes known as "butcher's steak", because butchers would often keep it for themselves rather than offer it for sale. This is because the general populace believed this to be a crude cut of meat, although it is actually one of the most tender and flavoursome.

Hanger steak resembles flank steak in texture and flavor.  It is a vaguely V-shaped pair of muscles with a long, inedible membrane running down the middle.

It is also sometimes incorrectly referred to as flap steak or flap meat, which is a distinctly different cut from the bottom sirloin in the rear quarter of the animal.

Beef plate
Beef plate (also known as the short plate) is a US forequarter cut from the abdomen of the cow, just below the rib cut. It is typically a cheap, tough, and fatty meat. In U.K. butchery, this cut is considered part of the brisket.

It is used for short ribs and two kinds of steak: skirt and hanger. It may also be cured, smoked, and thinly sliced to make beef bacon.

The beef navel is the ventral part of the plate, and it is commonly used to make pastrami.

The remainder is usually used for ground beef.
Living with Modernism
Living with Modernism is a television documentary series first broadcast on BBC Four in 2006. It is a companion series to Marvels of the Modern Age on BBC Two, and was followed by a sister series Living with the Future in 2007. In each of six episodes, presenter Simon Davis visits a private family house designed by an architect associated with the modern movement.

Living with the Future
Living with the Future is a television documentary series first broadcast on 15 January 2007 on BBC Four. It is a follow-up series to Living with Modernism, also on BBC Four.

In each episode, presenter Simon Davis visits the owners of a private house, then stays overnight so he can comment on what the building is like to actually live in.  The preceding series visited older "classic" buildings (1930s to 1970s) where modernity was the key feature.  In this series, buildings have been constructed in the last few years and often rely on cutting-edge materials (the glass walls at "Skywood") and have "green" elements of re-use ("Quay House" is a rebuilt dairy) and efficiency ("Drop House" glazing and walls).
Littenseradiel
Littenseradiel (West Frisian pronunciation: [ˈlɪtn̩səraˌdiəl] ⓘ) is a former municipality in the northern Netherlands, known in Dutch as Littenseradeel (pronounced [ˈlɪtə(n)səraːˌdeːl] ⓘ). The municipality was formed on 1 January 1984 by a merger of the former municipalities Baarderadeel and Hennaarderadeel. On 1 January 2018, the municipality was dissolved and its territory was split between three other municipalities: Waadhoeke, which was established that day, Leeuwarden and Súdwest-Fryslân.

Baarderadeel
Baarderadeel is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Friesland, southwest of Leeuwarden. Since 1984, the area has been a part of the municipality of Littenseradiel.

Some of the larger villages in Baarderadeel are Winsum, Mantgum, and Easterlittens.
Colusa County, California
Colusa County (/kəˈluːsə/ ⓘ) is a county located in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 21,839. The county seat is Colusa. It is in the northern Sacramento Valley, northwest of the state capital, Sacramento.

Lake County, California
Lake County is a county located in the north central portion of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 68,163. The county seat is Lakeport. The county takes its name from Clear Lake, the dominant geographic feature in the county and the largest non-extinct natural lake wholly within California. (Lake Tahoe is partially in Nevada; the Salton Sea was formed by flooding; Tulare Lake was drained by the agricultural industry.)

Lake County forms the Clearlake, California micropolitan statistical area. It is directly north of the San Francisco Bay Area.

Lake County is part of California's Wine Country, which also includes Napa, Sonoma, and Mendocino counties. It includes nine American Viticultural Areas and around 20 bonded wineries.
Inau
In Ainu culture, inau or inaw (Ainu: イナウ or イナゥ) is a ritual wood-shaving stick used in prayers to the spiritual world. They were used in most Ainu religious rituals and were also frequently made to request assistance for hunting and childbirth. Some can be used multiple times, while others are destroyed immediately after one use. Their size and the direction in which they are shaved depends on which kamuy (spiritual being) it is offered to and what is being requested.

Ainu religion
Ainu religion consists of the spiritual beliefs, ritual practices, and mythical stories of the Ainu people. It is broadly animist in nature, with special reverence for animal sacrifice traditionally. Today only a small minority of Ainu people practice traditional Ainu religion, with the majority following Buddhism.
Nonwoven fabric
Nonwoven fabric or non-woven fabric is a fabric-like material made from staple fibre (short) and long fibres (continuous long), bonded together by chemical, mechanical, heat or solvent treatment. The term is used in the textile manufacturing industry to denote fabrics, such as felt, which are neither woven nor knitted. Some non-woven materials lack sufficient strength unless densified or reinforced by a backing. In recent years, non-wovens have become an alternative to polyurethane foam.

Felt
Felt is a textile that is produced by matting, condensing, and pressing fibers together. Felt can be made of natural fibers such as wool or animal fur, or from synthetic fibers such as petroleum-based acrylic or acrylonitrile or wood pulp–based rayon. Blended fibers are also common. Natural fiber felt has special properties that allow it to be used for a wide variety of purposes. It is "fire-retardant and self-extinguishing; it dampens vibration and absorbs sound; and it can hold large amounts of fluid without feeling wet...": 10
Maebaru, Fukuoka
Maebaru (前原市, Maebaru-shi) was a city located in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. It existed from October 1, 1992, to December 31, 2009.

As of November 2009, the city had an estimated population of 68,583 in the total area of 104.50 km2.

On January 1, 2010, Maebaru, along with the towns of Nijō and Shima (both from Itoshima District), was merged to create the City of Itoshima. Itoshima District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

Itoshima
Itoshima (糸島市, Itoshima-shi) is a city located in western Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 March 2024, the city had an estimated population of 103,655 in 46,192 households, and a  population density of 480 persons per km². The total area of the city is 215.69 km2 (83.28 sq mi).
Kasaragod–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express
The 20633/20634 Kasaragod - Thiruvananthapuram Central Vande Bharat Express is India's 15th Vande Bharat Express train, connecting Kasaragod with state capital Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala. The train service was officially inaugurated on 25 April 2023 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at Thiruvananthapuram Central. As of July 2023, it is the best-performing Vande Bharat Express train service with an average occupancy of 183 per cent, according to official data.

Shoranur Junction railway station
Shoranur Junction (station code: SRR) is an NSG–3 category Indian railway station in Palakkad railway division of Southern Railway zone. It is the railway station located at Shoranur, Palakkad District, Kerala. It comes under the Palakkad Railway Division of the Southern Railway. It is the largest railway station in the state of Kerala in terms of area. It is an important junction because it is the point at which the line from Chennai via Jolarpettai, Erode and Palakkad meets the coastal line from Mangalore to Kanyakumari. Further, Shoranur junction is the node from which a separate Branch line goes to the town of Nilambur, about 66 km to the north. The Nilambur–Shoranur line, which connects two tiny hill-towns, is one of the most picturesque in India.
Cape May Airport
Cape May Airport or Cape May County Airport (IATA: WWD, ICAO: KWWD, FAA LID: WWD) is a public use airport in Lower Township, Cape May County, New Jersey, United States. Owned by the Delaware River and Bay Authority, the airport is four nautical miles (7 km) northwest of the central business district of Wildwood.

The airport is located near the Rio Grande census-designated place (CDP), which is mostly in Middle Township and partly in Lower Township. The airport has an Erma address but is not in the CDP. In some documents it is called Wildwood Airport.

This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility.

Hangar #1 contains the Naval Air Station Wildwood Aviation Museum, whose collection focuses on World War II, named after the former Naval Air Station Wildwood.

Lower Township, New Jersey
Lower Township is a township in Cape May County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The township, and all of Cape May County, is part of the Ocean City metropolitan statistical area, and is part of the Philadelphia-Wilmington-Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD combined statistical area, also known as the Delaware Valley or Philadelphia metropolitan area. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 22,057, a decrease of 809 (−3.5%) from the 2010 census count of 22,866, which in turn reflected a decrease of 79 (−0.3%) from the 22,945 counted in the 2000 census.

New Jersey Monthly magazine ranked Lower Township as its 34th best place to live in its 2008 rankings of the "Best Places To Live" in New Jersey. The township is part of the state's South Jersey region and the larger Delaware Valley or Philadelphia metropolitan area.
Lutherville station
Lutherville station is a Baltimore Light Rail station located in Lutherville, Maryland. Like most suburban stations on the system, it has two side platforms serving the line's two tracks. It opened in 1992 as part of the initial operating segment.

Lutherville, Maryland
Lutherville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. As of the 2020 census it had a population of 6,835. Prior to 2010 the area was part of the Lutherville-Timonium CDP. Within its borders lies the Lutherville Historic District.
Ockham New Zealand Book Awards
The Ockham New Zealand Book Awards are literary awards presented annually in New Zealand. The awards began in 1996 as the merger of two literary awards events: the New Zealand Book Awards, which ran from 1976 to 1995, and the Goodman Fielder Wattie Book Awards, which ran from 1968 to 1995 (known as the Montana Book Awards from 1994 to 1995).

The awards have changed name several times depending on sponsorship. From 1996 to 2009, the awards were known as the Montana New Zealand Book Awards, and sponsored by Montana Wines. From 2010 until 2014, the awards were known as the New Zealand Post Book Awards. Since 2015, the main sponsors have been property developer Ockham Residential, the Acorn Foundation, Creative New Zealand, Mary and Peter Biggs, Booksellers Aotearoa New Zealand and biotech company MitoQ. The awards event is the opening event of the Auckland Writers Festival, held annually in May.

Otago University Press
Otago University Press (abbreviated OUP; Māori: Te Whare Tā o Ōtākou Whakaihu Waka) is an academic publisher associated with the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand.  Established in 1958, it is the country’s oldest academic publisher.
West Chester Downtown Historic District
The West Chester Downtown Historic District is a national historic district that is located in West Chester, Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States.

This district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The boundary was increased on February 27, 2005.

West Chester, Pennsylvania
West Chester is a borough and the county seat of Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. Located in the Philadelphia metropolitan area, the borough had a population of 18,671 at the 2020 census. West Chester is the mailing address for most of its neighboring townships.

Much of the West Chester University North Campus and the Chester County government are located within the borough. The center of town is located at the intersection of Market and High Streets.
Fascist symbolism
Fascist symbolism is the use of certain images and symbols which are designed to represent aspects of fascism. These include national symbols of historical importance, goals, and political policies. The best-known are the fasces, which was the original symbol of fascism, and the swastika of Nazism.

Flash and circle
The flash and circle is a symbol originally associated with fascism, first adopted in 1935 by the British Union of Fascists (BUF). Although rooted in fascist ideology, variations of the symbol have subsequently been used by non-fascist political parties and organisations in different parts of the world.
March 2010 Queensland floods
Heavy rain in March 2010 saw much of south western and central Queensland undergo major flooding. The floods saw inundation of the towns of Charleville, Roma, St George and Theodore among others. Major rivers affected include the Warrego River, Balonne River, Bulloo River, Paroo River and the Dawson River.

Bulloo River
The Bulloo River /ˈbʊluː/ BUUL-oo is an isolated drainage system in western Queensland, central Australia.  Its floodplain, which extends into northern New South Wales, is an important area for waterbirds when inundated. It comprises most of the Bulloo-Bancannia drainage basin.
Esscher principle
The Esscher principle is an insurance premium principle. It is given by , where  is a strictly positive parameter. This premium is the net premium for a risk , where  denotes the moment generating function.

The Esscher principle is a risk measure used in actuarial sciences that derives from the Esscher transform. This risk measure does not respect the  positive homogeneity property of coherent risk measure for .

Esscher transform
In actuarial science, the Esscher transform (Gerber & Shiu 1994) is a transform that takes a probability density f(x) and transforms it to a new probability density f(x; h) with a parameter h. It was introduced by F. Esscher in 1932 (Esscher 1932).
Perylene
Perylene or perilene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C20H12, occurring as a brown solid.  It or its derivatives may be carcinogenic, and it is considered to be a hazardous pollutant.  In cell membrane cytochemistry, perylene is used as a fluorescent lipid probe. It is the parent compound of a class of rylene dyes.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) is any member of a class of organic compounds that is composed of multiple fused aromatic rings. Most are produced by the incomplete combustion of organic matter—by engine exhaust fumes, tobacco, incinerators, in roasted meats and cereals, or when biomass burns at lower temperatures as in forest fires. The simplest representative is naphthalene, having two aromatic rings, and the three-ring compounds anthracene and phenanthrene. PAHs are uncharged, non-polar and planar. Many are colorless. Many of them are also found in fossil fuel deposits such as coal and in petroleum. Exposure to PAHs can lead to different types of cancer, to fetal development complications, and to cardiovascular issues.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are discussed as possible starting materials for abiotic syntheses of materials required by the earliest forms of life.
Maxim Gvinjia
Maxim Gvinjia (Abkhaz: Максим Ӷәынџьиа, Georgian: მაქსიმ ღვინჯია) is the former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Abkhazia. Before he was appointed on 26 February 2010 to replace Sergei Shamba, Gvinjia had served as Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs since 1 March 2004.

Minister for Foreign Affairs of Abkhazia
The office of Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Abkhazia was created on 17 May 1993, during the 1992–1993 war with Georgia. Empirical data nevertheless show that Abkhazia's Foreign Ministry also enacts (mostly low-level) diplomatic relations, such as the sending of diplomatic notes, with various countries across the world, including Nauru, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Nicaragua, and Syria. It is also active in managing relations with other post-Soviet de facto states such as South Ossetia, Transnistria, and the Lugansk People's Republic.
Mutha River
The Mutha River is a river in western Maharashtra, India. It arises in the Western Ghats and flows eastward until it merges with the Mula River in the city of Pune. It has been dammed twice, first at the Panshet Dam (on the Ambi River), used as a source of drinking water and irrigation for Pune city. The water released here is dammed again at Khadakwasla and is an important source of drinking water for Pune. One more dam has been built later on the Mutha river at Temghar.

After merging with the Mula River in Pune, the Mutha flows on as the Mula-Mutha River to join the Bhima River.

In 2014, the Government of Maharashtra announced that the Pune Municipal Corporation would build new sewage treatment plants to ensure that no sewage was dumped in the river.

Bhima River
The Bhima River (Marathi: Bhīmā Nadī, pronounced [bʱiːmɑː], also known as Chandrabhaga River) is a major river in Western and South India. It flows southeast for 861 kilometres (535 mi) through Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Telangana states, before joining  the Krishna River. After the first 65 kilometers in a narrow valley through rugged terrain, the banks open up and form a fertile agricultural area which is densely populated.

The river is prone to drying up during the summer season.  In 2005, it caused severe flooding in Solapur, Vijayapura and Kalburgi districts. The river is also referred to as Chandrabhaga River, especially at Pandharpur, as it resembles the shape of the Moon.