hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1957 Michigan Wolverines football team
The 1957 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1957 Big Ten Conference football season. In its 10th year under head coach Bennie Oosterbaan, Michigan compiled a 5–3–1 record (3–3–1 against conference opponents), finished in sixth place in the Big Ten, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 187 to 147. Michigan was unranked in the final AP and UPI polls; it was ranked at No. 19 in the final Litkenhous Ratings.

Left tackle Jim Orwig was the team captain. Left halfback Jim Pace received the team's most valuable player award, won the Chicago Tribune Silver Football as the most valuable player in the Big Ten, and was selected as a first-team All-American and All-Big Ten player.

The team's statistical leaders included quarterback Jim Van Pelt with 629 passing yards, Jim Pace with 664 rushing yards, and left end Gary Prahst with 233 receiving yards.

Jim Van Pelt
James Sutton Van Pelt (November 11, 1935 – July 2, 2022) was an American professional football player who was a quarterback for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football for the Michigan Wolverines from 1955 to 1957. Playing in the CFL in 1958 and 1959, he led the Blue Bombers to consecutive Grey Cup championships and set league records with seven touchdown passes in a game, a 107-yard touchdown pass, and 22 points scored in the 1958 Grey Cup championship game.

His professional football career ended in 1960 when he was drafted into the United States Air Force for a three-year term of service. He died on July 2, 2022, at the age of 86.
Khushalgarh
Khushalgarh is an administrative unit known as “Union Council” of Kohat District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

District Kohat has 2 Tehsils i.e. Kohat and Lachi. Each Tehsil comprises certain numbers of union council.  There are 32 union councils in district Kohat.

Kohat
Kohat (Urdu and Hindko: کوہاٹ; Pashto: کوهاټ) is a city in Pakistan that serves as the capital of the Kohat District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. With a population of over 220,000 people, the city is the fourth most populous in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the 35th most populous in Pakistan. Kohat's immediate environs were the site of frequent armed skirmishes between British colonial forces and local tribesmen in the mid to late 19th century. The city is centred on a British-era fort, various bazaars, and a military cantonment. Pashto and the Kohati dialect of Hindko are the main languages spoken in Kohat.

The city of Kohat is also the namesake of and largest city in the Kohat Division, being over four times larger than the second-largest city in the division: Karak.
Celilo Canal
Celilo Canal was a canal in Oregon connecting two points of the Columbia River, just east of The Dalles.

In the natural state of the Columbia River, there was an 8-mile (13 km) stretch from The Dalles to Celilo Falls that was impassable upstream and navigable downstream only at high water and at great risk. Celilo Canal was built in the early part of the 1900s to allow steamboat and river-borne traffic to bypass that stretch.

Celilo Falls
Celilo Falls (/səˈlaɪloʊ/; Tenino: Wyam, meaning "echo of falling water" or "sound of water upon the rocks," in several native languages) was a tribal fishing area on the Columbia River, just east of the Cascade Mountains, on what is today the border between the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington. The name refers to a series of cascades and waterfalls on the river, as well as to the native settlements and trading villages that existed there in various configurations for 15,000 years. Celilo was the oldest continuously inhabited community on the North American continent until 1957, when the falls and nearby settlements were submerged by the construction of The Dalles Dam. In 2019, there were calls by tribal leaders to restore the falls.
Melon Music Award for Artist of the Year
The Melon Music Award for Artist of the Year is an accolade presented by Kakao M at the annual Melon Music Awards. The Artist of the Year award was first given at its inaugural online ceremony in 2005; since 2009, it consists of the most prestigious awards given at the event, alongside Album of the Year and Song of the Year.

Melon Music Awards
The Melon Music Awards (Korean: 멜론 뮤직어워드) is a major music awards show that is held annually by Kakao Entertainment (a Kakao company) through its online music store Melon. The event was initially a fan-voted award conducted entirely online from 2005 through 2008, and has been officially held offline in Seoul since 2009.

The award show uses digital data from the Melon music platform, online voting and judges' evaluation—to base its awards on artists who have performed exceptional during the year.
Acton–Northolt line
The Acton–Northolt line (ANL), otherwise known as the New North Main Line (NNML), is a railway line in Greater London, England. Built between 1903 and 1906, it runs from the Great Western Main Line at Old Oak Common TMD to the Chiltern Main Line at South Ruislip, alongside the West Ruislip branch of the London Underground Central line, for a distance of around 11 miles (18 km).

Old Oak Common
Old Oak Common is a semi-industrial area of London, between Harlesden and Acton. The area is traditionally known for its railway depots, particularly Old Oak Common TMD which was decommissioned in 2021. Together with neighbouring Park Royal, the area is intended to become the UK's largest regeneration scheme.

Old Oak Common has been in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham since 1994. Further south lies an open area, Wormwood Scrubs Park, and Wormwood Scrubs prison. To the north it is bounded by the Grand Union Canal and across it lies Willesden Junction station.
Inverigo
Inverigo (Brianzöö: Inverigh [ĩʋeˈriːk]) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Milan and about 14 kilometres (9 mi) southeast of Como. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 8,209 and an area of 10.0 km².

The municipality of Inverigo contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Cremnago, Villa Romanò, and Romanò.

Inverigo borders the following municipalities: Alzate Brianza, Arosio, Brenna, Briosco, Carugo, Giussano, Lambrugo, Lurago d'Erba, Nibionno, Veduggio con Colzano.

Outside the town is the eclectic structure of Villa La Rotonda.

Lambrugo
Lambrugo (Brianzöö: Lambrügh) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Milan and about 14 kilometres (9 mi) southeast of Como. As of 30 November 2019, it had a population of 2,510 and an area of 1.9 km2.
The municipality of Lambrugo contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Momberto, Galletto, Cascina Giulia, and Resegone.
Lambrugo borders the following municipalities: Costa Masnaga, Inverigo, Lurago d'Erba, Merone, Nibionno.
HLA-A74
HLA-A74 (A74) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within HLA-A serotype group. The serotype is determined by the antibody recognition of α74 subset of HLA-A α-chains. For A74, the alpha "A" chain are encoded by the HLA-A*74 allele group and the β-chain are encoded by B2M locus.  A74 and A*74 are almost synonymous in meaning.
A74 is a split antigen of the broad antigen serotype A19. A74 is a sister serotype of A29, A30, A31, A32, and A33.

A74 is more common in Subsaharan Africa. A74 is a rare HLA-A allele group.

HLA-A29
HLA-A29 (A29) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within HLA-A serotype group. The serotype is determined by the antibody recognition of α29 subset of HLA-A α-chains. For A29, the alpha "A" chain are encoded by the HLA-A*29 allele group and the β-chain are encoded by B2M locus. This group currently is dominated by A*2902. A29 and A*29 are almost synonymous in meaning.
A29 is a split antigen of the broad antigen serotype A19. A29 is a sister serotype of A30, A31, A32, A33, and A74.

A29 is more common in Western Africa and Southwestern Europe.
Corn smut
Corn smut is a plant disease caused by the pathogenic fungus Mycosarcoma maydis, synonym Ustilago maydis. One of several cereal crop pathogens called smut, the fungus forms galls on all above-ground parts of corn species such as maize and teosinte. The infected corn is edible; in Mexico, it is considered a delicacy, called huitlacoche, often eaten as a filling in quesadillas and other tortilla-based dishes, as well as in soups.

Smut (fungus)
The smuts are multicellular fungi characterized by their large numbers of teliospores. The smuts get their name from a Germanic word for 'dirt' because of their dark, thick-walled, and dust-like teliospores. They are mostly Ustilaginomycetes (phylum Basidiomycota) and comprise seven of the 15 orders of the subphylum. Most described smuts belong to two orders, Ustilaginales and Tilletiales. The smuts are normally grouped with the other basidiomycetes because of their commonalities concerning sexual reproduction.
Flask (metal casting)
A flask is a type of tooling used to contain a mold in metal casting.  A flask has only sides, and no top or bottom, and forms a frame around the mold, which is typically made of molding sand.  The shape of a flask may be square, rectangular, round or any convenient shape.  A flask can have any size so long as it is larger than the pattern being used to make the sand mold.  Flasks are commonly made of steel, aluminum or even wood. A simple flask has two parts: the cope and the drag. More elaborate flasks may have three or even four parts.

Molding sand
Molding sand, also known as foundry sand, is a sand that when moistened and compressed or oiled or heated tends to pack well and hold its shape.  It is used in the process of sand casting for preparing the mold cavity.
Nikon Z-mount
Nikon Z-mount (stylised as ) is an interchangeable lens mount developed by Nikon for its mirrorless digital cameras. It was first used in 2018.

The 55 mm throat diameter of the Nikon Z-mount makes it the largest full-frame lens mount. It is much larger than the older Nikon F-mount (44 mm) and than the E-mount (46.1 mm) used by Sony mirrorless cameras but only slightly larger than the 54 mm of both the Canon EF and RF mounts. It is also slightly larger than the 51.6 mm diameter full-frame mirrorless Leica L-Mount. The Z-mount has also a very short flange distance of 16 mm, which is shorter than all mentioned lens mounts. This flange distance, along with the large throat diameter, allows for numerous lenses of nearly all other current and previous mounts to be used with an appropriate lens mount adapter on a Z-mount camera (see Autofocus/electronic adapters for a list of mounts and adapters).

Image stabilization
unstabilised

lens-based optical stabilisation

sensor-shift optical stabilisation

digital or electronic stabilisation

Image stabilization (IS) is a family of techniques that reduce blurring associated with the motion of a camera or other imaging device during exposure.

Generally, it compensates for pan and tilt (angular movement, equivalent to yaw and pitch) of the imaging device, though electronic image stabilization can also compensate for rotation about the optical axis (roll). It is mainly used in high-end image-stabilized binoculars, still and video cameras, astronomical telescopes, and also smartphones. With still cameras, camera shake is a particular problem at slow shutter speeds or with long focal length lenses (telephoto or zoom). With video cameras, camera shake causes visible frame-to-frame jitter in the recorded video. In astronomy, the problem of lens shake is added to variation in the atmosphere, which changes the apparent positions of objects over time.
Battlefield, Shropshire
Battlefield is a village and suburb of the town of Shrewsbury in Shropshire, England. It is 3 miles (5 km) north of the town centre. The village is today split between three civil parishes - Shrewsbury, Astley and Pimhill.

Astley, Shropshire
Astley is a small village and civil parish in Shropshire, England. The official 2001 census recorded 454 people living in the parish and 116 in the village itself, falling slightly to 449 at the 2011 Census.

The village lies near to (and between) the A53 and A49 roads.

Bings Heath is a small hamlet in Shropshire, England. It lies on the A53 near to the village of, and in the parish of, Astley, north of Shrewsbury.

Upper Astley is a hamlet on the A53 about half a mile to the south of the village of Astley. There is a public house there - the Dog in the Lane (now closed permanently).
Püştətala
Püştətala (also, Pushtabina, Pushtala, Pushtatala, and Pushtbina) is a village and municipality in the Balakan Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 2,282. The municipality consists of the villages of Püştətala, Qadaşbinə, Qamıştala, Pirgax, Qaravəlili, and Mollaçibinə.

Qadaşbinə
41°38′52″N 46°25′56″E﻿ / ﻿41.64778°N 46.43222°E﻿ / 41.64778; 46.43222

Qadaşbinə (also, Qadaşbina, Katsbina, and Kozbina) is a village in the Balakan Rayon of Azerbaijan.  The village forms part of the municipality of Püştətala.
Pentachaeta
Pentachaeta is a genus of the family Asteraceae endemic to California.  Of the six species members, at least one, Pentachaeta bellidiflora, is classified as an endangered.  The etymology of the genus name derives from Greek penta, meaning five, and chaeta, meaning bristle, referring to the pappus scales of P. aurea. It was formerly included in the genus Chaetopappa, but subsequent taxonomic work has established it as a distinct genus. It is most closely related to Rigiopappus and Tracyina. Pygmydaisy is a common name for Pentachaeta.

Rigiopappus
Rigiopappus is a genus of North American plants in the tribe Astereae within the family Asteraceae. It is closely related to genus Pentachaeta.

The only species is Rigiopappus leptocladus, sometimes known as wireweed. It is an annual plant sending up slender stems terminating in small daisylike yellow flowers. It is native to the western United States (California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Idaho).
The Wee Man
The Wee Man, also released as John Burns, is a 2013 British  gangster film directed by Ray Burdis and starring Martin Compston and John Hannah. It depicts the true life story of Scottish criminal Paul Ferris.

Due to the film's sympathetic portrayal of Ferris, Strathclyde Police refused to help the filmmakers make the film in Glasgow, Ferris's native city. The production team had to film in London instead due to the lack of support from the legal authorities in Glasgow.

Tam McGraw
Thomas "Tam" McGraw (19 February 1952 – 30 July 2007), also known as "The Licensee" or "Wan-Baw McGraw", was a gangster involved in organised crime including extortion and drug trafficking in Glasgow, Scotland.

Once one of the wealthiest businessmen in Glasgow, he owned numerous businesses including security companies and taxi firms as well as properties throughout Scotland and Ireland with an estimated worth of £10 million. His drug trafficking activities were worth an estimated £14 million.
Kunturiri (La Paz)
Kunturiri (Aymara kunturi condor, -(i)ri a suffix, Hispanicized spelling Condoriri) is a mountain in the Cordillera Real in the Bolivian Andes, about 5,160 metres (16,929 ft) high. It is situated in the La Paz Department, Murillo Province, La Paz Municipality. Ch'iyar Quta Jawira ("black lake river", Chiar Khota Jahuira) flows along its southern slopes. Kunturiri lies southeast of the mountain Kunturiri of the Los Andes Province and southwest of the mountains Llust'a and Ch'alla Willk'i.

Llust'a
Llust'a (Aymara for slippery, also spelled Llustha) is a mountain in the Bolivian Andes, about 4,420 metres (14,501 ft) high. It is situated in the La Paz Department, Murillo Province, La Paz Municipality, east of the main range of the Cordillera Real. Llust'a lies northeast of the mountains Kunturiri and Turini. A little river named Ch'iyar Jawira ("black river", Chias Jahuira) originates near the mountain. It flows to the northeast.
Ellavina Perkins
Ellavina Tsosie Perkins (born 1940) is an independent linguist and scholar of the Navajo language.

She was a student of the late MIT linguistics professor Ken Hale. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Arizona; her dissertation dealt with word order and lexical scope in Navajo.

Perkins is on the board of directors of the Navajo Language Academy, under the auspices of which she is currently collaborating with Theodore B. Fernald on the Navajo Grammar Project, which aims to produce a reference grammar of the Navajo Language.
The project received a major grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities

Theodore B. Fernald
Theodore B. Fernald is a linguist and the chair of the Department of Linguistics at Swarthmore College. He is a specialist in semantics and the Navajo language. As of 2012, he was collaborating with Ellavina Perkins under the auspices of Swarthmore and the Navajo Language Academy to produce a reference grammar of Navajo, a project which has received a major grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. He has also served as vice-chair of the Navajo Language Academy.
Sandakan Death Marches
The Sandakan Death Marches were a series of forced marches in Borneo from Sandakan to Ranau which resulted in the deaths of 2,434 Allied prisoners of war held captive by the Empire of Japan during the Pacific campaign of World War II at the Sandakan POW Camp, North Borneo. By the end of the war, of all the prisoners who had been incarcerated at Sandakan and Ranau, only six Australians survived, all of whom had escaped. It is widely considered to be the single worst atrocity suffered by Australian servicemen during the Second World War.

Sandakan camp
The Sandakan camp, also known as Sandakan POW Camp (Malay: Kem Tawanan Perang Sandakan), was a prisoner-of-war camp established during World War II by the Japanese in Sandakan in the Malaysian state of Sabah. This site has gained notoriety as the Sandakan Death Marches started from here. Now, part of the former site houses the Sandakan Memorial Park.
Ram Trucks
Ram Trucks (stylized as RAM) is an American brand of light to mid-weight pickup heavy duty trucks and other commercial vehicles, and a division of Stellantis North America (previously Chrysler Group LLC). It was established in a spin-off of Dodge in 2009 using the name of the Ram pickup line of trucks. Ram Trucks' logo was originally used as Dodge's logo. New series Ram 1500 pickups are made at Sterling Heights Assembly in Sterling Heights, Michigan. Since its inception, the brand has used the slogan "Guts. Glory. Ram."

Fiat Doblò
The Fiat Doblò is a panel van and leisure activity vehicle produced by Italian automaker Fiat since 2000. It was unveiled at the Paris Motor Show in October 2000. A second-generation Doblò succeeded the original vehicle in 2010 for most markets, and it was sold in the United States as the RAM ProMaster City from 2015 to 2022. The second generation was also sold in Europe and the UK as the Opel/Vauxhall Combo. The third-generation Doblò, a rebadged version of the Citroën Berlingo, was unveiled in June 2022, and is also sold as the Opel or Vauxhall Combo, Peugeot Partner, and Toyota ProAce.
León Gieco
Raúl Alberto Antonio Gieco (born November 20, 1951), better known as León Gieco, is an Argentine folk rock singer, songwriter, musician and interpreter. He is known for mixing popular folkloric genres with Argentine rock, and lyrics with social and political connotations, leading to him being called "The Argentine Bob Dylan".

Juan Carlos Baglietto
Juan Carlos Baglietto (Italian pronunciation: [baʎˈʎetto]; born June 14, 1956, in Rosario, Santa Fe) is an Argentine musician, singer and composer. He is one of the iconic figures of the musical movement called Trova Rosarina, a famous generation of singers and composers based in the city of Rosario, who came to prominence during the 80's, and were famous for their groundbreaking work in pop music, with a sound rooted in rock, tango and "folklore argentino".
Sri Lanka Armoured Corps
The Sri Lanka Armoured Corps (SLAC) provides the armour capability of the Sri Lanka Army, with vehicles such as the T-55AM2 main battle tank; the BMP infantry fighting vehicle; and the BTR-80 and WZ551 armoured personnel carriers. It comprises five regular armoured regiments, a volunteer regiment, and a regimental band. It has an independent Armoured Brigade and is headquartered at Rock House Army Camp, Colombo.

Cyril Ranatunga
General S. Cyril Ranatunga, VSV (19 February 1930 – 16 June 2021) was a Sri Lanka Army officer. He served as Secretary of Defence, General Officer Commanding, Joint Operations Command and Chief of Staff of the Sri Lanka Army during the 1980s. He was also the Sri Lankan High Commissioner to Australia and later to the United Kingdom.
PDF/VT
PDF/VT is an international standard published by ISO in August 2010 as ISO 16612-2. It defines the use of PDF as an exchange format optimized for variable and transactional printing. Built on top of PDF/X-4, it is the first variable-data printing (VDP) format which ensures modern International Color Consortium-based (ICC) color management through the use of ICC Output Intents. It adds the notion of encapsulated groups of graphic objects to support optimized efficient processing for repeating text, graphic or image content. Introducing the concept of document part metadata (DPM), it enables reliable and dynamic management of pages for High Volume Transactional Output (HVTO) print data, like record selection or postage optimization based on metadata.

Variable data printing
Variable data printing (VDP) (also known as variable information printing (VIP) or variable imaging (VI)) is a form of digital printing,  including on-demand printing, in which elements such as text, graphics and images may be changed from one printed piece to the next, without stopping or slowing down the printing process and using information from a database or external file. For example, a set of personalized letters, each with the same basic layout, can be printed with a different name and address  on each letter. Variable data printing is mainly used for direct marketing, customer relationship management, advertising, invoicing and  applying addressing on selfmailers, brochures or postcard campaigns.
Dagdizel Plant
Dagdizel Plant (Russian: Дагдизель) is a company based in Kaspiysk, Dagestan and established in 1932. It is part of Gidropribor (Tactical Missiles Corporation).

The Dagdizel Plant has long produced naval torpedoes, and also produces diesel generators, shipboard instruments and systems.

Tactical Missiles Corporation
JSC Tactical Missiles Corporation (KTRV) (Russian: АО «Корпорация Тактическое Ракетное Вооружение», КТРВ) is a major Russian holding company for the manufacturers of military weapons (especially missiles), headquartered in Korolyov, Moscow Oblast.
Cartagena Iron Drydock
Cartagena Iron Drydock was said to be the first practical iron floating dry dock. It was built in Britain and reassembled at Cartagena Naval Base in 1866. The dry dock was needed to service the new ironclad fleet that the Spanish Navy acquired in the 1860s. It also served to lift ships so they could be towed onto horizontal slipways. One of its successors still performs this function at the Navantia shipyard of Cartagena.

Cartagena Naval Base
The Cartagena Naval Base, also known as the Arsenal of Cartagena, is a military base and arsenal of the Spanish Navy located in the city of Cartagena. It is one of the oldest naval bases in Spain, having been created in the 18th century. Located in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula, it is the main Spanish base in the Mediterranean Sea.