hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Petersham, Massachusetts
Petersham /ˈpiːtərsæm/ is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States.  The population was 1,194 at the 2020 census. Petersham is home to a considerable amount of conservation land, including the Quabbin Reservation, Harvard Forest, the Swift River Reservation, and Federated Women's Club State Forest.

Quabbin–Swift River Valley
The Quabbin Valley is a region of Massachusetts in the United States. The region consists of the Quabbin Reservoir and accompanying river systems in Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire, and Worcester counties.  The area is sometimes known as the Swift River Valley region, a reference to the Swift River, which was dammed to form the reservoir.
Vladimir Sukhomlinov
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Sukhomlinov (Russian: Влади́мир Алекса́ндрович Сухомли́нов, IPA: [sʊxɐˈmlʲinəf]; 16 August [O.S. 4 August] 1848 – 2 February 1926) was a Russian general in the Imperial Russian Army who served as the Chief of the General Staff from 1908 to 1909 and the Minister of War from 1909 to 1915.

Sukhomlinov was ousted as Minister of War amid allegations of failure to provide the Imperial Russian Army with necessary armaments and munitions for World War I and accused of responsibility for Russia's defeats in the early Eastern Front. Sukhomlinov was tried for high treason, corruption, and abuse of power in a high-profile case that damaged the reputation of Russia's fragile Imperial government. According to some historians, the Sukhomlinov scandal may have done more harm to the Romanov monarchy than the lurid scandals associated with Rasputin.

Alexander Guchkov
Alexander Ivanovich Guchkov (Russian: Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Гучко́в; 14 October 1862 – 14 February 1936) was a Russian politician, Chairman of the Third Duma and Minister of War in the Russian Provisional Government.
Gaussian curvature
In differential geometry, the Gaussian curvature or Gauss curvature (symbol Κ, named after Carl Friedrich Gauss) of a smooth surface in three-dimensional space at a point is the product of the two principal curvatures, κ1 and κ2, at the given point:

For example, a sphere of radius r has Gaussian curvature ⁠1/r2⁠ everywhere, and a flat plane and a cylinder have Gaussian curvature zero everywhere. The Gaussian curvature can also be negative, as in the case of a hyperboloid or the inside of a torus.

Gaussian curvature is an intrinsic measure of curvature, meaning that it could in principle be measured by a 2-dimensional being living entirely within the surface, because it depends only on distances that are measured “within” or along the surface, not on the way it is isometrically embedded in Euclidean space. This is the content of the Theorema Egregium, published by Gauss in 1827.

Geodesic circle
A geodesic circle is either "the locus on a surface at a constant geodesic distance from a fixed point" or a curve of constant geodesic curvature. 
A geodesic disk is the region on a surface bounded by a geodesic circle.
In contrast with the ordinary circle and disk, the geodesic circle is not necessarily a plane curve and the geodesic disk is not necessarily a planar surface.
They can be used to define Gaussian curvature.
Manzese
Manzese (Kata ya Manzese, in Swahili)  is an administrative ward in Ubungo District of the Dar es Salaam Region in Tanzania. Sinza and Kijitonyama, the latter belonging to Kinondoni MC, border the ward on the north. The ward is bordered to the east by the wards of Tandale, Ndugumbi, and Makurumla. Mabibo is in the south. Ubungo ward is to the west. Manzese was founded as a squatted informal settlement and had a population of 90,000 in 1975. A third of its adults were working full-time. By 1980, it had basic infrastructure such as roads and sanitation facilities. According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 70,507.

Ndugumbi
Ndugumbi (Kata ya Ndugumbi in Swahili)  is an administrative ward and district capital of the Kinondoni District of the Dar es Salaam Region in Tanzania. Tandale and Makumbusho ward border the ward to the north, Mzimuni to the east, Makurumla to the south and Manzese on the west. The last two being located in Ubungo District. In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 46,134 people in the ward, from 36,841 in 2012.
Roko (title)
Roko is a title of chiefly rank, specifically from the Lau Islands of Fiji.

Its equivalent from the Kubuna Confederacy is the Bauan form of Ratu and Ro from parts of the Burebasaga Confederacy. This title was widely used among members of the chiefly Vuanirewa clan up to the mid-19th century. Increasing inte marriage  among the chiefly households of Lakeba and Bau, thereafter, saw the increasing use of Ratu and Adi by members of the Vuanirewa dynasty. The current heir to the Tui Nayau title, Finau Mara, uses the Baun title Ratu instead of Roko. This is true for all of his siblings apart from his younger brother Tevita Uluilakeba Mara, who is generally known as Roko Ului.

Lau Islands
The Lau Islands (also called the Lau Group, the Eastern Group, the Eastern Archipelago) of Fiji are situated in the southern Pacific Ocean, just east of the Koro Sea. Of this chain of about sixty islands and islets, about thirty are inhabited.  The Lau Group covers a land area of 188 square miles (487 square km), and had a population of 10,683 at the most recent census in 2007.  While most of the northern Lau Group are high islands of volcanic origin, those of the south are mostly carbonate low islands.

Administratively the islands belong to Lau Province.
1st Wessex Artillery
The 1st Wessex Artillery was a volunteer unit of the British Army that existed under various titles from 1860 to 1971, including active service in Mesopotamia in World War I and North Africa and Italy in World War II.

43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division
The 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division was an infantry division of Britain's Territorial Army (TA). The division was first formed in 1908, as the Wessex Division. During the First World War, it was broken-up and never served as a complete formation. It was reformed in the TA in 1920, and then served in the campaign in North West Europe from June 1944 until May 1945, during the Second World War. The division suffered heavy casualties and gained an excellent reputation. After the Second World War, the division formed part of the postwar TA, and became the 43rd (Wessex) Division/District in 1961. It was finally disbanded in 1967.
Leo Genn
Leopold John Genn (/ɡɛn/ GHEN; 9 August 1905 – 26 January 1978) was an English actor and barrister. Distinguished by his relaxed charm and smooth, "black velvet" voice, he had a lengthy career in theatre, film, television and radio, often playing aristocratic or gentlemanly, sophisticated roles.

Born to a Jewish family in London, Genn was educated as a lawyer and was a practising barrister until after World War II, in which he had served in the Royal Artillery as a lieutenant-colonel. He began his acting career at The Old Vic and made his film debut in 1935, starring in a total of 85 screen roles until his death in 1978. For his portrayal of Petronius in the 1951 Hollywood epic Quo Vadis, he received an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actor.

Twelve Angry Men (1964 play)
Twelve Angry Men is a play Reginald Rose adapted from the 1957 film 12 Angry Men, which Rose in turn adapted from his 1954 teleplay of the same title for the CBS Studio One anthology television series. The play premiered in London's West End in 1964. The Broadway debut of Rose's play came 50 years after CBS aired the teleplay, on October 28, 2004, by the Roundabout Theatre Company at the American Airlines Theatre, where it ran for 328 performances.

Following the release of the film, the stage rights were sold, with Rose retaining the British and American commercial rights. His play made its London West End debut in 1964. Rose has revised the play several times, it was first published by Samuel French in 1965.

The stage rights for the teleplay had previously been licensed by Dramatic Publishing, which produced a version of the drama that premiered in 1955 and has been popular with amateur groups since then.
Stoney Grove Estate
Stoney Grove Estate is a former plantation on the Caribbean island of Nevis. The Stoney Grove Strikers gained their name from here.

The estate is in the parish of Saint John Figtree. It is about is 177 meters above sea level. It is 4.49 acres in size. The estate contains ruins of former buildings, including the great house, whose floor area was 1,900 square feet.

The estate was first owned by James Tobin senior, and then his son, James Tobin (1736/7–1817), from whom it passed to his friend and business associate John Pinney. While James Tobin was an active anti-abolitionist, his son James Webbe Tobin opposed slavery and moved to Nevis in 1809. He built the Palladian mansion, whose ruins are visible today.

At the death of James Tobin in 1817, there were 213 enslaved people on the estate. At emancipation the estate housed 209 enslaved Africans, for which Charles Pinney received £3,572 10s 11d

Saint John Figtree Parish
Saint John Figtree is one of five administrative parishes which make up the small Caribbean island of Nevis. These five parishes are part of the fourteen parishes that exist within the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis, a two-island country in the Leeward Islands, Lesser Antilles, West Indies.
Enyalioides sophiarothschildae
Enyalioides sophiarothschildae, or the Rothschild's woodlizard, is a species of lizards in the family Hoplocercidae. It is endemic to the Amazonian slopes of the Cordillera Central in northeastern Peru. It differs from its congeneric species by possessing homogeneous (size) caudal scales on each caudal segment, a white gular region that has a black patch as well as turquoise scales in males, and immaculate white labials and chin.

Hoplocercidae
Hoplocercidae are a family of lizards native to the tropical forests, woodlands and savanna-like habitats of Central and South America. Alternatively they are recognized as a subfamily, Hoplocercinae. 20 species in two genera are described.
Winston Churchill's address to the United States Congress (1952)
Winston Churchill's address to Congress of January 17, 1952 was the British Prime Minister's third and last address to a joint session of the U.S. Congress, following his World War II-era speeches in 1941 and in 1943. Winston Churchill's three speeches to Congress was the record for most speeches by a foreign leader until Benyamin Netanyahu made his fourth address to the U.S. national legislature in 2024.

As was the case with the first two speeches, this address was set against the background of complex foreign-policy negotiations, in this case particularly about how to manage the burgeoning Cold War, and the distinct orientations of the Americans and the British in regard to the Middle East and Far East. According to historian John W. Young, the 1952 speech was "all-in-all...not one of his best," but it was deemed at least adequate for communicating Churchill's foreign policy goals and renewing some (although by no means all) of the close cooperation of war years.

Joint session of the United States Congress
A joint session of the United States Congress is a gathering of members of the two chambers of the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States: the Senate and the House of Representatives. Joint sessions can be held on any special occasion, but are required to be held when the president delivers a State of the Union address, when they gather to count and certify the votes of the Electoral College as the presidential election, or when they convene on the occasion of a presidential inauguration. A joint meeting is usually a ceremonial or formal occasion and does not perform any legislative function, and no resolution is proposed nor vote taken.

Joint sessions and meetings are usually held in the Chamber of the House of Representatives, and are traditionally presided over by the speaker of the House. The Constitution requires the vice president (as president of the Senate) to preside over the counting of electoral votes by Congress.
Takamatsu Domain
Takamatsu Domain (高松藩, Takamatsu-han) was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, in what is now Kagawa Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. It was centered around Takamatsu Castle, and was ruled throughout much of its history by a cadet branch of the Shinpan Matsudaira clan. Takamatsu Domain was dissolved in the abolition of the han system in 1871 and is now part of Kagawa Prefecture.

Matsudaira clan
The Matsudaira clan (松平氏, Matsudaira-shi) was a Japanese samurai clan that descended from the Minamoto clan. It originated in and took its name from Matsudaira village, in Mikawa Province (modern-day Aichi Prefecture).  During the Sengoku period, the chieftain of the main line of the Matsudaira clan, Matsudaira Motoyasu became a powerful regional daimyo under Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi and changed his name to Tokugawa Ieyasu. He subsequently seized power as the first shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate which ruled Japan during the Edo period until the Meiji Restoration of 1868. Under the Tokugawa shogunate, many cadet branches of the clan retained the Matsudaira surname, and numerous new branches were formed in the decades after Ieyasu. Some of those branches were also of daimyō status.

After the Meiji Restoration and the abolition of the han system, the Tokugawa and Matsudaira clans became part of the new kazoku nobility.
Rovshan Huseynov
Rövşən Məmməd oğlu Hüseynov (born 17 December 1975 in Baku) was an Azerbaijani amateur boxer.

In 1994 Huseynov won the gold medal (51kg) at the World Cup Boxing Championship, held in Bangkok, Thailand, having beaten Vichai Khadpo of Thailand (15-10). He qualified for the 1996 Summer Olympics but was injured during a car accident and could not attend the games.

Huseynov qualified for the 2004 Summer Olympics by ending up in second place at the 1st AIBA European 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Representing Azerbaijan he lost to Mario Kindelán of Cuba (23-11) in the quarterfinal. Huseynov never fully recovered from this injury and retired from boxing after the 2004 Olympics.

Mario Kindelán
Mario César Kindelán Mesa (born August 10, 1971), best known as Mario Kindelán, is a Cuban former amateur boxer. He is a two-time Olympic gold medalist, having competed in the lightweight division at the 2000 and 2004 events and defeated world champion boxer Amir Khan to win Olympic gold in 2004. His cousin is baseball player Orestes Kindelán.
Density matrix renormalization group
The density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) is a numerical variational technique devised to obtain the low-energy physics of quantum many-body systems with high accuracy. The DMRG algorithm attempts to find the lowest-energy matrix product state wavefunction of a Hamiltonian. It was invented in 1992 by Steven R. White and it is nowadays the most efficient method for 1-dimensional systems.

Variational method (quantum mechanics)
In quantum mechanics, the variational method is one way of finding approximations to the lowest energy eigenstate or ground state, and some excited states. This allows calculating approximate wavefunctions such as molecular orbitals. The basis for this method is the variational principle.

The method consists of choosing a "trial wavefunction" depending on one or more parameters, and finding the values of these parameters for which the expectation value of the energy is the lowest possible. The wavefunction obtained by fixing the parameters to such values is then an approximation to the ground state wavefunction, and the expectation value of the energy in that state is an upper bound to the ground state energy.  The Hartree–Fock method, density matrix renormalization group, and Ritz method apply the variational method.
Church of the Virgin of the Pharos
The Church of the Virgin of the Pharos (Greek: Θεοτόκος τοῦ Φάρου, Theotokos tou Pharou) was a Byzantine chapel built in the southern part of the Great Palace of Constantinople, and named after the tower of the lighthouse (pharos) that stood next to it. It housed one of the most important collections of Christian relics in the city, and functioned as the chief palatine chapel of the Byzantine emperors.

Great Palace of Constantinople
The Great Palace of Constantinople (Greek: Μέγα Παλάτιον, Méga Palátion; Latin: Palatium Magnum), also known as the Sacred Palace (Greek: Ἱερὸν Παλάτιον, Hieròn Palátion; Latin: Sacrum Palatium), was the large imperial Byzantine palace complex located in the south-eastern end of the peninsula today making up the Fatih district of Istanbul (formerly Constantinople), in modern Turkey. It served as the main imperial residence of the Eastern Roman emperors until 1081 and was the centre of imperial administration for over 690 years. Only a few remnants and fragments of its foundations have survived into the present day.
Webster County, West Virginia
Webster County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,378. Its county seat is Webster Springs. The county was founded in 1860 and named for Daniel Webster.

Nicholas County, West Virginia
Nicholas County is a county located in the central region of U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 24,604. Its county seat is Summersville. The county was created in 1818 by the Virginia General Assembly and named for Virginia Governor Wilson Cary Nicholas.
Arsiè
Arsiè is a comune (municipality) in the province of Belluno in the Italian region of Veneto, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) northwest of Venice and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Belluno. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,748 and an area of 65.0 square kilometres (25.1 sq mi).

The municipality of Arsiè contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Mellame, Rocca, Fastro, Rivai, and San Vito.

Arsiè borders the following municipalities: Castello Tesino, Cismon del Grappa, Enego, Fonzaso, Grigno, Lamon, Seren del Grappa and Pontet (a frazione of Imer, TN).

Seren del Grappa
Seren del Grappa is a comune (municipality) in the province of Belluno in the Italian region of Veneto, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northwest of Venice and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southwest of Belluno. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,586 and an area of 62.4 square kilometres (24.1 sq mi).

Seren del Grappa borders the municipalities of Arsiè, Feltre, Fonzaso, Pieve del Grappa, Setteville, and Valbrenta.
The Latymer School
The Latymer School is a voluntary aided, selective, co-educational grammar school located in Edmonton, London. It was founded in 1624 by the will of Edward Latymer to provide education and clothing for eight poor boys of the area. Initially operating under different guises related to its foundation, it formally became a co-educational grammar school in 1910 when the site was re-opened on Haselbury Road.

The school has formal links with St John's College, Cambridge (Edward Latymer's College) and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (the College of Edward Latymer's father, William Latymer) which have endowments which may be used for the furtherance of the studies of former Latymer pupils at those colleges.

Richard Ashworth (headmaster)
Richard Ashworth (16 April 1869–25 December 1928) was an English headmaster, known for his role as the first headmaster of The Latymer School on Haselbury Road in Edmonton, London, from 1910 to 1928. Beginning his career as a teacher in Tottenham, he led several schools, including the successful Tottenham Pupil Teachers' Centre, before overseeing the growth of Latymer from a small institution into a major secondary school. Ashworth was also a prominent figure in local civic life, known for his activism in the Liberal Party and his public lectures on social reform.
Mario (tenor)
Giovanni Matteo de Candia (17 October 1810 – 11 December 1883), known by the pseudonymous mononym Mario, was an Italian opera singer. The most celebrated tenor of his era, he was lionized by audiences in Paris and London. He was the partner and husband of fellow opera singer Giulia Grisi.

Cecilia Maria de Candia
Cecilia Maria de Candia (24 December 1853, Brighton, England – 26 May 1926, Bordighera, Italy), later Mrs Godfrey Pearse, was an Italian-British writer, amateur singer and society hostess. She was the daughter of two famous opera singers, Giulia Grisi and the Cavaliere don Giovanni Matteo de Candia, who sang under the popular name of Mario the tenor, the youngest son of Stefano de Candia, Royal Governor General of Nice, Marquis of Candia and Aide-de-Camp to the King of Sardinia, Carlo Felice di Savoia.
Boulevard de la Chapelle
The Boulevard de la Chapelle (French pronunciation: [bulvaʁ də la ʃapɛl]) marks the border between the 10th and 18th arrondissement of Paris. It corresponds in part to the mur des Fermiers généraux, which, until 1860, marked the border between the communes of Paris and La Chapelle, a commune in its own right on the outskirts of the city.

The street is served by the Paris Metro station La Chapelle.  At number 37 is the Théâtre des Bouffes du Nord.

10th arrondissement of Paris
The 10th arrondissement of Paris (Xe arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, the arrondissement is referred to as le dixième ([dizjɛm]; "the tenth", formally le dixième arrondissement de Paris). In 2020, it had a population of 83,459.

The arrondissement, called Entrepôt (warehouse), is situated on the right bank of the River Seine. It contains two of the seven large mainline railway stations of Paris: the Gare du Nord and the Gare de l'Est. Built during the 19th century, these two termini are among the busiest in Europe. The 10th arrondissement also contains a large portion of the Canal Saint-Martin, linking the northeastern parts of Paris with the Seine.

The current mayor of the 10th arrondissement is Alexandra Cordebard since 2017.
Andy Kirby
Andy Kirby (November 30, 1961 – July 18, 2002) was an American former stock car racing driver, most notably in NASCAR. Kirby earned his reputation as a motorcycle racer in the Southeastern United States. Kirby would eventually become friends with NASCAR Busch Series driver Chad Chaffin, who in turn would assist Kirby in enhancing his career.

Nashville Fairgrounds Speedway
Nashville Fairgrounds Speedway is a 0.596 mi (0.959 km) motorsport racetrack located at the Nashville Fairgrounds near downtown Nashville, Tennessee. The track is the second-oldest continually operating track in the United States. The track held NASCAR Grand National/Winston Cup (now NASCAR Cup Series) races from 1958 to 1984.