hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Artsakh (historical province)
Artsakh (Armenian: Արցախ, romanized: Artsʻakh, pronounced [ɑɾˈtsʰɑχ]) was the tenth province (nahang) of the Kingdom of Armenia from c. 189 BC until 387 AD and afterwards made part of the Caucasian Albania, a subject principality of the Sasanian Empire, following the Peace of Acilisene. From the 7th to 9th centuries, it fell under Arab control. In 821, it formed the Armenian principality of Khachen and around the year 1000 was proclaimed the Kingdom of Artsakh, one of the last medieval eastern Armenian kingdoms and principalities to maintain its autonomy following the Turkic invasions of the 11th to 14th centuries.

Dizak
Dizak (Armenian: Դիզակ), also known as Ktish after its main stronghold, was a medieval Armenian principality in the historical province of Artsakh and later one of the five melikdoms of Karabakh, which included the southern third of Khachen (present-day Nagorno-Karabakh) and from the 13th century also the canton of Baghk of Syunik. The founder of this principality was Esayi Abu-Muse, in the 9th century. In the 16th-18th centuries, Dizak was ruled by the Armenian Melik-Avanian dynasty, a branch of the House of Syunik-Khachen. The seat of the princes of Dizak was the town of Togh (or Dogh) with the adjacent ancient fortress of Ktish. One of the last princes of Dizak, Esayi Melik-Avanian, was killed by Ibrahim Khalil Khan in 1781, after a long-lasting resistance in the fortress of Ktish.

Today the name "Dizak" is often used to refer to the Hadrut Province of the Republic of Artsakh.
Anders Edström
Anders Edström (born 1966) is a Swedish film director and photographer, living in Stockholm, Sweden. His films, made with long-time collaborator C.W. Winter, include The Works and Days (of Tayoko Shiojiri in the Shiotani Basin) (2020).

The Works and Days
The Works and Days (of Tayoko Shiojiri in the Shiotani Basin) is a 2020 fiction film directed by C.W. Winter and Anders Edström. It describes life in a farming village, population 47, in the Shiotani basin in the Japanese prefecture of Kyoto. It is the second feature-length collaboration between C.W. Winter and Anders Edström after their 2009 film, The Anchorage.
Danish Timber, Industry, and Construction Workers' Union
The Danish Timber, Industry, and Construction Workers' Union (TIB) was a trade union representing construction, wood and furniture workers in Denmark.

The union was founded in 1997, when the Danish Union of Joiners and Carpenters merged with the Danish Woodworkers' Union.  On formation, it had 71,572 members, around one-third of whom worked in construction, with the remainder in the wood, furniture and related industries.  Like its predecessors, it affiliated to the Danish Confederation of Trade Unions.

On 1 January 2011, the union merged into the United Federation of Danish Workers.

Danish Woodworkers' Union
The Danish Woodworkers' Union (Danish: Træindustriforbundet i Danmark, TAF) was a trade union representing workers in wood manufacturing and construction in Denmark.

The union was founded in 1895, as the Sawmill and Machine Workers' Federation of Denmark.  It later affiliated to the Danish Confederation of Trade Unions.

Several smaller union merged into TAF:

1950: Basket Makers' Union

1954: Turners' Union

1954: Corkscrew and Sortererskernes' Union

1970: Picture Framers' Union

By 1996, the union had 23,710 members.  At the start of 1997, it merged with the Danish Union of Joiners and Carpenters, to form the Danish Timber Industry and Construction Workers' Union.
Sneferu
Sneferu or Soris (c. 2600 BC) was an ancient Egyptian monarch and the first pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt, during the earlier half of the Old Kingdom period (26th century BC). He introduced major innovations in the design and construction of pyramids, and at least three of his pyramids survive to this day.

Estimates of his reign vary, with for instance The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt suggesting a reign from around 2613 to 2589 BC, a reign of 24 years, while Rolf Krauss suggests a 30-year reign, and Rainer Stadelmann a 48-year reign.

Hetepheres I
Hetepheres I (fl. c. 2600 BC) was a queen of Egypt during the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt who was a wife of one king, the mother of the next king, the grandmother of two more kings, and the figure who tied together two dynasties.
Xu Hong
Xu Hong (Chinese: 徐弘; pinyin: Xú Hóng; born May 14, 1968, in Dalian) is a retired Chinese football player and football manager. He was most recently the manager of Chinese Super League team Dalian Aerbin F.C. for 63 days before he had to resign on February 19, 2013, because it was discovered by the Chinese Football Association that he manipulated a match while as a manager at Sichuan Guancheng and was given a 5-year suspension from all football activity.

Sichuan First City F.C.
Sichuan First City (Chinese: 四川冠城) is a defunct Chinese football club, which was located in Chengdu, Sichuan where they played in the Chengdu Sports Centre. They were founded in 1953 and spent a large part of their history within the top tier of Chinese football until on November 8, 1993, they became a fully professional unit and took part in China's inaugural season of professional football in the 1994 Chinese Jia-A League season. After being the flagship of western Chinese football the club was sold to the Dahe Group in 2002, however the new owners were found to be under the influence of another Chinese football team Dalian Shide. Despite the sale of the club to the First City Group in 2003, an investigation by the Chinese Football Association found them to still be breaking competition rules, and on January 27, 2006, the club were unable to sell the club's remaining Dalian Shide's shares to the Sichuan Football Association and were forced to disband.
Joyce Eliason
Joyce Eliason (May 14, 1934 – January 10, 2022) was an American television writer and producer. She was best known for writing TV miniseries including Titanic and The Last Don, and for the TV film The Jacksons: An American Dream. Eliason was one of the writers for the hit television series Love, American Style and wrote her first screenplay Tell Me a Riddle in 1980.

Tell Me a Riddle (film)
Tell Me a Riddle is a 1980 American drama film directed by actress Lee Grant. The screenplay by Joyce Eliason and Alev Lytle is based on the 1961 O. Henry Award novella from Tillie Olsen's collection of short stories of the same name. Tell Me a Riddle was Grant's first film as director. Grant and Eliason would later collaborate on David Lynch's Mulholland Drive.
David Hurles
David Randolph Hurles (September 12, 1944 – April 12, 2023) was an American gay pornographer, whose one-man company, run from a private mailbox, was called Old Reliable Tape and Picture Company. His work, produced primarily in the 1970s and 1980s, falls into three categories: photographs, audio tapes, and videotapes. Hurles' models were typically ex-convicts, hustlers, drifters, and ne'er-do-wells. Hurles died on April 12, 2023, at the age of 78.

Boyd McDonald (pornographer)
Boyd McDonald (1925 – September 1993) was an American writer, editor, and publisher of the long-running gay pornography and erotic literature zine S.T.H., or Straight to Hell.  He sometimes prefixed his name with the title of "Reverend," from a mail-order divinity degree he purchased.
Jodi Long
Jodi Long is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Madame Ybarra on Cafe Americain (1993–1994), Mrs. Kim on the Margaret Cho sitcom All-American Girl (1994-1995), Ok Cha on Sullivan and Son (2012–2014), as well as her role opposite Natasha Richardson in Patty Hearst (1988). She won Best Supporting Actress at the Daytime Emmy Awards for her role in the Netflix series Dash & Lily (2020).

Café Americain
Café Americain is an American television sitcom starring Valerie Bertinelli that aired on NBC from September 18, 1993, to February 8, 1994, with two leftover episodes shown on May 28, 1994. It was filmed at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California.
Heinrich Bullinger
Heinrich Bullinger (18 July 1504 – 17 September 1575) was a Swiss Reformer and theologian, the successor of Huldrych Zwingli as head of the Church of Zürich and a pastor at the Grossmünster. One of the most important leaders of the Swiss Reformation, Bullinger co-authored the Helvetic Confessions and collaborated with John Calvin to work out a Reformed doctrine of the Lord's Supper.

Leo Jud
Leo Jud (/dʒʌd/; also Leo Juda, Leo Judä, Leo Judas, Leonis Judae, Ionnes Iuda, Leo Keller; 1482 – 19 June 1542), known to his contemporaries as Meister Leu, was a Swiss reformer who worked with Huldrych Zwingli in Zürich.
Swimming in a Galaxy of Goodwill and Sorrow
Swimming in a Galaxy of Goodwill and Sorrow is an album by American jazz trombonist Steve Swell which was recorded in 2006 and released on the French RogueArt label. It was the debut of Fire into Music, a quartet with Jemeel Moondoc on alto sax, William Parker on double bass and Hamid Drake on drums.

Jemeel Moondoc
Jemeel Moondoc (August 5, 1946 – August 29, 2021) was a jazz saxophonist who played alto saxophone. He was a proponent of a highly improvisational style.

He was born in Chicago, Illinois, United States, and studied clarinet and piano before settling on saxophone at sixteen. He became interested in jazz largely due to Cecil Taylor and at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, he was a student of Taylor's. After that he moved to New York City, where he founded "Ensemble Muntu" with William Parker, Roy Campbell, Jr., and Rashid Bakr. The group also had its own Muntu record label, but eventually faced financial difficulties. In 1984, he formed the Jus Grew Orchestra, which secured a residency at the Neither/Nor club on the Lower East Side. He worked with Parker again in 1998's album, New World Pygmies.

He died in August 2021, at the age of 75 from the effects of sickle cell anemia.
Al-Marzubani
Abū 'Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn 'Imrān ibn Mūsā ibn Sa'īd ibn 'Abd Allāh al-Marzubānī al-Khurāsānī  (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد بن عمران بن موسى المرزباني الخراساني) (c. 909 – 10 November 994), was a prolific author of adab, akhbar (news), history and ḥadīth (traditions). He lived all his life in his native city, Baghdad, although his family came originally from Khurāsān.

Abu Bakr bin Yahya al-Suli
Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyā ibn al-‘Abbās al-Ṣūlī (Arabic: أبو بكر محمد بن يحيى بن العباس الصولي) (born c. 870 Gorgan – died between 941 and 948 Basra) was a Turkic scholar and a court companion of three Abbāsid caliphs: al-Muktafī, his successor al-Muqtadir, and later, al-Radi, whom he also tutored. He was a bibliophile, wrote letters, editor-poet, chronicler, and a shatranj (chess) player. His contemporary biographer Isḥāq al-Nadīm tells us he was "of manly bearing." He wrote many books, the most famous of which are Kitāb Al-Awrāq and Kitāb al-Shiṭranj.
The Turning Point (1983 film)
The Turning Point (also screened with the English name Held for Questioning; German: Der Aufenthalt) is a 1983 East German film directed by Frank Beyer and starring Sylvester Groth, Fred Düren and Klaus Piontek. The film is based on the 1977 novel of the same name by Hermann Kant, which was based on Kant's own experience as a prisoner of war in Poland. The film tells the story of a German prisoner of war at the end of World War II who is wrongly accused of being a war criminal. The film was controversial upon release as Polish commentators criticized that the film showed the Polish army wrongly accusing someone of war crimes. Nevertheless, the film was successful and won several awards and was the East German official submission to the 56th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film.

Sylvester Groth
Sylvester Groth (born 31 March 1958) is a German theater, television, and film actor. He is best known to international audiences from his appearances in Hollywood movies including Inglourious Basterds and The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Furthermore, he has appeared in the Netflix series Sense8, Fargo, and Dark.
The Jean-Luc Ponty Experience with the George Duke Trio
The Jean-Luc Ponty Experience with the George Duke Trio is a jazz album released in 1969 by Jean-Luc Ponty on World Pacific Jazz in the US, and is considered to be one of the earliest jazz fusion albums. This was the third album of note for pianist George Duke.

George Duke
George Martin Duke (January 12, 1946 – August 5, 2013) was an American keyboardist, composer, singer-songwriter and record producer. He worked with numerous artists as arranger, music director, writer and co-writer, record producer and as a professor of music. He first made a name for himself with the album The Jean-Luc Ponty Experience with the George Duke Trio. He is known for his 32 solo albums, as well as for his collaborations with other musicians like Stanley Clarke and (his cousin) Dianne Reeves, but particularly with composer, guitarist and bandleader Frank Zappa.
Jürgen Kocka
Jürgen Kocka (born 19 April 1941 in Haindorf, Sudetenland) is a German historian.

A university professor and former president of the Social Science Research Center Berlin (2001–2007), Kocka is a major figure in the new Social History, especially as represented by the Bielefeld School. He has focused his research on the history of employees in large German and American businesses, and on the history of European bourgeoisie.

Inspired by the methods of Ernest Labrousse, he attempts to analyze social processes of German society from the perspective of modernisation, industrialization, and the creation of modern Europe.

WZB Berlin Social Science Center
The WZB Berlin Social Science Center (German: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, WZB), also known by its German initials WZB, is an internationally renowned research institute for the social sciences, the largest such institution in Europe not affiliated with a university.

It was founded in 1969 through an all-party initiative of the German Bundestag. Around 140 German and foreign sociologists, political scientists, economists, historians, statisticians, computer scientists and legal scholars work in the WZB conducting basic research on selected social and political issues, concentrating on the industrialized societies of Japan and the West, as well as the transformations of Central and Eastern Europe and China. The question of globalization is of particular importance.
Book of Love (2022 film)
Book of Love is a 2022 romantic comedy film directed by Analeine Cal y Mayor, who co-wrote the screenplay with David Quantick. It stars Sam Claflin and Verónica Echegui. An international co-production of the United States, the United Kingdom and Mexico, the film was released in the United States on Amazon Prime Video on 4 February 2022, in the United Kingdom on Sky Cinema on 12 February and theatrically in Mexico on 21 April.

David Quantick
David Quantick (born 14 May 1961) is an English novelist, comedy writer and critic, who has worked as a journalist and screenwriter. A former freelance writer for the music magazine NME, his writing credits have included On the Hour, Blue Jam and TV Burp. He won an Emmy Award  for Veep in 2015.
Ashes Are Burning
Ashes Are Burning is the fourth studio album by the English progressive rock band Renaissance, released in 1973 (see 1973 in music). It was the first of several Renaissance albums to feature (on some songs) an orchestra playing along with the band. It was the band's first album to make the Billboard 200 album chart, peaking at No. 171. The front album cover features Annie Haslam (left) and Terence Sullivan (right); the back album cover similarly features John Tout (left) and Jon Camp (right).

Jon Camp
Jon Camp (9 October 1949 — 13 December 2024) was an English musician. He was the bassist for Renaissance from 1972 to 1985. He, along with Chris Squire, have been quoted as pioneers of the Rickenbacker bass sound.
Hallstatt Archaeological Site in Vače
The Hallstatt Archaeological Site in Vače is an Eastern Hallstatt archaeological site in Klenik, a village near Vače on the border between the Styria and Lower Carniola regions in central-eastern Slovenia. It is best known for the Vače Situla, one of the most notable archaeological treasures of Slovenia.

Vače Situla
The Vače Situla (Slovene: situla z Vač, also vaška situla) is an ornamented Early Iron Age ritual bronze vessel (situla) found in the second half of the 19th century at the Hallstatt Archaeological Site in Vače in central Slovenia. It counts among the highest-quality such vessels in general and among the most precious archeological artifacts of the country. Dating from the 5th century BC, it is considered to be one of the oldest situla objects of the northern Illyrians found in the Eastern Hallstatt zone. The vessel has three rows of relief that show the ordinary life of the ruling class and also reflect the religious understanding of the world in that time. It is on display in the National Museum of Slovenia.
Robinson Peak (California)
Robinson Peak is a mountain with an elevation of 10,793 feet (3,290 m) located in the Sierra Nevada mountain range, in Mono County of northern California, United States. The summit is situated on the boundary of Hoover Wilderness, on land managed by Humboldt–Toiyabe National Forest. The peak is set above the west end of Twin Lakes, two miles east of Victoria Peak, and 1.5 mile southeast of line parent Eagle Peak. Precipitation runoff from this mountain drains into tributaries of Robinson and Buckeye Creeks, which are within the Walker River drainage basin. Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises approximately 3,700 feet (1,100 meters) above Robinson Creek in 1.5 mile.

Victoria Peak (California)
Victoria Peak is a mountain with a summit elevation of 11,732 feet (3,576 m) located in the Sierra Nevada mountain range, in Mono County of northern California, United States. The summit is set in Hoover Wilderness on land managed by Humboldt–Toiyabe National Forest. The peak is situated approximately three miles west-northwest of Twin Lakes, three miles north of Kettle Peak, 1.3 mile northeast of Hunewill Peak, and one mile southwest of line parent Eagle Peak. Precipitation runoff from this mountain drains into tributaries of Robinson and Buckeye Creeks, which are within the Walker River drainage basin. Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises over 3,900 feet (1,200 meters) above Robinson Creek in approximately one mile (1.6 km). The first ascent of the summit was made September 8, 1946, by A. J. Reyman.
Nils Bejerot
Nils Johan Artur Bejerot (21 September 1921 – 29 November 1988) was a Swedish psychiatrist and criminologist best known for his work on drug abuse and for coining the phrase Stockholm syndrome. Bejerot was one of the top drug abuse researchers in Sweden. His view that drug abuse was a criminal matter and that drug use should have severe penalties was highly influential in Sweden and in other countries. He believed that the cure for drug addiction was to make drugs unavailable and socially unacceptable. He also advocated the idea that drug abuse could transition from being a symptom to a disease in itself.

Stockholm syndrome
Stockholm syndrome is a proposed condition to explain why hostages occasionally develop a psychological bond with their captors. It is named after an attempted bank robbery in 1973, in Stockholm, Sweden, in which four people were held hostage but later refused to testify against the robbers. Stockholm syndrome has never been included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the authoritative guide for diagnosis of psychiatric conditions used in the United States, due to the lack of any academic study of the condition, and an increasing body of evidence leading to doubt about the legitimacy of the condition.
Guernsey Police
The Guernsey Police, is the police service for the Bailiwick of Guernsey, a jurisdictional sub-group of Crown Dependencies within the Channel Islands.

The service's enforcement jurisdiction extends across the entire bailiwick and encompasses the Islands of Guernsey, Alderney, Herm, and Sark.
The Guernsey Police falls under the government department of Home Affairs, States of Guernsey.

Sark
Sark (Sercquiais: Sèr or Cerq, French: Sercq) is an island in the southwestern English Channel, off the coast of Normandy, and part of the archipelago of the Channel Islands. It is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, a self-governing British Crown Dependency, with its own set of laws based on Norman law, and its own parliament. It was a royal fiefdom until 2008, when the Constitution of Sark went into effect.

Sark has a population of about 500. Including the nearby island of Brecqhou, it has an area of 2.10 square miles (5.44 km2). Little Sark is a peninsula joined by a natural but high and very narrow isthmus to the rest of Sark Island.

Sark is one of the few places in the world where cars are banned from roads, and only tractors, bicycles, and horse-drawn vehicles are allowed. In 2011, Sark was designated as a Dark Sky Community and the first Dark Sky Island in the world.
Igor Kim
Igor Vladimirovich Kim (Russian: Игорь Владимирович Ким; born 12 January 1966) is an investor, banker, Honored economist of the Russian Federation, who has successfully completed more than 30 mergers and acquisitions transactions with both Russian and foreign financial institutions. He is the main stakeholder of Expobank JSC (Russia). Kim's fortune has been estimated at $460 million by the Russian edition of Forbes business magazine in 2013.

Expobank
Expobank JSC is a Russian commercial bank headquartered in Moscow. It was founded in 1994 and is a subsidiary of Expobank LLC, which is registered in Cyprus. The bank offers a range of financial services, including corporate and retail banking, investment banking, and asset management.

The bank provides banking services to large corporate, Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), car lending and retail customers. The bank also implements Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) deals and provides advisory support services for complex structured transactions.

Along with other Russian banks, Expobank was sanctioned by the U.S. Department of the Treasury Office of Foreign Assets Control in December 2023 due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Three cups problem
The three cups problem, also known as the three cup challenge and other variants, is a mathematical puzzle that, in its most common form, cannot be solved.

In the beginning position of the problem, one cup is upside-down and the other two are right-side up. The objective is to turn all cups right-side up in no more than six moves, turning over exactly two cups at each move.

The solvable (but trivial) version of this puzzle begins with one cup right-side up and two cups upside-down. To solve the puzzle in a single move, turn up the two cups that are upside down — after which all three cups are facing up. As a magic trick, a magician can perform the solvable version in a convoluted way, and then ask an audience member to solve the unsolvable version.

Puzzle
A puzzle is a game, problem, or toy that tests a person's ingenuity or knowledge. In a puzzle, the solver is expected to put pieces together (or take them apart) in a logical way, in order to find the solution of the puzzle. There are different genres of puzzles, such as crossword puzzles, word-search puzzles, number puzzles, relational puzzles, and logic puzzles. The academic study of puzzles is called enigmatology.

Puzzles are often created to be a form of entertainment but they can also arise from serious mathematical or logical problems. In such cases, their solution may be a significant contribution to mathematical research.