hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Great ape language
Great ape language research historically involved attempts to teach chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans to communicate using imitative human speech, sign language, physical tokens and computerized lexigrams. These studies were controversial, with debate focused on the definition of language, the welfare of test subjects, and the anthropocentric nature of this line of inquiry.

The consensus among linguists remains that human language is unique.

Contemporary research has steered away from attempting to teach apes human language and focuses instead on observing apes' intraspecies communication in zoos and natural habitats. This includes gestures, facial expressions, and vocalizations.

Washoe (chimpanzee)
Washoe (1965 – October 30, 2007) was a female common chimpanzee who was the first non-human to learn to communicate using signs adapted from American Sign Language (ASL) as part of an animal research experiment on animal language acquisition.

Washoe learned approximately 350 signs of ASL, also teaching her adopted son Loulis some signs. She spent most of her life at Central Washington University.
Knotting and Souldrop
Knotting and Souldrop is a civil parish in the Borough of Bedford in the county of Bedfordshire, England.

The two parishes of Knotting and Souldrop were combined in 1934. Until 1974 the parish formed part of Bedford Rural District.

Souldrop
Souldrop is a village in the civil parish of Knotting and Souldrop, in the Bedford borough of Bedfordshire, England, located near the border with Northamptonshire. Nearby places include Sharnbrook, Podington, Odell, Melchbourne, Yelden, Knotting, and Newton Bromswold and Rushden over the border in Northamptonshire.

Sharnbrook Summit nature reserve is located near the village.

Souldrop was an ancient parish in the Willey hundred of Bedfordshire. In 1931 the parish was merged with the neighbouring parish of Knotting to form a new civil parish called Knotting and Souldrop. At the 1931 census (the last before the abolition of the parish), Souldrop had a population of 161.
5th & Missouri station
5th & Missouri station is a light rail station on the Red and Blue lines of the St. Louis MetroLink system. This at-grade station is located in the former 5th Street right-of-way between Broadway and Missouri Avenue in downtown East St. Louis, Illinois.

The station also serves as a MetroBus transfer and features 322 park and ride spaces.

In 2023, the area between the bus bays and MetroLink entrance was updated with landscaping and other elements in a “City of Champions” theme, including a large shade structure, seating, a gathering space, and artwork. The fifth "Transit Stop Transformation" project to be completed, it was unveiled on July 25, 2023 by Citizens for Modern Transit, AARP in St. Louis, and Metro Transit in partnership with several local agencies.

Red Line (St. Louis MetroLink)
The Red Line is the older and longer line of the MetroLink light rail system in Greater St. Louis. It serves 29 stations across three counties and two states.

While officially light rail, the Red Line has many characteristics of a light metro or rapid transit service, including an independent right-of-way, a higher top speed, and level boarding at all platforms.
Education Bureau
The Education Bureau (EDB) is a policy bureau responsible for formulating and implementing education policies in Hong Kong.

The bureau is headed by the Secretary for Education and oversees agencies including University Grants Committee and Student Finance Office.

Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union
The Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union (HKPTU) was a pro-democracy trade union, professional association and social concern group in Hong Kong. At the time of its disbandment in 2021, it was the largest single-profession trade union in Hong Kong with over 95,000 members, also making it the largest teachers' organisation in Hong Kong, representing over 90 per cent of the profession.
Cynoglossopsis
Cynoglossopsis is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Boraginaceae.

Its native range is Northeastern Tropical Africa.

Species:

Cynoglossopsis latifolia (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Brand

Cynoglossopsis somaliensis Riedl

Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae, the borage or forget-me-not family, has two significantly different circumscriptions as of December 2025. In the narrower circumscription, Boraginaceae sensu stricto is one of 11 families placed in the order Boraginales and includes about 90–120 genera. This approach was developed by the Boraginales Working Group. In the older, broader circumscription, Boraginaceae sensu lato is the only family in the order Boraginales, and includes about 155 genera.
David Adeang
David Ranibok Waiau Adeang (born 24 November 1969) is a Nauruan politician, currently serving as President of Nauru. Adeang is the former Speaker of the Parliament of Nauru, and Nauru's Minister of Finance and Justice, as well as the Minister Assisting the President of Nauru.

2008 Nauruan parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Nauru on 26 April 2008, following the dissolving of Parliament by President Marcus Stephen on 18 April. The decision came after what Stephen referred to as "months of political deadlock". Of the parliament's eighteen members, nine supported the Stephen government and nine were in opposition.
George Abbot (bishop)
George Abbot (29 October 1562 – 4 August 1633) was an English bishop who was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1611 to 1633. He also served as the fourth chancellor of the University of Dublin, from 1612 to 1633.

Chambers Biographical Dictionary describes him as "[a] sincere but narrow-minded Calvinist". Among his five brothers, Robert became Bishop of Salisbury and Maurice became Lord Mayor of London. He was a translator of the King James Version of the Bible.

Maurice Abbot
Sir Maurice Abbot (1565–1642) was an English merchant, Governor of the East India Company (1624–1638), and a politician who sat in the House of Commons (1621–1626). He was Lord Mayor of London in 1638.

Abbot's whole career was a notable instance of well-directed energy and enterprise; it was one of the earliest examples of the creation of enormous wealth by the application of personal abilities to commerce through the development English foreign trade at the close of the sixteenth and opening of the seventeenth centuries.
Etobicoke—Lakeshore (provincial electoral district)
Etobicoke—Lakeshore  is a provincial electoral district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It elects one member to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario.

It was created in 1987 from Lakeshore.

From 1987 to 1999 the district included all of Etobicoke south of a line following the CP Railway to Kipling Avenue to Bloor Street.

In 1999 the border was moved up to a line following Dundas Street to the 427 to Burnhamthorpe Road to Kipling Avenue to Mimico Creek to the Canadian Pacific Railway to Dundas Street.

Lakeshore (provincial electoral district)
Lakeshore was a provincial electoral district that elected members to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. It was roughly located in southern Etobicoke It existed from 1963 to 1987 when it was abolished into Etobicoke—Lakeshore.
Arches of the foot
The arches of the foot, formed by the tarsal and metatarsal bones, strengthened by ligaments and tendons, allow the foot to support the weight of the body in the erect posture with the least weight.

They are categorized as longitudinal and transverse arches.

Shoe insert
A removable shoe insert, otherwise known as a foot orthosis, orthotic, insole or inner sole, accomplishes many purposes, including daily wear comfort, height enhancement, plantar fasciitis treatment, arch support, foot and joint pain relief from arthritis, overuse, injuries, leg length discrepancy, and other causes such as orthopedic correction and athletic performance.

Medical use of foot orthoses has been criticized as lacking evidence of benefit, and practice is very inconsistent: reputed podiatrists prescribe completely different orthoses for a single patient. Further, effect of a given design of orthosis varies significantly by patient, and standard practice to personalize prescription is not available. However, evidence is mixed: patients often report at least short-term improvements in comfort, and other studies have found effectiveness.
Ballinagar
Ballinagar (historically Bellanagar, from Irish: Béal Átha na gCarr) is a village in County Offaly, Ireland. It lies on the R402 regional road, roughly midway between Daingean and Tullamore.

The Church of St. Joseph, built in 1837, serves as the Roman Catholic parish church in the village. The local national school, also named St. Joseph's, originally opened in 1949 but moved to a new building in 2011/2012.

Daingean
Daingean (/ˈdæŋɡən/; Irish: An Daingean, meaning 'the fort' or Daingean Ua bhFáilghe), formerly Philipstown, named after King Philip II of Spain (then King of Ireland by jure uxoris), is a small town in east County Offaly, Ireland. It is situated midway between the towns of Tullamore and Edenderry on the R402 regional road. The town of Daingean had a population, as of the 2022 census, of 1,223. It is the principal town of the Daingean Catholic Parish. The other main poles of this parish are Ballycommon, Kilclonfert, and Cappincur.
2014 La Habra earthquake
The 2014 La Habra earthquake was a magnitude 5.1 earthquake that occurred on March 28, 2014, at 9:09:42 p.m. PDT.
Although given the name "La Habra" it was centered in Brea, a city in northern Orange County. Despite its moderate magnitude, it had a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong), and caused a total of $10.8 million in damage. Thirteen water mains broke in Fullerton, forcing roughly 70 families to be displaced from their homes after they were declared temporarily uninhabitable.

Puente Hills Fault
The Puente Hills Fault (also known as the Puente Hills Thrust Fault System) is an active geological fault that is located in the Los Angeles Basin in California. The thrust fault was discovered in 1999 and runs about 40 km (25 mi) in three discrete sections from the Puente Hills region in the southeast to just south of Griffith Park in the northwest. The fault is known as a blind thrust fault, as the fault plane does not extend to the surface. Large earthquakes on the fault are relatively infrequent but computer modeling has indicated that a major event could have substantial impact in the Los Angeles area. The fault is now thought to be responsible for one moderate earthquake in 1987 (the 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake) and another light event that took place in 2010, with the former causing considerable damage and deaths.
Floriade 1992
Floriade 1992 was an international garden exhibition held in Zoetermeer, Netherlands, recognized by the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) and organized under the authority of the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. The Floriade ran from April 9 to October 10, 1992, and was held on a converted pasture outside Zoetermeer near The Hague. The exhibition covered 168 acres and had participants from more than 20 countries. Thirteen foreign countries participated (Germany, India, Japan, Belgium, France, Great Britain, Austria, Italy, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Thailand and Indonesia). The Floriade hosted 3.36 million visitors.

The Floriade site was also the setting for a sculpture exhibition, in which many artists including Rob Scholte helped construct an exhibition called "The Colossus of Zoetermeer". The exhibition was officially opened by Queen Beatrix. A special tram line was built to service the exhibition.

Zoetermeer
Zoetermeer (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌzutərˈmeːr] ⓘ) is a city in the Western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. The municipality covers an area of 37.05 km2 (14.31 sq mi) of which 2.60 km2 (1.00 sq mi) is water. A small village until the late 1960s, it had 6,392 inhabitants in 1950. By 2023 this had grown to 126,998, making it the fourth largest population centre in the province of South Holland, after Rotterdam, The Hague and Leiden. While now a city in its own right, Zoetermeer started out as a suburb of The Hague and is still a part of the Greater The Hague urban area.

The name Zoetermeer (Dutch for "freshwater lake") refers to the former lake north of the town (reclaimed in 1614). Because the name literally translates as "sweet lake" local residents have dubbed Zoetermeer "Sweet Lake City".
Matthew 28:3
Matthew 28:3 is the third verse of the twenty-eighth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. This verse is part of the resurrection narrative and describes the angel who arrived at the tomb of Jesus in the previous verse.

Matthew 28
Matthew 28 is the twenty-eighth and final chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. This chapter records that Jesus is risen, describes the actions of the first witnesses to this event, and ends with the Great Commission.
Blythe Photovoltaic Power Plant
The 21 megawatt Blythe Photovoltaic Power Plant is a photovoltaic (PV) solar project in California. It is located in  Blythe, California, in Riverside County about 200 miles (320 km) east of Los Angeles. Commercial operation began in December 2009. Electricity generated by the power plant is being sold to Southern California Edison under a 20-year power purchase agreement. Another 20 MW plant called NRG Solar Blythe II came online in April 2017.

Blythe, California
Blythe (/blaɪθ/) is a city in eastern Riverside County, California, United States. It is in the Palo Verde Valley of the Lower Colorado River Valley region, an agricultural area and part of the Colorado Desert along the Colorado River, approximately 224 miles (360 km) east of Los Angeles and 150 miles (240 km) west of Phoenix. Blythe was named after Thomas Henry Blythe, a San Francisco financier, who established primary water rights to the Colorado River in the region in 1877. The city was incorporated on July 21, 1916. The population was 18,317 at the 2020 census.
Matosinhos
Matosinhos, officially the City of Matosinhos, is a city and a municipality in the district of Porto in Portugal. The municipality covers an area of approximately 62.42 square kilometres (24.10 sq mi) and had 172,557 inhabitants in 2021. It is bordered by the municipalities of Porto to the south, Maia to the east and Vila do Conde to the north and the Atlantic Ocean lies to its west. It is a part of the Porto metropolitan area, the second largest urban area in Portugal.

The city of Matosinhos is the seat of the municipality and it is located at the mouth of the Leça River, only 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) away from Porto's city center. It comprises the parishes of Matosinhos and Leça da Palmeira, which had 49,034 inhabitants in 2021. There are two other cities within the municipality, São Mamede de Infesta and Senhora da Hora, in the east of the municipality.

Porto Leixões Cruise Terminal
Porto Leixões Cruise Terminal is a passenger ship facility in the Port of Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal. Opened in 2015 and managed by the Administração dos Portos do Douro, Leixões e Viana do Castelo (APDL), it expanded the port’s capacity to handle larger cruise vessels. The terminal building also houses the Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR) of the University of Porto. In 2024, the port welcomed approximately 195,877 cruise passengers.
Gambas
Gambas is an object-oriented dialect of the BASIC programming language, and an integrated development environment that accompanies it. Designed to run on Linux and other Unix-like computer operating systems, its name is a recursive acronym for Gambas Almost Means BASIC. Gambas is also the word for prawns in the Spanish,  French, and Portuguese languages, from which the project's logos are derived.

GTK
GTK (formerly GIMP ToolKit and GTK+) is a free open-source widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces (GUIs) targeted at Linux and specifically GNOME (though with some use in other desktop environments). It is licensed under the terms of the GNU LGPL, allowing both free and proprietary software to use it.

The GTK team releases new versions on a regular basis. GTK 4 and GTK 3 are actively maintained, while GTK 2 is no longer supported. GTK 1 is independently maintained by the CinePaint project.
ABC 8 hp
The ABC 8 hp is an 8 hp (6 kW) two-cylinder aero engine designed by the noted British engineer Granville Bradshaw for use in ultralight aircraft. The engine was derived from a specially tuned motorcycle unit and was built by ABC Motors, first running in 1923.

ABC Motors
ABC Motors Limited ("All British (Engine) Company") of Hersham, Surrey, England was a manufacturer of cars, aircraft, motor scooters, and engines for road and air. Established by Ronald Charteris in Hersham, Surrey in 1912, its chief designer was the young and talented Granville Bradshaw. It was absorbed into Vickers in 1951 and the factory finally closed in the 1970s. Last occupied by Ian Allan Publishing as Hersham's Riverdene Industrial Estate, the factory was demolished around 2017-2018 and redeveloped as a Lidl supermarket (opened February 2019) with flats above.
Arrian
Arrian of Nicomedia (/ˈæriən/; Greek: Ἀρριανός Arrianos; Latin: Lucius Flavius Arrianus; c. 86/89 – c. after 146/160 AD) was a Greek historian, public servant, military commander, and philosopher of the Roman period.

The Anabasis of Alexander by Arrian is considered the best source on the campaigns of Alexander the Great. Scholars have generally preferred Arrian to other extant primary sources, though this attitude has changed somewhat in light of modern studies into Arrian's method.

Anabasis of Alexander
The Anabasis of Alexander (Ancient Greek: Ἀλεξάνδρου Ἀνάβασις, Alexándrou Anábasis; Latin: Anabasis Alexandri) was composed by Arrian of Nicomedia in the second century AD, most probably during the reign of Hadrian. The Anabasis (which survives complete in seven books) is a history of the campaigns of Alexander the Great, specifically his conquest of the Persian Empire between 336 and 323 BC.

The Anabasis is by far the fullest surviving account of Alexander's conquest of the Persian Empire. It is primarily a military history, reflecting the content of Arrian's model, Xenophon's Anabasis; the work begins with Alexander's accession to the Macedonian throne in 336 BC, and has nothing to say about Alexander's early life (in contrast, say, to Plutarch's Life of Alexander). Nor does Arrian aim to provide a complete history of the Greek-speaking world during Alexander's reign.
Fábián Marozsán
Fábián Marozsán (born 8 October 1999) is a Hungarian professional tennis player. He has a career high ATP singles ranking of world No. 36 achieved on 6 May 2024 and a doubles ranking of No. 336 achieved on 14 July 2025. He is currently the No. 1 Hungarian player.

Alex de Minaur
Alex de Miñaur Román (born 17 February 1999) is an Australian professional tennis player. He has been ranked by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) as high as world No. 6 in singles, which he achieved on 15 July 2024, and No. 58 in doubles, attained on 12 October 2020. He is the current No. 1 singles player from Australia.

De Minaur has won eleven ATP Tour titles in singles and one in doubles. He has reached seven major quarterfinals. He represents Australia at the Davis Cup.
Houornis
Houornis is a genus of enantiornithean birds from the Jiufotang Formation of Liaoning, People's Republic of China. It is known from a single species, Houornis caudatus, which had been once been classified as a species of Cathayornis, and has also been regarded as a nomen dubium.

Enantiornithes
The Enantiornithes, also known as enantiornithines or enantiornitheans in literature, are a group of extinct avialans ("birds" in the broad sense), the most abundant and diverse group known from the Mesozoic era. Almost all retained teeth and clawed fingers on each wing, but otherwise looked much like modern birds externally. Over seventy species of Enantiornithes have been named, but some names represent only single bones, so it is likely that not all are valid. The Enantiornithes became extinct at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, along with Hesperornithes and all other non-avian dinosaurs.
Banggi Island
Banggi Island or Banguey Island (Malay: Pulau Banggi; Kadazan Dusun: Bonggi) is located in the Kudat Division of Kudat District, Sabah in Malaysia. With an area of 440.7 square kilometres (170.2 sq mi) separated from the Sabah mainland by the South Banggi Channel, it is the largest island fully in the country followed by Bruit Island of Sarawak, Langkawi Island of Kedah, and Penang Island of Penang. Located off the northern coast of Sabah near Marudu Bay, the highest elevation on the island is the Senambung Hill (Malay: Bukit Senambung) at 572 metres (1,877 ft). As of 2016, the island has an estimated population of 30,000. Limbuak is one of the main settlements on the northern islands, with other settlements including neighbouring island of Balambangan, Dagotan, Kapitangan, Karakit, Laksian, Lok Agong, Loktohog, Malawali, Maliu, Palak, Sabor, Sebogoh, and Tigabu. The nearest neighbouring Philippine island is Mangsee Islands.

Malawali Island
Malawali (Malay: Pulau Malawali) is an island in the state of Sabah, Malaysia located in the Sulu Sea. It is located within the Kudat Division, and sits nearby the islands of Banggi and Balambangan. The island is surrounded by coral reefs and is a popular diving spot on the north-east coast of Sabah.
George Anderson (minister)
George Anderson (1677–1756) was a prominent Scottish minister during the Enlightenment. He is principally remembered for being the prime sponsor of a motion to excommunicate David Hume and Lord Kames in church courts. He also wrote several rebuttals to what he perceived as radical in Hume's writings.

Henry Home, Lord Kames
Henry Home, Lord Kames (1696–27 December 1782) was a Scottish writer, philosopher and judge who played a major role in Scotland's Agricultural Revolution. A central figure of the Scottish Enlightenment, he was a founding member of the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh and active in The Select Society. Home acted as patron to some of the most influential thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment, including philosopher David Hume, economist Adam Smith, writer James Boswell, philosopher William Cullen and naturalist John Walker.
Atlanto-axial joint
The atlanto-axial joint is a joint in the upper part of the neck between the atlas bone and the axis bone, which are the first and second cervical vertebrae. It is a pivot joint, that can start from C2 To C7.

Transverse ligament of atlas
In anatomy, the transverse ligament of the atlas is a broad, tough ligament which arches across the ring of the atlas (first cervical vertebra) posterior to the dens to keep the dens (odontoid process) in contact with the atlas. It forms the transverse component of the cruciform ligament of atlas.