hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Decision theory
Decision theory or the theory of rational choice is a branch of probability, economics, and analytic philosophy that uses expected utility and probability to model how individuals would behave rationally under uncertainty. It differs from the cognitive and behavioral sciences in that it is mainly prescriptive and concerned with identifying optimal decisions for a rational agent, rather than describing how people actually make decisions. Despite this, the field is important to the study of real human behavior by social scientists, as it lays the foundations to mathematically model and analyze individuals in fields such as sociology, economics, criminology, cognitive science, moral philosophy and political science.

Mathematical model
A mathematical model is an abstract description of a concrete  system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in many fields, including applied mathematics, natural sciences, social sciences and engineering. In particular, the field of operations research studies the use of mathematical modelling and related tools to solve problems in business or military operations. A model may help to characterize a system by studying the effects of different components, which may be used to make predictions about behavior or solve specific problems.
Supena Sodo
Supena Sodo ("Supe and Sodo") is one of the 180 woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Illubabor Zone, Supena Sodo is bordered on the south by Yayu, on the southwest by Metu, on the west by Darimu, on the north by the Mirab Welega Zone, on the northeast by Dega, and on the southeast by Chora. Towns in Supena Sodo include Alge, Sache and Supe.

Coffee is an important cash crop of this woreda. Over 50 square kilometers are planted with this crop.

Dega (woreda)
Dega is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Buno Bedelle Zone, Dega is bordered on the south by Chora, on the west by Supena Sodo, on the north by the Mirab Welega Zone, on the northeast by the southern exclave of the Benishangul-Gumuz Region, and on the east by Bedele. Towns in Dega include Dega and Mako. Mako woreda was part of Dega woreda.
Poverty gap index
The poverty gap index is a measure of the degree of poverty in a country. It is defined as "extent to which individuals on average fall below the poverty line, and expresses it as a percentage of the poverty line."

The poverty gap index is an improvement over the poverty measure head count ratio, which simply counts all the people below a poverty line in a given population and considers them equally poor. Poverty gap index estimates the depth of poverty by considering how far the poor are from that poverty line on average.

The poverty gap index sometimes referred to as 'poverty gap ratio' or 'pg index' is defined as an average of the ratio of the poverty gap to the poverty line. It is expressed as a percentage of the poverty line for a country or region.

Head count ratio
The head count ratio (HCR) is the population proportion that exists, or lives, below the poverty threshold. One of the undesirable features of the head count ratio is that it ignores the depth of poverty; if the poor become poorer, the head count index does not change. For example, the poverty head count ratio at national poverty line (percentage of population) in India was last reported at 21.9% in 2011. In July 2012, The New York Times reported the poverty head count ratio as 11.1% of the population of the United States in 1973, 15.2% in 1983 and 11.3% in 2000.
2013 Topshelf Open
The 2013 Topshelf Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts. It was the 24th edition of the Rosmalen Grass Court Championships, and was part of the 250 Series of the 2013 ATP World Tour, and of the WTA International tournaments of the 2013 WTA Tour. Both the men's and the women's events took place at the Autotron park in Rosmalen, 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands, from 16 June until 22 June 2013.

2013 ATP World Tour
The 2013 ATP World Tour was the global elite professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2013 tennis season. The 2013 ATP World Tour calendar comprises the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP World Tour Masters 1000, the ATP World Tour 500 series, the ATP World Tour 250 series, the Davis Cup (organized by the ITF) and the ATP World Tour Finals. Also included in the 2013 calendar is the Hopman Cup, which was organized by the ITF and does not distribute ranking points.
Marius Žaromskis
Marius Žaromskis (born July 30, 1980) is a Lithuanian retired professional mixed martial artist who competed in the Lightweight and Welterweight divisions. A professional competitor for over 24 years, Zaromskis formerly competed for Strikeforce, Cage Rage, Bellator, DREAM, and also fought at Dynamite!! 2010. Žaromskis won the DREAM 2009 Welterweight Grand Prix and became their inaugural Welterweight Champion.

2014 in Bellator MMA
2014 in Bellator MMA was the tenth season for Bellator MMA, a mixed martial arts promotion. It began on February 28, 2014 and aired on Spike TV.

The season included tournaments for the Heavyweight, Welterweight, Featherweight, Light Heavyweight, and Lightweight weight classes. At the end of the season, Bellator held its first pay-per-view event, Bellator 120, on May 17, 2014.
Diocese of Fajardo–Humacao
The Diocese of Fajardo–Humacao(Latin: Dioecesis Faiardensis–Humacaensis) is a diocese of the Catholic Church and consists of part of the east and the northeast of the island of Puerto Rico. The current bishop is Luis Miranda Rivera. The mother church is Cathedral Santiago Apóstol in Fajardo.

Catedral Santiago Apóstol (Fajardo, Puerto Rico)
The Catedral Santiago Apóstol, or in English, the Cathedral of St. James the Apostle, or Santiago Apóstol of Fajardo is a Catholic cathedral located on the town plaza in Fajardo, Puerto Rico. Along with Concatedral Dulce Nombre de Jesús or in English, the Co-cathedral Sweet Name of Jesus, in Humacao it is the seat of the Diocese of Fajardo-Humacao.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Church Santiago Apóstol of Fajardo in 1984.
Elland Power Station
Elland Power Station was a 180 MW coal-fired power station situated adjacent to the Manchester to Wakefield railway line and on a loop of the River Calder, north east of the town of Elland in West Yorkshire. The station occupied a site of some 65 acres.

Elland
Elland is a market town in Calderdale, in the county of West Yorkshire, England. It is situated south of Halifax, by the River Calder and the Calder and Hebble Navigation. Elland was recorded as Elant in the Domesday Book of 1086. It had a population of 14,554 at the 2001 Census, with the ward being measured at 11,676 in the 2011 Census.
Henri Rabaud
Henri Benjamin Rabaud (10 November 1873 – 11 September 1949) was a French conductor, composer and teacher, who held important posts in the French musical establishment and upheld mainly conservative trends in French music in the first half of the twentieth century.

Born in Paris into a musical family, Rabaud was a successful composer, conductor and academic, composer of several well-received works for the opera house and concert hall, conductor of the Paris Opéra and the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and, for more than twenty years, director of the Paris Conservatoire.

Prix de Rome
The Prix de Rome (pronounced [pʁi də ʁɔm]) or Grand Prix de Rome was a French scholarship for arts students, initially for painters and sculptors, that was established in 1663 during the reign of Louis XIV of France. Winners were awarded a bursary that allowed them to stay in Rome for three to five years at the expense of the state. The prize was extended to architecture in 1720, music in 1803 and engraving in 1804. The prestigious award was abolished in 1968 by André Malraux, then Minister of Culture, following the May 68 riots that called for cultural change.
I98FM
i98FM (ACMA callsign: 2WIN) is a commercial radio station broadcasting on the FM band to the Illawarra region of New South Wales, Australia. It is owned by WIN Corporation, the parent company of WIN Television.

Bianca Dye
Bianca Dye (born 24 August 1973) is an Australian radio presenter.

Throughout her career, Dye has presented programs in the competitive Sydney and Brisbane metropolitan radio markets as well as in the provincial radio markets of the Central Coast, Gold Coast and the Illawarra.
Chiang Wei-kuo
Chiang Wei-kuo (Chinese: 蔣緯國; 6 October 1916 – 22 September 1997), also known as Wego Chiang, was the adopted son of Republic of China President Chiang Kai-shek, the adoptive brother of President Chiang Ching-kuo, a retired Army general, and an important figure in the Kuomintang. His courtesy names were Jian'gao (建鎬) and Niantang (念堂). Chiang served in the Wehrmacht before fighting in the Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War.

National Defense University (Republic of China)
24°56′03.2″N 121°18′24.4″E﻿ / ﻿24.934222°N 121.306778°E﻿ / 24.934222; 121.306778

National Defense University (NDU; Chinese: 國防大學; pinyin: Guófáng Dàxué; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kok-hông Tāi-ha̍k) is a military academy located in Bade District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.

The NDU offers a wide range of academic programs, including undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral programs. The undergraduate program is the Military Academy, which provides four-year undergraduate education and training to prepare cadets for leadership roles in the military.
Clachaig
Clachaig (Scottish Gaelic: Clachaig) is a small settlement in Glen Lean, on the Cowal Peninsula, in Argyll and Bute, west of Scotland. It is located on the B836 road between the Holy Loch and Loch Striven, the hamlet is just over a mile long. Clachaig is a Gaelic word meaning 'stone place'.

The Hamlet consists of twenty-two houses and was built for accommodation for the workers of the powder mill. The mill manufactured gunpowder.

The river at the bottom of the glen is the Blackcraig Burn that joins the Little Eachaig River, then joining the River Eachaig and flowing into the Holy Loch.

Argyll and Bute
Argyll and Bute (Scots: Argyll an Buit; Scottish Gaelic: Earra-Ghàidheal agus Bòd, pronounced [ɛrˠəˈɣɛːəl̪ˠ akəs̪ ˈpɔːtʲ]) is one of 32 unitary council areas in Scotland and a lieutenancy area. The current lord-lieutenant for Argyll and Bute is Jane Margaret MacLeod (14 July 2020). The administrative centre for the council area is in Lochgilphead at Kilmory Castle, a 19th-century Gothic Revival building and estate. The current council leader is Councillor Jim Lynch.

Argyll and Bute covers the second-largest administrative area of any Scottish council. The council area adjoins those of Highland, Perth and Kinross, Stirling and West Dunbartonshire.
Lactarius
Lactarius is a genus of mushroom-producing, ectomycorrhizal fungi, containing several edible species. The species of the genus, commonly known as milk-caps, are characterized by the milky fluid ("latex") they exude when cut or damaged. Like the closely related genus Russula, their flesh has a distinctive brittle consistency. It is a large genus with over 500 known species, mainly distributed in the Northern hemisphere. Recently, the genus Lactifluus has been separated from Lactarius based on molecular phylogenetic evidence.

Russula
Russula is a very large genus composed of around 750 worldwide species of fungi. The genus was described by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1796.

The mushrooms are fairly large, and brightly colored – making them one of the most recognizable genera among mycologists and mushroom collectors. Their distinguishing characteristics include usually brightly coloured caps, a white to dark yellow spore print, brittle, attached gills, an absence of latex, and absence of partial veil or volva tissue on the stem. Microscopically, the genus is characterised by the amyloid ornamented spores and flesh (trama) composed of spherocysts. Members of the related genus Lactarius have similar characteristics but emit a milky latex when their gills are broken.

The ectomycorrhizal mushrooms are typically common. Although some species are toxic, a number of others are edible.
Bristol, Connecticut
Bristol is a suburban city located in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States, 20 miles (32 km) southwest-west of Hartford. The city is also 120 miles southwest from Boston, and approximately 100 miles northeast of New York City. The city is part of the Naugatuck Valley Planning Region. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 60,833.

Bristol is the location of the general headquarters of ESPN, the location of Lake Compounce, the United States's oldest continuously operating theme park, and is facing approval in 2024 to become home to one of the largest biomedical waste incineration operations in the United States.

Bristol was known as a clock-making city in the 19th century, and is the location of American Clock & Watch Museum. Bristol is also the site of the former American Silver Company and its predecessor companies.

Bristol's nickname is the "Mum City", because it was once a leader in chrysanthemum production and still holds an annual Bristol Mum Festival.

Hartford County, Connecticut
Hartford County is a county located in the north central part of the U.S. state of Connecticut. According to the 2020 census, the population was 899,498, making it the second-most populous county in Connecticut. Hartford County contains the city of Hartford, the state capital of Connecticut and the county's most populous city, with 121,054 residents at the 2020 census. Hartford County is included in the Hartford-East Hartford-Middletown metropolitan statistical area.

On June 6, 2022, the U.S. Census Bureau formally recognized Connecticut's nine councils of governments as county equivalents instead of the state's eight counties. Connecticut's county governments were disbanded in 1960, and the councils of governments took over some of the local governmental functions. Connecticut's eight historical counties continue to exist in name only, and are no longer considered for statistical purposes.
Chandler Highway
Chandler Highway is a short road in the inner eastern suburbs of Melbourne, connecting Alphington over the Yarra River and Eastern Freeway to Kew. Its total length is less than 2 kilometres, leading to the claim that it is "the shortest highway in the world". It was named after a prominent local businessman and politician A. E. Chandler, who was instrumental in pushing through the development of the Outer Circle railway.

Main Yarra Trail
The Main Yarra Trail, also known as the Yarra Trail is a shared-use path for cyclists and pedestrians, which follows the Yarra River through the northeastern suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

The trail follows the river from near its mouth, through the city and suburbs to Westerfolds Park and Eltham. The Capital City Trail uses the same path up to Dights Falls, where it continues up the Merri Creek Trail as part of its loop around the city.
Queen Anne's Bounty
Queen Anne's Bounty was a scheme established in 1704 to augment the incomes of the poorer clergy of the Church of England and by extension the organisation ("The Governors of the Bounty of Queen Anne for the Augmentation of the Maintenance of the Poor Clergy") that administered the bounty (and eventually a number of other forms of assistance to poor livings).

Queen Anne's Bounty Act 1714
The Queen Anne’s Bounty Act 1714 (1 Geo. 1. St. 2. c. 10) was an act of the Parliament of Great Britain. It was one of the Queen Anne's Bounty Acts 1706 to 1870.

The long title of the act was:

An Act for making more effectual her late Majesties gracious Intention for augmenting the Maintenance of the Poor Clergy.
Eric Lewis (actor)
Frederic Lewis Tuffley (23 October 1855 – 1 April 1935), better known by his stage name, Eric Lewis, was an English comedian, actor and singer.  In a career spanning five decades, he starred in numerous comedies and in a few musical comedy hits, but he is probably best remembered today as the understudy to George Grossmith in the Gilbert & Sullivan comic operas of the 1880s who left the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company just in time to give Henry Lytton his big break.

Lewis began performing in comic musical sketches in Brighton in the 1870s.  He made his London performing debut in 1880 and joined the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in 1882, where he understudied Grossmith until 1887.  Lewis then performed in a number of very successful musical comedies and other comedies for the next decade but devoted himself to the non-musical comedy stage, performing mostly in contemporary comedies by Arthur Wing Pinero, George Bernard Shaw, J. M. Barrie and R. C. Carton until 1925.

St. George's Hall, London
51°31′4″N 0°8′33″W﻿ / ﻿51.51778°N 0.14250°W﻿ / 51.51778; -0.14250

St. George's Hall was a theatre located in Langham Place, off Regent Street in the West End of London. It was built in 1867 and closed in 1966.  The hall could accommodate between 800 and 900 persons, or up to 1,500 persons including the galleries. The architect was John Taylor of Whitehall.

The hall was known for three decades for its presentation of the German Reed Entertainments alongside other musical works and lectures.  After 1895, it was used for vaudeville, drama, magic shows, as the headquarters of the London Academy of Music, and even as a skating rink.  In 1933, it became a BBC broadcasting studio but was shut down after extensive damage from bombing in March 1943. The theatre was demolished in 1966, and St George's Hotel (now called Treehouse Hotel London) and Henry Wood House now stand on the site.
Moriago della Battaglia
Moriago della Battaglia is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Treviso in the Italian region Veneto, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northwest of Venice and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of Treviso.

Moriago della Battaglia borders the following municipalities: Crocetta del Montello, Farra di Soligo, Sernaglia della Battaglia, Vidor, Volpago del Montello. The town takes its name from the position it had during World War I, when it was on the front of the Battle of the Piave.

Sernaglia della Battaglia
Sernaglia della Battaglia is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Treviso in the Italian region Veneto, located about 50 kilometres (31 miles) northwest of Venice and about 25 kilometres (16 miles) northwest of Treviso.

Sernaglia della Battaglia borders the following municipalities: Farra di Soligo, Giavera del Montello, Moriago della Battaglia, Nervesa della Battaglia, Pieve di Soligo, Susegana, Volpago del Montello.
Videoland (Netherlands)
Videoland is a Dutch OTT online service provider owned by RTL Nederland, a subsidiary of DPG Media. Originally it was a retail chain of video rental stores. Its main competitor is Netflix. Videoland is registrered as a VOD-service in Luxembourg; hence the law of Luxembourg (as is for the tv-stations RTL4, RTL5 etc) applies to Videoland.

DPG Media
DPG Media Group is a Belgian media group. It is active in Belgium and the Netherlands. The exact ownership structure is not clear; it is believed that the group is mainly owned by the Belgian Van Thillo family. The company employs about 6,000 people.
Dining philosophers problem
In computer science, the dining philosophers problem is an example problem often used in concurrent algorithm design to illustrate synchronization issues and techniques for resolving them.

It was originally formulated in 1965 by Edsger Dijkstra as a student exam exercise, presented in terms of computers competing for access to tape drive peripherals.
Soon after, Tony Hoare gave the problem its present form.

Synchronization (computer science)
In computer science, synchronization is the task of coordinating multiple processes to join up or handshake at a certain point, in order to reach an agreement or commit to a certain sequence of action.
Inoue Gennan Inseki
Gennan Inseki Inoue (井上幻庵因碩, Inoue Gennan Inseki; 1798–1859) was a Japanese professional go player, and head of the Inoue house  from 1824 to 1846. He proposed a changed numbering that made him the eleventh head (rather than tenth), by including Doseki at the head of the list.

At various times he was known as Hattori Rittetsu, Inoue Ansetsu, Intetsu, Gennan Inseki, Inoue Gennan Inseki. A talented player at the highest level, but unlucky in practical terms. He was involved in one of the most famous games, the so-called Ear-reddening game against Hon'inbō Shūsaku.

Nakamura Dōseki
Nakamura Dōseki (中村 道碩, 1582–1630) was a Japanese professional Go player. Tradition counts him as the founder of the Inoue house. This was in fact a retrospective inclusion, essentially a fabrication of the early nineteenth century by Inoue Gennan Inseki. It accounts for the name Inoue Nakamura Dōseki sometimes given.

Nakamura was taught by Hon'inbō Sansa. He was the first Inoue go house leader, and second head of the Meijin post.

He was the second Meijin. He is quite famous for his game against Yasui Santetsu, in which the first play was at a 3–10 point on a side, going against the orthodoxy about starting in a corner.
Kekaumenos
Kekaumenos (Greek: Κεκαυμένος) is the family name of the otherwise unidentified Byzantine author of the Strategikon, a manual on military and household affairs composed c. 1078. He was apparently of Georgian-Armenian origin and the grandson of the doux of Hellas. Despite relevant suppositions, there exists no concrete evidence that he is the famous 11th century general Katakalon Kekaumenos, or his son.

His father-in-law was Nikulitzas Delphinas, a lord of Larissa who took part in the revolt of Vlachs (Aromanians) in Thessaly in 1066. The 11th-century scholar Kekaumenos wrote of a Vlach homeland situated "near the Danube and [...] the Sava, where the Serbians lived more recently". He associated the Vlachs with the Dacians and the Bessi. Kekaumenos referred to the Vlachs as an "unfaithful and undisciplined race". He did this in the archaic style of the time, where he pointed to the Balkan area "Dacia Aureliana" and to Macedonia where the Bessi lived.

Bessi
The Bessi (/ˈbɛsaɪ/; Ancient Greek: Βῆσσοι, Bēssoi or Βέσσοι, Béssoi) or Bessae, were a Thracian tribe that inhabited the upper valley of the Hebros and the lands between the Haemus and Rhodope mountain ranges in historical Thrace.
Matsumoto, Nagano
Matsumoto (松本市, Matsumoto-shi) is a city located in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. Matsumoto is designated as a core city since 1 April 2021. As of 1 March 2019, the city had a population of 239,466 in 105,207 households and a population density of 240 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 978.47 square kilometres (377.79 sq mi).

Ōmachi, Nagano
Ōmachi (大町市, Ōmachi-shi) is a city located in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 March 2019, the city had an estimated population of 27,559 in 11861 households, and a population density of 49 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 565.15 square kilometres (218.21 sq mi).
Ralph M. Holman
Ralph Milo Holman (June 7, 1914 – September 3, 2013) was an attorney and judge in the state of Oregon, United States. He was the 74th justice of the Oregon Supreme Court. Previously he was a circuit court judge for Clackamas County, Oregon. His great uncle was United States Senator Rufus C. Holman.

Rufus C. Holman
Rufus Cecil Holman (October 14, 1877 – November 27, 1959) was an American politician and businessman who served as a United States senator for a single term during World War II. He was an officer in the Ku Klux Klan during the 1920s, then served as Oregon State Treasurer. He was a member of the Multnomah County Board of Commissioners.

Running for re-election in May 1944, Holman was defeated in the Republican primary by Wayne Morse.