hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ashby de la Launde
Ashby de la Launde is a small village, part of the civil parish of Ashby de la Launde and Bloxholm, in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. The village is situated just west of Digby, and east of the A15 and B1191 roads. In 1921 the parish had a population of 200.

William Vere Reeve King-Fane
Colonel William Vere Reeve King-Fane OBE JP DL (born Fane; 29 October 1868 – 5 November 1943) was an English local politician, magistrate and landowner, who served as vice-chairman of Kesteven County Council and High Sheriff of Lincolnshire.
Carl H. Lindner College of Business
Carl H. Lindner College of Business, also referred to as "Lindner" and "Lindner College," is a college of the University of Cincinnati. The college is located in Carl H. Lindner Hall. On June 21, 2011, the college was named after Carl Henry Lindner, Jr. in honor of the contributions he has made to the university, college, and the business community. The college has three undergraduate degree options, five master's degrees, and a doctoral program spread out over seven departments.

Lindner is ranked as a top undergraduate business school and top 75 graduate business schools in the nation by U.S. News & World Report and has three honors programs, the Carl H. Lindner Honors-PLUS program, the Kolodzik Business Scholars program, and the Circle of Excellence program.

Carl Lindner Jr.
Carl Henry Lindner Jr. (April 22, 1919 – October 17, 2011) was an American businessman from Norwood, Ohio, a member of the Lindner family, and one of the world's richest people. According to the 2010 issue of Forbes Billionaires List, Lindner was worth an estimated $1.7 billion.
Dekkersduin
Dekkersduin (or Oostblok) is a former dune in The Hague, Netherlands. The dune existed in the 19th century at the current location of the district Duinoord, west of the current Peace Palace and was located roughly 2 kilometers from the sea. The dune was popular amongst landscape painters, such as Jacob Maris and Jan Hendrik Weissenbruch, because it offered a good outlook to the area to produce perspectives. A painting with the same name, Dekkersduin, by Weissenbruch shows the panorama from this dune.

The dune disappeared over time because the sand was removed for use in construction.

Dekkersduin (painting)
Dekkersduin is a painting by the Dutch landscape painter Jan Hendrik Weissenbruch that he made in 1849. The painting offers a panorama view from the old hill in The Hague called Dekkersduin, for which it is named. The painting offers a now-historical view westwards towards Scheveningen along what would become the "Afvoerkanaal", a canal to refresh the water in the city canals with water from the dunes. The dune Dekkersduin was a favored place used by Weissenbruch and other painters of the Hague School because they liked the light effects on the plains. Today the entire area displayed in the painting has been built up and the hill itself has been leveled to make room for homes, offices, and parks and only the turn in the canal offers a clue to the original position of the painter.

The painting was purchased from the artist by the Teylers Museum in Haarlem, where it hangs in the permanent collection.
Konoe Uchisaki
Konoe Uchisaki (近衛 内前; July 28, 1728 – April 28, 1785), son of regent Iehisa, was a kugyō or Japanese court noble of the Edo period (1603–1868). He held regent positions kampaku from 1757 to 1762 and from 1772 to 1778 and sesshō from 1762 to 1772. He married a daughter of Tokugawa Muneharu, seventh head of Owari Domain, and an adopted daughter of Tokugawa Munetaka, fifth head of Mito Domain. With the former, he had a son Konoe Tsunehiro. With the latter, he adopted a daughter, who was later a consort of Date Shigemura, seventh head of Sendai Domain. He was also the father of Konoe Koreko, a court lady of Emperor Go-Momozono and adopting mother of Emperor Kōkaku.

Konoe Tsunehiro
Konoe Tsunehiro (近衛 経熙; 1761–1799), son of regent Uchisaki, was a kugyō or Japanese court noble of the Edo period (1603–1868). He did not hold regent positions kampaku and sessho. Konoe Motosaki was his son. He also adopted a daughter of Satsuma Shigehide, the eighth head of Satsuma Domain, who later became a consort of shōgun Tokugawa Ienari.
Bit-Halupe
Bit-Ḫalupe, an ancient Aramean state in eastern Syria, located within the triangular area formed by the confluence of the Khabur River with the Euphrates River. It was one of the four Aramean states that bordered Assyria. The others were Bit-Zamani, Bit Bahiani and Laqe. By the ninth century BC all of them were assimilated by Assyria.

In Bit-Ḫalupe was the city of Suru (Al-Suwar). Suru was also among the cities that in 883 BC took part in the unsuccessful rebellion against the Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II.

Aramean states
The Aramean states or Aramean kingdoms were an Iron Age group of Aramaic-speaking polities that arose in the northern Levant and northern Mesopotamia during the early first millennium BCE, following the collapse of major Late Bronze Age powers such as the Hittite Empire and Mitanni.

Centered in modern-day Syria, these states included kingdoms such as Aram-Damascus, Hamath, Bit Agusi, and Bit-Adini, among others. Several of the northwestern Aramean states were also Neo-Hittite states, as successors of the Hittite Empire maintaining the latter's traditions (alongside Luwian-speaking successors).

The Aramean states played a key role in the political landscape of the early Iron Age Levant until their conquest by the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
Abrams, Wisconsin
Abrams is a town in Oconto County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,960 at the 2020 Census. The census-designated place of Abrams is located in the town. It is located near U.S. Route 41 and U.S. Route 141 8 miles (13 km) south-southeast of Oconto Falls. Abrams has a post office that has been operating since 1882 with ZIP code 54101. As of the 2020 census, the census-designated place had a population of 358.

Oconto County, Wisconsin
Oconto County is a county  in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 38,965.  Its county seat is Oconto. The county was established in 1851.

Oconto County is part of the Green Bay metropolitan area and the Green Bay-Shawano combined statistical area.
Koiak 18
Koiak 17 – Coptic calendar – Koiak 19

The eighteenth day of the Coptic month of Koiak, the fourth month of the Coptic year. On a common year, this day corresponds to December 14, of the Julian calendar, and December 27, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Peret, the season of emergence. This day falls in the Nativity Fast.

Koiak 19
Koiak 18 – Coptic calendar – Koiak 20

The nineteenth day of the Coptic month of Koiak, the fourth month of the Coptic year. On a common year, this day corresponds to December 15, of the Julian calendar, and December 28, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Peret, the season of emergence. This day falls in the Nativity Fast.
Walter Sutherland (Norn)
Walter Sutherland (died c. 1850) was a Scottish man, who was reportedly the last native speaker of Norn, a North Germanic language which had once been spoken throughout Shetland, Orkney and Caithness. Sutherland was from Skaw, on the island of Unst, and quoted as being a fisherman who lived in the northernmost house in the British Isles, near the present-day Unst Boat Haven.

Sutherland may, however, have been merely the last native speaker of Norn on Unst. Some unnamed Norn speakers of the island of Foula were reported by Jakob Jakobsen to have survived much later than the middle of the 19th century, though he noted doubt that these people were able to speak "genuine Norn". Another surveyor, Laurits Rendboe, argued in 1987 that the last living speakers of Norn were indeed these men from Foula. Despite this, Sutherland remains the last recorded Norn speaker.

Unst
Unst (/ˈʌnst/; Norn: Ønst) is one of the North Isles of the Shetland Islands, Scotland. It is the northernmost of the inhabited British Isles and is the third-largest island in Shetland after Mainland and Yell. It has an area of 46 sq mi (120 km2).

Unst is largely grassland, with coastal cliffs. Its main village is Baltasound, formerly the second-largest herring fishing port after Lerwick and now the location of a leisure centre and the island's airport. Other settlements include Uyeasound, home to Greenwell's Booth (a Hanseatic warehouse) and Muness Castle (built in 1598 and sacked by pirates in 1627); and Haroldswick, location of a boat museum and a heritage centre.
Achimenes grandiflora
Achimenes grandiflora (Schltdl.) DC. is a plant species in the genus Achimenes, family Gesneriaceae. It is native to Mexico and Central America, growing in mountainous regions from Chihuahua to Nicaragua. It is cultivated as an ornamental in other places because of its showy purple flowers.

Achimenes
Achimenes /æˈkɪmɪniːz/ is a genus of about 25 species of tropical and subtropical rhizomatous perennial herbs in the flowering plant family Gesneriaceae. They have a multitude of common names such as magic flowers, widow's tears, Cupid's bower, or hot water plant.
Harvard Graduate School of Design
The Harvard Graduate School of Design (GSD) is the graduate school of design at Harvard University, a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It offers master's and doctoral programs in architecture, landscape architecture, urban planning, urban design, real estate, design engineering, and design studies.

The GSD has over 13,000 alumni and has graduated many famous architects, urban planners, and landscape architects. The school is considered a global academic leader in design fields.

The GSD has the world's oldest landscape architecture program (founded in 1893) and North America's oldest urban planning program (founded in 1900). Architecture was first taught at Harvard University in 1874. The Graduate School of Design was officially established in 1936, combining the three fields of landscape architecture, urban planning, and architecture under one graduate school.

Lester Collins (landscape architect)
Lester Albertson Collins (1914–1993) was an American landscape architect. He studied landscape architecture at Harvard, including studies of gardens in East Asia in 1940. After World War II, he began to teach as a professor at Harvard. Collins traveled to Japan in 1953 to work for a year on the translation of an ancient Japanese book. In 1954 he settled in Washington, D.C., and worked for the firm Simonds & Simonds in Pittsburgh. He worked on town plans, campus plans, and public gardens such as the Hirshhorn Sculpture Garden. Over 55 years, he developed and directed the Innisfree Garden in Millbrook, New York.
129th (Wentworth) Battalion, CEF
The 129th (Wentworth) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.  Based in Dundas, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Wentworth County.  After sailing to England in August 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 123rd and 124th Battalions, CEF and the 12th Reserve Battalion in October 1916.  The 129th (Wentworth) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. W. E. S. Knowles.

The 129th Battalion was first perpetuated by The Wentworth Regiment and is now perpetuated by The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment).

The aviator Robert Dodds was a member of the battalion.

Levi Turkey was a member who was First Nations from Six Nations of the Grand River a part of Upper Mohawk, turtle clan.

Wentworth Regiment
The Wentworth Regiment was an infantry regiment of the Non-Permanent Active Militia of the Canadian Militia (now the Canadian Army). In 1936, the regiment was Amalgamated with The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry to form The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment).
Arm River (Saskatchewan)
Arm River is a river in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It is located in the south central part of the province in a region called the Prairie Pothole Region of North America, which extends throughout three Canadian provinces and five U.S. states. It is also within Palliser's Triangle and the Great Plains ecoregion.

The river is a main tributary of Last Mountain Lake and is part of the Last Mountain Lake Sub-basin of the Upper Qu'Appelle Watershed. Last Mountain Creek drains Last Mountain Lake into the Qu'Appelle River near Craven.

Craik, Saskatchewan
Craik is a town in south central Saskatchewan, Canada, incorporated on August 1, 1907. It is strategically located along Highway 11 (Louis Riel Trail) in the RM of Craik No. 222, about 140 kilometres (87 mi) south-east of Saskatoon and 117 kilometres (73 mi) north-west of Regina.
Raja Chor Mantri Sipahi
Raja Mantri Chor Sipahi (transl.  King, Minister, thief and soldier) is a type of role-playing game that is a popular pastime in India. It involves four players—each player takes up the role of either the king, Minister, thief or soldier— and the Soldier (Sipahi) has to guess the identity of the thief. Along with other such games, its popularity has decreased in the 21st century.

Traditional games of India
India has several traditional games and sports, some of which have been played for thousands of years. Their popularity has greatly declined in the modern era, with Western sports having overtaken them during the British Raj, and the Indian government now making some efforts to revive them. Many of these games do not require much equipment or playing space. Some of them are only played in certain regions of India, or may be known by different names and played under different rules and regulations in different regions of the country.
Ángel Loustalot
Scouting portal

Ángel Loustalot was one of the pioneers of Cuban Scouting. In 1914, the first Scout groups in Cuba were founded, and Jules Loustalot, Miguel Ángel Quevedo, Carlos Alzugarai and others wrote up the statutes and began Scout activities.

The first troops of Boy Scouts in Cuba met under the sponsorship of the American Legion, the Mother's Club del Vedado and the electric generating plant of the Compañía Cubana de Electricidad. Angel Loustalot, the son of Jules Loustalot, was commissioner for other pioneers of the Scout Movement, Enrique Quintana, Dr. Moisés Boudé, Domingo Romeo Jaime and Oscar Poey Bonachea.

Asociación de Scouts de Cuba
The Asociación de Scouts de Cuba (ASC, Scout Association of Cuba) was the national Scouting organization of Cuba from 1927 to 1961. Scouting in Cuba started in 1914, in 1927 the ASC was founded and became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement the same year and was suspended from WOSM membership in 1961. At the end of the 1950s, the boys-only association had about 6,500 members. Cuba is now one of only five of the world's independent countries that do not have Scouting.
Delyun-Uran Range
The Delyun-Uran Range (Russian: Делюн-Уранский хребет, romanized: Delyun-Uranskiy khrebet) is a mountain range in Irkutsk Oblast and Buryatia, Russia, part of the Stanovoy Highlands.

The nearest airport is Bodaybo Airport.

Vitim (river)
The Vitim (Russian: Витим; Evenki: Витым, Witym; Yakut: Виитим, Viitim [local pronunciation]; Buryat and Mongolian: Витим, Vitim) is a major tributary of the Lena. Its source is east of Lake Baikal, at the confluence of rivers Vitimkan from the west and China from the east. The Vitim flows first south, bends eastwards and then northward in the Vitim Plateau. Then it flows north through the Stanovoy Highlands and the town of Bodaybo.
Including river Vitimkan, its western source, it is 1,978 kilometres (1,229 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 225,000 square kilometres (87,000 sq mi).

It is navigable from the Lena to Bodaybo. Upstream, tugs can haul barges as far as the Baikal Amur Mainline (BAM), but this is becoming rare.

The Vitim is an excellent place for adventure rafting, but is rarely visited because of its isolation. Baissa, one of the famous localities of fossil insects is situated on the left bank of the Vitim River.
Cyclodextrin
Cyclodextrins  are a family of cyclic oligosaccharides, consisting of a macrocyclic ring of glucose subunits joined by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Cyclodextrins are produced from starch by enzymatic conversion.  They are used in food, pharmaceutical, drug delivery, and chemical industries, as well as agriculture and environmental engineering.

Cyclodextrins are composed of 5 or more α-D-glucopyranoside units linked 1 → 4, as in amylose (a fragment of starch). Typical cyclodextrins contain a number of glucose monomers ranging from six to eight units in a ring, creating a cone shape:

α (alpha)-cyclodextrin: 6 glucose subunits

β (beta)-cyclodextrin: 7 glucose subunits

γ (gamma)-cyclodextrin: 8 glucose subunits

The largest well-characterized cyclodextrin contains 32 1,4-anhydroglucopyranoside units. Poorly-characterized mixtures, containing at least 150-membered cyclic oligosaccharides are also known.

Macrocycle
Macrocycles are often described as molecules and ions containing a ring of twelve or more atoms. Classical examples include the crown ethers, calixarenes, porphyrins, and cyclodextrins. Macrocycles describe a large, mature area of chemistry.
Lhasa
Lhasa, officially the Chengguan District of Lhasa City, is the inner urban district of Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region, Southwestern China.

Lhasa is the second most populous urban area on the Tibetan Plateau after Xining and, at an altitude of 3,656 metres (11,990 ft), Lhasa is one of the highest cities in the world. The city has been the religious and administrative capital of Tibet since the mid-17th century. It contains many culturally significant Tibetan Buddhist sites such as the Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple and Norbulingka Palaces. According to the census, the total resident population of the city by the end of 2024 will be 876,400.

5th Dalai Lama
The 5th Dalai Lama, Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso (Tibetan: ངག་དབང་བློ་བཟང་རྒྱ་མཚོ་, Wylie: Ngag-dbang blo-bzang rgya-mtsho) (1617–1682) was recognized as the 5th Dalai Lama, and he became the first Dalai Lama to hold both Tibet's political and spiritual leadership roles.

He is often referred to simply as the Great Fifth, being the key religious and temporal leader of Tibetan Buddhism and Tibet. He is credited with unifying all of Tibet under the Ganden Phodrang, after Gushri Khan's successful military interventions.

As an independent head of state, he established priest and patron relations with both Mongolia and the Qing dynasty simultaneously, and had positive relations with other neighboring countries.

He began the custom of meeting early European explorers.

The 5th Dalai Lama built the Potala Palace, and also wrote 24 volumes' worth of scholarly and religious works on a wide range of subjects.
Australian pavilion
The Australian pavilion is a structure that houses Australia's national representation during the Venice Biennale arts and architecture festivals. Although Australia has been represented at the arts  festival since 1954, the first pavilion was only built in 1987, and replaced by a permanent structure in 2015.

Creative Australia
Creative Australia, formerly known as the Australia Council for the Arts and the Australia Council, is the country's official arts council, serving as an arts funding and advisory body for the Government of Australia.

The council was announced in 1967 as the Australian Council for the Arts, with the first members appointed the following year. It was made a statutory corporation by the passage of the Australia Council Act 1975. It became the Australia Council in 2013, and then Creative Australia, with a new organisational structure, from 24 August 2023.

The organisation has included several boards within its structure over the years, including more than one incarnation of a Visual Arts Board (VAB), in the 1970s–80s and in the early 2000s.
Sporogenesis
Sporogenesis is the production of spores in biology. The term is also used to refer to the process of reproduction via spores. Reproductive spores were found to be formed in eukaryotic organisms, such as plants, algae and fungi, during their normal reproductive life cycle. Dormant spores are formed, for example by certain fungi and algae, primarily in response to unfavorable growing conditions. Most eukaryotic spores are haploid and form through cell division, though some types are diploids or dikaryons and form through cell fusion. This type of reproduction can also be called single pollination.

Sporangium
A sporangium (from Late Latin, from Ancient Greek  σπορά (sporá) 'seed' and  ἀγγεῖον (angeîon) 'vessel'; pl.: sporangia) is an enclosure in which spores are formed. It can be composed of a single cell or can be multicellular. Virtually all plants, fungi, and many other groups form sporangia at some point in their life cycle. Sporangia can produce spores by mitosis, but in land plants and many fungi, sporangia produce genetically distinct haploid spores by meiosis.
2019 Rogers Cup
The 2019 Rogers Cup were outdoor hard court tennis tournaments played from August 5–11, 2019, as part of the 2019 US Open Series. It was the 130th edition of the men's Canadian Open, a Masters 1000 event on the 2019 ATP Tour at IGA Stadium in Montreal, and the 118th edition of the women's tournament, a Premier 5 event of the 2019 WTA Tour played at Aviva Centre in Toronto.

2019 ATP Tour
The 2019 ATP Tour was the global elite men's professional tennis circuit organised by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2019 tennis season. The 2019 ATP Tour calendar comprised the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP Tour Masters 1000, the ATP Finals, the ATP Tour 500 series, the ATP Tour 250 series and Davis Cup (organised by the ITF). Also included in the 2019 calendar were the Hopman Cup, the Laver Cup and the Next Gen ATP Finals which do not distribute ranking points. For the Masters series events the ATP introduced a shot clock. Players had a minute to come on court, 5 minutes to warmup, and then a minute to commence play, as well as 25 seconds between points.
Marian Montagu-Douglas-Scott
Marian Louisa, Lady Elmhirst (previously Ferguson; née Montagu-Douglas-Scott; 16 June 1908 – 11 December 1996) was the first daughter born to Lord Herbert Montagu Douglas Scott and Marie Edwards. She was the paternal grandmother of Sarah Ferguson, and the maternal great-grandmother of Princesses Beatrice and Eugenie of York.

Elmhirst was also a first cousin of Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott, who became the Duchess of Gloucester after her wedding to Prince Henry, and an aunt-by-marriage of Queen Elizabeth II. The Countess Spencer, Cynthia, paternal grandmother of Diana, Princess of Wales, was her 2nd cousin.

Thomas Elmhirst
Air Marshal Sir Thomas Walker Elmhirst, KBE, CB, AFC, DL (15 December 1895 – 6 November 1982) was a senior commander in the Royal Air Force in the first half of the 20th century and the first commander-in-chief of the Royal Indian Air Force upon Indian independence in August 1947, in which post he organised the funeral of Mahatma Gandhi following his assassination in 1948. He later became the Lieutenant-Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Guernsey from 1953 to 1958.
Athi sardine
The Athi sardine (Neobola fluviatilis) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Danionidae.

It is endemic to Kenya. Its natural habitat is in the Athi and Tena Rivers. Studies in the 21st century have shown that this species was restricted to  the Athi River near Kithimani in Kenya. This species has not been recorded since 1961 and my be extinct. The population in the Tana River is now regarded as a separate species,  N. kinondo.

Neobola kinondo
Neobola kinondo, the Athi sardine, is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Danionidae, the danios or danionins. This species is endemic to the Tana River in Kenya. This taxon was separated from N. fluviatilis in 2019, meaning that the potentially extinct N. fluviatilis is restricted to the Athi River.