hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Watsonia wilmsii
Watsonia wilmsii is a plant belonging to the genus Watsonia. The species is endemic to Mpumalanga and occurs on the Drakensberg escarpment east of Lydenburg. It has an area of 812 km2 and has lost habitat to plantations; the threat no longer exists because the remaining subpopulations are in protected areas. The plant is found on montane grassland, slopes at altitudes of 1 500 m.

Watsonia (plant)
Watsonia (bugle lily) is a genus of plants in the family Iridaceae, subfamily Crocoideae. Watsonias are native to southern Africa (South Africa, Lesotho, Eswatini). The genus is named after Sir William Watson, an 18th-century British botanist.
Imperial Crowns of Charles VII
The Imperial Crowns of Charles VII are kept in the treasury at the Munich Residenz. Since the imperial crown was merely used as coronation crown, the Holy Roman Emperors used different crowns for all other purposes. While the Habsburg were in possession of their own imperial crowns, Charles VII did not possess an imperial crown when he was elected emperor in 1742. Thus, he ordered a crown from a goldsmith in Augsburg and one from another artisan in Frankfurt am Main.

Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire
The Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire (German: Reichskrone), a hoop crown (Bügelkrone) with a characteristic octagonal shape, was the coronation crown of the Holy Roman Emperor, probably from the late 10th century until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. The crown was used in the coronation of the King of the Romans, the title assumed by the Emperor-elect immediately after his election. It is now kept in the Imperial Treasury (Kaiserliche Schatzkammer) at the Hofburg in Vienna, Austria.
Barnstorming (sports)
In athletics terminology, barnstorming refers to sports teams or individual athletes who travel to various locations, usually small towns, to stage exhibition matches. The term is primarily used in the United States. Barnstorming teams differ from traveling teams in that they operate outside the framework of an established athletic league, while traveling teams are designated by a league, formally or informally, to be a designated visiting team.

Barnstorming allowed athletes to compete in two sports; for example, Reece "Goose" Tatum played basketball for the Harlem Globetrotters and baseball for a Negro leagues barnstorming team. Some barnstorming teams lack home arenas, while others go on "barnstorming tours" in the off-season.

Banana Ball
Banana Ball, also known as the Banana Ball Championship League (BBCL or Banana League), is a barnstorming exhibition baseball league based in Savannah, Georgia. The league has played most of their games at Grayson Stadium since its inaugural season. The league has six teams: the Savannah Bananas, the Party Animals, the Firefighters, the Texas Tailgaters, the Loco Beach Coconuts and the Indianapolis Clowns, a latter revival of the original Indianapolis Clowns of Negro league baseball.
Steam clock
A steam clock is a clock which is fully or partially powered by a steam engine. Only a few functioning steam clocks exist, most designed and built by Canadian horologist Raymond Saunders for display in urban public spaces. Steam clocks built by Saunders are located in Otaru, Japan; Indianapolis, Indiana; and the Canadian cities of Vancouver, Whistler and Port Coquitlam, all in British Columbia. Steam clocks by other makers are installed in St Helier, Jersey and at the Chelsea Farmers' Market in London, England.

Although they are often styled to appear as 19th-century antiques, steam clocks are a more recent phenomenon inspired by the Gastown steam clock built by Saunders in 1977. One exception is the steam clock built in the 19th century by Birmingham engineer John Inshaw to demonstrate the versatility of steam power.

Gastown
Gastown is the original settlement that became the core of the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and a national historic site and a neighbourhood in the northwest section of the Downtown Eastside, adjacent to Downtown Vancouver.

Its historical boundaries – the waterfront (now Water Street and the CPR tracks), Carrall Street, Hastings Street, and Cambie Street – followed the borders of the 1870 townsite survey, the proper name and postal address of which was Granville, B.I. ("Burrard Inlet"). The official boundary does not include most of Hastings Street except for the Woodward's and Dominion Buildings, and stretches east past Columbia Street, to the laneway running parallel to the west side of Main Street.
SkyWave Mobile Communications
SkyWave Mobile Communications is a global provider of satellite and satellite-cellular devices in the Machine-to-Machine (M2M) market. Skywave products help customers track, monitor and control industrial vehicles, vessels and industrial equipment. Applications include: tracking the location of vehicle fleets, monitoring data from oil and gas meters, and automated flow pumps.

SkyWave's satellite products communicate via Inmarsat's global satellite service. The products are mainly used in the transportation, maritime, mining, oil and gas, heavy equipment, emergency management, water monitoring, and utilities sectors.

Inmarsat
Inmarsat is a British satellite telecommunications company, offering global mobile services. It provides telephone and data services to users worldwide, via portable or mobile terminals which communicate with ground stations through fifteen geostationary telecommunications satellites.

Inmarsat's network provides communications services to a range of governments, aid agencies, media outlets and businesses (especially in the shipping, airline and mining industries) with a need to communicate in remote regions or where there is no reliable terrestrial network. The company was listed on the London Stock Exchange until it was acquired by Connect Bidco, a consortium consisting of Apax Partners, Warburg Pincus, the CPP Investment Board and the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan, in December 2019.

On 8 November 2021, Inmarsat's owners and Viasat announced the purchase of Inmarsat by Viasat. The acquisition was completed in May 2023.
Action at Osborne's
The action at Osborne's (sometimes spelled Osburn's or Osborns), Virginia was a minor naval–land engagement on April 27, 1781, in the James River during the American Revolutionary War. The battle resulted in the near-complete destruction of the Virginia State Navy as well as a large stockpile of Virginian tobacco (in use as a currency at the time).

Virginia State Navy
A Virginia State Navy (or Virginia Navy) existed twice.  During the American Revolutionary War, the provisional government of the Virginia Colony authorized the purchase, outfitting, and manning  of armed vessels to protect the colony's waters from threats posed it by the Royal Navy.

Early in the American Civil War, after the state of Virginia seceded from the Union on April 17, 1861, it briefly had naval forces of its own known as the Virginia State Navy, which existed in tandem to the Provisional Army of Virginia.  Both of these forces had been absorbed by the Confederate States Navy and the Confederate Army by the end of 1861.
Clement W. H. Lam
Clement Wing Hong Lam (Chinese: 林永康) is a Canadian mathematician, specializing in combinatorics. He is famous for the computer proof, with Larry Thiel and S. Swiercz, of the nonexistence of a finite projective plane of order 10.

Lam earned his PhD in 1974 under Herbert Ryser at Caltech with thesis Rational G-Circulants Satisfying the Matrix Equation . He is a professor at Concordia University in Montreal.

In 2006 he received the Euler medal. In 1992 he received the Lester Randolph Ford Award for the article The search for a finite projective plane of order 10. The eponymous Lam's problem is equivalent to finding a finite projective plane of order 10 or finding 9 orthogonal Latin squares of order 10.

H. J. Ryser
Herbert John Ryser (July 28, 1923 – July 12, 1985) was a professor of mathematics, widely regarded as one of the major figures in combinatorics in the 20th century. He is the namesake of the Bruck–Ryser–Chowla theorem, Ryser's formula for the computation of the permanent of a matrix, and Ryser's conjecture.
Tussilago
Tussilago farfara, commonly known as coltsfoot,: 770  is a plant in the tribe Senecioneae in the family Asteraceae, native to Europe and parts of western and central Asia. The name "tussilago" is derived from the Latin tussis, meaning cough, and ago, meaning to cast or to act on. It has had uses in traditional medicine, but the discovery of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the plant has resulted in liver health concerns.

Tussilago farfara is the only accepted species in the genus Tussilago, although more than two dozen other species have at one time or another been considered part of this group. Most of them are now regarded as members of other genera (Chaptalia, Chevreulia, Farfugium, Homogyne, Leibnitzia, Petasites, Senecio).

Petasites
Petasites is a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family, Asteraceae, that are commonly referred to as butterburs and coltsfoots. They are perennial plants with thick, creeping underground rhizomes and large rhubarb-like leaves during the growing season.  Most species are native to Asia or southern Europe.
University of Toronto Schools
The University of Toronto Schools (UTS) is an independent secondary day school affiliated with the University of Toronto in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The school follows a specialized academic curriculum, and admission is determined by a written examination and Multiple Mini-Interviews. Two Nobel Prize laureates attended UTS.

Michael Spence
Andrew Michael Spence (born November 7, 1943) is a Canadian-American economist and Nobel laureate.

Spence is the William R. Berkley Professor in Economics and Business at the Stern School of Business at New York University, and the Philip H. Knight Professor of Management, Emeritus, and Dean, Emeritus, at the Stanford Graduate School of Business.

Together with George A. Akerlof and Joseph E. Stiglitz, Spence is a co-recipient of the 2001 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information."
Elena De Rossi Filibeck
Elena De Rossi Filibeck is a writer on Tibetan subjects. She graduated in East Asian History under Professor Luciano Petech in 1971 at the Sapienza University of Rome. Since 1980 she has been a researcher at the Department of Oriental Studies in the Faculty of Arts, Sapienza University of Rome, and Associate Professor at the Faculty of Oriental Studies of the same university. Her publications cover many aspects of Tibetan textual studies, most notably from Tabo Monastery. Since 1980, she has dedicated her professional life to cataloguing the Tucci Tibetan Fund texts, numbering more than a thousand. The first volume of the catalogue was published in 1994, and in the preface Petech praises her achievements and speaks warmly of her as a friend.

Luciano Petech
Luciano Petech (8 June 1914, Trieste – 29 September 2010, Rome) was an Italian scholar of Himalayan history and the early relations between Tibet, Nepal and Italy. He was Chair of History of Eastern Asia at the University of Rome from 1955 to 1984. He was a student of the Italian explorer, academic, and scholar Giuseppe Tucci.

Luciano Petech was born in 1914 and retired in 1984. He learned several European languages, including Latin, as well as Asian languages such as Tibetan, Chinese, Japanese, Newari, Sanskrit, Arabic, Hindi and Urdu.
Ariadne
In Greek mythology, Ariadne (/ˌæriˈædni/ ⓘ; Ancient Greek: Ἀριάδνη; Latin: Ariadne) was a Cretan princess, the daughter of King Minos of Crete. There are variations of Ariadne's myth, but she is known for helping Theseus escape from the Minotaur and being abandoned by him (or herself dying) on the island of Naxos. There, Dionysus saw Ariadne sleeping, fell in love with her, and later married her. Many versions of the myth recount Dionysus throwing Ariadne's jeweled crown into the sky to create a constellation, the Corona Borealis.

Ariadne is associated with mazes and labyrinths because of her involvement in the myths of Theseus and the Minotaur.

There were also festivals held in Cyprus and Naxos in Ariadne's honor.

Androgeus (son of Minos)
In Greek mythology, Androgeus or Androgeos (Ancient Greek: Ἀνδρόγεως, Latin: Androgeum or Androgeōs derived from andros "of a man" and geos, genitive gē "earth, land") was a Cretan prince as the son of King Minos.
Macaroni chinois
Macaroni chinois (French: Chinese macaroni), sometimes called fried macaroni, is a dish from Canadian Chinese cuisine. The dish is commonly served in Chinese restaurants in Quebec. It was invented by Chinese restaurant owners in Quebec City during the mid-20th century to fit the tastes of local Canadian customers.

The dish is a local adaptation, rather than a traditional Chinese recipe, with soy sauce being the primary ingredient from Chinese cuisine.

Canadian Chinese cuisine
Canadian Chinese cuisine (French: Cuisine chinoise canadienne) is a cuisine derived from Chinese cuisine that was developed by Chinese Canadians. It was the first form of commercially available Chinese food in Canada. This cooking style was invented by early Cantonese immigrants who adapted traditional Chinese recipes to Western tastes and the available ingredients, and developed in a similar process to American Chinese cuisine.
Expanding bullet
Expanding bullets, also known colloquially as dumdum bullets, are projectiles designed to expand on impact. This causes the bullet to increase in diameter, to combat over-penetration and produce a larger wound, thus dealing more damage to a living target. For this reason, they are used for hunting and by police departments, but are generally prohibited for use in war. Two typical designs are the hollow-point bullet and the soft-point bullet.

Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 are a series of international treaties and declarations negotiated at two international peace conferences at The Hague in the Netherlands. Along with the Geneva Conventions, the Hague Conventions were among the first formal statements of the laws of war and war crimes in the body of secular international law. A third conference was planned for 1914 and later rescheduled for 1915, but it did not take place because of the start of World War I. Article 22 states that, "the right of belligerents to adopt means of injuring the enemy is not unlimited.”
Envie
Envie is a comune (municipality) in the province of Cuneo, Piedmont, northern Italy, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) southwest of Turin and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northwest of Cuneo.

Envie borders the following municipalities: Barge, Revello, Rifreddo, Sanfront.

Sanfront
Sanfront is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of Turin and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northwest of Cuneo.

Sanfront borders the following municipalities: Barge, Brossasco, Envie, Gambasca, Paesana, Rifreddo, and Sampeyre.
Rodrigo Gracie
Rodrigo Gracie (born March 11, 1974) is a Brazilian retired mixed martial artist and Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioner. A member of the Gracie family, Rodrigo is a 7th Degree Coral Belt in Gracie Jiu-Jitsu and a Gold Medalist in the 1998 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship. While competing in PRIDE Fighting Championships, Gracie was ranked amongst the top Middleweight fighters from 2003 to 2004 due to an undefeated streak with consecutive victories over Hayato Sakurai, Daiju Takase, Yuki Sasaki, and Daijiro Matsui.

Gracie family
The Gracie family (Portuguese: [ˈɡɾejsi]) is a family of martial artists originally from Belém, state of Pará, Brazil, whose ancestors came from Paisley, Scotland. They are known for promoting the self-defense martial arts system of Gracie jiu-jitsu, commonly known as Brazilian jiu-jitsu, originating from Kano jiu-jitsu (Judo) brought to Brazil by judoka prizefighter Mitsuyo Maeda.

They have been successful in combat sports competitions for over 80 years, representing their self-defense system (Gracie jiu-jitsu) including mixed martial arts (MMA), vale tudo and submission wrestling events. Several members were involved in the creation of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), along with promoter Art Davie.

As a family, the Gracies upheld the "Gracie Challenge", a martial arts challenge intended to showcase the effectiveness of their style of grappling against other martial arts disciplines. Members have an affinity to, and are consanguineously related to, the Machado family.
Carson County, Texas
Carson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 5,807. The county seat is Panhandle. The county was founded in 1876 and later organized in 1888. It is named for Samuel Price Carson, the first secretary of state of the Republic of Texas.

Carson County is included in the Amarillo, TX metropolitan statistical area.

Roberts County, Texas
Roberts County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 827, making it the eighth-least populous county in Texas. Its county seat is Miami, which is also the county's only incorporated community. The county was created in 1876 and organized in 1889. It is named for Oran Milo Roberts, a governor of Texas. Roberts County is one of three prohibition (entirely dry) counties in the state of Texas.
Sherwood-Hillsborough
Sherwood-Hillsborough was a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island, Canada. It was created for the 1996 election out of the dual member 5th Queens riding. It was divided prior to the 2007 election into Charlottetown-Sherwood, Tracadie-Hillsborough Park, and Charlottetown-Parkdale.

Tracadie-Hillsborough Park
Tracadie-Hillsborough Park is a former provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island, Canada.

The district was created in the redistribution that preceded the 2007 Prince Edward Island general election out of parts of Sherwood-Hillsborough, Stanhope-East Royalty, and Tracadie-Fort Augustus.

The district was dissolved in the redistribution that preceded the 2019 Prince Edward Island general election. Its urban portion in Charlottetown was transferred to the new district of Charlottetown-Hillsborough Park, while the rural portion was largely transferred to the district of Stanhope-Marshfield, and a small part transferred to Morell-Donagh.
Rao Shekha
Maharao Shekha (1433–1488) was a 15th-century Rajput chieftain and the founder of the Shekhawati region in present-day Rajasthan, India. A member of the Kachhwaha dynasty of Amber, Shekha asserted his independence and established a principality centered at Amarsar around the mid-15th century. His descendants came to be known as the Shekhawats, one of the most prominent and influential sub-clans of the Kachhwahas.

Shekhawati
Shekhawati is a region in the northern part of the Indian state of Rajasthan, comprising the districts of Sikar, Jhunjhunu, and Churu. The language of this region is also called Shekhawati, which is one of the eight dialects of the Rajasthani language. Shekhawati is known for its grand mansions, their architecture and Shekhawati paintings.

Between the 17th and 19th centuries, Marwari merchants and Shekhawat kings built havelis in the Shekhawati region. It has structures, including houses, temples, and stepwells. All of these structures have painted murals, both inside and out.
Alfred County Railway
Alfred County Railway is an abandoned 2 ft (610 mm) narrow gauge railway in South Africa, which runs from the southern transport hub of Port Shepstone on the Indian Ocean, via Izotsha and Paddock for 122 kilometres (76 mi) to Harding, KwaZulu-Natal.

South African Class NG G16 2-6-2+2-6-2
The South African Railways Class NG G16 2-6-2+2-6-2 is a narrow gauge steam locomotive class.

Between 1937 and 1968, the South African Railways placed 34 Class NG G16 Garratt articulated 2-6-2+2-6-2 steam locomotives in service on the Avontuur Railway and on the Natal narrow gauge lines.
First Lady of Tunisia
First Lady of Tunisia (Arabic: سيدة تونس الأولى, French: Première dame de Tunisie) usually refers to the wife of the president of Tunisia. They often play a protocol role at the Carthage Palace and during official visits, though possess no official title. Ichraf Saied is the spouse of the current president, Kais Saied, who took office on 23 October 2019. It is not a public office nor an official title.

Ichraf Saied
Ichraf Saïed (Arabic: إشراف سعيد, née Chebil (شبيل); born 1973) is a Tunisian magistrate, wife of current President Kaïs Saïed, and, therefore, the First Lady of Tunisia since 23 October 2019, following the election of her husband to the presidency of the republic. She is the ninth first lady of Tunisia and the fifth first lady of the post-Tunisian Revolution era.
Roberto Fico
Roberto Fico (Italian pronunciation: [roˈbɛrto ˈfiːko]; born 10 October 1974) is an Italian politician who has been serving as President of Campania since 9 December 2025. He served as the Chairman of the RAI Supervision Commission from 2013 to 2018 and President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies from 2018 to 2022.

President of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)
The president of the Chamber of Deputies (Italian: presidente della Camera dei deputati) is the speaker of the lower house of the Italian Parliament, the Chamber of Deputies. It is the third highest-ranking office of the Italian Republic, after the president of the Republic and the president of the Senate. Since 14 October 2022, the role has been held by Lorenzo Fontana.
Roma Ostiense railway station
Roma Ostiense is a railway station in Piazza dei Partigiani serving the Ostiense district of Rome, Italy, a short distance from the Porta San Paolo. It is run by the Rete Ferroviaria Italiana arm of the Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane group and the commuter rail lines FL1, FL3, and FL5 run through the station. It is linked with the Piramide Metro B station and the Roma Porta San Paolo station on the Rome-Lido railway line.

Ostiense
Ostiense is the 10th quartiere of Rome, identified by the initials Q. X.

The toponym comes from the original name of the Porta San Paolo, a gate in the city walls of Rome, was Porta Ostiensis, because it was located at the beginning of Via Ostiense. It now houses the Via Ostiense Museum.
Keban Dam
The Keban Dam (Turkish: Keban Barajı) is a hydroelectric dam on the Euphrates, located in the Elazığ Province of Turkey. The dam is the first and uppermost of several large-scale dams to be built on the Euphrates by Turkey. Although the Keban Dam was not originally constructed as a part of the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP), it is now a fully integrated component of the project, which aims to stimulate economic development in Southeastern Turkey. Construction of the dam commenced in 1966 and was completed in 1974. Keban Dam Lake (Turkish: Keban Baraj Gölü), the reservoir created by Keban Dam, has a surface area of 675 square kilometres (261 sq mi) and is reputedly the fourth-largest lake in Turkey after Lake Van, Lake Tuz, and the reservoir created by the Atatürk Dam.

Karamagara Bridge
The Karamagara Bridge (Turkish: Karamağara Köprüsü, "Bridge of the Black Cave") is a Byzantine or late Roman bridge in the ancient region of Cappadocia in eastern Turkey, and possibly the earliest known pointed arch bridge.

The bridge, along with much of the Arapgir Çayı valley, has been submerged since the completion of the Keban Dam in 1975, as a result of which the water level in the Euphrates valley and some of its upstream tributaries dramatically rose.