hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Endomorphism
In abstract algebra, an endomorphism is a homomorphism from a mathematical object to itself. More generally in category theory, an endomorphism is a morphism from a category of objects to itself. An endomorphism that is also an isomorphism is an automorphism. For example, an endomorphism of a vector space V is a linear map f: V → V, and an endomorphism of a group G is a group homomorphism f: G → G.

In general, we can talk about endomorphisms in any category. In the category of sets, endomorphisms are functions from a set S to itself.

In any category, the composition of any two endomorphisms of X is again an endomorphism of X.  It follows that the set of all endomorphisms of X forms a monoid, the full transformation monoid, and denoted End(X) (or EndC(X) to emphasize the category C).

Group homomorphism
In mathematics, given two groups, (G,∗) and (H, ·), a group homomorphism from (G,∗) to (H, ·) is a function h : G → H such that for all u and v in G it holds that

where the group operation on the left side of the equation is that of G and on the right side that of H.

From this property, one can deduce that h maps the identity element eG of G to the identity element eH of H,

and it also maps inverses to inverses in the sense that

Hence one can say that h "is compatible with the group structure".

In areas of mathematics where one considers groups endowed with additional structure, a homomorphism sometimes means a map that respects not only the group structure (as above) but also the extra structure. For example, a homomorphism of topological groups is often required to be continuous.
History of Microsoft Flight Simulator
Microsoft Flight Simulator began as a set of articles on computer graphics, written by Bruce Artwick throughout 1976, about flight simulation using 3-D graphics. When the editor of the magazine told Artwick that subscribers were interested in purchasing such a program, Artwick founded Sublogic Corporation to commercialize his ideas. At first the new company sold flight simulators through mail order, but that changed in January 1979 with the release of Flight Simulator (FS) for the Apple II. They soon followed this up with versions for other systems and from there it evolved into a long-running series of computer flight simulators.

Sublogic
Sublogic Corporation (stylized as subLOGIC) is an American software development company. It was formed in 1977 by Bruce Artwick, and incorporated in 1978 by Artwick's partner Stu Moment as Sublogic Communications Corporation. Sublogic is best known as the creator of the Flight Simulator series, later known as Microsoft Flight Simulator, but it also created other video games such as Night Mission Pinball, Football, and Adventure on a Boat; educational software; and an Apple II graphics library.
Caucasus Line Cossack Host
Caucasus Line Cossack Host (Кавказское линейное казачье войско) was a Cossack host created in 1832 to 1860 for the purpose of conquest of the Northern Caucasus. Together with the Black Sea Cossack Host, it defended the Caucasus Fortified Defense Line from the inlet of Terek River to the inlet of Kuban River while the lower reaches of the Kuban were occupied by the Black Sea army. The headquarters of the army was located first in Pyatigorsk, and then in Stavropol.

It consisted of the following regiments:

Vladikavkaz regiment

Volga regiment

Gorsky (Mountain) regiment

Grebensky regiment

Caucasus regiment

Kizlyar regiment

Labinsky regiment

Mozdok regiment

Stavropol regiment

Sunzhen regiment

Terek regiment

Urup regiment

Khoper regiment

Cossack host
A Cossack host, sometimes translated as Cossack army, was an administrative subdivision of Cossacks in the Russian Empire. Earlier the term voysko (host, in a sense as a doublet of guest) referred to Cossack organizations in their historical territories, most notable being the Zaporozhian Host of Zaporozhian Cossacks.
Messerschmitt KR175
The Messerschmitt KR175 microcar (1953–1955) was the first vehicle built by Messerschmitt under its 1952 agreement with Fritz Fend. In concept, although not in actual design, it was, in principle, a development of the Fend Flitzer invalid carriage. Approximately 15,000 were built before it was replaced by the Messerschmitt KR200 in 1955.

Microcar
Microcar is a term often used for the smallest size of cars, with three or four wheels and typically with an engine smaller than 700 cc (43 cu in). Specific types of microcars include bubble cars, cycle cars, invacar, quadricycles and voiturettes. Microcars are often covered by separate regulations from normal cars, having relaxed requirements for registration and licensing.
Omega Lithium
Omega Lithium was a Croatian industrial metal band from 2007 to 2011. They were originally signed to Drakkar Entertainment, a part of Sony BMG. The band's debut album, Dreams in Formaline, was released in 2009, and their second (and final) album, Kinetik, was released in 2011 .

Marko Matijević Sekul
Marko Matijević Sekul (born 20 February 1987) is a Croatian musician, songwriter, and music producer. Though he is best known as the vocalist for the Croatian folk metal band Manntra, Sekul has been involved in a number of music projects both on stage and behind the scenes, winning several awards in the process.
Lake Howell High School
Lake Howell High School is a comprehensive four-year high school in Central Florida, US.
The school is in Seminole County with a Winter Park, Florida address.

The school's first principal, Richard L. Evans, was the first African-American principal in Seminole County since schools were integrated in the late 1960s.

Winter Park, Florida
Winter Park is a city in Orange County, Florida, United States. The population was 29,795 according to the 2020 census. It is part of the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Winter Park was founded as a resort community by northern business magnates in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Its main street, called Park Avenue, is located in the middle of town. It includes civic buildings, retail, art galleries, a private liberal arts college (Rollins College), museums, a park, a train station, a golf course country club, a historic cemetery, and a beach and boat launch.
Transylvanian varieties of Romanian
The Transylvanian varieties of Romanian (subdialectele / graiurile ardelene) are a group of dialects of the Romanian language (Daco-Romanian). These varieties cover the historical region of Transylvania, except several large areas along the edges towards the neighboring dialects.

The Transylvanian varieties are part of the northern group of Romanian dialects, along with Moldavian and Banat.

Among the Transylvanian varieties, the Crișana dialect is easier to distinguish, followed by the Maramureș dialect. Less distinct are two other dialectal areas, one in the northeast and another in the center and south.

Maramureș dialect
The Maramureș dialect (subdialectul/graiul maramureșean) is one of the dialects of the Romanian language (Daco-Romanian). Its geographic distribution covers approximately the historical region of Maramureș, now split between Romania and Ukraine.
Novy Urgal
51°04′25″N 132°33′51″E﻿ / ﻿51.07361°N 132.56417°E﻿ / 51.07361; 132.56417

Novy Urgal (Russian: Но́вый Урга́л) is an urban locality (a work settlement) in Verkhnebureinsky District of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia, located in the valley of the Bureya River, close to its confluence with the Urgal River, about 340 kilometers (210 mi) northwest of the krai's administrative center of Khabarovsk and 28 kilometers (17 mi) west of the district's administrative center of Chegdomyn. Population:  6,803 (2010 Census); 7,274 (2002 Census); 9,126 (1989 Soviet census).

Chegdomyn
51°07′N 133°01′E﻿ / ﻿51.117°N 133.017°E﻿ / 51.117; 133.017

Chegdomyn (Russian: Чегдомын) is an urban locality (a work settlement) and the administrative center of Verkhnebureinsky District of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. Population:  13,048 (2010 Census); 15,303 (2002 Census); 20,347 (1989 Soviet census).
The Almanac Singers
The Almanac Singers was an American New York City-based folk music group, active between 1940 and 1943, founded by Millard Lampell, Lee Hays, Pete Seeger, and were joined by Woody Guthrie. The group specialized in topical songs, mostly songs advocating an anti-war, anti-racism and pro-union philosophy. They were part of the Popular Front, an alliance of liberals and leftists, including the Communist Party USA (whose slogan, under their leader Earl Browder, was "Communism is twentieth century Americanism"), who had vowed to put aside their differences in order to fight fascism and promote racial and religious inclusiveness and workers' rights. The Almanac Singers felt strongly that songs could help achieve these goals.

Talking Union (album)
Talking Union is a 1941 album by the Almanac Singers. It is a collection of union songs and ballads, written by many different labor songwriters over the years. The liner notes include an introduction by Pete Seeger and song explanations by Philip Foner. In 2010, it was selected by the Library of Congress as an addition to the National Recording Registry, which selects recordings annually that are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

In 1955, the album was rereleased on Folkways Records as The Original Talking Union & Other Union Songs, expanded with seven songs recorded in 1955 by Pete Seeger and a chorus dubbed "the Song Swappers" that included Erik Darling, later of The Weavers, and Mary Travers, later of Peter, Paul and Mary.
Wayne-Westland Community Schools
Wayne-Westland Community Schools is a school district headquartered in Westland, Michigan in Metro Detroit. The district service area includes Wayne and portions of Inkster, Westland, Canton, and Romulus.

Inkster, Michigan
Inkster is a city in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. A western suburb of Detroit, Inkster is located about 14 miles (23 km) southwest of downtown Detroit. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 26,088.
Savar Upazila
Savar (Bengali: সাভার) is an upazila of Dhaka District in the division of Dhaka, Bangladesh and is located at a distance of about 24 kilometers (15 mi) to the northwest of Dhaka city. Savar is mostly famous for the National Martyrs' Memorial, the national monument for the martyrs of the Liberation War of Bangladesh.

Bangladesh Public Administration Training Centre
Bangladesh Public Administration Training Centre (BPATC) is a training institute for the public sector. It was founded in 1984, and is situated in Savar, Dhaka District. The premises  has teaching facilities, quarters for the officers, a mosque, and a lake. Sayeed Mahbub Khan is the rector of the Bangladesh Public Administration Training Centre.
Godrano
Godrano (Sicilian: Cutranu) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Palermo in the Italian region Sicily, located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of Palermo.

Godrano borders the following municipalities: Corleone, Marineo, Mezzojuso, Monreale. The Rocca Busambra, elevation 1,613 metres (5,292 ft), is within the communal territory.

Marineo
Marineo (Sicilian: Marineu) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Palermo in the Italian region Sicily, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Palermo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 6,885 and an area of 33.3 square kilometres (12.9 mi2).
Northwest Region (Cameroon)
The Northwest Region, or North-West Region (French: Région du Nord-Ouest) is a region with special status in Cameroon. Its capital is Bamenda. The Northwest Region was part of the Southern Cameroons, found in the western highlands of Cameroon. It is bordered to the southwest by the Southwest Region, to the south by the West Region, to the east by the Adamawa Region, and to the north by Nigeria. Various Ambazonian nationalist and separatist factions regard the region as being distinct as a polity from Cameroon.

In 1919, the Northwest Region became solely administered by the United Kingdom. In 1961, the region joined the Cameroon. Ambazonian separatists regard both the North-West and South-West regions as being constituent components of their envisaged breakaway state.

Adamawa Region
The Adamawa Region (French: Région de l'Adamaoua) is a constituent region of the Republic of Cameroon. It borders the Centre and East regions to the south, the Northwest and West regions to the southwest, Nigeria to the west, the Central African Republic (CAR) to the east, and the North Region to the north.

This mountainous area forms the barrier between Cameroon's forested south and savanna north. At almost 64,000 km2 in land area, the Adamawa is the third largest of Cameroon's ten regions. The land is rugged and sparsely populated, however, as most is devoted to the rearing of cattle. The Muslim Fulbe (Fulani) form the major ethnic group, though Tikar, Gbaya, and other peoples are present in lesser numbers.
Studio 58
Studio 58 is the professional theatre training school at Langara College in Vancouver, British Columbia. The school offers a three-year diploma program for acting students and a three-year diploma program for production students. It is regarded as one of the top theatre schools in Canada and the only conservatory-style theatre training program in Western Canada.

The school auditions hundreds of people across Canada with sixteen accepted per semester (there are intakes in both fall and spring). Studio 58 operates a small theatre and presents 4 full-length productions annually as well as a smaller presentation of a student devised show, called Risky Nights. Professional directors and designers are hired to work on each production, and occasionally guest performing artists. Studio 58 productions are open to the public and reviewed by the Vancouver media.

Langara College
Langara College (snəw̓eyəɬ leləm̓ in Halkomelem) is a public degree-granting college in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Langara College started in 1965 as part of Vancouver City College and in 1970, it opened its West 49th Avenue campus. On April 1, 1994, Langara College was established as an independent public college under the Provincial College and Institute Act. The College is also known as snəw̓eyəɬ leləm̓, house of teachings, a name given to the college by the Musqueam First Nation.

Today, Langara is one of BC's leading post-secondary institutions providing University Studies, Career Studies, and Continuing Studies programs and courses. The college takes its name from the neighbourhood in which it is situated, which was named after Spanish Admiral Juan de Lángara.
Saint Emmeram's Abbey
Saint Emmeram's Abbey (German: Kloster Sankt Emmeram or Reichsabtei Sankt Emmeram) was a Benedictine monastery founded around 739 at Regensburg in Bavaria (modern-day southeastern Germany) at the grave of the itinerant Frankish bishop Saint Emmeram. The original abbey church is now a parish church named St. Emmeram's Basilica. The other buildings on the site form a large complex known as Schloss Thurn und Taxis or Schloss St. Emmeram, which has served as the main residence of the Thurn und Taxis princely family since the early 19th century.

Arnulf of Carinthia
Arnulf of Carinthia (c. 850 – 8 December 899) was the duke of Carinthia who overthrew his uncle Emperor Charles the Fat to become the Carolingian king of East Francia from 887, the disputed king of Italy from 894, and the disputed emperor from 22 February 896 until his rival Lambert's death in late 898. He died on 8 December 899 at Ratisbon just a year later, in Bavaria. He was the last member of the Carolingian dynasty from the male line to rule in Italy as both King and Emperor, despite his rule being contested by his rivals Lambert of Italy and his cousin Berengar I of Italy.
Kryptoglanis shajii
Kryptoglanis shajii is a species of subterranean catfish found in subsurface waters in the Western Ghats in Kerala, India.  This cavefish grows to a length of 5.9 centimetres (2.3 in) SL.  It is currently the only known member of its genus and family. Although first discovered from underground waters, it has also been seen in dense vegetation in paddy fields and was found to be common in this habitat in the Chalakudy. The species strongly avoids light and feeds on small invertebrates.

This genus and Horaglanis, both from the Western Ghats, are the only known underground-living catfish in India.

Cavefish
Cavefish or cave fish is a generic term for fresh and brackish water fish adapted to life in caves and other underground habitats. Related terms are subterranean fish, troglomorphic fish, troglobitic fish, stygobitic fish, phreatic fish, and hypogean fish.

There are more than 200 scientifically described species of obligate cavefish found on all continents, except Antarctica. Although widespread as a group, many species have very small ranges and are threatened.

Cavefish are members of a wide range of families and do not form a monophyletic group. Typical adaptations include reduced eyes and depigmentation.
Epicrionops
Epicrionops is a genus of caecilians in the family Rhinatrematidae. Species in this genus are known from Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana and Peru, and are likely to occur in Venezuela and Brazil.

Species included (as of October 2019):

Epicrionops bicolor Boulenger, 1883

Epicrionops columbianus (Rendahl and Vestergren, 1939)

Epicrionops lativittatus Taylor, 1968

Epicrionops marmoratus Taylor, 1968

Epicrionops parkeri (Dunn, 1942)

Epicrionops peruvianus (Boulenger, 1902)

Epicrionops petersi Taylor, 1968

Rhinatrematidae
Rhinatrematidae is a family of caecilians, also known as the Neotropical tailed caecilians, American tailed caecilians. or beaked caecilians. They are found in the equatorial countries of South America.

They are usually regarded as the most basal of the caecilian families, with numerous characteristics lacking in the other groups. For example, they still possess tails, and their mouths are not recessed on the underside of their heads. They lay their eggs in cavities in the soil. The larvae have external gills, and live in seepage areas until they metamorphose. The adults live in moist soil and leaf litter.
Army Aviation Brigade (Italy)
The Army Aviation Brigade was the Italian Army's aviation brigade. Four of the army's six aviation regiments were part of the brigade, while two aviation regiments were part of the Airmobile Brigade "Friuli". On 1 October 2023 the brigade was merged into the Airmobile Brigade "Friuli".

2nd Army Aviation Regiment "Sirio"
The 2nd Army Aviation Regiment "Sirio" (Italian: 2° Reggimento Aviazione dell'Esercito "Sirio") is an Italian Army regiment based at Lamezia Terme Airport in Calabria. The regiment is part of the army aviation and assigned to the Airmobile Brigade "Friuli". Formed in 1996 the regiment is responsible for helicopter operations in southern Italy and on the islands of Sicily and Sardinia. The regiment, together with the 4th Army Aviation Regiment "Altair", constitutes the Italian Army's general support aviation capability. The regiment's anniversary falls, as for all Italian Army aviation units, on 10 May 1953, the day the aviation speciality was founded.
Los Trancos Creek
Los Trancos Creek (meaning "barriers" or "cattle guards" from the Spanish "Las Trancas") is a creek that flows northerly from Monte Bello Ridge on the northeast slope of the Santa Cruz Mountains to its confluence with San Francisquito Creek at Stanford University in California, United States. The creek forms the boundary between northwestern Santa Clara County and southeastern San Mateo County.

Arastradero Preserve
Arastradero Preserve, officially known as Enid W. Pearson–Arastradero Preserve, is a 622 acres (252 hectares) nature preserve that protects most of the Arastradero Creek watershed, including its ephemeral Mayfly Creek tributary. It also includes the upper reach of the Felt Creek tributary to Stanford's Felt Reservoir. The preserve is owned and operated by the City of Palo Alto, California.  The main parking lot hosts an interpretive center and is located at 1530 Arastradero Road (37°23'13" N, 122°10'29" W).
Inaruwa Municipality
Inaruwa  (Nepali: इनरुवा) is the headquarter of Sunsari district that lies in the Koshi province of Eastern Nepal. Inaruwa is a municipality since the time of Panchayat in the year 2047 BS. After 2015, it has been operating under a mayor-council form of government and is currently led by Mayor Kedar Bhandari. Spanning 77.92 square kilometers, the municipality is home to a population of nearly 75 thousand residents.

In 2015, after the implementation of federalism all over Nepal, VDCs like Babiya, Madhesa, Dumraha, Jalpapur, Chadwela were merged into this municipality. Geographically, Inaruwa is surrounded by Gadhi Rural Municipality in the east, Bhokraha Rural Municipality in the west, Itahari Sub-metropolitan city and Ramdhuni Municipality in the north and Harinagar Rural Municipality in the south. The municipality is politically divided into 10 wards.

Dumaraha
Dumraha   is a village development committee in Sunsari District in the Kosi Zone of south-eastern Nepal. According to the State Reformation Act by the Nepal Government, it now lies in two municipalities; Inaruwa Municipality and Ramdhuni Municipality. The main wards and villages of Dumaraha are Arta, Sitpur, Marchaya, Kansamadan, and Bankulwa. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census, it had a population of 13,215 people living in 2426 individual households.

Community schools in the district include Shree Tribhuvan Secondary School, Shera Primary School, Thule Mohor Primary School, and Sanischare Secondary School. Private schools include Siddhartha Shikshya Sadan and M.S. Standard English School, The Shera River flows by the side of the Ramdhuni forest past Arta village. Nearby is Ramdhuni Temple. The village is connected by roads but electricity and the development of infrastructure are not as rapid as expected.
Jonathan Oxer
Jonathan Oxer (born 26 July 1970, London, England) is a computer programmer, Debian developer, author, entrepreneur, and Free Software activist. He lives in Melbourne, Australia with his wife and their two children.

Linux Australia
Linux Australia is the national, Australian Free and Open Source Software Community organisation. It was founded in 1997 and formally incorporated in New South Wales as a non-profit organisation in 1999. Linux Australia aims to represent Australian Free and Open Source Software communities and to support and collaborate with related groups, including Linux User Groups in Australia.
Owen Wister
Owen Wister (July 14, 1860 – July 21, 1938) was an American writer. His novel The Virginian, published in 1902, helped create the cowboy as a folk hero in the United States and built Wister's reputation as the "father of Western fiction." He was posthumously inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners by the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum and the Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame. The Western Writers of America  renamed the Saddleman Award for best book of the year to the Owen Wister Award, and Mount Wister in Wyoming was named in his honor.

The Virginian (1914 film)
The Virginian is a 1914 American silent Western film based on the 1902 novel The Virginian by Owen Wister. The film was adapted from the successful 1903–04 theatre play The Virginian, on which Wister had collaborated with playwright Kirke La Shelle. The Virginian starred Dustin Farnum in the title role, a role he reprised from the original play. It was directed by Cecil B. DeMille.