hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Boxer Codex
The Boxer Codex is a late-16th-century Spanish manuscript produced in the Philippines. It contains 75 colored illustrations of the peoples of China, the Philippines, Japan, Java, the Moluccas, the Ladrones, and Siam. About 270 pages of Spanish text describe these places, their inhabitants and customs. An additional 88 smaller drawings show mythological deities and demons, and both real and mythological birds and animals copied from popular Chinese texts and books in circulation at the time.

The English historian Charles Ralph Boxer purchased the manuscript in 1947 from the collection of Lord Ilchester in London. Boxer recognized the importance of what he called the "Manila Manuscript" and published a paper in 1950 with a detailed description of the codex. He made the manuscript freely available to other researchers for study, and it became known as the Boxer Codex. Boxer eventually sold it to Indiana University, where it is held by the Lilly Library.

Visayans
Visayans (Cebuano: mga Bisayâ [bisaˈjaʔ]) are a Philippine ethnolinguistic family group or metaethnicity native to the Visayas, to the southernmost islands south of Luzon, and to a significant portion of Mindanao. They are composed of numerous distinct ethnic groups. When taken as a single group, they number around 45.5 million. The Visayans, like the Luzon Lowlanders (Tagalogs, Bicolanos, Ilocanos, etc.) were originally predominantly animist-polytheists and broadly share a maritime culture until the 16th 
century when the Spanish Empire enforced Catholicism as the state religion. In more inland or otherwise secluded areas, ancient animistic-polytheistic beliefs and traditions either were reinterpreted within a Roman Catholic framework or syncretized with the new religion. Visayans are generally speakers of one or more of the distinct Bisayan languages, the most widely spoken being Cebuano, followed by Hiligaynon (Ilonggo) and Waray-Waray.
Cold Start (military doctrine)
Cold Start is a military doctrine that was developed by the Indian Armed Forces for use in a possible war with Pakistan. It involves the various branches of India's military conducting offensive operations as part of unified battlegroups. The doctrine is intended to allow India's conventional forces to perform holding attacks to prevent a nuclear retaliation from Pakistan in case of a conflict. The first Integrated Battle Group has been structured as of August 2019.

Military doctrine
Military doctrine is the expression of how military forces contribute to campaigns, major operations, battles, and engagements. A military doctrine outlines what military means should be used, how forces should be structured, where forces should be deployed, and the modes of cooperation between types of forces. "Joint doctrine" refers to the doctrines shared and aligned by multinational forces or joint service operations.

There are three broad categories of military doctrines: (1) Offensive doctrines aim to punish an adversary, (2) Defensive doctrines aim to deny an adversary, and (3) Deterrent doctrines aim to disarm an adversary. Different military doctrines have different implications for world politics. For example, offensive doctrines tend to lead to arms races and conflicts.
Turner County, Georgia
Turner County is a county located in the south central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 9,006. The county seat is Ashburn. The county was created on August 18, 1905, and named for Henry G. Turner, U.S. representative and Georgia state Supreme Court justice.

Henry G. Turner
Henry Gray Turner (March 20, 1839 – June 9, 1904) was an American politician, teacher, jurist and soldier. The Henry Gray Turner House in Quitman, Georgia is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Cherrylyn Santos
Cherrylyn Santos (formerly Akbar) (Lakas-Kampi-CMD) is the 1st lady mayor of Isabela City, Basilan, Philippines and former wife of deceased strongman Wahab Akbar.

She was vice mayor of Isabela City for 2016 to 2019, a part of and former provincial capital of Basilan that is administratively part of Zamboanga Peninsula, and was previously elected as mayor in the same city for 3 terms.

Wahab Akbar
Ustadz Wahab M. Akbar (April 16, 1960 – November 13, 2007) was a Filipino politician who served three terms as governor of Basilan, during which time he was known for his "eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth" policy for dealing with kidnappers and terrorists in the province.  He was later elected as congressman for the lone district of Basilan in the House of Representatives, but was one of 4 people killed in a bomb attack at the Batasang Pambansa.  Police publicly suspected the attack was directed at him by political opponents.
Grankullaviken
Grankullaviken (or Grankullavik) is a shallow bay at the northern tip of Öland, Sweden, located in Böda socken, Borgholm Municipality. The bay is almost completely enclosed by two headlands and a few small shoal islands (Stora grundet, Borren, and Lilla grundet). Grankullavik is also the name of a village on the bay. The lighthouse Långe Erik on the Stora grundet island is officially named Ölands norra udde (Öland's northernmost point), even though the western headland extends a bit further north than the island upon which it stands. The eastern headland is the site of the windswept forest and nature reserve Trollskogen.

Böda socken
Böda socken is a former socken of Åkerbo Hundred on Öland, Sweden. Since 1974, it has been part of the Borgholm Municipality on the island of Öland, Sweden. It covers 107 square kilometers and had 773 inhabitants in 2000.
The Devil's Elbow
The Devil's Elbow is a 1951 mystery detective novel by the British writer Gladys Mitchell. It is the twenty fourth in her long-running series featuring the psychoanalyst and amateur detective Mrs Bradley. The novel takes its name from a geographical feature along the route of the trip.

Mrs Bradley
Beatrice Adela Bradley is a fictional detective created by Gladys Mitchell. Mrs (later Dame Beatrice) Bradley is Mitchell's most significant and long-lived character, appearing in 66 novels that were published between 1929 and 1975.
J. B. Hutto
Joseph Benjamin Hutto (April 26, 1926 – June 12, 1983) was an American blues musician. Influenced by Elmore James, Hutto became known for his slide guitar playing and declamatory style of singing. He was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame two years after his death.

Vanguard Records
Vanguard Recording Society is an American record label set up in 1950 by brothers Maynard and Seymour Solomon in New York City. It was primarily a classical label during its peak in the 1950s and 1960s, but also has a catalogue of recordings by a number of pivotal jazz, folk, and blues musicians. The Bach Guild was a subsidiary label.

The label was acquired by Concord Bicycle Music in April 2015.
Treaty of Baden (1714)
The Treaty of Baden, signed 7 September 1714 in Baden, Switzerland, made peace between France and the Holy Roman Empire. Together with the Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt, it was one in a series of agreements ending the 1701 to 1713 War of the Spanish Succession.

Baden, Switzerland
Baden (German pronunciation: [ˈbaːdn̩] ⓘ, "baths"), sometimes unofficially, to distinguish it from other Badens, called Baden bei Zürich ("Baden near Zürich") or Baden im Aargau ("Baden in the Aargau"), is a town and a municipality in Switzerland. It is the main town or seat of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau. Located 25km northwest of Zürich in the Limmat Valley (German: Limmattal) mainly on the western side of the river Limmat, its mineral hot springs have been famed since at least the Roman era. Its official language is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local Alemannic Swiss-German dialect. As of 2018 the town had a population of over 19,000.
Beurey-sur-Saulx
Beurey-sur-Saulx (French pronunciation: [bœʁɛ syʁ so], literally Beurey on Saulx) is a commune in the Meuse department in the Grand Est region in northeastern France.

On 29 August 1944, the 3rd Panzergenadier Division  of the  German Wehrmacht massacred 86 inhabitants of this and the three neighboring villages of Robert-Espagne, Couvonges and  Mognéville. This is also referred to as the Massacre de la vallée de la Saulx. In Beurey-sur-Saulx, the deputy mayor Mr. Aimé Honoré, Mr. Paul Fenaux and Mr. Eugene Francis were shot in front of their homes.

Charles de Gaulle participated in a memorial service on 28 July 1946. A memorial was inaugurated on 29 August 1949 by General André Zeller, commander of the 6th military region.

Mognéville
Mognéville (French pronunciation: [mɔɲevil]) is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

On 29 August 1944, the 3rd Panzergenadier Division  of the  German Wehrmacht massacred 86 inhabitants of this and the three neighboring villages of Beurey-sur-Saulx, Couvonges and  Robert-Espagne. This is also referred to as the Massacre de la vallée de la Saulx.
Tony Booth (actor)
Anthony George Booth (9 October 1931 – 25 September 2017) was an English actor, often known for his role as Mike Rawlins in the BBC series Till Death Us Do Part. He was the father-in-law of former prime minister Tony Blair and the widower of Coronation Street star Pat Phoenix, having married her a few days before her death in 1986.

The Girl with the Pistol
The Girl with the Pistol (Italian: La ragazza con la pistola) is a 1968 Italian comedy film directed by Mario Monicelli. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Monica Vitti won the David di Donatello for Best Actress.

The film tackled the themes of bride kidnapping and honour killing, which were still relevant in the Southern Italian culture of the time and normalized to some extent by Italian law, and had then only recently been challenged when Franca Viola publicly refused to marry the man who raped her.
Aybak
Izz al-Din Aybak (Arabic: عز الدين أيبك) (epithet: al-Malik al-Muʕizz ʕizz ad-Dīn ʔaybak (al-Jāšankīr) at-Turkumāniyy aṣ-Ṣāliḥiyy, Arabic: الملك المعز عز الدين أيبك (الجاشنكير) التركماني الصالحي) was the first of the Mamluk sultans of Egypt in the Turkic Bahri line. He ruled from 1250 until his death in 1257.

An-Nasir Yusuf
An-Nasir Yusuf (Arabic: الناصر يوسف; AD 1228–1260), fully al-Malik al-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn al-Aziz ibn al-Zahir ibn Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub ibn Shazy (الملك  الناصر صلاح الدين يوسف بن الظاهر بن العزيز بن صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب بن شاذى), was the Ayyubid Kurdish Emir of Syria from his seat in Aleppo (1236–1260), and the Sultan of the Ayyubid Empire from 1250 until the sack of Aleppo by the Mongols in 1260.
Bardello
Bardello is a frazione (hamlet) of the  comune (municipality) of Bardello con Malgesso e Bregano. It is located in the province of Varese, in the Lombardy region of northern Italy.
It had been an autonomous  comune until 1 January 2023, when it merged with Bregano and Malgesso, establishing the  comune of Bardello con Malgesso e Bregano.

Bregano
Bregano is a frazione (hamlet) of the  comune (municipality) of Bardello con Malgesso e Bregano, in the Province of Varese in the Italian region Lombardy. It is located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northwest of Milan and about 12 kilometres (7 mi) west of Varese. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 750 and an area of 2.3 square kilometres (0.89 sq mi).
It had been a comune until 1 January 2023, when it merged with Bardello and Malgesso, and became part the newborn comune of Bardello con Malgesso e Bregano.
World Blood Donor Day
World Blood Donor Day (WBDD) is held on June 14 each year. The event was organised for the first time in 2004, by four core international organizations: the World Health Organization, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies; the International Federation of Blood Donor Organizations (IFBDO) and the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) to raise awareness of the need for safe blood and blood products, and to thank blood donors for their voluntary, life-saving gifts of blood. World Blood Donor Day is one of 11 official global public health campaigns marked by the World Health Organization (WHO), along with World Health Day, World Chagas Disease Day, World Tuberculosis Day, World Immunization Week, World Patient Safety Day, World Malaria Day, World No Tobacco Day, World Hepatitis Day, World Antimicrobial Awareness Week and World AIDS Day.

World Patient Safety Day
World Patient Safety Day (WPSD), observed annually on 17 September, aims to raise global awareness about patient safety and call for solidarity and united action by all countries and international partners to reduce patient harm. Patient safety focuses on preventing and reducing risks, errors and harm that happen to patients during the provision of health care.

World Patient Safety Day is one of 11 official global public health campaigns marked by the World Health Organization (WHO), along with  World Tuberculosis Day, World Health Day, World Chagas Disease Day, World Malaria Day, World Immunization Week,  World No Tobacco Day, World Blood Donor Day, World Hepatitis Day, World Antimicrobial Awareness Week or World AMR (Anti-Microbial Resistant) Awareness Week, and World AIDS Day.
Counting (music)
In music, counting is a system of regularly occurring sounds that serve to assist with the performance or audition of music by allowing the easy identification of the beat. Commonly, this involves verbally counting the beats in each measure as they occur, whether there be 2 beats, 3 beats, 4 beats, or even 5 beats. In addition to helping to normalize the time taken up by each beat, counting allows easier identification of the beats that are stressed. Counting is most commonly used with rhythm (often to decipher a difficult rhythm) and form and often involves subdivision.

Pulse (music)
In music theory, the pulse is a series of uniformly spaced beats—either audible or implied—that sets the tempo and is the scaffolding for the rhythm. By contrast, rhythm is always audible and can depart from the pulse. So while the rhythm may become too difficult for an untrained listener to fully match, nearly any listener instinctively matches the pulse by simply tapping uniformly, despite rhythmic variations in timing of sounds alongside the pulse.
Nonexistent objects
In metaphysics and ontology, nonexistent objects are a concept advanced by Austrian philosopher Alexius Meinong in the 19th and 20th centuries within a "theory of objects". He was interested in intentional states which are directed at nonexistent objects. Starting with the "principle of intentionality", mental phenomena are intentionally directed towards an object. People may imagine, desire or fear something that does not exist. Other philosophers concluded that intentionality is not a real relation and therefore does not require the existence of an object, while Meinong concluded there is an object for every mental state whatsoever—if not an existent then at least a nonexistent one.

Possible world
A possible world is a complete and consistent way the world is or could have been. Possible worlds are widely used as a formal device in logic, philosophy, and linguistics in order to provide a semantics for intensional and modal logic. Their metaphysical status has been a subject of controversy in philosophy, with modal realists such as David Lewis arguing that there are literally existing alternate realities, and others such as Robert Stalnaker arguing that alternate realities do not exist.
Quinton Williams
Quinton L. Williams is an African American physicist and professor. Initially wanting to be an engineer, Williams eventually decided to pursue a Ph.D. degree in physics. He held many academic positions and most recently became a tenured professor at Howard University. Additionally, he provides mentorship and advocacy for a greater minority representation in STEM fields.

National Society of Black Physicists
The National Society of Black Physicists (NSBP), established in the United States in 1977, is a non-profit professional organization with the goal to promote the professional well-being of African Diaspora physicists and physics students within the international scientific community and the world community at large.
Isabella County, Michigan
Isabella County is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 64,394. Its county seat is Mount Pleasant. The area was known as Ojibiway Besse, meaning "the place of the Ojibwa". Isabella County contains the Isabella Indian Reservation, on which members of the Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation live. The county is home to Central Michigan University.

Chippewa Township, Isabella County, Michigan
Chippewa Township is a civil township of Isabella County in the U.S. state of Michigan.  As of the 2020 census, the township population was 4,446. The city of Mount Pleasant is nearby to the west, and the Mount Pleasant post office, with ZIP code 48858, also serves the northern portion of Chippewa Township.
6-demicube
In geometry, a 6-demicube, demihexeract or hemihexeract is a uniform 6-polytope, constructed from a 6-cube (hexeract) with alternated vertices removed. It is part of a dimensionally infinite family of uniform polytopes called demihypercubes. Acronym: hax.

E. L. Elte identified it in 1912 as a semiregular polytope, labeling it as HM6 for a 6-dimensional half measure polytope.

Coxeter named this polytope as 131 from its Coxeter diagram, with a ring on one of the 1-length branches, . It can named similarly by a 3-dimensional exponential Schläfli symbol  or {3,33,1}.

Uniform 6-polytope
In six-dimensional geometry, a uniform 6-polytope is a six-dimensional uniform polytope. A uniform polypeton is vertex-transitive, and all facets are uniform 5-polytopes.

The complete set of convex uniform 6-polytopes has not been determined, but most can be made as Wythoff constructions from a small set of symmetry groups. These construction operations are represented by the permutations of rings of the Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams. Each combination of at least one ring on every connected group of nodes in the diagram produces a uniform 6-polytope.

The simplest uniform polypeta are regular polytopes: the 6-simplex {3,3,3,3,3}, the 6-cube (hexeract) {4,3,3,3,3}, and the 6-orthoplex (hexacross) {3,3,3,3,4}.
Fredigand of Deurne
Saint Fredigand of Deurne (or Frégaud, Frego, Fredegad, Fredegandus, Fridegandus of Turninum, Turne etc.; died c. 740) was an 8th-century Irish missionary in the territory around Antwerp in what is now Belgium.
His feast day is 17 July.

Deurne, Belgium
Deurne (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈdøːrnə] ⓘ) is the second largest district of the municipality of Antwerp, Belgium, (right after the Antwerp town district) and has 85,283 inhabitants (2025).

It was a separate municipality until 1983. On 1 January 1983, it was absorbed into the municipality of Greater Antwerp whereby Deurne became one of the 9 districts.

Deurne is best known for its green environment with the biggest park in Antwerp Rivierenhof.
Homestead (building)
A homestead is an isolated dwelling, especially a farmhouse, and adjacent outbuildings, typically on a large agricultural holding such as a ranch or station.

In North America the word "homestead" historically referred to land claimed by a settler or squatter under the Homestead Acts (United States) or the Dominion Lands Act (Canada). In Old English, the term was used to mean a human settlement, and in Southern Africa the term is used for a cluster of several houses normally occupied by a single extended family.

In Australia, it refers to the owner's house and the associated outbuildings of a pastoral property, known as a station. Some large and historic homesteads, especially those that resemble a mansion with large tracts of farmland, are often called "estates", and can be analogous to the English country house, châteaux, or a schloss, but are much younger and modest compared to their European counterparts. Examples include Booloominbah and Iandra Castle.

Farmhouse
A farmhouse is a building that serves as the primary quarters in a rural or agricultural setting. Historically, farmhouses were often combined with space for animals called a housebarn. Other farmhouses may be connected to one or more barns, built to form a courtyard, or with each farm building separate from each other.
Mean free time
Molecules in a fluid constantly collide with each other. The mean free time for a molecule in a fluid is the average time between collisions. The mean free path of the molecule is the product of the average speed and the mean free time. These concepts are used in the kinetic theory of gases to compute transport coefficients such as the viscosity.

In a gas the mean free path may be much larger than the average distance between molecules. In a liquid these two lengths may be very similar.

Scattering is a random process. It is often modeled as a Poisson process, in which the probability of a collision in a small time interval  is . For a Poisson process like this, the average time since the last collision, the average time until the next collision and the average time between collisions are all equal to .

Mean free path
In physics, mean free path is the average distance over which a moving particle (such as an atom, a molecule, or a photon) travels before substantially changing its direction or energy (or, in a specific context, other properties), typically as a result of one or more successive collisions with other particles.
Bernisse
Bernisse (Dutch pronunciation: [bɛrˈnɪsə] ⓘ) is a village and former municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. Since 2015 it has been a part of the municipality of Nissewaard.

The former municipality had a population of data missing in 2021, and covered an area of 68.46 km2 (26.43 sq mi) of which 11.12 km2 (4.29 sq mi) was water.

The former municipality was named after the river Bernisse, which flows right through it from the Spui to the Brielse Meer and separates the estuary islands of Voorne and Putten.

The former municipality of Bernisse consisted of the following communities: Abbenbroek, Biert, Geervliet, Heenvliet, Oudenhoorn, Simonshaven, Zuidland.

The municipality of Bernisse was formed on January 1, 1980, through the amalgamation of the municipalities Abbenbroek, Oudenhoorn, Zuidland, and parts of the municipalities Geervliet (including Simonshaven) and Heenvliet.

Nissewaard
Nissewaard (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈnɪsəˌʋaːrt]) is a municipality in the Netherlands, located on the island of Voorne-Putten, in the south of the province of South Holland. It was created through a merger of the municipalities of Spijkenisse and Bernisse on 1 January 2015.

Nissewaard  has a population of about 85,000 as of 2014.
Red Horse Tavern
Red Horse Tavern, also known as Brookside Inn and The Old Stone House, is a historic inn and tavern located near Aurora, Preston County, West Virginia. It was built between 1825 and 1827, as a dwelling.  In 1841, it opened as a public inn to serve travelers on the Northwestern Turnpike.  It is built of rubble stone, and has one large downstairs room and three upstairs rooms with an attic above them.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, with a boundary increase in 1979.   It is located in the Brookside Historic District.

Aurora, West Virginia
Aurora is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Preston County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 200 at the 2020 census. Aurora is located on U.S. Route 50 between Rowlesburg and the Maryland state line. Cathedral State Park is located to the east of Aurora's post office.