hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Statistical hypothesis test
A statistical hypothesis test is a method of statistical inference used to decide whether the data provide sufficient evidence to reject a particular hypothesis. A statistical hypothesis test typically involves a calculation of a test statistic. Then a decision is made, either by comparing the test statistic to a critical value or equivalently by evaluating a p-value computed from the test statistic. Roughly 100 specialized statistical tests are in use and noteworthy.

Bayesian inference
Bayesian inference (/ˈbeɪziən/ BAY-zee-ən or /ˈbeɪʒən/ BAY-zhən) is a method of statistical inference in which Bayes' theorem is used to calculate a probability of a hypothesis, given prior evidence, and update it as more information becomes available. Fundamentally, Bayesian inference uses a prior distribution to estimate posterior probabilities. Bayesian inference is an important technique in statistics, and especially in mathematical statistics. Bayesian updating is particularly important in the dynamic analysis of a sequence of data. Bayesian inference has found application in a wide range of activities, including science, engineering, philosophy, medicine, sport, and law. In the philosophy of decision theory, Bayesian inference is closely related to subjective probability, often called "Bayesian probability".
Julio Herrera y Reissig
Julio Herrera y Reissig (January 9, 1875 – March 18, 1910) was a Uruguayan poet, playwright and essayist, who began his career during the late Romanticist period and later became an early proponent of Modernism.

Piriápolis
Piriápolis is a city in the Maldonado Department of Uruguay. It is an important summer resort in the country, predating the larger and better known resort town of Punta del Este. Because it is mainly used as a resort, it has a relatively small permanent population for a city of its size.

Piriápolis is also the name of the municipality to which the city belongs. It includes the following zones: Piriápolis, Playa Grande, Playa Hermosa, Playa Verde, Punta Colorada, San Francisco, Punta Negra, Sauce de Portezuelo, Ocean Park, Barra de Portezuelo, La Capuera, Puntas de la Sierra, La Falda, Miramar, Colonia V. Suárez, Sierras del Tirol.
Oscar (bionic cat)
Oscar (12th July 2007 – 20th July 2025) was a black cat owned by Kate Allan and Mike Nolan who lived on the island of Jersey. In 2009, Oscar had both hind paws severed by a combine harvester; he would then undergo a pioneering operation to add prosthetic feet. The treatment has since been considered for use with humans. A book about Oscar's story, Oscar the Bionic Cat, was published in 2013.

Noel Fitzpatrick
Noel Fitzpatrick is an Irish veterinary surgeon, based in Eashing, Surrey, who came to prominence through the television programme The Supervet. 
Originally from Ballyfin, in County Laois, Ireland, he moved to Guildford, Surrey, in 1993, where he is director and managing clinician at Fitzpatrick Referrals. Fitzpatrick Referrals, based in Eashing, Surrey, specialises in orthopaedics and neurosurgery. He also leads the Fitzpatrick Institute for the Restoration of Skeletal Tissue (FIRST) at the same site. He previously founded a separate hospital specialising in oncology and soft tissue surgery in Guildford, which has since been bought out by the managing team and renamed. He is director of a number of biotechnology companies spun off from his practice.
Roman Efimov
Roman Efimov (born April 7, 1976) is a Russian orienteering competitor. He is two times Relay World Champion, from 2006 in Aarhus, Denmark, and 2007 in Kyiv, Ukraine, as a member of the Russian winning teams.

His wife Natalia Efimova was a member of Russian national orienteering team.

In 2006 the Russian men team (Roman Efimov, Andrey Khramov and Valentin Novikov) won the gold medal in the relay at the World Championships in Denmark (for the first time in Russian history).

Natalia Efimova
Natalia Efimova (Russian: Наталья Ефимова; born 3 July 1983) is a Russian orienteering competitor. She was a member of the Russian relay team that received a silver medal in the 2008 European Orienteering Championships, together with Yulia Novikova and Tatiana Ryabkina. She competed at the 2008 World Orienteering Championships in Olomouc, where she qualified for the finals in the sprint and in the long distance.

Her husband Roman Efimov was a member of the Russian national orienteering team.
Owen Sound
Owen Sound (2021 Census population 21,612) is a city in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. The seat of government of Grey County, it is located at the mouths of the Pottawatomi and Sydenham Rivers on an inlet of Georgian Bay.

The primary tourist attractions are the many waterfalls within a short drive of the town.

Owen Sound Attack
The Owen Sound Attack are a junior ice hockey team in the Ontario Hockey League based in Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada. Based in Owen Sound since 1989, and operating under the current name since 2000, the Attack play their home games at the J. D. McArthur Arena inside the Harry Lumley Bayshore Community Centre.
Somaliland–Taiwan relations
Somaliland–Taiwan relations refers to the relationship between the Republic of Somaliland and the Republic of China (Taiwan). The two countries in 2020 established embassy-like representative offices in each other's capital city. Somaliland claims that Republic of China (Taiwan) recognises their independence. The Republic of China (Taiwan) for its part officially refers to Somaliland as a country, but has not released a formal declaration of recognition of Somaliland's independence.

Taiwan Representative Office in Somaliland
The Taiwan Representative Office in the Republic of Somaliland (Chinese: 臺灣駐索馬利蘭共和國代表處; pinyin: Táiwān zhù Suǒmǎlìlán Gònghéguó Dàibiǎochù) is the representative office of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in the Republic of Somaliland, which functions as a substantial embassy.
Mulcahy Stadium
Mulcahy Stadium is a 3,500-capacity baseball park in Anchorage, Alaska. Opened in 1963, although the grass of the playing surface was seeded in 1962, it is home to two teams of the Alaska Baseball League: the Anchorage Glacier Pilots and Anchorage Bucs. In addition to the Glacier Pilots and Bucs, high school and American Legion games are played at Mulcahy.

Anchorage Glacier Pilots
The Anchorage Glacier Pilots are a college summer baseball team in Anchorage, Alaska in the United States. They are part of the Alaska Baseball League, and a member of the National Baseball Congress.

The Pilots have won the NBC World Series in 1969, 1971, 1986, 1991 and 2001. They were formed in 1969. Team colors are royal blue and white.

Home games are played at Mulcahy Stadium, in Anchorage.

From 1970 to 1972, the Glacier Pilots were a member of the Big West Conference, along with the Alaska Goldpanners, Humboldt Crabs, Grand Junction Eagles, and Bellingham Bells.

Pat Doyle, a member of the team Hall of Fame, managed the team in 1990 and 1991.

Future major leaguers who have played for the Glacier Pilots include Mark McGwire, Rick Aguilera and Roy Smalley III.
Ephesians 6
Ephesians 6 is the sixth and final chapter of the Epistle to the Ephesians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Traditionally, it is believed to be written by Apostle Paul while he was in prison in Rome (around AD 62), but more recently, it is suggested to be written between AD 80 and 100 by another writer using Paul's name and style. This chapter is a part of Paul's exhortation (Ephesians 4–6), with the particular section about how Christians should live in their responsibilities as households (5:21–6:9) and in the battle against spiritual forces (6:10–20), with a final benediction to close the epistle (6:21–24).

Ephesians 4
Ephesians 4 is the fourth chapter of the Epistle to the Ephesians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Traditionally, it is believed to have been written by Apostle Paul while he was in prison in Rome (around AD 62), but more recently, it has been suggested that it was written between AD 80 and 100 by another writer using Paul's name and style. This chapter is a part of Paul's exhortation (Ephesians 4–6), with the particular section about the mutual interdependence of the Christians as the church (verses 1–16) and how they should live in the world (4:17–5:20).
Edmund Sheffield, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Normanby
Edmund Sheffield, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Normanby (11 January 1716 – 30 October 1735) was an English nobleman, styled Marquess of Normanby from 1716 to 1721. Through his mother, Catherine Sheffield, he was a grandson of King James II.

The legitimate son of John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, he succeeded his father in 1721. He matriculated at Queen's College, Oxford in 1732 and died of consumption in Rome in 1735. As he never married and left no issue, the dukedom became extinct upon his death. The family estates, including Normanby Park, devolved upon his illegitimate half brother Charles Herbert Sheffield.

Sir Charles Herbert Sheffield, 1st Baronet
Sir Charles Herbert Sheffield, 1st Baronet (c. 1706 – 5 September 1774) of Normanby, Lincolnshire, England, was an illegitimate son of John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby and the first of the Sheffield baronets, and the owner of Buckingham Palace (then known as Buckingham House) who sold it to King George III.
Willi Ninja
William Roscoe Leake (April 12, 1961 – September 2, 2006), better known as Willi Ninja, was an American dancer and choreographer known for his appearance in the documentary film Paris Is Burning.

Ninja specialized in voguing and was a fixture of ball culture at Harlem's drag balls who took inspiration from sources as far-flung as Fred Astaire and the world of haute couture to develop a style of dance and movement. He caught the attention of Paris Is Burning director Jennie Livingston. The film served as a springboard for Ninja. He parlayed his appearance into performances with a number of dance troupes and choreography gigs.

In 1989, Ninja starred in the music video for Malcolm McLaren's song "Deep in Vogue", which sampled the then-unfinished movie.

Ninja was a member of the LGBT community who died of AIDS complications in 2006.

Vogue (dance)
Vogue, or voguing, is a highly stylized, modern house dance originating in the late 1980s that evolved out of the Harlem ballroom scene of the 1960s. It is inspired by the poses of models in fashion magazines.

It gained mainstream exposure when it was featured in Madonna's song and video "Vogue" (1990), and when showcased in the 1990 documentary Paris Is Burning (which went on to win the Grand Jury Prize at the 1991 Sundance Film Festival). In its modern form, this dance has become a global phenomenon that continues to evolve both stylistically and demographically.
East Boston Savings Bank
East Boston Savings Bank was a Massachusetts-chartered stock savings bank founded in 1848. The company delivered a wide range of deposit and loan products through the operation of the bank.

Rockland Trust announced it would be acquiring the bank on April 22, 2021 and completed the deal on November 12, 2021.

Rockland Trust
Rockland Trust is a commercial bank based in Rockland, Massachusetts that serves Southeastern Massachusetts, Coastal Massachusetts, Cape Cod, and Boston's MetroWest. Established in 1907 as Rockland Trust Company. A wholly owned subsidiary of Independent Bank Corp., by October 2016, Rockland Trust had $7.5 billion in assets and employed around 1,000 people.  By April 2022, Rockland Trust had $20 billion in assets and employed around 1,100 people.
Matanaka Farm
Matanaka Farm is near Waikouaiti in Otago, New Zealand. The five buildings are the oldest surviving farm buildings that are still in their original position in the country.  The farm is owned and administered by Heritage New Zealand. Additionally the buildings are registered as Category I and are considered "historically outstanding".

Waikouaiti
Waikouaiti is a small town in East Otago, New Zealand, within the city limits of Dunedin. The town is close to the coast and the mouth of the Waikouaiti River.

Today, Waikouaiti is a retail trade and servicing centre for the surrounding district, which has sheep farming as the principal primary activity. A major egg producer, Zeagold Foods, a branch of Mainland Poultry LTD has a 500,000-hen factory farming operation here and is in the process of expanding over the next year to meet demand for egg products. Hawksbury, 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) southwest of Waikouaiti, has a cheese factory and shop, a swimming pool and housing developed from the old mental health institution, Cherry Farm. Karitane, 3 km (1.9 mi) to the southeast has a small fishing port.
Henry N. Chapman
Henry N. Chapman FRS (born 1967) is a British physicist and the founding director of the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science at the German Electron Synchrotron (DESY). He has made numerous contributions to the field of x-ray coherent diffraction imaging and is a pioneer of the diffraction before destruction technique that allows to analyze biological samples with intense, ultrafast x-ray light, such as Photosystem II, a key macromolecule in photosynthesis.

He is married to the Slovenian physicist Saša Bajt.

Saša Bajt
Saša Bajt is a Slovenian scientist and a leading scientist at the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, where she develops multi-layer mirrors for X-ray applications such as Multilayer Laue Lenses (MLLs). She is a regular collaborator of the European XFEL.
Mechanical equivalent of heat
In the history of science, the mechanical equivalent of heat states that motion and heat are mutually interchangeable and that in every case, a given amount of work would generate the same amount of heat, provided the work done is totally converted to heat energy.  The mechanical equivalent of heat was a concept that had an important part in the development and acceptance of the conservation of energy and the establishment of the science of thermodynamics in the 19th century. Its independent and simultaneous discovery by James Prescott Joule and by Julius Robert von Mayer led to a priority dispute.

Ludwig A. Colding
Ludwig August Colding (13 July 1815 – 21 March 1888) was a Danish civil engineer and physicist who articulated the principle of conservation of energy contemporaneously with, and independently of, James Prescott Joule and Julius Robert von Mayer though his contribution was largely overlooked and neglected.
Koverninsky District
Koverninsky District (Russian: Коверни́нский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the forty in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Koverninsky Municipal District. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,339.8 square kilometers (903.4 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Kovernino. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 19,951, with the population of Kovernino accounting for 34.5% of that number.

Kovernino, Koverninsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Kovernino (Russian: Ковернино́) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Koverninsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia. Population:  6,892 (2010 Census); 6,875 (2002 Census); 7,212 (1989 Soviet census).
Belgrano Department, Santa Fe
The Belgrano Department (in Spanish, Departamento Belgrano) is an administrative subdivision (departamento) of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina. It is located in the southwest of the province. It limits with the departments of San Martín (north), San Jerónimo (northeast), Iriondo (east), and Caseros (south); to the west it limits with the province of Córdoba.

The department has about 41,000 inhabitants. Its head town is Las Rosas (population 13,000). Other cities and towns are Armstrong, Bouquet, Las Parejas, Montes de Oca, and Tortugas.

The name of this department is an homage to General Manuel Belgrano, the creator of the Argentine flag.

San Martín Department, Santa Fe
The San Martín Department (in Spanish, Departamento San Martín) is an administrative subdivision (departamento) of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina. It is located in the center-south of the province. It limits with the departments of Castellanos (north), Las Colonias (north-east), San Jerónimo (east), and Belgrano (south); the western limit coincides with the interprovincial border between Santa Fe and Córdoba.

The department has over 60,000 inhabitants. Its head town is Sastre. Other towns and cities are Cañada Rosquín, Carlos Pellegrini, Casas, Castelar, Colonia Belgrano, Crispi, El Trébol, Landeta, Las Bandurrias, Las Petacas, Los Cardos, María Susana, Piamonte, San Jorge, San Martín de las Escobas, and Traill.
Bury Chronicle
The Bury Chronicle (Latin: Chronica or Cronica Buriensis), Bury St Edmunds Chronicle, or Chronicle of Bury St Edmunds, formerly also known as the Chronica Abbreviata ("Abbreviated Chronicle"), is a medieval English chronicle compiled by John of Taxster and two other unknown Benedictine monks of Bury St Edmunds Abbey in the 13th and 14th centuries.

Bury St Edmunds Abbey
The Abbey of Bury St Edmunds was once among the richest Benedictine monasteries in England, until its dissolution in 1539. It is in the town that grew up around it, Bury St Edmunds in the county of Suffolk, England.  It was a centre of pilgrimage as the burial place of the Anglo-Saxon martyr-king Saint Edmund, killed by the Great Heathen Army of Danes in 869. The ruins of the abbey church and most other buildings are merely rubble cores, but two very large medieval gatehouses survive, as well as two secondary medieval churches built within the abbey complex.
Chrysler Museum of Art
The Chrysler Museum of Art is an art museum on the border between downtown and the Ghent district of Norfolk, Virginia. The museum was founded in 1933 as the Norfolk Museum of Arts and Sciences.  In 1971, automotive heir Walter P. Chrysler Jr. (whose wife, Jean Outland Chrysler, was a native of Norfolk) donated most of his extensive collection to the museum. This single gift significantly expanded the museum's collection, making it one of the major art museums in the Southeastern United States. The museum has a collection of more than 35,000 objects, including one the largest glass collections in America. Its holdings range from media including paintings, sculpture, photography, and decorative arts. The Museum's campus also features the Perry Glass Studio, a full-service restaurant, a gift shop, Kaufman Theater, and the Goode Works on Paper Center, and it oversees the historic Myers House.

Ghent (Norfolk)
The Ghent District is a historic neighborhood in Norfolk, Virginia. It comprises Ghent, West Ghent, and Ghent Square. Other portions of surrounding neighborhoods are often attributed to Ghent as an extension of its commerce including Chelsea, North Colley Avenue, and active gentrification into portions of Park Place to the north, labelled 'The Railroad District'.

Ghent's boundaries to the south are Mowbray Arch/Brambleton Avenue along The Hague and the Neon District, the Elizabeth River to the west, Monticello Avenue on the east, and the railroad crossing at 22nd Street to the North.
Atchafalaya Golf Course at Idlewild
The Atchafalaya Golf Course at Idlewild is an 18-hole championship public golf course in the southern United States, located outside of Patterson, Louisiana in the Atchafalaya Basin. It is a par-72 7,078 yards (6,472 m) course from the gator tees.

Nicholls Colonels
The Nicholls Colonels are the 15 teams representing Nicholls State University, a university in Louisiana, in intercollegiate athletics. The Colonels compete in the NCAA Division I and the Colonels football team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS). The Colonels sports teams are members of the Southland Conference.
31st Division (German Empire)
The 31st Division (31. Division) was a unit of the Prussian/German Army. It was formed on March 20, 1871, and was headquartered in Straßburg (now Strasbourg, France) until 1912, and then in Saarbrücken.  The division was subordinated in peacetime to the XV Army Corps (XV. Armeekorps) until 1912, and then to the XXI Army Corps (XXI. Armeekorps). The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.  The division was recruited primarily in the southern part of the Rhine Province, but during World War I also drew replacements from Westphalia.

XXI Corps (German Empire)
The XXI Army Corps / XXI AK (German: XXI. Armee-Korps) was a corps level command of the German Army, before and during World War I.

As the German Army expanded in the latter part of the 19th century and early part of the 20th century, the XXI Army Corps was set up on 1 October 1912 in Saarbrücken as the Generalkommando (headquarters) for the districts of Koblenz, Trier and part of Alsace–Lorraine.  It took over command of 31st Division from XV Corps and the newly formed 42nd Division (the last division to be formed by the peacetime army). General der Infanterie Fritz von Below, former commander of 1st Guards Division, took command.

It was assigned to the VII Army Inspectorate. but joined the predominantly Bavarian 6th Army at the start of the First World War. It was still in existence at the end of the war in the 5th Army, Heeresgruppe Gallwitz on the Western Front.
South Ocean Stakes
The South Ocean Stakes is a Canadian Thoroughbred horse race held annually at Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto, Ontario. A race for two-year-old fillies on Tapeta synthetic dirt over a distance of a mile and a sixteen, it offers a purse of $100,000. Part of the Ontario Sire Stakes program, it is restricted to horses sired by a stallion certified as standing in the Province of Ontario.

From the first running in 1997 through 2005, the race was contested on natural dirt. In 2006 the synthetic racing surface known as Polytrack was installed and used until 2016 when it was replaced with the current Tapeta synthetic racing surface.

Woodbine Racetrack
Woodbine Racetrack is a race track for Thoroughbred horse racing in the Etobicoke area of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Owned by Woodbine Entertainment Group, Woodbine Racetrack manages and hosts Canada's most famous race, the King's Plate. The track was opened in 1956 with a one-mile oval dirt track, as well as a seven-eights turf course. It has been extensively remodeled since 1993, and since 1994 has had three racecourses.
Momu Tsukamoto
Momu Tsukamoto (Japanese: 塚本 望夢, Tsukamoto Momu; born October 6, 2005) is a Japanese kickboxer, currently competing in the RISE promotion.

As of June 2025, he was the #9 ranked -53 kg kickboxer in the world according to Beyond Kickboxing.

Riku Kazushima
Riku Kazushima (数島 大陸, Kazushima Riku; born December 28, 2002) is a Japanese kickboxer. He is the current RISE Flyweight champion.

As of December 2023, he was the #10 ranked Flyweight kickboxer in the world by Beyond Kick.