hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Phono-semantic matching
Phono-semantic matching (PSM) is the incorporation of a word into one language from another, often creating a neologism, where the word's non-native quality is hidden by replacing it with phonetically and semantically similar words or roots from the adopting language. Thus the approximate sound and meaning of the original expression in the source language are preserved, though the new expression (the PSM – the phono-semantic match) in the target language may sound native.

Phono-semantic matching is distinct from calquing, which includes (semantic) translation but does not include phonetic matching (i.e., retention of the approximate sound of the borrowed word through matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existent word or morpheme in the target language).

Phono-semantic matching is also distinct from homophonic translation, which retains the sound of a word but not the meaning.

Semitic root
The roots of verbs and most nouns in the Semitic languages are characterized as a sequence of consonants or "radicals" (hence the term consonantal root). Such abstract consonantal roots are used in the formation of actual words by adding the vowels and non-root consonants (or "transfixes"), which go with a particular morphological category around the root consonants, in an appropriate way, generally following specific patterns.

It is a peculiarity of Semitic linguistics that many of these consonantal roots are triliterals, meaning that they consist of three letters (although there are a number of quadriliterals, and in some languages also biliterals). Such roots are also common in other Afroasiatic languages. While Berber mostly has triconsonantal roots, Chadic, Omotic, and Cushitic have mostly biconsonantal roots; and Egyptian shows a mix of biconsonantal and triconsonantal roots.
Auxiliary normed space
In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, two methods of constructing normed spaces from disks were systematically employed by Alexander Grothendieck to define nuclear operators and nuclear spaces. 
One method is used if the disk  is bounded: in this case, the auxiliary normed space is  with norm 
 
The other method is used if the disk  is absorbing: in this case, the auxiliary normed space is the quotient space  
If the disk is both bounded and absorbing then the two auxiliary normed spaces are canonically isomorphic (as topological vector spaces and as normed spaces).

Locally convex topological vector space
In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, locally convex topological vector spaces (LCTVS) or locally convex spaces are examples of topological vector spaces (TVS) that generalize normed spaces. They can be defined as topological vector spaces whose topology is generated by translations of balanced, absorbent, convex sets. Alternatively they can be defined as a vector space with a family of seminorms, and a topology can be defined in terms of that family. Although in general such spaces are not necessarily normable, the existence of a convex local base for the zero vector is strong enough for the Hahn–Banach theorem to hold, yielding a sufficiently rich theory of continuous linear functionals.

Fréchet spaces are locally convex topological vector spaces that are completely metrizable (with a choice of complete metric). They are generalizations of Banach spaces, which are complete vector spaces with respect to a metric generated by a norm.
Electoral district of Toowoomba South
Toowoomba South is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland. It was created with the 1972 redistribution, and replaced the abolished Toowoomba East.

The electorate covers the eastern and inner southern suburbs of Toowoomba, including the University of Southern Queensland. It excludes the outer southwestern suburb of Drayton, and other areas nearby the University of Southern Queensland, which fall in the Electoral district of Condamine.

It is part of the Darling Downs group of seats, and is bounded on the east by Lockyer, the north by Toowoomba North, and on the south and west by Condamine.

The electorate was held by John McVeigh for the Liberal National Party, until his resignation on 29 April 2016 to contest the federal seat of Groom at the 2016 federal election. David Janetzki was elected at the subsequent by-election on 16 July 2016.

Electoral district of Toowoomba East
The Electoral district of Toowoomba East was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland. It was created with the 1960 redistribution and removed by the 1972 redistribution.

The seat was based on the City of Toowoomba.

The member for Toowoomba, Mervyn Anderson successfully stood for election in Toowoomba East in 1960 after his previous seat was lost in the redistribution.

The sitting member, Peter Wood, successfully stood for election in the new seat of Toowoomba South in the 1972 election.
Kebnekaise
Kebnekaise (Swedish pronunciation: [kɛbnɛˈkâjsɛ]; from Sami Giebmegáisi or Giebnegáisi, "Cauldron Crest") is the highest mountain in Sweden. The Kebnekaise massif, which is part of the Scandinavian mountain range, has two main peaks. The glaciated southern peak used to be the highest at 2,120 metres (6,960 ft) above sea level, but has shrunk by 24 meters during the last 50 years, making the northern icefree peak at 2,096.8 metres (6,879 ft) the highest. Kebnekaise lies in Swedish Lapland, about 150 kilometres (93 mi) north of the Arctic Circle and west of Kiruna near the Kungsleden hiking trail between Abisko and Hemavan.

Kungsleden
Kungsleden (King's Trail) is a hiking trail in northern Sweden, approximately 467 kilometres (290 mi) long, between Abisko in the north and Hemavan in the south. The full distance breaks down into 419.3 km of trekking, 18.2 km of lake crossings and a 29.5 km stretch of road, almost all of which hikers cover by bus. It passes through, near the southern end, the Vindelfjällen Nature Reserve, one of the largest protected areas in Europe. In the winter Kungsleden is a ski trail with approximately the same route.
Ali Akbar Ghoreishi
Ayatollah Seyed Ali Akbar Ghoreishi (Persian: علی‌اکبر قریشی, born 1928 in Bonab, East Azerbaijan) is an Iranian Shiite cleric, author and politician. He is a member of 1st, 2nd, 3rd 4th, 5th and 6th Assembly of Experts from electorate West Azerbaijan. Ghoreishi won with 549,011 votes. Emblem of Research by Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, was awarded to him. His son Mehdi Ghoreishi is the representative of the Supreme Leader in West Azerbaijan and Imam Jumu'ah Friday prayer of Urmia.

Seyed Mehdi Ghoreishi
Hujjat al-Islam Seyed Mehdi Ghoreishi (Persian: سید مهدی قریشی), is an Iranian Shiite cleric, Representative of the Supreme Leader in West Azerbaijan and Imam Jumu'ah prayer of Urmia. He is son of the Ali Akbar Ghoreishi member of Assembly of Experts. Seyid Mehdi Ghoreishi is second representative of the Supreme Leader and imam Jumu'ah prayer after Iranian Revolution.
QWERTZ
The QWERTZ (/ˈkwɜːrts/ KWURTS) QWERTZU (/ˈkwɜːrtsuː/ KWURT-soo), or QWERTZUIOP keyboard is a typewriter and keyboard layout widely used in Central and Southeast Europe. The name comes from the first six letters at the top left of the keyboard: (Q W E R T Z).

AZERTY
AZERTY (/əˈzɜːrti/ ə-ZUR-tee) is a specific layout for the characters of the Latin alphabet on typewriter keys and computer keyboards. The layout takes its name from the first six letters to appear on the first row of alphabetical keys; that is, (A Z E R T Y). Like other European keyboard layouts, it is modelled on the English-language QWERTY layout. It is used in France and Belgium, though both countries have their own national variation on the layout.

The competing layouts devised for French (e.g. the 1907 ZHJAY layout, Arav Dixit's 1976 layout, the 2002 Dvorak-fr, and the 2005 BÉPO layout) have obtained only limited recognition, although the latter has been included in the 2019 French keyboard layout standard.
TayNew Meal Date
TayNew Meal Date (Thai: กินกัน กับ เต - นิว; Kinkan Kap Tay - Niw; lit. Eat Together with Tay and New) is a Thai web series of GMMTV hosted by Tawan Vihokratana (Tay) and Thitipoom Techaapaikhun (New), both lead actors of Dark Blue Kiss (2019), currently available for streaming on YouTube and LINE TV.

Each episode features different places and restaurants where Tay and New get to taste and review several food choices. The series premiered on 30 November 2018 and aired mostly every last day of the month. It aired its last episode on 26 December 2019.

On 27 May 2020, five months after the web series ended and amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, GMMTV released a special episode with the hosts doing a virtual food tour where they feature and review some food choices from several restaurants of their friends in GMMTV.

Tawan Vihokratana
Tawan Vihokratana (Thai: ตะวัน วิหครัตน์; born 20 July 1991), nicknamed Tay (Thai: เต), is a Thai actor, television host, and model based in Bangkok. A graduate of Chulalongkorn University, Tawan began his career in entertainment as a host on Bang Channel’s Five Live Fresh in 2014. That same year, he made his television acting debut in Room Alone 401-410 and gained notable recognition after being named one of Cleo Thailand’s 50 Most Eligible Bachelors of 2014. He is best known for Kiss: The Series (2016), Kiss Me Again (2018), and Dark Blue Kiss (2019). In 2023, he starred as Karan in the Thai adaptation of the Japanese manga Cherry Magic.
Line 12 (Shanghai Metro)
Line 12 is an east–west line of the Shanghai Metro network. It runs from Jinhai Road in Pudong to Qixin Road in Minhang District. The first section from Tiantong Road to Jinhai Road opened on 29 December 2013, and additional stations up to Qufu Road were in operation by 10 May 2014. The remaining stations opened on 19 December 2015. Since the opening of the extension in December 2015, Line 12 has the most interchanges with other metro lines in the Shanghai Metro. The line is colored forest green on system maps.

Line 13 (Shanghai Metro)
Line 13 is a north-west to south-east line of the Shanghai Metro network. It runs between Jinyun Road in Jiading and Zhangjiang Road in Pudong. It was once used as a dedicated line (Expo line) for the World Expo to serve the 2010 Shanghai World Expo. The line is colored pink on system maps.
Cocaine Nose (song)
"Cocaine Nose" (stylized in all caps) is a song by American rapper Playboi Carti. It was released through AWGE and Interscope Records as the twentieth track from Carti's third studio album, Music, on March 14, 2025. The song was written by Playboi Carti, alongside producers F1lthy, 100Yrd, Brak3, and Seven. It contains a sample of "Only U" by Ashanti.

Only U
"Only U" is a song by American singer Ashanti from her third studio album, Concrete Rose (2004). The song's introduction uses a sample of Club Nouveau's 1986 song "Why You Treat Me So Bad". "Only U" is a rock-tinged song that finds Ashanti in love and willing to do anything to be with the one she loves, no matter the cost.

Released on October 18, 2004, as the album's lead single, the track reached number 13 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in January 2005. Internationally, it peaked at number two in the United Kingdom and number four in Ireland, becoming Ashanti's most successful single in both countries. The song received generally favorable reviews from music critics, with most praising its sensual lyrics, guitar riff and her vocal performance.
Pål Anders Ullevålseter
Pål Anders Ullevålseter (born 7 December 1968, in Oslo) is a Norwegian rally raid motorcycle rider.

He came in second at the 2010 Dakar Rally, captured the 2004 FIM Cross-Country Rallies World Championship and has won the Africa Eco Race twice.

Africa Eco Race
Africa Eco Race is an annual rally raid, organised in France and run in North and West Africa, launched after the cancellation of 2008 Dakar Rally, and the subsequent moving of the rally to South America.

The rally claims to have innovated to give a special focus on security issues and sustainable development. In addition to the sporting aspect, the rally aims to put emphasis on individual awareness about eco-responsibility. Bivouacs are chosen far from cities and airport tarmac.
Messe des pauvres
The Messe des pauvres (Mass for the Poor) is a partial musical setting of the mass for mixed choir and organ, written from 1893 through 1895 by Erik Satie. It was intended for liturgical use in the Metropolitan Church of Art of Jesus the Conductor. The mass is Satie's only liturgical work and the culmination of his "Rosicrucian" or "mystic" period. It was published posthumously in 1929.

A performance lasts around 18 minutes.

Metropolitan Church of Art of Jesus the Conductor
The Église Métropolitaine d'Art de Jésus Conducteur (French for Metropolitan Church of Art of Jesus the Conductor) was a nineteenth-century esoteric Gnostic Christian sect founded by Erik Satie. Satie, a composer and pianist, served as cult's High Priest and Choirmaster and was its only member.
Stacy Edwards
Stacy Edwards is an American actress. She appeared in a number of B movies before her breakthrough role in the 1997 black comedy film In the Company of Men, for which she received Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead nomination. Edwards later had roles in films such as Primary Colors (1998), Black and White (1999), and Driven (2001), and was a regular cast member in the drama series Chicago Hope (1997–1999).

Primary Colors (film)
Primary Colors is a 1998 American comedy-drama film directed by Mike Nichols. The screenplay by Elaine May was adapted from the novel Primary Colors: A Novel of Politics, a roman à clef about the Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign, which was originally published anonymously, but in 1996 was revealed to have been written by journalist Joe Klein, who had been covering Bill Clinton's campaign for Newsweek. The film stars John Travolta, Emma Thompson, Billy Bob Thornton, Kathy Bates, Maura Tierney, Larry Hagman and Adrian Lester.

Primary Colors was released by Universal Pictures on March 20, 1998. The film received critical acclaim but was a box office bomb, earning $52.1 million from a $65 million budget. Bates was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance, and May was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.
Phrenic nerve
The phrenic nerve is a mixed nerve that originates from the C3–C5 spinal nerves in the neck. The nerve is important for breathing because it provides exclusive motor control of the diaphragm, the primary muscle of respiration. In humans, the right and left phrenic nerves are primarily supplied by the C4 spinal nerve, but there is also a contribution from the C3 and C5 spinal nerves. From its origin in the neck, the nerve travels downward into the chest to pass between the heart and lungs towards the diaphragm.

In addition to motor fibers, the phrenic nerve contains sensory fibers, which receive input from the central tendon of the diaphragm and the mediastinal pleura, as well as some sympathetic nerve fibers. Although the nerve receives contributions from nerve roots of the cervical plexus and the brachial plexus, it is usually considered separate from either plexus.

The name of the nerve comes from Ancient Greek phren 'diaphragm'.

Cervical plexus
The cervical plexus is a nerve plexus of the anterior rami of the first (i.e. upper-most) four cervical spinal nerves C1-C4. The cervical plexus provides motor innervation to some muscles of the neck, and the diaphragm; it provides sensory innervation to parts of the head, neck, and chest.
Montluçon
Montluçon (French: [mɔ̃lysɔ̃] ⓘ; Occitan: Montleçon [munləˈsu]) is a commune in central France on the river Cher. It is the largest commune in the Allier department, although the department's prefecture is located in the smaller town of Moulins. Its inhabitants are known as Montluçonnais. The town is in the traditional province of Bourbonnais and was part of the mediaeval duchy of Bourbon.

Cher (river)
The Cher (/ʃɛər/ SHAIR, French: [ʃɛʁ] ⓘ; Occitan: Char) is a river in central France, a left tributary of the Loire, with a length of 365.1 km (226.9 mi), and a basin area of 13,718 km2 (5,297 sq mi). The source is in the Creuse department, north-east of Crocq. It joins the river Loire at Villandry, west of Tours.

The river suffered a devastating flood in 1940, which damaged the Château de Chenonceau, which spans the river, and other structures along the banks. It owes its name to the pre-Indo-European root kʰar 'stone'.
Santa Rosa–Tagaytay Road
The Santa Rosa–Tagaytay Road, also known as the Tagaytay–Santa Rosa Road and the Santa Rosa–Ulat–Tagaytay Road, is a 23.245-kilometer (14.444 mi) major thoroughfare in the provinces of Laguna and Cavite, Philippines. Originally an old road linking the Santa Rosa municipal proper to the western edge of the then-municipality at barangay Santo Domingo and narrowly onto barangay Lumil in Silang, the highway was constructed in the late 1990s.

It connects the cities of Santa Rosa and Tagaytay in the provinces of Laguna and Cavite, respectively, and provides access to and from Manila via South Luzon Expressway and Cavite–Laguna Expressway. Its segment in Barangay Balibago, Santa Rosa is also known as Felix Reyes Street (F. Reyes Street) and Balibago Road.

The entire road is a component of National Route 420 (N420) of the Philippine highway network.

Cavite
Cavite, officially the Province of Cavite (Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Kabite;  Chavacano: Provincia de Cavite; Filipino: Lalawigan ng Cavite), is a province of the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region. Situated in the southern shores of Manila Bay,  it is one of the most industrialized and fastest-growing provinces in the Philippines.

The province holds major historical significance, with most of the Philippine Revolution taking place in several areas of Cavite. The revolution ultimately led to the renouncement Spanish colonial control, culminating in the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898 in the town of Kawit. The old provincial capital, Cavite City, also hosted docks for the Manila galleon, becoming an essential part of commerce between Asia and Latin America at the time.
Tom Marioni
Tom Marioni (born 1937, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States) is an American artist and educator, known for his conceptual artwork. Marioni was active in the emergence of Conceptual Art movement in the 1960s. He founded the Museum of Conceptual Art (MOCA) in San Francisco from 1970 until 1984.

He is currently living and working out of San Francisco, California.

Museum of Conceptual Art
The Museum of Conceptual Art (MOCA) was founded in 1970 by artist Tom Marioni, who describes conceptual art as a "social artwork". The museum moved into its second location on January 3, 1973 at 75 Third Street above Breen’s Bar in San Francisco, California.

The museum closed its doors in 1984.
Yellow-billed cardinal
The yellow-billed cardinal (Paroaria capitata) is a bird species in the tanager family (Thraupidae). It is not very closely related to the cardinals proper (Cardinalidae).

It occurs in Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay, and northern Argentina and has been introduced on the island of Hawaiʻi. It breeds in moist shrubland. The yellow-billed cardinal could be easily confused with the red-crested cardinal. The yellow-billed cardinal does not have a crest.

Red-crested cardinal
The red-crested cardinal (Paroaria coronata) is a passerine bird in the tanager family Thraupidae. Notwithstanding its similar name, this bird is not closely related to the true cardinal family Cardinalidae. It is sometimes known as the Brazilian cardinal.
Juhi Aslam
Juhi Aslam is an Indian television actress known for her role as Bharti Chauhan in the television series Baba Aiso Varr Dhoondo. For this role she won the Indian Television Academy Awards Award for GR8! Performer of the Year (Female) in 2011.

Baba Aiso Varr Dhoondo
Baba Aiso Varr Dhoondo is an Indian television series that aired on Imagine TV from 20 September 2010 to 11 May 2012. It was written by Raakesh Paswan, Vandana Tiwari, Manoj Tripathi, Shilpa Choube, Susheel Choube, Mamta Kashyap, Raghuvir Shekhawat, and Nikhilesh Sharma. It was produced by Nikhil Sinha of Triangle Film Company for first 305 and later by Saurabh Tewari and Abhinav Shukla of Nautanki Films for the remaining episodes.
Ikorodo
Ikorodo music Listenⓘ is a traditional Igbo musical ensemble. The genre is entrenched within the cultural fabric of the Nsukka people in Enugu State, Nigeria. The traditional folk genre encapsulates a distinctive cultural tradition characterized by a symphony of specific musical elements and intricate performance practices. At the heart of Ikorodo music lies a set of horns known as opi, revered for their melodic resonance and pivotal role in orchestrating complex rhythmic patterns through the application of hocket technique. Moreover, this musical tradition isn't solely aural; it intertwines seamlessly with visual expressions as young maidens partake in a graceful dance, infusing vibrancy into the melodic tapestry.

Igbo music
Igbo music (Igbo: Egwu nkwa ndi Igbo Listenⓘ) is the music of the Igbo people, who are indigenous to the southeastern part of Nigeria.  The Igbo traditionally rely heavily on percussion instruments such as the drum and the gong, which are popular because of their innate ability to provide a diverse array of tempo, sound, and pitch.

Igbo music is generally lively, upbeat, and spontaneous, which creates a variety of sounds that enable the Igbo people to incorporate music into almost all facets of their daily lives. Some very popular Igbo musical styles are Igbo highlife, Ogene, Igbo gospel.
Liutprand of Benevento
Liutprand (died after 759) was the duke of Benevento from the death of his father Gisulf II in 749 until his own deposition. He reigned under the regency of his mother, Scauniperga, who supported King Aistulf, until 756.

After he attained his majority, he commended his duchy to Pepin the Short, King of the Franks, probably at the coaxing of Pope Stephen II, and rebelled against King Desiderius, being deposed in 758 to be replaced by Arechis II. The Roman Emperor Constantine V offered to capture the fleeing Liutprand if Desiderius would attack the papacy until a Roman force from Sicily could join him. Desiderius did not attack and Liutprand was not captured.

Arechis II of Benevento
Arechis II (also Aretchis, Arichis, Arechi or Aregis) (born c. 734 – died 26 August 787) was a Duke of Benevento, in Southern Italy. He sought to expand the Beneventos' influence into areas of Italy that were still under Byzantine control, but he also had to defend against Charlemagne, who had conquered northern Italy.
Benito, Manitoba
Benito is an unincorporated urban community in the Municipality of Swan Valley West, Manitoba, Canada.

Prior to 1 January 2015, Benito was designated as a village. The community is situated in the Swan River Valley, 37 km (23 mi) southwest of Swan River, 475 km (295 mi) northwest of Winnipeg, and 2 km (1.2 mi) east of the Saskatchewan border. To the south is Duck Mountain Provincial Park and Forest, to the north is Thunder Hill and further north of Swan River is Porcupine Mountain Provincial Park.

Benito has a large farming sector; its economic base is agriculture and logging.

Municipality of Swan Valley West
The Municipality of Swan Valley West (MSVW) is a rural municipality (RM) in the Parkland Region of Manitoba, Canada. It is located in the far western portion of Manitoba, along the provincial border with Saskatchewan.

The town of Swan River is located within the RM, but is a separate urban municipality.