hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sheikh Abdullah (educationalist)
Sheikh Abdullah (born Thakur Das; June 21, 1874 – March 1965), also known as Papa Mian, was an Indian educationalist, social reformer, lawyer, founder of Women's College, Aligarh and a member of the Executive Council of the Aligarh Muslim University who served to the post from 1920 to 1928. Later in 1902, he was appointed to the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference as a secretary for women's section. He is primarily known for his contribution to the Muslim women education during British India period.

The recipient of numerous accolades, including a Padma Bhushan, he also served a member of United Province Legislative Council, a legislature of United Provinces of British India. During his time at AMU, he was associated with the Aligarh Movement. He worked at several posts at AMU such as Honorary Treasurer and University's court member from 1920 until he died in 1965.

Aligarh Movement
The Aligarh Movement was a socioreligious movement in British India aimed to establish a modern system of Western-style scientific education for the Muslim population during the later decades of the 19th century. The movement's name derives from the fact that its core and origins lay in the city of Aligarh in Central India and, in particular, with the foundation of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875. The founder of the oriental college, and the other educational institutions that developed from it, was Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. He became the leading light of the wider Aligarh Movement.

The education reform established a base, and an impetus, for the wider Movement: a Pakistani Muslim renaissance that had profound implications for the religion, the politics, the culture and society of the Indian subcontinent.
Health and Retirement Study
The Health and Retirement Study (HRS) is a longitudinal survey of a representative sample of Americans over age 50 conducted by the Survey Research Center (SRC) at the Institute for Social Research (ISR) at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and supported by the National Institute on Aging (NIA). The study interviews approximately 20,000 respondents every two years on subjects like health care, housing, assets, pensions, employment and disability. The study is managed through a cooperative agreement (NIA U01AG009740) between the NIA, which provides primary funding, and the ISR, which administers and conducts the survey. Beginning in 2012, HRS began adding genetic information from consenting participants to its database.  The economic measures captured by the data in the HRS are regarded as being of very high quality.

As of 2025, HRS is led by co-directors David R. Weir and Kenneth M. Langa as well as associate director Jessica Faul, all of the University of Michigan.

China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study
The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) is a longitudinal survey being conducted by the China Center for Economic Research at Peking University with Professor Yaohui Zhao of Peking University serving as Principal Investigator and Professors John Strauss of the University of Southern California and Albert Park of HKUST Institute for Emerging Market Studies serving as co-Principal Investigators.
Abbotsbury Castle
Abbotsbury Castle is an Iron Age hillfort in south west Dorset, England, situated on Wears Hill above the village of Abbotsbury, seven miles west of Dorchester and the famous hill fort at Maiden Castle.

It is situated on a high chalk hill overlooking the English Channel, and in its day was the front line of defence from invasion. The earthworks cover an area of about 10 acres (4.0 ha), of which about 4.5 acres (1.8 ha) are inside the ramparts.

The fort was occupied by the Celtic Durotriges tribe, but when the Romans invaded in AD 43, the second Augustian legion of Vespasian took the fort quickly with little struggle before moving on to Maiden Castle.  There is no evidence that the Romans settled at Abbotsbury Castle as they did at some other hill forts.

Durotriges
The Durotriges were one of the Celtic tribes living in Britain prior to the Roman invasion. The tribe lived in modern Dorset, south Wiltshire, south Somerset and Devon east of the River Axe and the discovery of an Iron Age hoard in 2009 at Shalfleet, Isle of Wight gives evidence that they may also have lived in the western half of the island. There is growing evidence to suggest that women held relatively high status in the tribe due to several factors including: high status grave goods found predominantly in female graves and the society being matrilocal. After the Roman conquest, their main civitates, or settlement-centred administrative units, were Durnovaria (modern Dorchester, "the probable original capital") and Lindinis (modern Ilchester, "whose former, unknown status was thereby enhanced"). Their territory was bordered to the west by the Dumnonii; and to the east by the Belgae.
Cortandone
Cortandone is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Turin and about 13 kilometres (8 mi) northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2019, it had a population of 308 and an area of 5.02 square kilometres (1.94 mi2).

Cortandone borders the following municipalities: Camerano Casasco, Cinaglio, Cortazzone, Maretto, and Monale.

Maretto
Maretto is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Turin and about 14 kilometres (9 mi) northwest of Asti.

Maretto borders the following municipalities: Cortandone, Cortazzone, Monale, Roatto, and Villafranca d'Asti.
Highpoint on Columbus Commons
Highpoint on Columbus Commons is a $50 million mixed-use development project in Columbus, Ohio consisting of both multi-family and retail space. Highpoint includes 301 apartments and townhomes, built with approximately 23,000 square feet of street-level retail fronting on High Street, the main north–south thoroughfare through Columbus, Ohio. Highpoint on Columbus Commons was the first new residential development to occur at Columbus Commons, a seven-acre site in downtown Columbus that stands at the former site of the Columbus City Center mall.

Columbus Commons
John F. Wolfe Columbus Commons is a 6-acre (2.4 ha) park and green space in downtown Columbus, Ohio, located on the site of the former Columbus City Center mall. The park features gardens, a performance stage, carousel, interactive playground equipment, and two foodservice buildings. The project was developed by Columbus Downtown Development Corporation (CDDC) and Capitol South Community Urban Redevelopment Corporation (Capitol South). The park opened on May 26, 2011.

On May 11, 2017, Columbus Commons was re-dedicated in honor of community leader John F. Wolfe, who died in 2016, and is now known as the John F. Wolfe Columbus Commons.
Gerebern
Saint Gerebern (or Gerebernus, Genebern, Genebrard, Gereborn, Gerebran, Gerebrand, Herbern; died 7th century)  was an Irish priest who baptized Saint Dymphna when she was a child.
He was her companion when she fled to Belgium, where he was murdered beside her. His relics were taken to Sonsbeck in Germany, where they were an object of pilgrimage until they were destroyed during World War II.
His feast day is 15 May.

Dymphna
Dymphna (also Dimpna, Dymfna, Dimfna, Dympna and Dympha, Irish also Damhnait or Davnet) is a Christian saint honoured in Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions. According to tradition, she lived in the 7th century and was martyred by her father.

The life of Saint Dymphna was first recorded in the 13th century by a canon of the Church of Aubert of Avranches at Cambrai, France. It was commissioned by Guiard of Laon, the Bishop of Cambrai (1238–1248).
Aşkale
Aşkale is a municipality and district of Erzurum Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,507 km2, and its population is 21,494 (2022). The mayor is Şenor Polat (AKP).

The majority of the district is populated by Turks and a small minority by Kurds. There is also a presence of Meskhetian Turks and Karapapakhs.

Kandilli Ski Resort, which hosts cross-country skiing and biathlon competitions at some international winter sports events, is situated in Aşkale.

Kandilli Ski Resort
Kandilli Ski Resort (Turkish: Kandilli Kayak Merkezi) is a ski resort for cross-country skiing and biathlon in Erzurum Province, eastern Turkey.

The ski resort is located in Aşkale district, 36 km (22 mi) west of Erzurum. It was established in 2010 for the 2011 Winter Universiade. It covers an area of 160 ha (400 acres) at elevations between 1,713 and 1,767 m (5,620 and 5,797 ft) above mean sea level. The resort is open to the public the year around.

Kandilli Ski Resort features 2.5, 3.75 and 5 km (1.55, 2.33 and 3.11 mi) long cross-country skiing trails, 1.3 and 1.6 km (0.81 and 0.99 mi) long sprint tracks as well as a ski stadium. The 1,297 m (4,255 ft)-long sprint track is 9–12 m (30–39 ft) wide with a 30 m (98 ft) maximum climbing difference.
Chine
A chine ( /ˈtʃaɪn/) is a steep-sided coastal gorge where a river flows to the sea through, typically, soft eroding cliffs of sandstone or clays. The word is used in central Southern England—notably in East Devon, Dorset, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight—to describe such topographical features. The term 'bunny' is sometimes used to describe a chine in Hampshire. The term chine is also used in some Vancouver suburbs in Canada to describe similar features.

The word chine derives from the Old English cinu, meaning 'a gorge, a ravine'.

Shanklin Chine
50°37′34″N 1°10′28″W﻿ / ﻿50.62611°N 1.17444°W﻿ / 50.62611; -1.17444

Shanklin Chine is a geological feature and tourist attraction in the town of Shanklin, on the Isle of Wight, England. A wooded coastal ravine, it contains waterfalls, trees and lush vegetation, with footpaths and walkways allowing paid access for visitors, and a heritage centre explaining its history.
Politics of Angola
The current political regime in Angola is presidentialism, in which the President of the Republic is also head of state and government; it is advised by a Council of Ministers, which together with the President form the national executive power. Legislative power rests with the 220 parliamentarians elected to the National Assembly. The President of the Republic, together with the parliament, appoints the majority of the members of the two highest bodies of the judiciary, that is, the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court. The judiciary is still made up of the Court of Auditors and the Supreme Military Court.

The Angolan government is composed of three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial. For decades, political power has been concentrated in the presidency with the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola.

National Assembly (Angola)
The National Assembly (Portuguese: Assembleia Nacional) is the legislative branch of the government of Angola. Angola is a  unicameral country so the National Assembly is the only legislative chamber at the national level. The People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) has held a majority in the Assembly since Angolan independence in 1975.

Multi-party elections were delayed under Jose Eduardo dos Santos quasi-dictatorial rule for decades until the 1992 Angolan general election. Another election wouldn't be held until 2008 due to the second phase of the Angolan Civil War. After a new constitution was adopted in 2010, the first election under this new constitution was held in 2012.
Derde Divisie
The Derde Divisie (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈdɛrdə diˈvizi]; English: Third Division), formerly known as Topklasse (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈtɔpklɑsə]; English: Top Class), is the fourth tier of football in the Netherlands, which had its inaugural season as a third tier in 2010–11 and as a fourth tier in 2016–17. The league is placed between the Tweede Divisie and the Vierde Divisie (formerly Hoofdklasse), the third and fifth tiers of Dutch football, respectively. The introduction of the then Topklasse resulted from discussions between the Royal Dutch Football Association, the Coöperatie Eerste Divisie (the clubs in the Eerste Divisie) and the Centraal Overleg Hoofdklassers (the clubs in the Hoofdklasse).

Eerste Divisie
The Eerste Divisie (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈeːrstə diˈvizi]; English: First Division), officially known as the Keuken Kampioen Divisie due to sponsorship reasons, is the second-highest tier of football in the Netherlands. It is linked with the top-level Eredivisie via promotion/relegation systems.
Comfy Canapé
In the card game bridge, CoCa or Comfy Canapé is a conventional defense against opposing 1NT openings. When playing CoCa, over a 1NT opening of the opponents, both a double as well as a 2♣ overcall are conventional and establish spades and hearts, respectively as anchor suits. Higher overcalls (2♦/♥/♠) can be either natural (single suiters), or conventional (as explained below).

The convention was published in Bridge Magazine IMP.

Bridge convention
In contract bridge, a convention is an agreement about an artificial call or a set of related artificial calls. Calls made during the auction phase of a contract bridge game convey information about the player's card holdings. Calls may be "natural" (that is, are based on a holding of the suit bid, or a balanced distribution in the case of a notrump bid) or "artificial" (show a feature unrelated to the named denomination).
Caronport
Caronport (2016 population: 994) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Caron No. 162 and Census Division No. 7. The village is 21 km (13 mi) west of the City of Moose Jaw on the Trans-Canada Highway.

Division No. 7, Saskatchewan
Division No. 7 is one of eighteen census divisions in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada, as defined by Statistics Canada. It is located in the south-central part of the province. The most populous community in this division is Moose Jaw.
Fredrik Ekblom
Lars Fredrik Wilhelm Ekblom (born 6 October 1970) is a Swedish race car driver from Kumla. After an early career in single-seaters he switched to touring car racing where he won multiple titles in his native Swedish Touring Car Championship and later in the TTA – Racing Elite League.

Cyan Racing
Cyan Racing is the official motorsport partner to Geely Group Motorsport, formerly the Volvo factory auto racing team, and runs the FIA WTCR programme for Lynk & Co, based in Gothenburg, Sweden. The team’s current drivers are Thed Björk, Yvan Muller, Yann Ehrlacher, Santiago Urrutia and Ma Qing Hua who will drive the Lynk & Co 03 TCR race car.

The team was founded by Jan "Flash" Nilsson as Flash Engineering in 1996.  Christian Dahl bought the team in 2005 and renamed it Polestar Racing. After Dahl sold the Polestar performance road car division to Volvo, the team was renamed Cyan Racing.
Faedo Valtellino
Faedo Valtellino is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Sondrio in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) northeast of Milan and about 3 kilometres (2 mi) southeast of Sondrio.

Faedo Valtellino borders the municipalities of Albosaggia, Montagna in Valtellina, Piateda, and Sondrio.

Piateda
Piateda is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Sondrio in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) northeast of Milan and about 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Sondrio. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,291 and an area of 70.9 square kilometres (27.4 sq mi).

Piateda borders the following municipalities: Albosaggia, Caiolo, Carona, Faedo Valtellino, Montagna in Valtellina, Poggiridenti, Ponte in Valtellina, Tresivio, Valbondione.

It is located alongside the Adda river.
Parkwood Estate
43°54′16″N 78°52′5″W﻿ / ﻿43.90444°N 78.86806°W﻿ / 43.90444; -78.86806

The Parkwood Estate, located in Oshawa, Ontario, was the residence of Samuel McLaughlin (founder of General Motors of Canada) and was home to the McLaughlin family from 1917 until 1972. The residence was designed by Darling and Pearson, a noted Toronto architectural firm, with construction starting in 1916. In 1989, Parkwood was officially designated a National Historic Site, and tours are now given year-round.

Darling and Pearson
Darling and Pearson was an architectural firm based in Toronto from 1895 through 1937. The firm was prolific and produced consistently fine work though the patronage of notable figures of the Canadian establishment, and is responsible for enhancing the architectural character and quality of the city, and indeed the rest of Canada, in the first quarter of the 20th century.
Carlos Izquierdo
Carlos Arturo Izquierdo Méndez (born 2 October 1997 in Buga, Valle del Cauca) is a Colombian freestyle wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle 74 kg event at the 2016 Summer Olympics, in which he was eliminated in the round of 16 by Jabrayil Hasanov.

He represented Colombia at the 2020 Summer Olympics in the men's freestyle 86 kg event.

In 2024, he won a bronze medal in men's 86 kg event at the 2024 Pan American Wrestling Championships held in Acapulco, Mexico. He competed at the Pan American Wrestling Olympic Qualification Tournament held in Acapulco, Mexico hoping to qualify for the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. He was eliminated in his second match.

Jabrayil Hasanov
Jabrayil Hasanov (Azerbaijani: Cəbrayıl Həsənov, born on 24 February 1990 in Suparibağ, Astara, Azerbaijan, Soviet Union) is a male freestyle wrestler from Azerbaijan who has competed in the 66, 74 and 79 kg categories.  He is an Olympic bronze medalist, multiple World Championships medalist, and the winner of Yasar Dogu Grand-Prix.
Animal cognition
Animal cognition encompasses the mental capacities of non-human animals, including insect cognition. The study of animal conditioning and learning used in this field was developed from comparative psychology. It has also been strongly influenced by research in ethology, behavioral ecology, and evolutionary psychology;  the alternative name cognitive ethology is sometimes used. Many behaviors associated with the term animal intelligence are also subsumed within animal cognition.

Researchers have examined animal cognition in mammals (especially primates, cetaceans, elephants, bears, dogs, cats, pigs, horses, cattle, raccoons and rodents), birds (including parrots, fowl, corvids and pigeons), reptiles (lizards, crocodilians, snakes, and turtles), fish and invertebrates (including cephalopods, spiders and insects).

Talking bird
Talking birds are birds that can mimic the speech of humans. There is debate within the scientific community over whether some talking parrots also have some cognitive understanding of the language. Birds have varying degrees of talking ability: some, like the corvids, are able to mimic only a few words and phrases, while some budgerigars have been observed to have a vocabulary of almost 2,000 words. The common hill myna, a common pet, is well known for its talking ability and its relative, the common starling, is also adept at mimicry. Wild cockatoos in Australia have been reported to have learned human speech by cultural transmission from ex-captive birds that have integrated into the flock.

The earliest reference to a talking bird comes from Ctesias in the 5th century BC. The bird, which he called Bittacus, may have been a plum-headed parakeet.
OCR Nationals
OCR Nationals are vocationally related qualifications which were officially launched by the OCR Board in September 2004.  The qualifications are designed to meet the needs of those seeking vocational education in place of the traditional, theory-intensive, academic route. Although the target audience are teenagers (14-19), the qualifications are also suitable for adult learners, much like the GNVQ.  The OCR Nationals are being phased out, and replaced by the Cambridge Nationals.

Cambridge Nationals
Cambridge Nationals are a vocational qualification in the United Kingdom introduced by the OCR Examinations Board to replace the OCR Nationals. These are Level 1 and Level 2 qualifications for students aged 14 to 16  and are usually awarded after a two-year course. Students can progress to A Levels, apprenticeships or other Level 3 vocational qualifications within the national qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom.

OCR is part of Cambridge University Press & Assessment.
Neend
Neend (transl. Sleep) is a Pakistani drama film directed by Hassan Tariq in his directorial debut and released in 1959. Based on a story and screenplay by Riaz Shahid, the films stars Noor Jehan, Neelo and Aslam Pervaiz with Nighat Sultana, Allauddin and Agha Talish in supporting roles. The music was composed by Rashid Attre while Noor Jehan also sang her own songs in the film.

Neend is one of the last films of Noor Jahan, after which she retired from acting. The film was a hit at the box office and was later remade by the director in 1977 as Begum Jaan. BBC Urdu included it in the best selected films of Pakistani cinema. It was screened by Lok Virsa Museum in August 2016, as a part of special feature films screening in the country. The film won 2 Nigar Awards in different categories.

Riaz Shahid
Riaz Shahid (1927 – 1 October 1972) was a Pakistani filmmaker, film writer, and a journalist.

Influenced by poet Habib Jalib, who would later become a friend, Shahid frequently engaged with political activists at socialist gatherings in Lahore, and his support for the Pan-Islamic causes of Palestine, Algeria, and Kashmir would be reflected in his filmography.
Paintsville, Kentucky
Paintsville (locally /ˈpeɪntsvəl/) is a home rule-class city in Johnson County, Kentucky, United States. Located along Paint Creek, it is the county seat of Johnson County. The population was 4,312 at the 2020 census.

U.S. Route 23
U.S. Route 23 or U.S. Highway 23 (US 23) is a major north–south United States Numbered Highway between Jacksonville, Florida, and Mackinaw City, Michigan. It is an original 1926 route which originally reached only as far south as Portsmouth, Ohio, and has since been extended. It was formerly part of the major highway known as the Dixie Highway. The highway's southern terminus is in Jacksonville, Florida, at US 1/US 17. The northern terminus is at Interstate 75 (I-75) in Mackinaw City, Michigan.
Municipal Borough of Pudsey
Pudsey was a local government district in the West Riding of Yorkshire from 1872 to 1974 established around the town of Pudsey, covering Farsley, Calverley, and parts of Stanningley,  Swinnow and Rodley.

A local board formed for the parish of Pudsey in 1872. It became an urban district in 1894 and gained the status of municipal borough in 1900.

In 1937 it absorbed Calverley Urban District (2106 acres) and Farsley Urban District (821 acres).

It was abolished in 1974 and its former area became part of the City of Leeds, a metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire.

Pudsey
Pudsey is a market town in the City of Leeds in West Yorkshire, England. It is located midway between Bradford city centre and Leeds city centre. Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, it has a population of 25,393.
Ogooué-Maritime Province
Ogooué-Maritime is the westernmost of Gabon's nine provinces. It covers an area of 22,890 km2.  The provincial capital is Port-Gentil. It has a 2013 census population of 157,562.

The shores of Ogooué-Maritime are of the Gulf of Guinea to the northwest and the South Atlantic Ocean to the southwest.  It is the only coastal province without a foreign border.  On land, it borders the following provinces:

Estuaire – north

Moyen-Ogooué – northeast

Ngounié – east

Nyanga – southeast

Estuaire Province
Estuaire is the most populous of Gabon's nine provinces. It covers an area of 20,740 km2. The provincial capital is Akanda, but the largest city is Libreville, Gabon's national capital. The province is named for the Gabon Estuary, which lies at the heart of the province.

Estuaire is at the northwestern corner of Gabon, its western edge as the shores of the Gulf of Guinea. To the north, Estuaire borders the Republic of Equatorial Guinea: the Litoral Province in the northwest, and the Centro Sur Province in the northeast. Domestically, it borders the following provinces:

Woleu-Ntem – east

Moyen-Ogooué – south-southeast

Ogooué-Maritime – southwest