hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield
Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield, 490 U.S. 30 (1989), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Indian Child Welfare Act governed adoptions of Indian children. It ruled that a tribal court had jurisdiction over a state court, regardless of the location of birth of the child, if the child or the natural parents resided on the reservation.

Indian Child Welfare Act
The Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 (ICWA, enacted November 8, 1978 and codified at 25 U.S.C. §§ 1901–1963) is a United States federal law that governs jurisdiction over the removal of American Indian children from their families in custody, foster care, and adoption cases.

ICWA acknowledges tribal governments' exclusive jurisdiction over children who reside on or are domiciled on a reservation, or are existing wards of a Tribal court. It gives concurrent, but presumptive jurisdiction over foster care placement proceedings for Native American children who do not live on the reservation. It was enacted to respond to the disproportionate removal of Indigenous children from Tribal communities and the resulting threat to the survival of Native American culture.
Matthew McCoy (magistrate)
Matthew McCoy (1819 - January 31, 1853) served as Magistrate of the British Overseas Territory of Pitcairn Island twice, in 1843 and in 1853. McCoy was the son of Daniel McCoy and Sarah Quintal, making him the grandson of HMS Bounty mutineers William McCoy and Matthew Quintal. He married Margaret Christian, making him the brother-in-law of his predecessor Fletcher Christian II. McCoy had 12 children, including Magistrate James Russell McCoy and Rebecca Holman Ascension McCoy, who married Benjamin Stanley Young. McCoy was fatally wounded when the Bounty cannon was fired to mark the departing of a ship; the cannon exploded shattering his right arm. The arm was amputated and he died days later.

James Russell McCoy
James Russell McCoy (4 September 1845 – 14 February 1924) served as Magistrate of the British Overseas Territory of Pitcairn Island 7 times, between 1870 and 1904. McCoy was among the first wave of settlers to return to Pitcairn from Norfolk Island in 1859. He was the son of Matthew McCoy and Margaret Christian. His son Matthew Edmond McCoy also served as Magistrate, and was among the last islanders to hold the surname McCoy. Through his daughter Adelia, he is a grandfather of Warren Clive Christian, and Ivan Christian, and a great-grandfather of Steve Christian and Brenda Christian.
First Battle of Champagne
The First Battle of Champagne (French: 1ère Bataille de Champagne) was fought from 20 December 1914 – 17 March 1915 in World War I in the Champagne region of France and was the second offensive by the Allies against the German Empire since mobile warfare had ended after the First Battle of Ypres in Flanders (19 October – 22 November 1914). The battle was fought by the French Fourth Army and the German 3rd Army. The offensive was part of a French strategy to attack the Noyon Salient, a large bulge in the new Western Front, which ran from Switzerland to the North Sea. The First Battle of Artois began on the northern flank of the salient on 17 December and the offensive against the southern flank in Champagne began three days later.

4th Army (France)
The Fourth Army (French: IVe Armée), nicknamed the "Army of Fontainebleau", was a unit of the French Army, which fought during World War I and World War II.

It was one of five armies created and mobilized by the Grand Quartier Général when Plan XVII was launched in response to the German attack of August 1914.
Boí
Boí  (Spanish: Bohí) is a village in the province of Lleida, in Catalonia, Spain.  It lies at the centre of the valley and municipality of Vall de Boí in the comarca of Alta Ribagorça.

The village lies just to the south of the Aigüestortes i Estany de Sant Maurici National Park, and there is a park information office in the village.

La Vall de Boí
La Vall de Boí (Western Catalan: [la ˈbaʎ ðe βoˈi], formerly known as Barruera) is a municipality and narrow, steep-sided valley in Catalonia. It lies in the Alta Ribagorça county in the Alt Pirineu region, on the edges of the Pyrenees. It has a population of 1,116 (register office, 2024) .

The valley is best known for its nine Early Romanesque churches, making it the site of the densest concentration of Romanesque architecture in Europe. It was designated as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO on 30 November 2000. The valley also includes the highest ski resort in the Pyrenees, at Boí-Taüll, and borders the Aigüestortes i Estany de Sant Maurici National Park which lies to the northeast.
Support Your Local Gunfighter
Support Your Local Gunfighter is a 1971 American comic Western film directed by Burt Kennedy and starring James Garner and Suzanne Pleshette. The screenplay was originally written by James Edward Grant, who died in 1966; Kennedy rewrote it but let Grant keep sole credit. The picture shares many cast and crew members and plot elements with the earlier Support Your Local Sheriff! but is not a sequel. The supporting cast features Jack Elam, Harry Morgan, John Dehner, Marie Windsor, Dub Taylor, Joan Blondell and Ellen Corby.

Garner later wrote that the film was, "not as good as Support Your Local Sheriff".

Harry Morgan
Harry Morgan (born Harry Bratsberg; April 10, 1915 – December 7, 2011) was an American actor whose television and film career spanned six decades. Morgan's major roles included Pete Porter in both December Bride (1954–1959) and Pete and Gladys (1960–1962); Officer Bill Gannon on Dragnet (1967–1970); Amos Coogan on Hec Ramsey (1972–1974); and his starring role as Colonel Sherman T. Potter in M*A*S*H (1975–1983) and AfterMASH (1983–1985). Morgan also appeared as a supporting player in more than 100 films.
Tender (rail)
A tender is a special rail vehicle hauled by a steam locomotive containing its fuel (wood, coal, oil or torrefied biomass) and water. Steam locomotives consume large quantities of water compared to the quantity of fuel, so their tenders are necessary to keep them running over long distances. A locomotive that pulls a tender is called either a tender locomotive or a tender engine. Locomotives that do not have tenders and carry all their fuel and water on board are called tank locomotives or tank engines.

A corridor tender is a locomotive tender with a passageway to one side, allowing crew changes on the fly.

A brake tender is a tender that is heavy and used (primarily) to provide greater braking efficiency.

Water trough
A water trough (British terminology), or track pan (American terminology), is a device to enable a steam locomotive to replenish its water supply while in motion. It consists of a long trough filled with water, lying between the rails. When a steam locomotive passes over the trough, a water scoop can be lowered by the fireman, and the speed of forward motion forces water into the scoop, up the scoop pipe and into the tanks or locomotive tender.
Pacific Electric
The Pacific Electric Railway Company, nicknamed the Red Cars, was a privately owned mass transit system in Southern California consisting of electrically powered streetcars, interurban cars, and buses and was the largest electric railway system in the world in the 1920s. Organized around the city centers of Los Angeles and San Bernardino, it connected cities in Los Angeles County, Orange County, San Bernardino County and Riverside County.

The system shared dual gauge track with the 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) narrow-gauge Los Angeles Railway, "Yellow Car," or "LARy" system on Main Street in downtown Los Angeles (directly in front of the 6th and Main terminal), on 4th Street, and along Hawthorne Boulevard south of downtown Los Angeles toward the cities of Hawthorne, Gardena, and Torrance.

Wigwag (railroad)
Wigwag is a nickname for a type of railroad grade crossing signal once common in North America, referring to its pendulum-like motion that signaled a train's approach. The device is generally credited to Albert Hunt, a mechanical engineer at Southern California's Pacific Electric (PERy) interurban streetcar railroad, who invented it in 1909 for safer railroad grade crossings. The term should not be confused with its usage in Britain, where "wigwag" generally refers to alternate flashing lights, such as those found at modern level crossings.
Tum Mere Kya Ho
Tum Mere Kya Ho (Urdu: تم میرے کیا ہو; English: Who are you to me?) is a 2015 Pakistani romantic drama series directed by Siraj-ul-Haque, written by Mehrunisa Mustaqeem Khan, produced by Abdullah Kadwani and Asad Qureshi under the 7th Sky Entertainment banner, with Mikaal Zulfiqar as a co-producer. The serial stars Sajal Ali, Mikaal Zulfiqar, Kiran Haq and Umair Rana and was released in October 2015 on PTV Home.

It was the fourth on-screen collaboration of Mikaal Zulfiqar and Kiran Haq after their appearances in Tum Meray Hi Rehna, Sangat and Maan.

Kiran Haq
Kiran Haq (Punjabi: کِرن حَق) is a Pakistani television actress. Haq had a supporting role in the 2011 series Akbari Asghari. She has appeared as lead in several television serials including Shehr-e-Ajnabi, Maan, Tum Mere Kya Ho, Sangdil, Khaali Haath and Naulakha.
Rami Hamdallah
Rami Hamdallah (Arabic: رامي الحمد الله, romanized: Rāmī al-Ḥamd Allāh; born 10 August 1958) is a Palestinian politician and academic. He served as Prime Minister of Palestine from 2013 to 2019 and was previously the president of An-Najah National University in Nablus from 1998 to 2013.

On 2 June 2013, the Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas named him to succeed Salam Fayyad as prime minister. His appointment was not recognized by Hamas, who were not consulted in the decision. He is a member of Fatah; however, the BBC states that he is a political independent. On 20 June 2013, Hamdallah tendered his resignation, which Abbas accepted on 23 June. Six weeks after that, Abbas asked Hamdallah to form a new government, which he did on 19 September 2013. He was appointed the head of the unity government on 2 June 2014, a position from which he resigned on 29 January 2019.

An-Najah National University
An-Najah National University (Arabic: جامعة النجاح الوطنية) is a non-governmental public university governed by a board of trustees in Nablus, West Bank, Palestine. The university has 22,000 students and 300 professors in 19 faculties. It is the largest university in the State of Palestine.
Max Kaminsky (ice hockey)
Max Kaminsky (April 19, 1912 – May 5, 1961) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player and coach. He played four seasons in the National Hockey League, followed by nine seasons in the American Hockey League where he won two Calder Cup championships. He later coached the Pittsburgh Hornets and Philadelphia Rockets, then led the St. Catharines Teepees to the 1960 Memorial Cup championship. The Max Kaminsky Trophy was established by the Ontario Hockey Association in his honour in 1961, and he was posthumously inducted into the Niagara Falls Sports Wall of Fame in 1992.

Max Kaminsky Trophy
The Max Kaminsky Trophy is an annual award presented by the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). Originally (1961–1969) awarded to the most gentlemanly player in the league, since 1970 it is awarded to the OHL's most outstanding defenceman.

The award is named in honour of Max Kaminsky, who coached the St. Catharines Teepees to a Memorial Cup win in May 1960; he retired after the Memorial Cup, and died of cancer in May 1961.

The winner of the Max Kaminsky Trophy is the OHL's nominee for the CHL Defenceman of the Year.
Graph property
In graph theory, a graph property or graph invariant is a property of graphs that depends only on the abstract structure, not on graph representations such as particular labellings or drawings of the graph.

Hereditary property
In mathematics, a hereditary property is a property of an object that is inherited by all of its subobjects, where the meaning of subobject depends on the context. These properties are particularly considered in topology and graph theory, but also in set theory.
Clark Gesner
Clark Gesner (March 27, 1938 – July 23, 2002) was an American composer, songwriter, author, and actor. He is best known for composing the musical You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown, based on the Charles M. Schulz comic strip Peanuts.

None of his other musicals (most notably The Utter Glory of Morrissey Hall in 1979) had been able to match the success of ...Charlie Brown, though he had small success in regional productions (mostly Animal Fair in 1990).

Gesner's song "Happiness" became a hit standard in the 1960s, being recorded by various artists. The latter was also recorded in a smooth jazz version by David Benoit in May 2000, shortly after Charles M. Schulz's death, on an album entitled Here's To You, Charlie Brown: 50 Great Years! The album made it to #2 on the Top Jazz Albums chart.

The Utter Glory of Morrissey Hall
The Utter Glory of Morrissey Hall is a musical with music and lyrics by Clark Gesner and a book by Gesner and Nagle Jackson. The production opened and closed on May 13, 1979 at the Mark Hellinger Theatre on Broadway after only seven previews and one regular performance.
1892 East Adelaide colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the South Australian House of Assembly seat of East Adelaide on 23 January 1892. This was triggered by the resignation of the progressive former premier and state MHA John Cox Bray.

Successful 1891 Wallaroo by-election candidate Richard Hooper was the first Labor member of the House of Assembly, but was not a member of the newly formed United Labor Party (ULP), instead serving as an Independent Labor member. Although he attended caucus meetings he never joined the ULP. The 1892 East Adelaide by-election saw ULP candidate John McPherson win the seat. It was the first time the ULP had won a seat in the House of Assembly, with electoral success to be followed at the 1893 colonial election, winning 10 of 54 seats and the balance of power, allowing the ULP to support the liberal opposition led by Charles Kingston in defeating the conservative government led by John Downer.

1891 Wallaroo colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the South Australian House of Assembly seat of Wallaroo on 23 May 1891. This was triggered by the resignation of the former Wallaroo MHA David Bews.

Successful candidate Richard Hooper was the first Labor member of the House of Assembly, but was not a member of the newly formed United Labor Party (ULP), instead serving as an Independent Labor member. Although he attended caucus meetings he never joined the ULP. The 1892 East Adelaide by-election saw ULP candidate John McPherson win the seat. It was the first time the ULP had won a seat in the House of Assembly, with electoral success to be followed at the 1893 colonial election, winning 10 of 54 seats and the balance of power, allowing the ULP to support the liberal opposition led by Charles Kingston in defeating the conservative government led by John Downer.
Appomattox campaign order of battle: Union
The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Appomattox campaign of the American Civil War. Order of battle compiled from the army organization during the campaign. The Confederate order of battle is shown separately.

Appomattox campaign order of battle: Confederate
The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the final military encounter of the American Civil War, the 1865 Appomattox campaign, which lasted from March 29 to April 9 and resulted in Confederate surrender on April 9 at the Appomattox Court House. Order of battle has been compiled from the army organization during the campaign. The Union order of battle is listed separately.
Flimby
Flimby is a coastal village in Cumbria, England. Formerly a civil parish, it now forms part of the parish of Maryport within the district of Cumberland. Historically, the area was part of the county of Cumberland. The village lies on the Cumbrian Coast Line railway between Maryport and Workington. At the 2021 census, the parish had a population of 1,718.

Maryport
Maryport is a town and civil parish in the Cumberland district of Cumbria, England. The town is on the coast of the Solway Firth and lies at the northern end of the former Cumberland Coalfield. Maryport lies approximately 5 miles (8 km) north-west of the Lake District National Park. It includes the site of the Roman settlement of Alauna. The modern town was developed from the mid-18th century around a new harbour built at the mouth of the River Ellen. The parish also includes the village of Flimby. At the 2021 census, the built-up area had a population of 8,525, while the parish had a population of 10,865.
Timelike homotopy
On a Lorentzian manifold, certain curves are distinguished as timelike. A timelike homotopy between two timelike curves is a homotopy such that each intermediate curve is timelike. No closed timelike curve (CTC) on a Lorentzian manifold is timelike homotopic to a point (that is, null timelike homotopic); such a manifold is therefore said to be multiply connected by timelike curves (or timelike multiply connected). A manifold such as the 3-sphere can be simply connected (by any type of curve), and at the same time be timelike multiply connected. Equivalence classes of timelike homotopic curves define their own fundamental group, as noted by Smith (1967). A smooth topological feature which prevents a CTC from being deformed to a point may be called a timelike topological feature.

Timelike simply connected
Suppose a Lorentzian manifold contains a closed timelike curve (CTC). No CTC can be continuously deformed as a CTC (is timelike homotopic) to a point, as that point would not be causally well behaved. Therefore, any Lorentzian manifold containing a CTC is said to be timelike multiply connected. A Lorentzian manifold that does not contain a CTC is said to be timelike simply connected.

Any Lorentzian manifold which is timelike multiply connected has a diffeomorphic universal covering space which is timelike simply connected. For instance, a three-sphere with a Lorentzian metric is timelike multiply connected, (because any compact Lorentzian manifold contains a CTC), but has a diffeomorphic universal covering space which contains no CTC (and is therefore not compact). By contrast, a three-sphere with the standard metric is simply connected, and is therefore its own universal cover.
Bartolomeo Guidiccioni
Bartolomeo Guidiccioni (1470 – 4 November 1549) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal. He was one of the closest collaborators of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, both as Bishop of Parma and afterwards when he became Pope Paul III. He served the pope as Vicar of Rome, and Prefect of the Tribunal of the Signature of Justice, as well as a member of several ad hoc commissions of cardinals. He was Bishop of Teramo (1539–1542) and Bishop of Lucca (1546–1549). He was one of the organizers and leading officers of the Council of Trent.

Diocese of Teramo-Atri
The Diocese of Teramo-Atri (Latin: Dioecesis Aprutina seu Teramensis-Hatriensis seu Atriensis) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in Abruzzo, central Italy. The current extent of the diocese was established  in 1949, when the historic Diocese of Teramo was combined with the Diocese of Penne-Atri, in the Abruzzo. It is suffragan of the Archdiocese of Pescara-Penne.
Zheltau (massif)
Zheltau (Kazakh: Желтау; Russian: Горы Жельтау) is a massif located in Karkaraly District, Karaganda Region and Bayanaul District, Pavlodar Region, Kazakhstan.

The border between Karaganda Region and Pavlodar Region runs from east to west along the mountain massif. Zhanatilek lies 50 kilometers (31 mi) to the northwest and Yegindybulak town 65 kilometers (40 mi) to the southeast.

Shalkarkol
Shalkarkol (Kazakh: Шалқаркөл; Russian: Шалкарколь) is a salt lake in Bayanaul District, Pavlodar Region, Kazakhstan.

The lake lies about 45 kilometers (28 mi) to the southeast of Zhanatilek in a sparsely inhabited area.
Nepenthes stenophylla
Nepenthes stenophylla /nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˌstɛnoʊˈfɪlə/, or the narrow-leaved pitcher-plant, is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Borneo and occurs at elevations of 900–2,100 m (3,000–7,000 ft). The species produces attractive funnel-shaped pitchers up to 25 cm high. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. Nepenthes stenophylla belongs to the loosely defined "N. maxima complex", which also includes, among other species, N. boschiana, N. chaniana, N. epiphytica, N. eymae, N. faizaliana, N. fusca, N. klossii, N. maxima, N. platychila, and N. vogelii.

Nepenthes platychila
Nepenthes platychila (/nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˌplætɪˈkaɪlə/; from Greek for "flat-lipped") is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the Hose Mountains of central Sarawak. It is notable for its smooth peristome and funnel-shaped upper pitchers. Nepenthes platychila belongs to the loosely defined "N. maxima complex", which also includes, among other species, N. boschiana, N. chaniana, N. epiphytica, N. eymae, N. faizaliana, N. fusca, N. klossii, N. maxima, N. stenophylla, and N. vogelii.

Nepenthes platychila was included in a 2002 report on the Nepenthes of the Hose Mountains under the placeholder name Nepenthes sp. 'B'.
January Jones
January Kristen Jones (born January 5, 1978) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Betty Draper in Mad Men (2007–2015), for which she was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards for Best Actress – Television Series Drama and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series.

She has portrayed Melissa Chartres in The Last Man on Earth (2015–2018) and starred in films such as American Wedding (2003), We Are Marshall (2006), The Boat That Rocked (2009), Unknown (2011), Seeking Justice (2011), and X-Men: First Class (2011).

The Last Man on Earth (TV series)
The Last Man on Earth is an American post-apocalyptic comedy television series created by Will Forte. It aired on the Fox television network from March 1, 2015, to May 6, 2018. In addition to Forte starring in the title role, the series also starred Kristen Schaal, January Jones, Mel Rodriguez, Cleopatra Coleman and Mary Steenburgen as a small group of survivors.

Originally introduced as a mid-season replacement, the series aired 67 episodes over four seasons. It ended with a cliffhanger episode, to be resolved in the fifth season, but was canceled the week after the fourth season ended.
Canvas fingerprinting
Canvas fingerprinting is one of a number of browser fingerprinting techniques for tracking online users that allow websites to identify and track visitors using the HTML5 canvas element instead of browser cookies or other similar means. The technique received wide media coverage in 2014 after researchers from Princeton University and KU Leuven University described it in their paper The Web never forgets.

Web tracking
Web tracking is the practice by which operators of websites and third parties collect, store and share information about visitors' activities on the World Wide Web. Analysis of a user's behaviour may be used to provide content that enables the operator to infer their preferences and may be of interest to various parties, such as advertisers. Web tracking can be part of visitor management.