hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
William Holmes McGuffey
William Holmes McGuffey (September 23, 1800 – May 4, 1873) was an American college professor and president who is best known for writing the McGuffey Readers, the first widely used series of elementary school-level textbooks. More than 120 million copies of McGuffey Readers were sold between 1836 and 1960, placing its sales in a category with the Bible and Webster's Dictionary.

McGuffey School District
McGuffey School District is a rural, public school system located in Washington County, Pennsylvania. It serves 10 communities, including the boroughs of Claysville and Green Hills, and the townships of West Finley, East Finley, Morris, Donegal, Buffalo, Blaine, and South Franklin. McGuffey School District encompasses approximately 203 square miles. According to 2000 federal census data, it serves a resident population of 13,695 people.

The district name honors educator William Holmes McGuffey, who was born in West Finley Township.
Beres (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Beres (Ancient Greek: Βέρης) was the son of Makednos, according to Theagenes (2nd century BC) in his Makedonika, who is quoted by Stephanus of Byzantium, and father of Mieza, Beroea and Olganos.

Makedon (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Makedon (Ancient Greek: Μακεδών), also spelled Makednos (Μακεδνός) or transcribed Macedon, was the eponymous ancestor of the Makedones (ancient Macedonians) according to various ancient Greek fragmentary narratives. In most versions, he appears as a native or immigrant leader from Epirus, who gave his name to Macedonia, previously called Emathia according to Strabo, which according to Marsyas of Pella was until then a part of Thrace.
Harriet Tubman Square
Harriet Tubman Square (formerly known as Washington Park) is a city square in Downtown Newark, New Jersey.

It is the northernmost of the three colonial era downtown parks in the city, along with Lincoln Park and Military Park. The triangular park is bounded by Broad Street, Washington Street, and Washington Place at the end of Halsey Street. It is home to several public monuments and is surrounded by historic civic and commercial buildings. In a ceremony on Juneteenth 2022, the city re-named the park in honor of Harriet Tubman.

Halsey Street (Newark)
Halsey Street is a north-south street in Downtown Newark, New Jersey, which runs between and parallel to Broad Street and Washington Street. Halsey Street passes through the four of city's historic districts: James Street Commons at the north, the abutting Military Park and Four Corners and, after a two block break, Lincoln Park at the south.
Western Airlines
Western Airlines was a trunk carrier, a scheduled airline based in California, operating in the Western United States including Alaska and Hawaii, and western Canada, as well as to New York City, Boston, Washington, D.C., and Miami and to Mexico City, London and Nassau. Western had hubs at Los Angeles International Airport, Salt Lake City International Airport, and the former Stapleton International Airport in Denver. Before it merged with Delta Air Lines in 1987 it was headquartered at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). Throughout the company's history, its slogan was "Western Airlines...The Only Way to Fly!"

Ontario International Airport
Ontario International Airport (IATA: ONT, ICAO: KONT, FAA LID: ONT) is an international airport 2 mi (3.2 km) east of downtown Ontario, in San Bernardino County, California, United States, about 38 mi (61 km) east of downtown Los Angeles and 18 mi (29 km) west of downtown San Bernardino. It is owned and operated under a joint-powers agreement with the city of Ontario and San Bernardino County.

The airport covers 1,741 acres (705 ha) and has two parallel runways. It is the West Coast air and truck hub for UPS Airlines and is a major distribution point for FedEx Express. As of September 2018, ONT has more than 64 daily departures and arrivals. Since Ontario's longest runway (runway 8L/26R) is longer than three of the four runways at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), it is an alternate landing site for large aircraft destined for LAX. It is the 8th-busiest airport in the United States by cargo carried, as of 2024.
Bromley equation
The Bromley equation was developed in 1973 by Leroy A. Bromley with the objective of calculating activity coefficients for aqueous electrolyte solutions whose concentrations are above the range of validity of the Debye–Hückel equation. This equation, together with Specific ion interaction theory (SIT) and Pitzer equations is important for the understanding of the behaviour of ions dissolved in natural waters such as rivers, lakes and sea-water.

Specific ion interaction theory
In theoretical chemistry, Specific ion Interaction Theory (SIT theory) is a theory used to estimate single-ion activity coefficients in electrolyte solutions at relatively high concentrations. It does so by taking into consideration interaction coefficients between the various ions present in solution. Interaction coefficients are determined from equilibrium constant values obtained with solutions at various ionic strengths. The determination of SIT interaction coefficients also yields the value of the equilibrium constant at infinite dilution.
Lewis Williams (boxer)
Lewis Williams (born 24 December 1998 in Leamington Spa) is an English boxer. He competed at the 2022 European Amateur Boxing Championships, winning the bronze medal in the heavyweight event. He previously competed at the 2021 AIBA World Boxing Championships in the heavyweight event, but was defeated in the quarter-final by Madiyar Saydrakhimov.

Williams competed at the 2022 Commonwealth Games, winning the gold medal in the heavyweight division. He defeated Ato Plodzicki-Faoagali 5-0 in the final.

Madiyar Saydrakhimov
Madiyar Saydrakhimov (Uzbek: Madiyor Saydrahimov, ru: Мадияр Надиярович Сайдрахимов) is an Uzbekistani boxer who competes in the light heavyweight and in the heavyweight category. He is a member of the national boxing team of Uzbekistan. He was bronze medalist at the World Championship (2021), champion at the World Military Games (2019), and has won multiple international and national amateur tournaments. He was a finalist at the team semi-professional tournament Boxing League Intercontinental Cup.
Alexander von Siebold
Alexander George Gustav von Siebold (August 16, 1846 – January 1911) was a German translator and interpreter active in Japan during the Bakumatsu period and early Meiji period. He was the eldest son of Japanologist Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold.

Philipp Franz von Siebold
Jhr. Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold (17 February 1796 – 18 October 1866) was a German physician, botanist and traveller. He achieved prominence by his studies of Japanese flora and fauna. He was the father of the first female Japanese doctor educated in Western medicine, Kusumoto Ine.
Löbtau
Löbtau (German pronunciation: [ˈlœptaʊ]) is a quarter or Stadtteil in south-west Dresden, Germany. It is part of the Stadtbezirk Cotta. It borders the quarters of Friedrichstadt, Cotta, Gorbitz, Naußlitz, Dolzschen, Plauen and Südvorstadt.

Gorbitz
Gorbitz (German pronunciation: [ˈɡɔʁbɪts]) is an area in south-west Dresden, Germany. It is part of the Stadtbezirk Cotta, and is subdivided into three Stadtteile: Gorbitz-Nord/Neu-Omsewitz, Gorbitz-Ost and Gorbitz-Sud.

Gorbitz is the largest Plattenbau area of Dresden, but still smaller than large Plattenbau-settlements like Grunau quarter in Leipzig and planned city of Halle-Neustadt.
Gurmukhi (Unicode block)
Gurmukhi is a Unicode block containing characters for the Punjabi language, in the Gurmukhi script. In its original incarnation, the code points U+0A02..U+0A4C were a direct copy of the Gurmukhi characters A2-EC from the 1988 ISCII standard. The Devanagari, Bengali, Gujarati, Oriya, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam blocks were similarly all based on their ISCII encodings.

Gujarati (Unicode block)
Gujarati is a Unicode block containing characters for writing the Gujarati language. In its original incarnation, the code points U+0A81..U+0AD0 were a direct copy of the Gujarati characters A1-F0 from the 1988 ISCII standard. The Devanagari, Bengali, Gurmukhi, Oriya, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam blocks were similarly all based on their ISCII encodings.
Neoarius hainesi
Neoarius hainesi, the ridged catfish, is a species of sea catfish in the family Ariidae of the order Siluriformes. This species occurs in marine and brackish waters on the southern coast of New Guinea and Northern Australia, between Darwin and southern Gulf of Carpentaria. It was formerly allocated to the monospecific genus Amissidens.

The eyes are large. The lips are fleshy and thin and the mouth is small and almost quadrangular. The barbels are thin and short; the maxillary barbels only reach just beyond eye, and the bases of the chin barbels are close together. The fin spines are thin, long, and slender. The adipose fin has a short base and is over the posterior two-thirds of the anal fin. The ventral fin pad of sexually mature females is scalloped and tapered. It is dark grey above and iridescent purple. This fish reaches about 30.2 centimetres (11.9 in) SL.

Ariidae
The Ariidae or ariid catfish are a family of catfish that mainly live in marine waters with many freshwater and brackish water species. They are found worldwide in tropical to warm temperate zones. The family includes about 143 species.

The Ariidae are among the oldest known siluroid catfish known from fossil remains. Fossilized pectoral spines and skull bone fragments of ariid catfish are known from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian and Maastrichtian) of Argentina. The ariid relative Vorhisia is known from highly abundant fossil otoliths from Maastrichtian-aged nearshore marine formations of North America.
Listed buildings in Carlton Highdale
Carlton Highdale is a civil parish in Coverdale, in the county of North Yorkshire, England.  It contains 38 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England.  All the listed buildings are designated at Grade II, the lowest of the three grades, which is applied to "buildings of national importance and special interest".  The parish contains the settlements of Braidley, Gammersgill and Horsehouse, and the surrounding countryside.  Most of the listed buildings are houses, cottages and associated structures, farmhouses and farm buildings. The others include a guidestone, three bridges, a public house, a lime kiln, a former chapel, a church and a telephone kiosk.

Carlton Highdale
Carlton Highdale is a civil parish in Coverdale, North Yorkshire, England.  According to the 2001 census it had a population of 95.

The parish covers the uppermost part of the dale, and is drained by the River Cover.  Hamlets in the parish are Woodale, Braidley, Horsehouse, Gammersgill and Swineside.

The parish was historically part of the manor of Carlton in the large parish of Coverham.  At some time the manor was divided into two manors (and townships), Carlton Town (the village of Carlton) and Carlton Highdale (the remaining part).  In 1866 the township became a separate civil parish.

From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the district of Richmondshire, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.
Horacio Malvicino
Horacio Malvicino (20 October 1929 – 21 November 2023) was an Argentine jazz and tango electric guitarist and composer who played for many years with the tango musician Ástor Piazzolla in several of his ensembles.

Astor Piazzolla
Astor Pantaleón Piazzolla (Latin American Spanish: [asˈtoɾ pjaˈsola], Italian: [pjatˈtsɔlla]; March 11, 1921 – July 4, 1992) was an Argentine tango composer, bandoneon player, and arranger. His works revolutionized the traditional tango into a new style termed nuevo tango, incorporating elements from jazz and classical music. A virtuoso bandoneonist, he regularly performed his own compositions with a variety of ensembles.
In 1992, American music critic Stephen Holden described Piazzolla as "the world's foremost composer of Tango music".
Alternative algebra
In abstract algebra, an alternative algebra is an algebra in which multiplication need not be associative, only alternative. That is, one must have

for all x and y in the algebra.

Every associative algebra is alternative, given that alternativity is simply a weak form of associativity. However, so too are some strictly non-associative algebras such as the octonions.

Moufang loop
In mathematics, a Moufang loop is  a special kind of algebraic structure. It is similar to a group in many ways but need not be associative. Moufang loops were introduced by Ruth Moufang (1935).  Smooth Moufang loops have an associated algebra, the Malcev algebra, similar in some ways to how a Lie group has an associated Lie algebra.
Ludwig II, Count of Württemberg
Ludwig II (c. 1137–1181) was the count of Württemberg from 1158 to 1181.

He was married to Willibirg (1142–1179), daughter of Hartmann III, Count of Kirchberg and had issue:

Hartmann, Count of Württemberg

Ludwig III, Count of Württemberg

Hartmann, Count of Württemberg
Hartmann I  (1160–1240) was the Count of Württemberg.

Hartmann I and his brother Ludwig III both called themselves “Count of Württemberg” at the time, so it is assumed that they administered the county together. They were both sons of Count Ludwig II. Hartmann accompanied Otto IV to Rome for his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor and served repeatedly as a witness in documents set up by the emperor in Italy. After the election of Frederick II of Swabia as king and emperor, Hartmann and his brother switched their support to Frederick and later supported his eventual successor Henry VII.

Around 1200, Hartmann married the heiress to the county of Veringen in Upper Swabia, thus acquiring lands including Altshausen, Burg Alt-Veringen and the county of eastern Apphagaues.

This article is translated (poorly) from that on the German Wikipedia
Mantel test
The Mantel test, named after Nathan Mantel, is a statistical test of the correlation between two matrices. The matrices must be of the same dimension; in most applications, they are matrices of interrelations between the same vectors of objects. The test was first published by Nathan Mantel, a biostatistician at the National Institutes of Health, in 1967. Accounts of it can be found in advanced statistics books (e.g., Sokal & Rohlf 1995).

Nathan Mantel
Nathan Mantel (February 16, 1919 – May 25, 2002) was an American biostatistician best known for his work with William Haenszel that led to the Mantel–Haenszel test and its associated estimate, the Mantel–Haenszel odds ratio. The Mantel–Haenszel procedure and its extensions allow data from several sources or groups to be combined while avoiding confounding.

He spent much of his career working for the National Cancer Institute. During his career, he published over 380 academic papers. Later in his life, Mantel was known for defending the tobacco industry against claims that passive smoking was harmful.
Academy Building (St. George, Utah)
The Academy Building (also known as the Dixie Academy Building or the Main Building of Dixie College) is a historic school building on Town Square in St. George, Utah. Opened in September 1911, it was constructed to house the St. George Stake Academy, the first high school in St. George.

Over time, the academy incorporated Dixie into its name (a common nickname for the region) and began to offer college-level programs. As it evolved, the academy became the ancestor of two modern-day institutions: Dixie High School and Utah Tech University. Both schools moved out of the building in the 1960s, after which it was used as overflow for the nearby Woodward Junior High. It later became the St. George Community Arts Center and since 2013 has been home to the St. George Children's Museum.

Due to its historical significance, the structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in June 1980.

Church Educational System
The Church Educational System (CES) of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) consists of several institutions that provide religious and secular education for both Latter-day Saint and non–Latter-day Saint elementary, secondary, and post-secondary students and adult learners. Over 1 million individuals were enrolled in CES programs in over 180 countries with over 150,000 higher education students worldwide in 2023. CES has grown significantly since 2011, when it had approximately 700,000 students, largely through increased international participation and expansion of BYU–Pathway Worldwide (BYU–PW) and Seminaries and Institutes of Religion programs. CES courses of study are separate and distinct from religious instruction provided through wards (local congregations). Clark G. Gilbert, a general authority, has been the CES commissioner since August 1, 2021.
2018 FIVB Volleyball Men's Club World Championship
The 2018 FIVB Men's Club World Championship was the 14th edition of the tournament. It was held in Poland for the second straight time from 26 November to 2 December 2018. Eight teams competed in the tournament, including four wild cards.

In an all-Italian final Trentino Volley defeated Cucine Lube Civitanova and won the title for the fifth time. Russia's Fakel Novy Urengoy claimed the bronze medal by defeating Poland's Asseco Resovia in the 3rd place match. Aaron Russell from Trentino Volley was elected the Most Valuable Player.

FIVB Men's Volleyball Club World Championship
The FIVB Men's Volleyball Club World Championship is an international men's club volleyball competition organised by the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB), the sport's global governing body. The competition was first contested in 1989 in Italy. It was not held between 1993 and 2008, but since 2009, the competition has been held every year, and has been hosted by Qatar, Brazil, Poland and India.

The current champions are Italy's Sir Sicoma Monini Perugia, who defeated Japan's Osaka Bluteon (3–0) in the final of the 2025 edition and won their third world title. Italian teams have been the most successful, with thirteen titles, and in all editions but 2015, at least one Italian team have taken part in the event.
Army Norway (Wehrmacht)
Army Norway (Armeeoberkommando Norwegen, 'Army Supreme Command Norway' abbreviated AOK Norwegen) was a German army operating in Norway and Finland during World War II. It was one of the two army echelon headquarters controlling German troops in the far north. Army Norway was directly subordinate to OKH, the high command headquarters of the Wehrmacht. It was created from Army Group XXI in December 1940, itself a successor of the XXI Army Corps, and disbanded in December 1944, with its tasks and assets taken over by the 20th Mountain Army.

As of 15 January 1941, the actual strength (Iststärke) of Army Norway was 129,759 personnel in total.

LXX Army Corps (Wehrmacht)
The LXX Army Corps (German: LXX. Armeekorps), initially known as Higher Command z. b. V. LXX (German: Höheres Kommando z. b. V. LXX) or Höh.Kdo.70, was an army corps of the German Wehrmacht during World War II. Throughout the war, it was deployed in occupied Norway.
Itzam Kʼan Ahk II
Itzam Kʼan Ahk II (Mayan pronunciation: [itsam kʼan ahk], November 18, 701 – November 26, 757), also known as Ruler 4, was an ajaw of Piedras Negras, an ancient Maya settlement in Guatemala. He ruled during the Late Classic Period, from 729 to 757 AD. Itzam Kʼan Ahk II ascended to the throne following the death of Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk II. Itzam Kʼan Ahk II may have fathered the following three kings of Piedras Negras: Yoʼnal Ahk III, Haʼ Kʼin Xook, and Kʼinich Yat Ahk II. Following Itzam Kʼan Ahk II's demise, he was succeeded by Yoʼnal Ahk III in 757 AD. Itzam Kʼan Ahk II left several monuments, including stelae at Piedras Negras and a large mortuary temple now known as Pyramid O-13. In addition, the details of his life and his Kʼatun-jubilee were commemorated on Panel 3, raised by Kʼinich Yat Ahk II several years following Itzam Kʼan Ahk II's death.

Itzam Kʼan Ahk I
Itzam Kʼan Ahk I (Mayan pronunciation: [itsam kʼan ahk]), also known as Ruler 2, was an ajaw of Piedras Negras, an ancient Maya settlement in Guatemala. He ruled during the Late Classic Period, from AD 639–686. The son of Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I, Itzam Kʼan Ahk I took the throne when he was only 12 years old. His reign was marked by several wars, and he seems to have had a special connection with Calakmul. Itzam Kʼan Ahk I died just a few days before the marriage of his son, who succeeded him as ajaw of Piedras Negras and took on the name Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk II. Itzam Kʼan Ahk I left behind several monuments, including eight stelae, three panels, a throne, and a short stela-like column; this made him the most active of Piedras Negras's leaders in regards to erecting monuments.
Stormålvatnet
Stormålvatnet is a lake in Hemnes Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is located about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) east of the village of Korgen. The river Bjerkaelva flows through the lake on its way to the nearby Ranfjorden.

Hemnes Municipality
Hemnes is a municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is part of the Helgeland traditional region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Korgen. Other villages include Bjerka, Bleikvasslia, Finneidfjord, Hemnesberget, and Sund.

The municipality sits south of the Ranfjorden and stretches south and east toward the border with Sweden. The Nordland Line and European route E6 cross Hemnes on their way to the town of Mo i Rana about 20 kilometres (12 mi) to the northeast. The E6 highway enters Hemnes from the west through the Korgfjell Tunnel from Vefsn Municipality.

The 1,590-square-kilometre (610 sq mi) municipality is the 49th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Hemnes Municipality is the 194th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 4,485. The municipality's population density is 2.8 inhabitants per square kilometre (7.3/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 1.5% over the previous 10-year period.
Four Kingdoms of Andalusia
The Four Kingdoms of Andalusia (Spanish: cuatro reinos de Andalucía or, in 18th-century orthography, quatro reynos del Andaluzia) was a collective name designating the four kingdoms of the Crown of Castile located in the southern Iberian Peninsula, south of the Sierra Morena. These kingdoms were annexed from other states by the Kingdoms of Castille during the Reconquista: the Kingdom of Córdoba was conquered in 1236, the Kingdom of Jaén in 1246, the Kingdom of Seville in 1248 and the Kingdom of Granada in 1492.

The name was used in some contexts at least since the middle of the 18th century. Some works and documents that use the designation are the Juzgados militares de España y sus Indias (1792), the Prontuario de las leyes y decretos del Rey nuestro Señor Don José Napoleon I (1810), and Breves tratados de esfera y geografía universal (1833), among many others.

Kingdom of Córdoba
The Kingdom of Córdoba (also Kingdom of Cordova; Spanish: Reino de Córdoba) was a territorial jurisdiction of the Crown of Castile since 1236 until Javier de Burgos' provincial division of Spain in 1833. This was a "kingdom" ("reino") in the second sense given by the Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española: the Crown of Castile consisted of several such kingdoms. Córdoba was one of the Four Kingdoms of Andalusia. Its extent is detailed in Respuestas Generales del Catastro de Ensenada (1750-54), which was part of the documentation of a census.

Like the other kingdoms within Spain, the Kingdom of Córdoba was abolished by the 1833 territorial division of Spain.