hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Postal history
Postal history is the study of postal systems and how they operate and, or, the study of the use of postage stamps and covers and associated postal artifacts illustrating historical episodes in the development of postal systems. The term is attributed to Robson Lowe, a professional philatelist, stamp dealer and stamp auctioneer, who made the first organised study of the subject in the 1930s and described philatelists as "students of science", but postal historians as "students of humanity".  More precisely, philatelists describe postal history as the study of rates, routes, markings, and means (of transport).

Postmark
A postmark is a postal marking made on an envelope, parcel, postcard or the like, indicating the place, date and time that the item was delivered into the care of a postal service, or sometimes indicating where and when received or in transit.  Modern postmarks are often applied simultaneously with the cancellation or killer that marks postage stamps as having been used. Sometimes a postmark alone is used to cancel stamps, and the two terms are often used interchangeably. Postmarks may be applied by handstamp or machine, using methods such as rollers or inkjets, while digital postmarks are a recent innovation.
Campbell Douglas
Archibald Campbell Douglas (usually simply referred to as Campbell Douglas) (14 June 1828 – 14 April 1910) was a Scottish architect based primarily in Glasgow. He designed many churches in Glasgow and Edinburgh, especially those for the Free Church of Scotland.

He was three times President of the Glasgow Architectural Association and in 1891 was the Vice President of the Royal Institute of British Architects.

He was active in politics, and was a member of the Scottish Liberal Club, Glasgow Liberal Club and National Liberal Club (in London). He was also a Justice of the Peace in Argyllshire.

J. J. Stevenson
John James Stevenson FSA FRSE FRIBA (24 August 1831 – 5 May 1908), usually referred to as J. J. Stevenson, was a Scottish architect of the late-Victorian era. Born in Glasgow, he worked in Glasgow, Edinburgh and London. He is particularly associated with the Queen Anne revival style.
John Guthrie Tait
John Guthrie Tait (24 August 1861 – 4 October 1945) V.D. was a Scottish educator who became principal of the Central College of Bangalore prior to the First World War. In his early adulthood, Tait was a notable sportsman playing rugby union as a forward for Cambridge University and represented the Scotland international team twice between 1880 and 1885. As well as being a talented rugby player, Tait was, like his brother Frederick Guthrie Tait, a notable amateur golfer.

Central College, Bengaluru
Central College Bengaluru (1858) is one of the oldest colleges in India. This college was originally affiliated to University of Mysore in Mysore State. Rev. John Garrett was the founder and first principal of the Central High School, which was afterwards renamed Central College. In 1964, with the reorganization of the Indian state and the formation of Karnataka, Central College was transferred to Bangalore University, a new university formed in 1965 to meet the needs of the people of Bengaluru. Initially, the two  colleges of the city, the Central College (CC) and the University of Visvesvaraya College of Engineering (UVCE) formed the nucleus of Bangalore University.
Welcome Home (1925 film)
Welcome Home is a 1925 American silent comedy-drama film directed by James Cruze and starring Lois Wilson and Warner Baxter.  It was produced by Famous Players–Lasky and distributed by Paramount Pictures. The film is based on the 1924 Broadway play Minick by Edna Ferber and George S. Kaufman.

Minick
Minick is a three-act Broadway play written by Edna Ferber and George S. Kaufman,  based on Ferber's 1922 short story "Old Man Minick", that opened on September 24, 1924. Producer Winthrop Ames staged it at the Booth Theatre on Broadway, with O. P. Heggie in the title role. The play is about an elderly widower who comes to live with his son and daughter-in-law in their Chicago apartment.
Huang Xuan
Huang Xuan (Chinese: 黄轩, born 3 March 1985) is a Chinese actor. He is best known for his roles in the films Blind Massage (2014), Youth (2017), and Legend of the Demon Cat (2017), as well as the television series The Legend of Mi Yue (2015), The Interpreter (2016), Minning Town (2021), and Luoyang (2021).

Youth (2017 film)
Youth (Chinese: 芳华) is a 2017 Chinese period drama film directed by Feng Xiaogang and written by Geling Yan. The film is based on Yan's semi-autobiographical story You Touched Me.: 260  It was screened in the Special Presentations section at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival. It was scheduled to be released in China on October 1, 2017, but after previews in Beijing and other cities was pulled from the National Day schedule.  It was released on 15 December 2017.

Youth grossed over $235 million worldwide, becoming the sixth highest-grossing Chinese film of 2017.
Auersberg (Hilders)
The Auersberg is a mountain, 756.9 m above sea level (NN), in the Rhön, that rises immediately north of Hilders. East of the wooded peak lies Simmershausen, a village in the municipality of Hilders, and to the north is Lahrbach, in the municipality of Tann (Rhön). On the southwestern slopes of the mountain are the ruins of Auersburg Castle. Like the western side of the peak these are on the Main-Werra Way, a tourist path managed by the Rhön Club. The Ulster flows past the Auersberg just to the west. The Auersberg near Hilders should not be confused with the Großer and Kleiner Auersberg near Wildflecken in the Bavarian part of the Rhön.

Großer Auersberg
The Großer Auersberg is a mountain, 818 metres about sea level, in the Bavarian part of the Rhön mountains. It is located in an unparished area, 4.68 km² in area, in the county of Bad Kissingen, three kilometres southwest of the village centre of Wildflecken. The Großer Auersberg is covered by dense deciduous forest and lies within the Wildflecken Training Area, established in 1938. Most of the terrain is a military out-of-bounds area, which civilians may not enter. To the west-southwest rises the slightly higher Kleiner Auersberg. Neither should be confused with the Auersberg near Hilders in the Hessian part of the Rhön. For over 100 years, barite was mined at the Marie mine on the mountain.
Visa requirements for Burkinabe citizens
Visa requirements for Burkinabe citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the Burkina Faso. As of 2026, Burkinabe citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 57 countries and territories, ranking the Burkinabe passport 78th in terms of travel freedom  according to the Henley Passport Index.

Burkinabe passport
Burkinabé passports are issued to Burkinabé citizens to travel outside Burkina Faso.

Following the country's withdrawal from ECOWAS with other members of the Alliance of Sahel States (AES), a new passport without the ECOWAS name or logo was released in September 2024, produced by Chinese biometrics company Emptech, along with an online application process. A new passport with the AES name and logo was introduced in February 2025, with president Ibrahim Traoré receiving the first booklet with the new design.
Leona (instrument)
The leona is a guitar-shaped fretted stringed instrument, from the state of Veracruz, Mexico.  It has four strings and is a low pitched instrument in the son jarocho string family of instruments. The león or vozarrona,  bigger than the former, is the lowest instrument in son jarocho genre.

The body of a leona is traditionally carved from a single piece of wood (traditionally Spanish cedar) and it is then hollowed out, with a separate soundboard and fingerboard applied. Other Mexican and South American folk guitars derivative of Spanish instruments are also made this way, notably the charango of Bolivia.

Son jarocho
Son jarocho ("Veracruz Sound") is a regional folk musical style of Mexican Son from Veracruz, a Mexican state along the Gulf of Mexico. It evolved over the last two and a half centuries along the coastal portions of southern Tamaulipas state and Veracruz state, hence the term jarocho, a colloquial term for people or things from the port city of Veracruz.
Phyllis Johnson
Phyllis Wyatt Johnson (née Squire) (8 December 1886 in Great Britain – 2 December 1967) was a British figure skater.

She won the silver medal in pair skating at the 1908 Olympic Games with James H. Johnson.  They captured the gold at the World Figure Skating Championships in 1909 and 1912.  In 1920, she won the bronze at the Olympics with new partner Basil Williams, became one of the oldest figure skating Olympic medalists. That year, she also finished fourth in ladies' singles.

James H. Johnson (figure skater)
James Henry Johnson (1874 – 15 November 1921) was a British pair skater competitive during the early days of modern figure skating. He and partner Phyllis Johnson won the silver medal at the 1908 Summer Olympics, the first Olympics to include figure skating events.

The Johnsons also participated in the first official World Figure Skating Championships pairs' competition, placing second behind Anna Hübler and Heinrich Burger of Germany. The Johnsons finished first in 1909, third in 1910, and first again in 1912.
Code Name: Scorpion
Code Name: Scorpion is the self-titled studio album by hip hop group Code Name: Scorpion, consisting of American rapper Abstract Rude and Canadian rappers Prevail and Moka Only. It was released by Battle Axe Records on August 7, 2001. On February 1, 2017 the group released The Best of CNS, a compilation album with 8 tracks from Code Name: Scorpion and 3 new tracks.

Moka Only
Daniel Denton (born November 14, 1973), better known by his stage names Moka Only and Ron Contour, is a Canadian rapper, singer and record producer. He has released music through Legendary Entertainment, Battle Axe Records and Urbnet Records.
Mutational meltdown
In evolutionary genetics, mutational meltdown is a sub class of extinction vortex in which the environment and genetic predisposition mutually reinforce each other. Mutational meltdown (not to be confused with the concept of an error catastrophe) is the accumulation of harmful mutations in a small population, which leads to loss of fitness and decline of the population size, which may lead to further accumulation of deleterious mutations due to fixation by genetic drift. This loss of fitness is drift load, and it is a target of conservation genetics.

A population experiencing mutational meltdown is trapped in a downward spiral and will go extinct if the phenomenon lasts for some time. Usually, the deleterious mutations would simply be selected away, but during a mutational meltdown, the number of individuals not reproducing (e.g. by suffering an early death) is too large relative to the overall population size so that mortality exceeds the birth rate.

Extinction vortex
Extinction vortices are types of extinction causing the population dynamics to "spiral" in a feedback loop, i.e., for small populations to become increasingly vulnerable as they reduce in size. Developed by M. E. Gilpin and M. E. Soulé in 1986, there are currently four classes of extinction vortices. The first two (R and D) deal with environmental factors that have an effect on the ecosystem or community level, such as disturbance, pollution, habitat loss etc. The second two (F and A) deal with genetic factors such as inbreeding depression and outbreeding depression, genetic drift etc.
This concept helps conservation biologists, geneticists and ecologists to understand extinction events.
Hormones (film)
Hormones (Thai: ปิดเทอมใหญ่ หัวใจว้าวุ่น; RTGS: Pit Thoem Yai Hua Chai Wa Wun) is a 2008 Thai coming-of-age romance comedy film directed by Songyos Sugmakanan starring Charlie Trairat, Sirachuch Chienthaworn, Focus Jirakul, Ratchu Surachalas, Chutima Teepanat, Chantavit Dhanasevi, Thaniya Ummaritchoti, Ungsumalynn Sirapatsakmetha, Sola Aoi, and Lu Ting Wei and Distributed by GMM Tai Hub. The literal meaning of the Thai title is 'restless hearts during school break' or 'school break, hearts aflutter'.

Charlie Trairat
Charlie Trairat Potjes (Thai: ชาลี ไตรรัตน์ ปอทเจส; born 19 January 1993) also known as Nack, is a Thai actor and singer. He gained stardom through Fan Chan, which was Thailand's highest-grossing film in 2003.
2017 ECAC Hockey men's ice hockey tournament
The 2017 ECAC Hockey Men's Ice Hockey Tournament is the 56th tournament in league history. It was played between March 3 and March 18, 2017. First Round and Quarterfinal games were played at home team campus sites, while the final four games were played at the Herb Brooks Arena in Lake Placid, New York. By winning the tournament, the team receives the ECAC's automatic bid to the 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.

ECAC Hockey
ECAC Hockey is one of the six conferences that compete in NCAA Division I for ice hockey. The conference used to be affiliated with the Eastern College Athletic Conference, a consortium of over 300 colleges in the eastern United States. This relationship ended in 2004; however, the ECAC abbreviation was retained in the name of the hockey conference. ECAC Hockey is the only ice hockey conference with identical memberships in both its women's and men's divisions.

Cornell University has won the most ECAC men's hockey championships with 14, followed by Harvard at 11. ECAC Hockey teams have won 10 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Championships, most recently in 2023.
Angeliki Papoulia
Angeliki Papoulia (Greek: Αγγελική Παπούλια; born 1975) is a Greek actress and theatre director. In film, she is most notable for her roles in Dogtooth, Alps and The Lobster by Yorgos Lanthimos, and A Blast and The Miracle of the Sargasso Sea by Syllas Tzoumerkas. For her part in Dogtooth she was awarded with a Heart of Sarajevo for Best Actress (together with Mary Tsoni).

Alps (film)
Alps (Greek: Άλπεις, translit. Alpeis) is a 2011 Greek psychological drama film directed by Yorgos Lanthimos, produced by Athina Rachel Tsangari and Lanthimos, and written by Lanthimos and Efthymis Filippou. It stars Angeliki Papoulia, Aris Servetalis, Johnny Vekris, and Ariane Labed. The film premiered in competition at the 68th Venice International Film Festival, where it won the Golden Osella for Best Screenplay, and it also won the Official Competition Prize for New Directions in Cinema at the 2012 Sydney Film Festival.
Biberach an der Riß
Biberach an der Riß (German pronunciation: [ˈbiːbəʁax an deːɐ ˈʁɪs], lit. 'Biberach on the Riß'; Swabian: Bibra), often referred to as simply Biberach (German pronunciation: [ˈbiːbəʁax] ⓘ), is a town in southern Germany. It is the capital of Biberach district, in the Upper Swabia region of the German state (Land) of Baden-Württemberg. It is called Biberach an der Riß after the small river Riß which flows through the city to distinguish it from the other towns of similar names.

Braith-Mali-Museum
The Museum Biberach is a museum with several sections in Biberach an der Riss in Upper Swabia. The museum resides in one of the oldest and biggest buildings from the 16th century in this city. It belongs to the considerable collections in Baden-Württemberg.

On 2.800 square meters it presents archaeology, history, art and natural history. Models, all sorts of installations, and computer animations explain the origin and settlement of the Upper Swabian landscape. The collections reveal the life and the terms of employment of the people, such as the notable weaving in the town since the 17th century. Prominent pieces of art from former times until the present enrich the knowledge of the visitors.

The art-historical division gathers key works of art of the Upper Swabian region and the important works of the German expressionist Ernst Ludwig Kirchner.
Beinn Sgritheall
Beinn Sgritheall or Beinn an Sgrithill (Scottish Gaelic for 'scree mountain'), also anglicized Ben Sgriol, is the highest mountain on the Glenelg peninsula in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland. It is a Munro with a height of 974 metres (3,196 ft). The main approach is via Arnisdale on the shores of Loch Hourn or via Gleann Beag to the north, with its well-known brochs. The view from the summit was described by Sir Hugh Munro, a founder member of the Scottish Mountaineering Club, as "perhaps the most beautiful I have seen in Scotland".

Arnisdale
Arnisdale (Scottish Gaelic: Àrnasdal) is a hamlet in the historic county of Inverness-shire in the local authority area of  Highlands of Scotland. It lies on the north shore of Loch Hourn, around 10 miles (16 kilometres) down a single-track road from Glenelg. It has a permanent population of around 30 and several holiday cottages. At the end of the community is a large white-painted hunting lodge called Arnisdale House, built by architects Robert John Macbeth & Alexander Ross in 1898–1916. The house was built for Valentine Fleming of the banking family (father of the writer and explorer Peter Fleming and of Ian Fleming, creator of James Bond), who was killed in action in World War I, a year after the house was completed.

Arnisdale is in the Highland Council area.
Three Views
Three Views is a 3CD compilation album by trumpeter Dave Douglas which combines three volumes originally released as music downloads on Greenleaf Music's Portable Series in 2011 and features Douglas' Brass Ecstasy, a Quintet with Ravi Coltrane and Vijay Iyer, and the So Percussion Ensemble.

Ravi Coltrane
Ravi Coltrane (born August 6, 1965) is an American jazz saxophonist. Co-owner of the record label RKM Music, he has produced music for pianist Luis Perdomo, guitarist David Gilmore, and trumpeter Ralph Alessi.
Tripteroceratidae
The Tripteroceratidae is a family of depressed, straight to slightly curved nautiloid cephalopods from the middle and upper Ordovician with generally flattened venters and empty siphuncles with straight to inflated segments included in the Oncocerida (Sweet, 1964).

The Tripteroceratidae appeared almost simultaneously with the Oncoceratidae and Valcouroceratidae early in the Middle Ordovician, and are most likely derived from the Graciloceratidae.

Graciloceratidae
The Graciloceratidae is a family of nautiloid cephalopods from the Middle and Upper Ordovician belonging to the Oncocerida, characterized by exogastric cyrtocones that expand slightly or moderately and have thin walled, orthochoanitic  marginal or subventral, tubular siphuncles (Sweet 1964).

The Graciloceratidae was proposed by Rousseau Flower in 1950 and at that time placed in the Basslerocerida which has since been abandoned. It is now assigned to the Oncocerida (Sweet 1964).
Zakhar Protsiuk
Zakhar Protsiuk (Ukrainian: Захар Процюк) is a Ukrainian media manager who has worked as the Chief Operating Officer of the Kyiv Independent since 2023. He is also a co-founder and former managing editor of The Fix Media.

The Fix Media
The Fix Media is a European trade magazine for media professionals launched in 2019.

In 2022, it led an international campaign to save Ukrainian media amidst Russia’s full-scale military invasion, helping raise around 3 million euros that provided support to dozens of national and local media outlets in Ukraine.
Flight into Egypt
The flight into Egypt is a story recounted in the Gospel of Matthew (Matthew 2:13–23) and in New Testament apocrypha.  Soon after the visit by the Magi, an angel appeared to Joseph in a dream telling him to flee to Egypt with Mary and the infant Jesus since King Herod would seek the child to kill him. The episode is frequently shown in art, as the final episode of the Nativity of Jesus in art, and was a common component in cycles of the Life of the Virgin as well as the Life of Christ. Within the narrative tradition, iconic representation of the "Rest on the Flight into Egypt" developed after the 14th century.

Massacre of the Innocents
The Massacre (or Slaughter) of the Innocents is a story recounted in the Nativity narrative of the Gospel of Matthew (2:16–18) in which Herod the Great, king of Judea, orders the execution of all male children who are two years old and under in the vicinity of Bethlehem. It is modeled by the story of Pharaoh's attempt to kill the Israelite children in the Book of Exodus, as told in an expanded version that was current in the 1st century. Most scholars find no support for the historicity of Matthew’s account of the Massacre of the Innocents.

The Feast of the Holy Innocents, also known as Childermas, is celebrated in the Western Christian Churches on 28 December, the fourth day of Christmastide. In Eastern Christianity, the feast is celebrated on various dates, depending on the denomination.
Palentino
Palentino  (foaled 18 October 2012) is a retired Thoroughbred racehorse and active sire trained and bred in Australia. He won the Australian Guineas and Makybe Diva Stakes, both Group One races. He won over 1.3 million dollars.

Australian Guineas
The Australian Guineas is a Victoria Racing Club Group 1  Thoroughbred horse race for three-year-olds, run at set weights, over a distance of 1600 metres at Flemington Racecourse, in Melbourne, Australia in March during the VRC Autumn Racing Carnival.
Breezedale
"Breezedale", also known as Sutton-Elkin House, is an historic home located on the campus of Indiana University of Pennsylvania in Indiana, Indiana County, Pennsylvania.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

Indiana University of Pennsylvania
The Indiana University of Pennsylvania (IUP) is a public research university in Indiana, Pennsylvania, United States. It is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education and classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High Spending and Doctorate Production". As of 2024, the university enrolled over 9,000 undergraduate and graduate students. It is governed by a local Council of Trustees and the Board of Governors of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education. IUP has branch campuses at Punxsutawney, Northpointe, and Monroeville.
Wazirabad barrage
The Wazirabad barrage or Wazirabad bridge,  built in 1959 is a 1,491 ft long weir across Yamuna River, in north Delhi. ITO barrage and Okhla barrage are 2 downstream barrages in Delhi and are managed by Haryana and UP respectively, whereas the Wazirabad barrage is under the management of Delhi govt.

Okhla barrage
The Okhla barrage (Okhla Weir and Okhla bridge) is a 791 meters or roughly 800-yard long weir across Yamuna River opened in 1874. It also serves as the location of Okhla Bird Sanctuary today. It is situated 10 km to the south of New Delhi and downstream of Nizamuddin bridge at Okhla, where Agra canal originates from it. The top of barrage also serves as the Delhi-Noida carriageway of Kalindi Kunj-Mithapur road. Nearby later-era New Okhla Barrage is 554 meters long.

It is under the management of the government of Uttar Pradesh.
Aua (angakkuq)
Aua (also transcribed Awa and Ava) (circa 1870, Igloolik area – after 1922)  was an Inuk angakkuq (medicine man) known for his anthropological input to Greenland anthropologist Knud Rasmussen. As a spiritual healer practicing into the 1920s, Aua provided perspective on Inuit mythology at a time when it was being subsumed by the introduction of  Christianity. Aua told the story of his cousin's mother Uvavnuk, whose song "The Great Earth" is still popular.

Aua was married to Orulo and they had four children.

His encounters with the Danish explorer were fictionalised in the 2006 film The Journals of Knud Rasmussen, by the Inuit team who had produced Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner.

Uvavnuk
Uvavnuk was an Inuk woman born in the 19th century, now considered an oral poet. The story of how she became an angakkuq (spiritual healer), and the song that came to her, were collected by European explorers of Arctic Canada in the early 1920s. Her shamanistic poem-song, best known as  "Earth and the Great Weather", has been anthologised many times.