hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
College Boat Club
The College Boat Club of the University of Pennsylvania is the rowing program for University of Pennsylvania Rowing, which is located in the Burk-Bergman Boathouse at #11 Boathouse Row on the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Its membership consists entirely of past and present rowers of the University of Pennsylvania.

It hosts both heavyweight and lightweight varsity men's teams and an openweight varsity women's team. The Wharton Crew Team, however, rows out of Fairmount Rowing Association (FRA). College Boat Club was founded in 1872 by the school's students, shortly after the school's campus was relocated from Center City to West Philadelphia. College Boat Club was admitted to the Schuylkill Navy in 1875.

Ted Nash (rower)
Theodore Allison Nash II (October 29, 1932 – July 3, 2021) was an American competition rower and Olympic champion, rowing coach, and sports administrator. Nash participated, either as a coach or athlete, in eleven separate Olympic Games from 1960 to 2008.

In March 2023, Jennifer Fox named him as the real-life coach from her film The Tale, which detailed her sexual abuse as a child.
2022 Lebanese Elite Cup
The 2022 Lebanese Elite Cup was the 24th and last edition of the Lebanese Elite Cup. The competition included the six best teams from the 2021–22 Lebanese Premier League season. The first matchday was played on 27 July, one day before the start of the 2022 Lebanese Challenge Cup. Ahed won their sixth title after defeating Ansar 2–1 in the final on 20 August.

2022 Lebanese Challenge Cup
The 2022 Lebanese Challenge Cup was the 9th edition of the Lebanese Challenge Cup. The competition included the teams placed between 7th and 10th in the 2021–22 Lebanese Premier League, and the two newly promoted teams from the 2021–22 Lebanese Second Division.

The first matchday was played on 28 July, one day after the start of the 2022 Lebanese Elite Cup. The final was played on 21 August, with Akhaa Ahli Aley beating their rivals Safa 1–0.
Elongated pentagonal gyrocupolarotunda
In geometry, the elongated pentagonal gyrocupolarotunda is one of the Johnson solids (J41). As the name suggests, it can be constructed by elongating a pentagonal gyrocupolarotunda (J33) by inserting a decagonal prism between its halves. Rotating either the pentagonal cupola (J5) or the pentagonal rotunda (J6) through 36 degrees before inserting the prism yields an elongated pentagonal orthocupolarotunda  (J40).

A Johnson solid is one of 92 strictly convex polyhedra that is composed of regular polygon faces but are not uniform polyhedra (that is, they are not Platonic solids, Archimedean solids, prisms, or antiprisms). They were named by Norman Johnson, who first listed these polyhedra in 1966.

Elongated pentagonal orthocupolarotunda
In geometry, the elongated pentagonal orthocupolarotunda is one of the Johnson solids (J40). As the name suggests, it can be constructed by elongating a pentagonal orthocupolarotunda (J32) by inserting a decagonal prism between its halves. Rotating either the cupola or the rotunda through 36 degrees before inserting the prism yields an elongated pentagonal gyrocupolarotunda (J41).

A Johnson solid is one of 92 strictly convex polyhedra that is composed of regular polygon faces but are not uniform polyhedra (that is, they are not Platonic solids, Archimedean solids, prisms, or antiprisms). They were named by Norman Johnson, who first listed these polyhedra in 1966.
Notre Dame, Indiana
Notre Dame is a census-designated place and unincorporated community north of the city of South Bend in St. Joseph County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. It includes the campuses of three colleges: the University of Notre Dame, Saint Mary's College, and Holy Cross College. Notre Dame is split between Clay and Portage townships. As of the 2020 census, its population was 7,234.

St. Joseph County, Indiana
St. Joseph County, colloquially called St. Joe County by residents, is a county located in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 272,912, making it the fifth-most populous county in Indiana. Formed in 1830, it was named for the St. Joseph River which flows through it to Lake Michigan. The county seat is South Bend. St. Joseph County is part of the South Bend–Mishawaka, IN–MI "Michiana", Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Feudal baronies in Devonshire
According to Sanders (1960) there were eight certain or probable English feudal baronies in Devonshire:

Feudal barony of Bampton

Feudal barony of Bradninch

Feudal barony of Great Torrington

Feudal barony of Okehampton

Feudal barony of Totnes

Feudal barony of Barnstaple

Feudal barony of Berry Pomeroy

Feudal barony of Plympton

Other sources, including William Pole writing in the early 17th century, have indicated there were an additional four feudal baronies. These baronies are: Dartington, Harberton, Bishop of Exeter, Abbot of Tavistock

Feudal barony of Totnes
The feudal barony of Totnes was a large feudal barony with its caput at Totnes Castle in Devon, England. It was one of eight feudal baronies in Devonshire which existed in the mediaeval era. The first feudal baron was Juhel de Totnes (died 1123/30), who is listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as possessing 107 manors or other landholdings in Devon.
Chemical Warfare Service: Flame Tank Group Seabees
Upon the outbreak of the Second World War, the United States had no mechanized flamethrowing capability.  It is believed that an officer in the U.S. Army's 754th Tank Battalion came up with the idea of mounting a flame thrower on a M3 Light tank on the island of New Caledonia.
The Army used the idea on New Georgia and likewise the Marines during the Battle of Bougainville, after which further development passed to the Army Chemical Warfare Service at Schofield Barracks, Territory of Hawaii. There the Army reached out to the United States Naval Construction Force for assistance.  The Seabees accepted the offer and converted or modified nearly 400 tanks for the Army. These weapons set the standard for the U.S. through the Korean War. It was not until 1955 that a superior flame throwing tank replaced the Shermans the Seabees created.

Flamethrower
A flamethrower is a ranged incendiary device designed to project a controllable jet of fire. First deployed by the Byzantine Empire in the 7th century AD, flamethrowers saw use in modern times during World War I, and more widely in World War II as a tactical weapon against fortifications.

Most military flamethrowers use liquid fuel, typically either heated oil or diesel, but commercial flamethrowers are generally blowtorches using gaseous fuels such as propane. Gases are safer in peacetime applications because their flames have less mass flow rate and dissipate faster and often are easier to extinguish.

Apart from the military applications, flamethrowers have peacetime applications where there is a need for controlled burning, such as in sugarcane harvesting and other land-management tasks. Various forms are designed for an operator to carry, while others are mounted on vehicles.
Guttermouth
Guttermouth is an American punk rock band formed in 1989 in Huntington Beach, California. They have released nine full-length studio albums and two live albums and have toured extensively, including performances on the Vans Warped Tour. They are infamous for their outrageous lyrics and behavior which are deliberately explicit, offensive and intended to shock, though usually in a humorous and sarcastic manner. This behavior has sometimes resulted in high-profile problems for the band, such as being banned from performing in Canada for eighteen months and leaving the 2004 Warped Tour amidst controversy over their political views and attitudes towards other performers.

Kung Fu Records
Kung Fu Records is an American independent record label founded in 1996 by Joe Escalante and Warren Fitzgerald of the punk rock band The Vandals. Founded in order to release a record by the Riverside, California band Assorted Jelly Beans, the label soon grew to include a roster of notable artists such as The Ataris, Ozma, Tsunami Bomb, and The Vandals themselves. In 2000 Escalante started Kung Fu Films as a subsidiary of the music label in order to release DVDs of live concerts, music videos, band documentaries, and independent films. In 2005 Kung Fu also spawned the spinoff label Broken Sounds Records, focusing on hardcore releases.
Surgeon
In  medicine, a surgeon is a medical doctor who performs surgery.  Even though there are different traditions in different times and places, a modern surgeon is a licensed physician and received the same medical training as physicians before specializing in surgery.

In some countries and jurisdictions, the title of 'surgeon' is restricted to maintain the integrity of the craft group in the medical profession. A specialist regarded as a legally recognized surgeon includes podiatry, dentistry, and veterinary medicine. It is estimated that surgeons perform over 300 million surgical procedures globally each year.

Membership of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons
Membership of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons (MRCS) is a postgraduate diploma for surgeons in the UK and Ireland. Obtaining this qualification allows a doctor to become a member of one of the four surgical colleges in the UK and Ireland, namely the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, the Royal College of Surgeons of England, the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. The examination, currently organised on an intercollegiate basis, is required to enter higher surgical training (ST 3+) in one of the Royal colleges. Thus today's MRCS has replaced the former MRCS(Eng), MRCS(Ed), MRCS(Glas), and MRCS(I). (Similarly, the MRCP is also now intercollegiate.)
Glasgow and Paisley Joint Railway
The Glasgow and Paisley Joint Railway was the section of railway line between Glasgow Bridge Street railway station and Paisley, in the west of Scotland. It was constructed and operated jointly by two competing railway companies as the stem of their lines to Greenock and Ayr respectively, and it opened in 1840. The Joint Committee, which controlled the line, built a branch to Govan and later to Cessnock Dock, and then Prince's Dock.

With the passing of the Railways Act 1921 (Grouping Act) the line, together with the Caledonian Railway and the Glasgow and South Western Railway, became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS).

The line is still in heavy use today as the eastern end of the Inverclyde Line and the Ayrshire Coast Line.

Glasgow Airport Rail Link
The Glasgow Airport Rail Link (GARL) is a proposed link between Glasgow City Centre and Glasgow Airport. The original plans for an airport rail link were proposed during the 2000s to directly link Glasgow Central station with Glasgow Airport in Scotland. The link was intended for completion by 2013 and would have had a service of four trains per hour via Paisley Gilmour Street railway station.

On 17 September 2009 the rail link was cancelled as part of public spending cuts.

In 2014, proposals were in place to resurrect the project dependent on the outcome of the Scottish independence referendum.

In October 2016, plans were resurrected to build a railway link to Glasgow Airport. The journey time of 16.5 minutes has also been proposed. Under current plans the line would be opened in 2025.

In 2019, it was proposed to deliver the project as part of a wider Clyde Metro network, using a new light rail line via Govan.
Dhanush (howitzer)
Dhanush (lit. 'Bow') is a 155 mm towed, long-range, medium howitzer manufactured by Advanced Weapons and Equipment India at Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur, previously a part of the Ordnance Factory Board (OFB). The gun was approved for series production in 2019 and has been inducted into the Indian Army. The Dhanush project was started by OFB to replace the older 105 mm Indian Field Gun, 105 mm Light Field Gun and the Russian 122 mm guns with a modern 155 mm artillery gun.

Regiment of Artillery (India)
The Regiment of Artillery is a combat support arm of the Indian Army,  which provides massive firepower during all ground operations of the Indian Army. It is a successor to the Royal Indian Artillery (RIA) of British Indian Army, which itself traces its origins to the formation of Bombay Artillery in 1827.

Today, it is the second-largest arm of the Indian Army, and with its guns, mortars, rocket launchers, unmanned aerial vehicles, surveillance systems, missiles and artillery firepower. It constitutes almost one-sixth of its total strength.
Wilcahuaín
Wilcahuaín, Willcahuaín, or Huilcahuaín is an archaeological site in Peru. It is located near the village of Paria, 6 km northeast of the city of Huaraz, Ancash; at an elevation of 3,400 m (11,200 ft).

Wilcahuaín is regarded as one of the most important archaeological sites of the Wari culture. It was possibly built ca. 1100 AD.

The site can be reached by 15-passenger van from the city. Fare is 2.50 Soles. The last half of the route is on very rough road.

Wari culture
The Wari (Spanish: Huari) were a Middle Horizon civilization that flourished in the south-central Andes and coastal area of modern-day Peru, from about 500 to 1000 AD. At their height, they formed the Wari Empire.

Wari, as the former capital city was called, is located 11 km (6.8 mi) north-east of the modern city of Ayacucho, Peru. This city was the center of a civilization that covered much of the highlands and coast of modern Peru. The best-preserved remnants, besides the Huari|Wari ruins, are the recently discovered Northern Wari ruins near the city of Chiclayo, and Cerro Baúl in Moquegua. Also well-known are the Wari ruins of Pikillaqta ("Flea Town"), a short distance south-east of Cuzco en route to Lake Titicaca.

However, there is still a debate whether the Wari dominated the Central Coast or the polities on the Central Coast were commercial states capable of interacting with the Wari people without being politically dominated by them.
Timeline of the Anglophone Crisis (2023)
This is a timeline of the Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon during 2023.

The Anglophone Crisis is an ongoing armed conflict in the Republic of Cameroon in Central Africa, where historically English-speaking Ambazonian separatists are seeking the independence of the former British trust territory of Southern Cameroons, which was unified with Cameroon since 1961.

Timeline of the Anglophone Crisis
This is a timeline of events related to the Anglophone Crisis. This entry is divided into the following articles:

Timeline of the Anglophone Crisis (2017)

Timeline of the Anglophone Crisis (2018)

Timeline of the Anglophone Crisis (2019)

Timeline of the Anglophone Crisis (2020)

Timeline of the Anglophone Crisis (2021)

Timeline of the Anglophone Crisis (2022)

Timeline of the Anglophone Crisis (2023)

Timeline of the Anglophone Crisis (2024)

Timeline of the Anglophone Crisis (2025)

Timeline of the Anglophone Crisis (2026)
Oscar Sigvald Julius Strugstad
Oscar Sigvald Julius Strugstad (6 July 1851 – 12 August 1919) was a Norwegian military officer and politician. He served as Minister of Defence from 1903 to 1905.

He died in 1919 and was buried at Vestre gravlund. His son and grandson were both named Oscar Sigvald Strugstad.

Oscar Sigvald Strugstad
Oscar Sigvald Strugstad (28 November 1887 – 15 March 1953) was a Norwegian military officer.

He was born in Kristiania as a son of Oscar Sigvald Julius Strugstad, who was Minister of Defence for a period. He became a Colonel in 1936, and Major General in 1942. In 1939, when Fredrik Monsen tried to name his successor as Minister of Defence, Strugstad was the strongest candidate along with Birger Ljungberg, who was ultimately chosen.

During the Second World War Strugstad was a military attaché in Stockholm from 1940 to 1941, leader of the Norwegian Brigade in Scotland from 1941 to 1942, and leader of the Norwegian military mission to the Allied command in London from 1943 to 1945. He was then stationed with the Allied commander in Norway after Germany's defeat, and led DK Trøndelag from 1945 to 1952.

He died in 1953 and was buried at Vestre gravlund. Strugstad's son, also named Oscar Sigvald Strugstad, was an executive in the food industry.
John Whitgift
John Whitgift (c. 1530 – 29 February 1604) was the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1583 to his death. Noted for his hospitality, he was somewhat ostentatious in his habits, sometimes visiting Canterbury and other towns attended by a retinue of 800 horses. Whitgift's theological views were often controversial.

John Strype
John Strype (1 November 1643 – 11 December 1737) was an English clergyman, historian and biographer from London. He became a merchant when settling in Petticoat Lane. In his twenties, he became perpetual curate of Theydon Bois, Essex and later became curate of Leyton; this allowed him direct correspondence with several highly notable ecclesiastical figures of his time. He wrote extensively in his later years.
Lucrezia Gonzaga
Lucrezia Gonzaga di Gazzuolo (1522 – 11 February 1576) was an Italian noblewoman known for her literary talents, and  her association with Matteo Bandello. Bandello taught her mathematics, astronomy, rhetoric and logic, and wrote poetry in her honour, during his stay in Castel Goffredo at the court of Luigi Gonzaga. A volume of her letters was published in Venice in 1552; some scholars believe Ortensio Lando was the author and not just the editor, though this has been disputed.

She was born in Bozzolo  to Pirro Gonzaga, lord of Gazzuolo, member of a secondary branch of the Gonzaga family, and Camilla Bentivoglio. At the age of 14 she married Paolo Manfrone, and is sometimes known as Lucrezia Gonzaga Manfrona. She died in 1576 in Mantua.

Pirro Gonzaga
Pirro Gonzaga (1490 – 22 January 1529) was an Italian nobleman and condottiero during the Italian Wars of 1494–1559. He was accused of treason against the Holy Roman Empire, sided with France, and was eventually defeated and imprisoned in Lombardy.
English school of international relations theory
The English School of international relations theory (sometimes also referred to as liberal realism, the international society school or the British institutionalists) maintains that there is a 'society of states' at the international level, despite the condition of anarchy (that is, the lack of a global ruler or world state). The English school stands for the conviction that ideas, rather than simply material capabilities, shape the conduct of international politics, and therefore deserve analysis and critique. In this sense it is similar to constructivism, though the English School has its roots more in world history, international law and political theory, and is more open to normative approaches than is generally the case with constructivism.

Hedley Bull
Hedley Norman Bull FBA (10 June 1932 – 18 May 1985) was Professor of International Relations at the Australian National University, the London School of Economics and the University of Oxford until his death from cancer in 1985. He was Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at Oxford from 1977 to 1985, and died there.
Missile Warning Center
The Missile Warning Center (MWC) is a center that provides missile warning and defense for United States Space Command's Combined Force Space Component Command, incorporating both space-based and terrestrial sensors. The MWC is located at Cheyenne Mountain Space Force Station.

Combined Force Space Component Command
The Combined Force Space Component Command (CFSCC) was a U.S.-led multinational subordinate command of United States Space Command. It was responsible for tactical control of American and multinational space forces. The CFSCC's mission was to "plan, integrate, conduct, and assess global space operations in order to deliver combat relevant space capabilities to Combatant Commanders, Coalition partners, the Joint Force, and the Nation." It was established on 29 August 2019.

The United States Space Force's Space Operations Command West served as the headquarters and staff for the Combined Force Space Component Command.

CFSCC was inactivated on 6 December 2023 with the activation of United States Space Forces – Space. On 8 January 2024, a ceremony was held to inactivate CFSCC.
Caledon Canadians
The Caledon Canadians are a defunct Junior "A" ice hockey team from Caledon, Ontario, Canada.  They were a part of the Metro Junior A Hockey League and were the only team in the "Metro" to win an Ontario Hockey Association Junior "A" Championship.

Caledon, Ontario
Caledon (/ˈkælədən/; 2021 population 76,581) is a town in the Regional Municipality of Peel in the Greater Toronto Area of Ontario, Canada. The name comes from a shortened form of Caledonia, the Roman name for what is now Scotland. Caledon is primarily rural with a number of hamlets and small villages, but also contains the larger community of Bolton (population 26,795) in its southeastern quadrant, adjacent to York Region. Some spillover urbanization also occurs in the south bordering the City of Brampton.

Caledon is the northernmost of three municipalities of Peel Region. The town is northwest of Brampton. According to Statistics Canada the land area is 688 km2 (266 sq mi) and, according to the city the area is 696.04 km2 (268.74 sq mi), which makes Caledon the largest municipality by area in the Greater Toronto Area.
Alf Garnett
Alfred Edward Garnett is a fictional character from the English sitcom Till Death Us Do Part and its follow-on and spin-off series Till Death... and In Sickness and in Health. He also appeared in the chat show The Thoughts of Chairman Alf. The character was created by Johnny Speight and played by Warren Mitchell.

In a 2001 poll conducted by Channel 4, Alf Garnett was ranked 49th on their list of the 100 Greatest TV Characters.

Till Death...
Till Death... is a British sitcom of six episodes that was produced by ATV and aired on ITV from 22 May to 3 July 1981. It is a continuation of the BBC sitcom Till Death Us Do Part that aired from 1965 to 1975. The title was changed to Till Death... because the title Till Death Us Do Part was controlled by the BBC.
Northfield, Massachusetts
Northfield is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. Northfield was first settled in 1673. The population was 2,866 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts. The Connecticut River runs through the town, dividing West Northfield from East Northfield and the village of Northfield, where the town hall is located.

Part of the town is included in the census-designated place of Northfield.

Franklin County, Massachusetts
Franklin County is a nongovernmental county in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Massachusetts. At the 2020 census, the population was 71,029, which made it the least populous county on the Massachusetts mainland, and the third least populous county in the state. Its traditional county seat and most populous city is Greenfield. Its largest town by area is New Salem. Franklin County comprises the Greenfield Town, MA Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Springfield–Greenfield Town, MA Combined Statistical Area.
1925 South American Championship squads
These are the squads for the countries that played in the 1925 South American Championship. The participating countries were Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. The teams plays in a single round-robin tournament, earning two points for a win, one point for a draw, and zero points for a loss.

1925 South American Championship
The ninth South American Championship was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina from 29 November to 25 December 1925.

In 1925, the participating countries were Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. Chile and Uruguay withdrew from the tournament, making this event the one with the fewest participating teams. The tournament was rescheduled to be held in two rounds.

Argentina won its second continental title.