hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gig Young
Gig Young (born Byron Elsworth Barr; November 4, 1913 – October 19, 1978) was an American stage, film and television actor. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performances in Come Fill the Cup (1952) and Teacher's Pet (1959), finally winning the award for They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969).

In 1978, Young murdered his 31-year-old wife three weeks after their wedding before turning the gun on himself and committing suicide at the age of 64.

Martin Baum (agent)
Martin "Marty"  Baum (March 2, 1924 – November 5, 2010) was an American talent agent known for his work at the Creative Artists Agency (CAA), including the first head of the agency's motion picture department. During his career, which spanned from the 1940s until 2010, his client list at CAA and other agencies included Bette Davis, Jack Lemmon, Bobby Darin, Bo Derek, Richard Attenborough, Red Buttons, Maggie Smith and Rock Hudson. Baum was also the President of ABC Pictures, the film division of the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), from 1968 until 1971.
Potanin Glacier
The Potanin Glacier (Mongolian: Потанины мөсөн гол) is the longest glacier in Mongolia, it stretches about 14 kilometres and located through in the Altai Tavan Bogd mountain in Altai Mountains. The glacier is named after explorer Grigory Potanin.

As with many other glaciers around the world, the Potanin Glacier is gradually decreasing in size. Over a 6-year period of observation, September 2003 to September 2009, it retreated by about 90 meters, thus recording an average retreat rate of 15 m/year. It also has become thinner, especially in its lower parts; the average thinning rate of 2.6 m/year has been measured over 2004–2009.

Tavan Bogd
The Five Saints, known in Mongolian as the Tabhan Bogd (/ˈtævən bɒɡd/; Таван богд [ˈtʰaw̜əɴ pɔxt]), is a mountain massif in Mongolia, near the triple border with China and Russia. Its highest peak, the Khüiten Peak (formerly also known as Nairamdal Peak), is the highest point of Mongolia at 4374 meters above sea level.

The Tavan Bogd massif is located mostly within the Bayan-Ölgii Province of Mongolia; its northern slopes are in Russia's Altai Republic, and western, in China's Burqin County.

Besides the Khüiten Peak, the Tavan Bogd massif includes four other peaks: Nairamdal, Malchin, Bürged (eagle) and Ölgii (motherland).
The Life Story of John Lee, or The Man They Could Not Hang (1912 film)
The Life Story of John Lee, or the Man They Could Not Hang is a 1912 Australian silent film based on a stage play about the true life story of John Babbacombe Lee.

Its original title was In the Shadow of the Scaffold, or The Man They Could Not Hang but is better known under the later title.

The film was the first of three (to date) on this story, and is considered a lost film.

It is one of the most profitable early Australian films ever made. According to one writer, "The man who produced it never made any money, but the person to whom he sold it did. He would not call it a good picture; the title drew the public. It was a self-advertised film by reason of  the history attached to it."

In 1920 The Bulletin called it "rather crude, but highly popular."

John Babbacombe Lee
John Henry George "Babbacombe" Lee (15 August 1864 – 19 March 1945) was an Englishman famous for surviving three attempts to hang him for murder. Born in Abbotskerswell, Devon, Lee served in the Royal Navy, and was a known thief.

In 1885, Lee was convicted of the murder of his employer, Emma Keyse, at her home at Babbacombe Bay near Torquay on 15 November 1884, with a knife. The evidence was circumstantial: Lee was the only male in the house at the time of the murder, had a prior criminal record for theft for stealing silverware from a previous employer, and was found with an unexplained cut on his arm. The alleged motive was that Keyse and Lee had been in a dispute. Keyse was disappointed with Lee's recent behavior and had reduced his wages and threatened to fire him.

After surviving three attempts at hanging, his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. Lee became popularly known as "the man they couldn't hang".
Archeparchy of Polotsk–Vitebsk (Ruthenian Uniate Church)
The Archeparchy of Polotsk-Vitebsk was an archeparchy of the Ruthenian Uniate Church that was situated in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. From 1596 to 1839, it was a suffragan eparchy of the Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia. The cathedral church of the archeparchy was Cathedral of Saint Sophia in the city of Polotsk.

Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Vilnius
Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Vilnius (or Vilnius of the Ukrainians) and its successor Žyrovyci of the Ukrainians were the only eparchy (Eastern Catholic diocese) in Lithuania of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (sui iuris, Byzantine Rite in Ukrainian language), but short-lived (1809-1828-1833).
Whitney Ellsworth
Frederick Whitney Ellsworth (November 27, 1908 – September 7, 1980) was an American comic book editor and sometime writer and artist for DC Comics during the period known to historians and fans as the Golden Age of Comic Books. He was also DC's "movie studio contact", becoming both a producer and story editor on the TV series The Adventures of Superman.

Superman (serial)
Superman is a 1948 15-part Columbia Pictures film serial based on the comic book character Superman. It stars an uncredited Kirk Alyn (billed on-screen only by his character's name, Superman; but credited as Kirk Alyn on the promotional posters) and Noel Neill as Lois Lane. It was the first live-action appearance of Superman on film. The serial was directed by Thomas Carr (who later directed many early episodes of the Adventures of Superman television series) and Spencer Gordon Bennet, produced by Sam Katzman, and shot in and around Los Angeles, California. It was originally screened at movie matinées, and after the first three scene-setting chapters, every episode ends on a cliffhanger. The Superman-in-flight scenes are animations, in part due to the small production budget.

A tremendous financial success, the serial made Kirk Alyn famous and launched Noel Neill's career. A sequel serial, Atom Man vs. Superman, also directed by Bennet, was released in 1950.
Chundi Ramgha
Chundi Ramgha is a village which lies in Bhanu Municipality, Tanahun District, Nepal. Chundi is the name of river (Chundi River), which flows through the lower lands of Ramgha base.

The first poet of Nepali language hence known as Aadikavi (early poet) Bhanubhakta Acharya was born in Chundi Ramgha. Nara Nath Acharya, who wrote the Authentic Biography of Bhanubhakta Acharya was also born and lived in this village.

Bhanubhakta Acharya
Bhanubhakta Acharya (Nepali: भानुभक्त आचार्य) (1814—1868 CE) (1871—1925 BS) was a Nepali writer, poet, and translator. He is widely regarded as the oldest poet in the Nepali language, for which he was conferred with the title of "Aadikabi": literally, "the first poet".

He is best known for translating the epic Ramayana from Sanskrit to Nepali for the first time. Initially, his translation of the Ramayana was popular in oral form. It was later compiled and published by Motirām Bhatta in the late 19th century as Bhanubhakta Ramayana
Stivers School for the Arts
Stivers School for the Arts is a magnet school in the Dayton City Schools in Dayton, Ohio, USA, in the St. Anne's Hill Historic District neighborhood. It is a public middle and high school that focuses on education in the visual and performing arts. U.S. News & World Report consistently ranks Stivers among America's best high schools.

Saint Anne's Hill Historic District
Saint Anne's Hill Historic District is part of the Historic Inner East neighborhood in Dayton, Ohio, United States. St. Anne's Hill constitutes a grouping of both vernacular and high style Victorian residences which date roughly from 1860 to the early 20th century. Having originally been platted in 1802 by German immigrants, the neighborhood is significant for its German heritage Dayton Liederkranz Turner German club. Stivers School for the Arts, a nationally ranked public high school, is also located within St. Anne's Hill.
Irrational rotation
In the mathematical theory of dynamical systems, an irrational rotation is a map

where θ is an irrational number. Under the identification of a circle with R/Z, or with the interval [0, 1] with the boundary points glued together, this map becomes a rotation of a circle by a proportion θ of a full revolution (i.e., an angle of 2πθ radians). Since θ is irrational, the rotation has infinite order in the circle group and the map Tθ has no periodic orbits.

Alternatively, we can use multiplicative notation for an irrational rotation by introducing the map

The relationship between the additive and multiplicative notations is the group isomorphism

.

It can be shown that φ is an isometry.

There is a strong distinction in circle rotations that depends on whether θ is rational or irrational. Rational rotations are less interesting examples of dynamical systems because if  and , then  when .  It can also be shown that 
 when .

Mixing (mathematics)
In mathematics, mixing is an abstract concept originating from physics: the attempt to describe the irreversible thermodynamic process of mixing in the everyday world: e.g. mixing paint, mixing drinks, industrial mixing.

The concept appears in ergodic theory—the study of stochastic processes and measure-preserving dynamical systems. Several different definitions for mixing exist, including strong mixing, weak mixing and topological mixing, with the last not requiring a measure to be defined. Some of the different definitions of mixing can be arranged in a hierarchical order; thus, strong mixing implies weak mixing. Furthermore, weak mixing (and thus also strong mixing) implies ergodicity: that is, every system that is weakly mixing is also ergodic (and so one says that mixing is a "stronger" condition than ergodicity).
NZR BC class
The NZR BC class comprised a single steam locomotive that operated on New Zealand's national rail network. Built for the Wellington and Manawatu Railway (WMR) and classified as No. 17, it passed into the ownership of the New Zealand Railways Department (NZR) when the government purchased the WMR in December 1908, and it was then that it acquired the BC classification as BC 463.

2-8-2
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-8-2 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, usually in a leading truck, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles and two trailing wheels on one axle, usually in a trailing truck. This configuration of steam locomotive is most often referred to as a Mikado, frequently shortened to Mike.

It was also at times referred to on some railroads in the United States as the McAdoo Mikado and, during World War II, the MacArthur.

The notation 2-8-2T indicates a tank locomotive of this wheel arrangement, the "T" suffix indicating a locomotive on which the water is carried in tanks mounted on the engine rather than in an attached tender.
Riemann–Silberstein vector
In mathematical physics, in particular electromagnetism, the Riemann–Silberstein vector or Weber vector named after Bernhard Riemann, Heinrich Martin Weber and Ludwik Silberstein, (or sometimes ambiguously called the "electromagnetic field") is a complex vector that combines the electric field E and the magnetic field B.

Matrix representation of Maxwell's equations
In electromagnetism, a branch of fundamental physics, the matrix representations of the Maxwell's equations are a formulation of Maxwell's equations using matrices, complex numbers, and vector calculus.  These representations are for a homogeneous medium, an approximation in an inhomogeneous medium. A matrix representation for an inhomogeneous medium was presented using a pair of matrix equations. A single equation using 4 × 4 matrices is necessary and sufficient for any homogeneous medium. For an inhomogeneous medium it necessarily requires 8 × 8 matrices.
Royal Horse Guards
The Royal Regiment of Horse Guards, also known as the Blues, or abbreviated as RHG, was one of the cavalry regiments of the British Army and part of the Household Cavalry. In 1969, it was amalgamated with the 1st The Royal Dragoons to form the Blues and Royals.

Raised in August 1650 by Sir Arthur Haselrig on the orders of Oliver Cromwell, following the 1660 Stuart Restoration, it became the Earl of Oxford's Regiment in 1660. Based on the colour of their uniform, the regiment was nicknamed "the Oxford Blues", or simply the "Blues." In 1750, it became the Royal Horse Guards Blue and eventually, in 1877, the Royal Horse Guards (The Blues).

Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey
Field Marshal Henry William Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey (17 May 1768 – 29 April 1854), styled Lord Paget between 1784 and 1812 and known as the Earl of Uxbridge between 1812 and 1815, was a British Army officer and politician. After serving as a member of parliament for Carnarvon and then for Milborne Port, he took part in the Flanders Campaign and then commanded the cavalry for Sir John Moore's army in Spain during the Peninsular War; his cavalry showed distinct superiority over their French counterparts at the Battle of Sahagún and at the Battle of Benavente, where he defeated the elite chasseurs of the French Imperial Guard. During the Hundred Days he led the charge of the heavy cavalry against Comte d'Erlon's column at the Battle of Waterloo. At the end of the battle, he lost part of one leg to a cannonball. In later life, he served twice as Master-General of the Ordnance and twice as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
Fighting Spirit Unleashed
Fighting Spirit Unleashed is an annual series of professional wrestling events by New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), a Japanese professional wrestling promotion, in the United States. NJPW first produced the event in 2018 and has since produced four editions, with the 2019 having been held as a three-event tour in Lowell, Massachusetts, New York City, New York and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from September 27 to 29, 2019 and the most recent being held in closed doors due to the COVID-19 pandemic from September 4 to September 11, 2020.

Fighting Spirit Unleashed (2020)
Fighting Spirit Unleashed (2020) was a two-week professional wrestling event promoted by New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). The two events took place from September 4 to 11, 2020 at the Oceanview Pavilion in Port Hueneme, California.

It was the third event held under the Fighting Spirit Unleashed name, and was a taping for New Japan Pro-Wrestling of America (NJoA)'s weekly streaming show, NJPW Strong.
Emoni Narawa
Emoni Rokomoce Narawa (born 13 July 1999) is a professional rugby union player who plays as a wing for Super Rugby club Chiefs. Born in Fiji, he represents New Zealand at international level after qualifying on residency grounds.

2023 Rugby Championship
The 2023 Rugby Championship was the eleventh edition of the annual southern hemisphere competition, involving Argentina, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.

The competition was operated by SANZAAR, a joint venture of the four countries' national unions, and known for sponsorship reasons as The Castle Rugby Championship in South Africa, The Lipovitan-D Rugby Championship in New Zealand, The eToro Rugby Championship in Australia, and The Zurich Rugby Championship in Argentina.

As in previous Rugby World Cup years, the tournament was reduced, with each nation only playing each other once as part of the Championship.

New Zealand retained the title, the 20th time they won the title.
Bungalow railway station
Bungalow Station (Manx: Stashoon Yn Thie Injil) (more commonly The Bungalow) is the only intermediate station on the Isle of Man's Snaefell Mountain Railway and is located where the main mountain road intersects the line. It is on the border of the parishes of Lezayre (Ayre) and Lonan (Garff).

Snaefell Mountain Railway
The Snaefell Mountain Railway is an electric mountain railway on the Isle of Man in Europe. It joins the village of Laxey with the summit of Snaefell, at 2,036 feet (621 m) above sea level the highest point on the island. It connects with the Manx Electric Railway (MER) in Laxey. The line is 5 miles (8 km) long, is built to 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge and uses a Fell Incline Railway System centre rail for braking on the steep gradients. It is electrified using overhead wires at 550 volts direct current, with bow collectors.
CARASAL
Cathepsin-A Related Arteriopathy with Strokes And Leukoencephalopathy (CARASAL) is a rare genetic disorder that is caused by mutation in a gene CTSA which is located on a chromosome 20. This disease is allelic to Galactosialidosis.  This disease usually begins with a headache, decreased concentration, abnormalities in gait, lack of inhibition, also it usually presents with migraine, depression, vertigo and high blood pressure.

CARASIL
Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) is disease of the arteries in the brain, which causes tissue loss in the subcortical region of the brain and the destruction of myelin in the CNS. CARASIL is characterized by symptoms such as gait disturbances, hair loss, low back pain, dementia, and stroke. CARASIL is a rare disease, having only been diagnosed in about 50 patients, of which ten have been genetically confirmed. Most cases have been reported in Japan, but Chinese and caucasian individuals have also been diagnosed with the disease. CARASIL is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. There is currently no cure for CARASIL. Other names for CARASIL include familial young-adult-onset arteriosclerotic leukoencephalopathy with alopecia and lumbago without arterial hypertension, Nemoto disease  and Maeda syndrome.
David Montgomery (historian)
David Montgomery (December 1, 1927 – December 2, 2011) was a Farnam Professor of History at Yale University. Montgomery was considered one of the foremost academics specializing in United States labor history and wrote extensively on the subject. He is credited, along with David Brody and Herbert Gutman, with founding the field of "new labor history" in the U.S.

The Fall of the House of Labor
The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865–1925 is a book published in 1988 by Yale University historian David Montgomery. The book covers the changing tide of organized labor from the end of the Civil War in 1865 until the First Red Scare and what Montgomery believes to be the effectual end of the substantially organized labor unions in 1925. The book has been heralded by many academics and historians, such as Noam Chomsky, who called the book one of the essential and definitive works cataloging the decline of the labor movement. The book was a Pulitzer Prize finalist nominee in 1988.

Montgomery, David. The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865-1925. New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1987. ISBN 0-521-22579-5
Prince Ludwig of Bavaria (1913–2008)
Prince Ludwig of Bavaria (22 June 1913 – 17 October 2008) was a German prince of the House of Wittelsbach, a member of the former ruling royal family of Bavaria. He was the son of Prince Franz of Bavaria and Princess Isabella Antonie of Croÿ, and a descendant of one of Europe’s oldest dynasties.

Through his marriage to Princess Irmingard of Bavaria in 1950, Prince Ludwig became part of the senior line of the Wittelsbach family. He was the father of Prince Luitpold of Bavaria and played a representative role within the Bavarian royal house in the post-monarchical era.

House of Wittelsbach
The House of Wittelsbach (German: Haus Wittelsbach) is a former Bavarian dynasty, with branches that have ruled over territories including the Electorate of Bavaria, the Electoral Palatinate, the Electorate of Cologne, Holland, Zeeland, Sweden (with Swedish-ruled Finland), Denmark, Norway, Hungary, Bohemia, and Greece. Their ancestral lands of Bavaria and the Palatinate were prince-electorates, and the family had three of its members elected emperors and kings of the Holy Roman Empire. They ruled over the Kingdom of Bavaria which was created in 1805 and continued to exist until 1918.

The House of Windsor, the reigning royal house of the British monarchy, are descendants of Sophia of Hanover (1630–1714), a Wittelsbach Princess of the Palatinate by birth and Electress of Hanover by marriage, who had inherited the succession rights of the House of Stuart and passed them on to the House of Hanover.
Jalagash District
Jalagash (Kazakh: Жалағаш ауданы, Jalağaş audany) is a district of Kyzylorda Region in southern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the urban-type settlement of Jalagash. Population: 36,481 (2013 estimate); 39,553 (2009 census results); 35,695 (1999 census results).

Kyzylorda Region
Qyzylorda Region, formerly known as Kyzyl-Orda Region until 1991, is a region of Kazakhstan. Its capital is the city of Qyzylorda, with a population of 234,736. The region itself has a population of 823,251. Other notable settlements include Aral, Kazaly (Kazalinsk) and the Russian-administered Baikonur, which services the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The total area of the province is 226,000 square kilometers (87,000 sq mi).
Origin of the Armenians
The origin of the Armenians is a topic concerned with the emergence of the Armenian people and the country called Armenia. The earliest universally accepted reference to the people and the country dates back to the 6th century BC Behistun Inscription, followed by several Greek fragments and books. The earliest known reference to a geopolitical entity where Armenians originated from is dated to the 13th century BC as Uruatri in Old Assyrian. Historians and Armenologists have speculated about the earlier origin of the Armenian people, but no consensus has been achieved as of yet. Genetic studies show that Armenian people are indigenous to historical Armenia, showing little to no signs of admixture since around the 13th century BC.

Proto-Armenian language
Proto-Armenian is the earlier, unattested stage of the Armenian language which has been reconstructed by linguists. As Armenian is the only known language of its branch of the Indo-European languages, the comparative method cannot be used to reconstruct its earlier stages. Instead, a combination of internal and external reconstruction, by reconstructions of Proto-Indo-European and other branches, has allowed linguists to piece together the earlier history of Armenian.
Boyacá, Boyacá
Boyacá is a town and municipality in the Márquez Province, part of the department of Boyacá, Colombia. It is located approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the city of Tunja, the capital of the department. Boyacá limits Tunja and Soracá in the north, Jenesano in the south, Nuevo Colón and Ramiriquí in the west and Ventaquemada in the east.

Ventaquemada
Ventaquemada is a town and municipality in the Central Boyacá Province, part of the Colombian department of Boyacá. Ventaquemada is located at a distance of 98 kilometres (61 mi) from the capital Bogotá and 29 kilometres (18 mi) from the departmental capital Tunja. The urban centre is situated at an altitude of 2,630 metres (8,630 ft) on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. Ventaquemada borders Tunja and Samacá in the north, Boyacá, Boyacá, Jenesano and Nuevo Colón in the east, Turmequé and Villapinzón in the south and Guachetá, Lenguazaque and Villapinzón in the west.