hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Absolute difference
The absolute difference of two real numbers  and  is given by , the absolute value of their difference. It describes the distance on the real line between the points corresponding to  and , and is a special case of the Lp distance for all . Its applications in statistics include the absolute deviation from a central tendency.

Absolute value
In mathematics, the absolute value or modulus of a real number , denoted , is the (non-negative) magnitude of  measured without regard to its sign. Namely,  if  is a positive number, and  if  is negative (in which case negating  makes  positive), and . For example, the absolute value of 3 is 3, and the absolute value of −3 is also 3. The absolute value of a number may be thought of as its distance from zero.

Generalisations of the absolute value for real numbers occur in a wide variety of mathematical settings. For example, an absolute value is also defined for the complex numbers, the quaternions, ordered rings, fields and vector spaces. The absolute value is closely related to the notions of magnitude, distance, and norm in various mathematical and physical contexts.
Anticiparallelism
Anticiparallelism (Anticipatory Parallelism) is a term coined by Bob Metcalfe in 1998. It is a technique of using idle machine cycles to perform useful computing tasks in the background. Such tasks must be readily interrupted for intervals when the computer needs to return to its primary task. An example
of such a task is transmitting e-mail. Anticiparalleism is also known as speculative execution, continual computation or optimistic execution.

Speculative execution
Speculative execution is an optimization technique where a computer system performs some task that may not be needed. Work is done before it is known whether it is actually needed, so as to prevent a delay that would have to be incurred by doing the work after it is known that it is needed. If it turns out the work was not needed after all, most changes made by the work are reverted and the results are ignored.

The objective is to provide more concurrency if extra resources are available. This approach is employed in a variety of areas, including branch prediction in pipelined processors, value prediction for exploiting value locality, prefetching memory and files, and optimistic concurrency control in database systems.

Speculative multithreading is a special case of speculative execution.
Kerguelen Plateau
The Kerguelen Plateau ( /ˈkɜːrɡələn/, /kərˈɡeɪlən/), also known as the Kerguelen–Heard Plateau, is an oceanic plateau and large igneous province (LIP) located on the Antarctic Plate, in the southern Indian Ocean. It is about 3,000 km (1,900 mi) to the southwest of Australia and is roughly the size of South Africa. The plateau extends for more than 2,200 km (1,400 mi) in a northwest–southeast direction and lies in deep water.

The plateau was produced by the Kerguelen hotspot, starting with or following the breakup of Gondwana about 130 million years ago. A small portion of the plateau breaks sea level, forming the Kerguelen Islands (a French overseas territory) plus the Heard and McDonald Islands (an Australian external territory). Intermittent volcanism continues on the Heard and McDonald Islands.

Rajmahal Traps
The Rajmahal Traps is a volcanic igneous province in Eastern India, covering the parts of Jharkhand, West Bengal and Meghalaya. The Rajmahal Hills of Jharkhand is the type area of this province. Multiple layers of solidified lava made the 608-metre-thick (1,995 ft) Rajmahal Traps which are dipping 2–5° towards the north-east. Individual layers vary in thickness from less than one metre (3 ft 3 in) to more than 70 metres (230 ft).
Canton of Zug
The canton of Zug or canton of Zoug (German: Kanton Zug, Standard German: [tsuːk] ⓘ, Alemannic German: [tsuːɡ̊]; Romansh: Chantun Zug; French: Canton de Zoug; Italian: Canton Zugo) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland. It is located in central Switzerland and its capital is Zug. At 239 km2 (92 sq mi) the canton is one of the smallest of the Swiss cantons in terms of area. It is not subdivided into districts, but eleven municipalities.

Lake Zug
Lake Zug (German: Zugersee, Swiss Standard German pronunciation: [ˈtsuːɡərˌzeː]) is a lake in Central Switzerland, situated between Lake Lucerne and Lake Zurich. It stretches for 14 km (8.7 mi) between Arth and the Cham-Zug bay. The Lorze as the main feeder river empties its waters into the lake at its northern extremity, but 1 km (0.6 mi) further west issues from the lake to pursue its course towards the Reuss. Due to this poor feeding, Environmental protection is very important as the lake would suffer long term damage if polluted as the second of the rivers, Rigiaa, feeds only a marginal amount into the lake at its southern end. Already a great part of the fauna in the deep parts of the lake has been lost.
Dmitry Pozharsky
Dmitry Mikhaylovich Pozharsky (Russian: Дми́трий Миха́йлович Пожа́рский, IPA: [ˈdmʲitrʲɪj mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪtɕ pɐˈʐarskʲɪj]; 17 October 1577 – 30 April 1642) was a Russian prince known for his military leadership during the Polish–Russian War from 1611 to 1612. Pozharsky formed the Second Volunteer Army with Kuzma Minin in Nizhny Novgorod against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's occupation of Russia during the Time of Troubles, resulting in Polish withdrawal after Russian victory at the Battle of Moscow in 1612. Pozharsky received the unprecedented title of Saviour of the Fatherland from Mikhail I of Russia, becoming a folk hero in Russian culture and honored in the Monument to Minin and Pozharsky in Moscow's Red Square.

Suzdal
Suzdal (Russian: Суздаль, IPA: [ˈsuzdəlʲ]) is a town that serves as the administrative center of Suzdalsky District in Vladimir Oblast, Russia, which is located along the Kamenka tributary of the Nerl River, 26 km (16 mi) north of the city of Vladimir. As of the 2021 Census, its population was 9,286.

In the 12th century, Suzdal became the capital of the principality. Currently, Suzdal is the smallest of the Russian Golden Ring towns. It has several sites listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Fall Branch, Tennessee
Fall Branch is a census-designated place (CDP) in Washington and Greene counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee. The population was 1,291 at the 2010 census. Some areas in Sullivan also use the Fall Branch ZIP code.

Fall Branch is part of the Johnson City Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is a component of the Johnson City–Kingsport–Bristol, TN-VA Combined Statistical Area – commonly known as the "Tri-Cities" region.

Johnson City metropolitan area, Tennessee
The Johnson City Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of three counties in East Tennessee, anchored by the city of Johnson City. As of the 2020 census, the MSA had a population of 207,285.
Meta (district)
Meta is one of the districts in the Oromia of Ethiopia. Part of the East Hararghe Zone, Meta is bordered on the southwest by Deder, on the northwest by Goro Gutu, on the north by the Somali Region, on the northeast by Kersa, and on the southeast by Bedeno. Towns in Meta include Chelenqo and Kulubi.

Goro Gutu
Goro Gutu (Oromo: Aanaa Gooro Guutuu) is a Aanaa in Oromia, Ethiopia. This district is named after Mount Goro Gutu, its tallest mountain. Part of the East Hararghe Zone, Goro Gutu is bordered on the south by Deder, on the west by the West Hararghe Zone, on the north by the Somali Region, and on the east by Meta. The administrative center is Karamile; other towns include Boroda towns.
Baltrum
Baltrum (German pronunciation: [ˈbaltʁʊm] ⓘ; Low German: Baltrum) is a barrier island off the coast of East Frisia (German: Ostfriesland), in Germany, and is a municipality in the district of Aurich, Lower Saxony. It is located in-between the chain of the seven inhabited East Frisian Islands. Baltrum is the smallest island in this chain by area and inhabitants. It has a land area of 6.5 square kilometres, and a population in (2011) of just over 500 resident inhabitants.

Neßmersiel
Neßmersiel is an East Frisian village and seaside resort on the Wadden Sea coast in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is an Ortsteil of the municipality of Dornum, in the district of Aurich. Neßmersiel is located about 5 kilometers northwest of Dornum.

The village of Neßmersiel lies directly behind the dike and contains mostly holiday homes. There are also restaurants, hotels, cafes, and numerous shops. A playground for children is at the beach. Most coastal tours of the north German sea coast begin at Neßmersiel. Each year 10–12 million migratory birds visit the nearby Lower Saxon Wadden Sea National Park.
Festa della Repubblica
Festa della Repubblica (Italian: [ˈfɛsta della reˈpubblika]; English: Republic Day) is the Italian National Day and Republic Day, which is celebrated on 2 June each year, with the main celebration taking place in Rome. The Festa della Repubblica is one of the national symbols of Italy.

The day commemorates the 1946 Italian institutional referendum held by universal suffrage, in which the Italian people were called to the polls to decide on the form of government following the Second World War and the fall of Fascism.

The ceremony of the event, organized in Rome, includes the deposition of a laurel wreath as a tribute to the Italian Unknown Soldier at the Altare della Patria by the President of the Italian Republic and a military parade along Via dei Fori Imperiali in Rome.

National day
A national day is a day on which celebrations mark the statehood or nationhood of a state or its people. It may be the date of independence, of becoming a republic, of becoming a federation, or a significant date for a patron saint or a ruler (such as a birthday, accession, or removal).

The national day is often an official public holiday. Many countries have more than one national day. Denmark and the United Kingdom are the only countries without a national day. Denmark has what is not a public holiday but an unofficial celebration called Constitution Day. National days emerged with the age of nationalism, with most appearing during the 19th and 20th centuries.

National day may also be known as Independence Day, Liberation Day, or Republic Day, depending on the nation, and its history.
Polycarp
Polycarp (/ˈpɒlikɑːrp/; Greek: Πολύκαρπος, Polýkarpos; Latin: Polycarpus; AD 69 – 155) was a Christian bishop of Smyrna. According to the Martyrdom of Polycarp, he died a martyr, bound and burned at the stake, then stabbed when the fire failed to consume his body. Polycarp is regarded as a saint and Church Father in the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Catholic Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, Lutheranism, and Anglicanism.

Both Irenaeus and Tertullian say that Polycarp had been a disciple of John the Apostle, one of Jesus's disciples. In On Illustrious Men, Jerome similarly writes that Polycarp was a disciple of John the Apostle, who had ordained him as a bishop of Smyrna. Polycarp is regarded as one of three chief Apostolic Fathers, along with Clement of Rome and Ignatius of Antioch.

Metropolis of Smyrna
The Metropolis of Smyrna (Greek: Μητρόπολη Σμύρνης) is an ecclesiastical territory (diocese) of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, modern Turkey. The Christian community of Smyrna was one of the Seven Churches of Asia, mentioned by Apostle John in the Book of Revelation. It was initially an archbishopric, but was promoted to a metropolis during the 9th century. Although the local Christian element was reduced during the 14th and 15th centuries, it retained its ecclesiastical autonomy continuously until 1922.
Düsseldorf-Gerresheim station
Düsseldorf-Gerresheim station is a through station in the district of Gerresheim in the city of Düsseldorf in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The station was opened along with the Düsseldorf–Elberfeld railway from Düsseldorf to Erkrath by the Düsseldorf-Elberfeld Railway Company on 20 December 1838. It has two platform tracks and it is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 5 station. Its station building, which has been refurbished as Kulturbahnhof (culture station) is the oldest extant station building in Germany.

The station is served by Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn lines S8 between Mönchengladbach and Wuppertal-Oberbarmen or Hagen every 20 minutes, S28 between Mettmann Stadtwald or Wuppertal Hauptbahnhof and Kaarster See every 20 and several S68 services between Wuppertal-Vohwinkel and Langenfeld in the peak hour.

The station is also served by Stadtbahn line U73 and bus routes 730, 736, 736, and 737, all operated  by Rheinbahn.

S28 (Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn)
The S28 Regiobahn is a S-Bahn line in the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn network. It is operated by Transdev Rheinland GmbH as a subcontractor of Regiobahn Fahrbetriebsgesellschaft mbH (Regiobahn for short), who is the PSO operator on behalf of Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr (VRR).
Kuttiar Weir
Kuttiar Weir (Malayalam: കുട്ടിയാർ തടയണ) is a small diversion dam constructed across Kuttiar River in Elappara panchayath of Vagamon Village of Idukki District in Kerala, India. The Kuttiar weir is constructed for augmenting water to the Idukki Hydro Electric Project. The weir has a height of 16.5 metres (54 ft) from the deepest foundation and a length of 101.35 metres (332.5 ft)

Narakakkanam, Azhutha, Vazhikkadavu, Vadakkepuzha and Kuttiar diversion schemes were later added to augment the Idukki reservoir. The Kuttiar diversion scheme envisages diversion of water from 10.4 km2 of catchment of Kuttiar ar to Idukki reservoir by constructing an unlined tunnel of 2697.3 m length and a weir of 101.30 m long for an additional 37 Mu power generation at Idukki Power station.

Vadakkepuzha Weir
Vadakkepuzha Weir (Malayalam:വടക്കേപ്പുഴ തടയണ) is a diversion dam of Earthen type constructed across Vadakkepuzha which is a tributary of Muvattupuzha river in Arakkulam village in Idukki district of Kerala, India. Vadakkepuzha weir is a part of an augmentation scheme for the Idukki Hydro Electric Project. Narakakkanam, Azhutha, Vazhikkadavu, Vadakkepuzha and Kuttiar diversion schemes were later added to Idukki HEP to augment the reservoir. Water from the reservoir is pumped in to Idukki reservoir through a pump house with three pumps.
Ikoinohiroba Station
Ikoinohiroba Station (いこいの広場駅, Ikoinohiroba-eki) is a train station on the Tenryū Hamanako Line in Kakegawa, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. It is 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) by rail from the terminus of the line at Kakegawa Station.

Kakegawa, Shizuoka
Kakegawa (掛川市, Kakegawa-shi) is a city in western Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. As of 10 October 2019,  the city had an estimated population of 117,925 in 45,519 households. The total area of the city is 265.69 square kilometres (102.58 sq mi).
Beta normal form
In  lambda calculus, a term is in beta normal form if no beta reduction is possible. A term is in beta-eta normal form if neither a beta reduction nor an eta reduction is possible. A term is in head normal form if there is no beta-redex in the head position. The normal form of a term, if one exists, is unique (as a corollary of the Church–Rosser theorem). However, a term may have more than one head normal form.

Lambda calculus definition
The lambda calculus is a formal mathematical system consisting of constructing lambda terms and performing reduction operations on them. The definition of a lambda term is simply a variable, a lambda abstraction, or a  function application, but a formal presentation can be somewhat lengthy. The focus of this article is to present a full and complete definition of the lambda calculus, specifically the pure untyped lambda calculus without extensions, although a lambda calculus extended with numbers and arithmetic is used for explanatory purposes.
Roll Flight MR V
The Roll Flight MR V is a German powered parachute that was designed by Martin Rütter and produced by Roll Flight of Schwelm. A two-seat version is known as the Duo. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

Roll Flight
Roll Flight was a German aircraft manufacturer founded by Martin Rütter based in Schwelm. The company specialized in the design and manufacture of powered parachutes in the form of ready-to-fly aircraft for the European Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category.

Active in the mid-2000s period, the company started building steel tube cages for paramotors as its first product. This then expanded into producing entire powered parachute carriage units which could then be mated with one of a number of parachute wings. The company produced the Roll Flight MR V as a single-seater that could be converted into a two-seater and was then called the Duo.
The Angel with Golden Hair
The Angel with Golden Hair (Russian: Ангел Златые Власы, romanized: Angel Zlatye Vlasy), also known as the Archangel Gabriel (Russian: Архангел Гавриил), is a tempera icon by an unknown Russian artist, painted in the second half of the 12th century. It is displayed in the Russian Museum in Saint Petersburg.

The Angel with Golden Hair is the oldest Russian icon from the collection of the Russian Museum. Most experts attribute it to the Novgorod school of icon painting. What characterizes this icon is the golden hair with added gold leaf. For each hair of the angel a thin gold strip from a gold leaf was laid, which makes the hair shine with a celestial light, as the gold symbolizes the divine.

Russian Museum
The State Russian Museum (Russian: Государственный Русский музей), formerly known as the Russian Museum of His Imperial Majesty Alexander III (Russian: Русский Музей Императора Александра III), on Arts Square  in Saint Petersburg, is the world's largest depository of Russian fine art. It is also one of the largest art museums in the world with a total area over 30 hectares. In 2022 it attracted  2,651,688  visitors, ranking twelfth on list of most-visited art museums in the world.
Avatar Press
Avatar Press is an independent American comic book publisher founded in 1996 by William A. Christensen, and based in Rantoul, Illinois. It was originally known for publishing bad girl comics, such as Pandora, Hellina, Lookers, The Ravening, and Brian Pulido's Lady Death. Later the company became better known for publishing particularly violent titles by popular and critically acclaimed writers such as Alan Moore, Garth Ennis, Warren Ellis, Jonathan Hickman, and Kieron Gillen.

Avatar also publishes the comics news site Bleeding Cool, helmed by Rich Johnston.

Crossed (comics)
Crossed is a horror comic book series written by Garth Ennis and drawn by Jacen Burrows and published by Avatar Press. The comic explores the aftermath of a global pandemic that turns people into homicidal maniacs who bear a distinctive cross-shaped facial rash. After the series concluded in 2010, the comic was followed with Crossed: Family Values published from 2010 to 2011, Crossed 3D written by David Lapham in 2011, and Crossed: Psychopath also written by Lapham was published from January to December 2011. An anthology series, Crossed: Badlands, was written and drawn by a rotating creative team and was published from February 2012 to July 2016. The franchise has also spawned two webcomics: Crossed: Wish You Were Here, which ran from 2012 to 2014, and Crossed: Dead or Alive, which began syndication in November 2014.
Panday (2005 TV series)
Carlo J. Caparas' Panday or simply Panday (transl. blacksmith) is a Philippine television drama fantasy series broadcast by ABS-CBN. Based on the fictional comics character of the same title, created by Carlo J. Caparas and illustrated by Steve Gan. Directed by Toto Natividad, it stars Jericho Rosales and Heart Evangelista. It aired on the network's Primetime Bida line up and worldwide on TFC from November 7, 2005 to May 26, 2006, replacing Ikaw ang Lahat sa Akin and was replaced by Calla Lily.

Panday (character)
The Panday (Filipino for smith) is a fictional Philippine comics character created by writer Carlo J. Caparas and artist Steve Gan. His stories were first serialized in the comic series Ang Panday ("The Smith") in Pilipino Komiks during the late 1970s. The character, whose real name is Flavio, became a Philippine pop culture icon since it was adapted to film (Ang Panday) in 1980 with Fernando Poe Jr. portraying Flavio and Max Alvarado as his archenemy Lizardo. The film spawned three direct sequels, as well as multiple other more loosely connected films and television series including an animated version.
Tresfjord Bridge
The Tresfjord Bridge (Norwegian: Tresfjordbrua) is a box girder bridge in Vestnes Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway.

The 1,290-metre-long (4,230 ft) bridge crosses the Tresfjorden from Remmem (just south of the village of Vestnes) on the west shore to the village of Vikebukt on the east shore. The bridge carries the European route E136 highway over the fjord, re-routing it from its former path that ran all the way around the shoreline of Tresfjorden. There is a 55-metre (180 ft) clearance below the bridge for passing boats.

The bridge officially opened to traffic on 24 October 2015. The prime minister Erna Solberg was at the opening ceremony, stepping in for the Minister of Transport, Ketil Solvik-Olsen.

Vestnes Municipality
Vestnes is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. Vestnes is part of the  traditional district of Romsdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Vestnes. Other villages in the municipality include Vikebukt, Vik, Vågstranda, Øverås, Fiksdal, Tomrefjord, and Tresfjord.

The area is known for nature and outdoor pursuits, and has a long history in ship building and maritime crafts. The village of Vestnes (Helland) dates back to early medieval times, and has 24-hour ferry and water taxi service with the town of Molde to the northeast. The ferry takes about 35-minutes each way.

The 405-square-kilometre (156 sq mi) municipality is the 238th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Vestnes Municipality is the 144th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 7,147. The municipality's population density is 17.7 inhabitants per square kilometre (46/sq mi) and its population has increased by 8% over the previous 10-year period.
Santa Cristina d'Aspromonte
Santa Cristina d'Aspromonte is a comune in the Province of Reggio Calabria in the Italian region Calabria, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southwest of Catanzaro and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northeast of Reggio Calabria. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,086 and an area of 23.1 square kilometres (8.9 sq mi).  In 2022 there is less than 600.

Santa Cristina d'Aspromonte borders the following municipalities: Careri, Cosoleto, Oppido Mamertina, Platì, San Luca, Scido.

Scido
Scido (Calabrian Greek: Σκιντούς, romanized: Skintoús) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Reggio Calabria in the Italian region Calabria, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southwest of Catanzaro and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northeast of Reggio Calabria. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,029 and an area of 17.7 square kilometres (6.8 sq mi).

The municipality of Scido contains the frazione (subdivision) Santa Giorgia.

Scido borders the following municipalities: Cosoleto, Delianuova, San Luca, Santa Cristina d'Aspromonte.
Paul Stenhouse
Paul Francis Lester Stenhouse OAM (9 December 1935 – 19 November 2019) was an Australian Catholic priest and editor. A member of the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart, he was a scholar, linguist, expert on Samaritan studies, writer, historian, and editor of the longest lasting journal in Australia's history, Annals Australasia: Journal of Catholic Culture.

Missionaries of the Sacred Heart
The Missionaries of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (MSC; Latin: Missionarii Sacratissimi Cordis; French: Missionnaires du Sacré-Coeur) are a missionary congregation in the Catholic Church. It was founded in 1854 by Jules Chevalier at Issoudun, France, in the Diocese of Bourges.

The motto of the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart is: May the Sacred Heart of Jesus be loved everywhere! The priests, deacons and brothers of the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart are known as MSCs (from the Latin, Missionarii Sacratissimi Cordis). The international headquarters is in Rome with numerous communities throughout the world.