hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Flag of Guinea
The national flag of Guinea (French: drapeau national de la Guinée) is a triband of red, yellow, and green. It was adopted on 10 November 1958, with the publication of the country's first Constitution. It uses the Pan-African colours, partly as a nod to the flag of Ghana, whose president was a close associate of Sekou Toure, the first Guinean president. It is a tricolour resembling the flag of France, its former coloniser.

National flag
A national flag is a flag that represents and symbolizes a given nation. It is flown by the government of that nation, but can also be flown by its citizens. A national flag is typically designed with specific meanings for its colors and symbols, which may also be used separately from the flag as a symbol of the nation. The design of a national flag is sometimes altered after the occurrence of important historical events.
Halmstad
Halmstad (Swedish: [ˈhǎlmsta(d)] ⓘ) is a port, university, industrial and recreational city at the mouth of the Nissan river, in the province of Halland on the Swedish west coast.  Halmstad is the seat of Halmstad Municipality and the capital of Halland County. The city had a population of 71,422 in 2020, out of a municipal total of over 100,000. Halmstad is Sweden's 19th-largest city by population and located about midway between Gothenburg (the second most populous) and Malmö (the third).

Norre Port
Norre Port, also Norreport, city gate in Halmstad, Halland County, Sweden. Norre Port was completed in 1601 under the Danish king Christian IV.  This was part of the city's fortifications, which also included Halmstad Castle and the ramparts you can see remnants of in Norre Katt's park and by Charles XI's road. The gate, which leads to the street called Storgatan, is angled in relation to this, a way to prevent shelling towards the city.
Tom the Great Sebastian
Tom the Great Sebastian was an early Jamaican sound system started by Tom Wong in 1950, named for a trapeze performer in Barnum and Bailey's circus. The group has been called "the all-time giant of sound systems" and helped launch several notable artists. Count Matchuki is generally credited as Tom's first deejay, before he joined Coxsone Dodd, and Duke Vin was one of Tom's selectors. The sound was also backed by Prince Buster. It was later known as Metromedia.

Sound system (Jamaican)
In Jamaican popular culture, a sound system is a group of disc jockeys, sound engineers and MCs playing music such as ska, rocksteady, reggae, dub reggae, dancehall and ragga. Sound systems are an important part of Jamaican culture and history, especially with the Windrush generation in Britain. Sound clashes involve crew members from opposing sound systems pitting their DJing and MCing skills against each other in venues or at festivals.
Affine root system
In mathematics, an affine root system is a root system of affine-linear functions on a Euclidean space. They are used in the classification of affine Lie algebras and superalgebras, and semisimple p-adic algebraic groups, and correspond to families of Macdonald polynomials. The reduced affine root systems were used by Kac and Moody in their work on Kac–Moody algebras.  Possibly non-reduced affine root systems were introduced and classified by Macdonald (1972) and Bruhat & Tits (1972) (except that both these papers accidentally omitted the Dynkin diagram ).

Root system
In mathematics, a root system is a configuration of vectors in a Euclidean space satisfying certain geometrical properties. The concept is fundamental in the theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras, especially the classification and representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras. Since Lie groups (and some analogues such as algebraic groups) and Lie algebras have become important in many parts of mathematics during the twentieth century, the apparently special nature of root systems belies the number of areas in which they are applied.  Further, the classification scheme for root systems, by Dynkin diagrams, occurs in parts of mathematics with no overt connection to Lie theory (such as singularity theory).  Finally, root systems are important for their own sake, as in spectral graph theory.
Ziesite
Ziesite is a copper vanadate mineral with formula: β-Cu2V2O7.  It was discovered in 1980 as monoclinic crystals occurring as volcanic sublimates around fumaroles in the crater of the Izalco Volcano, El Salvador.  It is named after Emanuel George Zies (1883–1981), an American geochemist who studied Izalco in the 1930s.

Closely related is blossite, also a copper vanadate with formula of α-Cu2V2O7.  It forms orthorhombic crystals.  Blossite was also first described for specimens from the Izalco volcano.

Ziesite and blossite are polymorphs, different crystal structure for the same chemical composition and are quite similar in physical properties.

Associated minerals include stoiberite, shcherbinaite, bannermanite, fingerite, mcbirneyite, blossite, chalcocyanite and chalcanthite.

Fingerite
Fingerite is a copper vanadate mineral with formula: β-Cu2V2O5.  It was discovered as triclinic crystals occurring as volcanic sublimates around fumaroles in the crater of the Izalco Volcano, El Salvador.

Associated minerals include thenardite, euchlorine, stoiberite, shcherbinaite, ziesite, bannermanite, chalcocyanite and chalcanthite. The mineral also dissolves in water.

Fingerite is named for Dr. Larry W. Finger (1940–2024) of the Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington.
Château d'Enghien (Belgium)
Château d'Enghien is a château in Enghien, Wallonia, Belgium. The château dates from 1913 and is located within the Enghien Gardens.

Before that, there were two other structures in its place. One was razed due to disrepair. The Duke Louis-Engelbert built another building in its stead. It caught fire on his inauguration day. The current building was built in 1913 on the request of Baron François Empain.

Enghien
Enghien (French: [ɑ̃ɡjɛ̃] ⓘ; Dutch: Edingen [ˈeːdɪŋə(n)] ⓘ; Picard: Inguî; West Flemish: Enge) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

On 1 January 2006, Enghien had a total population of 11,980. The total area is 40.59 km2 (15.67 sq mi), which gives a population density of 295 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Enghien, Marcq, and Petit-Enghien. It is situated on the Flemish border, and restricted language rights are granted to the Dutch speaking minority (so-called language facilities).
Jubilee Memorial, Harrogate
The Jubilee Memorial, Harrogate, is a Grade II listed building. It is a Gothic Revival stone memorial in Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England, commemorating the 1887 golden jubilee of Queen Victoria. It was donated to Harrogate by its mayor, Richard Ellis, designed by architect Arthur Bown, and unveiled by the Marquis of Ripon.

The monument is built of sandstone in three storeys, with granite shafts and a Sicilian marble statue of Queen Victoria by sculptor William John Seward Webber. The lowest storey is a square stone plinth, which carries the dedications. The middle storey contains the statue of Victoria. The upper storey is the carved stone canopy, in the form of a spire.

Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria
The Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria was celebrated on 20 and 21 June 1887 to mark the 50th anniversary of Queen Victoria's accession on 20 June 1837. It was celebrated with a Thanksgiving Service at Westminster Abbey, and a banquet to which 50 European kings and princes were invited.
Vojvodina
Vojvodina (Serbian: Војводина, IPA: [vǒjvodina], VOY-və-DEE-nə), officially the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина, romanized: Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina), is an autonomous province in northern Serbia. It encompasses the historical and geographical regions of Bačka, Banat, Syrmia, and northernmost part of Mačva, lying to the north of the national capital Belgrade and the Sava and Danube rivers. Vojvodina has 1.7 million inhabitants, about a quarter of the country's population, and its administrative centre, Novi Sad, is the second largest city in Serbia.

Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar
The Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar, or Voivodeship of Serbia and Temes Banat (German: Woiwodschaft Serbien und Temeser Banat, Serbian: Војводство Србија и Тамишки Банат, Romanian: Voivodina sârbească și Banatul timișan, Hungarian: Szerb Vajdaság és Temesi Bánság), was a crownland of the Austrian Empire that existed between 1849 and 1861, centered in Temeschwar. It was created by reorganization of administrative structures in regions of Serbian Vojvodina and Banat of Temeschwar. Its former area is now divided between Serbia, Romania and Hungary. In 1860-1861, it was reincorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary. The Voivodeship gave its name to the present Serbian Vojvodina.
Robert Dellar
Robert Dellar (16 December 1964 – 17 December 2016) was a British activist, musician and poet who was one of the founders of the Mad Pride movement.

Dellar grew up in Garston, Hertfordshire, attending  Watford Grammar School for Boys..

In the mid 1980s Dellar moved to Brighton to study at Sussex University, also publishing the fanzine Straight Up. He then moved to London, where he would live for the rest of his life. He founded Spare Change Books, an independent publisher, in 1995.

Dellar worked for the mental health charity Mind, initially at Hackney & City Mind in the early 1990s. He also founded Hackney Patients Council in 1994. He was appointed as a development worker at Southwark Mind  in 1997.

Dellar died of a pulmonary embolism one day after his fifty-second birthday, with a post mortem revealing he also had pancreatic cancer. He wrote several books, and a biography was published posthumously.

Mad pride
Mad pride is a mass movement of current and former users of mental health services, as well as those who have never used mental health services but are aligned with the mad pride framework. The movement encourages individuals with mental illness to be proud of their 'Mad' identity. In recent years, Mad pride has increasingly aligned with the neurodiversity movement, recognizing the interconnected nature of mental health advocacy and neurodivergent experiences.
Wizdom
David Mazzeo also known as Wizdom, is a hip hop artist based in Seattle, Washington. The emcee has released three studio albums, one mixtape and one EP release. Guests on his music include Brainstorm of Dyme Def, Stef Lang and New Balance(Nate Burleson), and has collaborated with Seattle-based musicians Grynch, Sol and Macklemore.

Wizdom was named a "Stand Out Act of 2008" by The Seattle Weekly, performing at REVERBfest. Wizdom's music and an interview were both featured in the highly praised grassroots film, Sonicsgate.

Wizdom has been featured in articles in Seattle Sound Magazine (August 2009 edition), "The O'Dea Factor", The Seattle Weekly and had music played on KUBE 93.3's show, Sunday Night Sound Session and KEXP 90.3's show, Street Sounds From 2015 to 2018, Wiz served as the on field emcee for University of Washington Husky Football.

Mazzeo attended O'Dea High School and graduated in 1999.

Sol (musician)
Sol Alexander Rosenberg (born December 7, 1988), better known as Sol or Solzilla, is an American hip hop artist. In 2012, he released his second studio album Yours Truly, which received critical acclaim and rose to number one on the iTunes U.S. Hip-Hop Albums Chart while also charting on Billboard's Heatseekers Chart. Sol has collaborated with other artists such as Macklemore, Blue Scholars, Grynch, and The Physics.
Sandy Hook Proving Ground
The Sandy Hook Proving Ground was a military facility along the Atlantic coast of New Jersey established by the Secretary of War on August 7, 1874, to serve as the United States Army's first proving ground for the testing of ordnance and materiel. The facility was located at Sandy Hook, a narrow coastal spit of land, approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) in length and 0.5 miles (varying between 0.1 and 1 miles) wide, in Middletown Township in Monmouth County. The facility was operated in conjunction with the adjoining Fort Hancock. Essentially abandoned in 1919 for a larger facility, the area was left to degrade and most of the structures still remain today. The proving ground and parts of Fort Hancock are now property of the National Park Service and mostly closed to the public.

Sandy Hook
Sandy Hook is a barrier spit in Middletown Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. The barrier spit, approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) in length and varying from 0.1 to 1.0 mile (0.16 to 1.61 km) wide, is located at the north end of the Jersey Shore. It encloses the southern entrance of Lower New York Bay south of New York City, protecting it from the open waters of the Atlantic Ocean to the east.

The Dutch called the area "Sant Hoek", with the English "Hook" deriving from the Dutch "Hoek" (corner, angle), meaning "spit of land". For over three centuries mariners tasked with guiding ships across the Sandy Hook bar have been known as Sandy Hook pilots.

Most of Sandy Hook is owned and managed by the National Park Service as the Sandy Hook Unit of Gateway National Recreation Area.
Change and Reform bloc
The Change and Reform bloc was a bloc in the Parliament of Lebanon that represented the Free Patriotic Movement and its allies, including the Marada Movement, the Tachnag Party, the Lebanese Democratic Party, and several independent deputies.

The bloc was formed in June 2005 at the end of the 2005 parliamentary elections with 21 deputies. It was headed by General Michel Aoun and was then in opposition to the government of Fouad Siniora and the March 14 alliance from 2005 to 2008. The parliamentary bloc included 27 deputies since the Lebanese legislative elections of 2009. In June 13, 2011, it was part of the Mikati government with 10 ministerial portfolios being a member of the parliamentary majority. In 2015, leadership of the Free Patriotic Movement was given to Gebran Bassil.

The Change and Reform bloc was succeeded by the Strong Lebanon bloc after the 2018 elections.

Free Patriotic Movement
The Free Patriotic Movement (Arabic: التيار الوطني الحر, at-Tayyār al-Waṭanī al-Horr) is a Lebanese political party. Founded by Michel Aoun in 1994, the party is currently led by Aoun's son-in-law Gebran Bassil since 2015.
Kelvin probe force microscope
Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), also known as surface potential microscopy, is a noncontact variant of atomic force microscopy (AFM). By raster scanning in the x,y plane the work function of the sample can be locally mapped for correlation with sample features. When there is little or no magnification, this approach can be described as using a scanning Kelvin probe (SKP). These techniques are predominantly used to measure corrosion and coatings.

With KPFM, the work function of surfaces can be observed at atomic or molecular scales. The work function relates to many surface phenomena, including catalytic activity, reconstruction of surfaces, doping and band-bending of semiconductors, charge trapping in dielectrics and corrosion. The map of the work function produced by KPFM gives information about the composition and electronic state of the local structures on the surface of a solid.

Volta potential
The Volta potential (also called Volta effect, Volta potential difference, contact potential difference, outer potential difference, Δψ, or "delta psi") in electrochemistry, is the electrostatic potential difference between two metals (or one metal and one electrolyte) that are in contact and are in thermodynamic equilibrium. Specifically, it is the potential difference between a point close to the surface of the first metal and a point close to the surface of the second metal (or electrolyte).

The Volta potential is named after Alessandro Volta.
Neetimati
Neetimati is a rāgam in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is the 60th melakarta rāgam (parent scale) in the 72 melakarta rāgam system of Carnatic music. It is called Nishādham in Muthuswami Dikshitar school of Carnatic music.

Graha bhedam
Graha Bhedam in Carnatic music is the process (or result of the process) of shifting the Tonic note (śruti) to another note in the rāgam and arriving at a different rāgam. Its equivalent in Hindustani classical music is called a murchhana. Expressed in Western music theory terms, this is the process of arriving at a different scale by shifting to another mode in the key, i.e, modulation.

Graha literally means position and Bhedam means change. Since the position of the śruti is changed (pitch of the base note or drone), it is also sometimes called Swara Bhedam or Śruti Bhedam though Śruti Bhedam and Graha Bhedam have some technical differences.
Caldes d'Estrac
Caldes d'Estrac (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈkaldəz ðəsˈtɾak], also known as Caldetes pronounced [kəlˈdɛtəs]) is a municipality in the comarca of  Maresme in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated on the coast between Sant Vicenç de Montalt and Arenys de Mar. It is served by the main N-II road along the coast and by a station on the Renfe railway line.

Caldes d'Estrac was a fashionable spa town for the Barcelona bourgeoisie between 1875 and the 1920s for its thermal baths and beachside atmosphere. The massive flyover road built in the 1960s and the building of suburban residences in the 1990s did away with much of the quiet of the town.

Sant Vicenç de Montalt
Sant Vicenç de Montalt (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈsam biˈsɛnz ðə munˈtal]), is a municipality in the comarca of the Maresme in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated on the coast between Sant Andreu de Llavaneres and Arenys de Mar, below the el Corredor range, with the main settlement slightly inland. The main N-II road along the coast passes through the municipality, linked to the town by a local road. There are also roads to Arenys de Munt and to Mataró, and a station on the Renfe railway line at Caldes d'Estrac.
Masaki Ogata
Masaki Ogata (小県 真樹, born 1964) is a professional 9 dan Japanese Go player. He became an insei at the Nihon Ki-in in 1976 under Tsuchida Masamitsu, and turned professional in 1980. Ogata won the Kido magazine Shinjin (English: "New player") award with 38 wins and 8 losses in 1983, and the Kido award for most wins in 1988 with a record of 39 wins, 1 draw and 13 losses. He is currently affiliated with the Nagoya branch of the Nihon Ki-in.

Masamitsu Tsuchida
Masamitsu Tsuchida (土田 正光, Tsuchida Masamitsu; born 1944) is a professional Japanese 9 dan Go player.

In 1961, Tsuchida became a pupil at the dojo of Minoru Kitani, and reached 9 dan in 1979. His pupils at the Nihon Ki-in have included Hideki Matsuoka, Masaki Ogata and Yoshika Mizuno. Tsuchida is an affiliate of the Nihon Ki-in in Nagoya, Japan.
Lake Argyle
Lake Argyle is Western Australia's largest and Australia's second largest freshwater man-made reservoir by volume. The reservoir is part of the Ord River Irrigation Scheme and is located near the East Kimberley town of Kununurra.  The lake flooded large parts of the Shire of Wyndham-East Kimberley on the Kimberley Plateau about 80 kilometres (50 mi) inland from the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, close to the border with the Northern Territory.

The primary inflow is the Ord River, while the Bow River and many other smaller creeks also flow into the dam. The lake is a DIWA-listed wetland. Lake Argyle and Lake Kununurra were listed in 1990 as Ramsar Convention protected wetlands. Argyle mine was previously situated here from 1985 until November 2020 following several years of discoveries and yielded 865 million carats of diamonds.

Bow River (Kimberley region, Western Australia)
The Bow River is a 148-kilometre (92 mi) long tributary of the Ord River in the Kimberley region of northern Western Australia. The river was named by pastoralist Michael Durack in 1882 after the Bow River in his family's ancestral home of County Clare, Ireland.

The river flows into the Ord River at Lake Argyle.

There are 12 tributaries of the Bow River including Wilson River, Turkey Creek, Limestone Creek and Spring Creek.

Bow River is the subject of the famous song of the same name by the iconic Australian pub rock band Cold Chisel. The song was later covered by its composer, Cold Chisel member Ian Moss.
Bay Area Toll Authority
The Bay Area Toll Authority (BATA) is a state agency created by the California State Legislature in 1997 to administer the auto tolls on the San Francisco Bay Area's seven state-owned toll bridges. On January 1, 1998, the Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC) — the transportation planning, financing and coordinating agency for the nine-county region — began operations as BATA. In August 2005, the California Legislature expanded BATA's responsibilities to include administration of all toll revenue and joint oversight of the toll bridge construction program with Caltrans and the California Transportation Commission.

Benicia–Martinez Bridge
The Benicia–Martinez Bridge refers to three parallel bridges which cross the Carquinez Strait just west of Suisun Bay in California. The spans link Benicia on the north side with Martinez on the south. A 1962 truss bridge, officially the George Miller Jr., Memorial Bridge after California state legislator George Miller Jr., carries southbound Interstate 680 traffic, bicycles, and pedestrians. A 2007 segmental bridge, officially the Congressman George Miller Benicia–Martinez Bridge after U.S. Congressman George Miller III, carries northbound Interstate 680 traffic. The middle span is a 1930 vertical-lift railroad drawbridge that carries Union Pacific and BNSF freight trains, as well as Amtrak passenger trains.
Third siege of Gibraltar
The third siege of Gibraltar was mounted between February–June 1333 by a Moorish army under the prince Abd al-Malik Abd al-Wahid of Morocco. The fortified town of Gibraltar had been held by Castile since 1309, when it had been seized from the Moorish Emirate of Granada. The attack on Gibraltar was ordered by the recently crowned Marinid ruler Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman in response to an appeal by the Nasrid ruler Muhammed IV of Granada. The onset of the siege took the Castilians by surprise. The stocks of food in Gibraltar were heavily depleted at the time due to the thievery of the town's governor, Vasco Perez de Meira, who had looted the money that was meant to have been spent on food for the garrison and to pay for the upkeep of the castle and fortifications. After over four months of siege and bombardment by Moorish catapults, the garrison and townspeople were reduced to near-starvation and surrendered to Abd al-Malik.

Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Uthman
Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Uthman (c. 1297 – 24 May 1351), (Arabic: أبو الحسن علي بن عثمان) was a sultan of the Marinid dynasty who reigned in parts of what is now Morocco between 1331 and 1348. In 1333 he captured Gibraltar from the Castilians, although a later attempt to take Tarifa in 1339 ended in fiasco. In North Africa he extended his rule over Tlemcen and Hafsid Ifriqiya, which together covered the north of what is now Algeria and Tunisia. Under him the Marinid realms in the Maghreb briefly covered an area that rivalled that of the preceding Almohad Caliphate. However, he was forced to retreat due to a revolt of the Arab tribes, was shipwrecked, and lost many of his supporters. His son Abu Inan Faris seized power in Fez. Abu Al-Hasan died in exile in the High Atlas mountains.