hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Irminones
The Irminones, also referred to as Herminones or Hermiones (Ancient Greek: Ἑρμίονες), were a large group of early Germanic tribes settling in the Elbe watershed and by the first century AD expanding into Bavaria, Swabia, and Bohemia. This included the large sub-group of the Suevi, that itself contained many different tribal groups, but the Irminones also included for example the Chatti.

The term Irminonic therefore is also used as a term for Elbe Germanic, which is one of the proposed (but unattested) dialect groups ancestral to the West Germanic language family, especially the High German languages, which include modern Standard German.

Elbe Germanic
Elbe Germanic, also called Irminonic or Erminonic, is a proposed subgrouping of West Germanic languages introduced by the German linguist Friedrich Maurer (1898–1984) in his book, Nordgermanen und Alemanen, to describe the West Germanic dialects ancestral to Lombardic, Alemannic, and Bavarian.: 17–18  During late antiquity and the Middle Ages, its supposed descendants had a profound influence on the neighboring West Central German dialects and, later, in the form of Standard German, on the German language as a whole. While most scholars accept the existence of an Elbe Germanic archaeological group, the existence of a linguistic group remains controversial.
Epirus (region)
Epirus (/ɪˈpaɪrəs/ ih-PY-rəs; Greek: Ήπειρος, romanized: Ípiros, [ˈi.pi.ros]) is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region in northwestern Greece. It borders the regions of Western Macedonia and Thessaly to the east, West Greece to the south, the Ionian Sea and Ionian Islands to the west and Albania to the north. The region has an area of about 9,200 km2 (3,600 sq mi). It is part of the wider historical region of Epirus, which overlaps modern Albania and Greece but lies mostly within Greek territory.

Ioannina (regional unit)
Ioannina (Greek: Περιφερειακή ενότητα Ιωαννίνων) is one of the regional units of Greece, located in the northwestern part of the country.

It is part of the region of Epirus. Its capital is the city of Ioannina. It is the largest regional unit in Epirus, and one of the largest regional units of Greece, with a population of 160,773 people, according to the 2021 census.
Hugh Thomas (coach)
Hugh Thomas (died 18 December 1976) was an Australian rules football coach who coached St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Thomas served initially as an assistant coach to Jock McHale at Collingwood, in what was a successful era for the club. He became St Kilda's senior coach in 1944 and steered them to ninth position, with six wins and two draws during the year. After they struggled in 1945, Thomas was replaced by Allan Hird. In 1950, he coached VFA club Preston for the year.

His brother Artie was a rover at St Kilda from 1910 to 1913.

Artie Thomas
Arthur John Thomas (21 September 1884 – 7 May 1960) was an Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

After arriving from Brunswick in 1910, Thomas played 17 games in his debut season and kicked 15 goals, which were enough to top the goal-kicker. A rover, he appeared in three further seasons for St Kilda. His brother, Hugh Thomas, coached St Kilda in the 1940s.
U.S. Route 75
U.S. Route 75 is a north–south U.S. Highway that runs 1,239 miles (1,994 km) in the central United States. The highway's northern terminus is located at the Canadian border near Noyes, Minnesota, at a now-closed border crossing. From this point, the highway once continued farther north as Manitoba Highway 75.  Its southern terminus is located at Interstate 345 (I-345) and Texas State Highway Spur 366 (Spur 366) in Dallas, Texas, where US 75 is known as North Central Expressway.

US 75 was previously a cross-country route, from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico at Galveston, Texas, but the entire segment south of Dallas has been decommissioned in favor of I-45; a cutoff section of town-to-town surface road having become Texas State Highway 75.

Atoka, Oklahoma
Atoka is a city in and the county seat of Atoka County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 3,195 as of the 2020 Census, a 2.4% increase over the 3,107 reported at the 2010 census, which was itself an increase of 4.0 percent from the figure of 2,988 in 2000.

The city was settled by the Choctaw and named in 1867 by a Baptist missionary for Chief Atoka, whose name means "ball ground" in English.
National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, Pennsylvania
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, Pennsylvania.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 65 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.  Another property was once listed but has been removed.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted March 14, 2025.

Franklin County, Pennsylvania
Franklin County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 155,932. Its county seat is Chambersburg.

Franklin County comprises the Chambersburg–Waynesboro, PA metropolitan statistical area, which is also included in the Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area. The county is part of the South Central region of the commonwealth.
Anwyl of Tywyn family
Anwyl of Tywyn (Anwyl pronounced [anʊɨl]) are a Welsh family who claim a patrilinear descent from Owain Gwynedd, King of Gwynedd from 1137 to 1170 and a scion of the royal House of Aberffraw. The family motto is: Eryr eryrod Eryri, which translates as "The Eagle of the Eagles of Snowdonia. The family lives in Gwynedd and speak Welsh.

Parc, Penrhyndeudraeth
Parc (meaning Park in English) is the name of an ancient mansion found near the village of Croesor in the community of Llanfrothen near Penrhyndeudraeth, in Gwynedd, Wales. The former mansion has been in ruins since the end of the 17th century when the resident Anwyl Family moved to Llugwy. Thomas Nicholas described the site in his Annals and Antiquities of the Counties and County Families of Wales [see box].

The novelist, poet, and playwright Richard A.W. Hughes rented a cottage here from close friends Clough and Amabel Williams-Ellis during the summers from 1934 until the Second World War, eventually taking in six evacuee children and telling stories with them that are collected in Don't Blame Me! (1940).

Parc is a Grade II* listed building and its gardens are designated Grade II on the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales.
Hoshikuso Pass obsidian mine site
The Hoshikuso Pass obsidian mine ruins (星糞峠黒曜石原産地遺跡, Hoshikuso-tōge kokuyōseki gensanchi iseki) is an archaeological site consisting of shallow pits from which obsidian had been mined during the  Jōmon period. It is located in the Daimon neighborhood of the town of Nagawa in the Chūbu region Japan. It has been protected as a National Historic Site since 2001.

Nagawa, Nagano
Nagawa (長和町, Nagawa-machi) is a town located in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 April 2019, the town had an estimated population of 6,088 in 2,650 households, and a population density of 32.6 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 183.86 square kilometres (70.99 sq mi).
Hypergolic propellant
A hypergolic propellant is a rocket engine propellant, the components of which spontaneously ignite upon contact with each other.

The two components usually consist of a fuel and an oxidizer. The advantages of hypergolic propellants are that they can be stored at room temperature, and that rocket engines can be ignited reliably and repeatedly. Common hypergolic propellants are difficult to handle due to high toxicity or corrosiveness.

In contemporary usage, the terms "hypergol" and "hypergolic propellant" usually refer to the most common combination: dinitrogen tetroxide plus hydrazine.

Liquid-propellant rocket
Liquid rocket fuel.

Oxidizer.

Pumps carry the fuel and oxidizer.

The combustion chamber mixes and burns the two liquids.

Combustion product gasses enter the nozzle through a throat.

Exhaust exits the rocket.

A liquid-propellant rocket or liquid rocket uses a rocket engine burning liquid propellants. (Alternate approaches use gaseous or solid propellants.) Liquids are desirable propellants because they have reasonably high density and their combustion products have high specific impulse (Isp). This allows the volume of the propellant tanks to be relatively low.
Svend Grundtvig
Svend Hersleb Grundtvig (9 September 1824 – 14 July 1883) was a Danish literary historian and ethnographer. He was one of the first systematic collectors of Danish traditional music, and he was especially interested in Danish folk songs. He began the large project of editing Danish ballads. He also co-edited Icelandic ballads. He was the son of N. F. S. Grundtvig.

N. F. S. Grundtvig
Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig (Danish: [ˈne̝kolɑjˀ ˈfʁeðˀʁek ˈse̝vəʁiˀn ˈkʁɔntvi, - ˈfʁæðˀʁæk -]; 8 September 1783 – 2 September 1872), most often referred to as N. F. S. Grundtvig, was a Danish pastor, author, poet, philosopher, historian, teacher and politician. He was one of the most influential people in Danish history, as his philosophy gave rise to a new form of nationalism in the last half of the 19th century. It was steeped in the national literature and supported by deep spirituality.

Grundtvig holds a unique position in the cultural history of his country. Grundtvig and his followers are credited with being very influential in the formulation of modern Danish national consciousness. He was active during the Danish Golden Age, but his style of writing and fields of reference are not immediately accessible to a foreigner, thus his international importance does not match that of his contemporaries Hans Christian Andersen and Søren Kierkegaard.
Qdoba
Qdoba (/kjuːˈdoʊbə/ kew-DOH-bə) is a chain of fast casual restaurants in the United States and Canada serving Mexican-style cuisine.  After 15 years as a wholly owned subsidiary of Jack in the Box, the company was sold to a consortium of funds led by Apollo Global Management in March 2018. In October 2022, Qdoba was acquired by Butterfly Equity. At the time of the acquisition, Qdoba had nearly 750 locations across North America. It is the No. 2 player and No. 1 franchisor of Mexican fast-casual dining in North America.

Fast casual restaurant
A fast casual restaurant, found primarily in the United States, is a restaurant that does not offer full table service, but advertises higher quality food than fast-food restaurants. It is an intermediate concept between fast food and casual dining.
Bishopsbourne Paddock
Bishopsbourne Paddock, also known as Bourne Paddock, was a cricket venue located within the grounds of Bourne Park House, the seat of Sir Horatio Mann, at Bishopsbourne in Kent. It is around 4 miles (6.4 km) south-east of Canterbury. The Paddock staged several important matches from 1766 to 1790.

Bishopsbourne
Bishopsbourne is a mostly rural and wooded village and civil parish in Kent, England.  It has two short developed sections of streets at the foot of the Nailbourne valley 4 miles (6 km) south-east of Canterbury and centred 9 miles (14 km) from Dover. The settlement of Pett Bottom is included in the civil parish.
Jupiter Inlet Historic and Archeological Site
The Jupiter Inlet Historic and Archeological Site is an archaeological site in Jupiter, Florida. It is located off A1A in the area of DuBois Park. An ancient shell midden built by the Jaega people, it was the site of the village of Hobe (or Jobe in Spanish orthography), which was later conflated with Jove and inspired the name of the town of Jupiter, Florida, where it is located. On November 5, 1985, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

DuBois Pioneer Home
The DuBois Pioneer Home is a historic residence, also known as the House on the Hill, in Jupiter, Florida. It  was built in 1898 by Charlie Carlin for Harry and Susan DuBois. The house and the mound (midden) on which it stands are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Jupiter Inlet Historic and Archeological Site.

The house entered Palm Beach County ownership in 1972 and was closed in 2008 following significant hurricane damage. It reopened to the public in 2016 and is believed to be the second oldest existing house in Palm Beach County.
Washington, Arkansas
Washington is a city in Ozan Township, Hempstead County, Arkansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, Washington had a population of 94. It is part of the Hope Micropolitan Statistical Area. The city is home to Historic Washington State Park.

Hempstead County, Arkansas
Hempstead County is a county located in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 20,065, down from 22,609 at the 2010 census.  The county seat is Hope. Hempstead County is Arkansas's fourth county, formed on December 15, 1818, alongside Clark and Pulaski counties. The county is named for Edward Hempstead, a delegate to the U.S. Congress from the Missouri Territory, which included present-day Arkansas at the time.  It is an alcohol prohibition or dry county.

The 42nd United States President, Bill Clinton, who served from 1993 to 2001, was born in the county seat of Hope on August 19, 1946. As of 2026, Clinton is the only President to have been born in Arkansas.
National Day of the Rebirth of Poland
National Day of the Rebirth of Poland (Polish: Narodowe Święto Odrodzenia Polski) is a former national holiday in the former People's Republic of Poland and a fraternal anniversary in the Polish United Workers' Party and all Polish communists, celebrated from 1944 to 1989. It commemorates the signing of the PKWN Manifesto on 22 July 1944.

Public holidays in Poland
Holidays in Poland are regulated by the Non-working Days Act of 18 January 1951 (Ustawa z dnia 18 stycznia 1951 o dniach wolnych od pracy; Journal of Laws 1951 No. 4, Item 28). The Act, as amended in 2010, currently defines fourteen public holidays.
Railway electrification in Great Britain
Railway electrification in Great Britain began in the late 19th century. A range of voltages has been used, employing both overhead lines and conductor rails. The two most common systems are 25 kV AC using overhead lines, and the 750 V DC third rail system used in Southeast England and on Merseyrail. As of October 2023, 6,065 kilometres (3,769 mi) (38%) of the British rail network was electrified.

According to Network Rail, as at 2003, 64% of the electrified network used the 25 kV AC overhead system, and 36% used the 660/750 V DC third-rail system.

Rugby–Birmingham–Stafford line
The Rugby–Birmingham–Stafford line (also known as the Birmingham loop) is a railway line in the West Midlands of England. It is a loop off the West Coast Main Line (WCML) between Rugby and Stafford, via the West Midlands cities of Coventry, Birmingham and Wolverhampton. The direct route between Rugby and Stafford is the Trent Valley line.
Artegna
Artegna  (Friulian: Dartigne; German: Ardingen) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Udine in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of Udine. As of 2008, it had a population of 2,951 and an area of 11.2 square kilometres (4.3 sq mi).

Artegna borders the following municipalities: Buja, Gemona del Friuli, Magnano in Riviera, Treppo Grande and Montenars.

Buja
Buja (Friulian: Buje or Buie) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Udine in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of Udine.

Buja borders the following municipalities: Artegna, Colloredo di Monte Albano, Gemona del Friuli, Majano, Osoppo, Treppo Grande.
Erpe-Mere United
Erpe-Mere United is a Belgian association football club based in Bambrugge, East Flanders. The club has matricule number 5343 and the club's colours are orange and black. They currently play in Belgian Division 3. They play their home games at the Complex Lindekouter in Bambrugge.

Erpe-Mere
Erpe-Mere (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌɛrpəˈmeːrə]) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders in the Denderstreek. The municipality comprises the towns of Aaigem, Bambrugge, Burst, Erondegem, Erpe, Mere, Ottergem and Vlekkem. There is also a hamlet in Bambrugge: Egem. Erpe-Mere is crossed by 2 brooks, the Molenbeek and the Molenbeek-Ter Erpenbeek. In 2022 Erpe-Mere had a total population of 20,127. The total area is 34.03 km2. The current mayor of Erpe-Mere is Hugo De Waele, from the CD&V (Christian Democratic) party.
East Bde Maka Ska, Minneapolis
East Bde Maka Ska is a neighborhood within the Bde Maka Ska-Isles community in the U.S. city of Minneapolis. It was known as East Calhoun prior to August 2021.

The neighborhood is located south of the East Isles neighborhood and its northern portion along with parts of the East Isles, Lowry Hill East, and South Uptown neighborhoods forms the city's Uptown district. East Bde Maka Ska is bordered on the north by Lake Street, on the east by Hennepin Avenue, on the south by West 36th Street and on the west by Bde Maka Ska. It is in Ward 10, represented by council member Aisha Chughtai.

South Uptown, Minneapolis
South Uptown is a residential neighborhood in the  Bde Maka Ska-Isles community of Minneapolis, Minnesota.

In 2018, the neighborhood voted to change its name to South Uptown from its former name, Calhoun Area Residents' Action Group (CARAG) after its namesake, the former Lake Calhoun, was renamed to Bde Maka Ska. Other potential names for the neighborhood included "Bryant Park" and "Bryant Square". The Minneapolis City Council approved the name change in November 2018.

It is located directly south of Lowry Hill East and directly east of East Bde Maka Ska. Its boundaries are Lake Street to the north, Lyndale Avenue to the east, 36th Street to the south, and Hennepin Avenue to the west. South Uptown, Lowry Hill East, East Bde Maka Ska and East Isles form the business district of Uptown.

It is in Ward 10, represented by council member Aisha Chughtai.
Mont Ventoux Hill Climb
Mont Ventoux Hill Climb is a car and motorcycle hillclimbing race course near Avignon in France. The course, up Mont Ventoux, starts from the village of Bédoin and rises 1,612 metres (5,289 ft) for 21.6 kilometres (13.4 miles), to the observatory at the summit, for an average gradient of 7.4%.

In 1970: "Andre Willem of Belgium was killed June 20 in practice for the Mont Ventoux Hill Climb near Carpentras. His Lotus Formula 3 car slid off the road and struck a tree."

A shortened version of the course was used in 1976. A revival meeting called "Ronde du Ventoux" was held in 2009.

Hillclimbing
Hillclimbing, also known as hill climbing, speed hillclimbing, or speed hill climbing, is a branch of motorsport in which drivers compete against the clock to complete an uphill course. It is one of the oldest forms of motorsport, since the first known hillclimb at La Turbie near Nice, France, took place as long ago as 31 January 1897. The hillclimb held at Shelsley Walsh, in Worcestershire, England, is the world's oldest continuously staged motorsport event still staged on its original course, having been first run in 1905.
Dongming Road station
Dongming Road (simplified Chinese: 东明路; traditional Chinese: 東明路; pinyin: Dōngmíng Lù) is an interchange station on Lines 6 and 13 of the Shanghai Metro. It began services on 29 December 2007 as a Line 6 station. It became an interchange station on 30 December 2018 with the arrival of Line 13 as part of its phase two and three extensions.

Line 6 (Shanghai Metro)
Line 6 is an eastern north–south line of the Shanghai Metro network. It opened on December 29, 2007. The entire line is located in the Pudong New Area. A complete trip between the two end terminals, Gangcheng Road and Oriental Sports Center takes approximately 1 hour and 10 minutes. Line 6 has been dubbed the unofficial nickname “Hello Kitty Line” due to its lurid pink livery. The line is colored magenta on system maps.
East Malling Stream
The East Malling Stream, known locally as "The Stream", rises at Well Street, East Malling, Kent, and flows in a generally easterly direction to join the River Medway at Mill Hall, Aylesford. It powered six watermills. The stream may have formerly been known as the Bradbourne, Bradbourne Lane in Ditton bearing witness to this name.

East Malling
East Malling  is a village in the borough of Tonbridge and Malling, Kent, in the part of the civil parish of East Malling and Larkfield lying south of the A20 road. In 2019 the ward had an estimated population of 5,478.
Sex ratio
A sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in a population. As explained by Fisher's principle, for evolutionary reasons this is usually about equal in species which reproduce sexually. However, many species deviate from an even sex ratio, either periodically or permanently. These include parthenogenic and androgenetic species, periodically mating organisms such as aphids, some eusocial wasps, bees, ants, and termites.

Fisher's principle
Fisher's principle is an evolutionary model that explains why the sex ratio of most species that produce offspring through sexual reproduction is approximately 1:1 between males and females. A. W. F. Edwards has remarked that it is "probably the most celebrated argument in evolutionary biology".

Fisher's principle was outlined by Ronald Fisher in his 1930 book The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection (but has been incorrectly attributed as original to Fisher). Fisher couched his argument in terms of parental expenditure, and predicted that parental expenditure on both sexes should be equal. Sex ratios that are 1:1 are hence known as "Fisherian", and those that are not 1:1 are "non-Fisherian" or "extraordinary" and occur because they break the assumptions made in Fisher's model.
Tokumasu Station
Tokumasu Station (徳益駅, Tokumasu-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Yanagawa, Fukuoka, Japan. It is operated by the private transportation company Nishi-Nippon Railroad (NNR), and has station number T40.

Yanagawa, Fukuoka
Yanagawa (柳川市, Yanagawa-shi) is a city located in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 January 2024, the city had an estimated population of 62,268 in 26426 households, and a  population density of 810 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 77.15 km2 (29.79 sq mi).