hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Eurogame
A Eurogame, also called a German-style board game, German game, or Euro-style game (generally only referred to as board games in Europe), is a class of tabletop games which generally feature indirect player interaction, lack of player elimination, and provide multiple ways to score points. Eurogames are sometimes contrasted with American-style board games which generally involve more luck, conflict, and drama. They are usually less abstract than chess or Go, but more focused on economic competition than wargames. Likewise, they generally require more thought and planning than party games like Pictionary and Trivial Pursuit.

Carcassonne (board game)
Carcassonne (/ˌkɑːrkəˈsɒn/) is a tile-based German-style board game for two to five players, designed by Klaus-Jürgen Wrede and published in 2000 by Hans im Glück in German and by Rio Grande Games (until 2012) and Z-Man Games (currently) in English. It received the Spiel des Jahres and the Deutscher Spiele Preis awards in 2001.

It is named after the medieval fortified town of Carcassonne in southern France, famed for its city walls. The game has spawned many expansions and spin-offs, and several PC, console, and mobile versions. A new edition, with updated artwork on the tiles and the box, was released in 2014.
British occupation of the Faroe Islands
Operation Valentine, the British occupation of the Faroe Islands during the Second World War, began after Operation Weserübung, the German invasion of metropolitan Denmark and Norway. In April 1940, the United Kingdom occupied the strategically important Faroe Islands (part of Denmark) to forestall a German invasion. The Faroe Islands became part of the British Northern Garrisons, a chain of islands across the Atlantic Ocean, between Orkney and Iceland. British troops left shortly after the end of the war.

Vágar Airport
Vágar Airport (Faroese: Vága Floghavn) (IATA: FAE, ICAO: EKVG) is the only airport in the Faroe Islands, and is located 1 NM (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) east of the village of Sørvágur, on the island of Vágar and 46 km (29 miles) west of the capital Tórshavn. It is the main operating base for Faroese flag carrier Atlantic Airways.
Royal West African Frontier Force
The West African Frontier Force (WAFF) was a multi-battalion field force, formed by the British Colonial Office in 1900 to garrison the West African colonies of Nigeria, Gold Coast, Sierra Leone and Gambia. In 1928, it received royal recognition, becoming the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF).

British West Africa
British West Africa was the collective name for British settlements in West Africa during the colonial period, either in the general geographical sense or the formal colonial administrative entity. British West Africa as a colonial entity was originally officially known as Colony of Sierra Leone and its Dependencies, then British West African Territories and finally British West African Settlements.

The United Kingdom held varying parts of these territories or the whole throughout the 19th century. From west to east, the colonies became the independent countries of The Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ghana and Nigeria. Until independence, Ghana was referred to as the Gold Coast.
Vaudeville Theater ambush
The Vaudeville Theater ambush was the ambush and murder on March 11, 1884, by Joe Foster and Jacob Coy of former lawmen Ben Thompson and King Fisher. It took place at the Jack Harris Vaudeville Saloon and Theater in San Antonio, Texas. The ambush was in revenge for Ben Thompson's shooting of Jack Harris two years earlier.

San Antonio Sporting District
The Sporting District was a red-light district in the U.S. city of San Antonio, Texas in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was established by the city council to manage prostitution in the city. For a time it was one of the nation's largest vice districts with venues ranging from brothels to gambling halls. The area was officially shut down in 1941 resulting from the mobilization for World War II.

The term sporting was a common 19th-century euphemism for gambling and/or prostitution. Many communities around the U.S. used this term; brothels were often referred to as sporting houses.
Muang Phuan
Muang Phuan (Lao: ເມືອງພວນ, pronounced [mɯ́aŋ pʰúan]; Thai: เมืองพวน; Country of Phuan) or Xieng Khouang (Lao: ຊຽງຂວາງ, pronounced [síaŋ kʰwǎːŋ]; Thai: เชียงขวาง), also known historically to the Vietnamese as Trấn Ninh (chữ Hán: 鎮寧; lit. "securement of peace"), was a historical principality on the Xiang Khouang Plateau, which constitutes the modern territory of Xiangkhouang Province, Laos.

Phuan people
The Phuan people (พวน), ພວນ Phouan, pronounced [pʰúan]), also known as Tai Phuan, Thai Puan (Lao: ໄຕພວນ, ໄທພວນ; Thai: ไทพวน) or Lao Phuan (Lao: ລາວພວນ), are a Theravada Buddhist Tai people spread out in small pockets over most of Thailand's Isan region with other groups scattered throughout central Thailand and Laos (Xiangkhouang Province and parts of Houaphan). There are also approximately 5000 Phuan in the Mongkol Borei District of Banteay Meanchey Province in Cambodia, as well in Battambang Province. According to the Ethnologue Report, the Phuan number 204,704 and that is split fairly evenly between populations in Laos and Thailand.
Dean's Blue Hole
Dean's Blue Hole is a blue hole located in Long Island, Bahamas in a bay located west of Clarence Town.

With a depth of 202 metres (663 ft), it is world's third deepest blue hole after the Taam Ja' Blue Hole in the Chetumal Bay and Dragon Hole in the South China Sea. The blue hole has a diameter of approximately 30 m but widens into a cavern with a diameter of 100 m.

Long Island, Bahamas
Long Island is an island in The Bahamas that is split by the Tropic of Cancer. It is one of the Districts of the Bahamas and is known as the most scenic island in the Bahamas. Its capital is Clarence Town. The population of Long Island is 3,094 inhabitants.
Helmut Tarand
Helmut(h) Tarand (until 1935; Helmuth Takenberg; 8 October 1911 – 1 November 1987) was an Estonian poet, philologist, philosopher and cultural figure. He used also pseudonyms Annus Rävälä and Aili Helm (with Hilja Rüütli).

From 1929 to 1936 he attended Tartu University, studying philosophy.

He was a member of student society Veljesto.

In 1945 he was arrested because of his anti-Soviet activities during WW II. He was sent to Vorkuta coal mines. In 1956 he moved back to Estonia.

His son is climatologist and politician Andres Tarand and his grandchildren include politician Indrek Tarand and journalist Kaarel Tarand. His nephew is poet, humorist and politician Priit Aimla.

Indrek Tarand
Indrek Tarand (born 3 February 1964) is an Estonian politician and a former Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Estonia. He was an independent politician, but a member of the European Green Party.

Tarand has served as an advisor to the Prime Minister of Estonia and as the Secretary General of the Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Elias Sunde
Elias Sunde (2 October 1851 in Flekkefjord – 2 July 1910) was a Norwegian politician from the Liberal Party who served as Minister of Finance 1898–1900 and 1900–1903, and member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm from 1900 to 1901. He was also the mayor of Oslo from 1895 to 1897. He was the father of justice minister Arne Sunde.

Arne Sunde
Arne Toralf Sunde (6 December 1883 – 30 July 1972) was a Norwegian politician, Olympic shooter and army officer. He is best known for his participation in the 1940 Norwegian Campaign, his participation in Nygaardsvold's Cabinet during its 1940–1945 exile in London and three years as a United Nations ambassador. Sunde was President of the United Nations Security Council in June 1949 and July 1950.
IT Army of Ukraine
The IT Army of Ukraine (Ukrainian: IT-армія України) is a volunteer cyberwarfare organisation created at the end of February 2022 to fight against digital intrusion of Ukrainian information and cyberspace after the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022. The group also conducts offensive cyberwarfare operations, and Victor Zhora, the Chief of the Head of State Special Communications Service of Ukraine, stated its enlisted hackers would only attack military targets.

Ministry of Digital Transformation (Ukraine)
The Ministry of Digital Transformation (Ukrainian: Міністерство цифрової трансформації України, romanized: Ministerstvo tsyfrovoyi transformatsiyi Ukrayiny, IPA: [min⁽ʲ⁾iˈstɛrstwo tsɪfroˈwɔji trɐnsforˈmɑts⁽ʲ⁾iji ʊkrɐˈjinɪ]) is a government ministry in Ukraine that was established on 29 August 2019 when Mykhailo Fedorov was appointed as Minister of Digital Transformation in the Honcharuk Government.
Atlas Mara Limited
Atlas Mara Limited, formerly referred to as Atlas Mara Co-Nvest Limited, is a financial services holding company formed to undertake the acquisition of target banks in Africa.

The Group's headquarters are located in Tortola, British Virgin Islands, with subsidiaries and investments in Botswana, Germany, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Rwanda Development Bank
Development Bank of Rwanda, commonly referred to by its French name Banque Rwandaise de Développement (BRD), is a development bank in Rwanda. It is one of the banks licensed by the National Bank of Rwanda, the national banking regulator.
2026 arson attack on the Berlin power grid
An arson attack on the Berlin power grid was carried out on January 3, 2026, resulting in power outages for more than 40,000 households and 2,000 businesses across southwest Berlin. The attack consisted of a cable bridge in Lichterfelde being set on fire, leading to the longest lasting power outage in the city since 1945. The power outage was not fully resolved for four days.

A letter claiming responsibility was published on the Internet by a left-wing extremist Vulkangruppe. However, a few days later, a Vulkangruppe distanced itself from the actions carried out in its name. On January 6, 2026, investigations were transferred from the Berlin police to the Public Prosecutor General due to accused membership of the perpetrators in a terrorist organization.

Vulkangruppe
The Vulkangruppe, Vulkan Group, or Volcano Group as it is sometimes rendered in English language sources, is a far-left extremist group based in Germany responsible for sabotage and destruction of energy, railway, and data infrastructure as well as  attacks against Tesla, Inc. manufacturing confined to the Berlin region. Vulkangruppe has been associated with far-left, anti-fascist, and anarchist ideology. Those involved with the group occasionally use the names of Icelandic volcanoes as aliases following actions. The group has committed 11 arson attacks since at least 2011.
Margaret of Durazzo
Margaret of Durazzo (Italian: Margherita di Durazzo 28 July 1347 – 6 August 1412) was Queen of Naples and Hungary and Princess of Achaea as the spouse of Charles III of Naples. She was regent of Naples from 1386 until 1393 during the minority of her son Ladislaus of Naples.

Capetian House of Anjou
The Capetian House of Anjou, or House of Anjou-Sicily was a royal house and cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty. It is one of three separate royal houses referred to as Angevin, meaning "from Anjou" in France. Founded by Charles I of Anjou, the youngest son of Louis VIII of France, the Capetian king first ruled the Kingdom of Sicily during the 13th century. The War of the Sicilian Vespers later forced him out of the island of Sicily, leaving him with the southern half of the Italian Peninsula, known as the Kingdom of Naples. The house and its various branches would go on to influence much of the history of Southern and Central Europe during the Middle Ages until it became extinct in 1435.

Historically, the house ruled the Counties of Anjou, Maine, Touraine, Provence and Forcalquier; the Principalities of Achaea and Taranto; and the Kingdoms of Sicily, Naples, Hungary, Croatia, Albania and Poland.
Charles B. Kern
Charles B. Kern (1 February 1867 – 18 July 1942) was an American politician.

Charles B. Kern was born in Norwalk, Iowa, on 1 February 1867 to parents John and Miriam Black Kern. Kern lived on the family farm, attended school in Indianola, and graduated from Simpson College. He married Mary Frances Spring in August 1893, with whom he raised four children. Kern was a member of the Republican Party who represented District 27 in the Iowa House of Representatives between 1917 and 1921, and was subsequently elected to the Iowa Senate from 1925 to 1929 for District 11. He died on 18 July 1942 of a heart attack in Norwalk.

John Kern (Iowa politician)
John Kern (1833–1889) was an American politician.

John Kern and his wife Miriam Black moved from Ohio to Linn Township, Warren County, Iowa in 1857. He served in the American Civil War and attained the rank of major. After ending his military service, Kern and his wife moved to Norwalk in 1864, where their son Charles was born in 1867. Though John Kern lived in a heavily Republican area, he was elected to two terms as treasurer of Warren County and served on the Iowa Senate for District 29 from 1862 to 1864 as a Democrat.

Outside of politics, Kern was a Freemason and Methodist. He died on 17 June 1889 in Norwalk, aged 56.
Ramnagar, Nainital
Ramnagar (Kumaoni: Rāmnagar) is a town and municipal board in the Nainital district of Kumaon in the state of Uttarakhand, India. It is located approximately 65 kilometres (40 mi) from Nainital, the headquarters of the district.

Ramnagar is a gateway to the Corbett National Park, the oldest national park and a famous tourist destination. The Garjiya Devi Temple and Sitabani temple, Sitabani Wildlife Reserve located nearby also attract many visitors.

Uttarakhand Board of School Education is headquartered in Ramnagar. The board was set up in 2001, and is responsible for administering courses of instructions, textbooks, and to conduct examinations for secondary school students of the state.

Kosi River (Uttarakhand)
Kosi River, also known as Koshi, is a tributary of the Ramganga River. It is an important river in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand. Kair and Shisham forests are found on the banks of the river. The length of the Kosi river is 168 km (104 mi) and its basin is spread over an area of about 346 km2 (134 sq mi).
Shiqian County
Shiqian County (simplified Chinese: 石阡县; traditional Chinese: 石阡縣; pinyin: Shíqiān Xiàn) is a county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Tongren, in the northeast of Guizhou Province, China. The government is located in Tangshan.

Tongren
Tongren (simplified Chinese: 铜仁; traditional Chinese: 銅仁; pinyin: Tóngrén) is a prefecture-level city in eastern Guizhou province, People's Republic of China, located within a tobacco planting and crop agricultural area. Tongren was known as Tongren Prefecture (铜仁地区) until November 2011, when it was converted into a prefecture-level city. By the end of 2024 and the beginning of 2025, Tongren City will have a permanent population of 3.1615 million and a registered population of 4.494 million.

Tongren City borders Hunan to the east and Chongqing to the north, and is known as the "Gateway to Eastern Guizhou". The city covers an area of 18,000 square kilometers, and has jurisdiction over 2 districts, 8 counties, 8 provincial economic development zones, 2 provincial high-tech industrial development zones, and 1 provincial health and medicine industry demonstration zone.
Clarkson Nott Potter
Clarkson Nott Potter (April 25, 1825 – January 23, 1882) was a New York attorney and politician who served four terms in the United States House of Representatives from 1869 to 1875, then again from 1877 to 1879.

Edward Tuckerman Potter
Edward Tuckerman Potter (September 25, 1831 – December 21, 1904) was an American architect best known for designing the 1871 Mark Twain House in Hartford, Connecticut.  With his half-brother William Appleton Potter, he also designed Nott Memorial Hall (1858–79) at his alma mater, Union College, Schenectady, New York.  Both the Mark Twain House and Nott Memorial Hall are National Historic Landmarks.
Mike Lombardo
Michael Lawrence Lombardo (born March 30, 1988) is an American musician, sound engineer, and convicted sex offender. He was known for writing piano-driven rock songs and posting them on YouTube under the username "MikeLombardoMusic", until his 2013 conviction on child pornography charges. He was previously signed to DFTBA Records through which he released one LP, Songs for a New Day, and one EP, The Alchemist. Lombardo posted music videos, song tutorials, and personal updates on his YouTube channel which had over 20,000 subscribers before its closure.

As of August 16, 2018, Lombardo was released from FCI Fort Dix, having served a five-year sentence at the facility after pleading guilty to child pornography charges.

MC Frontalot
Damian Alexander Hess (born December 3, 1973), better known by his stage name MC Frontalot, is an American rapper and web designer. He is widely credited as a pioneer of the nerdcore genre, blending elements of hip hop with themes from nerd culture.
Universal Data Element Framework
The Universal Data Element Framework (UDEF) was  a controlled vocabulary developed by The Open Group. It provided a framework for categorizing, naming, and indexing data. It assigned to every item of data a structured alphanumeric tag plus a controlled vocabulary name that describes the meaning of the data. This allowed relating data elements to similar elements defined by other organizations.

UDEF defined a Dewey-decimal like code for each concept. For example, an "employee number" is often used in human resource management. It has a UDEF tag a.5_12.35.8 and a controlled vocabulary description "Employee.PERSON_Employer.Assigned.IDENTIFIER".

UDEF has been superseded by the Open Data Element Framework (ODEF).

The Open Group
The Open Group is a global consortium that seeks to "enable the achievement of business objectives" by developing "open, vendor-neutral technology standards and certifications." It has 900+ member organizations and provides a number of services, including strategy, management, innovation and research, standards, certification, and test development. It was established in 1996 when X/Open merged with the Open Software Foundation.

The Open Group is the certifying body for the UNIX trademark, and publishes the Single UNIX Specification technical standard, which extends the POSIX standards. The Open Group also develops and manages the TOGAF standard, which is an industry standard enterprise architecture framework.
339 Dorothea
339 Dorothea is a large main belt asteroid that was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf on 25 September 1892 in Heidelberg.

This is a member of the dynamic Eos family of asteroids that were probably formed as the result of a collisional breakup of a parent body.

This asteroid is named after astronomer Dorothea Klumpke, as is 1040 Klumpkea.

1040 Klumpkea
1040 Klumpkea, provisional designation 1925 BD, is a Tirela asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 23 kilometers (14 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 20 January 1925, by Russian–French astronomer Benjamin Jekhowsky at the Algiers Observatory in North Africa. This highly elongated asteroid is the largest member of the stony Tirela family – also known as the Klumpkea family – and has a longer than average rotation period of 59.2 hours. It was named after American astronomer Dorothea Klumpke.
Zagnanado
Zagnanado [za.ɲɑ̃.na.do] or  Zangnanado  [zɑ̃.ɲɑ̃.na.do] is a town, arrondissement, and commune in the Zou Department of southern-central Benin. It is located 47 kilometres from Abomey and 165 kilometres north of Cotonou. The commune covers an area of 750 square kilometres and as of 2013 had a population of 132,401 people.

Arrondissements of Benin
Arrondissements are administrative units of Benin, after departments and communes. In turn they contain villages and may often have several quartiers or city districts/urban neighborhoods. There are currently 545 arrondissements.

The arrondissements, ordered by department and commune, are as follows:
Güstrow (district)
Güstrow (German pronunciation: [ˈɡʏstʁoː] ⓘ) is a former district in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It was bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Bad Doberan, Nordvorpommern, Demmin, Müritz, Parchim and Nordwestmecklenburg. The district was disbanded at the district reform of September 2011. Its territory has been part of the district of Rostock since.

Nordvorpommern
Nordvorpommern ("North Western Pomerania") was a Kreis (district) in the northern part of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It was situated at the coast of the Baltic Sea, where it enclosed the city of Stralsund. Further to the northeast, separated from Stralsund and Nordvorpommern by the Strelasund, lies the island of Rügen, administratively part of the eponymous district. Other neighboring districts are (from east clockwise) Ostvorpommern, Demmin, Güstrow and Bad Doberan.
Swern oxidation
In organic chemistry, the Swern oxidation also known as Moffatt–Swern, named after Daniel Swern, is a chemical reaction whereby a primary or secondary alcohol (−OH) is oxidized to an aldehyde (−CH=O) or ketone (>C=O) using oxalyl chloride, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and an organic base, such as triethylamine. It is one of the many oxidation reactions commonly referred to as 'activated DMSO' oxidations. The reaction is known for its mild character and wide tolerance of functional groups.

The by-products are dimethyl sulfide ((CH3)2S), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and—when triethylamine is used as base—triethylammonium chloride (Et3NHCl). Of the volatile by-products, dimethyl sulfide has a strong, pervasive odour and carbon monoxide is acutely toxic, so the reaction and the work-up needs to be performed in a fume hood. Dimethyl sulfide is a volatile liquid (B.P. 99 °F (37 °C)) with an unpleasant odour at even low concentrations.

Albright–Goldman oxidation
The Albright–Goldman oxidation is a name reaction of organic chemistry, first described by the American chemists J. Donald Albright and Leon Goldman in 1965. The reaction is particularly suitable for the synthesis of aldehydes from primary alcohols. Analogously, secondary alcohols can be oxidized to form ketones. Dimethyl sulfoxide/acetic anhydride serves as oxidizing agent.

The reaction does not proceed further to the carboxylic acid.
English cricket team in the West Indies in 1934–35
The English cricket team in the West Indies in 1934–35 was a cricket touring party sent to the West Indies under the auspices of the Marylebone Cricket Club for a tour lasting 2+1⁄2 months in 1934–35. The team played four Test matches against the West Indian cricket team, winning one match but losing two – the first series defeat of an English side by the West Indies.

The team comprised 14 players, but less than half of them were regular Test players. It "could scarcely be regarded as representative of the full strength of England", Wisden Cricketers' Almanack reported in its 1936 edition coverage of the tour. By contrast, the West Indies side had developed since its disappointing tour of England in 1933. In Martindale, Constantine and Hylton it had a trio of high-class fast bowlers, and Jackie Grant was an experienced captain not given to the eccentricities that the England captain Wyatt inflicted on his team.

Errol Holmes
Errol Reginald Thorold Holmes (21 August 1905 – 16 August 1960) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Oxford University, Surrey and England between 1924 and 1955.

A dashing right-handed batsman, Holmes believed that cricket was to be enjoyed and was an important figure in restoring the reputation of English cricket after the Bodyline controversy of the early 1930s. He succeeded the Bodyline captain Douglas Jardine as captain of Surrey in 1934 and resolutely refused to use short-pitched bowling in county matches. He also captained the "goodwill" Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) non-Test tour to Australia and New Zealand in 1935–36.