hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Anson G. McCook
Anson George McCook (October 10, 1835 – December 30, 1917) was an American military and political figure who served as Union Army colonel during the Civil War. In recognition of his service, in 1866, he was nominated and confirmed for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers. In civilian life, he was an attorney and three-term reconstruction era U.S. Congressman from New York. He was a member of the “Fighting McCooks,” one of America's most prolific military families during the Civil War.

Fighting McCooks
The Fighting McCooks were members of a family of Ohioans who reached prominence as officers in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Two brothers, Daniel and John McCook, and thirteen of their sons were involved in the army, making the family one of the most prolific in American military history. Six of the McCooks reached the rank of brigadier general or higher. Several family members were killed in action or died from their wounds. Following the war, several others reached high political offices, including governorships and diplomatic posts.
Child development of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Styles of children’s learning across various indigenous communities in the Americas have been practiced for centuries prior to European colonization and persist today. Despite extensive anthropological research, efforts made towards studying children’s learning and development in Indigenous communities of the Americas as its own discipline within Developmental Psychology, has remained rudimentary. However, studies that have been conducted reveal several larger thematic commonalities, which create a paradigm of children’s learning that is fundamentally consistent across differing cultural communities.

Observational learning
Observational learning is learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others. It is a form of social learning which takes various forms, based on various processes. In humans, this form of learning seems to not need reinforcement to occur, but instead, requires a social model such as a parent, sibling, friend, or teacher with surroundings. Particularly in childhood, a model is someone of authority or higher status in an environment. In animals, observational learning is often based on classical conditioning, in which an instinctive behavior is elicited by observing the behavior of another (e.g. mobbing in birds), but other processes may be involved as well.
Hamilton Corbett
Hamilton Forbush "Ham" Corbett (December 13, 1888 – May 7, 1966) was a prominent Portland, Oregon businessman and in his younger years was a leading amateur American football player.  He played college football for Harvard University and was a consensus first-team selection to the 1908 College Football All-America Team.

1908 All-America college football team
The 1908 All-America college football team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans for the 1908 college football season. The only two individuals who have been recognized as "official" selectors by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) for the 1908 season are Walter Camp and Caspar Whitney, who had originated the All-America college football team 14 years earlier in 1889.  Camp's 1908 All-America Team was published in Collier's Weekly, and Whitney's selections were published in Outing magazine.

Many other sports writers, newspapers, coaches and others also selected All-America teams in 1910.  The Philadelphia Inquirer published a consensus All-America team based on the first-team All-America selections made by 25 football experts.
Porhalaan
The Porhalaan is the traditional calendar of the Batak people of North Sumatra, Indonesia. The Batak Calendar is a lunisolar calendar consisting of 12 months divided to 30 days with an occasional leap month. The Batak calendar is derived from Hindu calendar. The Batak people do not use the porhalaan as a mean to tell time, but rather to determine auspicious day, which is only used by the Batak shaman.

Batak
Batak is a collective term used to identify a number of closely related Austronesian ethnic groups predominantly found in North Sumatra and parts of adjacent provinces, Indonesia, who speak the Batak languages. The term always includes the Toba, Karo, Simalungun, Pakpak-Dairi, Angkola and Mandailing, as well as other related ethnic groups with distinct languages and traditional customs (adat).
Orkney Heavy Regiment, Royal Artillery
The Orkney Heavy Regiment was a Territorial Army unit of Britain's Royal Artillery raised in the Orkney Islands just before World War II. During the war it was greatly expanded to defend the vital naval base of Scapa Flow. It was reformed postwar and later became an air defence battery.

1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery
The 1st Suffolk & Harwich Volunteer Artillery, later the Essex & Suffolk Royal Garrison Artillery was an auxiliary coastal artillery unit of the British Army first raised in 1899. It defended the ports and naval bases (the Haven ports) around the estuaries of the Rivers Orwell and Stour. Although the unit saw no active service, it supplied trained gunners to siege batteries engaged on the Western Front during World War I. It was greatly expanded in World War II to defend the invasion-threatened East Anglian Coast from Harwich to Great Yarmouth. Postwar it continued in the coast and air defence roles until it disappeared in a series of amalgamations from the 1950s.
Gladden Bishop
Francis Gladden Bishop (January 19, 1809 – November 30, 1864) was a minor leader in the Latter Day Saint movement after the 1844 succession crisis. Bishop claimed to be the rightful successor to Joseph Smith; from the 1850s until his death, Bishop led a succession of small groups of Latter Day Saints and converts. His followings have been identified informally by later writers as the Gladdenites and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Gladdenite), though the name of a late following is formally The Church of Jesus Christ of the New Jerusalem. In the 1850s, many of Bishop's followers abandoned him and joined the movement that would later become the Church of Christ (Temple Lot).

Council Bluffs, Iowa
Council Bluffs is a city in and the county seat of Pottawattamie County, Iowa, United States. Located on the east bank of the Missouri River, it sits across from Omaha, Nebraska. The city had a population of 62,799 at the 2020 census, making it the tenth-most populous city in Iowa and the largest in Southwest Iowa. Council Bluffs is also a principal city in the Omaha–Council Bluffs metropolitan area.

Until about 1853, Council Bluffs was known as Kanesville. Kanesville was the historic starting point of the Mormon Trail. Kanesville is also the northernmost anchor town of the other emigrant trails because there was a steam-powered boat which ferried the settlers' wagons and cattle across the Missouri River. In 1869, the first transcontinental railroad to California was connected to the existing U.S. rail network at Council Bluffs.
Gayndah State School
Gayndah State School is a heritage-listed state school at 33 Meson Street, Gayndah, North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1861 to 1862. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

Gayndah
Gayndah (/ɡeɪndə/) is a town and locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. It is the administrative centre for the North Burnett Region. In the 2021 census, the locality of Gayndah had a population of 1,949 people.
Sze Fong Shan
Sze Fong Shan (Chinese: 四方山), located in Tai Po District of the New Territories, is the fourth highest peak in Hong Kong. With a height of 784 m (2,572 ft), it is northeast of Tai Mo Shan. The Eighth Stage of the MacLehose Trail passes near it.

Tai Mo Shan
Tai Mo Shan (大帽山) is the highest peak in Hong Kong, with an elevation of 957 metres (3,140 ft) above the Hong Kong Principal Datum, or around 956 metres (3,136 ft) above mean sea level. It is located at approximately the geographical centre of the New Territories.

The Tai Mo Shan Country Park covers an area of 14.40 square kilometres (5.56 sq mi) around Tai Mo Shan. It is located to the north of Tai Lam Country Park. The 35-metre-high (115 ft) Long Falls at Ng Tung Chai is the highest waterfall in Hong Kong.
Time of Our Darkness
Time of Our Darkness is a novel by South African author Stephen Gray.  It tells the story of a homosexual teacher in 1980s Apartheid South Africa and his relationships with his long-term partner and a young black boy.

For the Fallen
"For the Fallen" is a poem written by Laurence Binyon. It was first published in The Times in September 1914. It was also published in Binyon's book "The Winnowing Fan : Poems On The Great War" by Elkin Mathews, London, 1914.

Over time, the third and fourth stanzas of the poem (usually now just the fourth) have been claimed as a tribute to all casualties of war, regardless of state. This selection of the poem is often taken as an ode that is often recited at Remembrance Day and ANZAC Day services, and is what the term "Ode of Remembrance" usually refers to.
Sarah Masen
Sarah Masen is an American singer-songwriter based in Nashville, Tennessee. She was initially signed to Charlie Peacock's re:think label. She was subsequently signed to Word Records, and is now independent. As a songwriter, she has collaborated with Béla Fleck, Julie Lee and Sam Ashworth.

Julie Lee
Julie Lee is a singer/songwriter originally from Maryland now living in Nashville, Tennessee. She is a member of the band Old Black Kettle, with Sarah Siskind, and has collaborated with Sarah Masen, Ron Block, Mike Farris, Vince Gill, Tim O'Brien, & Kenny Vaughan. Her songs have been covered by a wide range of artists, but most notably Alison Krauss with "Away Down the River" and "Jacob's Dream" (the story of the Lost Children of the Alleghenies) appearing on Krauss' album, A Hundred Miles or More: A Collection (2007). 
Lee has toured in the UK and US as an Americana/folk artist. She has opened for Alison Krauss & Union Station at The Historic Ryman Auditorium in 2001 and played her own set at The Newport Folk Festival in 2007.
Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest
The Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest, Latin: Institutum Christi Regis Summi Sacerdotis, abbreviated as ICKSP and ICRSS, is a society of apostolic life of pontifical right in communion with the Holy See of the Catholic Church. The institute has the stated goal of honouring God and the sanctification of priests in the service of the Catholic Church and souls. An integral part of the institute's charism is the use of the traditional liturgy, namely the 1962 Missale Romanum for Mass, the Breviary of John XXIII for the Divine Office, and the Rituale Romanum and Pontificale Romanum for other sacraments. The society has undertaken the restoration of a number of historic church buildings.

The institute's rule of life is based generally on that of the secular canons. Its stated mission is the defence and propagation of the reign of Christ the King in all areas of human life, both private and social.

Society of apostolic life
A society of apostolic life is a form of consecrated life in which a group of men or women within the Catholic Church come together for a specific purpose and live fraternally. This type of organization is defined in the 1983 Code of Canon Law under Canons 731–746. Under the 1917 Code of Canon Law, which preceded the current one, this manner of life was referred to as a society of common life.
Equation of state (cosmology)
In cosmology, the equation of state of a perfect fluid is characterized by a dimensionless number , equal to the ratio of its pressure  to its energy density : 

It is closely related to the thermodynamic equation of state and ideal gas law.

Equation of state
In physics and chemistry, an equation of state is a thermodynamic equation relating state variables, which describe the state of matter under a given set of physical conditions, such as pressure, volume, temperature, or internal energy. Most modern equations of state are formulated in the Helmholtz free energy. Equations of state are useful in describing the properties of pure substances and mixtures in liquids, gases, and solid states as well as the state of matter in the interior of stars. Though there are many equations of state, none accurately predicts properties of substances under all conditions. The quest for a universal equation of state has spanned three centuries.
Gorakhpur–Okha Express
The 15045 / 15046 Gorakhpur–Okha Express is an express train of the Indian Railways connecting Gorakhpur Junction in Uttar Pradesh and Okha in Gujarat. It is currently being operated with 15045/15046 train numbers on a weekly basis.

Bina Junction railway station
Bina Junction railway station is a railway station in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is part of the Bhopal division of West Central Railway. Bina Junction serves the city of Bina, along with Bundelkhand and Malwa. Bina Junction has six platforms.
Farragut, Tennessee
Farragut is a suburban town located in Knox county in the State of Tennessee, United States. The town's population was 23,506 at the 2020 census. It is included in the Knoxville Metropolitan Area. The town is named in honor of Union Admiral David Farragut, who was born just east of Farragut at Campbell's Station in 1801, and fought in the American Civil War.

Knox County, Tennessee
Knox County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. The population was 506,748 as of a 2024 estimate, making it the third-most populous county in Tennessee. Its county seat is Knoxville, which is the third-most populous city in Tennessee. Knox County is included in the Knoxville metropolitan area. The county is located at the geographical center of the Great Valley of East Tennessee. Near the heart of the county is the origin of the Tennessee River, at the confluence of the Holston and French Broad rivers.
West Parish Elementary School Science Park
The West Parish Elementary School Science Park is an interactive community science park, one of the first in the US, that is located on the site of the West Parish Elementary School in Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA. It is used as an integral part of the school curriculum.

Gloucester, Massachusetts
Gloucester (/ˈɡlɒstər/ GLOS-tər) is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts,  United States. It sits on Cape Ann and is a part of Massachusetts's North Shore. The population was 29,729 at the 2020 U.S. census. An important center of the fishing industry and a popular summer destination, Gloucester consists of an urban core on the north side of the harbor and the outlying neighborhoods of Annisquam, Bay View, Lanesville, Folly Cove, Magnolia, Riverdale, East Gloucester, and West Gloucester.
A Short Album About Love
A Short Album About Love is the fifth studio album by Northern Irish chamber pop band the Divine Comedy, released in 1997 by Setanta Records. It was recorded on 20 October 1996 at Shepherd's Bush Empire, London.

The Divine Comedy (band)
The Divine Comedy are a pop band from Northern Ireland, formed in 1989 and fronted by Neil Hannon. Hannon has been the only constant member of the group, playing, in some instances, all of the non-orchestral instrumentation except drums. The band has released 13 studio albums. Between 1996 and 1999, nine singles released by the band made the top 40 of the UK Singles Chart, including the 1999 top ten hit "National Express".
Mangatainoka railway station
The Mangatainoka railway station on the Wairarapa Line was located in the Tararua District of the Manawatū-Whanganui region in New Zealand’s North Island. Located between the stations of Pahiatua (to the south) and Ngawapurua (to the north), it served the farming settlement of Mangatainoka and surrounding districts.

The station opened on 1 July 1897 as part of an extension of the Wairarapa Line north from Pahiatua and remained the northern railhead until the line opened to Woodville on 13 December 1897. The station closed on 1 August 1988 (other than wagonloads of fertilizer to the neighbouring Ravensdown depot).

Mangatainoka
Mangatainoka is a small settlement in the Tararua District of New Zealand's North Island. It is located on the banks of the Mangatainoka River, 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Pahiatua.

Mangatainoka is home to the Tui Brewery, which ceased brewing in 2021. It also has a golf course.
Mahabad, Isfahan
Mahabad (Persian: مهاباد) is a city in, and the capital of, Mahabad District of Ardestan County, Isfahan province, Iran. As a village, Mahabad was the capital of Garmsir Rural District until its capital was transferred to the village of Mughar.

Mahabad District
Mahabad District (Persian: بخش مهاباد) is in Ardestan County, Isfahan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Mahabad, whose population at the time of the 2016 National Census was 3,727 people in 1,158 households.
Montestrutto Castle
The Castle of Montestrutto towers above the village of Montestrutto, in the Commune of Settimo Vittone, Piedmont, Italy. It lies on the east bank of the Dora Baltea river and straddles an ancient Roman road that became a part of the Via Francigena, a medieval pilgrimage route from Canterbury to Rome.  Indeed, the original Roman name for the village, "Mons obstructus," signifies the fact it partially blocks access to the Valle d'Aosta and the (rest of the) Alps.

Settimo Vittone
Settimo Vittone (Piedmontese: Ël Seto Viton) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, northern Italy. It is located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Turin, in the Canavese traditional region.
Southern Cross Mountains
Southern Cross Mountains is the name applied to the group of ranges lying between the Mariner Glacier and Priestley Glacier in Victoria Land, Antarctica.
It is southwest of the Mountaineer Range, southeast of the Mesa Range and northeast of the Deep Freeze Range.

Aviator Glacier
The Aviator Glacier (73°50′S 165°03′E﻿ / ﻿73.833°S 165.050°E﻿ / -73.833; 165.050) is a major valley glacier in Antarctica that is over 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi) long and 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) wide, descending generally southward from the plateau of Victoria Land along the west side of Mountaineer Range, and entering Lady Newnes Bay between Cape Sibbald and Hayes Head where it forms a floating tongue.
Imperial Hotel, Ravenswood
Imperial Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at Macrossan Street, Ravenswood, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Eaton, Bates & Polin and built in 1901. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

Ravenswood, Queensland
Ravenswood is a rural town and locality in the Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, the locality of Ravenswood had a population of 297 people.

It is historically and currently a gold mining town.
Chocorua River
The Chocorua River is a 15.2-mile (24.5 km) river located in eastern New Hampshire in the United States.  It is a tributary of the Bearcamp River, part of the Ossipee Lake / Saco River watershed leading to the Atlantic Ocean.

The Chocorua River rises on the eastern slopes of Mount Chocorua, a prominent rocky knob at the southeast margin of the White Mountains.  The river flows south into lowlands at the base of the mountain and arrives at Chocorua Lake, noted for its outstanding view of Mount Chocorua.  Beyond the lake, the river flows south to the village of Chocorua with a picturesque mill dam, then continues into the flat, sandy Ossipee Lake region, reaching the Bearcamp River at West Ossipee.

New Hampshire Route 16 parallels the Chocorua River for most of its length.

Chocorua Lake
Chocorua Lake is a picturesque lake in northeast New Hampshire, United States, with commanding views of the summit of Mount Chocorua. It is approximately 1.1 miles (1.8 km) long (north-south) with a maximum width of 3,500 feet (1.1 km) (east-west), covering 222 acres (90 ha), and a maximum depth of 27 feet (8.2 m).

The lake is most noted for its calm, serene setting. There is little to no development surrounding it, and its views of the bald summit of Mount Chocorua are unblemished by radio antennas.
HJ-9
The HJ-9, HongJian-9 (Chinese: 红箭-9; pinyin: Hóng Jiàn-9; lit. 'Red Arrow-9'), military designation AFT-9, is an advanced, third-generation, man-portable or vehicle-mounted anti-tank guided missile system deployed by the People's Liberation Army Ground Force.

HJ-8
The HJ-8 or Hongjian-8 (Chinese: 红箭-8; pinyin: Hóng Jiàn-8; lit. 'Red Arrow-8') is a second generation tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided anti-tank missile system which was originally deployed by the People's Liberation Army in the late 1980s.
Bir Kasdali
Bir Kasdali is a town and commune in Bordj Bou Arréridj Province, Algeria. It is located between Bordj Bou Arreridj and Sétif. It is a Daira, has a Khelil and Sidi Embarek. According to the 2010 census it has a population of 19,622.

Bordj Bou Arréridj Province
Bordj Bou Arréridj Province (Arabic: ولاية برج بوعريريج) is a province (wilaya) in northern Algeria, around 200 km from the capital Algiers. It is considered as a crossroads between the east and west, the north and south.

It is notable for its many electronic industries. Its capital is Bordj Bou Arréridj. Other localities include Bir Kasd Ali and Glela.

The estimated population of Bordj Bou Arréridj is about 661,115 residents.

Its location made it an important economic pole in the context of development in Algeria, as it is made up of several economic and industrial groups. Within the privatization process, and the market economy, this state has become a destination for some foreign companies in order to invest, especially in the field of electronic industries and agribusiness.
Contact activation system
In the contact activation system or CAS, three proteins in the blood, factor XII (FXII), prekallikrein (PK) and high molecular weight kininogen (HK), bind to a surface and cause blood coagulation and inflammation. FXII and PK are proteases and HK is a non-enzymatic co-factor. The CAS can activate the kinin–kallikrein system and blood coagulation through its ability to activate multiple downstream proteins. The CAS is initiated when FXII binds to a surface and reciprocal activation of FXII and PK occurs, forming FXIIa and PKa. FXIIa can initiate the coagulation cascade by cleaving and activating factor XI (FXI), which leads to formation of a blood clot. Additionally, the CAS can activate the kinin–kallikrein system when PKa cleaves HK to form cHK, releasing a peptide known as bradykinin (BK). BK and its derivatives bind to bradykinin receptors B1 and B2 to mediate inflammation.

Factor XI
Factor XI, or plasma thromboplastin antecedent, is the zymogen form of factor XIa, one of the enzymes involved in coagulation. Like many other coagulation factors, it is a serine protease.  In humans, factor XI is encoded by F11 gene.
1982 NASCAR Budweiser Late Model Sportsman Series
The inaugural NASCAR Budweiser Late Model Sportsman Series began on Saturday, February 13 and ended on Saturday, October 31. Jack Ingram, driving as an owner-driver, won the championship at season's end.

NASCAR O'Reilly Auto Parts Series at Martinsville Speedway
Stock car racing events in the NASCAR O'Reilly Auto Parts Series have been held at Martinsville Speedway, in Martinsville, Virginia during numerous seasons and times of year since the series’ inception in 1982. Races were first held from 1982 to 1994, and a one-off race occurred in July 2006. In October 2020, the series returned after a 14-year absence, adding a second date in 2021.