hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Armand Reclus
Armand Reclus (13 March 1843 – 9 January 1927) was a French naval engineer and geographer, known for his involvement in the development of the Panama Canal. He graduated top of his class in the Imperial Naval College in 1862, and went on to take part in campaigns in the Pacific and in French colonial actions in Indochina.

Like his brothers, Élisée, Élie, Onésime, and Paul Reclus, Armand was a geographer and took part in the 1876–1878 exploration of the Darien with Ferdinand de Lesseps. The route for the Panama Canal that he proposed was adopted by the International Geography Congress in 1879, and he directed the drilling site as the project began. However, he resigned in 1882 after realising the scale of the challenge.

After leaving the French navy, he owned vineyards in France and Tunisia where he spent his time. He returned to France in 1911, and died in 1927 – the last of the Reclus brothers.

Élisée Reclus
Jacques Élisée Reclus (French: [ʁəkly]; 15 March 1830 – 4 July 1905) was a French geographer, writer, and anarchist. He produced his 19-volume masterwork, La Nouvelle Géographie universelle, la terre et les hommes (Universal Geography), over a period of nearly 20 years (1875–1894). In 1892 he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Paris Geographical Society for this work, despite having been banished from France because of his political activism.
History of the Jews in Frederick, Maryland
The city of Frederick, Maryland is home to a small but growing Jewish community. With roots dating to the colonial era, Frederick's Jewish community is home to three synagogues, a Hebrew school, and a Jewish community center.

History of the Jews in Washington, D.C.
The history of the Jews in Washington, D.C. dates back to the late 18th century and continues today. From only individual Jews settling in the city to the waves of Jewish migration in the 1840s, during the American Civil War, and in the late 19th century to the early 20th century and beyond, the community has steadily grown.

As it has gained in numbers, it has also built up numerous communal institutions, including some of the oldest remaining synagogues in the United States, and has a legacy of pulling together in times of war and crisis for both the nation and the Jewish world at large. Today, the Greater Washington community is the third largest in the United States, and remains active and influential in American politics and the broader Jewish world.
Semicolon
The semicolon ; (or semi-colon) is a symbol commonly used as orthographic punctuation. In the English language, a semicolon is most commonly used to link (in a single sentence) two independent clauses that are closely related in thought, such as when restating the preceding idea with a different expression. When a semicolon joins two or more ideas in one sentence, those ideas are then given equal rank. Semicolons can also be used in place of commas to separate items in a list, particularly when the elements of the list themselves have embedded commas.

The semicolon is one of the least understood of the standard marks, and is not frequently used by many English speakers.

In the QWERTY keyboard layout, the semicolon resides in the unshifted homerow beneath the little finger of the right hand. It has become widely used in programming languages as a statement separator or terminator.

Colon (punctuation)
The colon, :, is a punctuation mark consisting of two equally sized dots aligned vertically. A colon often precedes an explanation, a list, or a quoted sentence. It is also used between hours and minutes in time, between certain elements in medical journal citations, between chapter and verse in Bible citations, between two numbers in a ratio, and, in the US, for salutations in business letters and other formal letters.
William Godolphin, Marquess of Blandford
William Godolphin, Marquess of Blandford (c. 1699 – 24 August 1731), styled as Viscount Rialton until 1722, was an English nobleman and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1720 and 1731.

Heir to the Dukedom of Marlborough and Earldom of Godolphin (and thus one of the largest fortunes in the country), Godolphin was the eldest son of Francis Godolphin, 2nd Earl of Godolphin and his wife, the heiress, Lady Henrietta Churchill (later suo jure Duchess of Marlborough). His grandparents were Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin and John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, respectively.

Henrietta Godolphin, 2nd Duchess of Marlborough
Henrietta Godolphin, suo jure Duchess of Marlborough (19 July 1681 – 24 October 1733) was the daughter of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, general of the army, and Sarah Jennings, Duchess of Marlborough, close friend and business manager of Queen Anne.
Lowell Township, Michigan
Lowell Charter Township is a charter township of Kent County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 6,276 at the 2020 census.

The city of Lowell is bordered on the north, but the two are administered autonomously.  The township is part of the Grand Rapids metropolitan area and is located about 15 miles (24.1 km) east of the city of Grand Rapids.

Kent County, Michigan
Kent County is located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 Census, the county had a population of 657,974, making it the fourth most populous county in Michigan, and the largest outside of the Detroit area. Its county seat is Grand Rapids. The county was set off in 1831, and organized in 1836. It is named for New York jurist and legal scholar James Kent, who represented the Michigan Territory in its dispute with Ohio over the Toledo Strip.

Kent County is part of the Grand Rapids metropolitan area and is West Michigan's economic and manufacturing center. It is home of the Frederik Meijer Gardens, a significant cultural landmark of the Midwest. The Gerald R. Ford International Airport is the county's primary location for regional and international airline traffic.
How Some Children Played at Slaughtering
"How Some Children Played at Slaughtering" (German: Wie Kinder Schlachtens miteinander gespielt haben, also translated as "How children played slaughtering together") is a set of two anecdotes from Grimm's Fairy Tales. It was removed from the book in the second edition, and is missing from most modern editions as well.

Grimms' Fairy Tales
Grimms' Fairy Tales (German: Grimms Märchen), originally known as the Children's and Household Tales (German: Kinder- und Hausmärchen, pronounced [ˌkɪndɐ ʔʊnt ˈhaʊsmɛːɐ̯çən], commonly abbreviated as KHM), is a German collection of fairy tales by the Brothers Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm, first published on 20 December 1812. Vol. 1 of the first edition contained 86 stories, which were followed by 70 more tales, numbered consecutively, in the 1st edition, Vol. 2, in 1815. By the seventh edition in 1857, the corpus of tales had expanded to 200 tales and 10 "Children's Legends". It is considered the seminal work of Western children's literature and is listed by UNESCO in its Memory of the World Register.
Nauyrzym District
Nauyrzym (Kazakh: Науырзым ауданы, Nauyrzym audany) is a district of Kostanay Region in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the selo of Karamendy. Population: 12,604 (2013 estimate); 13,180 (2009 census results); 17,914 (1999 census results).

Kostanay Region
Kostanay Region (Kazakh: Қостанай облысы, romanized: Qostanai oblysy) is a region of Kazakhstan. Its administrative center is the city of Kostanay.  The population of the region is 835,686.  The population living in Kostanay is 207,000, which is equivalent to 23% of the region.
Ryutsu Keizai University
Ryutsu Keizai University (流通経済大学, Ryūtsū Keizai Daigaku; lit. 'Circulation Economic University') is a Japanese private university in Ryūgasaki, Ibaraki. It was founded in 1965. The school has secondary campuses in Matsudo, Chiba and also in Kashiwa, Chiba. The name is often abbreviated RKU as well as 流経大 (Ryū-Kei-Dai).

Ryūgasaki, Ibaraki
Ryūgasaki (龍ケ崎市, Ryūgasaki-shi) is a city located in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 January 2024, the city had an estimated population of 75,212 in 33,421 households and a population density of 958 persons per km2. The percentage of the population aged over 65 was 31.1% in July 2020. The total area of the city is 78.59 square kilometres (30.34 sq mi).
Nogent-le-Rotrou
Nogent-le-Rotrou (French pronunciation: [nɔʒɑ̃ lə ʁɔtʁu]) is a commune in the department of Eure-et-Loir, northern France.

It is a sub-prefecture and is located on the river Huisne, 56 kilometres west of Chartres on the RN23 and 150 kilometres south west of Paris, to which it is linked by both rail and motorway.

Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully
Maximilien de Béthune Sully, 1st Prince of Sully, Marquis of Rosny and Nogent, Count of Muret and Villebon, Viscount of Meaux (13 December 1560 – 22 December 1641) was a French nobleman, soldier, statesman, and counselor of King Henry IV of France. Historians emphasize Sully's role in building a strong, centralized administrative system in France using coercion and highly effective new administrative techniques. While not all of his policies were original, he used them well to revitalize France after the European wars of religion. Most, however, were repealed by later monarchs who preferred absolute power. Historians have also studied his Neostoicism and his ideas about virtue, prudence, and discipline.
Hip bone
The hip bone (os coxae, innominate bone, or coxal bone) is a large flat bone, constricted in the center and expanded above and below. In some vertebrates (including humans before puberty) it is composed of three parts: the ilium, ischium, and the pubis.

The two hip bones join at the pubic symphysis and together with the sacrum and coccyx (the pelvic part of the spine) comprise the skeletal component of the pelvis – the pelvic girdle which surrounds the pelvic cavity. They are connected to the sacrum, which is part of the axial skeleton, at the sacroiliac joint. Each hip bone is connected to the corresponding femur (thigh bone) (forming the primary connection between the bones of the lower limb and the axial skeleton) through the large ball and socket joint of the hip.

Gluteus medius
The gluteus medius (or musculus glutaeus medius), one of the three gluteal muscles, is a broad, thick, radiating muscle. It is situated on the outer surface of the pelvis.

Its posterior third is covered by the gluteus maximus, its anterior two-thirds by the gluteal aponeurosis, which separates it from the superficial fascia and integument.
Lafayette at Yorktown
Lafayette at Yorktown is a 1783 painting by Jean-Baptiste Le Paon (1736/1738 - 1785).
The painting depicts Gilbert du Motier, the Marquis de Lafayette, a groom (who some historians believe to be James Armistead Lafayette), and a horse.

The Lafayette Memorial designed by Daniel Chester French and architect  Henry Bacon at Prospect Park in Brooklyn is based on the painting as was directed by the bequest in the will of the French-born Brooklynite Henry Hatreau who left the funds for the monument's creation.

The painting is in the permanent collection of Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania.

Lafayette Memorial
The Lafayette Memorial is a public memorial located in Brooklyn's Prospect Park in New York City. The memorial, designed by sculptor Daniel Chester French and architect Henry Bacon, was dedicated in 1917 and consists of a bas-relief of Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette alongside a groom (speculated by some historians to be James Armistead Lafayette) and a horse.
De Donk
De Donk  (other names: Braankse Donk, and Den Donk) is a hamlet in Molenlanden, which is a municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. De Donk is 2 km northwestern of the village of Brandwijk and consists of some farms on a five-meter-high sandhill.

Molenlanden
Molenlanden (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈmoːlə(n)ˌlɑndə(n)]) is a municipality in the province of South Holland in the Netherlands. The municipality was created on 1 January 2019 by merging the municipalities of Giessenlanden en Molenwaard. It is located east of Rotterdam along and south of the Lek. The World Heritage Site of Kinderdijk is in the municipality. Its largest population centers are Nieuw-Lekkerland and Giessenburg.

The municipality includes the settlements of Arkel, Bleskensgraaf, Brandwijk, De Donk, Gelkenes, Gijbeland, Giessen-Oudekerk, Giessenburg, Goudriaan, Graafland, Groot-Ammers, Hofwegen Hoogblokland, Hoornaar, Kinderdijk, Kooiwijk, Langerak, Liesveld, Molenaarsgraaf, Nieuw-Lekkerland, Nieuwpoort, Noordeloos, Ottoland, Oud-Alblas, Schelluinen, Streefkerk, Vuilendam, Waal, and Wijngaarden.
St. Catharines Engine Plant
St. Catharines Propulsion Plant is a General Motors Canada engine and manual transmission factory in St. Catharines, Ontario. Opened in 1954 and located on Glendale Avenue. The plant is also called St. Catharines Powertrain - Glendale Avenue Plant. The factory supports production of cast engine blocks from Defiance Foundry in Defiance, Ohio and Saginaw Metal Casting Operations in Saginaw, Michigan.

Starting in 2012, it also produces GM's six-speed transmissions.

Saginaw Metal Casting Operations
Saginaw Metal Casting Operations  is an automobile engine foundry plant in Saginaw, Michigan. Opened under GM management in 1919, the factory produces engine blocks and cylinder heads for General Motors vehicles. The factory currently occupies 1.9 million square feet on 490 acres.  Historically in September 1927 it was known as the Chevrolet Grey Iron Foundry. In the past when it was called GM-Saginaw Product Company (SPC) a cloverleaf casting symbol mark was cast onto the iron component.

The location has been the primary source of engine block and cylinder heads for all of GM's engines, to include Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Cadillac, Chevrolet, Buick and GMC for most of the 20th century. The address is 1629 N Washington Ave. Saginaw, MI 48601, and is located on the Saginaw River. Camshafts, connecting rods and other internal engine components are manufactured at Bay City Powertrain. Casting operations were also provided by Massena Castings Plant and Defiance Foundry.
Henry de Longchamp
Henry de Longchamp or Henry de Longo Campo (c1150–1212) was an Anglo-Norman administrator.

He was born in Wilton Castle, near Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire, the son of Hugh de Longchamp. One of his brothers, William, was to become Chancellor of England and Bishop of Ely and another, Osbert, Sheriff of Yorkshire and Norfolk .

He was appointed High Sheriff of Herefordshire for 1190 by the new King Richard in place of Ralph Arden, again in 1193 and High Sheriff of Worcestershire from 1195 to 1197. In 1194 he accompanied King Richard to Normandy. During Richard's captivity overseas, William de Longchamp lost power and Henry and Osbert their shrievalties. Henry spent time imprisoned in Cardiff castle.

He died in Wilton in 1212. He had married Maude de Cantilupe, daughter of Walter de Cantilupe and sister of William de Cantilupe, in Wilton in 1182. They had several children including William, Margaret, Henry  and Hugh. He was succeeded by his grandson Henry, the son of Hugh.

High Sheriff of Worcestershire
This is a list of sheriffs and since 1998 high sheriffs of Worcestershire.

The Sheriff is the oldest secular office under the Crown.  Formerly the Sheriff was the principal law enforcement officer in the county but over the centuries most of the responsibilities associated with the post have been transferred elsewhere or are now defunct, so that its functions are now largely ceremonial. Under the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, on 1 April 1974 the office previously known as Sheriff was retitled High Sheriff.

Under the same act Herefordshire and Worcestershire were merged to form the new county of Hereford and Worcester, therefore the office of Sheriff of Worcestershire was replaced by that of High Sheriff of Hereford and Worcester. However, in 1998 the new county was dissolved, restoring Herefordshire and Worcestershire and creating the offices of High Sheriff of Herefordshire and High Sheriff of Worcestershire.
Willow Creek Dam (Oregon)
Willow Creek Dam is a dam in Morrow County of the U.S. state of Oregon, located just east of Heppner's city limits. It was the first major dam in the United States constructed of roller-compacted concrete.

The dam's drainage basin is 96 square miles (250 km2)
of arid rolling hills in the lower basin but with headwaters in the northern Umatilla National Forest.
The dam's original purpose was primarily to store water for flood control, but also to serve recreation, fish and wildlife, and irrigation uses. The dam impounds Willow Creek to create Willow Creek Lake.

The lake level can be a maximum of 2,113.5 feet (644.2 m) elevation and a minimum of 2,063.0 feet (628.8 m) for a total usable storage capacity of 9,765 acre-feet (12,045,000 m3).

Heppner, Oregon
Heppner is a city in and the county seat of Morrow County, Oregon, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,187, down from 1,291 in 2010. Heppner is part of the Pendleton-Hermiston Micropolitan Area. It is named after Henry Heppner, a prominent Jewish-American businessman.
Bridgnorth Endowed School
Bridgnorth Endowed School is a coeducational secondary school with academy status, located in the market town of Bridgnorth in the rural county of Shropshire, England. Founded in 1503, The Endowed School is a state school and is a specialist Technology College. The age range of the school is 11–16 years. It was previously known as the Bridgnorth Grammar School, and the school celebrated the 500th anniversary of its foundation in 2003. Former pupils include Professor Peter Bullock, a soil scientist who was a member of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

Thomas Beddoes
Thomas Beddoes (13 April 1760 – 24 December 1808) was an English physician and scientific writer. He was born in Shifnal, Shropshire and died in Bristol fifteen years after opening his medical practice there. He was a reforming practitioner and teacher of medicine, and an associate of leading scientific figures. He worked to treat tuberculosis.

Beddoes was a friend of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and, according to E. S. Shaffer, an important influence on Coleridge's early thinking, introducing him to the higher criticism. The poet Thomas Lovell Beddoes was his son. A painting of him by Samson Towgood Roch is in the National Portrait Gallery, London.
Manila North Cemetery
The Manila North Cemetery (Spanish: Cementerio del Norte) is one of the oldest cemeteries in Metro Manila, Philippines. The cemetery is managed by and located in the City of Manila, the national capital, and is one of the largest in the metropolis at 54 hectares (130 acres). It is located alongside Andrés Bonifacio Avenue and borders two other important cemeteries: the La Loma Cemetery and the Manila Chinese Cemetery. Numerous impoverished families notably inhabit some of the mausoleums.

Arcadio Arellano
Arcadio Arellano (13 November 1872 – 20 April 1920) was a Filipino architect who was considered a pioneer during his time. He built famous edifices and the residential buildings of the elite. In all his works, he departed from American and European designs and instead incorporated Filipino native plants and motifs.
C-3 (Cercanías Madrid)
The C-3 is a line and rail service of Cercanías Madrid commuter rail network, operated by Renfe Operadora. It runs from El Escorial northwest of Madrid to Aranjuez south of Madrid. The C-3 shares tracks for half of its length with Madrid commuter rail service line C-8 while it also shares significant parts with lines C-4, and C-7. The line has been in operation since 1980, with its current incarnation in operation since 22 September 2011.

On 5 November 2018, the C-3a service was introduced as a separation of former extended C-3 services terminating at either El Escorial or Santa María de la Alameda. The C-3a designation was formerly used for the now-closed Pinto–San Martín de la Vega branch line (es:Línea Pinto-San Martín de la Vega) branching off from Pinto to Parque Warner Madrid and San Martín de la Vega, which operated between 2002 and 2012.

C-8 (Cercanías Madrid)
The C-8 is a line and rail service of Cercanías Madrid commuter rail network, operated by Renfe Operadora. It runs from Cercedilla northwest of Madrid to Guadalajara railway station. The C-8 shares tracks for the majority its length with Madrid commuter rail service line C-3 while it also shares significant parts with lines C-7, and C-10.
Burlington station (Southern Railway)
Southern Railway Passenger Station is a historic train station located at Burlington, Alamance County, North Carolina. It was built in 1892 by the North Carolina Railroad, and is a rectangular, one story red brick and wood building in a Victorian Tudor style.  It features a hipped roof with flared eaves, decorative brackets, and an octagonal tower and two triangular dormers.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It is located in the Downtown Burlington Historic District.

Current Amtrak Carolinian and Piedmont service passenger trains stop at a station nearby.

Burlington station (North Carolina)
Burlington station is a train station in Burlington, North Carolina. It is served by Amtrak, the United States' passenger rail system, and hosts two Amtrak trains, the Carolinian and Piedmont. The street address is 101 North Main Street, and is located in the heart of downtown Burlington.
Bentheim-Tecklenburg-Rheda
Bentheim-Tecklenburg-Rheda was a historical county of the Holy Roman Empire, located in present northwestern North Rhine-Westphalia and southwestern Lower Saxony, Germany.

The princely branch of Bentheim-Tecklenburg-Rheda, with its family seats in Rheda and Hohenlimburg, is one of the two extant lines of the princely House of Bentheim, besides the Princes of Bentheim-Steinfurt who still own the castles of Bentheim and Steinfurt.

County of Bentheim
The County of Bentheim (German: Grafschaft Bentheim, Low German Benthem) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire, located in the south-west corner of today's Lower Saxony, Germany. The county's borders corresponded largely to those of the modern administrative district (Landkreis) of Grafschaft Bentheim.

Geographically, Bentheim is composed largely of fenland, and early settlement was concentrated along the banks of the rivers which pass through the county. Deposits of Bentheim sandstone formed the basis of a profitable export trade to other parts of present-day Germany and the Netherlands.
Nunatakassaup Sermia
Nunatakassaup Sermia (old spelling: Nunatakavsaup Sermia) is a tidewater glacier in Avannaata municipality on the northwestern shore of Greenland. It drains the Greenland ice sheet westwards into Melville Bay. The glacier front is located between the Nunatakassak nunatak in the north, and the Wandel Land nunatak in the south.

Nunatakassak
Nunatakassak (old spelling: Nunatakavsak) is a nunatak (Greenlandic: nunataq) in Avannaata municipality in northwestern Greenland. It is one of several nunataks in the Melville Bay region of Greenland, where the Greenland ice sheet (Greenlandic: Sermersuaq) drains into the bay alongside its entire length apart from an occasional nunatak.