hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gain (laser)
In laser physics, gain or amplification is a process where the medium transfers part of its energy to the emitted electromagnetic radiation, resulting in an increase in optical power. This is the basic principle of all lasers.
Quantitatively, gain is a measure of the ability of a laser medium to increase optical power. However, overall a laser consumes energy.

Round-trip gain
Round-trip gain refers to the laser physics, and laser cavities (or laser resonators). It is gain, integrated along a ray, which makes a round-trip in the cavity.

At the continuous-wave operation, the round-trip gain exactly compensates both the output coupling of the cavity and its background loss.
Golden Glades Interchange
The Golden Glades Interchange, located in Miami Gardens and North Miami Beach, Florida, United States, is the confluence of six major roads serving eastern and southern Florida. It is named after the original name of North   167th Street, Golden Glades Road.

Florida's Turnpike
Florida's Turnpike, designated as unsigned State Road 91 (SR 91), is a controlled-access toll road in the U.S. state of Florida, maintained by Florida's Turnpike Enterprise (FTE). Spanning approximately 309 miles (497 km) along a northwest–southeast axis, the turnpike is in two sections. The SR 91 mainline runs roughly 265 miles (426 km) from its southern terminus at an interchange with Interstate 95 (I-95) in Miami Gardens to an interchange with I-75 in Wildwood at its northern terminus. The Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike (abbreviated HEFT and designated as unsigned SR 821) continues from the southern end of the mainline for another 48 miles (77 km) to US Highway 1 (US 1) in Florida City. The slogan for the road is "The Less Stressway". The mainline opened in stages between 1957 and 1964, while the extension was completed in 1974. The turnpike runs through Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and West Palm Beach, where it parallels I-95, and through Orlando, where it crosses I-4.
Joannis Avramidis
Joannis Avramidis (Greek: Iωάννης Aβραμίδης; born 23 September 1922, Batumi – 16 January 2016, Vienna) was a contemporary Greek-Austrian painter and sculptor. He was born in Batumi, on the Black Sea, in the Adjarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, an Autonomous Republic of the former Soviet Union (in present-day Georgia), to a family of Pontic Greeks, who had fled the repression of ethnic minorities in the Ottoman Empire in the turmoil leading up to the Greco-Turkish War.

National Gallery (Athens)
The National Gallery (Greek: Εθνική Πινακοθήκη, Ethniki Pinakothiki) is an art museum located on Vasilissis Sofias avenue in the Pangrati district, Athens, Greece. It is devoted to Greek and European art from the 14th century to the 20th century.

The newly renovated building reopened after an 8 year refurbishment, on 24 March 2021, a day before the 200th anniversary of the Greek War of Independence.
ACWS-United Broadcasting Network
ACWS-United Broadcasting Network is a broadcast media company in the Philippines. It owns several radio stations in areas, as well as its focus on the Multipoint Video Distribution System (MVDS) for wireless broadcast distribution.

DWRK
DWRK (96.3 FM), broadcasting as 96.3 Easy Rock, is a radio station owned and operated by MBC Media Group. It serves as the flagship station of Easy Rock Network. The station's studio is located at the First floor, MMG Building, Star City, V. Sotto St., CCP Complex, Roxas Boulevard, Pasay, and its transmitter facilities are located at the BSA Twin Towers, Bank Drive, Ortigas Center, Mandaluyong, sharing the same site with sister stations 90.7 Love Radio and 101.1 Yes! FM.
Bramley Buffaloes
The Bramley Buffaloes are an amateur rugby league club based in West Leeds, West Yorkshire, England.

The club was formed in 2000 following the demise of the original Bramley club that they are considered a continuation of.

Rugby League Conference National Division
The Rugby League Conference National Division (formerly known as the National League Three) was the fourth division of the British rugby league system.

In 2012, the winter amateur competition, the National Conference League announced it was switching to a summer season and the Rugby League Conference would become part of the NCL.
Leodamas of Thasos
Leodamas of Thasos (Ancient Greek: Λεωδάμας ὁ Θάσιος, c. 380 BC) was a Greek mathematician and a contemporary of Plato, about whom little is known.

There are two references to Leodamas in Proclus's Commentary on Euclid:

At this time [Plato's time] also lived Leodamas of Thasos, Archytas of Tarentum, and Theaetetus of Athens, by whom the theorems [of geometry] were increased in number and brought into a more scientific arrangement.  Younger than Leodamas was Neoclides and his pupil Leon, who added many discoveries.

Plato, it is said, taught this method [analysis] to Leodamas, who is also reported to have made many discoveries in geometry by means of it.

and one in Diogenes Laërtius' Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, Book 3 (Plato):

He [Plato] was the first to explain to Leodamas of Thasos the method of solving problems by analysis.

Leon (mathematician)
Leon (Greek: Λέων) was an Ancient Greek mathematician and pupil of Neocleides, who was active from around 370 to 340 BCE. His book Elements was overshadowed by Euclid's work of the same name.

Proclus states the following in his Commentary on the First Book of Euclid's Elements:

But Neoclides was junior to Leodamas, and his disciple was Leon; who added many things to those thought of by former geometricians. So that Leon also constructed elements more accurate, both on account of their multitude, and on account of the use which they exhibit: and besides this, he discovered a method of determining when a problem, whose investigation is sought for, is possible, and when it is impossible.
Bon Homme Colony, South Dakota
Bon Homme Colony is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bon Homme County, South Dakota, United States, comprising the Bon Homme Hutterite Colony. The population was 97 at the 2020 census. It was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census.

It is in the southeast corner of the county, on the north shore of Lewis and Clark Lake, a reservoir on the Missouri River. It is 9 miles (14 km) south of Tabor.

Bon Homme Hutterite Colony
Bon Homme Hutterite Colony, located in Bon Homme County, South Dakota, is the mother colony of all Schmiedeleut Hutterite Colonies in North America and also the oldest Hutterite Colony in the world still in existence.

It was founded in 1874 by Hutterite immigrants from what is today Ukraine under the leadership of Michael Waldner (1834–1889), who reestablished communal living among the Hutterites in Hutterdorf, Ukraine, in 1859. It was the only Hutterite Colony that did not relocate to Canada after World War I.

25 acres (10 ha) of the site were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Bon Homme Hutterite Colony in 2012 belonged to the more conservative Committee Hutterites, also called  Schmiedeleut 2.
Perumal Murugan
Perumal Murugan (born 1966) is an Indian writer, scholar and literary chronicler who writes in Tamil. He has written twelve novels, six collections of short stories, six anthologies of poetry and many non-fiction books. Ten of his novels have been translated into English: Seasons of the Palm, which was shortlisted for the Kiriyama Prize in 2005, Current Show,  One Part Woman, A Lonely Harvest, Trail by Silence, Poonachi or the Story of a Goat, Resolve,  Estuary, Rising Heat,   and Pyre  He was a professor of Tamil at the Government Arts College in Salem Attur and Namakkal.

One Part Woman
One Part Woman (pronounced [mɑːd̪oɾʉbɑːgən]) is a Tamil novel written by Indian writer Perumal Murugan titled "Mathorupagan" (மாதொருபாகன்). Initially published by Kalachuvadu Publications in 2010, it was later translated into English by Aniruddhan Vasudevan and published  in 2013 in India by Penguin Books, and in 2018 in the US by Grove Atlantic. Set during the colonial era in the Southern state of Tamil Nadu in India, it deals with the social stigma that a married couple faces due to their childlessness, and the lengths they go to conceive.
Socialist Republic of Croatia
The Socialist Republic of Croatia (Serbo-Croatian: Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska), commonly abbreviated as SR Croatia and referred to as simply Croatia, was a constituent republic and federated state of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. By its constitution, modern-day Croatia is its direct continuation.

Along with five other Yugoslav republics, Croatia was formed during World War II and became a socialist republic after the war. It had four full official names during its 48-year existence (see below). By territory and population, it was the second largest republic in Yugoslavia, after the Socialist Republic of Serbia.

In 1990, the government dismantled the single-party system of government – installed by the League of Communists – and adopted a multi-party democracy. The newly elected government of Franjo Tuđman moved the republic towards independence, formally seceding from Yugoslavia in 1991 and thereby contributing to its dissolution.

League of Communists of Croatia
League of Communists of Croatia (Serbo-Croatian: Savez komunista Hrvatske, SKH) was the Croatian branch of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (SKJ). It came into power in 1945. Until 1952, it was known as Communist Party of Croatia (Komunistička partija Hrvatske, KPH). The party dissolved in 1990.
Bashamichi Station
Bashamichi Station (馬車道駅, Bashamichi-eki) is an underground railway station on the Minatomirai Line in Naka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan operated by the third-sector railway operating company Yokohama Minatomirai Railway.

Naka-ku, Yokohama
Naka-ku (中区) is one of the 18 wards of the city of Yokohama in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. In 2010, the ward had an estimated population of 146,563 and a population density of 7,080 persons per km². The total area was 20.86 km².
South Mountain (Maryland and Pennsylvania)
South Mountain is the northern extension of the Blue Ridge Mountain range into Maryland and Pennsylvania. From the Potomac River near Knoxville, Maryland in the south to Dillsburg, Pennsylvania in York County, Pennsylvania in the north, the 70-mile-long (110 km) range separates the Hagerstown and Cumberland valleys from the Piedmont regions of the two states.

The Appalachian Trail follows the crest of the mountain through Maryland and a portion of Pennsylvania.

Caledonia State Park
Caledonia State Park is a 1,125-acre (455 ha) Pennsylvania state park in Greene Township, Franklin County and Franklin Township, Adams County in southern Pennsylvania. It is named for the Caledonia Furnace, an iron furnace that was owned by Thaddeus Stevens beginning in 1837. The park is known for its recreational activities and the Totem Pole Playhouse, a summer stock theater.
Mahesh Kumar Bartaula
Mahesh Kumar Bartaula is a Nepalese politician, belonging to the CPN (UML) currently serving as a member of the 2nd Federal Parliament of Nepal. In the 2022 Nepalese general election, he was elected from the Makwanpur 2 (constituency).

2nd Federal Parliament of Nepal
The Second Federal Parliament of Nepal, was elected by the 2022 general elections on 20 November 2022. The elections elected 275 Members of Parliament (MPs), 165 for each constituency and 110 through the party list, to the House of Representatives. The parliament convened for the first time on 9 January 2023 and was dissolved on 12 September 2025 following the 2025 Gen Z protests.
Cartoon Network (Turkey)
Cartoon Network is a Turkish free-to-air television channel that mainly broadcasts cartoons. It is run by Warner Bros. Discovery under its EMEA division. The channel primarily airs animated programming.

Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA
Warner Bros. Discovery Europe, Middle East & Africa (EMEA) is a division of Warner Bros. Discovery. The division is responsible for managing the collection of their cable and satellite networks around the Europe, Middle East and Africa regions.
Mir Docking Module
The Mir Docking Module, formally known as the Stykovochnyy Otsek (SO; Russian: стыковочный отсек, lit. 'Docking compartment'; designation: 316GK), was the sixth module of the Russian space station Mir, launched in November 1995 aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis. The module, built by Energia, was designed to help simplify space shuttle dockings to Mir during the Shuttle-Mir program, preventing the need for the periodic relocation of the Kristall module necessary for dockings prior to the compartment's arrival. The module was also used to transport two new photovoltaic arrays to the station, as a mounting point for external experiments, and as a storage module when not in use for dockings.

Pirs (ISS module)
Pirs (Russian: Пирс, meaning "pier") – also called Stykovochny Otsek 1 (SO-1; Russian: Стыковочный отсек, "docking module") and DC-1 (Docking Compartment 1) – was a Russian module on the International Space Station (ISS). Pirs was launched on 14 September 2001, and was located on the Zvezda module of the station. It provided the ISS with one docking port for Soyuz and Progress spacecraft, and allowed egress and ingress for spacewalks by cosmonauts using Russian Orlan space suits. Pirs was docked to Zvezda for almost 20 years, until 26 July 2021, when it was decommissioned and undocked by Progress MS-16 to make way for the new Nauka module.
Challoner Club
The Challoner Club is a London-based private members' club for Roman Catholics. It was founded as a gentlemen's club in 1949 and closed in 1997. It took its name from Richard Challoner (1691–1781), who served as Catholic Vicar Apostolic of the London District for much of the 18th century. In 2025, the club reopened as a private members' social club.

The original club was based at 59 Pont Street in Knightsbridge, and hosted the library of the Irish Genealogical Research Society.

In 2025, the club was re-established as a private members' social club, with no permanent location, by a group of Catholic laity assisted by a priest of the Archdiocese of Westminster.

Pont Street
Pont Street is a fashionable street in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, London, traversing the areas of Knightsbridge and Belgravia. 
The street is not far from the Knightsbridge department store Harrods to its north-west. The street crosses Sloane Street in the middle, with Beauchamp Place to the west and Cadogan Place, and Chesham Place, to the east, eventually leading to Belgrave Square. On the west side, Hans Place leads off the street to the north and Cadogan Square to the south.
Pope John XXIII Regional High School
Pope John XXIII Regional High School is a Roman Catholic high school in Sparta, in Sussex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The school was founded in 1956, originally as Our Lady Of The Lake School and is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Paterson. The school name was changed to honor Pope John XXIII after his death in 1963. The school has been accredited by AdvancEd since 2010.

As of the 2023–24 school year, the school had an enrollment of 711 students.

In 2016, grades 5-7 at the Rev. George A. Brown Elementary School were moved into the newly built Pope John XXIII Middle School, which shares its campus with the high school. To do this the schools of Immaculate Conception Regional School (in Franklin), Saint Joseph's Regional School (in Newton) and Saint Michael's Regional School (in Netcong) were all closed and merged into Pope John Middle School.

Diocese of Paterson
The Diocese of Paterson (Latin: Dioecesis Patersonensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory, or diocese, of the Catholic Church in northern New Jersey. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Newark.

The patrons of the diocese are Saint Patrick and John the Baptist. Its proper feasts are the Feast of St. Patrick (March 17), the Nativity of John the Baptist (June 24) and the anniversary of the dedication of the cathedral church (June 30).

As of 2025, the current bishop of Paterson is Kevin J. Sweeney.
WDBX
WDBX (91.1 FM, "Community Radio for Southern Illinois") is a radio station broadcasting an free-form community radio format. Licensed to Carbondale, Illinois, United States. the station serves the Marion-Carbondale (IL) area. The station is currently owned by local 501(c)3 nonprofit under the name Heterodyne Broadcasting.

Carbondale, Illinois
Carbondale is a city in Jackson County, Illinois, United States, within the Southern Illinois region informally known as "Little Egypt". As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 25,083, making it the most populous city in Southern Illinois outside the Metro East region of Greater St. Louis.

Carbondale was established in 1853 and developed as a crossroads of the railroad industry. Today, the major roadways of Illinois Route 13 and U.S. Route 51 intersect in the city. The city is located 96 miles (154 km) southeast of St. Louis on the northern edge of the Shawnee National Forest. It is the home of the main campus of Southern Illinois University.
Dragačevo
Dragačevo (Serbian: Драгачево) is a historical subregion (or microregion) in Western Pomoravlje in central Serbia. It includes villages between Čačak, Požega, Lučani and Arilje, most belonging to the Lučani municipality. It was a knežina (administrative unit) in Revolutionary Serbia and was then organized as a srez of the Požega okrug in the Principality of Serbia.

Morava Valley
The Morava Valley (Serbian: Поморавље / Pomoravlje, pronounced [pɔmɔ̝̌raːvʎe̞]), is a general term which in its widest sense marks valleys of any of three Morava rivers in Serbia: the West Morava (West Morava Valley), the South Morava (South Morava Valley) and the Great Morava (Great Morava Valley). In the narrow sense, the term is applied only to the Great Morava Valley (Serbian: Велико Поморавље / Veliko Pomoravlje). The Serbian term follows the general manner of coining river valley names in Serbian using the prefix po- and suffix -je, meaning literally "(land) along the Morava". Morava valley lies in the central Balkans, at the crossroads which lead eastwards, towards the Black Sea and Asia Minor, and further south, down the Vardar River into the Aegean Sea.
Limit group
In mathematics, specifically in group theory and logics, limit groups are the finitely generated groups that admit a presentation which is a limit of free group presentations in the discrete Chabauty topology. Formerly known as fully residually free groups, they arise naturally in the study of equations in free groups and have gained significance through the work of Sela on Tarski's problem. They now form a well-studied class of examples in geometric group theory and have led to generalizations such as limit groups over hyperbolic and certain relatively hyperbolic groups.

Basic examples include free groups themselves, hyperbolic orientable surface groups, and free products of free abelian groups. A concrete classification is provided by the hierarchy of constructible limit groups.

Relatively hyperbolic group
In mathematics, relatively hyperbolic groups form an important class of groups of interest for geometric group theory. The main purpose in their study is to extend the theory of Gromov-hyperbolic groups to groups  that may be regarded as hyperbolic assemblies of subgroups , called peripheral subgroups, in a way that enables "hyperbolic reduction" of problems for  to problems for the s.

Illustrative examples of relatively hyperbolic groups are provided by the fundamental groups of complete noncompact hyperbolic manifolds of finite volume. Further generalizations such as acylindrical hyperbolicity are also explored by current research.
Alliance Party (Malaysia)
The Alliance Party (Malay: Parti Perikatan) was a political coalition in Malaysia. The Alliance Party, whose membership comprised the ethnic parties of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) and the Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), was informally founded in 1952 before being formally registered as a political organisation in 1957 after its victory in the 1955 Malayan general election. It was the ruling coalition of Malaya from 1957 to 1963, and Malaysia from 1963 to 1974. The coalition became known as the Barisan Nasional (BN) that year, which ruled Malaysia for another 44 years until 2018.

Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu
Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (abbrev: PBB; English: United Bumiputera Heritage Party) is a political party based in Sarawak, East Malaysia. It is currently the largest multiracial and bumiputera's political party in Sarawak. Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu was formed from the combination of three parties in Sarawak; Parti Negara Sarawak, Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak and Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak. The formation of the party was for the purpose of the improvement of the livelihood and protect the rights of the Bumiputera in many sectors such as politics, social, sports, education, infrastructures, financial & monetary autonomy, science, and technology. Formerly as a part of Peninsula-based coalition Barisan Nasional (BN), following the defeat of BN in the 2018 general election and in the aftermath of a meeting between all Sarawak-based BN coalition parties on 12 June 2018, PBB left the coalition to form a new Sarawak-based coalition, Gabungan Parti Sarawak.
International Federation of Hard of Hearing Young People
The International Federation of Hard of Hearing Young People (IFHOHYP) is an international federation for organizations of hearing impaired young people. In general, the mission of IFHOHYP is to defend and promote the rights and interests of hard of hearing youth worldwide.

IFHOHYP works closely with the International Federation of Hard of Hearing People and with EFHOH (European Federation of Hard of Hearing People). Also, IFHOHYP cooperates with the Council of Europe, where is a member of the Advisory Council on Youth for the period (2009–2011). An outcome of this cooperation are the IFHOHYP Study Sessions, in which relevant topics concerning the hearing impairment are worked. IFHOHYP is an associate member of the European Disability Forum.

International Federation of Hard of Hearing People
The International Federation of Hard of Hearing People (IFHOH) was established in 1977 as an international, non-governmental organization, registered in Germany.  IFHOH represents the interests of more than 300 million hard of hearing people worldwide.  This includes late deafened adults, cochlear implant users, and people who experience tinnitus, Meniere's disease, hyperacusis and auditory processing disorders.  IFHOH has over 40 national member organizations from most regions of the world.  IFHOH and the European Federation of Hard of Hearing People (EFHOH) work to promote greater understanding of hearing loss issues and to improve access for hard of hearing people.  IFHOH has special consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), affiliation with the World Health Organization, and membership in the IDA.
Puerto Rico Highway 203
Puerto Rico Highway 203 (PR-203), also known as the Expreso Chayanne (after the artist who lived in San Lorenzo, Puerto Rico, as a child), is a highway which connects Gurabo, Puerto Rico at PR-30 with its parallel route Puerto Rico Highway 183 in San Lorenzo. It is the main route to San Lorenzo and is about 7 kilometers long. It is a dangerous highway, as steep grading is present going down and then going up.

Puerto Rico Highway 203 in San Lorenzo

Puerto Rico Highway 203 south in Gurabo

Puerto Rico Highway 30
Puerto Rico Highway 30 (PR-30), known as Expreso Cruz Ortiz Stella, is a main freeway in eastern Puerto Rico which connects the city of Caguas to the municipality of Humacao. With a length of 30.1 km (18.7 mi), it extends from PR-1 interchange in Bairoa barrio to PR-53 junction in Buena Vista barrio.