hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Obiter dictum
Obiter dictum (usually used in the plural, obiter dicta) is a Latin phrase meaning "said in passing". In a legal system, the term may apply to any remark in a legal opinion that is "said in passing" by a judge or arbitrator. The concept as used in law derives from English common law, whereby a judgment comprises only two elements: ratio decidendi and obiter dicta. For the purposes of judicial precedent, ratio decidendi is binding, whereas obiter dicta are persuasive only.

United States v. Carolene Products Co.
United States v. Carolene Products Company, 304 U.S. 144 (1938), was a case of the United States Supreme Court that upheld the federal government's power to prohibit filled milk from being shipped in interstate commerce. In his majority opinion for the Court, Associate Justice Harlan F. Stone wrote that economic regulations were "presumptively constitutional" under a deferential standard of review known as the "rational basis test".

The case is most notable for Footnote Four, in which Stone wrote that the Court would exercise a stricter standard of review when a law appears on its face to violate a provision of the United States Constitution, restricts the political process in a way that could impede the repeal of an undesirable law, or discriminates against "discrete and insular" minorities. Footnote Four would influence later Supreme Court decisions, and the higher standard of review is now known as "strict scrutiny".
Saint John's Seminary (Massachusetts)
Saint John's Seminary, located in the Brighton neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, is a Catholic major seminary sponsored by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston. The current rector is Rev. Msgr. Stephen E. Salocks.

Brighton, Boston
Brighton is a former town and current neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, United States, located in the northwestern corner of the city. It is named after the English city of Brighton. Initially Brighton was part of Cambridge, and known as "Little Cambridge". Brighton separated from Cambridge in 1807 after a bridge dispute, and was annexed to Boston in 1874. For much of its early history, it was a rural town with a significant commercial center at its eastern end.

The neighborhood of Allston was also formerly part of the town of Brighton, but is now often considered to be separate, leading to the name Allston–Brighton for the combined area. This historic center of Brighton is the Brighton Center Historic District. The Aberdeen section of Brighton was designated as a local architectural conservation district by the Boston Landmarks Commission in 2001.
Dunkettle Interchange
The Dunkettle Interchange (Irish: Acomhal Dhún Citil) is a major road junction in Cork City, Ireland. It forms a junction between the M8, N25 and the N40, and further serves the R623 and local roads L2998 and L3004. On average, 95,000 vehicles use the junction on a daily basis.

The junction was originally an at-grade roundabout, with a flyover in the west-east direction constructed later. In 2018, a further civil engineering upgrade to make the interchange work on a free-flow basis was undertaken by Sisk. In February 2024 the rebuilt interchange costing €215 million was officially opened.

It should not be confused with the Dunkettle Roundabout which is around 750m to the west.

N40 road (Ireland)
The N40 road (commonly known as the Cork South Ring Road, or locally the South Ring) is a national primary road in Cork, Ireland. It is partial ring road skirting the southern suburbs of the city, from the N22 west of Ballincollig, via the Jack Lynch Tunnel under the River Lee, to the Dunkettle Interchange where it meets the N25 and N8/M8.  The present N40 designation was created on 23 February 2012 via statutory instrument by renaming parts of the N22 and N25. The N40 serves as both a commuter route and a bypass of the city centre for traffic between parts southwest and east.  The National Transport Strategy envisages building a  "Cork North Ring Road" to complete the circuit in the 2030s.
Vipassī
In Buddhist tradition, Vipassī (Pāli) is the twenty-second of twenty-eight Buddhas described in Chapter 27 of the Buddhavaṃsa. The Buddhavamsa is a Buddhist text which describes the life of Gautama Buddha and the twenty-seven Buddhas who preceded him. It is the fourteenth book of the Khuddaka Nikāya, which in turn is part of the Sutta Piṭaka. The Sutta Piṭaka is one of three pitakas (main sections) which together constitute the Tripiṭaka, or Pāli Canon of Theravada Buddhism.

The third to the last Buddha of the Alamkarakalpa, Vipassī was preceded by Phussa Buddha and succeeded by Sikhī Buddha.

Sikhī Buddha
According to the Buddhavaṃsa and Buddhist mythology, Sikhī (Pāli), is the twenty-third of twenty-eight Buddhas. The penultimate Buddha of the Alamkarakalpa (Adorned Eon), Sikhī was preceded by Vipassī Buddha and succeeded by Vessabhū Buddha.
Cedar Bluff, Virginia
Cedar Bluff is a town in Tazewell County, Virginia, United States. As of the 2020 census, Cedar Bluff had a population of 1,069. It is part of the Bluefield, WV-VA micropolitan area, which has a population of 107,578.

Tazewell County, Virginia
Tazewell County (/ˈtæzwɛl/) is a county located in the southwestern portion of Virginia, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 40,429. Its county seat is Tazewell.

Tazewell County is part of the Bluefield, WV-VA Micropolitan Statistical Area. Its economy was dependent on coal and iron of the Pocahontas Fields from the late 19th into the 20th century.
Mary Hill, Countess of Hillsborough
Mary Hill, Countess of Hillsborough (née Stawell; 27 January 1726 – 29 July 1780) was an English peeress, a daughter of Edward Stawell, 4th Baron Stawell.

On 11 September 1750, she married Henry Bilson-Legge (a son of the 1st Earl of Dartmouth) and they later had a son, Henry (1757–1820). Upon the death of her father in 1755, she inherited her father's estate but not his title, but was later created Baroness Stawell, of Somerton in the County of Somerset, in 1760, in her own right.

Her husband died in 1764 and in 1768 she married the 1st Earl of Hillsborough and became Countess of Hillsborough. Her second husband was created Marquess of Downshire after her death.

Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire
Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire, PC (30 May 1718 – 7 October 1793), known as the 2nd Viscount Hillsborough from 1742 to 1751 and as the 1st Earl of Hillsborough from 1751 to 1789, was a British politician of the Georgian era.

Best known in North America as the Earl of Hillsborough, he served as Secretary of State for the Colonies from 1768 to 1772, a critical period leading toward the American War of Independence.
Cyclopentadienylthallium
Cyclopentadienylthallium, also known as thallium cyclopentadienide, is an organothallium compound with formula C5H5Tl. This light yellow solid is insoluble in most organic solvents, but sublimes readily.  It is used as a precursor to transition metal and main group cyclopentadienyl complexes, as well as organic cyclopentadiene derivatives.

Cyclopentadienyl complex
A cyclopentadienyl complex is a coordination complex of a metal and cyclopentadienyl groups (C5H−5, abbreviated as Cp−). Cyclopentadienyl ligands almost invariably bind to metals as a pentahapto (η5-) bonding mode.  The metal–cyclopentadienyl interaction is typically drawn as a single line from the metal center to the center of the Cp ring.
Stordal (village)
Stordal is the administrative centre of Fjord Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located on the eastern shore of the Storfjorden at the mouth of the river Stordalselva. The village of Sjøholt (in neighboring Ålesund Municipality) lies about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) north of Stordal, on the other side of the Stordal Tunnel. The historic mountain farm, Ytste Skotet, lies about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) to the northwest, across the fjord.

The 0.75-square-kilometre (190-acre) village has a population (2024) of 584 and a population density of 779 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,020/sq mi).

The main church for the municipality, Stordal Church is located in this village. The Old Stordal Church, now a museum, is also located here.

Stordal Church
Stordal Church (Norwegian: Stordal kyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Fjord Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located in the village of Stordal. It is the church for the Stordal parish which is part of the Nordre Sunnmøre prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Møre. The white, wooden church was built in a long church style in 1907 using plans drawn up by the architect Jens Zetlitz Monrad Kielland. The church seats about 270 people. The church has a large steeple in the front.
Mirboo North railway line
The Mirboo North railway line was a country branch line in Victoria, Australia. It branched from the main Gippsland line at Morwell station, and opened in three stages from 1885 to 1886. The stations along the line were Hazelwood, Yinnar, Boolarra, Darlimurla and Mirboo North.

The line remained in continuous service until it was closed in 1974, although the passenger service ceased in 1968. The section between Boolarra and Mirboo North has been converted into the Grand Ridge Rail Trail. Part of the former right-of-way between Morwell Junction and Hazelwood has been consumed by the coal mine for the Hazelwood power station.

Mirboo North
Mirboo North is a town in Victoria, Australia, located 155 kilometres (96 mi) east of Melbourne, with a population of 2,263.  It is in the South Gippsland Shire local government area.

The town is at the start of the Grand Ridge Rail Trail, which travels for 13 km through temperate rainforest and dry sclerophyll forest in the Strzelecki Ranges.
Motufoua Secondary School
Motufoua Secondary School is a boarding school for children on Vaitupu atoll, Tuvalu. As of 2000 it is the largest high school in Tuvalu. As Tuvalu consists of nine islands, the students reside on Vaitupu during the school year and return to their home islands during the school vacations.

The school received worldwide attention in March 2000, when a fire in a dormitory at the school killed 19 girls and an adult supervisor. It was later discovered that the fire was caused by a student using a candle to read during the night. The school celebrated 100 years of education in 2005.

Vaitupu
Vaitupu is the largest atoll of the nation of Tuvalu. It is located at 7.48 degrees south and 178.83 degrees east.  There are 1,077 people (2022 Census) living on 5.6 square kilometres (2.2 square miles) with the main village being Asau.
Udung Uwe
Udung Uwe is an Oron Village in Urue-Offong/Oruko local government area of Akwa Ibom state in Nigeria.

Formed by the children of Uwe whose father was Ekete Okpo who found primacy at Okpe Oruko after the spread of the Ubodung clan in Oron Nation.

Urue-Offong/Oruko
Urue-Offong/Oruko is located in the south east of Nigeria and is a Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State created in September 1991.

Urue-Offong/Oruko is one of the five Oro language speaking Local Government Area bounded in the North West by Okobo, Akwa Ibom, Oron, Akwa Ibom in the North East, bounded in the East by Udung Uko, and in the South East by Mbo, Akwa Ibom and also bounded by Esit Eket in the South West.
Thessaloniki International Film Festival
The Thessaloniki International Film Festival (TIFF; Greek: Φεστιβάλ Κινηματογράφου Θεσσαλονίκης, romanized: Festivál Kinimatográfou Thessaloníkis) is a film festival held every November in Thessaloniki, Greece. It is organized by the Thessaloniki Film Festival under the auspices of the Greek Ministry of Culture. It features international competition sections, and its program includes tributes to major filmmakers and national cinemas, as well as sidebar events such as masterclasses, exhibitions, live concerts and workshops. In addition to TIFF, the Thessaloniki Film Festival holds the annual Thessaloniki Documentary Festival (TDF) in March.

Greek Film Critics Association
The Greek Film Critics Association or Pan-Hellenic Film Critics Association (PEKK) (Greek: Πανελλήνια Ένωση Κριτικών Κινηματογράφου, ΠΕΚΚ) was founded in 1976. The first members included the Greek film critics Nino Fenek Mikelidis, Vasilis Rafailidis, Yannis Bakogiannopoulos and others. Since 1977, the association belongs to International Federation of Film Critics (FIPRESCI).

Nearly every year, the PEKK gives out awards during Thessaloniki International Film Festival. The Greek Film Critics Association Awards is one of the most important awards for the Greek cinema. The PEKK gives also out award during Short Film Festival in Drama, Greece.
Lilley Township, Michigan
Lilley Township is a civil township of Newaygo County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 835 at the 2020 census.

The unincorporated communities of Bitely and Lilley are within the township.

Bitely, Michigan
Bitely is an unincorporated community in Lilley Township, within Newaygo County, Michigan, in the United States. It is within the Manistee National Forest. It is near Bitely Lake, Lamoreaux Lake, Isaac Lake, Houseman Lake and several smaller lakes.

It was a station on the Chicago and West Michigan Railroad (later the Pere Marquette, then the Chesapeake and Ohio, now Marquette Rail) in 1889, and given a post office on September 13, 1889, with Archer D. Martin as its first postmaster.  It was named for Steven Bitely, who built a sawmill there, but due to a typographical error, the post office was initially spelled as Biteley.

The Bitely Homecoming parade is held the third Saturday of every July.
Nanbu Toshihisa
Nanbu Toshihisa (南部利剛, 25 January 1827 to 30 October 1896) was a Bakumatsu period Japanese samurai, and the 14th daimyō of Morioka Domain in northern Japan. He was the 40th hereditary chieftain of the Nanbu clan.

Shichinohe Domain
Shichinohe Domain (七戸藩, Shichinohe-han) was a tozama feudal domain of Edo period Japan, located in Mutsu Province, Honshū. It was centered at Shichinohe Castle in what is now the modern town of Shichinohe, Aomori in the Kamikita District of Aomori Prefecture, in the Tōhoku region of far northern Japan.
Shark Bay Airport
Monkey Mia Airport (IATA: MJK, ICAO: YSHK), also known as Shark Bay Airport, is an airport located on the Peron Peninsula within the Shark Bay World Heritage Site in the Gascoyne region serving Monkey Mia, a resort in Western Australia, and the nearby town of Denham.

Shark Bay
Shark Bay (Malgana: Gathaagudu, lit. 'two waters') is a World Heritage Site in the Gascoyne region of Western Australia. The 23,000-square-kilometre (8,900 sq mi) area is located approximately 800 kilometres (500 mi) north of Perth, on the westernmost point of the Australian continent.

UNESCO's listing of Shark Bay as a World Heritage Site reads:

Shark Bay's waters, islands and peninsulas....have a number of exceptional natural features, including one of the largest and most diverse seagrass beds in the world. However, it is for its stromatolites (colonies of microbial mats that form hard, dome-shaped deposits which are said to be the oldest life forms on earth), that the property is most renowned. The property is also famous for its rich marine life including a large population of dugongs, and provides a refuge for a number of other globally threatened species.

The bay features Australia's most abundant marine ecosystems. It is a popular fishing spot.
Reinevatn
Reinevatn (English: Reindeer Lake) is a lake in the municipality of Bykle in Agder county, Norway.  The 2.86-square-kilometre (1.10 sq mi) lake is located south of the lakes Store Urevatn and Vatndalsvatnet in the Setesdalsheiene mountains in the Setesdal valley, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northwest of the village of Bykle.  The lake has a dam on the southern edge which keeps the water level at an elevation of 1,170 metres (3,840 ft) above sea level.  The dam's spillway flows into the nearby river Skargjesåni.  The Snjoheinuten mountain lies just to the northeast of the lake.

Bykle
Bykle is a municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Setesdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Bykle. Other villages in Bykle municipality include Berdalen, Bjåen, Breive, Hoslemo, Hovden, and Nordbygdi. Bykle was established as a municipality on 1 January 1902 when it was separated from the municipality of Valle.

The 1,467-square-kilometre (566 sq mi) municipality is the 60th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Bykle is the 333rd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 995. The municipality's population density is 0.8 inhabitants per square kilometre (2.1/sq mi) and its population has increased by 7.1% over the previous 10-year period.
Société des Chemins de Fer Vicinaux du Congo
The Société des Chemins de Fer Vicinaux du Congo (lit. 'Company of Minor Railways of the Congo'), known as CVC or Vicicongo, was a railway company that operated the narrow gauge Vicicongo line and provided trucking services in the northeast Belgian Congo, and then in the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1924 and 1974. It provided transport for agricultural goods produced in the northeast that were shipped on the Congo River to Léopoldville (Kinshasa). After independence in 1960 there were civil disturbances and the railway was poorly maintained. The company was taken over by the state in 1974. 
Later there were further disturbances in which the stations were destroyed and the rolling stock used as a source of metal.
The track is decrepit and no longer usable.

Titulé
Titulé is a village in the Bas-Uélé province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was the terminus of a branch of the defunct Vicicongo line, a railway. The town is the center of a health zone and has a general referral hospital.
The Judging Eye
The Judging Eye is the first book in the Aspect-Emperor series by R. Scott Bakker. It was published on January 15, 2009 in the UK and on February 19, 2009 in the USA.

Events take place 20 years after the conclusion of the Prince of Nothing trilogy. Anasûrimbor Kellhus now rules the Three Seas as Aspect-Emperor, and has launched The Great Ordeal - an assault on Golgotterath and The Consult by all of the nations of the Three Seas. Drusas Achamian, the former Mandate Schoolman, is in hiding, obsessed with trying to determine Kellhus' origins.

Prince of Nothing
The Prince of Nothing is a series of three fantasy novels by Canadian author R. Scott Bakker, first published in 2004, part of a wider series known as The Second Apocalypse. This trilogy details the emergence of monastic warrior Anasûrimbor Kellhus, and was followed by the four-book series The Aspect-Emperor.

Bakker has mentioned that this series was primarily influenced by the works of J. R. R. Tolkien and Frank Herbert.
Hottest chili pepper
Amongst growers in the US, the UK, Australia, and France, there has been a competition since the 1990s to grow the hottest chili pepper. Chili pepper species and cultivars registering over 1,000,000 Scoville Heat units (SHU) are called "super-hots". Past Guinness World Record holders (in increasing order of hotness) include the Infinity chili, Trinidad Moruga scorpion, Naga Viper pepper, Trinidad Scorpion Butch T, and Carolina Reaper. The current record holder, declared in 2023, is Pepper X, at more than 2.69 million SHU.

Trinidad Scorpion Butch T pepper
The Trinidad Scorpion Butch T  is a Capsicum chinense cultivar that is among the hottest peppers in the world. It is a hybrid pepper and thus not indigenous to anywhere; however, its hybrid parentage is derived from the Trinidad Moruga scorpion indigenous to Trinidad and Tobago. It was named by Neil Smith of the Hippy Seed Company, after he got the seeds originally from  Butch Taylor (the owner of Zydeco Farms in Woodville/Crosby, Mississippi, and a hot sauce company) who is responsible for propagating the pepper's seeds.  The "scorpion" peppers are referred to as such because the pointed end of the pepper is said to resemble a scorpion's stinger.
Price premium
Price premium, or relative price, is the percentage by which a product's selling price exceeds (or falls short of) a benchmark price. Marketers need to monitor price premiums as early indicators of competitive pricing strategies. Changes in price premiums can also be signs of product shortages, excess inventories, or other changes in the relationships between supply and demand. In a survey of nearly 200 senior marketing managers, 54 percent responded that they found the "price premium" metric very useful.

Relative price
A relative price is the price of a commodity such as a good or service in terms of another; i.e., the ratio of two prices. A relative price may be expressed in terms of a ratio between the prices of any two goods or the ratio between the price of one good and the price of a market basket of goods (a weighted average of the prices of all other goods available in the market).

Microeconomics can be seen as the study of how economic agents react to changes in relative prices, and of how relative prices are affected by the behavior of those agents. The difference and change of relative prices can also reflect the development of productivity.
Hobart Alter
Hobart "Hobie" Laidlaw Alter (October 31, 1933 – March 29, 2014) was an American surf and sailing entrepreneur and pioneer, creator of the Hobie Cat catamarans, and founder of the Hobie company. He created the Hobie 33 ultralight-displacement sailboat and a mass-produced radio-controlled glider, the Hobie Hawk.

Clark Foam
Clark Foam was a Californian company that manufactured surfboard blanks — foam slabs, reinforced with one or more wooden strips or "stringers" — cast in the rough shape of a surfboard and used by surfboard shapers to create finished surfboards.: 113   Founded in 1961 by Gordon "Grubby" Clark, Clark Foam established a near-monopoly on the American market, and a strong presence in the international market, which it held until the company's unexpected closure in 2005.
History of Chinese Americans in Houston
The Houston area population includes a large number of people with Chinese ancestral backgrounds. According to the American Community Survey, as of 2013, Greater Houston (Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown metropolitan area) has 72,320 residents of Chinese origin.

Consulate General of China, Houston
The Consulate-General of the People's Republic of China in Houston was a diplomatic mission of China, headquartered at 3417 Montrose Boulevard in the Montrose neighborhood of Houston, Texas. It served eight states in the Southern United States: Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida, in addition to Puerto Rico. An earlier diplomatic mission had been established by the Republic of China government and was in existence by 1935.

Opened in 1979 by the People's Republic of China, it was the first Chinese consulate general to be established in the United States. On July 24, 2020, the consulate was ordered to close by the United States government.

In addition to the main consulate building, it also maintained an education office in Midtown.