hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Geology of East Sussex
The geology of East Sussex is defined by the Weald–Artois anticline, a 60 kilometres (37 mi) wide and 100 kilometres (62 mi) long fold within which caused the arching up of the chalk into a broad dome within the middle Miocene, which has subsequently been eroded to reveal a lower Cretaceous to Upper Jurassic stratigraphy. East Sussex is best known geologically for the identification of the first dinosaur by Gideon Mantell, near Cuckfield, to the famous hoax of the Piltdown Man near Uckfield.

The county’s chalk has provided a world-class stratigraphic marker giving a great deal of detail in Cretaceous Chalk palaeoecology and palaeontology while in the east of the county on the Kentish border the Dungeness Foreland is important for the study of geomorphology and Holocene sea level fluctuations.

Purbeck Group
The Purbeck Group is an Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous lithostratigraphic group (a sequence of rock strata) in south-east England. The name is derived from the district known as the Isle of Purbeck in Dorset where the strata are exposed in the cliffs west of Swanage. It is quarried for Purbeck stone, a common building material.

The Purbeck Group is famous for its fossils of reptiles and early mammals. This sequence of rocks has gone by various names in the past including amongst others the Purbeck Beds, Purbeck Formation, Purbeck Limestone Formation and Purbeck Stone.

Rocks of this age have in the past been called the Purbeckian stage by European geologists. The Purbeckian corresponds with the Tithonian to Berriasian stages of the internationally used geologic timescale.
North District Council
The North District Council (Chinese: 北區區議會) is one of the 18 Hong Kong district councils and represents the North District. It is one of 18 such councils. Consisting of 24 members, the district council is drawn from two constituencies, which elect 4 members, along with 8 district committee members, 8 appointed members, and four ex officio members who are the Ta Kwu Ling, Sheung Shui, Sha Tau Kok and Fanling rural committee chairmen. The latest election was held on 10 December 2023.

Ta Kwu Ling
Ta Kwu Ling is an area in the North District, New Territories, Hong Kong, located northeast of Sheung Shui, close to the border with mainland China and south to Liantang Subdistrict in Shenzhen.

Before 4 January 2016, parts of Ta Kwu Ling fell within the Frontier Closed Area and a Closed Area Permit was required.

Ta Kwu Ling is one of three new development areas currently being planned for North District, in parallel with Fanling North and Kwu Tung North.
Tidermène
Tidermène is a village and cercle in Ménaka Region of southeastern Mali. In the 2009 census it had a population of 5,816. Its area is approximately 29,000 square kilometers. It was previously a commune in Ménaka Cercle but was promoted to the status of a cercle when Ménaka Region was created in 2016. From 2001 to 2016 the commune of Alata was separated from Tidermène. On 12 April 2023, the town was seized by the Islamic State in the Sahel.

Ménaka Region
Ménaka (Bambara: ߡߋߣߊߞߊ ߘߌߣߋߖߊ tr. Menaka Dineja) is a region of Mali legislatively created in 2012 from the cercle of the same name previously part of Gao Region. Actual implementation of the region began on 19 January 2016 with the appointment of Daouda Maïga as the region's governor. Members of the region's transitional council were appointed on 14 October 2016. The region is divided into four cercles: Andéramboukane, Inékar, Tidermène, and Ménaka, the location of the capital, also called Ménaka.
Skeppar Karls Gränd
Skeppar Karls Gränd (Swedish: "Skipper Karl's Alley") is an alley in Gamla stan, the old town of Stockholm, Sweden. Stretching from Skeppsbron to Österlånggatan, it forms a parallel street to Telegrafgränd and Bredgränd.

Skeppsbron
Skeppsbron (Swedish: "The Ship's Bridge") is both a street and a quay in Gamla stan, the old town of Stockholm, capital of Sweden, stretching from the bridge Strömbron in front of the Royal Palace southward to Slussen.

The quay Skeppsbrokajen runs along the street.  Several alleys connects Skeppsbron to the thoroughfare Österlånggatan: Slottskajen, Lejonbacken, Slottsbacken, Telegrafgränd, Skeppar Karls Gränd, Bredgränd, Kråkgränd, Nygränd, Brunnsgränd, Skottgränd, Stora Hoparegränd, Drakens Gränd, Ferkens gränd, Gaffelgränd, Johannesgränd, Packhusgränd, Tullgränd, Norra Bankogränd, Södra Bankogränd, Norra Dryckesgränd, Södra Dryckesgränd, Slussplan
Prashanthini
Prashanthini is an Indian playback singer, singing predominantly in Tamil. She is the daughter of the late Malaysian origin Tamil language playback singer-actor Malaysia Vasudevan and the younger sister of playback singer-actor Yugendran.

Malaysia Vasudevan
Vasudevan (15 June 1944 – 20 February 2011), popularly known as Malaysia Vasudevan, was a prolific Malaysian Indian playback singer and actor. Born in the town of Kuala Selangor in the Federated Malay States (present day Malaysia), he moved to Madras, Tamil Nadu (now Chennai) to work in the Tamil film industry, where he rose to prominence. His voice was recently revived using AI in the song "Manasilaayo" from the 2024 Tamil film Vettaiyan.
Kirchrarbach
Kirchrarbach is a locality in the municipality Schmallenberg in the district Hochsauerlandkreis in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

The village has 273 inhabitants and lies in the north of the municipality of Schmallenberg at a height of around 393 m on the Kreisstraße 38. The river Rarbach flows through the village. Kirchrarbach borders on the villages of Hanxleden, Niederhenneborn, Sellmecke, Oberhenneborn and Sögtrop.

The village used to belong to the municipality of Rarbach in Amt Fredeburg until the end of 1974.

Schmallenberg
Schmallenberg (German pronunciation: [ˈʃmalənbɛʁk] ⓘ; Westphalian: Smalmereg) is a town and a climatic health resort in the High Sauerland District, Germany. By area, it is the third biggest of all cities and towns of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the second biggest of the region of Westphalia.

With small Schmallenberg central town and the rural Bad Fredeburg Kneipp health resort the town has two urban settlements. Additionally, 82 villages and hamlets belong to the town's territory. Also being called “the Schmallenberg Sauerland”, the Town of Schmallenberg is famous for its total of five health resorts and nine villages which have been awarded gold for their beauty in the nationwide “Our village has a future” contest.
Bream Bay College
Bream Bay College is a secondary school in Ruakākā, in the Whangarei District, Northland, New Zealand. The school serves Ruakākā, One Tree Point to the north, the marae-based community of Takahiwai to the west, the town of Waipu to the south, and farming communities inland. The school was founded as Waipu District High School in 1940. It was renamed Bream Bay College in 1972. It opened at its present location on the corner of Marsden Point Road and Peter Snell Road in 1974.

Ruakākā
Ruakākā is a small town on Bream Bay, in Whangarei District in the north of New Zealand, around 30 kilometres south of central Whangārei. Originally a small beachside community, Ruakākā saw development in the 1980s due to expansion of nearby Marsden Point, New Zealand's sole oil refinery. A recently established timber processing plant at Marsden Point has further stimulated growth.
Woodgreen Pets Charity
Woodgreen Pets Charity was founded in 1924 by Miss Louisa Snow. She had been concerned at the large number of abandoned and injured animals on the streets of London following the First World War. This led to her opening a centre in a house in Lordship Lane, North London.

In 1987 the charity opened its centre in Godmanchester, Cambridge. The original Lordship Lane building closed down on March of 2020.

Godmanchester
Godmanchester (/ˈɡɒdməntʃɛstər/ GOD-mən-ches-tər) is a town and civil parish in the Huntingdonshire district of Cambridgeshire, England. It is separated from Huntingdon, 1 mile (1.6 km) to the north, by the valley of the River Great Ouse. Being on the Roman road network, the town has a long history. It has a waterside location, surrounded by open countryside of high value for its biodiversity but it remains highly accessible, with a railway line to London, the A1 road and M11/A14 which run nearby.
Margaret of Münsterberg
Margaret of Münsterberg (25 August 1473, Breslau – 28 June 1530, Dessau) was a German regent: Duchess of Anhalt by marriage to Prince Ernest I, she ruled the principality as a regent for her underage sons from 1516.

George III, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau
George III, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (15 August 1507 – 17 October 1553), was a German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Dessau, and also a Protestant Reformer. After 1544 he became the first ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Plötzkau.

George was the third (but second surviving) son of Ernest I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, by his wife Margaret of Münsterberg, daughter of Henry I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels and granddaughter of George of Poděbrady, King of Bohemia.
Outagamie County, Wisconsin
Outagamie County (/ˌaʊtəˈɡeɪmi/ OW-tə-GAY-mee) is a county in the Fox Cities region of the U.S. state of Wisconsin, in the northeast of the state. As of the 2020 census, the population was 190,705. Its county seat is Appleton.

Outagamie County is part of the Appleton Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is itself part of the Appleton-Neenah-Oshkosh Combined Statistical Area. It was named for the historic Meskwaki (Fox) people.

Winnebago County, Wisconsin
Winnebago County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 171,730. Its county seat is Oshkosh. It was named for the historic Winnebago people, a federally recognized Native American tribe now known as the Ho-Chunk Nation. Chief Oshkosh was a Menominee leader in the area. Winnebago County comprises the Oshkosh-Neenah, WI Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Appleton-Oshkosh-Neenah, WI Combined Statistical Area.
Banksia subser. Banksia
Banksia subser. Banksia is a valid botanic name for a subseries of Banksia. It was first used by Kevin Thiele in 1996, although as an autonym it is not considered to have been published per se. It was discarded by Alex George in 1999.

Banksia ser. Banksia
Banksia ser. Banksia is a
valid botanic name for a series of Banksia. As an autonym, it necessarily contains the type species of Banksia, B. serrata (saw banksia). Within this constraint, however, there have been various circumscriptions.
Der er et yndigt land
"Der er et yndigt land" (Danish: [tɛɐ̯ ˈɛɐ̯ e̝t ˈøntit ˈlænˀ, tɑ -]; lit. 'There Is a Lovely Land') is one of the two national anthems of Denmark—the other being the royal anthem "Kong Christian stod ved højen mast".

National anthem
A national anthem is a patriotic musical composition symbolizing and evoking eulogies of the history and traditions of a country or nation. The majority of national anthems are marches or hymns in style. Some countries that are devolved into multiple constituent states have their own official musical compositions for them (such as with the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union); their constituencies' songs are sometimes referred to as national anthems even though they are not sovereign states.
Algernon Yelverton, 6th Viscount Avonmore
Algernon William Yelverton, 6th Viscount Avonmore (19 November 1866 – 3 September 1910), an Irish nobleman, was the son of Major William Yelverton, 4th Viscount Avonmore, and Emily Marianne Ashworth.

He was a captain of the militia of the Dublin City Artillery branch of the Royal Garrison Artillery from November 1901, and resigned this commission in January 1903.

Lord Avonmore married Mabel Sarah Evans, daughter of George Evans and Jane Fitzgerald, on 17 December 1890 in St. Anne's, Dungannon, County Tyrone, Ireland, and had issue, an only daughter, Evelyn Marianne Mabel Yelverton (1 December 1893 – 16 January 1956). After his death, the viscountcy has been dormant.

William Yelverton, 4th Viscount Avonmore
Major The Rt. Hon. William Charles Yelverton, 4th Viscount Avonmore (27 September 1824 – 1 April 1883 in Biarritz), was an Irish nobleman and soldier. He was the son of The 3rd Viscount Avonmore and Cecilia O'Keeffe. Major William Charles Yelverton gained the rank of Major in the service of the Royal Artillery. He was invested as a Knight, Order of the Medjidie 5th class. He was usually known to family and friends as Charles.
Spectacle Lake (Washington)
Spectacle Lake is an alpine freshwater lake located on the northern skirt of Chikamin Peak and Lemah Mountain in Kittitas County on its western border with King County, Washington. Because of its proximity to surrounding peaks and mountains at the heart of the Alpine Lakes Wilderness, the lake is a popular area for hiking, camping and fishing cutthroat trout. Other Alpine lakes are in the vicinity, including the Chikamin Lake, a short distance North, at the base of Chikamin Peak. To the South is Hibox Mountain.

Chikamin Peak
Chikamin Peak is a 6,994-foot (2,132-metre) mountain summit located in the Cascade Range, in Kittitas County of Washington state. It is situated within the Alpine Lakes Wilderness on land managed by the Okanogan–Wenatchee National Forest. The mountain's name "Chikamin" derives from Chinook Jargon meaning "money" or "metal", and was submitted by Edmond S. Meany, president of The Mountaineers. This name was officially adopted in 1916 by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names. Chikamin Peak is the highest point of Chikamin Ridge, six miles (9.7 km) northeast of Snoqualmie Pass. Other notable peaks on Chikamin Ridge include Four Brothers and Three Queens. Precipitation runoff from this mountain drains into tributaries of the Yakima River. The Pacific Crest Trail traverses the southwest slope of Chikamin Ridge, and from the trail a scramble up a gully leads to the summit and several alpine lakes including Chikamin Lake and Spectacle Lake.
Robert Shaw-Hamilton
Christianity portal

Robert James Shaw-Hamilton (b Kilmactraney 1840 - d Killiney 1908) was Dean of Armagh from 1900 until his death.

Shaw-Hamilton was educated at Trinity College, Dublin and ordained in 1879. He began his career at Aghavea. He was Rector of Drumcar from 1873 until 1886, then Rector  of Tynan from 1886 until 1900. He was announced as the new dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh, in early April 1900.

He died on 19 July 1908; and there is a memorial to him in the north aisle at his cathedral.

Dean of Armagh
The Dean of Armagh in the Church of Ireland is the dean of the Anglican St Patrick's Cathedral, the cathedral of the Diocese of Armagh and the metropolitan cathedral of the Province of Armagh, located in the town of Armagh.

Shane Forster has been the dean since 2020.
Russell & Company
Russell & Company (Chinese: 旗昌洋行; pinyin: Qíchāng Yángháng; Jyutping: Kei4Coeng1 Joeng4Hong2) was the largest American trading house of the mid-19th century in China. The firm specialised in trading tea, silk and opium and was eventually involved in the shipping trade.

Robert Bennet Forbes
Robert Bennet Forbes (September 18, 1804 – November 23, 1889), was an American sea captain, China merchant and ship owner. He was active in ship construction, maritime safety, the opium trade, and charitable activities, including food aid to Ireland, which became known as America's first major disaster relief effort.
Hawes
Hawes is a market town and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England, situated at the head of Wensleydale in the Yorkshire Dales, and historically part of the North Riding of Yorkshire. The parish had a population of 1,137 according to the 2011 census.

The parish of Hawes includes the neighbouring hamlet of Gayle. Hawes lies approximately 31.2 miles (50.2 km) west of the county town of Northallerton. It is renowned as a major producer of Wensleydale cheese.

Hawes is located within the Yorkshire Dales National Park and is a popular tourist destination.

A local non-profit organisation works to secure funding to maintain and reopen community amenities.

Wensleydale cheese
Wensleydale is a style of cheese originally produced in Wensleydale, North Yorkshire, England, but now mostly made in large commercial creameries throughout the United Kingdom.  The term "Yorkshire Wensleydale" can only be used for cheese that is made in Wensleydale.

The style of cheese originated from a monastery of French Cistercian monks who settled in northern England, and continued to be produced by local farmers after the monastery was dissolved in 1540. Wensleydale cheese fell to low production in the mid 1980s to the early 1990s, but its popularity was revitalized by frequent references in the Wallace & Gromit series.
Homotopy group
In mathematics, homotopy groups are used in algebraic topology to classify topological spaces. The first and simplest homotopy group is the fundamental group, denoted  which records information about loops in a space.  Intuitively, homotopy groups record information about the basic shape, or holes, of a topological space.

To define the nth homotopy group, the base-point-preserving maps from an n-dimensional sphere (with base point) into a given space (with base point)  are collected into equivalence classes, called homotopy classes. Two mappings are homotopic if one can be continuously deformed into the other. These homotopy classes form a group, called the nth homotopy group,  of the given space X with base point. Topological spaces with differing homotopy groups are never homeomorphic, but topological spaces that are not homeomorphic can have the same homotopy groups.

The notion of homotopy of paths was introduced by Camille Jordan.

Fibration
The notion of a fibration generalizes the notion of a fiber bundle and plays an important role in algebraic topology, a branch of mathematics.

Fibrations are used, for example, in Postnikov systems or obstruction theory.

In this article, all mappings are continuous mappings between topological spaces.
Multi-service access node
A multi-service access node (MSAN), also known as a multi-service access gateway (MSAG), is a device typically installed in a telephone exchange (although sometimes in a roadside serving area interface cabinet) which connects customers' telephone lines to the core network, to provide telephone, ISDN, and broadband such as DSL all from a single platform.

Prior to the deployment of MSANs, telecom providers typically had a multitude of separate equipment including DSLAMs to provide the various types of services to customers. Integrating all services on a single node, which typically backhauls all data streams over IP or Asynchronous Transfer Mode can be more cost effective and may provide new services to customers more quickly than previously possible.

A typical outdoor MSAN cabinet consists of narrowband (POTS), broadband (xDSL) services, batteries with rectifiers, optical transmission unit and copper distribution frame.

DSLAM
A digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM, often pronounced DEE-slam) is a network switch often located in telephone exchanges, that multiplexes multiple downstream links from digital subscriber line (DSL) customers interfaces to an upstream interface. Its cable internet (DOCSIS) counterpart is the cable modem termination system.
IOS 17
iOS 17 is the seventeenth major release of Apple's iOS operating system for the iPhone. It is the direct successor to iOS 16. It was announced on June 5, 2023, at Apple's annual Worldwide Developers Conference alongside watchOS 10, iPadOS 17, tvOS 17 and macOS Sonoma. It was made publicly available on September 18, 2023, as a free software update for supported iOS devices (see the supported devices section). It was succeeded by iOS 18 on September 16, 2024.

IPhone 13
The iPhone 13 and iPhone 13 Mini (stylized as iPhone 13 mini) are smartphones that were developed and marketed by Apple. They are the fifteenth generation of iPhones, succeeding the iPhone 12 and 12 Mini. They were unveiled at an Apple Event in Apple Park in Cupertino, California, on September 14, 2021, alongside the higher-priced iPhone 13 Pro and iPhone 13 Pro Max flagships. Furthermore, they were released on September 24, 2021. Improvements over the iPhone 12 include a 512 GB storage variant, BeiDou positioning support, and HDR video recording at doubled 60 frames per second.

The iPhone 13 Mini was the final Mini iPhone offered by Apple due to a lack of demand for the Mini series.

The iPhone 13 Mini was discontinued in September 2023, and the iPhone 13 was discontinued in September 2024 with the announcement of the iPhone 16.
Enomoto Takeaki
Viscount Enomoto Takeaki (榎本 武揚; 5 October 1836 – 26 October 1908) was a Japanese samurai and admiral of the Tokugawa navy of Bakumatsu period Japan, who remained faithful to the Tokugawa shogunate and fought against the new Meiji government until the end of the Boshin War. He later served in the Meiji government as one of the founders of the Imperial Japanese Navy.

Jules Brunet
Jules Brunet (2 January 1838 – 12 August 1911) was a French military officer who served the Tokugawa shogunate during the Boshin War in Japan. Originally sent to Japan as a horse artillery instructor with the French military mission of 1867, he refused to leave the country after the shōgun was defeated, and played a leading role in the separatist Republic of Ezo and its fight against forces of the Meiji Restoration. After the rebellion's defeat, he returned to France, fought in the Franco-Prussian War, later reached the rank of general of division, and worked for the Ministry of War.
Aberdeen Asset Management
Aberdeen Asset Management plc was an international investment management group, managing assets for both institutions and private investors from offices around the world.  Its head office was in Aberdeen, Scotland. The company was listed on the London Stock Exchange until 14 August 2017 when, as a result of a merger with Standard Life, it became a subsidiary of the renamed Standard Life Aberdeen.

Aberdeen Group plc
Aberdeen Group plc, trading as aberdeen, is a United Kingdom-based investment company headquartered in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index. The registered office of the company is at George Street, Edinburgh.

The company changed its trading identity from abrdn to aberdeen on 4 March 2025, and its name from abrdn plc to Aberdeen Group plc on 13 March 2025.
Battle of Brega–Ajdabiya road
The Battle of Brega–Ajdabiya road was a battle during the Libyan Civil War between forces loyal to Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and anti-Gaddafi forces for control of the towns of Brega and Ajdabiya respectively and the Libyan Coastal Highway between them.

This theater of the war saw a stagnant front forming quickly. By late June neither the loyalists or rebels were able to advance, and were thus holding firm on their respective sides of the frontline. In an effort to break the deadlock, NATO's air force began an intensified bombing campaign of government military positions; by mid-July, however, the situation remained essentially unchanged.

Eventually, on 14 July 2011, the rebels started an all-out offensive in an attempt to break the stalemate. However, their attack was repelled and the deadlock continued.

Fourth Battle of Brega
The Fourth Battle of Brega was a battle in July and August 2011, during the Libyan Civil War, between forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi and forces of the Libyan opposition for control of the strategic town of Brega and its oil port.