hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
VF-33
Fighter Squadron 33 (VF-33) was an aviation unit of the United States Navy. Originally established on 11 October 1948 it was disestablished on 1 October 1993. It was the second U.S. Navy squadron to be designated VF-33.

Carrier Air Wing Six
Carrier Air Wing Six (CVW-6) was a United States Navy aircraft carrier air wing whose operational history spans from the middle of World War II to the end of the Cold War.  Established in 1943 as Carrier Air Group Seventeen (CVG-17), it would be re-designated several times during its establishment, including Carrier Air Group Six (CVG-6) as the second unit to be so designated.  The first Carrier Air Group Six served for just over two years during World War II, but drew on the history of the Enterprise Air Group established in 1938 and active in the early battles of the Pacific War, being disestablished after the first year of the conflict.  During its time in USS Enterprise (CV-6), it was the Navy's only carrier-based air group to carry out three complete tours of duty during World War II.
Coal Industry Commission Act 1919
The Coal Industry Commission Act 1919 (9 & 10 Geo. 5. c. 1) was an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom, which set up a commission, led by Mr Justice Sankey (and so known as the "Sankey Commission"), to consider joint management or nationalisation of the coal mines. It also considered the issues of working conditions, wage and hours.

R. H. Tawney
Richard Henry Tawney (30 November 1880 – 16 January 1962) was an English economic historian, social critic, ethical socialist, Christian socialist, and important proponent of adult education. The Oxford Companion to British History (1997) explained that Tawney made a "significant impact" in these "interrelated roles". A. L. Rowse goes further by insisting that "Tawney exercised the widest influence of any historian of his time, politically, socially and, above all, educationally".
Langå Municipality
Until 1 January 2007 Langå municipality was a municipality (Danish, kommune) in Aarhus County on the Jutland peninsula in central Denmark.  The municipality covered an area of 133 km2, and had a total population of 8.396 (2005).  Its last mayor was Hanne Nielsen, a member of the Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne) political party. The main town and site of its municipal council was the town of Langå.

Langå municipality ceased to exist due to Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007).  The southern part of Langå municipality was merged with Hadsten, Hammel, Hinnerup, and Hvorslev municipalities to form the new Favrskov municipality.  This created a municipality with an area of 487 km2 and a total population of ca. 41,596 (2005).  The new municipality belongs to Region Midtjylland ("Mid-Jutland Region"). The remainder of Langå municipality was incorporated into an enlarged Randers municipality.

Randers Municipality
Randers Municipality (Danish: Randers Kommune, pronounced [ˈʁɑnɐs kʰoˈmuːnə]) is a municipality (Danish, kommune) in Region Midtjylland on the Jutland peninsula in central Denmark.  The municipality covers an area of 748.21 km2 (288.89 sq mi), and has a population of 100,356 (as of 1 January 2025). Its mayor, since 1 January 2018 is Torben Hansen, a member of the Social Democrats. The main town and the site of its municipal council is the city of Randers.

The municipality is part of Business Region Aarhus and of the East Jutland metropolitan area, which had a total population of 1.378 million in 2016.
Monopolization
In United States antitrust law, monopolization is illegal monopoly behavior. The main categories of prohibited behavior include exclusive dealing, price discrimination, refusing to supply an essential facility, product tying and predatory pricing. Monopolization is a federal crime under Section 2 of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. It has a specific legal meaning, which is parallel to the "abuse" of a dominant position in EU competition law, under TFEU article 102. It is also illegal in Australia under the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (CCA). Section 2 of the Sherman Act states that any person "who shall monopolize . . . any part of the trade or commerce among the several states, or with foreign nations shall be deemed guilty of a felony."  Section 2 also forbids "attempts to monopolize" and "conspiracies to monopolize". Generally this means that corporations may not act in ways that have been identified as contrary to precedent cases.

Essential facilities doctrine
The essential facilities doctrine (sometimes also referred to as the essential facility doctrine) is a legal doctrine which describes a particular type of claim of monopolization made under competition laws.  In general, it refers to a type of anti-competitive behavior in which a firm with market power uses a "bottleneck" in a market to deny competitors entry into the market.  It is closely related to a claim for refusal to deal.

The doctrine has its origins in United States law, but it has been adopted (often with some modification) into the legal systems of the United Kingdom, Australia, South Africa, and the European Union.
Chondon
The Chondon (Russian: Чондон; Yakut: Чондоон, romanized: Çondôn) is a river in Ust-Yansky District, Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia. It is 606 kilometres (377 mi) long, with a drainage basin of 18,900 square kilometres (7,300 sq mi).

The Chondon mammoth was discovered in 2013 in the Chondon basin, at the feet of the Polousny Range, 66 km south-west of the village of Tumat. It had died at the age of 47 to 50 years.

Tumat
Tumat (Russian: Тумат; Yakut: Тумат) is a rural locality (a selo), the only inhabited settlement and the administrative center of Tumatsky National Rural Okrug of Ust-Yansky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, located 656 kilometers (408 mi) from Deputatsky, the administrative center of the district. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 533, of whom 286 were male and 247 female, down from 577 recorded during the 2002 Census.
Gloverville, South Carolina
Gloverville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Aiken County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 2,831 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Augusta, Georgia metropolitan area. Gloverville is located in historic Horse Creek Valley.

Aiken County, South Carolina
Aiken County (/ˈeɪkən/) is a county in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 census, its population was 168,808. Its county seat and largest community is Aiken. Aiken County is a part of the Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is mostly in the Sandhills region, with the northern parts reaching in the Piedmont and southern parts reaching into the Coastal Plain.
Cửa Việt Base
Cửa Việt Base (also known as Cửa Việt Combat Base, Cửa Việt Naval Support Activity, Camp Kistler or simply Cửa Việt) is a former U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Navy, U.S. Army and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) base north of Quảng Trị in central Vietnam.

Operation Napoleon/Saline
Operation Napoleon/Saline was a multi-Battalion operation conducted by the United States Marine Corps and the United States Army along the Cửa Việt River south of the DMZ in Quảng Trị Province. The operation ran from 20 January to 9 December 1968.
Turn Back the Clock (album)
Turn Back the Clock is the debut studio album by English band Johnny Hates Jazz, released by Virgin Records on 11 January 1988 in United Kingdom and on 29 March 1988 in the United States. The album, whose most famous single was "Shattered Dreams", peaked at number one on the UK Albums Chart and at number 56 on the US Billboard 200. Kim Wilde sings backing vocals on the title track, which reached number 12 on the UK Singles Chart and number 10 in New Zealand. The track "Foolish Heart" was originally released as a single in 1986 as "Me and My Foolish Heart".

The song "Listen", written and co-produced by Phil Thornalley, was later re-recorded for his solo album Swamp, also released in 1988.

Swamp (album)
Swamp is the debut solo studio album from English songwriter-producer Phil Thornalley, released in 1988 by MCA.

The album's title was named after Thornalley's own private studio Swamp Studios, located in Northwest London. Swamp was produced by Thornalley, with André Cymone and Tom Bailey of Thompson Twins producing three tracks each with him. Jim Williams co-produced the track "Conversations".
Mayfield Grammar School
Mayfield Grammar School (formerly Gravesend Grammar School for Girls) is a grammar school with academy status, located off Old Road West (B261) in Gravesend, Kent, England. The school accepts girls at age 11 by examination and both girls and boys at age 16, based on their GCSE results.

Gravesend
Gravesend /ˌɡreɪvzˈɛnd/ is a town in northwest Kent, England, situated 21 miles (35 km) east-southeast of Charing Cross (central London) on the south bank of the River Thames, opposite Tilbury in Essex. Located in the Diocese of Rochester, it is the administrative centre of the borough of Gravesham. Gravesend marks the eastern limit of the Greater London Built-up Area, as defined by the UK Office for National Statistics. It had a population of 58,102 in 2021.

Its geographical situation has given Gravesend strategic importance throughout the maritime and communications history of South East England. A Thames Gateway commuter town, it retains strong links with the River Thames, not least through the Port of London Authority Pilot Station, and has witnessed rejuvenation since the advent of High Speed 1 rail services via Gravesend railway station. The station was recently refurbished and has a new bridge.
Chief Public Health Officer of Canada
The chief public health officer of Canada (CPHO; French: administratrice en chef de la santé publique; ACSP) is the lead health professional and primary spokesperson on public health related matters for the Government of Canada. The chief public health officer provides advice to the minister of health and the president of the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), works in collaboration with the agency president in the agency's leadership and management, and works with other departments and levels of government on public health matters. PHAC, along with the CPHO post was established in 2004 amidst the SARS crisis.

The interim chief public health officer of Canada is Howard Njoo, who was appointed in June 2025, following the retirement of Theresa Tam.

Theresa Tam
Theresa Tam (Chinese: 譚詠詩; born 1965) is a Canadian physician and public servant who served as the chief public health officer of Canada (CPHO), the second-in-command of the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). Tam initially took the role as acting CPHO following the retirement of her predecessor, Gregory Taylor, on December 16, 2016. She was formally appointed on June 26, 2017. She stepped down as CPHO on June 20, 2025.

Tam has played a leadership role in Canada's response to public health emergencies, including SARS, H1N1, MERS, Ebola, and COVID-19. She has also worked towards eradicating polio.
Isaiah Lukens
Isaiah Quinby Lukens (24 August 1779 – 12 November 1846) was an American clockmaker, gunsmith, machinist, and inventor from southeastern Pennsylvania. He was a founding member and first vice president of the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia. He was elected to membership in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in June 1812, where he served as curator for multiple decades beginning in 1813. In 1820, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.

Lukens was blinded in one eye by "a chip of steel when dressing a grindstone" (c.1816), after which he took Joseph Saxton as his assistant. According to George Escol Sellers, whose father was close friends with Lukens, "he called [Saxton] his pupil, and he did honor to his preceptor".

Joseph Saxton
Joseph Saxton (March 22, 1799 – October 26, 1873) was an American inventor, watchmaker, machinist, and photographer from Pennsylvania. A daguerrotype taken by Saxton in 1839 is one of the oldest surviving photographs taken in the United States.
WSAU-FM
WSAU-FM (99.9 MHz) is a radio station  broadcasting a conservative news/talk format, simulcasting WSAU in Wausau. Licensed to Rudolph, Wisconsin, United States, the station serves the Stevens Point-Wisconsin Rapids area.  The station is currently owned by Midwest Communications. WSAU derives a large amount of its programming from nationally syndicated conservative talk radio shows, and also broadcasts sports, such as from the Packers Radio Network.

Midwest Communications
Midwest Communications, Inc. is a Wausau, Wisconsin–based radio broadcasting company. It owns 82 radio stations located primarily within the Midwest United States, in Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Tennessee, Illinois and Wisconsin. The company is a family-owned business and is headed by the Wright family.
ILBM
Interleaved Bitmap (ILBM) is an image file format conforming to the Interchange File Format (IFF) standard. The format originated on the Amiga platform, and on IBM-compatible systems, files in this format or the related PBM (Planar Bitmap) format are typically encountered in games from late 1980s and early 1990s that were either Amiga ports or had their graphical assets designed on Amiga machines.

A characteristic feature of the format is that it stores bitmaps in the form of interleaved bit planes, which gives the format its name; this reflects the way the Amiga graphics hardware natively reads graphics data from memory. PackBits, a simple form of compression is supported to make ILBM files more compact.

On the Amiga, these files are not associated with a particular file extension, though as they started being used on PC systems where extensions are systematically used, they employed a .lbm or occasionally a .pbm extension.

Image file format
An image file format is a file format for a digital image. There are many formats that can be used, such as JPEG, PNG, and GIF. Most formats up until 2022 were for storing 2D images, not 3D ones. The data stored in an image file format may be compressed or uncompressed. If the data is compressed, it may be done so using lossy compression or lossless compression. For graphic design applications, vector formats are often used. Some image file formats support transparency.

Raster formats are for 2D images. A 3D image can be represented within a 2D format, as in a stereogram or autostereogram, but this 3D image will not be a true light field, and thereby may cause the vergence–accommodation conflict.

Image files are composed of digital data in one of these formats so that the data can be displayed on a digital (computer) display or printed out using a printer. A common method for displaying digital image information has historically been rasterization.
Carleton Canoe Company
The Carleton Canoe Company of Old Town, Maine was one of the earliest producers of wood and canvas canoes. From the 1870s, Guy Carleton sold bateaux and birch bark canoes commercially and added a canvas-covered canoe to his product line in the 1880s. Carleton was acquired by Old Town Canoe in 1910, and continued to be offered as a separate entity until the 1940s.

Old Town Canoe
Old Town Canoe Company is a historic maker of canoes in Old Town, Maine. The company had its beginnings in 1898, in buildings constructed in 1890 for a shoe business, and was incorporated in 1901. Old Town entered the canoe market as a builder of canvas-covered wooden canoes. In the latter half of the 20th century, the company adopted more modern materials to maintain competitiveness. The company's plant was located along the Penobscot River.

Old Town was the largest and best known American canoe manufacturer. It was the leading manufacturer in the world before competitors such as Grumman pressured it by adopting aluminum for manufacture after World War II. It adjusted by moving to using fiberglass and plastic in the 1960s.  Old Town also produces kayaks.
Accademia dei Risvegliati
The Accademia dei Risvegliati was a brotherhood founded in Pistoia (Tuscany, in central Italy) during the seventeenth century by Felice Cancellieri and the noble Federigo Manni, who was the first prince.

It was formed by members of the nobility of Pistoia and the meetings revolved around poetry and music. In 1694 the academy had built a real theater, which was managed by the Accademia dei Risvegliati until its extinction. The academy was closed in the last century and was replaced by the Teatro Regio, today Teatro Manzoni.

Pistoia
Pistoia (US: /pɪˈstɔɪə, piːˈstoʊjɑː/; Italian: [pisˈtoːja] ⓘ) is a city and comune in the Italian region of Tuscany, the capital of a province of the same name, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) north-west of Florence and is crossed by the Ombrone Pistoiese, a tributary of the River Arno. It is a typical Italian medieval city, and it attracts many tourists, especially in the summer. The city is famous throughout Europe for its plant nurseries.
Inode
An inode (index node) is a data structure in a Unix-style file system that describes a file-system object such as a file or a directory. Each inode stores the attributes and disk block locations of the object's data. File-system object attributes may include metadata (times of last change, access, modification), as well as owner and permission data.

A directory is a list of inodes with their assigned names. The list includes an entry for itself, its parent, and each of its children.

Unix filesystem
In Unix and operating systems inspired by it, the file system is considered a central component of the operating system. It was also one of the first parts of the system to be designed and implemented by Ken Thompson in the first experimental version of Unix, dated 1969.

As in other operating systems, the filesystem provides information storage and retrieval, and one of several forms of interprocess communication, in that the many small programs that traditionally form a Unix system can store information in files so that other programs can read them, although pipes complemented it in this role starting with the Third Edition. Also, the filesystem provides access to other resources through so-called device files that are entry points to terminals, printers, and mice.

The rest of this article uses Unix as a generic name to refer to both the original Unix operating system and its many workalikes.
Eretria
Eretria (/əˈriːtriə/; Greek: Ερέτρια, Erétria, Ancient Greek: Ἐρέτρια, Erétria, literally 'city of the rowers') is a town in Euboea, Greece, facing the coast of Attica across the narrow South Euboean Gulf. It was an important Greek polis in the 6th and 5th century BC, mentioned by many famous writers and actively involved in significant historical events.

Excavations of the ancient city began in the 1890s and have been conducted since 1964 by the Greek Archaeological Service (11th Ephorate of Antiquities) and the Swiss School of Archaeology in Greece.

Menedemus
Menedemus of Eretria (Ancient Greek: Μενέδημος ὁ Ἐρετριεύς; 345/44 – 261/60 BC) was a Greek philosopher and founder of the Eretrian school. He learned philosophy first in Athens, and then, with his friend Asclepiades, he subsequently studied under Stilpo and Phaedo of Elis. Nothing survives of his philosophical views apart from a few scattered remarks recorded by later writers.
Religion in Rwanda
Christianity is the largest religion in Rwanda, with Protestantism and Catholicism being its main denominations. Around 3% of the population claims no religious affiliation, while another 3% practices other religions including traditional faiths. Approximately 2% of the populace is Muslim (mainly Sunni).

There is also a small population of Baha'is, as well as some practising traditional indigenous beliefs. There has been a proliferation of small, usually Christian-linked schismatic religious groups since the 1994 genocide.

There are small communities of Hindus and Buddhists, comprising mostly foreign adherents, typically businessmen from China and India as well as university professors and students. Neither religion seriously attempts conversion in Rwanda; although, there is a Hindu Temple of Rwanda as a place of worship.

Catholic Church in Rwanda
The Catholic Church in Rwanda is part of the worldwide Catholic Church.

There are just over five million Catholics in Rwanda - about half of the total population. The country is divided into nine dioceses including one archdiocese. The Rwandan government reported in 2012 that 43% of the Rwanda's population is Catholic. By 2024, membership of the church had stabilised at 45% of the population.

In 2020, there were 939 priest and 2219 nuns serving across 205 parishes.
Magnetic vector potential
In classical electromagnetism, magnetic vector potential (often denoted A) is the vector quantity defined so that its curl is equal to the magnetic field, B: . Together with the electric potential φ, the magnetic vector potential can be used to specify the electric field E as well. Therefore, many equations of electromagnetism can be written either in terms of the fields E and B, or equivalently in terms of the potentials φ and A. In more advanced theories such as quantum mechanics, most equations use potentials rather than fields.

Magnetic vector potential was independently introduced by Franz Ernst Neumann and Wilhelm Eduard Weber in 1845 and in 1846, respectively to discuss Ampère's circuital law. William Thomson also introduced the modern version of the vector potential in 1847, along with the formula relating it to the magnetic field.

Magnetic flux
In physics, specifically electromagnetism, the magnetic flux through a surface is the surface integral of the normal component of the magnetic field B over that surface.  It is usually denoted Φ or ΦB. The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb; in derived units, volt–seconds or V⋅s), and the CGS unit is the maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with a fluxmeter, which contains measuring coils, and it calculates the magnetic flux from the change of voltage on the coils.
Ulken Koskopa
Ulken Koskopa (Kazakh: Үлкен Қосқопа; Russian: Большая Коскопа) is a salt lake in Nauyrzym District, Kostanay Region, Kazakhstan.

The lake is located 22 kilometers (14 mi) to the southwest of Mereke. Now abandoned Karasu village was located by the northern shore. The area is quite desolate, with few settlements.

The name Koskopa in the Kazakh language means "Double Kopa" —"Kopa" referring to a lake that seasonally becomes a salt marsh overgrown with reeds and sedges.

Nauyrzym District
Nauyrzym (Kazakh: Науырзым ауданы, Nauyrzym audany) is a district of Kostanay Region in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the selo of Karamendy. Population: 12,604 (2013 estimate); 13,180 (2009 census results); 17,914 (1999 census results).
Treaty of Kaunas
Treaty of Kaunas was a treaty signed on 29 November 1920 in Kaunas, Lithuania, that the next day started the armistice between Lithuania and Central Lithuania ending the Central Lithuanian Offensive on Kaunas. The treaty was drafted between 27 and 29 November 1920, during the peace negotiations between Lithuania and Poland led by the League of Nations.

Central Lithuanian offensive of November 1920
The Central Lithuanian offensive of November 1920 was a military offensive of the Republic of Central Lithuania, led by General Lucjan Żeligowski, on the territories of Lithuania, that took place in November of 1920.