hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vizing's theorem
In graph theory, Vizing's theorem states that every simple undirected graph may be edge colored using a number of colors that is at most one larger than the maximum degree Δ of the graph. At least Δ colors are always necessary, so the undirected graphs may be partitioned into two classes: "class one" graphs for which Δ colors suffice, and "class two" graphs for which Δ + 1 colors are necessary. A more general version of Vizing's theorem states that every undirected multigraph without loops can be colored with at most Δ+µ colors, where µ is the multiplicity of the multigraph. The theorem is named for Vadim G. Vizing who published it in 1964.

Vadim G. Vizing
Vadim Georgievich Vizing (Russian: Вади́м Гео́ргиевич Визинг, Ukrainian: Вадим Георгійович Візінг; 25 March 1937 – 23 August 2017) was a Soviet and Ukrainian mathematician known for his contributions to graph theory, and especially for Vizing's theorem stating that the edges of any simple graph with maximum degree Δ can be colored with at most Δ + 1 colors.
Bussa language
Bussa, or Mossiya, is a Cushitic language spoken in the Dirashe special woreda of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region located in southern Ethiopia. The people themselves, numbering 18,000 according to the 2007 census, call their language Mossittaata.

Blench (2006) reclassified Bussa from the Dullay to Konsoid branch of Cushitic, but left the Mashole, Lohu, and Dobase (D'oopace, D'opaasunte) dialects in Dullay as the Dobase language. He considers Mashile (Mashelle) to be a distinct language within Konsoid.

Bussa is highly influenced by surrounding Cushitic and Omotic languages and should be considered endangered according to Gurmu (2005). Speakers of the North Bussa variety are shifting to Oromo, Dirasha or Amharic, whereas speakers of the West Bussa variety are shifting to the Omotic languages Zargulla, Zayse and Gamo. Important factors for the ongoing language shift include intermarriage with other ethnic groups and heavy contact with neighbouring people.

Dullay languages
The Dullay languages belong to the Cushitic subgroup of the Afro-Asiatic language family and are spoken in Ethiopia. Dullay is a dialect continuum consisting of the Gawwada and Tsamai languages. Blench (2006) places most of Bussa in the Konsoid languages, and counts several Gawwada varieties as distinct languages.

Gawwada (Ale), Tsamai, Dihina, Dobase (Lohu, Mashole), Gergere, Gollango (Gaba?), Gorrose, Harso

The name Dullay is derived from the name Dullay-speaking groups use for the Weito River. Other terms that have been used for this language family in scientific literature are Werizoid (from the former administrative name of the area inhabited by Dullay speakers) and Qawko (from the word "man" in Dullay languages).
First Presbyterian Church of San Jose
The First Presbyterian Church of San Jose was a Presbyterian church in San Jose, California, United States. Founded in 1849, it was one of the oldest Protestant churches in California.

The First Presbyterian building is located on 49 N. 4th Street in Downtown San Jose across from San Jose City Hall. The neighborhood is home to several other churches, including the Trinity Episcopal Cathedral, the First Unitarian Church of San Jose, Our Lady of La Vang Parish, and the Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph.

San Jose City Hall
San José City Hall is the seat of the municipal government of San Jose, California. Located in Downtown San Jose, it was designed by Pritzker Prize-winning architect Richard Meier in a Postmodern style. It consists of an 18-story tower, an iconic glass rotunda, and a city council chamber wing, laid out within a two-block-long public square known as San José Civic Plaza. The tower rises 285 feet (87 m) above the plaza, making it the fourth tallest building in San Jose.

San Jose has had six seats of government in its history. City officials met in Downtown San Jose from before the city's incorporation in 1850 until the 1950s, when a modern City Hall was built at Civic Center to the north. The current City Hall's construction capped a period of rapid growth for the city during the dot-com bubble. Its opening in 2005 marked the municipal government's return downtown after half a century in an office park setting.
Sigmund Hemmel
Sigmund Hemmel (1520–1565) was a German composer, tenor, and Kapellmeister in Stuttgart, Württemberg. He was said to have used a "large polished slate stone for composing." He was director of the Hofkapelle Stuttgart from 1552 to 1554. He is perhaps best known for his Das Ganz Psalter Davids, a "collection of four-voiced settings of chorales with melody in the tenor voice according to the old custom" published posthumously by Osiander in Tübingen in 1569.

Lucas Osiander the Elder
Lucas Osiander the Elder (15 December 1534, in Nuremberg – 17 September 1604, in Stuttgart) was a German pastor of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg and a composer of Lutheran church music. He was a son of the reformer Andreas Osiander. He was also the father of Lucas Osiander the Younger.
Søren Berg Sørensen Moen
Søren Berg Sørensen Moen (17 March 1899 – 16 May 1946) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Troms in 1945, but he died less than one year into the term. He was replaced by Peder Nikolai Leier Jacobsen. Moen had previously served in the position of deputy representative during the terms 1934–1936 and 1937–1945.

Moen was born in Lenvik and was a member of the executive committee of the municipal council of Lenvik Municipality from 1925 to 1934, served as mayor during the terms 1934–1937 and 1937–1940 and was a regular council member from 1940 to 1946.

Lenvik Municipality
Lenvik (Northern Sami: Leaŋgáviika) is a former municipality in Troms county, Norway. The municipality existed from 1838 until its dissolution in 2020. The municipality was partly situated on the mainland and partly on the island of Senja in what is now Senja Municipality. The administrative centre was the town of Finnsnes, where the Gisund Bridge connects Senja to the mainland on Norwegian County Road 86. Other villages in the municipality included Aglapsvik, Gibostad, Botnhamn, Fjordgård, Finnfjordbotn, Husøy, Langnes, Laukhella, Silsand, and Rossfjordstraumen.

Prior to its dissolution in 2020, the 893-square-kilometre (345 sq mi) municipality was the 126th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway.  Lenvik Municipality was also the 101st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 11,679. The municipality's population density was 13.1 inhabitants per square kilometre (34/sq mi) and its population has increased by 4.2% over the previous decade.
2021 Ohio's 11th congressional district special election
On March 10, 2021, Marcia Fudge resigned her seat in the United States House of Representatives, after being confirmed by the United States Senate to serve as the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in the Biden administration. Governor Mike DeWine set the primary date for August 3, concurrent with the special election in Ohio's 15th congressional district. The general election was on November 2. Shontel Brown won both the competitive Democratic primary and the general election, and was sworn in on November 4.

2021 Ohio's 15th congressional district special election
On May 16, 2021, Representative Steve Stivers resigned from his seat in the United States House of Representatives to become president and CEO of the Ohio Chamber of Commerce. Following Stivers' official communication of his intent to resign, Ohio Governor Mike DeWine announced that the special election to fill the remainder of his term would be held on November 2, 2021, with the primary election held on August 3, concurrent with the special election in Ohio's 11th congressional district.  In the general election on November 2, Republican nominee Mike Carey defeated Democratic nominee Allison Russo by 26,913 votes.
It Can't Always Be Caviar
It Can't Always Be Caviar (German: Es muss nicht immer Kaviar sein) is a 1961 French-West German comedy thriller film directed by Géza von Radványi and starring O.W. Fischer, Eva Bartok and Senta Berger. It was shot at the Spandau Studios in West Berlin. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Hertha Hareiter and Otto Pischinger. It is based on the 1960 novel of the same title by the Austrian writer Johannes Mario Simmel. It was followed be a sequel film This Time It Must Be Caviar, released later the same year. In 1977 a television adaptation of the novel was produced.

O. W. Fischer
Otto Wilhelm Fischer (German: O. W. Fischer, pronounced [oː veː ˈfɪʃɐ] ⓘ; 1 April 1915 – 29 January 2004) was an Austrian film and theatre actor, a leading man of West German cinema during the Wirtschaftswunder era of the 1950s and 1960s.
Streatham (1805 EIC ship)
Streatham was launched in 1805 as an East Indiaman for the British East India Company (EIC). She made seven voyages for the EIC. On her second voyage the French captured her, but the British Royal Navy recaptured her some months later. She was broken up in 1821.

Europe (1803 EIC ship)
Europe was launched in 1803 as an East Indiaman for the British East India Company (EIC). She made six voyages for the EIC. On her third voyage the French captured her, but the British Royal Navy recaptured her some months later. In 1817 her owners sold her for a hulk but new owners continued to sail her between London and India. She is last listed in 1824.
Henry Krieger
Henry Krieger (born February 9, 1945) is an American musical theatre composer. He  most notably wrote the music for the Broadway shows Dreamgirls (1981, with lyrics and book by Tom Eyen), The Tap Dance Kid (1983), and Side Show (1997).

He was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Original Score for both Dreamgirls and Side Show, won the Grammy Award for Best Cast Show Album for the cast album of Dreamgirls, and received three nominations for the Academy Award for Best Song for songs he wrote for the 2006 Dreamgirls film.

Side Show (musical)
Side Show is a musical by Bill Russell (book and lyrics) and Henry Krieger (music) based on the lives of Daisy and Violet Hilton, conjoined twins who became famous stage performers in the 1930s.

The musical opened October 16, 1997, on Broadway; Robert Longbottom directed and choreographed, and the cast starred Emily Skinner as Daisy and Alice Ripley as Violet. Despite receiving some positive reviews, the show closed after 91 performances.  A Broadway revival opened in November 2014, and closed after 56 performances.
Thanks a Million
Thanks a Million is a 1935 musical film produced and released by 20th Century Fox and directed by Roy Del Ruth.  It stars Dick Powell, Ann Dvorak and Fred Allen, and features Patsy Kelly, David Rubinoff and Paul Whiteman and his band with singer/pianist Ramona. The script by Nunnally Johnson was based on a story by producer Darryl F. Zanuck (writing as Melville Crossman) and contained uncredited additional dialogue by Fred Allen, James Gow, Edmund Gross and Harry Tugend.

Thanks a Million was nominated for the Academy Award for Sound (E. H. Hansen) in 1935. It was remade in 1946 as If I'm Lucky, with Perry Como and Phil Silvers in the Powell and Allen roles.

Dick Powell
Richard Ewing Powell (November 14, 1904 – January 2, 1963) was an American actor, singer, musician, producer, director, and studio head. Though he came to stardom as a musical comedy performer, he showed versatility and successfully transformed into a hardboiled leading man, starring in projects of a more dramatic nature. He was the first actor to portray private detective Philip Marlowe on screen.
Ernie Davis
Ernest R. Davis (December 14, 1939 – May 18, 1963) was an American college football player who was a halfback for the Syracuse Orangemen and won the Heisman Trophy in 1961. He was the award's first black recipient. Davis was selected first overall by the Washington Redskins in the 1962 NFL draft but was almost immediately traded to the Cleveland Browns. He was diagnosed with leukemia that same year, and died shortly after at age 23 without ever playing in a professional game. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1979 and was the subject of the 2008 film The Express: The Ernie Davis Story.

1962 NFL draft
The 1962 NFL draft was held on December 4, 1961 at the Sheraton Hotel in Chicago, Illinois.

The Washington Redskins used the first overall pick of the draft to select running back Ernie Davis, then subsequently traded him to the Cleveland Browns.
Hudson v. Michigan
Hudson v. Michigan, 547 U.S. 586 (2006), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that a violation of the Fourth Amendment requirement that police officers knock, announce their presence, and wait a reasonable amount of time before entering a private residence (the knock-and-announce requirement) does not require suppression of the evidence obtained in the ensuing search.

Wilson v. Arkansas
Wilson v. Arkansas, 514 U.S. 927 (1995), is a United States Supreme Court decision in which the Court held that the traditional, common-law-derived "knock and announce" rule for executing search warrants must be incorporated into the "reasonableness" analysis of whether the actual execution of the warrant is/was justified under the 4th Amendment. The high court thus ruled that the old "knock and announce" rule while not a hard requirement, was also not a dead letter.
Melford Rural District
Melford Rural District was a rural district in the county of West Suffolk, England. It was created in 1894, under the Local Government Act 1894 from that part of the Sudbury rural sanitary district in West Suffolk (the rest becoming Belchamp Rural District in Essex). It was named after Long Melford and administered from Sudbury. Shortly after its creation, in 1896, the parish of Glemsford was made a separate urban district.

On 1 April 1935 it lost the parishes of Cavendish and Hawkedon to the Clare Rural District. At the same time the Glemsford Urban District was abolished and restored to the district.

Since 1 April 1974 it has formed part of the District of Babergh.

Belchamp Rural District
Belchamp was a rural district in Essex in England.  It was formed under the Local Government Act 1894 from that part of the Sudbury rural sanitary district which was in Essex (the rest going to form the Melford Rural District in West Suffolk).

The rural district contained the following parishes:

Alphamstone

Belchamp Otten

Belchamp St Paul

Belchamp Walter

Borley

Bulmer

Bures

Foxearth

Gestingthorpe

Great Henny

Lamarsh

Liston

Little Henny

Middleton

North Wood

Pentlow

Twinstead

Wickham St Paul

Originally, the rural district also contained part of the parish of Ballingdon, the rest of which was in West Suffolk. The Essex part of the parish was transferred to West Suffolk (and the borough of Sudbury) in 1896.

Belchamp rural district was abolished in 1934 under a County Review Order, and merged into the Halstead Rural District.
Air Force Institute of Technology
The Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) is a postgraduate institution and provider of professional and continuing education for the United States Armed Forces and is part of the United States Air Force. It is in Ohio at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, near Dayton. AFIT is a component of the Air University and Air Education and Training Command.

Air Education and Training Command
The Air Education and Training Command (AETC) is one of the nine Major Commands (MAJCOM) of the United States Air Force (USAF), reporting to Headquarters, United States Air Force. It was established 1 July 1993, with the realignment of Air Training Command and Air University.

AETC is headquartered at Randolph Air Force Base, Joint Base San Antonio, Texas. AETC is the primary training and professional education command in the Air Force.

More than 48,000 active duty and Air Reserve Component members and 14,000 civilian personnel make up AETC. The command has responsibility for approximately 1,600 aircraft.

AETC's mission is to "recruit, train and educate Airmen to deliver air power for America."
Johnny Herbert
John Paul Herbert (born 25 June 1964) is a British former racing driver and broadcaster who competed in Formula One from 1989 to 2000. Herbert won three Formula One Grands Prix across twelve seasons. In endurance racing, Herbert won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1991 with Mazda, as well as the 12 Hours of Sebring in 2002 with Audi.

Herbert competed in Formula One for Benetton, Tyrrell, Lotus, Ligier, Sauber, Stewart and Jaguar. He finished fourth in the 1995 World Championship with Benetton. Upon his retirement from motor racing, Herbert worked as a pundit for Sky Sports F1 from 2012 until 2022.

Jaguar Racing
Jaguar Racing is the name given to Jaguar Land Rover's racing interests. The Jaguar brand currently competes in Formula E under the name Jaguar TCS Racing for sponsorship reasons. It won the 2023–24 Formula E World Teams' Championship.

From 2000 to 2004, Jaguar competed in Formula One. Its best finish was in the Constructors' Championship was 7th, which it achieved three times, from 2002 to 2004. The team was subsequently sold to Red Bull, which renamed the team to Red Bull Racing.

The Jaguar brand also has rich history in various forms of sportscar racing, most notably with the XJR sportscars in the FIA World Sportscar Championship and IMSA GT Championship during the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Asad Osman Abdullahi
Asad Osman Abdullahi (Somali: Asad Cismaan Cabdulaahi, born January 25, 1983; Arabic: أسد عثمان عبد الله «ديانو»); is the chief of the Somali Police Force appointed on 26 September 2024, Osman Abdullahi was a founding member of the political party Mideeye and the former director general of the Puntland Security Force. He was also a Puntland presidential candidate in 2019 and 2024 elections.

Somali Police Force
The Somali Police Force (SPF; Somali: Ciidanka Booliska Soomaaliya (CBS); Arabic: قوة الشرطة الصومالية, romanized: Qūwat al-Shurṭah al-Ṣūmālīyah) is the national police force and the main civil law enforcement agency of Somalia. As with most other police forces in the world, its duties include crime fighting, traffic control, maintaining public safety, counter-terrorism. It is under the jurisdiction of the Minister of Internal Security.

It served from 1960 to 1991 as one of the principal organs of the Somali Armed Forces and upon reorganisation distanced itself away from the Armed Forces. While organised at a national level, each arm reports to a county police authority, which in turn divides its force by local Police Divisions, headquartered at local police stations; the police force was later reconstituted at the start of the 21st century.

In an emergency, the police can be reached by dialing 991 from any telephone in Somalia.
Richard Gasquet
Richard Gabriel Cyr Gasquet (French: [ʁiʃaʁ ɡaskɛ]; born 18 June 1986) is a French former professional tennis player. He was ranked as high as world No. 7 in men's singles by the ATP, attained in July 2007. Gasquet won 16 singles titles on the ATP Tour, and earned over 600 career match wins. His best performances in major singles tournaments were three semifinal appearances, two at the Wimbledon Championships (in 2007 and 2015) and one at the US Open (in 2013). His best performance in ATP Masters 1000 tournaments tournaments was runner-up finishes in Hamburg in 2005 and Toronto in 2006 and 2012. Gasquet won the mixed doubles title at the 2004 French Open, partnering Tatiana Golovin, and an Olympic bronze medal in men's doubles at the 2012 London Olympics, partnering Julien Benneteau. Gasquet was best known for his elegant groundstrokes and his one-handed backhand.

Dmitry Tursunov
Dmitry Igorevich Tursunov (Russian: Дми́трий И́горевич Турсу́нов, IPA: [ˈdmʲitrʲɪj tʊrˈsunəf] ⓘ; born 12 December 1982) is a Russian tennis coach and former player. At age 12, he moved to the United States to train and further his prospects of becoming a professional player. His career-high singles ranking is world No. 20, achieved in October 2006.

Tursunov jokes about his lack of ability and success on clay courts. He was sponsored by Fila and Wilson. He helped the Russian Davis Cup team win the 2006 Davis Cup and reach the finals of the 2007 Davis Cup.
Julius Babao
Julius Caesar Concepcion Babao (Tagalog: [ˈdʒuljus ˈbabaʊ], born July 15, 1968) is a Filipino broadcast journalist, radio commentator and former talk show host for the Philippine television stations ABS-CBN and TV5. He is most notable for anchoring TV Patrol from 2003 to 2010, Bandila from 2010 to 2020, and currently Frontline Pilipinas since 2022.

Frontline Pilipinas
Frontline Pilipinas (lit. 'Frontline Philippines') is a Philippine television news broadcasting show broadcast by TV5, with simulcast on RPTV since 2024. Originally anchored by Raffy Tulfo and Cheryl Cosim, it premiered on October 5, 2020, replacing Aksyon. Cosim and Julius Babao currently serve as the anchors.
Reproductive technology
Reproductive technology encompasses all current and anticipated uses of technology in human and animal reproduction, including assisted reproductive technology (ART), contraception and others. It is also termed Assisted Reproductive Technology, where it entails an array of appliances and procedures that enable the realization of safe, improved and healthier reproduction. While this is not true of all people, for an array of married couples, the ability to have children is vital. But through the technology, infertile couples have been provided with options that would allow them to conceive children.

New eugenics
New eugenics, also known as liberal eugenics, advocates enhancing human characteristics and capacities through the use of reproductive technology and human genetic engineering. New eugenics purports to distinguish itself from the forms of eugenics practiced and advocated in the 20th century, which fell into disrepute after World War II.

Those who advocate for new eugenics generally think selecting or altering embryos should be left to the preferences of parents, rather than forbidden or left to the preferences of the state. Opponents argue that such practices may lead to increased social inequality and create new types of stigma against people with genetic traits deemed undesirable.
The Kopeck
The Kopeck (Russian: Копейка, romanized: Kopeyka) is a 2002 Russian comedy film directed by Ivan Dykhovichny. The production design was by Vladimir Trapeznikov. The name refers to the soviet car VAZ-2101, popularly nicknamed a kopeck.

Ivan Dykhovichny
Ivan Vladimirovich Dykhovichny (Russian: Иван Владимирович Дыховичный, 16 October 1947 – 27 September 2009) was a Russian film director and screenwriter.

He directed ten films between 1984 and 2009. His film Music for December was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival.

His father Vladimir Abramovich Dykhovichny (1911–1963) was a well-known Soviet song writer, mother Alexandra Iosifovna Sinani was a ballerina. Dykhovichny was a close friend of Vladimir Vysotsky, who dedicated a long poem to him.
Chiyohakuhō Daiki
Chiyohakuhō Daiki (born 21 April 1983 as Daiki Kakiuchi) is a former sumo wrestler from Yamaga, Kumamoto, Japan. He made his professional debut in 1999 and broke into the top makuuchi division nine years later in 2008. His highest rank was maegashira 6. He wrestled for Kokonoe stable. After admitting his involvement in match-fixing, he retired from the sport in 2011 following an investigation by the Japan Sumo Association.

Kokonoe stable
Kokonoe stable (九重部屋, Kokonoe beya) is a stable of sumo wrestlers, one of the Takasago group of stables. It was formed in 1967 and until 2021 was located in Ishiwara, Sumida, Tokyo. As of January 2023 it had 26 sumo wrestlers, four of whom are of sekitori rank. It is the most successful stable in terms of total yūshō won by its wrestlers, with 52.