hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Optophone
The optophone is a device, used by people who are blind, that scans text and generates time-varying chords of tones to identify letters. It is one of the earliest known applications of sonification. Dr. Edmund Fournier d'Albe of Birmingham University invented the optophone in 1913, which used selenium photosensors to detect black print and convert it into an audible output which could be interpreted by a blind person. The Glasgow company, Barr and Stroud, participated in improving the resolution and usability of the instrument.

Only a few units were built and reading was initially exceedingly slow; a demonstration at the 1918 Exhibition involved Mary Jameson reading at one word per minute. Later models of the Optophone allowed speeds of up to 60 words per minute, though only some subjects are able to achieve this rate.

Sonification
Sonification is the use of non-speech audio to convey information or perceptualize data. Auditory perception has advantages in temporal, spatial, amplitude, and frequency resolution that open possibilities as an alternative or complement to visualization techniques.

For example, the rate of clicking of a Geiger counter conveys the level of radiation in the immediate vicinity of the device.

Though many experiments with data sonification have been explored in forums such as the International Community for Auditory Display (ICAD), sonification faces many challenges to widespread use for presenting and analyzing data. For example, studies show it is difficult, but essential, to provide adequate context for interpreting sonifications of data. Many sonification attempts are coded from scratch due to the lack of flexible tooling for sonification research and data exploration.
Church of St Clement, Liverpool
The Church of St Clement is in Beaumont Street, Toxteth, Liverpool, England.  It is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Liverpool, the archdeaconry of Liverpool, and the deanery of Toxteth and Wavertree. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.

Anglican Diocese of Liverpool
The diocese of Liverpool is a diocese of the Church of England in North West England. The diocese covers Merseyside north of the River Mersey, south-west Lancashire, western Greater Manchester, and part of northern Cheshire. Liverpool Cathedral is the seat of the bishop of Liverpool, currently John Perumbalath, and the diocesan offices are also located in Liverpool. The bishop is assisted by one suffragan bishop, the bishop of Warrington.

What is now the diocese of Liverpool was historically part of the diocese of Coventry and Lichfield, and became part of the newly created diocese of Chester in 1541. The diocese of Liverpool was established on 9 April 1880.
WRTU
WRTU (89.7 FM), branded on-air as Radio Universidad de Puerto Rico, is a NPR member station broadcasting a variety format, together with programming from NPR, PRX, the BBC and other distributors. Licensed to San Juan, Puerto Rico, the station is owned by the University of Puerto Rico.

WRTU's programming can also be heard in Mayagüez on WRUO 88.3 FM.

University of Puerto Rico
The University of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Universidad de Puerto Rico; often shortened to UPR) is the main public university system in the U.S. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. It is a government-owned corporation with 11 campuses and approximately 44,200 students and approximately 4,450 faculty members. UPR has the largest and most diverse academic offerings in the commonwealth, with 472 academic programs of which 32 lead to a doctorate.
Xi'an Jiaotong–Liverpool University
Xi'an Jiaotong–Liverpool University (XJTLU) is a joint-venture university in Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. It was founded in 2006 by a partnership between the University of Liverpool and Xi'an Jiaotong University.

Undergraduate students at XJTLU earn two degrees: a degree from Xi'an Jiaotong–Liverpool University and a degree from the University of Liverpool. Postgraduate students only receive a degree from the University of Liverpool.

Xi'an Jiaotong University
Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU; 西安交通大学) is a public university in Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is affiliated with and funded by the Ministry of Education of China. The university is part of Project 211, Project 985, and the Double First-Class Construction. It is a member of the C9 League.

XJTU houses five state key laboratories, four state special laboratories, and two state engineering research centers. Two of its eight affiliated teaching hospitals are ranked among China's top 100 hospitals. It is the hub of the University Alliance of the Silk Road, an international academic alliance under the umbrella of China's Belt and Road Initiative that aims to build educational collaboration and fuel economic growth in countries along the Silk Road Economic Belt and key partners worldwide.
Pyridoxine/doxylamine
Pyridoxine/doxylamine, sold under the brand name Diclectin among others, is a combination of pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6) and doxylamine succinate. It is generally used for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (morning sickness); even though its efficacy has not been proven and subsequent research has led to the removal of recommendations in medical journals.

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (/ˈdɔːbərt/ DAW-bərt), 509 U.S. 579 (1993), is a United States Supreme Court case determining the standard for admitting expert testimony in federal courts. In Daubert, the Court held that the enactment of the Federal Rules of Evidence implicitly overturned the Frye standard; the standard that the Court articulated is referred to as the Daubert standard.
Bình Chánh district
Bình Chánh is a former rural district (huyện) in the southwest of Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam. High urbanization rate has made Bình Chánh become one of a high population growth districts in the city. As of 2019, the district had a population of 705,508. It covers an area of 253 km2. The district capital lies at Tân Túc.

Bình Chánh district borders District 7, District 8, Bình Tân district, Hóc Môn District and Nhà Bè District.

District 8, Ho Chi Minh City
District 8 (Vietnamese: Quận 8) is an former urban district (quận) of Ho Chi Minh City, the largest city in Vietnam.

It is divided into 16 small subsets called wards (phường), numbered from Ward 1 to Ward 16.
Book of Obadiah
The Book of Obadiah is a book of the Bible whose authorship is attributed to Obadiah. Obadiah is one of the Twelve Minor Prophets in the final section of Nevi'im, the second main division of the Hebrew Bible. The text consists of a single chapter, divided into 21 verses with 440 Hebrew words, making it the shortest book in the Tanakh (The Hebrew Bible), though there are three shorter New Testament epistles in Greek (Philemon with 335 words, 2 John with 245 words, and 3 John with 219 words). The Book of Obadiah is a prophecy concerning the divine judgment of Edom and the restoration of Israel.

The majority of scholars date the Book of Obadiah to shortly after the fall of Jerusalem in 587 BC. Other scholars hold that the book was shaped by the conflicts between Yehud and the Edomites in the fifth and fourth centuries BCE and evolved through a process of redaction.

Book of Zephaniah
The Book of Zephaniah /ˌzɛfəˈnaɪ.ə/ (Hebrew: צְפַנְיָה, Ṣəfanyā; sometimes Latinized as Sophonias) is the ninth of the Twelve Minor Prophets of the Old Testament and Tanakh, preceded in all traditions by the Book of Habakkuk and followed by the Book of Haggai. The book has three chapters. Zephaniah is a male given name which is usually interpreted to mean "Yahweh has hidden/protected", or "Yahweh hides". The church father Jerome of Stridon interpreted Zephaniah's name to mean "the watchman of the Lord". The original text of the prophecy was written in Biblical Hebrew.

Scholars propose various dates of composition; some scholars argue that the book was probably composed during the reign of Josiah (late-seventh century BCE), while others hold that an original core of oracles was expanded and edited in exilic or later times.
Kohistani Shina
Kohistani Shina is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the former Kohistan District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, northern Pakistan. According to Ethnologue, Kohistani Shina is mutually intelligible with the Shina variety of Chilas, but not with the standard dialect of Gilgit. Bateri and Kalkoti speakers speak Kohistani Shina as a second language. Indus Kohistani loanwords can be found in the language. A grammar and a dictionary of the language have been published.

Indus Kohistani language
Indus Kohistani or simply Kohistani (کوستَیں ژیب, Kōstaiñ) is an Indo-Aryan language of Kohistani group spoken by the Indus Kohistani people in the former Kohistan District of Pakistan. The language was referred to as Maiyã (Mayon) or Shuthun by early researchers, but subsequent observations have not verified that these names are known locally.
Creuzburg
Creuzburg (German pronunciation: [ˈkʁɔʏtsˌbʊʁk] ⓘ) is a town and a former municipality on the Werra river in the Wartburgkreis in Thuringia, Germany. Since December 2019, it is part of the town Amt Creuzburg.

Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia
Louis IV the Saint (German: Ludwig IV. der Heilige; 28 October 1200 – 11 September 1227), a member of the Ludovingian dynasty, was Landgrave of Thuringia and Saxon Count palatine from 1217 until his death. He was the husband of Elizabeth of Hungary.
Glasgow Maryhill (UK Parliament constituency)
Glasgow Maryhill was a parliamentary constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918 to 2005 when it was subsumed into the new Glasgow North and Glasgow North East constituencies. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) using the first-past-the-post voting system.

Glasgow North East
Glasgow North East is a burgh constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (at Westminster). It was first contested at the 2005 general election. The current Member of Parliament (MP) is Maureen Burke of the Labour Party who gained the seat from Scottish National Party's Anne McLaughlin at the 2024 general election.
Parque Natural Obô de São Tomé
The Obô Natural Park of São Tomé (Portuguese: Parque Natural Obô de São Tomé) is a natural park of São Tomé and Príncipe, covering 195 km2 (75 sq mi) of the island of São Tomé. It was established in 2006, but yet to be assigned an IUCN protected area category. It covers parts of the districts of Caué, Lemba, Lobata and Mé-Zóchi.

São Tomé (island)
São Tomé, at 854 km2 (330 sq mi), is the largest island of São Tomé and Príncipe and is home in May 2018 to about 193,380 or 96% of the nation's population. The island is divided into six districts. It is located 2 km (1¼ miles) north of the equator.
Ormara Airport
Ormara Airport (IATA: ORW, ICAO: OPOR) is a domestic airport, located at Ormara, Balochistan, Pakistan.

In April 2025, media reports counted Ormara among 10 airports nationwide that had remained inactive for extended periods and proving a burden on national exchequer. Ormara Airport was said to have been inactive since 2010.

Ormara
Ormara (Balochi and Urdu: اورماڑا, Urdu pronunciation: [oːɾmɑːɽɑː]), is a town and tehsil in Gwadar District in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. It is a port in the Makran coastal region. It is located 360 kilometres (220 mi) west of Karachi and 230 kilometres (140 mi) east of Gwadar on the Arabian Sea. This port is also mentioned in Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as Oraea.
British Independent Film Award for Best Technical Achievement
The British Independent Film Award for Best Technical Achievement was an annual award given by the British Independent Film Awards (BIFA) to recognize below-the-line professionals in various artisan areas in a British independent film. The award was first presented in the 2001 ceremony with Roman Osin being the first recipient of the award for his cinematography on The Warrior.

In May 2017, it was announced that this category would be replaced with nine more specific craft categories in order to better recognize the diverse behind the camera talent in British independent filmmaking.

British Independent Film Awards
The British Independent Film Awards (BIFA) is an organisation that celebrates, supports, and promotes British independent cinema and film-making talent in the United Kingdom. Nominations for the annual awards ceremony are announced in early November, with the ceremony itself taking place in early December.

Since 2015, BIFA has also hosted UK-wide talent development and film screening programmes, with the support of Creative Skillset and the  British Film Institute.
Boston Ball Hogs
The Boston Ball Hogs are an American men's 3-on-3 basketball team based in Boston, Massachusetts that plays in the BIG3. Originally without a home city for the BIG3's first seven seasons, the Ball Hogs were announced to be based in Boston when the league switched to a city-based model for the 2025 season.

In 2022, the Web3 Decentralized Autonomous Organization "Krause House" purchased all available ownership NFTs available through the BIG3's sale.

The fan section of the Ball Hogs is known as the "Pig Pen".

Big3
Big3 (stylized BIG3) is a 3-on-3 basketball league founded by the hip-hop musician and actor Ice Cube and entertainment executive Jeff Kwatinetz. The league consists of 12 teams whose rosters include both former NBA players and international players. The rules of Big3 games contain deviations from the official rules of 3-on-3 basketball as administered by FIBA. It debuted in 2017 and takes place during the NBA offseason. In January 2020, Big3 announced its rule set would be the core of a new basketball variant called "Fireball3" (stylized FIREBALL3).
David H. Watters
David H. Watters (born December 28, 1950) is an American politician from the state of New Hampshire. A Democrat, Watters has represented the 4th district in the New Hampshire Senate since 2012. Prior to his election to the Senate, he served two terms in the New Hampshire House of Representatives for Strafford's 4th district. He worked as a college English professor before entering politics. His son is ballet dancer Harper Watters.

Watters is an uncle of conservative Fox News Channel commentator and program host Jesse Watters.

Jesse Watters
Jesse Bailey Watters (born July 9, 1978) is an American conservative political commentator and television program host on the Fox News cable television network. He frequently appeared earlier in his media career on The O'Reilly Factor, the political talk show hosted by commentator/moderator Bill O'Reilly, and became recognized for his man-on-the-street interviews, featured in his segment there of "Watters' World", which, in 2015, eventually became its own show. In January 2017, Watters' World became a weekly television show, and in April 2017, he became a co-host of the roundtable series The Five. In January 2022, Watters became the host of his own program, Jesse Watters Primetime, on the Fox News Channel.

Watters' first book, How I Saved the World, was published by HarperCollins. His second book, Get It Together: Troubling Tales from the Liberal Fringe, was published by Broadside Books in March 2024.
Zoroastrian literature
Zoroastrian literature is the corpus of literary texts produced within the religious tradition of Zoroastrianism. These texts span the languages of Avestan, named after the famous Zoroastrian work known as the Avesta, and Middle Persian (Pahlavi), which includes a range of Middle Persian literature.

Zoroastrian cosmology
Zoroastrian or Iranian cosmology refers to the origins (cosmogony) and structure (cosmography) of the cosmos in Zoroastrianism. Zoroastrian literature describing cosmographical beliefs include the Avesta (especially in its description of Avestan geography) and, in later Middle Persian literature, texts including the Bundahishn, Denkard, and the Wizidagiha-i Zadspram.
Joseph Richardson Sr.
Joseph Richardson Sr. (September 28, 1711 - 1784) was an American silversmith, active in Philadelphia. He has been described as one of the greatest silversmiths of his time.

Richardson was born in Philadelphia to silversmith Francis Richardson II (November 25, 1684 - August 17, 1729), and advertised in the Pennsylvania Gazette from 1744-1784 as goldsmith. He was a Quaker and an active member of the "Friendly Association for Regaining and Preserving Peace with the Indians by Pacific Measures." As such, he crafted many silver items for Native Americans in addition to bowls, tea sets, and other tableware. He was twice married: first to Hannah Worrell on August 13, 1741, and then to Mary Allen on April 14, 1748, with whom he had two sons (Joseph Richardson Jr. and Nathaniel Richardson), both of whom he raised as silversmiths.

His work is collected in the Art Institute of Chicago, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Winterthur Museum, and Yale University Art Gallery.

Nathaniel Richardson
Nathaniel Richardson (February/April 2, 1754 – September 2, 1827) was an American silversmith, active in Philadelphia.

Richardson was born to noted silversmith Joseph Richardson Sr. and raised in the craft. From 1785-1791, he partnered with his older brother, Joseph Richardson Jr., in the silversmithing firm of Joseph & Nathaniel Richardson, but then gave up silversmithing and became an ironmonger and hardware merchant with Isaac Paxton. His silver, created in partnership with his brother, is collected in the Addison Gallery of American Art, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Art Institute of Chicago, Clark Art Institute, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Winterthur Museum, and Yale University Art Gallery.
Electricity meter
An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, energy meter, kilowatt-hour meter, or power meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, a business, or an electrically powered device over a time interval.

Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers' premises for billing and monitoring purposes. They are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour (kWh). They are usually read once each billing period.

When energy savings during certain periods are desired, some meters may measure demand, the maximum use of power in some interval. "Time of day" metering allows electric rates to be changed during a day, to record usage during peak high-cost periods and off-peak, lower-cost, periods. Also, in some areas meters have relays for demand response load shedding during peak load periods.

Electricity retailing
Electricity retailing is the final sale of electricity from generation to the end-use consumer. This is the fourth major step in the electricity delivery process, which also includes generation, transmission and distribution.
Urmarsky District
Urmarsky District (Russian: Урма́рский райо́н; Chuvash: Вăрмар районӗ, Vărmar rayonĕ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the republic and borders with Kozlovsky District in the north, Tsivilsky District in the northwest, Yantikovsky District in the south, and with Kanashsky District in the west. The area of the district is 598.3 square kilometers (231.0 sq mi).  Its administrative center is the urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Urmary. Population:  25,189 (2010 Census); 28,189 (2002 Census); 29,868 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Urmary accounts for 22.5% of the district's total population.

Yantikovsky District
Yantikovsky District (Russian: Янтиковский райо́н; Chuvash: Тăвай районӗ, Tăvay rayonĕ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the east of the republic and borders with the Republic of Tatarstan in the south and east, Kanashsky District in the west, and with Urmarsky District in the north. The area of the district is 524.4 square kilometers (202.5 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Yantikovo. Population:  16,421 (2010 Census); 18,580 (2002 Census); 20,017 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Yantikovo accounts for 19.2% of the district's total population.
The Titan (novel)
The Titan is a novel by Theodore Dreiser, completed in 1914 as a sequel to his 1912 novel The Financier. Both books were originally a single manuscript, but the narrative's length required splitting it into two separate novels. Dreiser's manuscript of The Titan was rejected by Harper & Brothers, publisher of The Financier, due to its uncompromising realism; John Lane published the book in 1914. The Titan is the second part of Dreiser's Trilogy of Desire, a saga of ruthless businessman Frank Cowperwood (modeled after real-life streetcar tycoon Charles Yerkes). The third part of the trilogy, The Stoic, was Dreiser's final novel, published in 1947 after his death.

Trilogy of Desire
The Trilogy of Desire is a series of three novels by Theodore Dreiser:

The Financier (1912)

The Titan (1914)

The Stoic (1947)

The protagonist of the trilogy, Frank Algernon Cowperwood, was modeled after financier Charles Yerkes. The novels narrate his rise and fall through an unscrupulous, self-centered quest for power and wealth.
2014 Belk Bowl
The 2014 Belk Bowl was a college football bowl game that was played on December 30, 2014, at Bank of America Stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina in the United States.  The thirteenth annual Belk Bowl, it matched the Georgia Bulldogs of the Southeastern Conference against the Louisville Cardinals of the Atlantic Coast Conference. The game started at 6:45 p.m. EST and aired on ESPN. It was one of the 2014–15 bowl games played at the conclusion of the 2014 FBS football season. The game was sponsored by Charlotte-based department store chain Belk. The Bulldogs won the matchup by a final score of 37–14.

2014 Louisville Cardinals football team
The 2014 Louisville Cardinals football team represented the University of Louisville in the 2014 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Cardinals were  led by head coach Bobby Petrino, who began his second stint at Louisville after eight years away, seven of which were spent as a head coach at other colleges and in the National Football League (NFL). The team played its 17th season at Papa John's Cardinal Stadium in Louisville, Kentucky. They were in their first season as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference, having replaced departed member Maryland in the Atlantic Division. They finished the season 9–4, 5–3 in ACC play to finish in third place in the Atlantic Division. They were invited to the Belk Bowl, where they lost to Georgia.
Härjedalen Municipality
Härjedalen Municipality (Swedish: Härjedalens kommun, Southern Sami: Herjedaelien tjïelte) is a municipality in Jämtland County in northern Sweden. Its seat is located in Sveg.

The municipality roughly, but not exactly, corresponds with the traditional province Härjedalen.

The municipality was created in 1974 and is one of two in Sweden with the name of a province (Gotland Municipality is the other). It consists of nine original local government entities (as of 1863).

Jämtland County
Jämtland County (Swedish: Jämtlands län, Southern Sami: Jiemthen leene) is a county or län in Sweden. It consists of the provinces of Jämtland and Härjedalen, along with minor parts of Hälsingland and Ångermanland, plus two small strips of Lapland and Dalarna. It borders the counties of Dalarna, Gävleborg, Västernorrland, and Västerbotten, as well as the Norwegian county of Trøndelag. It measures 49,443 km2 (19,090 sq mi) and constitutes 12% of Sweden's total area, making it the country's third largest county. The capital is Östersund. The county governor and leader of the administrative board, as appointed by the Swedish government, has been Marita Ljung since 2021.

The county was established in 1810, at the time it consisted only of the provinces of Jämtland and Härjedalen, which is why the coat of arms is a shield parted per fess with their provincial arms. King Carl XVI Gustaf is occasionally referred to as Duke of Jämtland after his title of king.