hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Heisenberg group
In mathematics, the Heisenberg group , named after Werner Heisenberg, is the group of 3×3 upper triangular matrices of the form

under the operation of matrix multiplication. Elements a, b and c can be taken from any commutative ring with identity, often taken to be the ring of real numbers (resulting in the "continuous Heisenberg group") or the ring of integers (resulting in the "discrete Heisenberg group").

The continuous Heisenberg group arises in the description of one-dimensional quantum mechanical systems, especially in the context of the Stone–von Neumann theorem. More generally, one can consider Heisenberg groups associated to n-dimensional systems, and most generally, to any symplectic vector space.

Center (group theory)
In abstract algebra, the center of a group G is the set of elements that commute with every element of G. It is denoted Z(G), from German Zentrum, meaning center. In set-builder notation,

Z(G) = {z ∈ G | ∀g ∈ G, zg = gz}.

The center is a normal subgroup, , and also a characteristic subgroup, but is not necessarily fully characteristic. The quotient group, G / Z(G), is isomorphic to the inner automorphism group, Inn(G).

A group G is abelian if and only if Z(G) = G. At the other extreme, a group is said to be centerless if Z(G) is trivial; i.e., consists only of the identity element.

The elements of the center are central elements.
Alternating current electrospinning
Alternating current electrospinning is a fiber formation technique to produce micro- and nanofibers from polymer solutions under the dynamic drawing force of the electrostatic field with periodically changing polarity. The main benefit of alternating current electrospinning is that multiple times higher productivities are achievable compared to widely used direct current electrospinning setups.

Electrospinning
Electrospinning is a fiber production method that uses electrical force (based on electrohydrodynamic principles) to draw charged threads of polymer solutions for producing nanofibers with diameters ranging from nanometers to micrometers. Electrospinning shares characteristics of both electrospraying and conventional solution dry spinning of fibers. The process does not require the use of coagulation chemistry or high temperatures to produce solid threads from solution. This makes the process particularly suited to the production of fibers using large and complex molecules. Electrospinning from molten precursors is also practiced; this method ensures that no solvent can be carried over into the final product.
Edict of Romorantin
The Edict of Romorantin, was a decree designed to alter the prosecution of heretics, promulgated by the King of France, François II, in May 1560. The decree came in the wake of the Amboise conspiracy in which many Protestant Huguenots had participated. Conscious that the previous policy of persecution embodied in the edicts of Châteaubriant and Compiègne had thus failed, the crown and the chancellor altered their strategy by distinguishing for the first time between heretics and rebels. The edict would transfer the prosecution of heretics who had committed no other offence to the ecclesiastical courts, which lacked the power to give death sentences. The edict would be confirmed in January 1561 then superseded, first by the Edict of July, which maintained its provision concerning ecclesiastical courts, and by the more radical Edict of Saint-Germain.

Francis II of France
Francis II (French: François II; 19 January 1544 – 5 December 1560) was King of France from 1559 to 1560. He was also King of Scotland as the husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, from 1558 until his death in 1560.

He ascended the throne of France at age 15 after the accidental death of his father, Henry II, in 1559. His short reign was dominated by the first stirrings of the French Wars of Religion.

Although the royal age of majority was 14, his mother, Catherine de' Medici, entrusted the reins of government to his wife Mary's uncles from the House of Guise, staunch supporters of the Catholic cause. They were unable to help Catholics in Scotland against the progressing Scottish Reformation, however, and the Auld Alliance was dissolved.

After dying of an ear infection, Francis was succeeded by two of his brothers in turn, both of whom were also unable to reduce tensions between Protestants and Catholics.
Ben O'Dea
Ben O'Dea (born 6 May 1992) is a New Zealand beach volleyball player.

Ben and his brother Sam O'Dea represented New Zealand at the 2018 Commonwealth Games, where they won the bronze medal in the men's pair competition. They were the nation's first men's beach volleyball team to compete at the Games. The pair also won the bronze medal at the Shepparton Open in Australia on the 2017 FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour.

O'Dea is the grandson of Bob O'Dea, who played rugby union for the New Zealand national team, the All Blacks, in the 1950s.

Sam O'Dea
Sam O'Dea (born 24 November 1990) is a New Zealand beach volleyball player.

Sam and his brother Ben O'Dea represented New Zealand at the 2018 Commonwealth Games, where they won the bronze medal in the men's pair competition. They were the nation's first men's beach volleyball team to compete at the Games. The pair also won the bronze medal at the Shepparton Open in Australia on the 2017 FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour.

O'Dea is the grandson of Bob O'Dea, who played rugby union for the New Zealand national team, the All Blacks, in the 1950s.
Battle of the Lake of Antioch
The Battle of the Lake of Antioch took place on 9 February 1098 during the First Crusade. As the Crusaders were besieging Antioch, word reached the Crusader camp that a large relief force led by Radwan, the Seljuq ruler of Aleppo, was on the way. Bohemond of Taranto gathered all remaining horses and marched in the night to ambush the Muslim army. After several successful cavalry charges, the Crusader knights routed the numerically superior Muslim army, forcing Radwan to retreat back to Aleppo.

Bohemond I of Antioch
Bohemond I of Antioch (c. 1054 – 5 or 7 March 1111), also known as Bohemond of Taranto or Bohemond of Hauteville, was the prince of Taranto from 1089 to 1111 and the prince of Antioch from 1098 to 1111. He was a leader of the First Crusade, leading a contingent of Normans on the quest eastward. Knowledgeable about the Byzantine Empire through earlier campaigns with his father, he was the most experienced military leader of the crusade.
Fort Randall Dam
Fort Randall Dam is a 2.03-mile-long (3 km) earthen dam which spans the Missouri River and impounds Lake Francis Case, the 11th-largest reservoir in the U.S. The dam joins Gregory and Charles Mix counties, South Dakota, a distance of 880 river miles (1,416 km) upstream of St. Louis, Missouri, where the river joins the Mississippi River. The dam and hydroelectric power plant were constructed by and are currently operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Lake Francis Case
Lake Francis Case is a large reservoir impounded by Fort Randall Dam on the Missouri River in south-central South Dakota, United States. The lake has an area of 102,000 acres (410 km2) and a maximum depth of 140 ft (43 m). Lake Francis Case has a length of approximately 107 mi (172 km) and has a shoreline of 540 mi (870 km).  The lake is the eleventh-largest reservoir in the United States and is located within the counties of: Charles Mix, Gregory, Lyman, Brule, and Buffalo. The lake stretches from Pickstown, South Dakota upstream to Big Bend Dam.

The reservoir is named for former United States Senator Francis Higbee Case, of South Dakota.
Dave Hall (music producer)
David "Jam" Hall is an American record producer. He first became known for his production work on Mariah Carey's 1993 single "Dreamlover", which topped the Billboard Hot 100. The year prior, he was credited on Mary J. Blige's debut album What's the 411? (1992), namely on its singles "You Remind Me", "Reminisce" and "Love No Limit".

He was further credited with similar roles on releases including Madonna's album Bedtime Stories (1994), Brownstone's 1994 single "If You Love Me", and Carey's 1995 single "Fantasy"—his second Billboard Hot 100-number one production. Hall has also produced for Usher, Donell Jones, CeCe Peniston, and Joe early in their respective careers.

He was also a remixer for "Scream" (1995) by Michael and Janet Jackson, and "Goldeneye" for Tina Turner that same year. He was married to comedienne Wanda Sykes from 1991 to 1998.

What's the 411?
What's the 411? is the debut album by American R&B singer Mary J. Blige. It was released on July 28, 1992, by Uptown Records and MCA Records. After signing a record contract with Uptown, Blige began working on the album with producer Sean "Puffy" Combs. Other producers and songwriters included DeVante Swing, Tony Dofat, Dave Hall, Mark Morales and Mark "Cory" Rooney. The resulting music covered hip hop soul, contemporary R&B, and new jack swing styles.

What's the 411? was also met with positive reviews from critics, who applauded Blige's singing and the combination of hip hop and soul music, which led to her being named the "Queen of Hip Hop Soul". The album peaked at number six on the US Billboard 200 and topped the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. It was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and eventually sold 3.5 million copies.
Riding High (1937 film)
Riding High is a 1937 British comedy film directed by David MacDonald and starring Claude Dampier, John Garrick, Kathleen Gibson and Helen Haye. It is very loosely based on the story of the inventor Thomas McCall, who came up with a radically new design for a bicycle in Victorian Britain.

It was made at Shepperton Studios.

Kathleen Gibson
Kathleen Gibson (born Kitty Stride, 1915–1974) was a British actress who developed her craft in repertory theatre. In 1932, Gibson played one of the friends of the character D'Recamier (Pearl Argyle) in the Frederick Ashton ballet "Magic Nights".

Gibson was discovered by C. B. Cochran, who made her one of Cochran's Young Ladies. On 30 November 1933, she played Ena Hawkins in a production of Mr. Whittington at the Alhambra Theatre, Glasgow, starring alongside Jack Buchanan. A review published in The Stage in December 1933 said that Gibson "looks pretty in the part of Ena and performs some very neat dancing". The show went on tour and included some weeks at the London Hippodrome Theatre. This led to a film contract.

Gibson died in Paddington, London in 1974.
Glossary of professional wrestling terms
Professional wrestling has accrued a considerable amount of jargon throughout its existence. Much of it stems from the industry's origins in the days of carnivals and circuses. In the past, professional wrestlers used such terms in the presence of fans so as not to reveal the worked nature of the business. Into the 21st century, widespread discussion on the Internet has popularized these terms. Many of the terms refer to the financial aspects of professional wrestling in addition to in-ring terms.

Manager (professional wrestling)
In professional wrestling, a manager is a supporting character paired with a wrestler (or wrestlers) for a variety of reasons. A woman accompanying, or "seconding", a male wrestler to a match is sometimes referred to as a valet.

Performers who assume this role may be non-wrestlers, occasional wrestlers, older wrestlers who have retired or are nearing retirement, the tag team partner of the wrestler they are managing, or new wrestlers who are breaking into the business (or a specific company) and need experience in front of the crowds. The wrestler who is paired with a manager may be referred to as their charge, client, or ward. A professional wrestling manager's portrayal as a wrestler's decision-maker is usually fictional and has nothing to do with a wrestler or promotion's real-world counterpart or road agent.
Nalakuvara
Nalakuvara, also known as Nalakubara (Sanskrit: नलकूबर, romanized: Nalakūbara), appears in Hindu and Buddhist mythology as the brother of Manigriva (also known as Manibhadra), the son of the yaksha king Kubera (also known as Vaishravana), and husband of Rambha and Ratnamala. Nalakuvara often appears as a sexual trickster figure in Hindu and Buddhist literature.

Rambha (apsara)
Rambha (Sanskrit: रम्भा, romanized: Rambhā) is one of the prominent apsaras, the celestial nymphs of Svarga (a heaven), in Hindu mythology. She is extolled to be unrivalled in her accomplishments in the arts of dancing, music, and beauty.
Blackfield
Blackfield is a collaborative music project by the English musician and founder of Porcupine Tree, Steven Wilson, and Israeli rock musician Aviv Geffen. Together, six albums have been released under the moniker. The first two records, Blackfield and Blackfield II, saw Geffen and Wilson working together as equal partners, while the third and fourth, Welcome to my DNA and Blackfield IV, saw Geffen take on a leading role, writing all but one track across both albums and providing a significantly increased share of lead vocals. Despite initially announcing his intention to leave the project in 2014, Wilson instead worked again as an equal partner on a fifth album, Blackfield V, which was released on 10 February 2017. A sixth record, For the Music, was released on 4 December 2020, with Geffen again taking a leading role.

Welcome to My DNA
Welcome to My DNA is the third studio album by Blackfield, a musical collaboration between Steven Wilson and Aviv Geffen. It was released in Europe on 28 March 2011, and released in the US on 19 April 2011, as a digi-book CD and heavyweight vinyl limited to 2000 individually numbered copies.
The Fragile Art of Existence
The Fragile Art of Existence is the only studio album by Control Denied, a progressive metal band founded by Chuck Schuldiner.

This was also Chuck Schuldiner's final studio album before he died of brain cancer on December 13, 2001.

Chuck Schuldiner
Charles Michael Schuldiner (/ʃuːlˈdiːnər/; May 13, 1967 – December 13, 2001) was an American musician. He cofounded the pioneering Florida death metal band Death in 1983, in which he was the guitarist, primary songwriter and only continuous member until his death in 2001. He became the lead vocalist in 1985 after original drummer and vocalist Kam Lee left the band. His obituary in the January 5, 2002, issue of Kerrang! described him as "one of the most significant figures in the history of metal." Schuldiner was ranked No. 10 in Joel McIver's book The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists in 2009 and No. 20 in March 2004 Guitar World's "The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists". In 1987, Schuldiner founded the publishing company Mutilation Music, affiliated with performance rights organization BMI. Schuldiner died in 2001 of a brain tumor.
Suryavamsha (film)
Suryavamsha   (English : Solar Dynasty) is a 1999 Indian Kannada-language drama film directed by S. Narayan and written by Vikraman. The film stars Vishnuvardhan in dual role with Lakshmi and Isha Koppikar (in her Kannada debut). The film's score and soundtrack are composed by V. Manohar. The movie completed silver jubilee run  and collected 15 crores at the box-office. The movie is a remake of 1997 Tamil movie Surya Vamsam.

S. Narayan
S. Narayan (born 5 June 1962) is an Indian filmmaker, actor and lyricist of Kannada films. After Singeetam Srinivasa Rao, Narayan is the second director to direct Dr. Rajkumar and all his three sons. He has given many hits with Dr. Vishnuvardhan, some of which were remake films.
Making Montgomery Clift
Making Montgomery Clift is a 2018 American documentary film by directors Robert Anderson Clift and Hillary Demmon chronicling the life of  actor Montgomery Clift until his death in 1966. It shows a different side of Clift, portraying him as a man who enjoyed life and love, and as comfortable with being a gay man.

The documentary was released at the Los Angeles Film Festival and was praised by the critics.

Montgomery Clift
Edward Montgomery Clift (October 17, 1920 – July 23, 1966) was an American actor. A four-time Academy Award nominee, he was known for his portrayal of "moody, sensitive young men", according to The New York Times.

He is best remembered for his roles in Howard Hawks's Red River (1948), George Stevens's A Place in the Sun (1951), Fred Zinnemann's From Here to Eternity (1953), Stanley Kramer's Judgment at Nuremberg (1961), and John Huston's The Misfits (1961).

Along with Marlon Brando and James Dean, Clift was considered one of the original method actors in Hollywood (though Clift distanced himself from the term); he was one of the first actors to be invited to study in the Actors Studio with Lee Strasberg and Elia Kazan. Clift's decision to only sign a contract after his first two films were a success created "a power differential that would go on to structure the star–studio relationship for the next 40 years".
Ken Gowers
Joseph Kenneth Gowers (15 October 1936 – 19 October 2017) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. He played at representative level for Great Britain (vice-captain), England and Rugby League XIII, and at club level for Newbold Intermediates ARLFC (in Newbold, Rochdale) and Swinton, as a goal-kicking fullback, and occasionally scrum-half.

Swinton Lions
The Swinton Lions are a professional rugby league club based in Swinton, Greater Manchester, England, which competes in the RFL Championship. The club has won the Championship six times and three Challenge Cups. Before 1996, the club was known simply as Swinton RLFC.
The Good Old Soak
The Good Old Soak is a 1937 American drama film starring Wallace Beery and directed by J. Walter Ruben from a screenplay by A. E. Thomas based upon the 1922 stage play of the same name by Don Marquis.  The picture's supporting cast features Una Merkel, Eric Linden, Betty Furness, and Ted Healy.

Screenwriter Thomas was disturbed that MGM changed the title from the original "The Old Soak," to the "Good Old Soak."  MGM did that because it felt Wallace Beery's fans considered the word "good" synonymous with Beery.  Rollin Kirby, a distinguished political cartoonist on the New York World newspaper, and good friend of Don Marquis, got a laugh from Marquis when he suggested how appropriate it was that a man named Beery would portray the Old Soak himself.

The story was previously made as a silent film by Universal in 1926 called The Old Soak starring Jean Hersholt.

Wallace Beery
Wallace Fitzgerald Beery (April 1, 1885 – April 15, 1949) was an American film and stage actor. He is best known for his portrayal of Bill in Min and Bill (1930) opposite Marie Dressler, as General Director Preysing in Grand Hotel (1932), as the pirate Long John Silver in Treasure Island (1934), as Pancho Villa in Viva Villa! (1934) for which he won the Volpi Cup for Best Actor, and his title role in The Champ (1931), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor. Beery appeared in some 250 films during a 36-year career. His contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer stipulated in 1932 that he would be paid $1 more than any other contract player at the studio. This made Beery the highest-paid film actor in the world during the early 1930s. He was the brother of actor Noah Beery and uncle of actor Noah Beery Jr.

For his contributions to the film industry, Beery was posthumously inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960.
NGC 6047
NGC 6047 is an elliptical galaxy located about 430 million light-years away in the constellation Hercules. It was discovered by astronomer Lewis Swift on June 27, 1886. NGC 6047 is a member of the Hercules Cluster.

NGC 6047 has a peculiar morphology which suggests it has undergone a recent merger. It may be interacting with NGC 6045 which lies around ~320,000 ly (97 kpc) away. NGC 6047 has two radio jets and is classified as a FR I radio galaxy. The jets appear to have a Z-shaped structure.

NGC 6045
NGC 6045 is a barred spiral galaxy located about 450 million light-years away in the constellation Hercules. NGC 6045 was discovered by astronomer Lewis Swift on June 27, 1886 and is a member of the Hercules Cluster. It is also a LINER galaxy.
Karmei Tzur
Karmei Tzur, or Carmei Tzur (Hebrew: כַּרְמֵי צוּר) is an Israeli settlement organized as a community settlement in the West Bank located north of Hebron in the Judean hills between the Palestinian towns of Beit Ummar and Halhul. The National Religious community falls under the jurisdiction of Gush Etzion Regional Council. Under the terms of the Oslo Accords of 1993 between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, Karmei Tzur was designated Area "C" under full Israeli civil and security control. In 2023 it had a population of 1,003.

The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.

According to a Peace Now report from 2006, 27% of the land on which Karmei Tzur is built is privately owned, all or most of it by Palestinians. According to Israeli law, settlements on privately owned Palestinian land are illegal.

Beit Ummar
Beit Ummar (Arabic: بيت اُمّر) is a Palestinian town located eleven kilometers northwest of Hebron in the Hebron Governorate of the State of Palestine. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, in 2017, the town had a population of 16,977 inhabitants. Over 4,800 residents of the town are under the age of 18. Since the Second Intifada, unemployment ranges between 60 and 80 percent due mostly to the inability of residents to work in Israel and a depression in the Palestinian economy. A part of the city straddles Road 60 and due to this, several propositions of house demolition have occurred.

Beit Ummar is mostly agricultural and is noted for its many grape vines. This has a major aspect on their culinary tradition of stuffed grape leaves known as waraq al-'inib and a grape syrup called dibs. Beit Ummar also has cherry, plum, apple and olive orchards.
Basketball at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Basketball at the 2016 Summer Olympics was the nineteenth appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event. It took place at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and was held from 6 August to 21 August 2016. The preliminary and knockout round matches for men were played inside the Carioca Arena 1 in Olympic Park which seated up to 16,000 spectators. The matches for women were played at the Youth Arena. This marked the first time that the men's and women's Olympic tournaments were played in multiple/separate venues.

The host country Brazil failed to make it to the quarterfinals of both the men's and women's tournaments, after being eliminated from the group stage. Three countries in both events took all of the medals: the United States (who won both gold medals), Serbia and Spain.

Youth Arena
Youth Arena (Portuguese: Arena da Juventude) is an indoor arena in Deodoro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The venue hosted the Basketball and Fencing events for the Modern Pentathlon at the 2016 Summer Olympics. The arena was also to host the wheelchair fencing events for the 2016 Summer Paralympics, but they were moved to Carioca Arena 3 due to budget cuts.