hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Spanish Maquis
The Maquis ([ˈmaki(s)]; Basque: Maki; also spelled maqui) were Spanish guerrillas who waged irregular warfare against the Francoist dictatorship within Spain following the Republican defeat in the Spanish Civil War until the early 1960s, carrying out sabotage, robberies, and assassinations of alleged Francoists as well as contributing to the fight against Nazi Germany and the Vichy regime in France during World War II. They also took part in occupations of the Spanish embassy in France.

Maquis activity in Spain had its heyday towards 1946, after which the resistance fighters were heavily repressed during the Trienio del Terror (1947–1949), which included such instances of White Terror as paseos and applications of the Ley de fugas (extralegal executions predicated on detainees' actual or supposed attempts to escape custody) taking a heavy toll among maquis combatants and their supporters. Following its decline, it fully disappeared in the 1960s.

Ley de fugas
The application of the Ley de fugas (Spanish for 'Law for escapes') is a type of execution that consists of simulating or provoking an attempted escape of a prisoner and then killing them for "attempting to escape prison". It is used to justify an otherwise extrajudicial execution.
Johnstone Strait
The Johnstone Strait (French: Détroit de Johnstone) is a 110 km (68 mi) channel along the north east coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada.  Opposite the Vancouver Island coast, running north to south, are Hanson Island, West Cracroft Island, the mainland British Columbia Coast, Hardwicke Island, West Thurlow Island and East Thurlow Island.  At that point, the strait meets the Discovery Passage which connects to the Georgia Strait.

Discovery Passage
The Discovery Passage (French: Passage Discovery) is a strait that forms part of the Inside Passage between Vancouver Island and the Discovery Islands of British Columbia. The strait is considered the most important natural passage for vessels entering or leaving the Salish Sea from the north.
Network International
Network International (NI) is United Arab Emirates payment service provider headquartered in Dubai and operating primarily across the Middle East and Africa. Established in 1994 as a subsidiary of  Emirates Bank, the company became one of the region's largest digital payments providers.

In September 2024, after being listed on the London Stock Exchange, it was acquired by Brookfield Asset Management. The following year, NI merged its operations with a competing provider, Magnati, creating a new entity, Network International LLC, controlled by a consortium led by Brookfield.

Brookfield Asset Management
Brookfield Asset Management Ltd. is a Canadian-American alternative asset manager. The company was founded in December 2022 as a spin-off of the asset management operations of Brookfield Corporation, and manages investments across real estate, infrastructure, renewable energy, private equity, and credit markets globally.

At its inception, the company was headquartered in Toronto, and in December 2024 transferred its headquarters to New York City. Brookfield Asset Management is 73 per cent owned by Brookfield Corporation.

Brookfield Asset Management is run by chief executive Connor Teskey, who succeeded J. Bruce Flatt in February 2026. In late 2024, the company's managed assets reached the US$1 trillion mark, making it one of the world's largest investment firms.
Statue of Lord Beaverbrook
A bronze statue of Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook, designed by sculptor Vincent Apap, is located adjacent to the Beaverbrook Art Gallery in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. The statue was initially dedicated in Officers' Square in 1957 but was removed from this site in 2019 as part of a planned sculpture garden near the art gallery. It currently stands in a greenspace near the gallery, alongside the James Dunn Memorial Fountain and the Robert Burns Memorial Statue.

Vincent Apap
Vincent Apap, OBE (Maltese: Ċensu Apap; 13 November 1909 – 15 February 2003) was a Maltese sculptor who is well known for designing various public monuments and church statues, most notably the Triton Fountain in Valletta. He has been called "one of Malta's foremost sculptors of the Modern Period" by the studio of Renzo Piano.
Worthing West
Worthing West is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2024 by Beccy Cooper of the Labour Party. She defeated the long serving incumbent Sir Peter Bottomley, a Conservative who was the Father of the House of Commons from 2019.

Beccy Cooper
Rebecca Claire Cooper is a British politician and public health consultant who has been the Member of Parliament for Worthing West since July 2024. She was leader of Worthing Borough Council from 2022 to 2024.
Fun with Dick and Jane (2005 film)
Fun with Dick and Jane (stylized in marketing as Fun with Dick & Jane) is a 2005 American crime comedy film directed by Dean Parisot from a screenplay by Judd Apatow and Nicholas Stoller. A remake of the 1977 film of the same name, the film stars Jim Carrey and Téa Leoni as a married, middle-class couple who, after the husband's employer goes bankrupt, struggle to maintain jobs before eventually resorting to robberies. Alec Baldwin and Richard Jenkins also star, and James Whitmore appears in an uncredited cameo in one of his final roles.

Fun with Dick and Jane was released by Sony Pictures Releasing through its Columbia Pictures label on December 21, 2005, and grossed over $204 million worldwide at the box office. The film received mixed reviews from critics. It was the third collaboration between Carrey and producer Brian Grazer, after Liar Liar (1997) and How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000).

Nicholas Stoller
Nicholas Stoller (born March 19, 1976) is an English-born American filmmaker. He is best known for directing the comedy films Forgetting Sarah Marshall (2008), its spin-off/sequel Get Him to the Greek (2010), The Five-Year Engagement (2012), Neighbors (2014), its sequel Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising (2016), and Bros (2022). He also co-wrote the screenplays for the films Fun with Dick and Jane (2005), Yes Man (2008), The Muppets (2011), its sequel Muppets Most Wanted (2014), and Sex Tape (2014), as well as co-creating the television series The Carmichael Show (2015–2017), Friends from College (2017–2019), and Platonic (2023–present).
Arthur Green
Arthur Green (Hebrew: אברהם יצחק גרין, born March 21, 1941) is an American scholar of Jewish mysticism and Neo-Hasidic theologian. He was a founding dean of the non-denominational rabbinical program at Hebrew College in Boston. He describes himself as an American Jew who was educated entirely by the generation of immigrant Jewish intellectuals cast up on American shores by World War II.

Hebrew College
Hebrew College is a private college of Jewish studies in Newton Centre, Massachusetts. Founded in 1921, the college conducts Jewish scholarship in a pluralistic, trans-denominational academic environment. Its president is Rabbi Sharon Cohen Anisfeld. Hebrew College offers undergraduate completion and graduate degrees, Hebrew-language training, a rabbinical school, a cantorial program and adult-learning and youth-education programs.
Eleonora Schmitt
Eleonora Margarida J. Schmitt (born August 23, 1931) is a former Olympic freestyle swimmer from Brazil, who competed at one edition of the Summer Olympics for her native country. At 16 years old, she was at the 1948 Summer Olympics, in London, where she finished 6th in the 4×100-metre freestyle, along with Talita Rodrigues, Maria da Costa and Piedade Coutinho. She also swam the 100-metre freestyle, not reaching the finals.

Maria da Costa
Maria Angélica Leão da Costa (March 12, 1931 – June 4, 2002) was a former Olympic freestyle swimmer from Brazil, who competed at one Summer Olympics for her native country.

At 17 years old, she was at the 1948 Summer Olympics, in London, where she finished 6th in the 4×100-metre freestyle, along with Talita Rodrigues, Eleonora Schmitt and Piedade Coutinho. She also swam the 100-metre freestyle, not reaching the finals.
Isao Ijima
Isao Ijima (飯島魁, Iijma Isao; July 24, 1861 – March 14, 1921) was a Japanese zoologist known for his studies of sponges (Porifera) — including his circumscription of the genus Staurocalyptus — leeches (Hirudinea), flatworms (Turbellaria), birds, and fish. Professor of Zoology at Tokyo Imperial University, he is considered the founder of parasitology in Japan and was the first President of the Ornithological Society of Japan. Taxa named in his honour include Ijima's sea snake and Ijima's leaf warbler.

Ornithological Society of Japan
The Ornithological Society of Japan (日本鳥学会, Nihon Chōgakkai) is a Japanese academic society founded in 1912. It publishes journals and monographs and helps disseminate information about the birds of Japan and ornithology more generally.
2013 conclave
A conclave was held on 12 and 13 March 2013 to elect a new pope to succeed Benedict XVI, who had resigned on 28 February 2013. Of the 117 eligible cardinal electors, all but two attended. On the fifth ballot, the conclave elected Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio, the archbishop of Buenos Aires. After accepting his election, he took the name Francis.

Guido Marini
Guido Marini (born 31 January 1965) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who serves as the bishop of Tortona in northern Italy. A priest since 1989, from 2007 to 2021 he was Master of Pontifical Liturgical Ceremonies, serving under Pope Benedict XVI and Pope Francis. Before joining the papal household, Marini worked in the Archdiocese of Genoa, where he was the personal secretary to three archbishops from 1988 to 2003, chief liturgist from 2004 to 2007, and chancellor from 2005 to 2007.
Lisa Buscombe
Lisa Buscombe (née Bertoncini) is a Canadian retired archer. Buscombe won various medals in archery championships including gold at the 1984 World Field Archery Championships and 1985 World Games plus a silver medal in the 1986 World Field Archery Championships. In 1985, she was inducted into the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame.

Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame
The Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame is an honour roll of the top Canadian Olympic athletes, teams, coaches, and builders (officials, administrators, and volunteers). It was established in 1949. Selections are made by a committee appointed by the Canadian Olympic Committee. Inductees must have held Canadian citizenship or Canadian residency over the course of their careers.

The list is ordered by sport.
Macau Legislative Assembly Building
The Macau Legislative Assembly Building (Chinese: 澳門立法會大樓; Portuguese: Prédio da Assembleia, Macau) is the home of the Legislative Assembly of Macau and various government offices in Macau. The building is located in Sé, Macau, China.

Construction began in 1998 and was completed in 1999 for the handover. The building is triangular in shape and overlooks Nam Van Lake and within the Cathedral Parish. The assembly's hall overlooks the lake at the rear. The building is also home to:

Administrative Offices

Legislative Assembly member's offices

Archive and Library

Auditorium

Function Hall

The building was built by local architect Mario Duarte Duque, who also designed the 
Superior Court of Macau Building built next door.

Superior Court of Macau Building
Superior Court of Macau Building (Chinese: 終審及中級法院大樓, Portuguese: Edifício dos Tribunais de Segunda e Última Instâncias) is the home of the supreme court of Macau and the second court of appeal.

Construction of the court house began in 1997 and was completed in 1999 in time for the handover. The court building is located next to the Macau Legislative Assembly Building in Nam Van Lake area and located within Cathedral Parish.

The three storey structure uses various types of stones on a concrete core:

bushamered Portuguese limestone

polished gray lined marble – arabescato

Portuguese black cleft slate

Norwegian Cleft Alta Quartzite

Steel, glass, copper and wood are other materials used throughout the building.

The building was built by local architectural firm Mario Duarte Duque.
Abdur Rahman Kashgari
Abdur Rahman Kashgari (15 September 1912 – 3 April 1971) was one of the leading scholars of the Arabic language and literature in the Indian subcontinent. Of Uyghur background, Kashgari migrated from East Turkestan to India at an early age, completing his studies in Lucknow where he became an accomplished Islamic scholar, linguist, poet and author. He then migrated to Bengal (present-day Bangladesh), where he eventually became the principal of Dhaka Alia Madrasa. Kashgari was also the first khatib of the Baitul Mukarram National Mosque, holding this role until his death.

Government Madrasah-e-Alia
Government Madrasah-e-Alia (Arabic: المدرسة العالية الحكومية, Bengali: সরকারী মাদ্রাসা-ই-আলিয়া) is a government madrasa located in Bakshibazar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Since its founding, the madrasah has been playing a significant role in imparting and spreading Islamic education.
Postage stamps and postal history of Turkmenistan
This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Turkmenistan.

Turkmenistan (Turkmen: Türkmenistan), also known as Turkmenia (Russian: Туркмения) is a country in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR). It is bordered by Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, Uzbekistan to the east and northeast, Kazakhstan to the north and northwest and the Caspian Sea to the west. The national postal administration is Turkmenpochta.

Turkmenpochta
Turkmenpost (Turkmen: Türkmenpoçta, Turkmenpochta) is the national postal operator of Turkmenistan. The company is responsible for the delivery of mail and issuing postage stamps. It has been a member of the Universal Postal Union since January 26, 1993.  Turkmenpost employs about 2,000 people and  has over 146 post offices, with its headquarters in Ashgabat.
Vaasu Naan Pakka Commercial
Vaasu Naan Pakka Commercial is a 2018 Kannada-language masala film written and directed by Ajithvasan Uggina and produced by Anish Tejeshwar. The film stars Anish Tejashwar and Nishvika Naidu in the lead roles, while Raj Deepak Shetty, Avinash Yelandur, Archana Kottige and Manjunath Hegde appear in supporting roles.

Archana Kottige
Archana Kottige is an Indian actress, based in Bangalore and primarily works in Kannada Films. She is known for the films like Dear Sathya, Yellow Gangs, Vijayanand, Hostel Hudugaru Bekagiddare and Hondisi Bareyiri.
James Vann
James Vann (c. 1762–64 – February 19, 1809) was a Cherokee leader, one of the triumvirate with Major Ridge and Charles R. Hicks, who led the Upper Towns of East Tennessee and North Georgia as part of the ᎤᏪᏘ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ (Uwet Tsalag Ayetl or Old Cherokee Nation).  He was the son of ᏩᎵ (Wali) Vann and Indian trader Joseph John Vann. He was born into his mother's Clan, ᎠᏂᎪᏓᎨᏫ (Anigodagewi or Wild Potato Clan, also called Blind Savannah Clan).

Vann was among the younger leaders of the Old Cherokee Nation who thought its people needed to acculturate to deal with the European Americans and the United States government. He encouraged the Moravians to establish a mission school on Cherokee land, and became a wealthy plantation owner and slave owner.

Doublehead
Doublehead (c. 1744–1807), or Incalatanga (Tal-tsu'tsa, ᏔᎵᏧᏍᎦ [Talitsus'ga] in Cherokee), was one of the most feared warriors of the Cherokee during the Cherokee–American wars in the Upper South region. Following the peace treaty at the Tellico Blockhouse in 1794, he served as one of the leaders of the Chickamauga Cherokee (or "Lower Cherokee"), and was chosen as the leader of Chickamauga (taking on the title Chuqualataque) in 1802.
Social group
In the social sciences, a social group is defined as two or more people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and collectively have a sense of unity. Regardless, social groups come in a myriad of sizes and varieties. For example, a society can be viewed as a large social group. The system of behaviors and psychological processes occurring within a social group or between social groups is known as group dynamics.

Group cohesiveness
Group cohesiveness is the degree or strength of bonds linking members of a social group to one another and to the group as a whole. Although cohesion is a multi-faceted process, it can be broken down into four main components: social relations, task relations, perceived unity, and emotions. Members of strongly cohesive groups are more inclined to participate readily and to stay with the group.
Thumbelina
Thumbelina (/ˌθʌmbəˈliːnə/; Danish: Tommelise) is a literary fairy tale written by Danish author Hans Christian Andersen. It was first published by C. A. Reitzel on 16 December 1835 in Copenhagen, Denmark, with "The Naughty Boy" and "The Travelling Companion" in the second installment of Fairy Tales Told for Children. Thumbelina is about a tiny girl and her adventures with marriage-minded toads, moles, and cockchafers. She successfully avoids their intentions before falling in love with a flower-fairy prince just her size.

Fairy Tales Told for Children. First Collection.
Fairy Tales Told for Children. First Collection. (Danish: Eventyr, fortalte for Børn. Første Samling.) is a collection of nine fairy tales by Hans Christian Andersen. The tales were published in a series of three installments by C. A. Reitzel between May 1835 and April 1837, and represent Andersen's first venture into the fairy tale genre.

The nine tales of the three booklets were collected together and published in one volume and sold at seventy-two shillings. A title page, a table of contents, and a preface by Andersen were published in the volume.

The stories included were "The Tinderbox" (first booklet), "Little Claus and Big Claus" (first booklet), "The Princess on the Pea" (first booklet), "Little Ida's Flowers" (first booklet), "Thumbelina" (second booklet), "The Naughty Boy" (second booklet), "The Traveling Companion" (second booklet), "The Little Mermaid" (third booklet), and "The Emperor's New Clothes" (third booklet).
Rudy Van Gelder
Rudolph Van Gelder (November 2, 1924 – August 25, 2016) was an American recording engineer who specialized in jazz. Over more than half a century, he recorded several thousand sessions, with musicians including Booker Ervin, John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Thelonious Monk, Sonny Rollins, Jimmy Smith, Art Blakey, Bud Powell, Lee Morgan, Joe Henderson, Freddie Hubbard, Wayne Shorter, Horace Silver, Herbie Hancock, Grant Green, and George Benson. Van Gelder worked with many different record companies, and recorded almost every session on Blue Note Records from 1953 to 1967.

He worked on albums including Coltrane's A Love Supreme, Davis' Walkin', Hancock's Maiden Voyage, Rollins' Saxophone Colossus, and Silver's Song for My Father. Van Gelder is regarded as being one of the most influential engineers in jazz.

Alfred Lion
Alfred Lion (born Alfred Löw; April 21, 1908 – February 2, 1987) was a German-born American record executive who co-founded the jazz record label Blue Note in 1939. Lion retired in 1967, having sold the company, after producing recordings by leading musicians throughout the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s.
Eurocopter X³
The Eurocopter X³ (X-Cubed) is a retired experimental high-speed compound helicopter developed by Airbus Helicopters (formerly Eurocopter). A technology demonstration platform for "high-speed, long-range hybrid helicopter" or H³ concept, the X³ achieved 255 knots (472 km/h; 293 mph) in level flight on 7 June 2013, setting an unofficial helicopter speed record. In June 2014, it was placed in a French air museum in the village of Saint-Victoret.

Eurocopter EC155
The Airbus Helicopters H155 (formerly Eurocopter EC155) is a long-range medium-lift passenger transport helicopter developed by Eurocopter from its Dauphin family for civil aviation use. It is a twin-engined aircraft and can carry up to 13 passengers along with 1 or 2 crew, depending on customer configuration. The helicopter is marketed for passenger transport, offshore support, VIP corporate transport and casualty transport duties. In 2015, the EC155 was formally renamed to the H155, in line with Eurocopter's corporate rebranding as Airbus Helicopters. It was succeeded in the product line by the Airbus Helicopters H160.
Breastfeeding promotion
Breastfeeding promotion refers to coordinated activities and policies to promote health among women, newborns and infants through breastfeeding.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life to achieve optimal health and development, followed by complementary foods while continuing breastfeeding for up to two years or beyond. However, currently fewer than 40% of infants under six months of age are exclusively breastfed worldwide.

Public health awareness events such as World Breastfeeding Week, as well as training of health professionals and planning, aim to increase this number.

World Breastfeeding Week
World Breastfeeding Week (WBW) is an annual celebration which is held every year from 1 to 7 August in more than 120 countries. According to the 26 August data of WBW website, 540 events have been held worldwide by more than 79 countries with 488 organizations and 406,620 participants for the World Breastfeeding Week 2010.

Organized by World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (WABA), the World Health Organization (WHO), and UNICEF, WBW came up with the goal to promote exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life which yields many health benefits, providing critical nutrients, protection from deadly diseases such as pneumonia and fostering growth and development for the first time in 1991.
Miharu Domain
Miharu Domain (三春藩, Miharu-han) was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. It was based at Miharu Castle in southern Mutsu Province in what is now part of modern-day Miharu, Fukushima.  It was ruled for most of its history by the Akita clan.

Shishido Domain
Hitachi-Shishido Domain (常陸宍戸藩, Hitachi-Shishido-han) was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Hitachi Province (modern-day Ibaraki Prefecture), Japan. It was centered on Shishido Jin'ya in what is now part of the city of Kasama, Ibaraki.  It was ruled for much of its history by a junior branch of the Mito Tokugawa clan.
Clarification and stabilization of wine
In winemaking, clarification and stabilization are the processes by which insoluble matter suspended in the wine is removed before bottling. This matter may include dead yeast cells (lees), bacteria, tartrates, proteins, pectins, various tannins and other phenolic compounds, as well as pieces of grape skin, pulp, stems and gums. Clarification and stabilization may involve fining, filtration, centrifugation, flotation, refrigeration, pasteurization, and/or barrel maturation and racking.

Proteins in wine
Proteins are present in wine. The most common proteins include thaumatin-like proteins and chitinases and have a role in the formation of turbidity (haze) especially visible in white wine. The quantity of haze forming is dependent on the quantity of phenolics in the wine.

Some of those proteins are considered nuisance. Some of them are grape pathogenesis-related proteins. Those proteins have been identified by mass spectrometry and originate from grape, yeast, bacteria and fungi.

These proteins are unstable when submitted to heat, and can be removed by treatment using bentonite, a process that contributes to the clarification and stabilization of wine.

Proteins residues from proteinaceous fining agents such as gelatin or egg white can possibly be found in wine. Wheat gluten has also been tested, but there are health issues regarding its use because of gluten intolerance in some people.