hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Spofforth, North Yorkshire
Spofforth /ˈspɒfərθ/ is a village in the civil parish of Spofforth with Stockeld, in North Yorkshire, England. It is about 3 miles (4.8 km) north-west of Wetherby and 5 miles (8 km) south of Harrogate, on the River Crimple, a tributary of the River Nidd.

Spofforth with Stockeld
Spofforth with Stockeld is a civil parish in the county of North Yorkshire, England.

According to the 2001 UK census, Spofforth with Stockeld parish had a population of 1,121, increasing to 1,169 at the 2011 census.

The parish includes the ruins of Spofforth Castle and the 2,000-acre (810 ha) Stockeld Park estate.
Chris Scott (Australian footballer)
Christopher Michael Scott (born 3 May 1976) is a former Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League (AFL) best known for being a dual premiership player with the Brisbane Lions and a dual premiership coach at Geelong in 2011 and 2022.

He has been the senior coach of Geelong since 2011.

2011 AFL Grand Final
The 2011 AFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Collingwood Football Club and the Geelong Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on 1 October 2011. It was the 116th annual grand final of the Australian Football League (formerly the Victorian Football League), staged to determine the premiers for the 2011 AFL season. The match, attended by 99,537 spectators, was won by Geelong by a margin of 38 points, marking the club's ninth VFL/AFL premiership victory. Geelong's Jimmy Bartel was awarded the Norm Smith Medal as the best player on the ground.
Thermus
Thermus is a genus of thermophilic bacteria. It is one of several bacteria belonging to the Deinococcota phylum. According to comparative analysis of 16S rRNA, this is one of the most ancient group of bacteria.  Thermus species can be distinguished from other genera in the family Thermaceae as well as all other bacteria by the presence of eight conserved signature indels found in proteins such as adenylate kinase and replicative DNA helicase as well as 14 conserved signature proteins that are exclusively shared by members of this genus.

Deinococcota
Deinococcota (synonym, "Deinococcus-Thermus") is a phylum of bacteria with a single class, Deinococci (from Ancient Greek δεινός (deinós), meaning "terrible", and κόκκος (kókkos), meaning "berry"), that are highly resistant to environmental hazards, also known as extremophiles.

These bacteria have thick cell walls that give them gram-positive stains, but they include a second membrane and so are closer in structure to those of gram-negative bacteria.
Organoruthenium chemistry
Organoruthenium chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing a carbon to ruthenium chemical bond. Several organoruthenium catalysts are of commercial interest and organoruthenium compounds have been considered for cancer therapy.
The chemistry has some stoichiometric similarities with organoiron chemistry, as iron is directly above ruthenium in group 8 of the periodic table. The most important reagents for the introduction of ruthenium are ruthenium(III) chloride and triruthenium dodecacarbonyl.

In its organometallic compounds, ruthenium is known to adopt oxidation states from −2 ([Ru(CO)4]2−) to +6 ([RuN(Me)4]−).  Most common are those in the +2 oxidation state, as illustrated below.

1st generation Grubbs catalyst

Shvo catalyst

(cymene)ruthenium dichloride dimer

triruthenium dodecacarbonyl.

chloro(cyclopentadienyl)bis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium

pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ruthenium dichloride dimer

Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ruthenium dichloride dimer
Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ruthenium dichloride is an organoruthenium chemistry with the formula [(C5(CH3)5)RuCl2]2, commonly abbreviated [Cp*RuCl2]2. This brown paramagnetic solid is a reagent in organometallic chemistry.  It is an unusual example of a compound that exists as isomers that differ in the intermetallic separation, a difference that is manifested in a number of physical properties.
Neville Holt (sport shooter)
Neville Holt (9 March 1912 – 6 February 2008) was an Australian sports shooter. His father introduced him to the sport, and before World War II he joined the Australian Militia, from which he borrowed guns to practise; he never served in the war. He competed in the 50 m rifle event at the 1948 Summer Olympics, where he came 47th; despite primarily being a full-bore shooter, he competed in a small-bore event.

He worked as an electrician in Sydney, where he died on 6 February 2008. He was recognised as Australia's oldest Olympian and, upon his death, this mantle was taken by Australian equestrian gold medallist Bill Roycroft. His brother John, a noted veterinarian, represented Australia in shooting at the 1960 Rome Olympics, and he and Neville participated together in the 2000 Summer Olympics torch relay.

Bill Roycroft
James William George Roycroft, OBE (17 March 1915 – 29 May 2011) was an Australian Olympic equestrian champion. He grew up on a dairy farm and learnt to ride horses there. After serving in the army in World War II, he moved with his family to a soldier's block in western Victoria near Camperdown, where he raised his three sons, all of whom went on to compete alongside their father in the Olympics. At his first Olympics, the 1960 Rome Games, he played a key role on the final day of the team three-day event, despite being thrown off his horse the day before, allowing Australia to win the gold medal in the competition. He went on to compete in four more Olympics from 1964 to 1976, winning bronze medals in team eventing at the 1968 Mexico City and 1976 Montreal Games. He later served as coach of the Australian eventing team.
Vasopressin receptor antagonist
A vasopressin receptor antagonist (VRA) is an agent that interferes with action at the vasopressin receptors. Most commonly VRAs are used in the treatment of hyponatremia, especially in patients with congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis or SIADH.

Lixivaptan
Lixivaptan (VPA-985) is an orally-active, non-peptide, selective vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist being developed as an investigational drug by Palladio Biosciences, Inc. (Palladio), a subsidiary of Centessa Pharmaceuticals plc. As of December 2021, lixivaptan is in phase III clinical development for the treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), the most common form of polycystic kidney disease. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted orphan drug designation to lixivaptan for the treatment of ADPKD.
North Aegean islands
37°48′00″N 23°27′00″E﻿ / ﻿37.8000°N 23.4500°E﻿ / 37.8000; 23.4500

The North Aegean islands are a number of scattered islands in the North Aegean Sea, also known as the Northeastern Aegean islands, belonging mostly to Greece and a few of them to Turkey. The islands do not form a physical chain or group, but are frequently grouped together for tourist or administrative purposes. To the south are the Dodecanese islands, and to the west are the Cyclades and Sporades islands.

Within this group, the main islands in the northeastern Aegean Sea and along the Turkish coast are the Greek islands of Samos, Ikaria, Chios, Lesbos, Lemnos, Agios Efstratios, Psara, Fournoi Korseon, Oinousses and the Turkish islands of Imbros, Tenedos and the Rabbit or Tavşan Islands. The main islands in the Thracian Sea in the far north are the Greek islands of Samothrace and Thasos.

Most are in the North Aegean administrative region.

Sporades
The (Northern) Sporades are an archipelago along the east coast of Greece, northeast of the island of Euboea, in the Aegean Sea. They consist of 24 islands, four of which are permanently inhabited: Alonnisos, Skiathos, Skopelos and Skyros. They may also be referred to as the Thessalian Sporades (Θεσσαλικές Σποράδες).
Gonds of Deogarh
The Gonds of Deogarh were a Gond royal house that ruled large parts of the Vidarbha region and parts of present-day India's southern Madhya Pradesh. Their Kingdom consisted of the area which later became the Nagpur Kingdom. They made Nagpur region a prosperous and plentiful kingdom, founding the city of Nagpur and building further infrastructure. However, internal bickering led to their decline and they were practically made state pensioneries by the Maratha general Raghoji I Bhonsle in the 1743.

Bakht Buland Shah
Raja Bakht Buland Shah (?–1706; born Bhagtu ) was a ruler of the Rajgond dynasty. He added to his kingdom the territories of Chanda and Mandla, and portions of Nagpur, Balaghat, Seoni, Bhandara and the adjoining Rajput kingdom of Kherla/Khedla. The present districts of Chhindwara and Betul in India also fell under his control. A great warrior, he went on to conquer Pauni, Dongartal, Sivni, and Katangi.
Dr. Ivan Šreter Award
The Dr. Ivan Šreter Award (Croatian: Nagrada Dr. Ivan Šreter) is an annual Croatian linguistics award for the best Croatian language word coined.

The award is named after Dr. Ivan Šreter (1951–1991), a Croatian physician who was sentenced to jail time in Communist Yugoslavia in 1987 for choosing to use the distinct Croatian umirovljeni časnik to refer to his patient as a retired officer, rather than using penzionisani oficir. During the Croatian War of Independence he was taken captive by Serb troops and presumably killed, although his remains have not been found as of April 2008.

The contest and the award was initially designed by Stjepan Babić, and it has been organized by the literary magazine Jezik since 1993.

Croatian linguistic purism
One of the defining features of modern Croatian is according to some a preference for word coinage from native Slavic morphemes, as opposed to adopting loanwords or replacing them altogether. This particularly relates to other Serbo-Croatian standards of Bosnian, Montenegrin and Serbian which liberally draw on Turkish, Latin, Greek, Russian and English loanwords.
Peter Salem
Peter Salem (October 1, 1750 – August 16, 1816) was an African-American from Massachusetts who served as a U.S. soldier in the American Revolutionary War. Born into slavery in Framingham, he was freed by a later master, Major Lawson Buckminster, to serve in the local militia. He then enlisted in the Continental Army, serving for nearly five years during the war. Afterwards, he married and worked as a cane weaver. A monument was erected to him in the late 19th century at his grave in Framingham.

6th Massachusetts Regiment
The 6th Massachusetts Regiment also known as the 4th Continental Regiment was raised on April 23, 1775, under Colonel John Nixon outside of Boston, Massachusetts. The regiment would see action at the Battle of Bunker Hill, New York Campaign, Battle of Trenton, Battle of Princeton and the Battle of Saratoga. The regiment was furloughed June 12, 1783, at West Point, New York and disbanded on November 3, 1783.
Margraviate of Landsberg
The Margraviate of Landsberg (German: Mark Landsberg) was a march of the Holy Roman Empire that existed from the 13th to the 14th century under the rule of the Wettin dynasty. It was named after Landsberg Castle in present-day Saxony-Anhalt.

Albert II, Margrave of Meissen
Albert II, known as Albert the Degenerate (German: Albrecht der Entartete; c. 1240 – 20 November 1314), was Margrave of Meissen, Landgrave of Thuringia and Count Palatine of Saxony. He was a member of the House of Wettin.

He was the eldest son of Henry III, Margrave of Meissen, and his first wife, Constantia of Austria.
Wheal Eliza
Wheal Eliza is a cricket ground in Holmbush, to the east of St Austell, Cornwall. The ground is bordered to the south by Holmbush Road, to the east by the A391 road and to the north and west by housing. The end names of the ground are the Jewson End and the Britannia End. Facilities include two playing fields with their own changing room facilities enabling two competitive matches to be played every match day. The ground also has a pavilion, scorebox, artificial and grass nets.

St Austell
St Austell (/ˈɒstəl/, /ˈɔː-/; Cornish: Sen Austel) is a town and civil parish in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, 10 miles (16 km) south of Bodmin and 30 miles (48 km) west of the border with Devon.

At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 20,985 and the built up area as defined by the Office for National Statistics had a population of 24,360.
Downers Grove South High School
Downers Grove South High School, or DGS, and locally referred to as "South", is a public four-year high school located at the corner of Dunham Road and 63rd Street in Downers Grove, Illinois, a western suburb of Chicago, Illinois, in the United States. Its principal is Arwen Lyp. It is part of Community High School District 99, which also includes Downers Grove North High School. The South campus draws students from Downers Grove (south of 55th St.), the majority of Woodridge, half of Darien (west of Cass Ave.), and small sections of Bolingbrook and Westmont.

Downers Grove, Illinois
Downers Grove is a village in DuPage County, Illinois, United States. It was founded in 1832 by Pierce Downer, whose surname serves as the eponym for the village. Per the 2020 census, the population of the village was 50,248. It is a south-western suburb of Chicago located between I-88 and I-55.
Catholic Central High School (Windsor, Ontario)
Catholic Central High School  is a high school in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. It is operated by the Windsor-Essex Catholic District School Board (WECDSB). Melissa Cavallin is the school's current principal. Catholic Central High School has a diverse, multicultural student body.

Windsor-Essex Catholic District School Board
The Windsor-Essex Catholic District School Board (WECDSB, known as English-language Separate District School Board of Education No. 37 prior to 1999) is the separate school board that oversees Catholic education in Windsor and the surrounding County of Essex, in Ontario, Canada. Its headquarters are in the Windsor-Essex Catholic Education Centre in Windsor. It provides administration to a total of 44 schools which provide classes from kindergarten to grade 12, where Catholic teachings permeate all areas of the curriculum.

The board was created in 1998 from the merger of the Windsor Separate School Board (WSSB) and the Essex County Separate School Board (ECSSB) as the anglophone and francophone separate school boards.
The Volokh Conspiracy
The Volokh Conspiracy (/ˈvɑːlək/ VOL-ik) is a legal blog co-founded in 2002 by law professor Eugene Volokh, covering legal and political issues from an ideological orientation it describes as "generally libertarian, conservative, centrist, or some mixture of these." It is one of the most widely read and cited legal blogs in the United States. The blog is written by legal scholars and provides discussion on complex court decisions.

In January 2014, The Volokh Conspiracy migrated to The Washington Post, with Volokh retaining full editorial control over its content. After June 2014, the blog was behind a paywall. In 2017, the blog moved to Reason. Volokh cited his principal reason for the move was to “be freely available to the broadest range of readers” and to have more editorial independence.

Randy Barnett
Randy Evan Barnett (born February 5, 1952) is an American legal scholar. He serves as the Patrick Hotung Professor of Constitutional Law at Georgetown University, where he teaches constitutional law and contracts, and is the director of the Georgetown Center for the Constitution.

After graduating from Northwestern University and Harvard Law School, Barnett tried felony cases as a prosecutor in the Cook County State's Attorney's Office in Chicago. A recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship in Constitutional Studies and the Bradley Prize, Barnett has been a visiting professor at Penn, Northwestern and Harvard Law School.

In 2004, Barnett argued the medical marijuana case of Gonzalez v. Raich before the U.S. Supreme Court. In 2012, he was one of the lawyers representing the National Federation of Independent Business in its constitutional challenge to the Affordable Care Act in NFIB v. Sebelius. He blogs on the Volokh Conspiracy.
Kamauaua
Hawaii portal

History portal

High Chief Kamauaua was a member of Hawaiian aristocracy and a ruler of Molokai. Although Kamauaua’s name appears as the first one on the list of Molokai’s rulers, it’s likely Kamauaua was not the first monarch of Molokaʻi.

The names of Kamauaua’s parents are unknown, but it’s known Kamauaua was married to Lady Hinakeha, who bore sons to Kamauaua:

Kaupeʻepeʻe-nui-kauila

Keʻoloʻewa

Haili

Uli-hala-nui

Keʻoloʻewa succeeded his father, although he wasn’t the oldest son, because Kaupeʻepeʻe-nui-kauila didn’t wish to rule. Kamauaua’s female descendants Kapau-a-Nuʻakea, Kamauliwahine and Hualani were “Princesses” of Molokaʻi, being the rulers, not the royal consorts, since gender didn’t play a large role in Hawaii, at least not regarding the succession.

Aliʻi nui of Molokai
The Aliʻi nui were high chiefs of the four main Hawaiian Islands. The rulers of Molokaʻi, like those of the other Hawaiian islands, claimed descent from god Wākea.

The traditional history of Molokaʻi is fragmentary. The island was not of major political importance. Its importance lay in the connections its royal family made by marriage, and, in later years, the reputation of its sorcery and kahunas. Molokaʻi is the fifth largest of the eight main Hawaiian isles, and its size hindered it in its struggle for power and survival among the other islands of Maui, Oʻahu, Kauaʻi and Hawaiʻi.

By the end of the 17th century, as interisland conflict grew worse and worse, Molokaʻi suffered many blows from the powerful monarchs of other isles; notably Kapiiohookalani, Peleʻioholani and Kahekili II. Molokaʻi finally, and completely, succumbed to the might of Maui prior to the end of the ancient Hawaiian era.
Osceola, Indiana
Osceola is a town in Penn Township, St. Joseph County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of the 2020 census, Osceola had a population of 2,590. It is part of the South Bend–Mishawaka, IN-MI, Metropolitan Statistical Area.

South Bend–Mishawaka metropolitan area
The South Bend–Mishawaka Metropolitan Statistical Area, sometimes referred to as Michiana, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of two counties – one in northern Indiana (St. Joseph) and one in southwest Michigan (Cass), anchored by the cities of South Bend and Mishawaka in Indiana. As of the 2010 census, the MSA had a population of 319,224 (though a July 1, 2019 estimate placed the population at 318,192).
Soden Railway
The Soden Railway is a line in the western suburbs of Frankfurt am Main and was one of the oldest railways in Germany, opened in 1847. The line is closed since the 28th March 2024, due to construction works of the Regionaltangente West and is since replaced by express buses. The train line is set to open back in 2028.

Frankfurt-Höchst station
The Frankfurt-Höchst station is an important station in the Frankfurt district of Höchst and is the second largest station in the city with twelve tracks. It is currently mainly used by S-Bahn, suburban and regional services.
Grievous Angel
Grievous Angel is the second and final solo studio album by Gram Parsons, compiled from summer 1973 sessions and released four months after his death from a morphine and alcohol overdose in September 1973. Prominently featuring a young Emmylou Harris, Grievous Angel received great critical acclaim upon release but failed to find commercial success, a fate shared with Parsons’ previous efforts solo and with The Flying Burrito Brothers. Grievous Angel peaked at number 195 on the Billboard charts. Despite its modest sales, it is viewed as a successful example of the hybrid between country and rock and roll Parsons called "Cosmic American Music".

It was voted number 324 in the third edition of Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000). In 2012, the album was ranked number 425 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.

Glen Hardin
Glen Dee Hardin (born April 18, 1939) is an American piano player and arranger. He has performed and recorded with such artists as Roy Orbison, Elvis Presley, Emmylou Harris, John Denver, and Ricky Nelson.
Oakley Country Club
Oakley Country Club is a private 18-hole golf club in Watertown, Massachusetts, United States. The club was founded in 1898 and reportedly served Bobby Jones while he was attending Harvard. The golf course was designed by Donald Ross in 1901.

The club's original clubhouse was lost due to a fire in the 1960s. In 2024, the clubhouse again caught fire.

In 2014, the club gained attention as the venue for an insider trading scheme by several of its members.

Donald Ross (golf course architect)
Donald James Ross (November 23, 1872 – April 26, 1948) was a Scottish professional golfer and golf course designer. Ross was born and raised in Scotland but moved to the United States as a young man. Ross designed dozens of courses across North America and is generally regarded as one of the top golf course designers of all time.
EGABTR
EGABTR (EGA for enhanced graphics adapter), sometimes pronounced "Eggbeater", was a Trojan horse program that achieved some level of notoriety in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Allegedly a graphics utility that would improve the quality of an EGA display, it actually was malware that deleted the file allocation tables on the hard drive. This deletion was accompanied by a text message reading "Arf! Arf! Got you!". Coverage about this virus has translated in languages such as German, Chinese and Indonesian. Various sources disagree as to the exact wording.

In the 1980s, Richard Streeter, a CBS executive, once downloaded the Trojan virus, learned about EGABTR after visiting electronic Bulletin boards, hoping to find something to improve his operating system and unknowingly downloaded the virus.

Trojan horse (computing)
In computing, a trojan horse (or simply trojan; often capitalized, but see below) is a kind of malware that misleads users as to its true intent by disguising itself as a normal program.

Trojans are generally spread by some form of social engineering. For example, a user may be duped into executing an email attachment disguised to appear innocuous (e.g., a routine form to be filled in), or into clicking on a fake advertisement on the Internet. Although their payload can be anything, many modern forms act as a backdoor, contacting a controller who can then have unauthorized access to the affected device. Ransomware attacks are often carried out using a trojan.

Unlike computer viruses and worms, trojans generally do not attempt to inject themselves into other files or otherwise propagate themselves.
Karawanks
The Karawanks or Karavankas or Karavanks (Slovene: Karavanke; German: Karawanken, German pronunciation: [kaʁaˈvaŋkŋ̍] ⓘ) are a mountain range of the Southern Limestone Alps on the border between Slovenia to the south and Austria to the north. With a total length of 120 kilometres (75 mi) in an east–west direction, the Karawanks chain is one of the longest ranges in Europe. It is traversed by important trade routes and has a great tourist significance. Geographically and geologically, it is divided into the higher Western Karawanks and the lower-lying Eastern Karawanks. It is traversed by the Periadriatic Seam, separating the Apulian tectonic plate from the Eurasian Plate.

Near the summit of the Dreiländereck (1,508 m) is the tripoint of the three countries: Austria, Italy and Slovenia.

Periadriatic Seam
The Periadriatic Seam (or fault) is a distinct geologic fault in Southern Europe, running S-shaped about 1,000 km (621 mi) from the Tyrrhenian Sea through the whole Southern Alps as far as Hungary. It forms the division between the Adriatic plate and the Eurasian plate.