hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Risk neutral preferences
In economics and finance, risk neutral preferences are preferences that are neither risk averse nor risk seeking. A risk neutral party's decisions are not affected by the degree of uncertainty in a set of outcomes, so a risk neutral party is indifferent between choices with equal expected payoffs even if one choice is riskier.

Risk aversion
In economics and finance, risk aversion is the tendency of people to prefer outcomes with low uncertainty to those outcomes with high uncertainty, even if the average outcome of the latter is equal to or higher in monetary value than the more certain outcome.

Risk aversion explains the inclination to agree to a situation with a lower average payoff that is more predictable rather than another situation with a less predictable payoff that is higher on average. For example, a risk-averse investor might choose to put their money into a bank account with a low but guaranteed interest rate, rather than into a stock that may have high expected returns, but also involves a chance of losing value.
Graphical Kernel System
The Graphical Kernel System (GKS) is a 2D computer graphics system using vector graphics, introduced in 1977. It was suitable for making line and bar charts and similar tasks. A key concept was cross-system portability, based on an underlying coordinate system that could be represented on almost any hardware. GKS is best known as the basis for the graphics in the GEM GUI system used on the Atari ST and as part of Ventura Publisher.

A draft international standard was circulated for review in September 1983. Final ratification of the standard was achieved in 1985, making it the first ISO graphics standard.

A 3D system modelled on GKS was introduced as PHIGS, which saw some use in the 1980s and early 1990s.

José Luis Encarnação
José Luis Moreira da Encarnação is a Portuguese computer scientist, Professor Emeritus at the Department of Computer Science of the Technische Universität Darmstadt in Germany and a senior technology and innovation advisor to governments, multinational companies, research institutions and organizations, and foundations. He is involved in the development of research agendas and innovation strategies for socio-economic development with a focus on emerging economies. He is also a member of the German National Academy of Science and Engineering (acatech) and the German Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (BBAW). He is an elected member of the ACM SIGGRAPH Academy (USA) and an elected honorary member of the Lisbon Academy of Sciences (Portugal).
Svartknausflya
Svartknausflya is a coastal plain in Gustav Adolf Land in Nordaustlandet, Svalbard. The length of the plain is about 21 kilometers. West of the plain is Rosenthalbreen, and to the east is Vibebukta and Bråsvellbreen.

Nordaustlandet
Nordaustlandet (Anglicised as North East Land) is the second-largest island in the archipelago of Svalbard, Norway, with an area of 14,443 square kilometres (5,576 sq mi). It lies north east of Spitsbergen, separated by Hinlopen Strait. Much of Nordaustlandet lies under large ice caps, mainly Austfonna and Vestfonna, the remaining parts of the north being tundra inhabited by reindeer and walruses. The island is uninhabited and lies entirely within Nordaust-Svalbard Nature Reserve.
Matsuoka, Fukui
Matsuoka (松岡町, Matsuoka-chō) was a town located in Yoshida District, Fukui Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 11,071 and a density of 595.54 persons per km2. The total area was 18.59 km2.

On February 13, 2006, Matsuoka, along with the village of Kamishihi (also from Yoshida District), was merged into the expanded town of Eiheiji.

The area is still identified by the Matsuoka Station of the Echizen Railway Katsuyama Eiheiji Line.

Eiheiji, Fukui
Eiheiji (永平寺町, Eiheiji-chō) is a town located in Yoshida District, Fukui Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 November 2025,  the town had an estimated population of 17,504 in 6,695 households and the population density of 185 persons per km2. The total area of the town was  94.43 square kilometres (36.46 sq mi). The town is named for the famous temple of Eihei-ji.
Puma Apachita
Puma Apachita (Aymara and Quechua puma cougar, puma, apachita the place of transit of an important pass in the principal routes of the Andes; a stone cairn, a little pile of rocks built along the trail in the high mountains, also spelled Puma Apacheta) is a mountain in the Tunari mountain range of the Bolivian Andes, about 4,920 m (16,142 ft) high. It is situated in the Cochabamba Department, Quillacollo Province, Quillacollo Municipality, northwest of Cochabamba. Puma Apachita lies southeast of Jatun Q'asa.

Jatun Q'asa (Cochabamba)
Jatun Q'asa (Quechua jatun, hatun big, great, q'asa mountain pass, "great mountain pass", Hispanicized spelling Jatun Khasa, Jatúncasa) is a mountain in the Tunari mountain range of the Bolivian Andes, about 5,025 m (16,486 ft) high. It is situated north-west of Cochabamba in the Cochabamba Department, Quillacollo Province, in the west of the Quillacollo Municipality.
Ashy woodswallow
The ashy woodswallow (Artamus fuscus), sometimes also called the ashy swallow-shrike, is a woodswallow which is found in south Asia. Like other woodswallows, it has a short curved bill, a short square tail and long wings. It is usually seen perched in groups, high on powerlines, tall bare trees and most often in areas with a predominance of tall palm trees.

Woodswallow
Woodswallows are soft-plumaged, sombre-coloured passerine birds in the genus Artamus. The woodswallows are either treated as a subfamily, Artaminae, in an expanded family Artamidae (also including the subfamily Cracticinae), or as the only genus in that family (with the butcherbirds, currawongs, and allies placed in a separate family, Cracticidae). The generic name, which in turn gives rise to the family name, is derived from the Ancient Greek artamos, meaning butcher or murder. The name was given due to their perceived similarity to shrikes. A former common name for the group was "swallow-starlings".
Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929
The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929 (19 & 20 Geo. 5. c. 25) reorganised local government in Scotland from 1930, introducing joint county councils, large and small burghs and district councils. The Act also abolished the Scottish poor law system with institutions passing to the local authorities.

The Act was drafted by Walter Elliot, the Unionist (Conservative) politician who became later (1936) Secretary of State for Scotland.

Kinross-shire
The County of Kinross or Kinross-shire is a historic county and registration county in eastern Scotland, administered as part of Perth and Kinross since 1975. Surrounding its largest settlement and county town of Kinross, the county borders Perthshire to the north and Fife to the east, south and west.

Scotland's second smallest county, Kinross-shire is dominated by Loch Leven, a large inland loch, with two islands and an internationally important nature reserve. One of the islands contains a castle, where Mary, Queen of Scots was once held prisoner. Much of the land in Kinross-shire is fertile agricultural land and most of the inhabitants were originally employed in farming. The gently-rolling farmland surrounding Loch Leven gives way to steep, more rugged terrain at the outskirts of the county.
EISCAT
EISCAT (European Incoherent Scatter AB, formerly EISCAT Scientific Association) is a non-profit scientific research organisation that operates three incoherent scatter radar systems in Northern Scandinavia and Svalbard, as well as an ionospheric heating and short-wave radar facility.

The facilities are used to study the interaction between the Sun and the Earth as revealed by disturbances in the ionosphere and magnetosphere.

The EISCAT Scientific Association exists to provide scientists with access to incoherent scatter radar facilities of the highest technical standard.

Ionosphere
The ionosphere (/aɪˈɒnəˌsfɪər/) is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about 48 km (30 mi) to 965 km (600 mi) above sea level, a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important role in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because, among other functions, it influences radio propagation to distant places on Earth. Travel through this layer also impacts GPS signals, resulting in effects such as deflection in their path and delay in the arrival of the signal.
Poems in Prose (Smith collection)
Poems in Prose is an illustrated collection of prose poems by Clark Ashton Smith, edited by Donald Sidney-Fryer. It was released in 1965 and was published by Arkham House in an edition of 1,016 copies.  The book is a nearly complete collection of Smith's prose poetry. French editor and critic Philippe Gindre called the book "the magnificent Poems in Prose."

Arkham House
Arkham House was an American publishing house specializing in weird fiction. It was founded in Sauk City, Wisconsin, in 1939 by August Derleth and Donald Wandrei to publish hardcover collections of H. P. Lovecraft's best works, which had previously been published only in pulp magazines. The company's name is derived from Lovecraft's fictional New England city, Arkham, Massachusetts. Arkham House editions are noted for the quality of their printing and binding. The printer's mark for Arkham House was designed by Frank Utpatel.
Leamside
Leamside is a small village close to the city of Durham, County Durham, in England. It is situated to the west of West Rainton.  It is part of the civil parish of West Rainton. There is one restaurant, a plant nursery, and some livery stables, but there are no other community or commercial entities.

West Rainton
West Rainton is a village in the civil parish of West Rainton and Leamside, in County Durham, England. It is situated between Durham and Houghton-le-Spring. Leamside is about one-half mile (0.80 km) to the west, and the south-western end of the village is known by the separate name of Rainton Gate. The village straddles a ridge parallel to the A690 with extensive views to the west.  At the 2001 census it had a population of 2,255, increasing to 2,316 at the 2011 Census.
Okny
Okny (Ukrainian: Окни, Russian: Окны) is a rural settlement in Podilsk Raion in the west of Odesa Oblast, Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Okny settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 5,089 (2022 estimate).

Okny is located on the banks of the Yahorlik River, a left tributary of the Dniester.

Okny settlement hromada
Okny settlement hromada (Ukrainian: Окнянська селищна громада) is a hromada in Podilsk Raion of Odesa Oblast in southwestern Ukraine. Population: 19,606 (2020 est.)

The hromada consists of three rural settlement (Novyi Orach, Okny and Orlivka) and 52 villages:
Ankeny Christian Academy
Ankeny Christian Academy (ACA) is a private Christian school located in Ankeny, Polk County, Iowa. It is an independent, non-denominational school serving students from preschool through 12th grade. The school is  accredited by the state of Iowa.

Ankeny, Iowa
Ankeny (/ˈeɪŋkəni/, /ˈæ-/) is a city in Polk County, Iowa, United States and a suburb of the state capital of Des Moines. The population was 67,887 at the 2020 census, and was estimated at 76,727 in 2024, making it Iowa's fifth-most populous city. It is part of the Des Moines–West Des Moines Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is one of Iowa's fastest-growing cities.
Aizu-Hinohara Station
Aizu-Hinohara Station (会津桧原駅, Aizu-Hinohara-eki) is a railway station on the Tadami Line in the town of Mishima, Ōnuma District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

Mishima, Fukushima
Mishima (三島町, Mishima-machi) is a town located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 March 2020, the town had an estimated population of 1,590 in 755 households, and a population density of 18 persons per square kilometre (47 per square mile). The total area of the town was 90.81 square kilometres (35.06 sq mi).  In 2017, Mishima was selected as one of The Most Beautiful Villages in Japan.
Helcogramma desa
Helcogramma desa, the neglected triplefin, is a species of triplefin blenny in the genus Helcogramma. It was described by Jeffery T. Williams and Jeffrey C. Howe in 2003. This species is known from the western Pacific in Vietnam and the Philippines, including the Spratly Islands.

Helcogramma
Helcogramma is a genus in the triplefin family Tripterygiidae. The blennies in the genus Helcogramma are found throughout the Indo-Pacific and in the South Atlantic Ocean off the islands of St Helena and Ascension.
Dental extraction
A dental extraction (also referred to as tooth extraction, exodontia, exodontics, or informally, tooth pulling) is the removal of teeth from the dental alveolus (socket) in the alveolar bone. Extractions are performed for a wide variety of reasons, but most commonly to remove teeth which have become unrestorable through tooth decay, periodontal disease, or dental trauma, especially when they are associated with toothache. Sometimes impacted wisdom teeth (wisdom teeth that are stuck and unable to grow normally into the mouth) cause recurrent infections of the gum (pericoronitis), and may be removed when other conservative treatments have failed (cleaning, antibiotics and operculectomy). In orthodontics, if the teeth are crowded, healthy teeth may be extracted (often bicuspids) to create space so the rest of the teeth can be straightened.

Elevator (dental)
Elevators (also known as luxators) are instruments used in dental extractions. They may be used to loosen teeth prior to forceps extraction, to remove roots or impacted teeth, when teeth are compromised and susceptible to fracture or when they are malpositioned and cannot be reached with forceps.
Salem (hamlet), New York
Salem is a hamlet (and census-designated place) located in the town of Salem in Washington County, New York, United States. It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 946 at the 2010 census.

The hamlet is located in the north central part of Town of Salem,  at the junction of New York State Route 22 and Washington County routes 30 and 153. It was an incorporated village from 1803 to 2016. Part of the county government was located here, including the jail and the Sheriff's Department. The courthouse, formerly housing the jail, remains a historical landmark in the town. It was built from an E.F. Cummings design in 1869 and remained as the jail until 2004. The Sheriff's Department opened its new sub-station south of the community on Route 22 in August 2007.

Government offices for the Town of Salem are located in the hamlet.

Washington County, New York
Washington County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 61,302. The county seat is Fort Edward. The county was named for U.S. President George Washington. The county is part of the Capital District region of the state.
2015–16 San Diego State Aztecs men's basketball team
The 2015–16 San Diego State men's basketball team represented San Diego State University during the 2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. This was head coach Steve Fisher's seventeenth season at San Diego State. The Aztecs played their home games at Viejas Arena. They were members in the Mountain West Conference. They finished the season 28–10, 16–2 in Mountain West play to win the Mountain West regular season championship. They defeated Utah State and Nevada to advance to the championship game of the Mountain West tournament where they lost to Fresno State. As a regular season conference champion who failed to win their conference tournament, received an automatic bid to the National Invitation Tournament where they defeated IPFW, Washington, and Georgia Tech to advance to the semifinals where they lost to George Washington.

2015–16 Fresno State Bulldogs men's basketball team
The 2015–16 Fresno State Bulldogs men's basketball team represented California State University, Fresno during the 2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. This was head coach Rodney Terry's fifth season at Fresno State. The Bulldogs played their home games at Save Mart Center and were members of the Mountain West Conference. They finished the season 25–10, 13–5 in Mountain West play to finish in second place. They defeated UNLV, Colorado State and San Diego State to be champions of the Mountain West tournament. They earned the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament where they lost in the first round to Utah.
St. Andrews Bay (Florida)
30°09′08″N 85°41′28″W﻿ / ﻿30.15222°N 85.69111°W﻿ / 30.15222; -85.69111

St. Andrew Bay, colloquially called "St. Andrews Bay", is a bay located in Bay County in the panhandle of Florida. It is a 69,000-acre estuary located in northwest Florida. It is relatively deep, and of relatively high salinity due to the low freshwater inflow provided by only a few spring-fed creeks (the most significant being Econfina Creek, fed by Wiliford and Pitts Springs).  The bay is named for Saint Andrew. Panama City, the county seat of Bay County, is located on the bay.  The Atlanta & St. Andrews Bay Railway, which ran from Panama City to Dothan, Alabama (and still exists as a smaller short line), was also named for the bay.

Econfina Creek
Econfina Creek is a small river in the middle Florida Panhandle. It flows through hilly country, and has sections of whitewater rapids. Much of its flow comes from springs. The river ends at Deer Point Lake, a reservoir that provides the freshwater supply for Panama City and much of Bay County.

The name "Econfina" derives from the Creek ekana, which means "earthy", and feno, which means "bridge" or "footlog", referring to a natural bridge that crossed the river about 15 miles (24 km) upstream from its mouth until it collapsed in the 19th century. The Pensacola – St. Augustine road (the Bellamy Road) built in the 1820s crossed this natural bridge.
Littleton Public Schools
The Arapahoe County School District No. 6, more commonly known as Littleton Public Schools (LPS), is a school district in Littleton, Colorado which serves several communities within the southern Denver metropolitan area. It is governed by a five-member Board of Education, and administered by a superintendent and six executives. Its headquarters, the Education Services Center, is located in Downtown Littleton. It is the fifteenth largest school district in Colorado. LPS operates 11 elementary schools, four middle schools, three high schools, several alternative programs, a preschool, and two charter schools.

Littleton, Colorado
Littleton is a home rule municipality city located in Arapahoe County, Colorado, United States. Littleton is the county seat of Arapahoe County and is a part of the Denver–Aurora–Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city population was 45,652 at the 2020 United States census, ranking as the 20th most populous municipality in Colorado.
How Much Wood Would a Woodchuck Chuck (film)
How Much Wood Would a Woodchuck Chuck (German: Beobachtungen zu einer neuen Sprache, literally "Observations of a New Language") is a 1976 documentary film by German director Werner Herzog, produced by Werner Herzog Filmproduktion. It is a 44-minute film documenting the World Livestock Auctioneer Championship held in New Holland, Pennsylvania. The film also contains a section about the Amish and shows Amish speaking Pennsylvania German.

Herzog has said that he believes auctioneering to be "the last poetry possible, the poetry of capitalism". Herzog describes the auctioneering as an "extreme language ... frightening but quite beautiful at the same time".

Herzog used two of the featured auctioneers Ralph Wade and Scott McKain as actors in his later film Stroszek.

Cinematographer Edward Lachman got his start working with Herzog on this film; he would work on La Soufrière (1977) shortly after.

World Livestock Auctioneer Championship
The World Livestock Auctioneer Championship is an annual competition of livestock auctioneers who practice the auction chant typical of rural areas in the United States and Canada. The competition is sponsored by the Livestock Marketing Association and was first held in 1963. Brian Curless won the competition in 2017.  Wade Leist of Boyne City Michigan, is the current World Livestock Auctioneer Champion.

The 1976 competition was featured in Werner Herzog's film How Much Wood Would a Woodchuck Chuck.
Leptobrachella
Leptobrachella is a genus of frogs in the family Megophryidae. Members of Leptobrachella are found throughout Asia including on Borneo and the Natuna Islands. They are sometimes referred to as Borneo frogs, slender-armed frogs, or dwarf litter frogs. The genus contains over 82 species with 25 found in China alone.

Megophryidae
Megophryidae, commonly known as goose frogs, is a large family of frogs native to the warm southeast of Asia, from the Himalayan foothills eastwards, south to Indonesia and the Greater Sunda Islands in Maritime Southeast Asia, and extending to the Philippines. Fossil remains are also known from North America. As of 2014 it encompasses 246 species of frogs divided between five genera. For lack of a better vernacular name, they are commonly called megophryids.
Cormons
Cormons or Cormòns (Slovene: Krmin; German: Kremaun) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Gorizia in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 12 kilometres (7 mi) west of Gorizia, on the border with Slovenia.

Cormons borders the following municipalities: Brda (Slovenia), Capriva del Friuli, Chiopris-Viscone, Corno di Rosazzo, Dolegna del Collio, Mariano del Friuli, Medea, Moraro, San Floriano del Collio, San Giovanni al Natisone.

Dolegna del Collio
Dolegna del Collio (Slovene: Dolenje; Standard Friulian: Dolegne dal Cuei; Southeastern Friulian: Dolegna dal Cuei) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Gorizia in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) northwest of Gorizia, on the border with Slovenia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 419 and an area of 12.5 square kilometres (4.8 sq mi).

The municipality of Dolegna del Collio contains the frazioni (boroughs) Mernicco, Restoccina, Ruttars, Scriò, Trussio, Breg, Lonzano, Venco, and Barbana nel Collio.

Dolegna del Collio borders the following municipalities: Brda (Slovenia), Cormons, Corno di Rosazzo, Prepotto.
Dusit Thani
Dusit Thani (Thai: ดุสิตธานี) was a miniature city and micronation project created by King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) of Siam (Thailand) in Dusit Palace (later moved to Phaya Thai) in the 1910s–1920s. The project explored aspects of democracy, as members of the court were to be "citizens" owning property in the model city. Elections were held, a constitution written, and two newspapers regularly published for the fictional country. Although critics have dismissed the project as nothing more than the king playing with dollhouses, others regard it as the first trial of a constitutional government in Thailand.

Miniature park
A miniature park is a display of miniature buildings and models, usually as a recreational and tourist attraction open to the public. A miniature park may contain a model of a single city or town, often called a miniature city or model village, or it can contain a number of different sets of models.