hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Russian Air Force
The Russian Air Force (Russian: Военно-воздушные силы России, ВВС, romanized: Voenno-vozdushnye sily Rossii, VVS) is a branch of the Russian Aerospace Forces, which was formed on 1 August 2015, with the merging of the Russian Air Force and the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the reborn Russian armed forces began to be created on 7 May 1992 following Boris Yeltsin's creation of the Ministry of Defence. However, the Russian Federation's air force can trace its lineage and traditions back to the Imperial Russian Air Service (1912–1917) and the Soviet Air Forces (1918–1991).

Mil Mi-24
The Mil Mi-24 (Russian: Миль Ми-24; NATO reporting name: Hind) is a large helicopter gunship, attack helicopter and low-capacity troop transport with room for eight passengers. It is produced by Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant and was introduced by the Soviet Air Force in 1972. As of 2025, the helicopter is in use with 52 countries.

In NATO circles, the export versions, Mi-25 and Mi-35, are denoted with a letter suffix as "Hind D" and "Hind E". Soviet pilots called the Mi-24 the "flying tank" (Russian: летающий танк, romanized: letayushchiy tank), a term used historically with the famous World War II Soviet Il-2 Shturmovik armored ground attack aircraft. Other common unofficial nicknames were "Galina" (or "Galya"), "Crocodile" (Russian: Крокодил, romanized: Krokodil), due to the helicopter's camouflage scheme, and "Drinking Glass" (Russian: Стакан, romanized: Stakan), because of the flat glass plates that surround earlier Mi-24 variants' cockpits.
Upper Corris Tramway
The Upper Corris Tramway was a 2 ft 3 in (686 mm) gauge horse-worked tramway that connected the slate quarries around the villages of Corris and Corris Uchaf with the Corris Railway at Maespoeth Junction. It was just over 1.8 miles (2.9 km) long.

Corris Uchaf
Corris Uchaf, also known as Upper Corris, is a village in the south of Snowdonia National Park in Gwynedd, Wales. The slate quarries that surround Corris Uchaf are its most prominent feature. It lies about 1.5 miles north of Corris.
Round Hill, Frederick County, Virginia
Round Hill is an unincorporated community in Frederick County, Virginia, United States. Round Hill is located west of Winchester on the Northwestern Turnpike (U.S. Route 50). It is often referred to as Round Hill after Round Hill (1381 ft) but this may cause confusion as there is already an incorporated town with the same name in nearby Loudoun County. Round Hill has also been known as Chambersville throughout its history. It lies on Round Hill Road (SR 803), off U.S. Route 50 at Poorhouse Road (SR 654).

The Frederick County Poor Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.

Frederick County, Virginia
39°13′N 78°16′W﻿ / ﻿39.21°N 78.26°W﻿ / 39.21; -78.26

Frederick County is the northernmost county in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 91,419. Its county seat is Winchester. The county was formed in 1743 by splitting Orange County. Frederick County is included in the Winchester, VA-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Washington-Baltimore-Northern Virginia, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Combined Statistical Area.
Monte Kali
Monte Kali and Kalimanjaro are local colloquial names for the spoil heap or spoil tip that towers over the town of Heringen, Hesse, Germany. It is one of a number of sites where the K+S chemical company dumps sodium chloride (common table salt), a byproduct of potash mining and processing, a major industry in the area.

The names are puns of Kali (shorthand for Kalisalz, German for "potash") on "Monte Carlo" and "Kilimanjaro." The heap is near to the border with the state of Thuringia, and hence next to the former inner German border with what was once East Germany.

The heap rises over 250 metres (820 ft) above the surrounding land, its summit reaching 520 metres (1,710 ft) above sea level. According to the Werra Potash Mining Museum in Heringen, Monte Kali has been in operation since 1976; as of August 2016, it covered 98 hectares (240 acres) and contained approximately 201 million tonnes of salt, with another 900 tonnes being added every hour and 7.2 million tonnes a year.

Spoil tip
A spoil tip (also called a boney pile, culm bank, gob pile, waste tip or bing) is a pile built of accumulated spoil – waste material removed during mining.  Spoil tips are not formed of slag, but in some areas, such as England and Wales, they are referred to as slag heaps and sometimes as pit heaps.  In Scotland the word bing is used. In North American English the term is mine dump or mine waste dump.

The term "spoil" is also used to refer to material removed when digging a foundation, tunnel, or other large excavation. Such material may be ordinary soil and rocks (after separation of coal from waste), or may be heavily contaminated with chemical waste, determining how it may be disposed of. Clean spoil may be used for land reclamation.

Spoil is distinct from tailings, which is the processed material that remains after the valuable components have been extracted from ore.
Anal columns
Anal columns (Columns of Morgagni or less commonly Morgagni's columns) are a number of vertical folds, produced by an infolding of the mucous membrane and some of the muscular tissue in the upper half of the lumen of the anal canal. They are named after Giovanni Battista Morgagni, who has several other eponyms named after him.

Anal canal
The anal canal is the part that connects the rectum to the anus, located below the level of the pelvic diaphragm. It is located within the anal triangle of the perineum, between the right and left ischioanal fossae. As the final functional segment of the bowel, it functions to regulate release of feces by two muscular anal sphincter complexes. The anus is the aperture at the terminal portion of the anal canal.
Sambre–Oise Canal
The Canal de la Sambre à l'Oise (French pronunciation: [kanal də la sɑ̃bʁ a lwaz]) is a canal in northern France. It forms a connection between the canalised river Sambre (Meuse basin) at Landrecies and the Oise (Seine basin) at La Fère. The canal is 71 kilometres (44 mi) long, and has 38 locks. The junction made at La Fère is with a branch of the Canal de Saint-Quentin, while the Canal latéral à l'Oise is joined 10.5 km further downstream at Chauny. It was used by the standard Freycinet-gauge péniches, 38.50 metres (126.3 ft) long, and  5.05 metres (16.6 ft)  in beam, carrying up to 250 tonnes. The canal, also a popular waterway for boats heading south from the Netherlands and Belgium to the central French waterways, had to be closed in 2006 when two aqueducts were found to be in danger of failing. Funding has been put in place by the owner, Voies Navigables de France, and the local authorities, with support from the State. The canal was reopened in July 2021.

Saint-Quentin Canal
The Canal de Saint-Quentin (French pronunciation: [kanal də sɛ̃ kɑ̃tɛ̃]) is a canal in northern France connecting the canalised river Escaut in Cambrai to the Canal latéral à l'Oise and Canal de l'Oise à l'Aisne in Chauny.
Borehole mining
Borehole Mining (BHM) is a remotely operated method of extraction (mining) of mineral resources through boreholes based on in-situ conversion of ores into a mobile form (slurry) using high-pressure water jetting (hydraulicking). This process is carried out from a land surface, open pit floor, underground mine or floating vessel through pre-drilled boreholes.

Hydraulic mining
Hydraulic mining is a form of mining that uses high-pressure jets of water to dislodge rock material or move sediment. In the placer mining of gold or tin, the resulting water-sediment slurry is directed through sluice boxes to remove the gold or tin. It is also used in mining kaolin and coal.

Hydraulic mining developed from ancient Roman techniques that used water to excavate soft underground deposits. Its modern form, using pressurized water jets produced by a nozzle called a "monitor", came about in the 1850s during the California Gold Rush in the United States. Though successful in extracting gold-rich minerals, the widespread use of the process resulted in extensive environmental damage, such as increased flooding and erosion, and sediment blocking waterways and covering farm fields. These problems led to its legal regulation. Hydraulic mining has been used in various forms around the world.
University of Auckland Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences
The University of Auckland Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (FMHS; Māori: Mātauranga Hauora) was established in 1968 as The University of Auckland School of Medicine at its present site in Grafton, Auckland. Prior to this, the University of Otago had taught some students from the final years of its medical course in Auckland through a branch faculty of the Dunedin School of Medicine.

University of Otago Dunedin School of Medicine
The Dunedin School of Medicine is the name of the School of Medicine that is based on the Dunedin campus of the University of Otago in New Zealand.  
Students who gain entry after the competitive Health Sciences First Year program or who gain graduate entry spend their second and third years (ELM; Early Learning in Medicine) studying at the Otago Medical School in Dunedin. In their fourth, fifth, and sixth years (ALM; Advanced Learning in Medicine), students can either study at the Dunedin School of Medicine (Dunedin), the University of Otago, Christchurch, or the University of Otago, Wellington.
André Franquin
André Franquin (French: [fʁɑ̃kɛ̃]; 3 January 1924 – 5 January 1997) was an influential Belgian comics artist, whose best-known creations are Gaston and Marsupilami. He also produced the Spirou et Fantasio comic strip from 1946 to 1968, a period seen by many as the series' golden age.

Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême
The Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême is a lifetime achievement award given annually during the Angoulême International Comics Festival to a comics author. Although not a monetary award, it is considered the most prestigious award in Franco-Belgian comics.

It has been awarded mainly to French and Belgian authors, but also to international authors. Recipients are, on average, 50 years old. Five women, Florence Cestac, Rumiko Takahashi, Julie Doucet, Posy Simmonds, and Anouk Ricard have been awarded the prize.
Island Drive
Island Drive is a small road in Jamestown, Virginia. The road, which is a part of Colonial National Historical Park, has a three-mile short route, and a five mile long route. It shows the natural environment that was encountered by the original Jamestown settlers, with large oil paintings depicting activities of the early colonists, including tobacco growing, farming, pottery, and lumbering.

Island Drive resembles the natural landscape of the settlers who founded the landscape. It transverses 1559.5 acres of marsh and woodlands.

Colonial National Historical Park
Colonial National Historical Park is a large national historical park located in the Hampton Roads region of Virginia operated by the National Park Service. It protects and interprets several sites relating to the Colony of Virginia and the history of the United States more broadly. These range from the site of the first English settlement at Jamestown, to the battlefields of Yorktown where the British Army was defeated in the American Revolutionary War. Over 3 million people visit the park each year.
2016 FIS Ski Jumping Grand Prix
The 2016 FIS Ski Jumping Grand Prix was the 23rd Summer Grand Prix season in ski jumping on plastic for men and the 5th for ladies.

Other competitive circuits in this season included the World Cup, Continental Cup, FIS Cup, FIS Race and Alpen Cup.

2016–17 FIS Cup (ski jumping)
The 2016/17 FIS Cup (ski jumping) was the 12th FIS Cup season in ski jumping for men and the 5th for ladies.

Other competitive circuits this season included the World Cup, Grand Prix, Continental Cup, FIS Race and Alpen Cup.
Association for Asian Studies
The Association for Asian Studies (AAS) is a scholarly, non-political, and non-profit professional association focusing on Asia and the study of Asia. It is based in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.

The Association provides members with the AAS Annual Conference (a large conference of 3,000+ normally based in North America each spring), publications, regional conferences, and other activities.

Kenneth Scott Latourette
Kenneth Scott Latourette (August 6, 1884 – December 26, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and historian, specialized in Chinese studies, Japanese studies, and the history of Christianity. His formative experiences as a Christian missionary and educator in early 20th-century Imperial China shaped his life's work. Although he did not learn the Chinese language, he became known for his study of the history of China, the history of Japan, his magisterial scholarly surveys on world Christianity, and of American relations with East Asia.
Core of a locally compact space
In topology, the core of a locally compact space is a cardinal invariant of a locally compact space , denoted by . Locally compact spaces with countable core generalize σ-compact locally compact spaces.

The concept was introduced by Alexander Arhangel'skii.

Locally compact space
In topology and related branches of mathematics, a topological space is called locally compact if, roughly speaking, each small portion of the space looks like a small portion of a compact space. More precisely, it is a topological space in which every point has a compact neighborhood.

When locally compact spaces are Hausdorff they are called locally compact Hausdorff, which are of particular interest in mathematical analysis.
Pavlivka, Volyn Oblast
Pavlivka (Ukrainian: Павлівка, formerly Poryck, Polish: Poryck) is a town now located in northwestern Ukraine, in Volodymyr Raion of Volyn Oblast, near Volodymyr, on the Luha river. For centuries, Poryck was property of several noble Polish families. The town is the birthplace of a Polish statesman Tadeusz Czacki (born 1765). On 11 July 1943, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, supported by local nationalists murdered here more than 300 Polish civilians, who had gathered in a local Roman Catholic church for a Sunday ceremony (see also the Volhynian Genocide).

Volodymyr Raion
Volodymyr Raion (Ukrainian: Володимирський район, romanized: Volodymyrs'kyj rajon) is a raion (district) in Volyn Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is the city of Volodymyr. Population: 169,231 (2022).

On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, the number of raions of Volyn Oblast was reduced to four, and the area of Volodymyr-Volynskyi Raion was significantly expanded.  The January 2020 estimate of the raion population was 24,545 (2020). On 18 July 2022 raion was renamed to Volodymyr Raion.
Camden Military Academy
Camden Military Academy (CMA) is a private, all-male, military boarding school located in Camden, South Carolina, United States. The State of South Carolina has recognized the institution as the official state military academy of South Carolina. Camden Military Academy accepts male students in grades 7 through 12, also offering a post-graduate year.

Camden, South Carolina
Camden is the largest city in and the county seat of Kershaw County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 7,788 in the 2020 census, and the 2022 population estimate is 8,213. It is part of the Columbia, South Carolina, Metropolitan Statistical Area. Camden is the oldest inland city in South Carolina, and home to the Carolina Cup and the National Steeplechase Museum.
Memory latency
Memory latency is the time (the latency) between initiating a request for a byte or word in memory until it is retrieved by a processor. If the data are not in the processor's cache, it takes longer to obtain them, as the processor will have to communicate with the external memory cells. Latency is therefore a fundamental measure of the speed of memory: the less the latency, the faster the reading operation.

Latency should not be confused with memory bandwidth, which measures the throughput of memory. Latency can be expressed in clock cycles or in time measured in nanoseconds. Over time, memory latencies expressed in clock cycles have been fairly stable, but they have improved in time.

Memory bandwidth
Memory bandwidth is the rate at which data can be read from or stored into a semiconductor memory by a processor.  Memory bandwidth is usually expressed in units of bytes/second, though this can vary for systems with natural data sizes that are not a multiple of the commonly used 8-bit bytes.

Memory bandwidth that is advertised for a given memory or system is usually the maximum theoretical bandwidth.  In practice the observed memory bandwidth will be less than (and is guaranteed not to exceed) the advertised bandwidth.  A variety of computer benchmarks exist to measure sustained memory bandwidth using a variety of access patterns. These are intended to provide insight into the memory bandwidth that a system should sustain on various classes of real applications.
2012–13 Women's FIH Hockey World League Semifinals
The 2012–13 Women's FIH Hockey World League Semifinals took place in June 2013. A total of 16 teams competing in 2 events were part in this round of the tournament playing for 7 berths in the Final, played from 30 November to 8 December 2013 in San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.

This round also served as a qualifier for the 2014 Women's Hockey World Cup as the six highest placed teams apart from the host nation and the five continental champions qualified.

2012–13 Women's FIH Hockey World League Final
The 2012–13 Women's FIH Hockey World League Final was the 1st edition of the Finals of the FIH Hockey World League for women. It was held from 30 November to 8 December 2013 in San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.

The Netherlands won the tournament for the first time after defeating Australia 5–1 in the finals. England won the third place match by defeating host nation Argentina 4–2 on a penalty shootout after a 1–1 draw.
Star Tours – The Adventures Continue
Star Tours – The Adventures Continue is an attraction located at Disney's Hollywood Studios, Disneyland, Tokyo Disneyland, and Disneyland Paris. Set in the Star Wars universe, Star Tours – The Adventures Continue takes passengers on a turbulent trip across the galaxy, as droids C-3PO and R2-D2 attempt to safely return a spy to the Rebel Alliance.

Despite conflicting timelines, The Adventures Continue features locations and characters from all nine films of the Skywalker saga, unlike its predecessor, which mostly took place after the events of the original trilogy (Episode IV – A New Hope through Episode VI – Return of the Jedi). The attraction opened on May 20, 2011, at Disney's Hollywood Studios, on June 3, 2011, at Disneyland, on May 7, 2013, at Tokyo Disneyland, and on March 26, 2017, at Disneyland Paris.

D23 (Disney)
D23: The Official Disney Fan Club, also known as simply D23, is the official fan club for the Walt Disney Company. Founded in 2009, the organization is known mainly for its biennial exposition event, D23: The Ultimate Disney Fan Event (previously known as D23 Expo). The name D23 refers to D for Disney and 23 for 1923, which is the year Walt Disney founded the company.

Membership is in two levels: free and gold. Membership includes Disney twenty-three (a quarterly publication), yearly gifts, events, exclusive merchandise offers, and discount and early access to the Ultimate Disney Fan Event.
2014 Worthing Borough Council election
The 2014 Worthing Borough Council election took place on 22 May 2014 to elect members of  Worthing Borough Council in West Sussex, England. The election took place on the same day as elections to the European Parliament, and saw one third of the council up for election. The Conservative Party retained overall control of the council, gaining four seats, but losing one to the UK Independence Party. The Liberal Democrats suffered five losses, including one to the Green Party, who gained their first elected seat on the Council.

Worthing Borough Council elections
One third of Worthing Borough Council in Worthing, West Sussex, England is elected each year, followed by one year without election. Since the last boundary changes in 2004, 37 councillors are elected from 13 wards.
Parallel construction
Parallel construction is a law enforcement process of building a parallel, or separate, evidentiary basis for a criminal investigation in order to limit disclosure as to the origins of an investigation.

In the US, a particular form is evidence laundering, where one police officer obtains evidence via means that are in violation of the Fourth Amendment's protection against unreasonable searches and seizures, and then passes it on to another officer, who builds on it and gets it accepted by the court under the good-faith exception as applied to the second officer. This practice gained support after the Supreme Court's 2009 Herring v. United States decision.

Good-faith exception
In United States constitutional law and criminal procedure, the good-faith exception (also good-faith doctrine) is one of the limitations on the exclusionary rule of the Fourth Amendment.

For criminal proceedings, the exclusionary rule prohibits entry of evidence obtained through an unreasonable search and seizure, such as one executed under an invalid search warrant. However, the good-faith exemption allows evidence collected by law enforcement officers pursuant to a defective search warrant if the officers reasonably relied on the validity of the warrant in good faith (bona fides).
Chemin de fer de Lyon à la Méditerranée
The Chemin de fer de Lyon à la Méditerranée (French pronunciation: [ʃəmɛ̃ də fɛʁ də ljɔ̃ a la meditɛʁane]) was a short-lived railway company in the south of France.
It was formed in 1852 and merged in 1857 with the Chemin de fer de Paris à Lyon and others to form the Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée (PLM).

Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée
The Compagnie des chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée (French pronunciation: [kɔ̃paɲi de ʃəmɛ̃ də fɛʁ də paʁi a ljɔ̃ e a la meditɛʁane], lit. 'Railway Company of Paris to Lyon and the Mediterranean'), also known as the Chemins de fer Paris-Lyon-Méditerranée or simply PLM, established in 1857, was one of France’s main railway companies until the nationalization of all French railways and establishment of the Société nationale des chemins de fer français (SNCF) on 1 January 1938.