hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
John McCarthy (linguist)
John Joseph McCarthy (born 1953) is an American linguist and the Provost and Senior Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs at the University of Massachusetts Amherst since July 2017. In July 2018, he assumed office as the Provost.

McCarthy is best-known for his work on Optimality Theory in phonology: with Alan Prince, he devised Correspondence Theory and alignment constraints, although he has subsequently renounced the latter. He has since written textbooks like Doing Optimality Theory: Applying Theory to Data. Earlier in his career, McCarthy was responsible, along with Prince, for extending autosegmental phonology, and later Optimality Theory, to morphology, in particular to solve the problem of nonconcatenative morphology in Semitic languages.

Optimality theory
Optimality theory (frequently abbreviated OT) is a linguistic model proposing that the observed forms of language arise from the optimal satisfaction of conflicting constraints. OT differs from other approaches to phonological analysis, which typically use rules rather than constraints. However, phonological models of representation, such as autosegmental phonology, prosodic phonology, and linear phonology (SPE), are equally compatible with rule-based and constraint-based models. OT views grammars as systems that provide mappings from inputs to outputs; typically, the inputs are conceived of as underlying representations, and the outputs as their surface realizations. It is an approach within the larger framework of generative grammar.

Optimality theory has its origin in a talk given by Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky in 1991 which was later developed in a book manuscript by the same authors in 1993.
Richard I. Bong Memorial Bridge
The Richard I. Bong Memorial Bridge, also known as the Bong Bridge, connects Duluth, Minnesota, and Superior, Wisconsin, via U.S. Highway 2 (US 2). Opened on October 25, 1984, it is roughly 11,800 feet (3,600 m) long, including about 8,300 feet (2,500 m) over water. It crosses the Saint Louis Bay, which drains into Lake Superior. The bridge rises 120 feet above the river to accommodate maritime traffic in a 400-foot-wide navigation channel. The bridge is 1,889 feet (576 m) long[1] and is principally of steel truss construction. The upper deck carries a single track rail line and a lower deck carries the road connecting Wisconsin Highway 105 to Minnesota State Highway 39.

The Bong Bridge is one of three bridges connecting Duluth and Wisconsin points. Downstream is the through-arch John A. Blatnik Bridge that carries Interstate 535 (I-535); upstream is the Oliver Bridge between the Gary-New Duluth neighborhood and the Wisconsin village of Oliver.

Interstate 535
Interstate 535 (I-535) is a 2.78-mile-long (4.47 km) auxiliary Interstate Highway spur route of I-35 in the US states of Minnesota and Wisconsin. It is paired with U.S. Highway 53 (US 53) along its entire route. The Interstate was part of the original 1956 Interstate Highway System and was completed in 1971. Since then, weight limits have been added to the Blatnik Bridge that carries the highway over Saint Louis Bay between Superior, Wisconsin, and Duluth, Minnesota.
Aston, Cote, Shifford and Chimney
Aston, Cote, Shifford and Chimney is a civil parish in the West Oxfordshire district of Oxfordshire, England. As the name suggests, the parish includes the villages of Aston and Cote, and the hamlets of Shifford and Chimney.  The southern border of the parish is the River Thames. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 1,394.

Chimney, Oxfordshire
Chimney is a hamlet and in the civil parish of Aston, Cote, Shifford and Chimney, in the West Oxfordshire district of Oxfordshire, England. It is on the River Thames near Shifford Lock, 6 miles (9.7 km) south of Witney. Chimney Meadows 620 acres (250 ha) is the largest nature reserve managed by the Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust.
Robertson Hill
Robertson Hill (also Sturges Park, Mount Robertson or Te Tapuwae a Mataoho) is one of the volcanoes in the Auckland volcanic field in New Zealand. It erupted approximately 24,300 years ago. The hill, alongside Māngere Lagoon, Waitomokia, Crater Hill, Kohuora and Pukaki Lagoon, is one of the volcanic features collectively referred to as Nga Tapuwae a Mataoho ("The Sacred Footprints of Mataoho"), referring to the deity in Tāmaki Māori myths who was involved in their creation.

Its scoria cone reaches 78 metres above sea level (around 28 m above the surrounding land). The cone sits in the centre of a large explosion (maar) crater with the tuff ring arc still present around the south and east sides. In the 20th century, the scoria cone crater was reshaped into a sports oval with terraced seating, and is the home ground of Otahuhu RFC.

Mataaho
Mataaho (also known as Mataaoho and Mataoho) is a Māori deity. Variously considered a god of earthquakes and eruptions, the guardian of the earth's secrets, the god of volcanic forces, or a giant, Mataaho is associated with many of the volcanic features in the Tāmaki Makaurau Region (Auckland Region). In traditional Tāmaki Māori myths, Mataaho either creates the volcanic features of the landscape, or requests the gods to create them. Mataaho holds traditional significance for Te Kawerau ā Maki and Waiohua iwi, and is considered a tupuna (ancestor) of Te Ākitai Waiohua and Ngaati Te Ata Waiohua iwi.
Stern John
Stern John (born 30 October 1976) is a Trinidadian football manager and former player who is currently managing Saint Lucia. He managed Anguilla from 2020 to 2022. He previously played for a number of American and English football clubs that included Columbus Crew, Nottingham Forest, Birmingham City, Coventry City, Derby County, Sunderland, Southampton, Bristol City, Crystal Palace and Ipswich Town. He is the all-time Central American/Caribbean men's top goal scorer in international football with 70 goals.

Trinidad and Tobago Football Association
The Trinidad and Tobago Football Association  (TTFA) is the governing body of football in Trinidad and Tobago. It is based in Port of Spain, Trinidad. It is a member of FIFA and is responsible for governing amateur and professional football and including the men's and women's national teams. The TTFA is also responsible for sanctioning referees and football tournaments for leagues in Trinidad and Tobago.

The association was known as the Trinidad and Tobago Football Federation (TTFF) between 1992 and 1 July 2013.
Getty-Dubay Italic
Getty-Dubay Italic is a modern  teaching script for handwriting based on Latin script, developed in 1976 in Portland, Oregon, by Barbara Getty and Inga Dubay with the aim of allowing learners to make an easier transition from print writing to cursive.

Teaching script
A teaching script is a sample script that serves as a visual orientation for learning to write by hand. In the sense of a guideline or a prototype, it supports the demanding process of developing handwriting skills and abilities in a visual and illustrative way.

Teaching scripts are represented as alphabets (upper and lower case letters), which are generally accompanied by numbers and punctuation marks. For detailed information on the execution of movements and the design of individual letters and their incorporation into words, various learning materials such as writing exercise sheets or corresponding exercise books are usually provided.
County of Cerdanya
The County of Cerdanya (Catalan: Comtat de Cerdanya, IPA: [kumˈtad də səɾˈðaɲə]; Latin: Comitatus Ceritaniae; Spanish: Condado de Cerdaña, French: Comté de Cerdagne) was one of the Catalan counties formed in the last decades of the 8th century by the Franks in the Marca Hispanica. The original Cerdanya consisted of the valley of the upper Segre. Today Cerdanya is a Catalan comarca.

Borrell, Count of Osona
Borrell I was the first count of Cerdanya, Urgell, and Osona from between 797 and 799 to his death in 820. He was a Visigoth nobleman, probably from Cerretana (Cerdanya).

In the final years of the eighth century, the Franks under Charlemagne and his son Louis the Pious, king of Aquitaine, were subduing the Marca Hispanica and expanding southwards into Moorish territory. When Urgell and Cerdanya were subdued around 798, Borrel was appointed count. He took a very active part in the subsequent conquest of Osona in 799 and the successful siege of Barcelona in 801. He may have been named count in Osona as a reward for his services.

In 804 and 805, he participated in the expeditions to Tortosa, but not in the subsequent campaigns of 807, 808, and 809.

He died in 820 and Osona was given to Rampon, Count of Barcelona. Urgell and Cerdanya were granted to Aznar Galíndez I.
Sunnydale Adventist Academy
Sunnydale Adventist Academy (SAA) is a co-educational parochial boarding secondary school operated by the Iowa-Missouri Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. 
It is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system, the world's second largest Christian school system
The school opened to students in 1946. Sunnydale provides a comprehensive educational program that includes spiritual, academic, and social development.  Formerly known as Sunnydale Academy (SA). It is located northeast of Centralia, Missouri in Audrain County, Missouri.

Centralia, Missouri
Centralia is a city in Boone County, Missouri, United States. The population was 4,541 at the 2020 census, with an estimated population of 4,244 in 2018. A very small portion of the city lies in Audrain County.

The Boone County portion of Centralia (which forms the majority of the city) is part of the Columbia Metropolitan Statistical Area, while a small part in Audrain County is part of the Mexico Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Kapten I Wayan Dipta Stadium
Kapten I Wayan Dipta Stadium (Indonesian: Stadion Kapten I Wayan Dipta, Balinese script: ᬲ᭄ᬢᬤᬶᬬᭀᬦ᭄ᬓᬧ᭄ᬢᬾᬦ᭄ᬇᬯᬬᬦ᭄ᬤᬶᬧ᭄ᬢ), is a multi-purpose stadium in Gianyar Regency, Bali, Indonesia, and the home of Indonesia Liga 1 club Bali United. It has a capacity of 18,000 spectators.

Gianyar Regency
Gianyar Regency (Indonesian: Kabupaten Gianyar; Balinese: ᬓᬪᬹᬧᬢᬾᬦ᭄ᬕ᭄ᬬᬜᬃ, Kabupatén Gyañaŕ) is a regency (kabupaten) of the province of Bali, Indonesia. It has an area of 368.0 km2 and had a population 523.973 at mid of 2022 census. It is bordered by Badung Regency and Denpasar City to its west, Bangli Regency and Klungkung Regency to its east and the Badung Strait and the Indian Ocean to its south. Its regency seat is the town of Gianyar.

The town of Ubud, a centre of art and tourism, is located in Gianyar Regency.
Andries Stockenström
Sir Andries Stockenström, 1st Baronet, (6 July 1792 in Cape Town – 16 March 1864 in London) was lieutenant governor of the Eastern Province of the Cape Colony from 13 September 1836 to 9 August 1838.

His efforts in restraining colonists from moving into Xhosa lands served to make him immensely unpopular among the settlers of the Cape Colony frontier. As a historical figure, he long remained controversial in South Africa for supposedly hindering colonisation, and pro-imperialist histories have traditionally vilified him. However his relatively far-sighted and respectful policies towards the Xhosa have increasingly gained recognition in modern South Africa.

On Stockenström's legacy, historian Christopher Saunders concluded: "No man in the 19th century Cape had greater breadth of vision, none gained the respect of a wider constituency, black as well as white."

Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope
The Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope functioned as the legislature of the Cape Colony, from its founding in 1853, until the creation of the Union of South Africa in 1910, when it was dissolved and the Parliament of South Africa was established. It consisted of the House of Assembly (the lower house) and the Legislative Council (the upper house).
Caritas Colombia
Caritas Colombia (Spanish: Cáritas Colombiana, officially Pastoral Social Cáritas Colombiana) is a Colombian nonprofit organisation. It is the official aid organisation of the Catholic Church in Colombia.

The organisation is a member of the global Caritas Internationalis confederation and of Caritas Latin America and Caribbean.

Caritas Colombia is a network of different structures. The national secretariat is known as Secretariado Nacional de Pastoral Social (SNPS).

Caritas Internationalis
Caritas Internationalis (Latin pronunciation: [kaː.ri.t̪as in̪.t̪er.nat̪.t̪͡s̪iˈɔː.na.lis]; lit. 'Charity International') is a confederation of 162 national Catholic relief, development, and social service organisations operating in over 200 countries and territories worldwide. The name Caritas Internationalis refers to both the global network of Caritas organisations and to its general secretariat based in Vatican City.

Collectively and individually, their missions are "to serve the poor and to promote charity and justice throughout the world". Caritas Internationalis is the second-largest international humanitarian aid network in the world after the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.
State Soldiers Home Barn
The State Soldiers Home Barn, at 2500 Minnekahta Ave. in Hot Springs, South Dakota, was built in 1929.  Also known as the Michael J. Fitzmaurice South Dakota Veterans Home Barn, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

It is a Gothic-arch barn.

It was built at cost of $6,500 and was intended to help the Michael J. Fitzmaurice State Veterans Home, formerly known as the State Soldiers Home, be close to self-sufficient in food.

Gothic-arch barn
A Gothic-arched roof barn or Gothic-arch barn or Gothic barn or rainbow arch is a barn whose profile is in the ogival shape of a Gothic arch.  These became economically feasible when arch members could be formed by a lamination process. The distinctive roofline features a center peak as in a gable roof, but with symmetrical curved rafters instead of straight ones. The roof could extend to the ground making the roof and walls a complete arch, or be built as an arched roof on top of traditionally framed walls.
Arthur Vanderstuyft
Arthur Vanderstuyft (23 December 1883 – 6 May 1956) was a Belgian cyclist. He competed in motor-paced racing in the professionals category and won three medals at the world championships in 1904, 1906 and 1908.

As a road cyclist he competed in ten six-day races and twice finished in second place: in 1904 in New York and in 1912 in Brussels. His father Fritz and younger brother Léon were also professional cyclists.

Léon Vanderstuyft
Léon Vanderstuyft (5 May 1890 – 26 February 1964) was a Belgian cyclist. After winning a bronze medal at the UCI Motor-paced World Championships in 1908 in the amateurs division he turned professional and won a silver and a gold medal in 1910 and 1922, respectively.

On 29 September 1928 he set a world speed record of 122.771 km/h riding behind a pacer.

His father Fritz and elder brother Arthur were also professional cyclists.
Small Voices
Small Voices or Mga Munting Tinig is a 2002 Filipino drama film directed by Gil Portes and Adolfo Alix, Jr. The film set in a public school won 11 awards and was nominated for 11 other including Gawad Urian Awards. It is the first out of seven Filipino films (along with Mallari, Under Parallel Skies, Uninvited, Ex Ex Lovers, Eraserheads: Combo on the Run and P77) to be released by Warner Bros. Pictures.

Mallari (film)
Mallari is a 2023 Philippine horror film directed by Roderick Cabrido from a story and screenplay written by Enrico C. Santos. It stars Piolo Pascual who plays the film's three main characters: Juan Severino Mallari, a Catholic priest and serial killer in 19th century Spanish colonial era Philippines and two of the priest's fictional descendants Johnrey in the post-World War II era and Jonathan, a doctor in the contemporary era.

The film made its premiere at the 2023 Metro Manila Film Festival on December 25, 2023, where it won Best Supporting Actor for JC Santos, Best Musical Score, and Best Production Design, and a runner-up for Best Picture. At the 72nd FAMAS Awards, it earned 14 nominations and clinched 6 awards including Best Picture.
1962 Turkish coup attempt
The 1962 attempted coup in Turkey (also known as the February 22 Incident) was led by the Commander of the Turkish Military Academy, Staff Colonel Talat Aydemir and his associates, who were opposed to the democratically elected government in Turkey. Despite taking control of much of Ankara, the coup leaders quickly realised they could not prevail and surrendered without any loss of life occurring. Talat Aydemir went on to lead a further coup attempt in 1963.

1960 Turkish coup d'état
The 1960 Turkish coup d'état (Turkish: 27 Mayıs Darbesi), also known as the 27 May Revolution (Turkish: 27 Mayıs İhtilali or 27 Mayıs Devrimi), was the first coup d'état in the Republic of Turkey. It took place on 27 May 1960. The coup was staged by a group of 38 young Turkish military officers, acting outside the military chain of command. The officers were de facto led by Cemal Madanoğlu until the actual coup date. After a threat by Ragıp Gümüşpala that he would move to quell the coup unless it was led by someone with a higher military rank than himself, the officers brought in General Cemal Gürsel as their leader. The coup was carried out against the democratically elected government of the Democrat Party, and ultimately resulted in the execution of its prime minister, Adnan Menderes, alongside two of his ministers, Fatin Rüştü Zorlu and Hasan Polatkan.
John Galen Howard
John Galen Howard (May 8, 1864 – July 18, 1931) was an American architect and educator who began his career in New York before moving to California. He was the principal architect at several firms in both states and employed Julia Morgan early in her architectural career.

Sather Gate
Sather Gate is a prominent landmark separating Sproul Plaza from the bridge over Strawberry Creek, leading to the center of the University of California, Berkeley campus. The gate was donated by Jane K. Sather, a benefactor of the university, in memory of her late husband Peder Sather, a trustee of the College of California, which later became the University of California. It is California Historical Landmark No. 946 and No. 82004649 in the National Register of Historic Places.
Maple Landmark Woodcraft
Maple Landmark Woodcraft is a wooden products manufacturer located in Middlebury, Vermont. Founded in 1979 by Michael Rainville, the business is known for crafting American-made wooden toys, games, and gifts. Notable product lines include the NameTrains Wooden Railway System, Montgomery Schoolhouse, and Schoolhouse Naturals.

Wooden toy train
Wooden toy trains are toy trains that run on a wooden track system with grooves to guide the wheels of the rolling stock. While the trains, tracks and scenery accessories are made mainly of wood, the engines and cars connect to each other using metal hooks or small magnets, and some use plastic wheels mounted on metal axles. Some trains are made to resemble anthropomorphical, fictional, and prototypical railroad equipment.
Għaxaq F.C.
Ghaxaq F.C. is a football club from the village of Ghaxaq in south-eastern Malta. Founded in 1950, it currently competes in the Maltese National Amateur League. Ghaxaq F.C. has only made it once to the top division, in the 1979–80 season.

Għaxaq
Għaxaq (Maltese: Ħal Għaxaq, pronounced [ħɐl ˈɐˤːʃɐʔ]) is a village in the Southern Region of Malta, with a population of 5,538 as of November 2021. The surrounding areas are predominantly used for agriculture.

The village's name likely originates from the surname of a local noble family, Axiaq (also spelt Axiak or Asciak), who were feudal landholders in the 14th century.
Mitch White (footballer, born 1996)
Mitchell White (born 10 April 1996) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). A defender, 1.88 metres (6 ft 2 in) tall and weighing 88 kilograms (194 lb), White plays primarily as a half-back flanker. He entered top-level football early when he played as a bottom-aged player for the Dandenong Stingrays in the TAC Cup in 2013, the next season saw him win the club best and fairest. He was recruited by the Melbourne Football Club with the twentieth selection in the 2015 rookie draft and he made his AFL debut during the 2015 season. He played four matches in the AFL before he was delisted at the conclusion of the 2017 season.

Casey Demons
The Casey Football Club, nicknamed the Demons, is an Australian rules football club based in the Melbourne suburb of Cranbourne East.

The club, which was previously known as the Springvale Football Club (1903–2005) and the Casey Scorpions (2006–16), plays in the Victorian Football League (VFL). It has a reserves affiliation with the Melbourne Football Club.

The club changed its nickname to the "Demons" prior to the 2017 season to strengthen its alliance with the Melbourne Football Club, also known as the "Demons".

Casey also has a netball team which has competed in the Victorian Netball League (VNL) since 2019.
Missouri Rugby Football Union
The Missouri Rugby Union (MRFU) is the Local Area Union (LAU) for rugby union teams in Missouri and parts of Illinois.  MRFU is part of the Mid-America Geographical Union (MAGU), which is of several Geographical Unions (GU's) that comprise USA Rugby.

Mid-America Geographical Union
The Mid-America Geographical Union (MAGU) is the Geographical Union (GU) for rugby union teams playing in Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and parts of Illinois as a member of USA Rugby.

It was originally established in 1975 as the Western Rugby Football Union until becoming the Mid-America Geographical Union in 2013. It is a founding member of USA Rugby.
Service choreography
Service choreography in business computing is a form of service composition in which the interaction protocol between several partner services is defined from a global perspective.
The idea underlying the notion of service choreography can be summarised as follows:

"Dancers dance following a global scenario without a single point of control"

That is, at run-time each participant in a service choreography executes its part according to the behavior of the other participants. A choreography's role specifies the expected messaging behavior of the participants that will play it in terms of the sequencing and timing of the messages that they can consume and produce.

Choreography describes the sequence and conditions in which the data is exchanged between two or more participants in order to meet some useful purpose.

Orchestration (computing)
In system administration, orchestration is the  automated configuration, coordination,  deployment,  development, and management of computer systems and software. Many tools exist to automate server configuration and management.