hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tynset (town)
Tynset is a town in Tynset Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The town is also the administrative centre of Tynset Municipality. Tynset Church is located in the town.

The town is located along the river Glåma, about halfway between the villages of Tolga and Alvdal. The town includes a central urban area with several surrounding residential areas. The smaller villages of Fåset (to the southwest) and Telneset (to the northeast) lie a short distance away from Tynset.

The 3.03-square-kilometre (750-acre) town has a population (2024) of 2,976 and a population density of 982 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,540/sq mi).

The municipal council of Tynset Municipality voted to designate the village of Tynset as a town on 26 August 2020.

Tynset Church
Tynset Church (Norwegian: Tynset kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Tynset Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the town of Tynset. It is the church for the Tynset parish which is part of the Nord-Østerdal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Hamar. The white, wooden church was built in an octagonal design in 1795 using plans drawn up by the architect Peder Ellingsen. The church seats about 391 people.
Vermonter (train)
The Vermonter is a passenger train operated by Amtrak between St. Albans, Vermont, and Washington, D.C., via New York City. It replaced the overnight Montrealer, which terminated in Montreal until 1995. Amtrak receives funding from the states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont for Vermonter operations north of New Haven.

During fiscal year 2023, the Vermonter carried 99,974 passengers (not including riders between New Haven and Washington, D.C.), a 14.5% increase from FY22. In FY16, the train earned $5,718,268 in revenue, a decrease of 1.8% from FY15.

Springfield Union Station (Massachusetts)
Springfield Union Station is a train and bus station in the Metro Center area of Springfield, Massachusetts. Constructed in 1926, Springfield Union Station is the fifth-busiest Amtrak station in Massachusetts, and the busiest outside of Greater Boston.

A large-scale $94 million renovation project restored the former station building, and it reopened in late June 2017 as a regional intermodal transit hub. It not only features Amtrak service but also serves as the hub for the Pioneer Valley Transit Authority (PVTA), along with Peter Pan Bus Lines, Greyhound Lines, and the CTrail Hartford Line commuter rail. PVTA and intercity bus services began using the renovated station in 2017, and the Hartford Line opened in June 2018. Amtrak moved from a 1994-built structure to the renovated station in June 2019.
South Australian Mining Association
South Australian Mining Association was a no-liability company which established several mines in South Australia, notably the "Grey Wheal", or north mine at Burra, which made a fortune for its promoters, the "Snobs", while the adjacent southern claim, by the Princess Royal Company ("Nobs") proved worthless.

John Neales
John Bentham Neales (13 June 1806 – 31 July 1873), frequently referred to as "J. Bentham Neales" or "Bentham Neales", was a businessman and politician in the early days of South Australia, by some regarded as the "Father of Mining in South Australia".

Neales was born in Plymouth, England, the son of Elizabeth née Bentham.  Both parents died when he was very young, leaving him to be brought up by an uncle. He migrated to South Australia on the Eden, arriving on 24 June 1838.
Midland Railway
The Midland Railway (MR) was a railway company in the United Kingdom from 1844. The Midland was one of the largest railway companies in Britain in the early 20th century, and the largest employer in Derby, where it had its headquarters. It amalgamated with several other railways to create the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at grouping in 1923.

The Midland had a large network of lines emanating from Derby, stretching to London St Pancras, Manchester, Carlisle, Birmingham, and Bristol. It expanded as much through acquisitions as by building its own lines. It also operated ships from Heysham in Lancashire to Douglas and Belfast. A large amount of the Midland's infrastructure remains in use and visible, such as the Midland Main Line and the Settle–Carlisle line, and some of its railway hotels still bear the name Midland Hotel.

Leicester and Swannington Railway
The Leicester and Swannington Railway (L&SR) was one of England's first railways, built to bring coal from West Leicestershire collieries to Leicester, where there was great industrial demand for coal. The line opened in 1832, and included a tunnel over a mile in length, and two rope-worked inclined planes; elsewhere it was locomotive-operated, and it carried passengers.

When it was built, the L&SR was the only railway in the area, but the Midland Railway (MR) was formed and had a main line through Leicester, opened in 1840 and its directors decided to acquire the L&SR. They made a generous offer and they took possession in 1847. At first the Midland Railway line and the L&SR were not connected, but the Midland Railway constructed a route from its main line to Burton, using part of the L&SR. The MR by-passed the inclines for its new route, but most of the other parts of the L&SR continued in use until 1966. The MR Burton line continues in use at the present day.
Protected areas of New South Wales
The Protected areas of New South Wales include both  terrestrial and marine protected areas.  As of June 2020 there are 225 national parks in New South Wales.  A number established since the late 1970s followed campaigns by local residents and environmentalists.

Based on the Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database (CAPAD) 2020 data there are 2136 separate terrestrial protected areas with a total land area of 7,696,641 hectares (19,018,810 acres) (9.61% of the state's area). CAPAD data also shows 18 marine protected areas with a total area of 348,849 hectares (862,020 acres), covering 39.63% of NSW waters.

Ingalba, Big Bush and Pucawan Nature Reserves
Ingalba, Big Bush and Pucawan Nature Reserves are three Nature Reserves situated to the west of Temora, New South Wales.  Ingalba Nature Reserve is situated 10 kilometres west of Temora and Pucawan Nature Reserve a further 6 km west. Big Bush Nature Reserve is 15 kilometres northwest of Temora. All three reserves are located within Temora Shire.  They are managed concurrently by the New South Wales Parks and Wildlife Service.  The reserves are linked by corridors of vegetation in adjacent private land and along roads and Travelling Stock Routes.
Josef de Mendoza y Ríos
Josef (also José or Joseph) de Mendoza y Ríos (1761–1816) was a Spanish astronomer and mathematician of the 18th century, famous for his work on navigation.
The first work of Mendoza y Ríos was published in 1787: his treatise about the science and technique of navigation in two tomes.  He also published several tables for facilitating the calculations of nautical astronomy and useful in navigation to calculate the latitude of a ship at sea from two altitudes of the sun, and the longitude from the distances of the moon from a celestial body.

In the field of the nautical instruments, he improved the reflecting circle.

In 1816, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Versine
The versine or versed sine is a trigonometric function found in some of the earliest (Sanskrit  Aryabhatiya,
Section I) trigonometric tables. The versine of an angle is 1 minus its cosine.

There are several related functions, most notably the coversine and haversine. The latter, half a versine, is of particular importance in the haversine formula of navigation.
Mahakavya
Mahākāvya (lit. great kāvya, court epic), also known as sargabandha, is a genre of Indian epic poetry in Classical Sanskrit. The genre is characterised by ornate and elaborate descriptions of phenomena such as scenery, love, and battles. Typical examples of mahākāvya are the Kumarasambhava and the Kiratarjuniya.

The genre evolved from earlier epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. Despite the length of mahākāvyas (15-30 cantos, a total of about 1500-3000 verses), they are still much shorter than the Ramayana (500 cantos, 24000 verses) and the Mahabharata (about 100000 verses).

Kalidasa
Kālidāsa (Sanskrit: कालिदास, "Servant of Kali"; 4th–5th century CE) was a Classical Sanskrit author who is often considered ancient India's greatest poet and playwright. His plays and poetry are primarily based on Hindu Puranas and philosophy.  His surviving works consist of three plays, two epic poems and two shorter poems.

Much about his life is unknown except what can be inferred from his poetry and plays. His works cannot be dated with precision, but they were most likely authored before the 5th century CE during the Gupta era. Kalidas is mentioned as one of the seven Brahma avatars in Dasam Granth, written by Guru Gobind Singh.
Forum Park, Houston
Forum Park is a community in Houston, Texas. It is bounded by Texas State Highway Beltway 8, U.S. Route 59 (Southwest Freeway), and Bissonnet Road. A portion of the community resides in the Greater Sharpstown district.

The community includes many large apartments and townhouses with high population densities. As of 2009, many apartments and townhouses were not well maintained. The pools at the complexes were not well maintained, and trash pickup was not up to standard.

Southwest Management District
Southwest Management District, formerly Greater Sharpstown Management District, is a district in Houston, Texas, United States. The district is split into 6 neighborhoods: Sharpstown, Chinatown, Mahatma Gandhi District/Little India, Westwood, Harwin, and University.

It is governed by a management district which is created by the Texas Legislature.
Alismatidae
Alismatidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass.  Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used (there are many such systems); the only requirement being that it includes the family Alismataceae. It is a relatively new name: earlier systems, such as the Engler and Wettstein systems, used the name Helobiae for a comparable unit.

Alismatales
The Alismatales (alismatids) are an order of flowering plants including about 4,500 species. Plants assigned to this order are mostly tropical or aquatic. Some grow in fresh water, some in marine habitats. Perhaps the most important food crop in the order is the taro plant, Colocasia esculenta.
48th meridian east
The meridian 48° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Madagascar, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.

The 48th meridian east forms a great circle with the 132nd meridian west.

132nd meridian west
The meridian 132° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.

The 132nd meridian west forms a great circle with the 48th meridian east.
Ventral posterolateral nucleus
The ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) is one of the subdivisions of the ventral posterior nucleus in the ventral nuclear group of the thalamus. It relays sensory information from second-order neurons of the neospinothalamic tract and the medial lemniscus (of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway), which synapse with third-order neurons in the nucleus. These then project to the primary somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus.

There is uncertainty regarding the location of VMpo (posterior part of ventral medial nucleus), as determined by spinothalamic tract (STT) terminations and calcium-binding protein staining, and several authorities do not consider its existence as being proved.

The term "ventral posterolateral nucleus" was introduced by Le Gros Clark in 1930.

Thalamus
The thalamus (pl.: thalami; from Greek θάλαμος, "chamber") is a large mass of gray matter on the lateral wall of the third ventricle forming the dorsal part of the diencephalon (a division of the forebrain). Nerve fibers project out of the thalamus to the cerebral cortex in all directions, known as the thalamocortical radiations, allowing hub-like exchanges of information. It has several functions, such as the relaying of sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness.

Anatomically, the thalami are paramedian symmetrical structures (left and right), within the vertebrate brain, situated between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain. It forms during embryonic development as the main product of the diencephalon, as first recognized by the Swiss embryologist and anatomist Wilhelm His Sr. in 1893.
Verziere
The Verziere (old-fashioned Italian word for "greengrocery market"; also known as Verzee, in Milanese) was the traditional greengrocery street market of Milan, Italy. The market itself has been relocated several times, and it is now in Via Lombroso, east of the city centre; the word "Verziere", anyway, still refers to the main historic location of the market, where it was held from 1776 century until 1911. The new greengrocery market of Via Lombroso is more properly referred to as "Ortomercato" (another Italian word with the same meaning) or "Mercati Generali" ("general markets").

The "Verziere" area has been a symbol of Milan, and notable Milanese scholars such as Carlo Porta and Carlo Maria Maggi celebrated the Verziere in their works as the place where both the Milanese dialect and the Milanese culture was represented in their purest form.

Verziere Column
The Verziere Column (in Italian: Colonna del Verziere) is a baroque-manneristic monumental column  dedicated to "Jesus Christ the Redeemer", in Milan, Italy. The column is located in Largo Augusto and it is named after the "Verziere", the traditional greengrocery street market of Milan that, until 1783, was located in the surrounding district. The construction of the column began in 1580, but it was only completed in 1673.

While the column was originally intended as a votive, religious monument, after the unification of Italy it was repurposed as a monument to commemorate the martyrs who died during the Five Days of Milan. Bronze plaques on the pedestal were added, bearing the names of 354 Milanese that were killed in the riots.

The top of the column has a statue of "Christ the Redemeer" ("Cristo Redentore" in Italian) that was realized by Giuseppe and Gian Battista Vismara, and installed by the Milanese architect Francesco Maria Richini.
Cyclomatic number
In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, the cyclomatic number, circuit rank, cycle rank, corank or nullity of an undirected graph is the minimum number of  edges that must be removed from the graph to break all its cycles, making it into a tree or forest.

The concept was introduced and called the cyclomatic number by Gustav Kirchhoff.

Ear decomposition
In graph theory, an ear of an undirected graph G is a path P where the two endpoints of the path may coincide, but where otherwise no repetition of edges or vertices is allowed, so every internal vertex of P has a degree of at least two in G. An ear decomposition of G is a partition of its set of edges into a sequence of ears, such that the one or two endpoints of each ear belong to earlier ears in the sequence and such that the internal vertices of each ear do not belong to any earlier ear. Often, the first ear in the sequence is taken to be a cycle. An open ear decomposition or a proper ear decomposition is an ear decomposition in which the two endpoints of each ear after the first are distinct from each other.

Ear decompositions may be used to characterize several important graph classes, and as part of efficient graph algorithms. They may also be generalized from graphs to matroids.
Jelena Janković
Jelena Janković (Serbian Cyrillic: Јелена Јанковић, Serbian pronunciation: [jělena jǎːŋkoʋitɕ]; born 28 February 1985) is a Serbian former professional tennis player. She was ranked as the world No. 1 in women's singles by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for 18 weeks, including as the year-end No. 1 in 2008. Janković won 15 WTA Tour-level singles titles and two doubles titles, including the 2007 Wimbledon mixed-doubles title partnering Jamie Murray. Her career-best major performance in singles was a runner-up finish at the 2008 US Open.

2010 Wimbledon Championships
The 2010 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London in the United Kingdom. It was the 124th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and were held from 21 June to 4 July 2010. It was the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year. The Queen of the United Kingdom, Elizabeth II attended on Thursday 24 June 2010, for the first time in more than 30 years.

Roger Federer was the defending men's champion and first seed (was actually ranked 2nd), but he was defeated in the quarterfinals by Tomáš Berdych. Berdych also defeated third seed Novak Djokovic in the semi-finals, but was defeated in straight sets by Rafael Nadal in the final. Nadal won his second Wimbledon title, having previously won the 2008 title. Serena Williams successfully defended the women's crown, defeating Vera Zvonareva in the final to win her fourth Wimbledon title.
Zoltán Czibor
Zoltán Czibor (23 August 1929 – 1 September 1997) was a Hungarian footballer who played for several Hungarian clubs, including Ferencváros and Budapest Honvéd, and the Hungary national team before joining CF Barcelona. Czibor played as a left-winger or striker and was notable for having a powerful shot, good pace and excellent ball control. During the 1950s he was part of the Magical Magyars, reaching the World Cup final with them in 1954. After the 1956 Hungarian Revolution he moved to Spain where he became a prominent member of the successful FC Barcelona team of the late 1950s. After three seasons at Barcelona, he joined their local rivals Español for the 1961–62 season. After brief spells at FC Basel, Austria Wien and Primo Hamilton FC, he retired as a professional footballer and returned to Hungary. He died there in 1997, aged 68.

Central European International Cup
The European International Cup of Nations was an international football competition held by certain national teams from Central Europe & South Europe between 1927 and 1960. There were competitions for professional and amateur teams. Participating nations were: Italy, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Switzerland, Poland, Romania, and (in the final competition) Yugoslavia. Poland and Romania only competed in the amateur competition.

Played as a league on a home and away basis, it was contested six times and each single tournament usually took more than two years to complete. The last two tournaments lasted five years. It was discontinued in 1960, when the European Football Championship started. Winners of the competition included the Austrian Wunderteam of the early 1930s, the Italy team that also won two World Cups in the 1930s, the Golden Team of Hungary and the Czechoslovakia team that later finished as World Cup runners up in 1962.
2010–11 BCHL season
The 2010–11 BCHL season is the 49th season of the British Columbia Hockey League (BCHL). The regular season began on September 10, 2010 and ended on February 20, 2011. At the end of the playoff season, the Vernon Vipers defeated the Powell River Kings in a 4–0 sweep to win the Fred Page Cup. The Vernon Vipers then continued on to win the Doyle Cup by defeating the Spruce Grove Saints in a 4–3 series. During the 2011 Royal Bank Cup run, the Vernon Vipers lost to the Pembroke Lumber Kings in the final round.

Powell River Kings
The Powell River Kings are a junior ice hockey team based in Powell River, British Columbia, Canada. They are members of the Coastal Conference of the British Columbia Hockey League (BCHL). They play their home games at Hap Parker Arena.
Truly, Madly, Deeply Vale
Truly, Madly, Deeply Vale is a 2004 television documentary produced by David Nolan for Granada Television, about the history of the Deeply Vale Festivals which ran from 1976 to 1979 in the North West of England. The programme makers tracked down many of the musicians who played there, including Mark E. Smith of the Fall, Steve Hillage and Vini Reilly of the Durutti Column. The hour-long programme is an elaborate pastiche of the film Woodstock and is largely presented in split-screen. It follows the efforts of festival organisers as they attempted a Glastonbury for the north, while the British musical landscape was changing from progressive rock to punk. It was narrated by Bob Harris, former presenter of The Old Grey Whistle Test, and has since been released on DVD in a much extended form as the 3 hours plus the Deeply Vale Festivals DVD.

Deeply Vale Festivals
The Deeply Vale Festivals were free festivals held near Bury in northwest England in 1976, 1977, 1978 and 1979 and at a different site in 1980 and 1981. They are regarded as significant events that united punk music into the festival scene. Anniversary festivals took place in March 2015 and September 2016.
Panevėžys
Panevėžys (Lithuanian pronunciation: [pɐnʲɛvʲeːˈʑiːs] ⓘ) is the fifth-largest city in Lithuania. As of 2021, it occupies 50 square kilometres (19 sq mi) with 89,100 inhabitants. As defined by Eurostat the population of the Panevėžys functional urban area that stretches beyond the city limits is estimated at 124,412 (as of 2022).

Panevėžys is an important cultural and economic hub in the country's northeast. Located on the banks of the Nevėžis river, the city is known for its strong industrial heritage and vibrant arts scene. Panevėžys is also considered as a gateway to the picturesque landscapes of the Aukštaitija region.

The city is still known in the Jewish world for the eponymous Ponevezh Yeshiva.

Lithuanian book smugglers
Lithuanian book smugglers or Lithuanian book carriers (Lithuanian: knygnešiaĩ, singular: knygnešys) smuggled Lithuanian language books printed in the Latin alphabet into Lithuanian-speaking areas of the Russian Empire, defying a ban on such materials in force from 1864 to 1904. In Lithuanian, knygnešys literally means "the one who carries books".  Opposing imperial Russian authorities' efforts to replace the traditional Latin orthography with Cyrillic, and transporting printed matter from as far away as the United States to do so, the book smugglers became a symbol of Lithuanians' resistance to Russification.
Shell–Paques process
The Shell–Paques process, also known by the trade name of Thiopaq O&G, is a gas desulfurization technology for the removal of hydrogen sulfide from natural-, refinery-, synthesis- and biogas. The process was initially named after the Shell Oil and Paques purification companies. After accession of a dedicated joint venture by the founders, Paqell B.V., the trade name for applications in the Oil & Gas industry was changed to "THIOPAQ O&G".  It is based on the biocatalytical conversion of sulfide into elemental sulfur. It operates at near-ambient conditions of temperature, about 30-40 °C, and pressure which results in inherent safety. It is an alternative to, for example, the Claus process.

Desulfurization
Desulfurization or desulphurisation is a chemical process for the removal of sulfur from a material. The term usually refers to the removal of sulfur from a molecule or a material by hydrogenolysis:

R2S + 2 H2  →   2RH + H2S

Hydrogen is the ultimate sulfur acceptor. As applied to oil refinery streams, the conversion is known as hydrodesulfurization. These processes are of industrial and environmental importance as they provide the bulk of sulfur used in industry (Claus process and Contact process), sulfur-free compounds that could otherwise not be used in a great number of catalytic processes, and also reduce the release of harmful sulfur compounds into the environment.

A laboratory scale hydrogenolysis is the desulfurization of thioketals by Raney nickel.  In such cases, the hydrogen is contained within the reagent.