hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Naghma (singer)
Naghma (/ˈnæɡmə/; Pashto: نغمه ښاپېرۍ, IPA: [ˈnaɣmɐ ʂɑpeˈrəɪ]; born 1 January 1964) is an Afghan singer who started her career in the early 1980s. Similar to that of Sonny & Cher, she sang alongside Mangal during the 1980s and early 1990s. She sings in both Dari and Pashto, the country's two main languages.

Afghan Americans
Afghan Americans are Americans with ancestry from Afghanistan. They form the largest Afghan community in North America. Afghan Americans may originate from any of the ethnic groups in Afghanistan.

The Afghan community in the United States was minimal until large numbers were admitted as refugees following the December 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Others have arrived similarly during and after the latest war in Afghanistan. Afghan Americans reside and work all across the United States. The states of California, Virginia and New York historically had the largest number of Afghan Americans. Thousands may also be found in the states of Arizona, Texas, Georgia, Colorado,  Washington, Oklahoma, Nebraska, Missouri, North Carolina, Maryland and Illinois.
Degem
Degem is one of the Aanaas in North Shewa Zone of Oromiya in Ethiopia. Degem is bordered on the south by Muger River which separates it from west shewa zone, on the west by Kuyu, on the northwest by Hidabu Abote, on the north by Jamma River which separates it from Amhara Region, on the northeast by Gerar Jarso, and on the east by Yaya Gulele. Towns in Degem include Alidoro and hambiso.

Gerar Jarso
Gerar Jarso is one of the Aanaas in the Oromia of Ethiopia. Part of the Kaba Shewa Zone, Gerar Jarso is bordered on the south by Yaya Gulele, on the west by Degem, and on the east by the Amhara Region.
Cochran's Q test
Cochran's  test is a non-parametric statistical test to verify whether k treatments have identical effects in the analysis of two-way randomized block designs wherein the response variable is binary. It is named after William Gemmell Cochran.  Cochran's Q test should not be confused with Cochran's C test, which is a variance outlier test. Put in simple technical terms, Cochran's Q test requires that there only be a binary response (e.g. success/failure or 1/0) and that there be more than two groups of the same size. The test assesses whether the proportion of successes is the same between groups. Often it is used to assess if different observers of the same phenomenon have consistent results (interobserver variability).

Nonparametric statistics
Nonparametric statistics is a type of statistical analysis that makes minimal assumptions about the underlying distribution of the data being studied. Often these models are infinite-dimensional, rather than finite dimensional, as in parametric statistics. Nonparametric statistics can be used for descriptive statistics or statistical inference. Nonparametric tests are often used when the assumptions of parametric tests are evidently violated.
Northern ghost bat
The northern ghost bat (Diclidurus albus) is a bat species from South America, Trinidad, and Central America. It is a relatively rare, completely white, insectivorous bat, with an unusual sac at the base of its tail.

Emballonuridae
Emballonuridae is a family of microbats, many of which are referred to as  sac-winged or sheath-tailed bats. They are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The earliest fossil records are from the Eocene.
2008 Curtis Cup
The 35th Curtis Cup Match was played from 30 May to 1 June 2008 on the Old Course at St Andrews, Scotland. The United States won 13 to 7. This was the first Curtis Cup played over three days, including fourball matches for the first time. Stacy Lewis won all her five matches.

Curtis Cup
The Curtis Cup is the best known team trophy for women amateur golfers, awarded in the biennial Curtis Cup Match. It is co-organised by the United States Golf Association and The R&A and is contested by teams representing the United States and "Great Britain and Ireland". The same two teams originally contested the Ryder Cup, but unlike that competition, the Curtis Cup has not widened the Great Britain and Ireland team to include all Europeans (nor has the analogous event for amateur men, the Walker Cup). Many women who have gone on to become stars of women's professional golf have played in the Curtis Cup.
Fan vault
A fan vault is a form of vault used in the Gothic style, in which the ribs are all of the same curve and spaced equidistantly, in a manner resembling a fan.  The initiation and propagation of this design element is strongly associated with England.

The earliest example, dating from about 1351, may be seen in the cloisters of Gloucester Cathedral. The largest fan vault in the world can be found in King's College Chapel, Cambridge.

The fan vault is peculiar to England. The lierne vault of the cathedral of Barbastro in northern Spain closely resembles a fan vault, but it does not form a perfect conoid. John Harvey (1978) suggests Catherine of Aragon as a possible source of English influence in Aragon.

Grand Theatre, Leeds
The Grand Theatre, also known as Leeds Grand Theatre and Leeds Grand Theatre and Opera House, is a theatre and opera house in Briggate, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England.  It seats approximately 1,500 people.
Cattle drives in the United States
Cattle drives were a major economic activity in the 19th and early 20th century American West, particularly between 1850s and 1910s. In this period, 27 million cattle were driven from Texas to railheads in Kansas, for shipment to stockyards in St. Louis and points east, and direct to Chicago. The long distances covered, the need for periodic rests by riders and animals, and the establishment of railheads led to the development of "cow towns" across the frontier.

According to the Kraisingers, "...four Texas-based cattle trails - the Shawnee Trail System, the Goodnight Trail System, the Eastern/Chisholm Trail System, and The Western Trail System - were used to drive cattle north during the forty-year period between 1846 and 1886."

Due to the extensive treatment of cattle drives in fiction and film, the horse has become the worldwide iconic image of the American West, where cattle drives still occur.

Sedalia, Missouri
Sedalia is a city located approximately 30 miles (50 kilometers) south of the Missouri River and, as the county seat of Pettis County, Missouri, United States, it is the principal city of the Sedalia Micropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 21,725. Sedalia is also the location of the Missouri State Fair and the Scott Joplin International Ragtime Festival. U.S. Routes 50 and 65 intersect in the city.
Language-for-specific-purposes dictionary
A language-for-specific-purposes dictionary (LSP dictionary) is a reference work which defines the specialised vocabulary used by experts within a particular field, for example, architecture. The discipline that deals with these dictionaries is specialised lexicography.  Medical dictionaries are well-known examples of the type.

Specialized lexicography
Specialized lexicography is an academic discipline that is concerned with development of theories and principles for the design, compilation, use and evaluation of specialized dictionaries. A specialized dictionary is a dictionary that covers a relatively restricted set of phenomena, usually within one or more subject fields. An alternative term for this type of dictionary is LSP dictionary.
Carrie Ann Inaba
Carrie Ann Inaba (born January 5, 1968) is an American television personality, dancer, choreographer, actress, and singer. She is best known for her work on ABC's Dancing with the Stars for which she has served as a judge since 2005. She co-hosted and moderated the CBS Daytime talk show The Talk from 2019 to 2021. She started her career as a singer in Japan, but became best known for her dancing, introducing herself to American audiences as one of the original Fly Girls on the Fox sketch comedy series In Living Color from 1990 to 1992.

Monster Mash (1995 film)
Monster Mash (also known as Monster Mash: The Movie and Frankenstein Sings) is a 1995 musical comedy horror film written and directed by Joel Cohen and Alec Sokolow, based on Bobby Pickett's 1962 novelty song "Monster Mash" and the 1967 stage musical, I'm Sorry the Bridge is Out, You'll Have to Spend the Night, also by Pickett and Sheldon Allman. The film adaptation follows Mary and Scott, a young couple who find themselves spending Halloween night at the mansion of Dr. Victor Frankenstein. Along with housemates Igor, Count Dracula, Wolfie, Frankenstein's monster, and a reanimated Elvis Presley, Dr. Frankenstein takes a personal interest in what secret designs await the main characters.

It features seven musical numbers. Starring Pickett himself as Dr. Frankenstein, alongside Candace Cameron and Ian Bohen, the film was theatrically released on November 14, 1995, by Prism Pictures.
Heathcote Junction railway station
Heathcote Junction railway station is a regional railway station on the Tocumwal line. It serves the town of the same name, in Victoria, Australia. Heathcote Junction is a ground level unstaffed station, featuring two side platforms. It opened on 17 March 1890, with the current station provided in 1990.

Initially opened as Kilmore Junction, the station was given its current name of Heathcote Junction on 15 May 1922.

Heathcote Junction
Heathcote Junction is a town in Victoria, Australia. The town is located 53 kilometres (33 mi) north of the state capital, Melbourne and 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from nearby Wandong. At the 2021 census, Heathcote Junction had a combined population of 839.

The town was affected by the Black Saturday bushfires, including one fatality.
Supreme Court of Nevada
The Supreme Court of Nevada is the highest state court of the U.S. state of Nevada, and the head of the Nevada Judiciary. The main constitutional function of the Supreme Court is to review appeals made directly from the decisions of the district courts. The Supreme Court does not pursue fact-finding by conducting trials, but rather determines whether legal errors were committed in the rendering of the lower court's decision. While the Court must consider all cases filed, it has the discretion to send appeals to the Nevada Court of Appeals for final resolution, as well as the power to determine the jurisdiction of that court.

There are seven Justices on the court, who are elected to six-year terms in officially nonpartisan elections and who are not subject to term limits, which were rejected by voters in 1996. The Governor appoints Justices in the case of a vacancy. The most senior justice becomes Chief Justice for a two-year term.

Judiciary of Nevada
The Nevada Judiciary is the judicial branch of the Government of Nevada, which is responsible for applying the Constitution and law of Nevada. It consists of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, district courts, justice courts, and municipal courts. The Supreme Court oversees the administration of the judiciary.
Ciudad López Mateos
Ciudad López Mateos (most commonly called "Atizapán") is a city in the State of Mexico, Mexico, and the municipal seat of the municipality called Atizapán de Zaragoza. The city was previously named San Francisco Atizapán, but the official name was changed after president Adolfo López Mateos, who was born in that town. However, the city is still commonly known as Atizapán. There were 489,160 inhabitants according to the 2010 census. It is the seventh-largest city in the state. It includes the upscale neighborhood Zona Esmeralda.

This was the hometown of Mexican president Adolfo López Mateos, and a mausoleum was built for his remains in downtown Atizapán de Zaragoza.

Atizapán de Zaragoza
Atizapán de Zaragoza is a municipality, in State of Mexico in Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 91.07 km2. In 2010, the municipality had a total population of 489,937. At the west side of the city is the Zona Esmeralda district (the Lomas de Valle Escondido and surrounding neighborhoods), considered one of the wealthiest in the State of Mexico and Greater Mexico City. The Valle Escondido and Chiluca country clubs are located here.

It takes its name from the nahuatl word Ātīzapan, which is formed by three words: "ā-tl", which means "water", "tīza-tl", which means "white clay" and "īpan, which means "over" or "place over" in a metaphorical form. Finished this, the name means "Place over clay waters". Atizapán is located east from Toluca, and inside the Greater Mexico City limits.

During the French Intervention, general Ignacio Zaragoza stayed here, and used the town for the gathering of weapons.
Totemsky Uyezd
Totemsky Uyezd (Russian: Тотемский уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Vologda Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the southwestern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Totma. In terms of present-day administrative borders, the territory of Totemsky Uyezd is divided between the Totemsky, Sokolsky, Mezhdurechensky, Babushkinsky and Tarnogsky districts of Vologda Oblast.

Totma
Totma (Russian: То́тьма) is a town and the administrative center of Totemsky District in Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Sukhona River at its confluence with the Pesya Denga, 217 kilometers (135 mi) northeast of Vologda, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:  9,785 (2010 census); 10,531 (2002 census); 10,622 (1989 Soviet census).
National Opera of Ukraine
The Kyiv Opera group in Ukraine was formally established in the summer of 1867, and is the second oldest opera in Ukraine, after Odesa Opera and before Lviv Opera.

The Kyiv Opera Company perform in the Kyiv Opera House, named after Taras Shevchenko.

Olga (ballet)
Olga (Ukrainian: Ольга, romanized: Ol'ha) is a two-act ballet by Ukrainian composer Yevhen Stankovych and librettist Yuriy Ilyenko based on the life of Olga of Kiev, which was written in 1981 to commemorate the 1500th anniversary of the city of Kyiv.
Hollywood Road
Hollywood Road (Chinese: 荷李活道) is a street on Hong Kong Island. It runs between Central and Sheung Wan, with Wyndham Street, Arbuthnot Road, Ladder Street, Upper Lascar Row, and Old Bailey Street all within its vicinity.

Sheung Wan
Sheung Wan (Chinese: 上環) is an area in Hong Kong, located in the north-west of Hong Kong Island, between Central and Sai Ying Pun. Administratively, it is part of the Central and Western District. The name can be variously interpreted as Upper District (occupying relatively high ground compared to Central and Wan Chai), or Gateway District (perhaps a reference to the location where the British first entered and occupied Hong Kong).
Sapinuwa
Sapinuwa (sometimes Shapinuwa; Hittite: Šapinuwa) was a Bronze Age Hittite city at the location of modern Ortaköy in the province Çorum in Turkey about 70 kilometers east of the Hittite capital of Hattusa. It was one of the major Hittite religious and administrative centres, a military base and an occasional residence of several Hittite kings. The palace at Sapinuwa is discussed in several texts from Hattusa.

Ortaköy, Çorum
Ortaköy is a town in Çorum Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey, located at 57 km from the city of Çorum. It is the seat of Ortaköy District. Its population is 2,033 (2021). The mayor is Taner İsbir (AKP).
Ano Liosia railway station
Ano Liosia (Greek: Σιδηροδρομικός Σταθμός Άνω Λιοσίων, romanized: Sidirodromikós Stathmós Áno Liosíon) is a train station in Ano Liosia, a western suburb in the municipality of Fyli, West Attica, Attica, Greece. It is located in the median strip of the Attiki Odos motorway, and has a single island platform. The station is the western terminus of the Athens Suburban Railway to and from Athens Airport. It is also served by trains to and from Piraeus and Kiato. it sits a 700 meaters from Zefyri, or a 2 min train ride.

Ano Liosia
Ano Liosia (Greek: Άνω Λιόσια) is a town and a former municipality in the northern part of the Athens agglomeration, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Fyli, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 38.447 km2.
Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility
The Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) is an arm of the International Monetary Fund which lends to the world's poorest countries. It was created on September 16, 1999, replacing the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility. In 2009 the organization sold 212 metric tons of gold in separate off-market transactions and then gradually sold 191.3 tons of gold to fund the SDR 1¼ billion yearly lending program to the targeted nations.

Enhanced structural adjustment facility
The Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) was a program of financial assistance given to poor countries from December 1987 through 1999 through the International Monetary Fund. It replaced the Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF) and was itself replaced by the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF).

During the program's tenure, approximately 10.1 billion dollars were disbursed, through low interest (.5 % annual) loans payable after 5½ years, and due in 10 years.
SF Ammonia
SF Ammonia is a steam-powered railway ferry on Lake Tinn in Telemark, Norway. The ferry was one of the four railway ferries on Lake Tinn  that connected the Rjukan Line with the Tinnoset Line. This system was used by   Norsk Hydro to transport chemicals from Rjukan to the port in Skien. The ferry is one of four remaining steam-powered railway ferries in the world, and can still be seen docked at Mæl, Norway.

Tinnsjø railway ferry
Tinnsjø railway ferry was a Norwegian railway ferry service on Lake Tinn that connected the Rjukan Line and Tinnoset Line. The 30-kilometer (19 mi) long ferry trip made it possible for Norsk Hydro to transport its fertilizer from the plant at Rjukan to the port in Skien. The ferry services were operated by the company's subsidiary Norsk Transport from 1909 to 1991, when the plant closed.

One of the ferries was in 1944 the target of the Norwegian heavy water sabotage when it was sunk to 430 meters (1,411 ft) depth to prevent Nazi Germany from developing nuclear weapons.
Racism in sport in Australia
Racism in sport in Australia has a long history, with instances dating back to the 19th century. Since the 1990s, numerous cases of racial vilification have been reported, leading to sport organizations to address the issue through various measures.

Michael Long (footballer)
Michael Long OAM (born (1969-10-01)1 October 1969) is a former Australian rules footballer of Aboriginal descent who became a spokesperson for Indigenous rights and against racism in sport in Australia.

Long played in dual Australian Football League (AFL) premierships with the Essendon Football Club, including a Norm Smith Medal for his 1993 grand final performance. As an activist, he is credited with being instrumental in the introduction of a racial vilification code in the AFL in 1995 and the inspiration behind "The Long Walk" commemorating the Stolen Generations, now a strong AFL tradition. In August 2023, Long began a 650-kilometre (400 mi) walk between Melbourne and Canberra in support of the forthcoming Australian Indigenous Voice referendum. He completed the walk in 20 days and arrived in Canberra on 14 September 2023.
St. Joseph's Colony
St. Joseph's (Josephstal)  was a colony in Saskatchewan, Canada, which comprised the towns of Adanac, Biggar, Broadacres, Cactus Lake, Carmelheim, Cavell, Cosine, Denzil, Donegal, Evesham, Grosswerder, Handel, Kelfield, Kerrobert, Landis, Leipzig,  Luseland, Macklin, Major, Onward, Pascal, Phippen, Primate, Revenue, Reward, Salvador, Scott, Tramping Lake, Unity, Wilkie, and Wolfe.

Luseland
Luseland is a town in the Rural Municipality of Progress No. 351, in the west-central region of Saskatchewan. The town's population as of the 2006 Canadian Census was 571, down 5% from the 2001 Census.

It is known as the hometown of the Canadian business magnate Jim Pattison.
Anscar of Spoleto
Anscar (Italian Anscario; died 940) was a magnate in the Kingdom of Italy who served as Count of Pavia (c. 924–29), Margrave of Ivrea (929–36) and Duke of Spoleto (936–40). He is sometimes numbered "Anscar II" to distinguish him from his grandfather, Anscar I of Ivrea. Described by Liutprand of Cremona as courageous and impulsive, he died in the battle of Spoleto.

March of Ivrea
The March of Ivrea was a large frontier county (march) in the northwest of the medieval Italian kingdom from the late 9th to the early 11th century.  Its capital was Ivrea in present-day Piedmont, and it was held by a Burgundian family of margraves called the Anscarids. The march was the primary frontier between Italy and Upper Burgundy and served as a defense against any interference from that state.
Marginalism
Marginalism is a theory of economics that attempts to explain the discrepancy in the value of goods and services by reference to their secondary, or marginal, utility. It states that the reason why the price of diamonds is higher than that of water, for example, owes to the greater additional satisfaction of the diamonds over the water. Thus, while the water has greater total utility, the diamond has greater marginal utility.

Although the central concept of marginalism is that of marginal utility, marginalists, following the lead of Alfred Marshall, drew upon the idea of marginal physical productivity in explanation of cost. The neoclassical tradition that emerged from British marginalism abandoned the concept of utility and gave marginal rates of substitution a more fundamental role in analysis. Marginalism is an integral part of mainstream economic theory.

Hermann Heinrich Gossen
Hermann Heinrich Gossen (7 September 1810 – 13 February 1858) was a German economist who is often regarded as the first to elaborate, in detail, a general theory of marginal utility.

Prior to Gossen, a number of economic theorists, including Gabriel Cramer, Daniel Bernoulli, William Forster Lloyd, Nassau William Senior, and Jules Dupuit had employed or asserted the significance of some notion of marginal utility.  But Cramer, Bernoulli, and Dupuit had focussed upon specific problems, Lloyd had not presented any applications of theory, and if Senior provided a detailed elaboration of the general theory he had developed, he had done so in language that caused his applications of theory to be missed by most readers.
Scioa Governorate
The Scioa Governorate (Governo dello Scioa), also known as the Shewa Governorate, was one of the six governorates of Italian East Africa. It was formed in 1936 from parts of the conquered Ethiopian Empire following the Second Italo-Ethiopian War with its administrative capital being Addis Abeba.

Italians of Ethiopia
Italians of Ethiopia (Italian: Italo-etiopi, also called Italian Ethiopians,) are Ethiopian-born citizens who are fully or partially of Italian descent, whose ancestors were Italians who emigrated to Ethiopia starting in the 19th century during the Italian diaspora, or Italian-born people in Ethiopia.

Most of the Italians moved to Ethiopia after the Italian conquest of Abyssinia in 1936. Italian Ethiopia was made of Harrar, Galla-Sidamo, Amhara and Scioa Governorates in summer 1936 and became a part of the Italian colony Italian East Africa, with capital Addis Ababa. and with Victor Emmanuel III proclaiming himself Emperor of Ethiopia.