hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
William Whitfield III
William Whitfield III (June 1, 1743 in Rockford, North Carolina – March 1817) was a soldier and slave owner. The son of William Whitfield II, he fought in the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge during the American Revolutionary War.

In 1778, Whitfield was appointed justice of the peace for Dobbs County. Along with his son, he was a director and trustee for designing and building the town of Wanesboro.
He married four times and had 29 children. Forty of his descendants served in the Confederate army. He died in March, 1817.

William Whitfield II
William Whitfield II (May 20, 1715 in Chowan County, North Carolina – March 31, 1795 in Bertie County, North Carolina) was a Captain of the 6th Virginia Regiment during the American Revolutionary War and a planter. He purchased Seven Springs, North Carolina from Buckskin Williams, the father of Benjamin Williams, the Governor of North Carolina.
Manchester Royal Infirmary
Manchester Royal Infirmary (MRI) is a large NHS teaching hospital in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester, England. Founded by Charles White in 1752 as part of the voluntary hospital movement of the 18th century, it is now a major regional and national medical centre.

It is the largest hospital within Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and based on its Oxford Road Campus in central Manchester where it shares a site with the Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital and Saint Mary's Hospital as well as several other educational and research facilities. The hospital is also a key site for medical education within Manchester, serving as a main teaching hospital for the School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester.

Voluntary hospital
A voluntary hospital is a non-profit private hospital.  They can be distinguished from for-profit private hospitals, and municipal or public hospitals, which are publicly owned. Created from the eighteenth century onwards in England, hospitals using this model were established later in America, Ireland, and Australia. They were initially financed by public subscription, philanthropy and fundraising, but in some cases voluntary hospitals now accept varying degrees of state funding for their activities. A voluntary hospital may also be a charitable hospital.
Bala, Gwynedd
Bala (Welsh: Y Bala) is a town and community in Gwynedd, Wales. Formerly an urban district, Bala lies in the historic county of Merionethshire, at the north end of Llyn Tegid. According to the 2021 census, Bala had a population of 1,999 and 72.5 per cent of the population could speak Welsh.

Bala Lake Railway
The Bala Lake Railway (Welsh: Rheilffordd Llyn Tegid) is a narrow-gauge railway along the southern shore of Llyn Tegid (Bala Lake) in Gwynedd, North Wales. The line, which is 4+1⁄2 miles (7.2 km) long, is built on a section of the former standard-gauge Ruabon–Barmouth GWR route that closed in 1965. Another section of the former permanent way is used by the Llangollen Railway. The Bala Lake Railway, which runs on 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in)-gauge preserved rolling stock, is a member of the Great Little Trains of Wales.

The railway now has the largest collection of historic narrow-gauge quarry locomotives built specifically for the slate industry in North Wales by the Hunslet Engine Company in Leeds.
Raoul Peck
Raoul Peck (born 9 September 1953) is a Haitian filmmaker and director. He is known for using historical, political, and personal characters to tackle and recount societal issues and historical events. Peck was Haiti's Minister of Culture from 1996 to September 1997. His film I Am Not Your Negro (2016), about the life of James Baldwin and race relations in the United States, was nominated for an Oscar in January 2017 and won a César Award in France. Peck's HBO documentary miniseries, Exterminate All the Brutes (2021),  received a Peabody Award.

Peck is also the founder of Velvet Film, a film production company in Paris, New York, and Port-au-Prince. He also founded "El Dorado Forum" (Port-au-Prince, Haiti) in 1995, a center that supports the creativity and enrichment of artists.

Lumumba (film)
Lumumba is a 2000 biographical film directed by Raoul Peck. A co-production of France, Germany, Belgium, and Haiti filmed in French, the film depicts the rise and fall of Patrice Lumumba, and is set in the months before and after Congo-Léopoldville achieved independence from Belgium in June 1960.  War in the Democratic Republic of the Congo at the time of filming caused the film to be shot in Zimbabwe and Beira, Mozambique. The film received positive reviews from critics, and won awards from the American Black Film Festival, the Political Film Society, and the Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou.
Petrov Affair
The Petrov Affair was a Cold War spy incident in Australia, concerning the defection of Vladimir Petrov, a KGB officer, from the Soviet embassy in Canberra in 1954. The defection led to a Royal Commission and the resulting controversy contributed to the Australian Labor Party split of 1955.

Vladimir Petrov (diplomat)
Vladimir Mikhaylovich Petrov (Russian: Влади́мир Миха́йлович Петро́в; born Afanasii Mikhailovich Shorokhov; 15 February 1907 – 14 June 1991) was a Soviet spy who defected to Australia in 1954 with his wife Evdokia, in what became known as the Petrov Affair.
McBurney's point
McBurney's point is the point over the right side of the abdomen that is one-third of the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus (navel). This is near the most common location of the appendix.

Cecum
The cecum (UK: caecum, pronounced /ˈsiːkəm/; plural ceca or UK: caeca, pronounced /ˈsiːkə/) is a pouch within the peritoneum that is considered to be the beginning of the large intestine. It is typically located on the right side of the body (the same side of the body as the appendix, to which it is joined). The term stems from the Latin caecus, meaning "blind".

It receives chyme from the ileum, and connects to the ascending colon of the large intestine. It is separated from the ileum by the ileocecal valve (ICV), also called Bauhin's valve. It is also separated from the colon by the cecocolic junction. While the cecum is usually intraperitoneal, the ascending colon is retroperitoneal.

In herbivores, the cecum stores food material where bacteria are able to break down the cellulose. In humans, the cecum is involved in absorption of salts and electrolytes and lubricates the solid waste that passes into the large intestine.
Parlement
Under the French Ancien Régime, a parlement (French pronunciation: [paʁləmɑ̃] ⓘ) was a provincial appellate court of the Kingdom of France. In 1789, France had 13 parlements, the original and most important of which was the Parlement of Paris. Though both the modern French term parlement (for the legislature) and the English word "parliament" derive from this French term, the Ancien Régime parlements were not legislative bodies and the modern and ancient terminology are not interchangeable.

René Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou
René Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou, marquis de Morangles (French: [mopu]; 25 February 1714 – 29 July 1792) was a French lawyer, politician, and chancellor of France, whose attempts at reform signalled the failure of enlightened despotism in France.  He is best known for his effort to destroy the system of parlements, which were powerful regional courts, in 1770–74. When King Louis XV died in 1774, the parlements were restored and Maupeou lost power.
Eastern Guo
Eastern Guo (simplified Chinese: 东虢; traditional Chinese: 東虢; pinyin: Dōng Guó) was a Chinese vassal state of the Western Zhou dynasty (1046–770 BCE).

According to transmitted ancient texts, after King Wu of Zhou destroyed the Shang dynasty in 1046 BCE, his two uncles received grants of land. One, known as the Western Guo was at Yongdi and the other, Eastern Guo, at Zhidi (制地) (modern day Xingyang, Henan). However, this account has been questioned by modern scholars such as Li Feng, who believe that Eastern Guo was founded later by a subbranch of Western Guo.

Eastern Guo barely survived into the Spring and Autumn period (770–475 BCE). It was conquered by the State of Zheng in 767 BCE.

Zheng (state)
Zheng (/dʒɛŋ/; Chinese: 鄭; Old Chinese: *[d]reng-s) was a vassal state in China during the Zhou dynasty (1046–221 BCE) located in the centre of ancient China in modern-day Henan Province on the North China Plain about 75 miles (121 km) east of the royal capital at Luoyang. It was the most powerful of the vassal states at the beginning of the Eastern Zhou (771–701 BCE), and was the first state to clearly establish a code of law in its late period of 543 BCE. Its ruling house had the ancestral name Ji (姬), making them a branch of the Zhou royal house, who held the rank of Bo (伯), a kinship term meaning "elder".
4-6-2+2-6-4
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, a 4-6-2+2-6-4 is a Garratt or Union Garratt articulated locomotive using a pair of 4-6-2 engine units back to back, with the boiler and cab suspended between them. The 4-6-2 wheel arrangement of each engine unit has four leading wheels, six powered and coupled driving wheels, and two trailing wheels.

Garratt locomotive
A Garratt locomotive is a type of three-part articulated steam locomotive invented by the engineer Herbert William Garratt. Its boiler, firebox, and cab are mounted on a centre frame or "bridge". The two other parts, one at each end, have a pivot to support the central frame; they consist of a steam engine unit – with driving wheels, trailing wheels, valve gear, and cylinders, and above it, fuel and/or water storage.

Articulation permits locomotives to negotiate curves that might restrict large rigid-framed locomotives. The design also provides more driving wheels per unit of locomotive weight, permitting operation on lightly engineered track. Garratt locomotives produced as much as twice the tractive effort of the largest conventional locomotives of railways that introduced them, reducing the need for multiple locomotives and crews.
Lula kebab
Lula kebab (Armenian: լուլա քյաբաբ, romanized: lula kʿyabab; Azerbaijani: lülə kabab) is a type of kebab cooked on skewers. It is made from minced meat. It is a specialty of Armenian, Azerbaijani, and other cuisines of countries in South Caucasus, the Middle East, and Central Asia.

Azerbaijani cuisine
Azerbaijani cuisine (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan mətbəxi) is a term describing the cooking styles and dishes of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The cuisine is influenced by the country's agriculture that mostly developed on grasslands allowing a culture of pastoralism to develop, as well as to the geographical location of the country, which is situated between Europe and Asia with access to the Caspian Sea. This location has enabled the people that now live in the territory of Azerbaijan to develop a diet rich in produce, milk products, and meat, including beef, mutton, fish and game. The location, which was contested by many historical kingdoms, khanates, and empires, also meant that Azerbaijani cuisine was influenced by the culinary traditions of multiple different cultures, including Turkic, Iranian, Armenian and Eastern European cuisines. Many dishes of Armenian and Georgian cuisine with Turkified or Turkic names are widespread in Azerbaijan.
Sunnybank railway station
Sunnybank railway station is located on the Beenleigh line in Queensland, Australia. It is one of three stations serving the Brisbane suburb of Sunnybank, the others being Altandi and Banoon.

In 2008, an upgrade of the station was completed as part of the Salisbury to Kuraby triplication project. This included converting the western platform to an island, and a new footbridge with lifts.

Altandi railway station
Altandi railway station is located on the Beenleigh line in Queensland, Australia. It is one of three stations serving the Brisbane suburb of Sunnybank, the others being Sunnybank and Banoon.

In 2008, an upgrade of the station was completed as part of the Salisbury to Kuraby triplication project. This included converting the eastern platform to an island, and a new footbridge with lifts.
1884 Michigan Wolverines football team
The 1884 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1884 college football season. The team compiled a 2–0 record and outscored its opponents by a combined score of 36 to 10.  The team captain was Horace Greely Prettyman.  Prettyman played a record eight years on the Michigan Wolverines football team between 1882 and 1890.  The team's manager and starting center was Henry Killilea. Killilea was one of the five men who founded baseball's American League as a major league in 1899. He also owned the Boston Red Sox from 1903 until 1904.  Quarterback Thomas H. McNeil went on to become the 30th Grand Chancellor of the Knights of Pythias.

Thomas H. McNeil
Thomas H. McNeil (February 29, 1860 – October 1, 1932) was an American football player and lawyer.  He was the first University of Michigan football player to be the starting quarterback in consecutive years.  He led the Michigan football team to undefeated seasons in 1884 and 1885.  He later became a lawyer practicing in Missouri.
Rafat, Salfit
Rafat (Arabic: رافات) is a Palestinian town in the Salfit Governorate of the State of Palestine, in the northern West Bank, 38 kilometers southwest of Nablus. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, it had a population of 2,522 in 2017.

Salfit Governorate
Salfit Governorate (Arabic: محافظة سلفيت)  is one of the 16 Governorates of the State of Palestine. It is located in the northwestern West Bank, held under Israeli occupation, bordered by the governorates of Ramallah and al-Bireh to the south, Nablus to the east and Qalqilya in the north as well as, Israel to the west. Its district capital and largest city is Salfit. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the governorate had a population of 75,444 inhabitants in mid-year 2017. In the PCBS's census in 1997, which registered 46,671 residents, refugees accounted for 7.7% of the total population. There were 37,613 male residents and 36,143 females.
Anastasia Vedyakova
Anastasia Vedyakova (born 1991) is a violinist, composer and conductor. She is the Soloist of the Philharmonic, member of BMI, the National Union of Composers, the Boston New Music Initiative, the Recording Academy, International Society for Jazz Arrangers and Composers, the International Association for Music and Medicine, Union of Russian Artists, International Conductors Guild and other organizations. She is the only Russian holder of the Elgar Medal. She's the winner and nominee for more than 50 international music awards as a violinist, composer, conductor and singer-songwriter, also the Grammy(r) nominated and balloted artist .

Moscow Conservatory
The Moscow Conservatory, also officially Tchaikovsky Moscow State Conservatory (Russian: Московская государственная консерватория им. П. И. Чайковского, romanized: Moskovskaya gosudarstvennaya konservatoriya im. P. I. Chaykovskogo) is a higher musical educational institution located in Moscow, Russia. It grants undergraduate and graduate degrees in musical performance and musical research. The conservatory offers various degrees including Bachelor of Music Performance, Master of Music and PhD in research.
Reverolle
Reverolle is a former municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the district of Morges. On 1 July 2021 the former municipalities of Apples, Cottens, Pampigny, Sévery, Bussy-Chardonney and Reverolle merged into the new municipality of Hautemorges.

Cottens, Vaud
Cottens is a former municipality of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland, located in the district of Morges. On 1 July 2021 the former municipalities of Apples, Cottens, Pampigny, Sévery, Bussy-Chardonney and Reverolle merged into the new municipality of Hautemorges.
M. Gessen
M. Gessen (formerly known as Masha Gessen; Russian: Маша Гессен) is a Russian American journalist, author, and translator who has written extensively on LGBT rights.

Gessen writes primarily in English but also in Russian. In addition to authoring several nonfiction books, they have contributed to The New York Times, The New York Review of Books, The Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, The New Republic, New Statesman, Granta, Slate, Vanity Fair, Harper's Magazine, The New Yorker, and U.S. News & World Report.

Gessen has been a staff writer for The New Yorker since 2017 and an opinion columnist at The New York Times since May 2024.

Hannah Arendt Prize
The Hannah Arendt Prize for Political Thought (German: Hannah-Arendt-Preis für politisches Denken) is a prize awarded to individuals representing the tradition of political theorist Hannah Arendt, especially in regard to totalitarianism. It was instituted by the German Heinrich Böll Foundation (affiliated with the Alliance 90/The Greens) and the government of Bremen in 1994, and is awarded by an international jury. The prize money is €10,000.
Ibn Khafaja
Abu Ishaq ibn Ibrahim ibn Abu al-Fath (1058–1138/9), called Ibn Khafajah (إبن خفاجة), a native of Alzira, was a poet of al-Andalus during the reign of the Almoravids. He was born in 1058 in Alzira  (Arabic: جزيرة شقر) near Valencia  where he spent most of his life. He was the maternal uncle of poet Ibn al-Zaqqaq.

He wrote sophisticated nature poetry. He remained unmarried but had many friends and lived to be over eighty.There is a style based on him afterwards followed by many known as 'khafājī'.

His poetry often uses images to a dramatic function, such as contrasting light and darkness, or humanising the night environment.

Composer Mohammed Fairouz set three poems of Ibn Khafajah to music in a cycle of vocal chamber music written for the Cygnus Ensemble.

Ibn al-Zaqqaq
Ali ibn Attiya ibn al-Zaqqaq (Arabic: علي إبن عطيّة إبن الزقّاق البلنسي اللخمي) (c. 1100 Valencia - 1133 or 1134) was one of the great poets of Al-Andalus during the reign of the Almoravids. He was a Muslim from Banu Lakhm. His mother was the sister of fellow Andalusian poet, Ibn Khafaja, and there is scholarly dispute regarding his father. He was a disciple under philosopher Ibn Ṣîd de Badajoz.

El sueño de Al-Zaqqâq by Luis Delgado is a collection of the works of Ibn Al-Zaqqaq set to music.
Digitalis purpurea
Digitalis purpurea, the foxglove or common foxglove, is a toxic species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae, native to and widespread throughout most of temperate Europe. It has also naturalized in parts of North America, as well as some other temperate regions. The plant is a popular garden subject, with many cultivars available. It is the original source of the heart medicine digoxin (also called digitalis or digitalin). This biennial plant grows as a rosette of leaves in the first year after sowing, before flowering and then dying in the second year (i.e., it is monocarpic). It generally produces enough seeds so that new plants will continue to grow in a garden setting.

Cardiac glycoside
Cardiac glycosides are a class of organic compounds that increase the output force of the heart and decrease its rate of contractions by inhibiting the cellular sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Their beneficial medical uses  include treatments for congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias; however, their relative toxicity prevents them from being widely used. Most commonly found as defensive poisons in several plant genera such as Digitalis (the foxgloves) and Asclepias (the milkweeds), these compounds nevertheless have a diverse range of biochemical effects regarding cardiac cell function and have also been suggested for use in cancer treatment.
Pycnoporus
Pycnoporus is a genus of fungi in the family Polyporaceae. This genus is distinguished from most other polypores because of its brilliant red-orange color. Modern mycology recognizes five distinct species of Pycnoporus: the type P. cinnabarinus, P. coccineus, P. palibini, P. puniceus, and P. sanguineus. These species are divided somewhat by morphology, biogeography, and DNA sequence.

Polyporaceae
The Polyporaceae (/pɔːliːpoʊreɪsiˌaɪ, -siːˌiː/) are a family of poroid fungi belonging to the Basidiomycota.  The flesh of their fruit bodies varies from soft (as in the case of the dryad's saddle illustrated) to very tough.  Most members of this family have their hymenium (fertile layer) in vertical pores on the underside of the caps, but some of them have gills (e.g. Panus) or gill-like structures (such as Daedaleopsis, whose elongated pores form a corky labyrinth).  Many species are brackets, but others have a definite stipe – for example, Polyporus badius.

Most of these fungi have white spore powder but members of the genus Abundisporus have colored spores and produce yellowish spore prints. Cystidia are absent.
History of slavery in Nebraska
The history of slavery in Nebraska is generally seen as short and limited. The issue was contentious for the legislature between the creation of the Nebraska Territory in 1854 and the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861.

There was a particular acceptance of African Americans in the Nebraska Territory when they first arrived en masse. According to a publication by the Federal Writers' Project,

In the Territory of Nebraska the fight to exclude slavery from within the territorial boundaries spread from the Senate to the press and to the pulpit. Even among the slaves in the South the word spread that here was a place where the attitude toward Negroes was tempered with tolerance.

Nebraska City, Nebraska
Nebraska City is a city in and the county seat of Otoe County, Nebraska, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 7,222.

The Nebraska State Legislature has credited Nebraska City as being the oldest incorporated city in the state, as it was the first approved by a special act of the Nebraska Territorial Legislature in 1855.

Nebraska City is the home of Arbor Day, the Missouri River Basin Lewis and Clark Center (which focuses on the natural history achievements of the expedition), and the Mayhew Cabin, the only site in the state recognized by the National Park Service as a station on the Underground Railroad.
Cendres de lune
Cendres de lune is the first album by the French singer/songwriter Mylène Farmer, released on 1 April 1986. The album was preceded by the hit single "Libertine". The album was rereleased in 1987, preceded by the song "Tristana". The album, which was Farmer's only one written and composed by Laurent Boutonnat, achieved success in France. Despite this success, it is considered moderate when compared with Farmer's standards and her later high-selling albums, but it helped to launch her career.

On est tous des imbéciles
"On est tous des imbéciles" (English: "We Are All Fools") is a 1984 song recorded by French artist Mylène Farmer. It was released in February 1985 as her second single after "Maman a tort" and its English-translated version "My Mum Is Wrong". Although the song was provocative and rather critical of show business, it was often well received in the media. However, in spite of good reviews and an intense promotion on television by the singer, the sales of the single were disappointing.