hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fugit
In mathematical finance, fugit is the expected (or optimal) date to exercise an American- or Bermudan option. It is useful for hedging purposes here; see Greeks (finance) and Optimal stopping § Option trading.  The term was first introduced by Mark Garman in an article "Semper tempus fugit" published in 1989.  The Latin term "tempus fugit" means "time flies" and Garman suggested the name because "time flies especially when you're having fun managing your book of American options".

Optimal stopping
In mathematics, the theory of optimal stopping or early stopping is concerned with the problem of choosing a time to take a particular action, in order to maximise an expected reward or minimise an expected cost. Optimal stopping problems can be found in areas of statistics, economics, and mathematical finance (related to the pricing of American options). A key example of an optimal stopping problem is the secretary problem. Optimal stopping problems can often be written in the form of a Bellman equation, and are therefore often solved using dynamic programming.
Brownsville Northside Historic District
Brownsville Northside Historic District is a national historic district located adjacent to the Brownsville Commercial Historic District at Brownsville, Pennsylvania.  The district includes 188 contributing buildings and 2 contributing sites in a neighborhood of Brownsville. Most of the contributing buildings are residential, with some commercial buildings and nine churches. The house styles are reflective of a number of popular 19th- and early-20th-century architectural styles including Colonial Revival, Bungalow / American Craftsman, and Greek Revival. The oldest building is Brashear's Tavern (c. 1797), and there are five buildings that date between 1815 and 1840.  The contributing sites are cemeteries associated with two of the churches, including Christ Church, the burial site of Brownsville namesake Thomas Brown. Located in the district and separately listed are the St. Peter's Church and Bowman's Castle.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.

St. Peter's Church (Brownsville, Pennsylvania)
The Historic Church of St. Peter is a Roman Catholic church  in Brownsville, Pennsylvania, in the Diocese of Greensburg. The Historic Church of St. Peter also has a partner parish in Grindstone, Pennsylvania named St. Cecilia's Roman Catholic Church, which was built in 1931.
Car Nicobar
Car Nicobar (Pū in Car language) is the northernmost of the Nicobar Islands.  It is also one of three local administrative divisions of the Indian district of Nicobar, part of the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Annual rainfall is 2,800 millimetres or 110 inches.

Nicobar district
Nicobar district is one of three districts in the Indian union territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The district's administrative territory encompasses all of the Nicobar Islands, which are located in the Indian Ocean, between the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. The headquarters of the district is the village of Malacca, located on the island of Car Nicobar.

The district administration is headed by a Deputy Commissioner, who in turn reports to the Lt. Governor of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

It is the fifth least populous district in the country (out of 640).
Kosik (elephant)
Kosik (Korean: 코식; born 1990) is a male Indian elephant (Elephas maximus) in the Everland theme park in Yongin, South Korea. He made headlines in September 2006 when it was discovered he could imitate the Korean words for "yes" (네), "no" (아니요), "sit" (앉아), "lie down" (누워), and four other words. He makes the sounds by putting his trunk in his mouth and shaking it while exhaling, similar to the way a human whistles with fingers in their mouth. Kwon Su-wan, director of the zoo in Seoul, said: "We plan to conduct further studies with keepers, veterinarians and scientists on whether Kosik understands the meaning of these words as he speaks them."

Like most cases of talking animals, claims are subject to the observer-expectancy effect, which may be a meaningless form of mimicry and which are subject to fabrication for many reasons.

Everland
Everland (Korean: 에버랜드) is South Korea's largest theme park. It is located at the Everland Resort in Yongin, Gyeonggi Province. In 2018, it received 5.85 million visitors and was ranked 19th in the world for amusement park attendance. As of 2010, Everland is measured to be approximately 1,200,000 square yards. Along with its main attractions, Everland includes a zoo and water park known as Caribbean Bay. Everland is operated by Samsung C&T Corporation (formerly known as Samsung Everland, Cheil Industries), a subsidiary of the Samsung Group.

It first opened under the name Yongin Farmland (용인자연농원; lit. Yongin Natural Farm), and received its current name in 1996.

The park is accessible by public transportation (buses and the EverLine railway), as well as by dedicated shuttle buses that stop by various places in Seoul.
Internal anal sphincter
The internal anal sphincter, IAS, or sphincter ani internus is a ring of smooth muscle that surrounds about 2.5–4.0 cm of the anal canal. It is about 5 mm thick, and is formed by an aggregation of the smooth (involuntary) circular muscle fibers of the rectum.

The internal anal sphincter aids the sphincter ani externus to occlude the anal aperture and aids in the expulsion of the feces. Its action is entirely involuntary. It is normally in a state of continuous maximal contraction to prevent leakage of faeces or gases. Sympathetic stimulation stimulates and maintains the sphincter's contraction, and parasympathetic stimulation inhibits it. It becomes relaxed in response to distention of the rectal ampulla, requiring voluntary contraction of the puborectalis and external anal sphincter to maintain continence, and also contracts during the bulbospongiosus reflex.

Rectoanal inhibitory reflex
The rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR), also known as the anal sampling mechanism, anal sampling reflex, rectosphincteric reflex, or anorectal sampling reflex, is a reflex characterized by a transient involuntary relaxation of the internal anal sphincter in response to distention of the rectum. The RAIR provides the upper anal canal with the ability to discriminate between flatus and fecal material.

The ability of the rectum to discriminate between gaseous, liquid and solid contents is essential to the ability to voluntarily control defecation. The RAIR allows for voluntary flatulation to occur without also eliminating solid waste, irrespective of the presence of fecal material in the anal canal.
Theodor Bull
Theodor Bull (1870 – 1958) was a Norwegian businessperson and genealogist.

He was born in Kristiana (later renamed Oslo) as a son of medical doctor Edvard Isak Hambro Bull (1845–1925). He was a brother of theatre director Johan Peter Bull, historian and politician Edvard Bull and literary professor Francis Bull. Through Edvard Bull he was the uncle of historian Edvard Bull. He was also a nephew of military officer Karl Sigwald Johannes Bull, grandnephew of Anders Sandøe Ørsted Bull, great-grandson of Georg Jacob Bull and great-great-grandson of Chief Justice Johan Randulf Bull.

In his professional career he worked as a wholesaler. He also published several genealogical works, and was the chairman of the Norwegian Genealogical Society from 1943 to 1952. In 1952, he was created an honorary member.

Edvard Bull Sr.
Edvard Bull (4 December 1881 – 26 August 1932) was a Norwegian historian and politician for the Labour Party. He took the doctorate in 1912 and became a professor at the University of Kristiania in 1917, and is known for writings on a broad range of subjects. In addition to his academic work, he is known for his work on Norsk biografisk leksikon. His Marxist leanings inspired him to take up a parallel political career, in the Labour Party. Situated on the radical wing in the 1910s, he was among the architects as the Labour Party denounced the Twenty-one Conditions in 1923 and reunited with the social democrats in 1927. He was the deputy party leader from 1923 to 1932, and served as Norwegian Minister of Foreign Affairs in Hornsrud's short-lived cabinet in 1928.
Austin Hedges
Austin Charles Hedges (born August 18, 1992) is an American professional baseball catcher for the Cleveland Guardians of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the San Diego Padres, Pittsburgh Pirates and Texas Rangers, with whom he won the World Series in 2023.

San Juan Capistrano, California
San Juan Capistrano (san hwaan cap-ih-STRAH-noh; also known colloquially as San Juan or SJC) is a city in southern Orange County, California, United States. The population was 35,253 at the 2020 Census.

Named for Saint John of Capistrano, San Juan Capistrano was founded by the Spanish in 1776, when Father Junípero Serra established Mission San Juan Capistrano. Extensive damage caused by an earthquake in 1812 caused the community to decline. Following the Mexican secularization act of 1833, the mission village officially became a town and was briefly renamed as San Juan de Argüello. After the American conquest of California, San Juan remained a small, rural town until the 20th century; the restoration of the mission in the 1910s–20s transformed the town into a tourist destination and a backdrop for Hollywood films.
Flag and seal of Illinois
The Great Seal of the State of Illinois is the official emblem of the U.S. state of Illinois, and signifies the official nature of a document produced by the state. The present seal was designed and proposed in 1868 and officially adopted in 1869. It depicts in profile a bald eagle perched on a rock with wings uplifted and holding a shield, with a banner in its beak and sunrise over water in the background. It replaced an earlier seal that was almost the same as the Great Seal of the United States, adopted when Illinois became a state in 1818.

The flag of the state of Illinois bearing the central elements of the seal on a white field was adopted in 1915, and the word Illinois was added to the flag in 1970.

Secretary of State of Illinois
The secretary of state of Illinois is one of the six elected executive state offices of the government of Illinois, and one of the 47 secretaries of state in the United States. The Illinois secretary of state keeps the state records, laws, library, and archives, and is the state's corporation registration, vehicle registration and driver licensing authority. The current secretary of state is Alexi Giannoulias, a Democrat who took office in 2023.
2025 Fitzgibbon Cup
The 2025 Fitzgibbon Cup was the 108th staging of the Fitzgibbon Cup since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1912. The draw for the group stage fixtures took place on 11 December 2024. The competition ran from 15 January to 15 February 2025.

Mary Immaculate College were the defending champions, however, they were beaten by DCU Dóchas Éireann in the quarter-finals.

The final was played on 15 February 2025 at the Connacht Centre of Excellence in Bekan, between University of Limerick and DCU Dóchas Éireann, in what was their second meeting in the final overall and a first meeting in seven years. University of Limerick won the match by 0–23 to 1–15 to claim their ninth Fitzgibbon Cup title overall and a third title in four years.

University of Limerick's Gearóid O'Connor was the top scorer with 0-37.

Fitzgibbon Cup
The Fitzgibbon Cup (Irish: Corn Mhic Giobúin) is the trophy for the premier hurling championship among higher education institutions (universities, colleges and institutes of technology) in Ireland.

The Fitzgibbon Cup competition is administered by Comhairle Ard Oideachais Cumann Lúthchleas Gael (CLG), the GAA's Higher Education Council. Comhairle Ard Oideachais also oversees the Ryan Cup (tier 2 hurling championship), the Fergal Maher Cup (tier 3 hurling championship) and the Padraig MacDiarmada (tier 4 hurling championship).

The GAA Higher Education Cups are sponsored by Electric Ireland.
Trance-Fusion
Trance-Fusion is an album by Frank Zappa. Released posthumously in 2006, 13 years after the musician's death, the album forms the third in a trilogy of instrumental albums which focus on Zappa's improvised guitar solos, after Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar (1981) and Guitar (1988). Trance-Fusion was among the last albums completed by Zappa before his death, along with The Rage & The Fury: The Music Of Edgard Varèse, Dance Me This and Civilization Phaze III. It was also among the first releases by Zappa to be made available digitally via iTunes through Gail Zappa's distribution deal with Universal Music Enterprises.

Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar
Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar is a series of three albums – Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar, Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar Some More, and Return of the Son of Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar – released by American musician Frank Zappa in 1981. The albums consist solely of electric guitar instrumentals and improvised solos (mostly) played live by Zappa and featuring a wide variety of backing musicians.

The music was well received by critics, and Zappa subsequently produced additional albums focusing solely on guitar-oriented instrumental music.

The albums were initially released as individual LPs in May 1981 on Barking Pumpkin Records and sold only through mail order in the United States. The recordings were subsequently reissued as a triple album box set in 1982 and distributed by CBS Records in Europe. The complete package later appeared as a two CD set.
Andrew Freedman Home
The Andrew Freedman Home is a historic building in the Bronx, New York City. Constructed by the estate of the millionaire Andrew Freedman, it has been renovated into an artists' hub consisting of an interdisciplinary artist residency, an incubator space, workforce development and community services. It is a New York City designated landmark. The money to build it was bequeathed by Freedman. Located at 1125 Grand Concourse in the Concourse neighborhood, the Andrew Freedman Home was designed as a retirement home for wealthy individuals who had lost their fortunes.

The trust that operated the Andrew Freedman Home ran out of money in the 1960s. The home was reopened in 1983 for all elderly individuals, regardless of past financial status. As of 2012, the Andrew Freedman Home serves as a day-care center and event space.

Concourse, Bronx
Concourse is a neighborhood in the southwestern section of the New York City borough of the Bronx which includes the Bronx County Courthouse, the Bronx Museum of the Arts, and Yankee Stadium. Its boundaries, starting from the north and moving clockwise, are East 169th Street to the north, Webster Avenue to the east, East 149th Street to the south, and Jerome Avenue and Harlem River to the west. The neighborhood is divided into three subsections: West Concourse, East Concourse, and Concourse Village with the Grand Concourse being its main thoroughfare.

The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 4, and its ZIP Codes are 10451 and 10452. The local subway lines are the IND Concourse Line (B and ​D trains), operating along the Grand Concourse, and the IRT Jerome Avenue Line (4 train), operating along River Avenue. The area is patrolled by the NYPD's 44th Precinct.
Black Boy Island
Black Boy Island is an uninhabited island in the River Thames in England between the villages of Medmenham, Buckinghamshire and Hurley, Berkshire. It is situated alongside the small hamlet of Frogmill, on the southern side of the stretch of river above Hurley Lock, and is within the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead unitary authority.

The island is very low-lying, such that it is covered with water whenever the Thames floods. It is now heavily wooded, but up until the 1920s it and the adjacent Frog Mill Ait were without vegetation. This was because the towpath was (and still is) on the southern side of the island whilst the boats being towed along by horses had to keep to the main navigation channel on the northern side of the river. The tow lines had to sweep over the islands, and the angle of tow was such that barges could be pulled aground onto the islands.

Hurley Lock
Hurley Lock is a lock and weir on the River Thames in England, situated in a clump of wooded islands close to the village of Hurley, Berkshire. The lock was first built by the Thames Navigation Commissioners in 1773.

There are several weirs between the islands, but the main weir is upstream between the topmost island and the Buckinghamshire bank. The weir is popular with kayakers whenever conditions are favourable, and it is very busy at weekends.
Silnyen
The silnyen (Tibetan: སིལ་སྙན།, Wylie: sil snyen), or flat bell, is a Tibetan percussion instrument in the form of a cymbal with a small or no central boss, played by striking by horizontal movement. The silnyen is unique to the Bön religion and is primarily used for the tantric meditative practice of Chöd, representing the feminine aspect when used alongside the Chöda.

Damaru
A damaru (Sanskrit: डमरु, IAST: ḍamaru; Tibetan ཌ་མ་རུ་ or རྔ་ཆུང) is a small two-headed drum used in Hinduism and Tibetan Buddhism. In Hinduism, the damaru is known as the instrument of the Hindu deity Shiva, associated with Tantric traditions. It is said to be created by Shiva to produce spiritual sounds by which the whole universe has been created and regulated. In Tibetan Buddhism, the damaru is used as an instrument in meditation practices.
Virtuoso Universal Server
Virtuoso Universal Server is a middleware and database engine hybrid that combines the functionality of a traditional relational database management system (RDBMS), object–relational database (ORDBMS), virtual database, RDF, XML, free-text, web application server and file server functionality in a single system. Rather than have dedicated servers for each of the aforementioned functionality realms, Virtuoso is a "universal server"; it enables a single multithreaded server process that implements multiple protocols. The free and open source edition of Virtuoso Universal Server is also known as OpenLink Virtuoso. The software has been developed by OpenLink Software with Kingsley Uyi Idehen and Orri Erling as the chief software architects.

SPARQL
SPARQL (pronounced "sparkle", a recursive acronym for SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language) is an RDF query language—that is, a semantic query language for databases—able to retrieve and manipulate data stored in Resource Description Framework (RDF) format. It was made a standard by the RDF Data Access Working Group (DAWG) of the World Wide Web Consortium, and is recognized as one of the key technologies of the semantic web. On 15 January 2008, SPARQL 1.0 was acknowledged by W3C as an official recommendation, and SPARQL 1.1 in March, 2013.

SPARQL allows for a query to consist of triple patterns, conjunctions, disjunctions, and optional patterns.

Implementations for multiple programming languages exist. There exist tools that allow one to connect and semi-automatically construct a SPARQL query for a SPARQL endpoint, for example ViziQuer.
In addition, tools exist to translate SPARQL queries to other query languages, for example to SQL and to XQuery.
Delamar, Nevada
Delamar, Nevada, nicknamed The Widowmaker, is a ghost town in central eastern Nevada, United States along the east side of the Delamar Valley. During its heyday, primarily between 1895 and 1900, it produced $13.5 million in gold.

Joseph Raphael De Lamar
Joseph Raphael De Lamar (September 2, 1843 – December 1, 1918) was an American politician and businessman who owned and operated mines in the western United States and Canada. After working as a ship's captain, a contractor and a trader in the maritime industry, he entered the mining business in the late 1870s. He was a member of the Idaho Senate in 1891. He was also a financier and speculator.
Douglas County, Oregon
Douglas County is one of the 36 counties in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2020 census, the population was 111,201. The county seat is Roseburg. The county is named after Stephen A. Douglas, an American politician who supported Oregon statehood. Douglas County comprises the Roseburg, Oregon micropolitan statistical area. In area, Douglas County is the largest county west of the Oregon Cascades.

Elkton, Oregon
Elkton is a city in Douglas County, Oregon, United States. It is located on the lower Umpqua River, at the junction of Oregon Route 38 and Oregon Route 138, about 20 miles (32 km) west of Interstate 5 and about 14 miles (23 km) west of Drain. As of the 2020 census, Elkton had a population of 183.
Champigny Centre station
Champigny Centre station (French pronunciation: [ʃɑ̃piɲi sɑ̃tʁ]) is the provisional name of a future station on Line 15 of the Paris Métro, which is part of the Grand Paris Express project. The station will serve the city of Champigny-sur-Marne.

The design of the station is complex with three underground zones: one platform area for Line 15 East (used by trains heading north towards Saint-Denis–Pleyel or west towards Pont de Sèvres), one platform area for Line 15 South (used by trains heading west towards Pont de Sèvres or east towards Noisy-Champs), and a mezzanine between the platforms. The platforms are located parallel to each other. The platform area for Line 15 South will open in end of 2026 and while the station box for Line 15 East will be complete, it will not open until 2032.

The station walls extend as far down as 60 metres (200 ft) and the station platforms will be located 21 metres (69 ft) below street level.

Paris Métro Line 15
Paris Métro Line 15 is one of four new lines of Grand Paris Express, a major expansion project of the Paris Métro. Currently under construction, the line will provide a new orbital route through the suburbs of Paris, servicing the departments of Hauts-de-Seine, Val-de-Marne and Seine-Saint-Denis. The southern section of the line is planned to open in April 2027, with the completed line planned to open in 2031.

In line with all Grand Paris Express lines, Line 15 will be fully automated. Upon completion, Line 15 will be the world's longest underground rapid transit tunnel dedicated to passenger service.

The line is being built by Société du Grand Paris, a public agency set up by the French Government to deliver the Grand Paris Express project.
Midori Matsuya
Midori Matsuya, 松谷翠 (18 March 1943 – 9 January 1994) was a Japanese pianist, graduated from Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music, studied under Kichigoro Sato, Noboru Toyomasu, Naoya Fukai and Lay Lev.

His father was a Japanese Jazz pianist, Minoru Matsuya (1910–1995).  He taught him how to play the piano since he was a child.  He was brought up in an environment to learn both classical and jazz music since his childhood.  Also, he learned harmony and composition under Roh Ogura (1916–1990) in Kamakura.

In 1973, he left to Germany to study at Universität der Künste Berlin.  In 1975, he returned to Japan and engaged in concert, broadcasting and recording activities.  He was a professor in Nihon University, Music Department.  He was a piano teacher of  Hiroaki Zakoji (1958–1987).  Composer and vocalist, Fuyuta Matsuya and vocalist, Leo Matsuya are his sons.

He recorded his last CD, Light Colored Album, a short time before his death.

Minoru Matsuya
Minoru Matsuya (松谷穣, Matsuya Minoru, 2 January 1910 – 15 May 1995) was a Japanese jazz pianist, graduated from Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music.  He was also known as Jo Matsuya or Yuzuru Matsuya. He lived in Kamakura.

He learned piano under renowned Russian pianist Leo Sirota. After World War II, he started playing jazz music in an American base and taught many Japanese jazz vocalists.  He was a close friend of Ichiro Fujiyama. He enjoyed performing some works by George Gershwin. He was also a good friend of Roh Ogura and made the first performance of Roh Ogura's work, Sonatine for piano (1937). He was the father of Midori Matsuya.