hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bellenden Hutcheson
Bellenden Seymour Hutcheson VC, MC (16 December 1883 – 9 April 1954) was an American-born Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC) during the First World War. The VC is the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Hutcheson was one of the seven Canadians to be awarded the Victoria Cross for their deeds on one single day, 2 September 1918, for actions across the 30 km long Drocourt-Quéant Line near Arras, France. The other six were Arthur George Knight, William Henry Metcalf, Claude Joseph Patrick Nunney, Cyrus Wesley Peck, Walter Leigh Rayfield and John Francis Young.

Arthur George Knight
Arthur George Knight VC (26 June 1886 – 3 September 1918) was an English-Canadian soldier. Knight was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Knight was one of seven Canadian to be awarded the Victoria Cross for their actions on one single day, 2 September 1918, for actions across the 30 km long Drocourt-Quéant Line near Arras, France. The other six recipients were Bellenden Hutcheson, William Henry Metcalf, Claude Joseph Patrick Nunney, Cyrus Wesley Peck, Walter Leigh Rayfield and John Francis Young.
Córdoba Congress
The Córdoba Congress was the Third Congress of the Spanish Regional Federation of the International Workingmen's Association (FRE-AIT). It was held in Córdoba between December 25, 1872 and January 3, 1873, just one month before King Amadeo I abdicated and the First Spanish Republic was subsequently proclaimed. Like what happened in the Hague Congress of 1872, the definitive rupture between anarchists, the majority, and Marxists, the minority, who no longer attended the Congress, was confirmed.

Rafael Farga i Pellicer
Rafael Farga i Pellicer (12 August 1844 – 12 August 1890) was a Catalan anarcho-syndicalist who led the establishment of the Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA (FRE-AIT). As a print worker, he became involved in the Barcelona workers' movement following the Glorious Revolution of 1868, when he was first introduced to anarchism by the Italian anarchist Giuseppe Fanelli. He then set about organising the Catalan workers' movement along anarchist lines, emphasising decentralisation and federalism, eventually affiliating the FRE-AIT with Mikhail Bakunin's Anti-Authoritarian International. He then came to uphold the precepts of anarcho-syndicalism, overseeing the establishment of the FRE-AIT's successor, the Federation of Workers of the Spanish Region (FTRE). Later in life, he lost interest in syndicalist organising and turned to journalism, penning a series of studies of political figures and movements of the 19th century.
Gudvanga Tunnel
The Gudvanga Tunnel (Norwegian: Gudvangatunnelen) is located in Aurland Municipality in Vestland county, Norway.  The tunnel connects the village of Gudvangen, at the head of the Nærøyfjord, with the Undredalen valley and is part of European Route E16.  At 11,428 metres (7.1 mi) in length, it is Norway's third longest road tunnel. It was opened on 17 December 1991.

Gudvangen
Gudvangen is a village in Aurland Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is a popular tourist destination and is located at the end of the Nærøyfjord where the Nærøydalselvi river empties into the fjord. The European route E16 highway passes by the village. Heading southwest on the highway leads to Voss Municipality while heading northeast the E16 enters the Gudvanga Tunnel on its way to the villages of Flåm, Undredal, and Aurlandsvangen. The nearby village of Bakka lies about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the north. The Kjelfossen waterfall is located just to the southeast of the village.
Laser cutting
Laser cutting is a technology that uses a laser to vaporize materials, resulting in a cut edge. While typically used for industrial manufacturing applications, it is now used by schools, small businesses, architecture, and hobbyists. Laser cutting works by directing the output of a high-power laser most commonly through optics. The laser optics and CNC (computer numerical control) are used to direct the laser beam to the material. A commercial laser for cutting materials uses a motion control system to follow a CNC or G-code of the pattern to be cut onto the material. The focused laser beam is directed at the material, which then either melts, burns, vaporizes away, or is blown away by a jet of gas, leaving an edge with a high-quality surface finish. Companies such as ACCURL manufacture fiber laser cutting machines and related sheet-metal equipment used in industrial fabrication.

Carbon-dioxide laser
The carbon-dioxide laser (CO2 laser) was one of the earliest gas lasers to be developed. It was invented by Kumar Patel of Bell Labs in 1964 and is still one of the most useful types of laser. Carbon-dioxide lasers are the highest-power continuous-wave lasers that are currently available. They are also quite efficient: the ratio of output power to pump power can be as large as 20%.
The CO2 laser produces a beam of infrared light with the principal wavelength bands centering on 9.6 and 10.6 micrometers (μm).
Kistenuten
Kistenuten is a 1,648-metre (5,407 ft) tall mountain in southern Norway. It is located in the Ryfylkeheiane mountains at the tripoint border of three different counties (and three municipalities): Suldal Municipality in Rogaland county, Ullensvang Municipality in Vestland county, and Vinje Municipality in Telemark county. The mountain is the fourth tallest mountain in Telemark county, the second tallest in Rogaland county, but it is not even in the top 25 tallest mountains in Vestland county. The mountain Sandfloegga lies about 18 kilometres (11 mi) to the north, inside Hardangervidda National Park.

Vinje
Vinje is a municipality in Telemark county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Vest-Telemark which is part of Øvre Telemark. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Åmot. Other villages in the municipality include Arabygdi, Edland, Grunge, Haukeli, Krossen, Møsstrond, Nesland, Øyfjell, Raulandsgrend, and Vinje.

The 3,106-square-kilometre (1,199 sq mi) municipality is the 14th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Vinje is the 209th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 3,832. The municipality's population density is 1.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (3.6/sq mi) and its population has increased by 3% over the previous 10-year period.
Jack Bond (director)
Jack Bond (10 December 1937 – 21 December 2024) was a British film producer and director. He was best known for his work on The South Bank Show and his partnership with the British writer, actor and director Jane Arden (1927–1982) between 1965 and 1979.

Jane Arden (director)
Jane Arden (born Norah Patricia Morris; 29 October 1927 – 20 December 1982) was a British film director, actress, singer/songwriter and poet, who gained note in the 1950s. Born in Pontypool, Monmouthshire, she studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. She started acting in the late 1940s and writing for stage and television in the 1950s. In the 1960s, she joined movements for feminism and anti-psychiatry. She wrote a screenplay for the film Separation (1967). In the late 1960s and 1970s, she wrote for experimental theatre, adapting one work as a self-directed film, The Other Side of the Underneath (1972). In 1978 she published a poetry book. Arden committed suicide in 1982. In 2009, her feature films Separation (1967), The Other Side of the Underneath (1972) and Anti-Clock (1979) were restored by the British Film Institute and released on DVD and Blu-ray. Her literary works are out of print.
National Gallery of Armenia
The National Gallery of Armenia (Armenian: Հայաստանի ազգային պատկերասրահ, Hayastani azgayin patkerasrah) is the largest art museum in Armenia. Located on Yerevan's Republic Square, the museum has one of the most prominent locations in the Armenian capital. The NGA houses significant collections of Russian and Western European art, and the world's largest collection of Armenian art. The museum had 65,000 visitors in 2005.

Yeghishe Tadevosyan
Yeghishe Martirosi Tadevosyan (Armenian: Եղիշե Մարտիրոսի Թադևոսյան; 24 September 1870 – 22 January 1936) was a Soviet Armenian painter, associated with the Peredvizhniki and Mir Iskusstva movements. He was known for his landscape and portrait paintings. Tadevosyan was awarded the title of "Honored Artist" by the Armenian SSR in 1935.
Smederevo Fortress
The Smederevo Fortress (Serbian: Cмeдepeвcκa твpђaвa / Smederevska tvrđava) is a medieval fortified city in Smederevo, Serbia, which was the temporary capital of Serbia in the Middle Ages. It was built between 1427 and 1430 on the order of Despot Đurađ Branković, the ruler of the Serbian Despotate. It was further fortified by the Ottoman Empire, which had taken the city in 1459.

The fortress withstood several sieges by Ottomans, surviving relatively unscathed. During World War II it was heavily damaged by explosions and bombing, despite which the fortress remained "one of the rare preserved courts of medieval Serbian rulers."

Smederevo Fortress was declared a national Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1979. In 2010, the fortress was placed on the tentative list for possible nomination as a World Heritage Site (UNESCO).

Irene Kantakouzene
Irene Kantakouzene (Greek: Ειρήνη Καντακουζηνή, Eiréne Kantakouzené, modern pronunciation Iríni Kantakouziní [iriˈni kantakusini'], Serbian: Ирина Кантакузин / Irina Kantakuzin; c. 1400 – 3 May 1457), known simply as Despotess Jerina[a] (Serbian: деспотица Јерина / despotica Jerina) wasthe wife of Serbian Despot Đurađ Branković. Her father was probably the Byzantine nobleman Theodore Kantakouzenos. In Serbian folk legends, she is the founder of many fortresses in Serbia.
PTC Inc.
PTC Inc. (formerly Parametric Technology Corporation) is an American computer software and services company founded in 1985 and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. The company was a pioneer in parametric, associative feature-based, solid computer-aided design (CAD) modeling software in 1988, including an Internet-based product for Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) in 1998. PTC (NASDAQ: PTC) markets products and services and an Internet of Things (IoT) and augmented reality (AR) platform for partners and developers.

Prime Computer
Prime Computer, Inc. was a Natick, Massachusetts-based producer of minicomputers from 1972 until 1992. With the advent of PCs and the decline of the minicomputer industry, Prime was forced out of the market in the early 1990s, and by the end of 2010 the trademarks for both PRIME and PRIMOS no longer existed.

The alternative spellings "PR1ME" and "PR1MOS" were used as brand names or logos by the company.
Octopus djinda
Octopus djinda is a species of octopus in the order Octopoda. Octopus djinda inhabits the shallow waters in southwest Australia and is caught by fisheries for food. Before its reclassification in 2021, it was considered to be conspecific with O. tetricus.

Octopus tetricus
Octopus tetricus, the gloomy octopus, the common Sydney octopus, or the peachy octopus, is a species of octopus from the subtropical waters of eastern Australia and northern New Zealand. O. tetricus belongs to the Octopus vulgaris species group. All species within the O. vulgaris group are similar in morphology, behaviour, and physiology. The English translation of O. tetricus (Latin) is 'the gloomy octopus'. It is a significant species in the fishing industry in Australia. They play an important role in energy flux between trophic levels in the marine environment.
Colt Canada C7
The Colt Canada C7 is the Canadian military's adoption of Colt's Armalite AR-15 platform, manufactured by Colt Canada (formerly Diemaco), having similar design and function to the M16A3.

The C7 and its variants have been adopted as the standard-issue rifle by the militaries of Canada, Norway (special forces only), Denmark and the Netherlands. Following trials, C8 variants are general-issue firearms for the United Kingdom's Special Forces. The C8A1 is also the standard firearm of the Royal Netherlands Air Force and other specialist users within the Dutch and British militaries. It has been used in various combat deployments by Canadian, British, Norwegian, Dutch, and Danish forces in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Mali.

C79 optical sight
The C79 optical sight (SpecterOS3.4x) is a telescopic sight manufactured by Elcan. A variant, the M145 Machine Gun Optic is in use by the US military. It is 3.4×28, meaning 3.4× magnification, and a 28 mm diameter objective lens.  A tritium illuminated reticle provides for normal and low-light conditions sighting. It can be mounted to a variety of rifles and light machine guns using the Picatinny rail mounting system or the similar Diemaco rail system found on small arms produced by Diemaco/Colt Canada. Similar rifle sights are the Sight Unit Small Arms, Trilux (SUSAT) and the Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight (ACOG).
The Eagle of the Ninth
The Eagle of the Ninth is a historical adventure novel for children written by Rosemary Sutcliff and published in 1954. The story is set in Roman Britain in the 2nd century AD, after the building of Wall of Hadrian and follows a young centurion who lost his father when the Ninth Legion disappeared north of the wall. Sutcliff was inspired by a bronze eagle uncovered at Silchester and displayed in Reading Museum.

Aquila (Roman)
An aquila (Classical Latin: [ˈakᶣɪla]; lit. 'eagle') was a prominent symbol used in ancient Rome, especially as the standard of a Roman legion. A legionary known as an aquilifer, the "eagle-bearer", carried this standard. Each legion carried one eagle. It represents the Eagle of Jove (Aëtos), being Jove the "Father of the Roman state".

The eagle had quasi-religious importance to the Roman soldier, far beyond being merely a symbol of his legion. To lose a standard was seen as extremely grave, shameful and dishonorable, and the Roman military went to great lengths both to protect a standard and to recover one if it were to be lost. For example,  after the annihilation of three legions in the Teutoburg Forest, the Romans spent decades retaliating for the defeat while also attempting to recover the three lost eagles.

No legionary eagle standards are known to have survived. However, other Roman eagles, either symbolizing imperial rule or used as funerary emblems, have been discovered.
452nd Air Mobility Wing
The 452nd Air Mobility Wing is an Air Reserve Component of the United States Air Force. It is assigned to the Fourth Air Force, Air Force Reserve Command, stationed at March Air Reserve Base, California. If mobilized, the Wing is gained by the Air Mobility Command.

336th Air Refueling Squadron
The 336th Air Refueling Squadron is a United States Air Force Reserve squadron, assigned to the 452d Operations Group, stationed at March Joint Air Reserve Base, California.  The squadron shares its aircraft and facility with the 912th Air Refueling Squadron, a USAF Associate Unit assigned to the 92d Air Refueling Wing.

The first predecessor of the squadron was the 536th Bombardment Squadron, active during World War II.  It served as a training unit in the southwestern United States before being inactivated in 1944 during a reorganization of the Army Air Force's training units.

The second predecessor of the squadron was organized in the reserves in 1949 as the 336th Troop Carrier Squadron.
Geoff Gamble (referee)
Geoff Gamble (born March 11, 1977) is a Canadian professional soccer referee and is a member of the Professional Referee Organization. He officiates in Major League Soccer in the United States and Canada.

Professional Referee Organization
Professional Referee Organization (PRO) is the organization responsible for managing the referee and assistant referee program in professional soccer leagues in the United States and Canada, working alongside the United States Soccer Federation, Major League Soccer, the Canadian Soccer Association, the United Soccer League, the National Women's Soccer League, and the U.S. Open Cup.

The organization's targets are to increase the quality of officiating in U.S. and Canadian professional leagues, develop more professional-quality officials at a younger age, and produce officials who will represent the United States and Canada in FIFA competitions. The referees employed by PRO are represented by the PSRA.
Einstein in Oxford
Einstein in Oxford (2024), by Andrew Robinson, is a biographical account of Albert Einstein's association with the city of Oxford, especially the University of Oxford, particularly in the areas of science, music, and politics. It was published by Bodleian Library Publishing.

Einstein's Blackboard
Einstein's Blackboard is a blackboard which physicist Albert Einstein (1879–1955) used on 16 May 1931 during his lectures while visiting the University of Oxford in England. The blackboard is in the collection of the History of Science Museum in Oxford. The equations in the blackboard are related to the cosmological model known as Friedmann–Einstein universe.
Park Langley
Park Langley is a suburb of south-east London, located in the London Borough of Bromley. Prior to 1965 it was in the historic county of Kent. It borders Shortlands and Beckenham to the north, Bromley to the east, Hayes and West Wickham to the south, and Eden Park to the west.

Bromley
Bromley is a large town in Greater London, England, within the London Borough of Bromley. It is 9+1⁄2 miles (15 kilometres) southeast of Charing Cross, and had an estimated population of 88,000 as of 2023.

Originally part of Kent, Bromley became a market town, chartered in 1158. Its location on a coaching route and the opening of a railway station in 1858 were key to its development and the shift from an agrarian village to an urban town. As part of the growth of London's conurbation in the 20th century, Bromley Town significantly increased in population and was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1903 and became part of the London Borough of Bromley in 1965. Bromley today forms a major retail and commercial centre. It is identified in the London Plan as one of the 13 metropolitan centres of Greater London.
ISO 3166-2:ZA
ISO 3166-2:ZA is the entry for South Africa in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

ZA hails from Dutch: Zuid-Afrika. Currently for South Africa, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for nine provinces.

Each code consists of two parts separated by a hyphen. The first part is ZA, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of South Africa. The second part consists of two or three letters indicating the province.

Provinces of South Africa
South Africa is administered under nine provinces. On the eve of the 1994 general election, South Africa's former homelands, known as Bantustans, were reintegrated into the country, and the four provinces were increased to nine. The borders of Natal and the Orange Free State were retained, while the Cape Province and Transvaal Province were divided into three provinces each, plus North West Province which straddles the border of and contains territory from both these two former provinces. The twelfth, thirteenth and sixteenth amendments to the Constitution of South Africa changed the borders of seven of the provinces.
Centre (Polish parliamentary group)
Centre (Polish: Centrum) is a Polish parliamentary circle in the Sejm and Senate. It was created on 18 February 2026 by 15 lower house members and 3 senators who left the Poland 2050 party as a result of power struggle within the party after its leadership election. It is led by Paulina Hennig-Kloska, who served as deputy leader of Poland 2050, and narrowly lost the leadership election to Katarzyna Pełczyńska-Nałęcz.

Poland 2050
Szymon Hołownia's Poland 2050 (Polish: Polska 2050 Szymona Hołowni, PL2050) is a centre-right political party in Poland.

It was founded as a social movement in 2020, shortly after that year's presidential election, and was officially registered as a political party in April 2021. In the years prior to the 2023 Polish parliamentary election, eight MPs defected to Poland 2050 in the Sejm. After its first national electoral test, the party finished in third place. Poland 2050 joined a ruling coalition, with its leader Szymon Hołownia being chosen as Marshal of the Sejm. It is ideologically Christian democratic, liberal-conservative and socially conservative.
Doublet–triplet splitting problem
In particle physics, the doublet–triplet (splitting) problem is a problem of some Grand Unified Theories, such as  SU(5), SO(10), and . Grand Unified Theories predict Higgs bosons (doublets of ) arise from representations of the unified group that contain other states, in particular, states that are triplets of color. The primary problem with these color triplet Higgs is that they can mediate proton decay in supersymmetric theories that are only suppressed by two powers of GUT scale (i.e. they are dimension 5 supersymmetric operators). In addition to mediating proton decay, they alter gauge coupling unification. The doublet–triplet problem is the question 'what keeps the doublets light while the triplets are heavy?'

SO(10)
In particle physics, SO(10) refers to a Grand Unified Theory (GUT) based on the spin group Spin(10).  The shortened name SO(10) is conventional among physicists, and derives from the Lie algebra or less precisely the Lie group of SO(10), which is a special orthogonal group that is double covered by Spin(10).

SO(10) subsumes the 1974 Georgi–Glashow and Pati–Salam models, and unifies all fermions in a generation into a single field.  This requires 12 new gauge bosons, in addition to the 12 of SU(5) (Georgi–Glashow model) and 9 of SU(4) × SU(2) × SU(2) (Pati–Salam model).
Transfer principle
In model theory, a transfer principle states that all statements of some language that are true for some structure are true for another structure. One of the first examples was the Lefschetz principle, which states that any sentence in the first-order language of fields that is true for the complex numbers is also true for any algebraically closed field of characteristic 0.

Abraham Robinson
Abraham Robinson (born Robinsohn; October 6, 1918 – April 11, 1974) was a mathematician who is most widely known for development of nonstandard analysis, a mathematically rigorous system whereby infinitesimal and infinite numbers were reincorporated into modern mathematics. Nearly half of Robinson's papers were in applied mathematics rather than in pure mathematics.
2007 Southern Sting season
The 2007 Southern Sting season saw the Southern Sting netball team compete in the 2007 National Bank Cup league season. With a team coached by Robyn Broughton, captained by Jenny Ferguson and featuring Liana Barrett-Chase, Daneka Wipiiti, Megan Hutton and Donna Wilkins, Sting finished the season as champions.  In the minor semi-final, Sting lost 39–47 to Northern Force and in the major semi-final, they defeated Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic 48–46. In the grand final, Sting defeated Force 50–49 as they won their seventh Coca-Cola Cup/National Bank Cup title. The grand final was Robyn Broughton's 100th match in charge of Sting.

National Bank Cup
The National Bank Cup, originally known as the Coca-Cola Cup, was the top level national New Zealand netball league between 1998 and 2007. The league was organised by Netball New Zealand. Between 1998 and 2001, it was sponsored by Coca-Cola. In 2002, the National Bank of New Zealand took over as the main sponsor. Otago Rebels were the inaugural premiers. However, Southern Sting, were subsequently the competition's most successful team. Sting played in all ten grand finals and won seven of the ten titles played for. Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic were the second most successful team, winning two premierships. Ahead of the 2008 season, the National Bank Cup league effectively merged with Australia's Commonwealth Bank Trophy to form the ANZ Championship.