hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Federalism in the United States
In the United States, federalism is the constitutional division of power between U.S. state governments and the federal government of the United States. Since the founding of the country, and particularly with the end of the American Civil War, power shifted away from the states and toward the national government. The progression of federalism includes dual, cooperative, and New Federalism.

Cooperative federalism
Cooperative federalism, also known as marble-cake federalism, is defined as a flexible relationship between the federal and state governments in which both work together on a variety of issues and programs.
Redstone Building
The Redstone Building, also known as the Redstone Labor Temple (and formerly called "The San Francisco Labor Temple"), was constructed and operated by the San Francisco Labor Council Hall Associates. Initial planning started in 1910, with most construction work done during 1914. Its primary tenant was the San Francisco Labor Council, including 22 labor union offices as well as meeting halls. The building was a hub of union organizing and work activities and a "primary center for the city's historic labor community for over half a century."

The Redstone building played a significant role in the 1917 United Railroads Streetcar Strike as well as the San Francisco maritime strike that led to the 1934 San Francisco General Strike. The Redstone Building has been designated San Francisco's 238th landmark.

The Redstone is located at 2940 16th Street between South Van Ness, formerly Howard Street, and Capp.

Theatre Rhinoceros
Theatre Rhinoceros, Theatre Rhino, or The Rhino is a gay and lesbian theatre in San Francisco. Theatre Rhinoceros claims to be the world's longest-running professional queer theatre company. It was founded in the spring of 1977 by Lanny Baugniet (who became the theater's General Manager) and his late partner Allan B. Estes, Jr. (who became the theater's Artistic Director). The name is based on the lavender rhinoceros, a symbol popularized by the Boston gay community in the mid-1970s. It is a non-profit theater company dedicated to the production of plays by and about gay and lesbian people.

Theatre Rhinoceros is the first gay theater company to employ actors under a professional seasonal agreement. The company was recognized by the California State Assembly on its twenty-fifth anniversary and again as a pioneering organization at the twenty-fifth anniversary remembrance of assassinated San Francisco Supervisor Harvey Milk.
Porthcawl RFC
Porthcawl Rugby Football Club is a Welsh rugby union team based in Porthcawl, Wales. The club is a member of the Welsh Rugby Union and is a feeder club for the Ospreys.

Porthcawl presently field a First XV team, Second XV, Women's XV, Youth XV, Juniors - Under 14, Under 13, Under 12 and Minis Section.

Porthcawl’s senior men’s squad are just as handsome as they are talented. They are also well on their way to the principality when they stuff Aberavon Quinn’s on March 23.

Porthcawl
Porthcawl ([pɔrθˈkaul] ⓘ) is a town and community in the Bridgend County Borough of Wales. It is located on the south coast, 25 miles (40 km) west of Cardiff and 19 miles (31 km) south-east of Swansea.

Historically part of Glamorgan and situated on a low limestone headland on the South Wales coast, overlooking the Bristol Channel, Porthcawl developed as a coal port during the 19th century, but its trade was soon taken over by more rapidly developing ports such as Barry. North-west of the town, in the dunes known as Kenfig Burrows, lies the remains of Kenfig Castle.
Hugh I, Count of Rethel
Hugh I (1040–1118) was the count of Rethel from 1065 to 1118. He was the son of Count Manasses III and his wife Judith.

Hugh married Melisende of Crécy, the daughter of Lord Guy I of Montlhéry. They had the following children:

Manasses (1054–1115)

Gervais (1056–1124), who became count of Rethel

Baldwin (1058–1131), who became king of Jerusalem

Matilda (b. 1060), who became countess of Rethel

Hodierna, married Héribrand III of Hierges

Cecilia, who married Roger of Salerno, prince-regent of Antioch

Béatrice, who married Leo I, lord of Armenian Cilicia

Cecilia of Le Bourcq
Cecilia of Le Bourcq (died after 1126) was a Cilician fiefholder as lady of Tarsus. She was the daughter of Count Hugh I of Rethel and Melisende, daughter of Guy I of Montlhéry. Cecilia's brother was Baldwin II of Jerusalem.
DAESP
DAESP - Departamento Aeroviário do Estado de São Paulo (English: Airways Department of São Paulo State) was the São Paulo state (in Brazil) aviation department. DAESP was part of the Secretaria de Transportes do Governo do Estado de São Paulo (English: Transportation Secretariat of the State of São Paulo), and was responsible for the management of 21 public airports within the state, in accordance to directives from the National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil (ANAC).

It was created in 1963 as Diretoria de Aeroportos (English: Directorate of Airports) of the Secretaria de Viação e Obras Públicas (English: Public Works and Transit Secretariat). This Directorate was changed to DAESP in 1966.

DAESP was extinct on April 14, 2022.

São José do Rio Preto Airport
São José do Rio Preto–Prof. Eribelto Manoel Reino State Airport (IATA: SJP, ICAO: SBSR) is the airport serving São José do Rio Preto, Brazil.

It was named in honor of Eribelto Manoel Reino (1941–1987), a prominent local lawyer, accountant, economist and politician.

It is operated by ASP (Aeroportos Paulistas).
Fatty streak
A fatty streak is the first grossly visible (visible to the naked eye) lesion in the development of atherosclerosis. It appears as an irregular yellow-white discoloration on the luminal surface of an artery. It consists of aggregates of foam cells, which are lipoprotein-loaded macrophages, located in the intima, the innermost layer of the artery, beneath the endothelial cells that layer the lumina through which blood flows. Fatty streaks may also include T cells, aggregated platelets, and smooth muscle cells. Although fatty streaks can develop into atheromas (atheromatous plaques), not all are destined to become advanced lesions.

Atheroma
An atheroma, or atheromatous plaque, is an abnormal accumulation of material in the inner layer of an arterial wall.

The material consists of mostly macrophage cells, or debris, containing lipids, calcium and a variable amount of fibrous connective tissue. The accumulated material forms a swelling in the artery wall, which may intrude into the lumen of the artery, narrowing it and restricting blood flow. Atheroma is the pathological basis for the disease entity atherosclerosis, a subtype of arteriosclerosis.
Kīlauea Sugar Plantation Railway
The Kīlauea Sugar Plantation Railway or Kīlauea Track Line was, from 1881–1944, a 12+1⁄2 miles (20 km) long narrow gauge railway network with a gauge of 2 ft (610 mm) for transporting sugarcane and sugar at the Kilauea Sugar Plantation in Kilauea on Kauaʻi of Hawaii.

Kīlauea Plantation
The Kīlauea Plantation or Kīlauea Sugar Plantation was a large sugarcane plantation on the north side of Kauaʻi island, Hawaii, including the community of Kīlauea, Hawaii.  It was owned and operated by the 1880-incorporated Kīlauea Sugar Company, which became the Kīlauea Sugar Plantation, Co. from 1899 on.
The original property was bought by an American, Charles Titcomb, from Kamehameha IV by 1863 who used it for cattle ranching.  It was sold to Englishmen John Ross and E.P. Adams, who also leased additional land from Titcomb.  Ross and Adams planted sugarcane, then incorporated a firm.  It was operated as a plantation from 1880 to 1971.
Edward Parry (Royal Navy officer, born 1790)
Sir William Edward Parry FRS (19 December 1790 – 8 July 1855) was a Royal Navy officer and explorer best known for his 1819–1820 expedition through the Parry Channel, probably the most successful in the long quest for the Northwest Passage, until it was finally negotiated by Roald Amundsen in 1906. In 1827, Parry attempted one of the earliest expeditions to the North Pole. He reached 82° 45' N, setting a record for human exploration Farthest North that stood for nearly five decades before being surpassed at 83° 20' N by Albert Hastings Markham in 1875.

Canning
Canning is a method of food preservation in which food is processed and sealed in an airtight container (jars like Mason jars, and steel and tin cans). Canning provides a shelf life that typically ranges from one to five years, although under specific circumstances, it can be much longer. A freeze-dried canned product, such as canned dried lentils, could last as long as 30 years in an edible state.

In 1974, samples of canned food from the wreck of the Bertrand, a steamboat that sank in the Missouri River in 1865, were tested by the National Food Processors Association. Although appearance, smell, and vitamin content had deteriorated, there was no trace of microbial growth and the 109-year-old food was determined to be still safe to eat.
ROXs 42Bb
ROXs 42Bb is a directly imaged planetary-mass companion to the binary M star ROXs 42B, a likely member of the Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex.  The companion was independently discovered in December, 2013, by astronomers from University of Texas at Austin & University of Toronto.

The object has a best estimated mass around 9 to 10 Jupiter masses, depending on the age of the star, similar to the masses of directly imaged planets around HR 8799 and beta Pictoris.  However, it is unclear whether ROXs 42Bb formed like these planets via core accretion, by disk (gravitational) instability, or more like a binary star.  Preliminary fits of the spectra and broadband photometry to atmospheric models imply a radius of 2.43 ± 0.18 RJ for an effective temperature of about 2,000 K or a radius of 2.55 ± 0.20 RJ for about 1950 K.  Like Beta Pictoris b, ROXs 42Bb's atmosphere is likely very cloudy and dusty.

The object is located in the constellation Ophiuchus, near the border with Scorpius.

Beta Pictoris b
Beta Pictoris b (abbreviated as β Pic b) is an exoplanet orbiting the young debris disk, A-type main sequence star, Beta Pictoris located approximately 63 light-years (19.4 parsecs, or 6×1014 km) away from Earth in the constellation of Pictor. It has a mass of around 13 Jupiter masses and a radius that's around 46% larger than Jupiter's. It orbits at 9 AU from Beta Pictoris, which is about 3.5 times farther than the orbit of Beta Pictoris c. It orbits close to the plane of the debris disk orbiting the star, with a low eccentricity and a period of 20–21 years.
Senghenydd
Senghenydd (Welsh: Senghennydd, IPA: [sɛŋˈhɛnɪð]) is a former mining village in the community of Aber Valley in South Wales, approximately four miles northwest of the town of Caerphilly. Historically within the county of Glamorgan, it is now situated in the county borough of Caerphilly. In the United Kingdom Census 2001, the population of the Aber Valley (which also includes the neighbouring village of Abertridwr) was 6,696. The wind farm proposed in 2023 would see the village surrounded by turbines up to 200 metres high.

Caerphilly
Caerphilly (/kəˈfɪli/, /kɑːrˈfɪli/; Welsh: Caerffili, Welsh pronunciation: [ˌkairˈfɪli] ⓘ) is a town and community in Wales. It is situated at the southern end of the Rhymney Valley and separated from the Cardiff suburbs of Lisvane and Rhiwbina by Caerphilly Mountain.

It is 7 miles (11 km) north of Cardiff and 9.5 miles (15.3 km) west of Newport. It is the largest town in Caerphilly County Borough and lies within the historic borders of Glamorgan, on the border with Monmouthshire.  At the 2011 Census, the town had a population of 41,402 while the wider Caerphilly local authority area had a population of 178,806.
Morwell
Morwell is a town in the Latrobe Valley area of Gippsland, in South-Eastern Victoria, Australia approximately 152 km (94 mi) east of Melbourne.

Morwell has a population of 14,389 people at the 2021 census.

It is both the capital and administrative centre for the City of Latrobe and the city’s second most populous town after the neighbouring Traralgon. Morwell is located in the centre of the Latrobe Valley urban area, which has a population of 77,168 at the 2021 Census and is home to many of the greater urban area's civic institutions, administrative functions and infrastructure.

The city is known for its role as a major energy production centre for Victoria as the centre of a major coal mining and fossil-fuel power generation industry.

Morwell's centenary rose garden located in the central business district, won an award in 2009 for being a 'garden of excellence'. Since 2018, the town has hosted the International Rose Garden Festival Morwell (IRGFM).

Gunaikurnai people
The Kurnai (kur-nye) people constitute an Aboriginal Australian nation of south-east Australia. They are the Traditional Custodians of most of present-day Gippsland and much of the southern slopes of the Victorian Alps. The Kurnai nation is composed of five major clans. During the 19th century, many Kurnai people resisted the incursions by early European squatters and subsequent settlers, resulting in a number of deadly confrontations, and massacres of the indigenous inhabitants. There are about 3,000 Kurnai people today, predominantly living in Gippsland. The Kurnai dialects are the traditional language of the Kurnai people, although there are very few fluent speakers now.
Landlord and Tenant Board
The Landlord and Tenant Board (French: Commission de la location immobilière) is an adjudicative tribunal operating in the province of Ontario that provides dispute resolution of landlord and tenant matters under the Residential Tenancies Act, 2006. It is one of the 13 adjudicative tribunals overseen by the Ministry of the Attorney General that make up Tribunals Ontario.

Tribunals Ontario
Tribunals Ontario (French: Tribunaux décisionnels Ontario) is the umbrella organization for 12 adjudicative tribunals under the Ministry of the Attorney General of Ontario. It was formed on January 1, 2019, from the merger of the Social Justice Tribunals Ontario; Environment and Land Tribunals Ontario; and Safety, Licensing Appeals and Standards Tribunals Ontario tribunal "clusters".
X-Rated Critics Organization
The X-Rated Critics Organization (XRCO) is a group of writers and editors from the American adult entertainment industry who each year present awards in recognition of achievement within the industry. After the controversy and criticism of the Best Erotic Scene win for the movie Virgin in 1984 at the Adult Film Association of America awards, the XRCO and its "Heart-On Awards" were founded.

Adult Film Association of America
The Adult Film Association of America (AFAA) was the first American association of pornographic film producers. It fought against censorship laws, attempted to defend the industry against prosecution for obscenity, and held an annual adult film awards ceremony. Founded in 1969, it continued separate operation until 1992 when it merged with Free Speech Legal Defense Fund. The organization was also host to the Erotic Film Awards which were held from 1977 until 1986.
Long Marston, Hertfordshire
Long Marston is a small village to the north of Tring in Hertfordshire, in the Tring Rural parish council area. It is in the Borough of Dacorum, Tring West and Rural Ward.  It is located roughly 5 miles east of Aylesbury and 11 miles north-west of Hemel Hempstead.

Wilstone
Wilstone is the name of an England village and a reservoir approximately two miles north-west of Tring, Hertfordshire. The village lies within the civil parish of Tring Rural, close to the boundary with Buckinghamshire.

Wilstone reservoir, one of the four Tring reservoirs, lies close to the village.
Mixed-NOCs at the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics
Teams made up of athletes representing different National Olympic Committees (NOCs), called mixed-NOCs teams, participated in the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics. These teams participated in either events composed entirely of mixed-NOCs teams, or in events which saw the participation of mixed-NOCs teams and non-mixed-NOCs teams. When a mixed-NOCs team won a medal, the Olympic flag was raised rather than a national flag; if a mixed-NOCs team won gold, the Olympic anthem would be played instead of national anthems. A total of 6 events with Mixed NOCs were held.

South Korea at the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics
South Korea competed at the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics in Lausanne, Switzerland, from 9 to 22 January 2020.

South Korea competed 13 sports and has 40 competitors. On the final day, the country brings home 8 medals (5 golds and 3 silver).

Gangwon was announced as the next Winter Youth Olympics host province, during the closing ceremony.
Sphenorhynchia
Sphenorhynchia is an extinct genus of brachiopods belonging to the family Prionorhynchiidae.

These brachiopods are stationary epifaunal suspension feeders. They lived in the Jurassic period, from 183.0 to 164.7 Ma.   Fossils of this genus have been found in the sediments of Afghanistan, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Italy, Saudi Arabia and Slovakia.

Prionorhynchiidae
Prionorhynchiidae is an extinct family of brachiopods belonging to the order Rhynchonellida.

These brachiopods are stationary epifaunal suspension feeders. They lived in the Triassic and in the Jurassic periods, from 235.0 to 164.7 Ma.
Ijon Tichy: Space Pilot
Ijon Tichy: Space Pilot (German: Ijon Tichy: Raumpilot) is a satiric German television series loosely based on the series of science fiction stories The Star Diaries by Stanisław Lem. The television series was created by Randa Chahoud, Dennis Jacobsen, and Oliver Jahn, with Jahn playing the protagonist, space traveller Ijon Tichy. The major female role, the female robot hologramme, is played by Nora Tschirner.

The first season was aired from 26 March 2007 on ZDF on Mondays at 23:55 hours. One week before the airing, each episode used to be published online as a streaming video  on ZDF mediathek, an online repository operated by ZDF. In November 2011, the second season (Ijon Tichy: Raumpilot II) was aired on ZDFneo. Both seasons are available on DVD, with the second season having English subtitles.

The Star Diaries
The Star Diaries is a series  of short stories of the adventures of space traveller Ijon Tichy, of satirical nature, by Polish writer Stanisław Lem. The first ones were published in a 1954 collection Sezam i inne opowiadania  and first published as a separate  book in 1957 titled Dzienniki gwiazdowe, expanded in 1971.  Closely related to this series is the series Ze wspomnień Ijona Tichego [From the Memoirs of Ijon Tichy]. Usually these stories, and several others, are considered to be the same cycle of the adventures of Ijon Tichy.

The permit of the Communist censors for the 1954 publication described The Star Diaries as a satire of the capitalist society while failing to notice numerous parallels with the Communist society.

The collections were published in English in two volumes, The Star Diaries (published New York, 1976) and Memoirs of a Space Traveller: Further Reminiscences of Ijon Tichy (published London, 1982).
Kielder Forest
Kielder Forest is a large forestry plantation in Northumberland, England, surrounding Kielder village and the Kielder Water reservoir. It is the largest man-made woodland in England with three-quarters of its 250 square miles (650 km2) covered by forest. The majority of the forest lies within Kielder Water and Forest Park, with the southern tip known as Wark Forest lying within Northumberland National Park. The forest is next to the Anglo-Scottish border.

Wark Forest
Wark Forest is the southern part of Kielder Forest in Northumberland, England. Wark Forest is found within the south-west tip of Northumberland National Park. It is near the village of Wark on Tyne to the south.

The forest covers 10,467 hectares. The Wark Burn and waterfalls are located in the forest.
Family of Vladimir the Great
The family of Vladimir I, popularly known as Vladimir the Great (c. 958–1015), prince of Kievan Rus', is subject to scholarly studies. The primary sources about his life, such as the Primary Chronicle and the Chronicon Thietmari of Thietmar of Merseburg, are legendary, and require critical scrutiny to separate fact (or history) from fiction (or mythology).

Rogneda of Polotsk
Rogneda or Rogned (Church Slavonic: Рогънѣдь, romanized: Rogŭnědĭ; Christian name: Anastasia; c. 960 – c. 1000), also known as Ragnhild (Ragnheiðr), is a person mentioned in the Primary Chronicle as having been a princess of Polotsk, the daughter of Rogvolod (Ragnvald), who came from Scandinavia and established himself at Polotsk in the mid-10th century. Vladimir the Great is narrated as having killed her father and taking her as one of his wives.

In a closely related, but separate story in the Suzdalian Chronicle, the daughter of Rogvolod of Polotsk is called Gorislava, and Vladimir rapes her in front of her parents before killing her father and taking her as a wife, after which Gorislava attempts to kill Vladimir in revenge.
Culturalima
Culturalima, also known as Network of Cultures of Lima or Network of Cultural Centres of Lima, was a geolocated cultural information system authored by architect Alvaro Pastor in 2012 for La Casa Ida Cultural Association in Lima.

La Casa Ida
La Casa Ida  was a medialab and cultural center active between 2006 and 2014 in Lima, Peru, focused on research, production and education in technological artistic practices.
It was founded by a group of contemporary artists led by architect, electronic arts researcher and professor Alvaro Pastor.
1971 Los Angeles Rams season
The 1971 Los Angeles Rams season was the team's 34th year with the National Football League, and the 26th season in Los Angeles. The team looked to improve on its 9–4–1 record from 1970, but finished only one game below their goal, as they finished 8–5–1 and finished 2nd in the NFC West, behind the San Francisco 49ers (9–5).

The Rams started out strong at 4–1–1, but split their final eight games. Despite sweeping the 49ers on the season, a crucial tie against the Atlanta Falcons in week 2 (not to mention a loss at last-place New Orleans on opening day, the Saints' first defeat of the Rams) proved to doom the Rams, because had they beaten Atlanta, they would've clinched the NFC West by virtue of their sweep over the 49ers (the tie would have been moot had they not yielded a touchdown to Saints rookie quarterback Archie Manning on the final play of the opener).

Team owner Dan Reeves died of cancer prior to the season in April.

1971 San Francisco 49ers season
The 1971 San Francisco 49ers season was the franchise's 22nd season in the National Football League (NFL) and their 26th overall. The 49ers appeared in the NFC Championship Game for the second consecutive year. The team moved into a new home, eleven-year-old Candlestick Park, which they shared with the baseball Giants.

After winning two of their first three games on the road, the 49ers lost their first game at Candlestick Park to the Los Angeles Rams 20–13. The 49ers rebounded and successfully defended their NFC West title by posting a 9–5 record. For a second year in a row, the 49ers’ season ended in disappointment with a 14–3 loss in the NFC Championship Game to the Dallas Cowboys, this time on the road.