hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Decentralized finance
Decentralized finance (often stylized as DeFi) provides financial instruments and services through smart contracts on a programmable, permissionless blockchain. This approach reduces the need for intermediaries such as brokerages, exchanges, or banks. DeFi platforms enable users to lend or borrow funds, speculate on asset price movements using derivatives, trade cryptocurrencies, insure against risks, and earn interest in savings-like accounts. The DeFi ecosystem is built on a layered architecture and highly composable building blocks. While some applications offer high interest rates, they carry high risks. Coding errors and hacks are a common challenge in DeFi. DeFi protocols exhibit varying degrees of decentralization, with truly decentralized protocols potentially acting as neutral infrastructure, while false decentralization leaves protocols open to manipulation and fraud or to being regulated as financial intermediaries.

Distributed ledger
A distributed ledger (also called a shared ledger or distributed ledger technology or DLT) is a system whereby replicated, shared, and synchronized digital data is geographically spread (distributed) across many sites, countries, or institutions. In contrast to a centralized database, a distributed ledger does not require a central administrator, and consequently does not have a single (central) point-of-failure.

In general, a distributed ledger requires a peer-to-peer (P2P) computer network and consensus algorithms so that the ledger is reliably replicated across distributed computer nodes (servers, clients, etc.). The most common form of distributed ledger technology is the blockchain (commonly associated with cryptocurrency), which can either be on a public or private network. Infrastructure for data management is a common barrier to implementing DLT.
Hugh the Abbot
Hugh the Abbot of Auxerre (died 12 May 886) was a prominent nobleman and prelate in the Carolingian Empire, who held several ecclesiastical and administrative posts in the West Frankish Kingdom during the reigns of king Charles the Bald and his successors. He was a member of the Elder House of Welf, and a son of Conrad the Elder, Count of Argengau and countess Adelaide of Tours. His brother Conrad the Younger was Count of Auxerre and Lord of Transjuran Burgundy. Hugh's paternal aunts were: empress Judith (second wife of emperor Louis the Pious), and queen Emma (wife of king Louis the German of East Francia).

Elder House of Welf
The Elder House of Welf (known as Rudolphins in Burgundy) was a Frankish noble dynasty of European rulers documented since the 9th century. Closely related to the Carolingian dynasty, it consisted of a Burgundian and a Swabian group. It has not been definitively clarified, however, whether the two groups formed one dynasty or whether they shared the same name by coincidence only. While the Elder House became extinct in the male line with the death of Duke Welf of Carinthia in 1055, his sister Kunigunde married into the Italian House of Este and became the ancestor of the (Younger) House of Welf.
Partially ordered set
In mathematics, especially order theory, a partial order on a set is an arrangement such that, for certain pairs of elements, one precedes the other. The word partial is used to indicate that not every pair of elements needs to be comparable; that is, there may be pairs for which neither element precedes the other. Partial orders thus generalize total orders, in which every pair is comparable.

Formally, a partial order is a homogeneous binary relation that is reflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive. A partially ordered set (poset for short) is an ordered pair  consisting of a set  (called the ground set of ) and a partial order  on . When the meaning is clear from context and there is no ambiguity about the partial order, the set  itself is sometimes called a poset.

Subset
In mathematics, a set A is a subset of a set B if and only if all elements of A are also elements of B; B is then a superset of A. It is possible for A and B to be equal; if they are unequal, then A is a proper subset of B. The relationship of one set being a subset of another is called inclusion (or sometimes containment). A is a subset of B may also be expressed as B includes (or contains) A or A is included (or contained) in B. A k-subset is a subset with k elements.

When quantified,  is represented as

One can prove the statement  by applying a proof technique known as the element argument:

Let sets A and B be given. To prove that 
suppose that a is a particular but arbitrarily chosen element of A
show that a is an element of B.

The validity of this technique can be seen as a consequence of universal generalization: the technique shows  for an arbitrarily chosen element c. Universal generalisation then implies  which is equivalent to  as stated above.
KZOK-FM
KZOK-FM (102.5 MHz) is a commercial radio station located in Seattle, Washington. It airs a classic rock radio format and is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. KZOK's transmitter is located near Issaquah, Washington, on Tiger Mountain, and operates from studios in Seattle in the Belltown neighborhood northwest of Downtown.

KZOK-FM broadcasts in HD.

KISW
KISW (99.9 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a mainstream rock format in Seattle, Washington. It is owned by Audacy, Inc. and has studios in Downtown Seattle and a transmitter on Tiger Mountain in Issaquah. In addition to a standard analog transmission, KISW broadcasts using HD Radio technology and is available online via Audacy.

On the air since 1950, KISW was originally a fine music station before Kaye-Smith shifted it to a rock format in 1971. It has continued in the rock format since under various owners; live shows include The Mens Room afternoon show, which for a time was nationally syndicated.
Sant'Urbano
Sant'Urbano (Venetian: Sant’Urban) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Padua in the Italian region Veneto, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of Venice and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southwest of Padua. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,189 and an area of 31.8 square kilometres (12.3 sq mi).

The municipality of Sant'Urbano contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Carmignano, Ca' Morosini, and Balduina.

Sant'Urbano borders the following municipalities: Barbona, Granze, Lendinara, Lusia, Piacenza d'Adige, Vescovana, Vighizzolo d'Este, Villa Estense.

Villa Estense
Villa Estense is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Padua in the Italian region Veneto, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of Venice and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southwest of Padua. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,407 and an area of 16.0 square kilometres (6.2 sq mi).

Villa Estense borders the following municipalities: Este, Granze, Sant'Elena, Sant'Urbano, Vescovana, Vighizzolo d'Este.
Greenfield, Massachusetts
Greenfield is the county seat, and sole city, of Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. Greenfield was first settled in 1686. The population was 17,768 at the 2020 census. Greenfield is home to Greenfield Community College, the Pioneer Valley Symphony Orchestra, the Franklin County Fair, and the Green River Festival. The city has a Main Street Historic District containing fine examples of Federal, Greek Revival, and Victorian architecture.

Greenfield anchors the Greenfield Town, MA Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Springfield-Greenfield Town, MA Combined Statistical Area.

Bernardston, Massachusetts
Bernardston (/ˈbɜːrnərdstən/) is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,102 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Haskayne
Haskayne is a small village in the county of Lancashire, England, and on the West Lancashire Coastal Plain. It is to the north of Downholland Cross on the A5147 and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal.Local residents are known as skayners.

The village is in Downholland civil parish, and forms part of the Aughton & Downholland ward, which is represented by three Conservative Party councillors and is part of the district of West Lancashire.

Downholland
Downholland is a civil parish in Lancashire, England, on the West Lancashire Coastal Plain. The population at the 2011 census was 913. The area contains several villages including Haskayne, Barton and Downholland Cross, and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the A5147. It also contains attractions such as Farmer Ted’s.

Downholland was originally a township in the parish of Halsall, becoming formally a separate parish in 1866.  It formed part of West Lancashire Rural District and, since 1974, is part of the West Lancashire district.

Downholland is located very near the fields that were the purported location of Argleton.
Enemy (American band)
Enemy was an American band fronted by guitarist and vocalist Troy Van Leeuwen (also of Queens of the Stone Age), with bassist Eddie Nappi (Handsome, Mark Lanegan Band), and drummer Kelli Scott (Failure). Former Quicksand drummer Alan Cage was a founding member before being replaced by Scott. Van Leeuwen has described Enemy as his "big, dumb rock trio".

Actually it's a vehicle driven by pure and utter disgust of mediocrity and general frustration with the human condition...[a]nd by obsession with anime.--Van Leeuwen describing the band on their Myspace.com page.

Quicksand (American band)
Quicksand is an American post-hardcore band from New York City, founded in 1990. Their debut self-titled EP was followed by two major-label albums, Slip (1993) and Manic Compression (1995). Quicksand's sound has been compared to that of Fugazi and Helmet. The band supported their releases with extensive touring but fell short of the mainstream success anticipated by their labels. These factors and internal stress led them to separate first in 1995 and again in 1999 following a failed year-and-a-half reunion. In June 2012, Quicksand reunited for a special one-night performance and since has been playing additional live shows. The band's third album (and first full-length in 22 years), Interiors, was released on November 10, 2017, and it was followed four years later by their latest album Distant Populations (2021).

Quicksand has cited various bands as influences, including Fugazi, Jane's Addiction, Helmet, My Bloody Valentine, Cocteau Twins, Wire, and Public Enemy.
Bar spoon
A bar spoon is a long-handled spoon used in bartending for mixing and layering of both alcoholic and non-alcoholic mixed drinks. Its length ensures that it can reach the bottom of the tallest jug or tumbler to mix ingredients directly in the glass.

A bar spoon holds about 5 millilitres of liquid (the same as a conventional teaspoon). Its long handle is similar to an iced tea spoon, but is usually decorative and elegant – some variations mimic large swizzle sticks, with a disc at one end. The shaft is typically thin and threaded so that the fingers can easily grip and rotate the spoon.

Iced tea spoon
An iced tea spoon, also called a soda spoon or a latte spoon, is a thin spoon with a long handle. It is used primarily in the United States for stirring sugar or other sweeteners into iced tea, which is traditionally served in a tall glass.

Originally known as a parfait spoon, it is also commonly used for eating ice cream, especially floats and sundaes. As these desserts are usually served in tall glasses, regular teaspoons or dessert spoons become inconvenient choices due to their limited reach.
Cambaroididae
Cambaroididae is a family of crayfish. It contains two genera, the extant Cambaroides, known from a number of species living in East Asia, and the extinct Palaeocambarus, known from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian-Aptian) Yixian Formation of China.

Palaeocambarus
Palaeocambarus is an extinct genus of crayfish discovered in the Yixian Formation in China, with only a single species, Palaeocambarus licenti. It is one of the oldest known fossil crayfish.

The genus Cricoidoscelosus is now considered to be a junior synonym. It was initially believed to be Late Jurassic (Tithonian) in age, but it is now confirmed to have been Early Cretaceous (Barremian-Aptian) in age.
Pectinantus
Pectinantus parini is a species of tubeshoulder known from the Pacific and Indian Oceans where it has been found at depths of around 1,750 metres (5,740 ft). This species grows to a length of 16.3 centimetres (6.4 in) SL.

Platytroctidae
The tubeshoulders are a family, Platytroctidae, of ray-finned fish belonging to the order Alepocephaliformes. They are found throughout the world, except for the Mediterranean Sea. Tubeshoulders live at moderate depths of 300 to 1,000 m (980 to 3,280 ft), and some have light-producing organs. They are generally small to medium fish, ranging from 9 to 33 cm (3.5 to 13.0 in) in length.
Beesby with Saleby
Beesby with Saleby is a civil parish in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England.  It includes Beesby and Saleby. According to the 2001 Census it had a population of 228, increasing to 258 at the 2011 Census.

The main A1104 road from Alford to Louth passes back and forth across the parish. The whole parish is around 33 feet (10 m) above sea level, in the strip of former coastal marsh known as the Lincolnshire Marsh.  Beesby was once known as Beesby in the Marsh.

Local democracy takes the form of a Parish Meeting.

Beesby, East Lindsey
Beesby is a village and (as Beesby in the Marsh) a former civil parish, now in the parish of Beesby with Saleby, in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. The village is situated approximately 4 miles (6 km) south-west from Mablethorpe, and just to the east of the A1104 road. In 1961 the parish had a population of 100. On 1 April 1987 the parish was abolished to form "Beesby with Saleby".

The Grade II listed parish church is dedicated to St Andrew.
Eugène Ionesco
Eugène Ionesco (/jəˈnɛskoʊ/; French: [øʒɛn jɔnɛsko]; born Eugen Ionescu, Romanian: [e.uˈdʒen joˈnesku] ⓘ; 26 November 1909 – 28 March 1994) was a Romanian-French playwright who wrote mostly in French, and was one of the foremost figures of the French avant-garde theatre in the 20th century. Ionesco instigated a revolution in ideas and techniques of drama, beginning with his "anti play", The Bald Soprano which contributed to the beginnings of what is known as the Theatre of the Absurd, which includes a number of plays that, following the ideas of the philosopher Albert Camus, explore concepts of absurdism and surrealism. He was made a member of the Académie française in 1970, and was awarded the 1970 Austrian State Prize for European Literature, and the 1973 Jerusalem Prize.

Martin Esslin
Martin Julius Esslin OBE (6 June 1918 – 24 February 2002) was a Hungarian-born British producer, dramatist, journalist, adaptor and translator, critic, academic scholar and professor of drama, known for coining the term "theatre of the absurd" in his 1961 book The Theatre of the Absurd. This work has been called "the most influential theatrical text of the 1960s".
St. Charles Medical Center – Bend
St. Charles Medical Center – Bend is a hospital in Bend, Oregon, United States.  It is the largest hospital in Central Oregon, and a level 2 trauma center. St. Charles medical center [SCMC-B] is owned and operated by St. Charles Health System, Inc. (SCHS), a private, not-for-profit Oregon corporation. SCHS also owns and operates the St. Charles Medical Center - Redmond.

St. Charles Medical Center – Redmond
St. Charles Medical Center – Redmond is a hospital in Redmond, Oregon, United States.  It is a level 3 trauma center.  St. Charles medical center [SCMC-R] is owned and operated by St. Charles Health System, Inc. (SCHS), a private, not-for-profit Oregon corporation. SCHS also owns and operates the Bend, Madras, and Prineville locations.
Transport in Karachi
The city of Karachi is a major transport hub of Pakistan. The Karachi port and airport are major gateways to Pakistan. The Karachi Railway stations transports the major part of Pakistan's trade with other countries.

M-9 motorway (Pakistan)
The M-9 motorway or the Karachi–Hyderabad motorway (Urdu: کراچی–حیدرآباد موٹروے) is a north–south motorway in the Sindh province of Pakistan, connecting Karachi to Hyderabad. The six-lane road is 136 kilometres long, and caters to the commercial traffic originating from the Karachi Port and Port Qasim. Daily traffic count is around 30,000 vehicles.

The motorway is an upgrade of the old Super Highway. The Frontier Works Organization executed the project on a build–operate–transfer basis for 25 years.
Donald Parry (cricketer)
Donald Morris Parry (8 February 1911 — 30 March 2002) was an English first-class cricketer.

Parry was born at Hatch End in February 1911. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, before going up to St Catharine's College, Cambridge. While studying at Cambridge, he played first-class cricket for Cambridge University Cricket Club in 1931 and 1932, making seventeen appearances. He scored a total of 574 runs in his seventeen matches at an average of 22.07, with a highest score of 87 not out, which was made against the Free Foresters in 1931. Parry later served in the Second World War with the Scots Guards, being commissioned as a second lieutenant in December 1942. He relinquished his commission after the war in October 1946. Parry died in March 2002 at Stalham, Norfolk.

Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood
Merchant Taylors' School is an 11–18 boys' public day school, founded in 1561 in London. The school has occupied various campuses. Since 1933 it has been at Sandy Lodge, a 285 acres (115 ha) site close to Northwood in the Three Rivers district of Hertfordshire. The school has 1100 students between the ages of 11 and 18. The school is an all-through school from age 3 to 18 after merging with Northwood Prep School in 2015.

Founded in 1561 by Sir Thomas White, Sir Richard Hilles, Emanuel Lucar and Stephen Hales, it was one of the nine English public schools investigated by the Clarendon Commission set up in 1861, and successfully argued that it should be omitted from the Public Schools Act 1868, as did St Paul's School, London, the other day school investigated by the Clarendon Commission.
Warriors: Power of Three
Warriors: Power of Three is the third arc in the Warriors juvenile fantasy novel series about anthropomorphic feral cats. The arc comprises six novels which were published from 2007 to 2009: The Sight, Dark River, Outcast, Eclipse, Long Shadows, and Sunrise. The novels are published by HarperCollins under the pseudonym Erin Hunter (see below). Power of Three follows the adventures of the grandchildren of first series protagonist Firestar: Jayfeather, Hollyleaf, and Lionblaze (initially known as Jaykit, Hollykit, and Lionkit). A prophecy predicts the three kits will have "the power of the stars in their paws".

The novels have appeared on the New York Times Bestseller List and have been nominated for several awards, although none of the novels in Warriors: Power of Three have won a significant literary award.

Long Shadows (Hunter novel)
Long Shadows is a children's fantasy novel, the fifth book in Erin Hunter's Warriors: Power of Three, and was widely released on 25 November 2008. The book follows the adventures of Hollyleaf, Lionblaze, and Jayfeather.
The book has sold over 250,000 copies.
Seowon
Seowon (Korean: 서원) were the most common educational institutions of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty. They were private institutions, and combined the functions of a Confucian shrine and a Confucian school. In educational terms, the seowon were primarily occupied with preparing young men for the national civil service examinations. In most cases, seowon served only pupils of the aristocratic yangban class. On 6 July 2019, UNESCO recognized a collection of nine seowon as World Heritage Sites.

Yangban
The yangban (Korean: 양반; Hanja: 兩班; IPA: [ja̠ŋba̠n]) were part of the traditional ruling class or gentry of dynastic Korea during the Joseon period. The yangban were mainly composed of highly educated civil officials and military officers—landed or unlanded aristocrats who individually exemplified the Korean Confucian form of a "scholarly official". They were largely government administrators and bureaucrats who oversaw medieval and early modern Korea's traditional agrarian bureaucracy until the end of the dynasty in 1897. In a broader sense, an office holder's family and descendants, as well as country families who claimed such descent, were socially accepted as yangban.

In contemporary Korean language, the term yangban can be used either as a compliment or insult.
Reaching Quiet
Reaching Quiet was an American alternative hip hop duo. It consisted of Why? and Odd Nosdam. The duo released one album, In the Shadow of the Living Room, on Mush Records in 2002.

In 2001, Split EP! was released on Anticon. It contains Why?'s "You'll Know Where Your Plane Is..." and Odd Nosdam's "EAT." It features guest appearances from Mr. Dibbs.

Why? and Odd Nosdam were also members of cLOUDDEAD along with Doseone.

Anticon
Anticon (often styled as anticon.) was an independent record label/collective based in Los Angeles, California. It was founded in 1998 by seven musicians and manager Baillie Parker. It was collectively owned among six musicians, co-founder Parker, and manager Shaun Koplow. The original musicians signed to Anticon were once referred to as the Anticon collective. Following the death of one of its founding members in 2018, the label dissolved.
Shinyanga Region
Shinyanga Region (Mkoa wa Shinyanga in Swahili) is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions. The region covers a land area of 18,555 km2 (7,164 sq mi). The region is comparable in size to the combined land area of the nation state of Fiji. The region is bordered to the north by the Geita, Mwanza, and Simiyu Regions and to the south by the Tabora Region. It borders also a sliver of Singida Region to the east. The regional capital is the municipality of Shinyanga. According to the 2022 national census, the region had a population of 2,241,299.

Tabora Region
Tabora Region  (Mkoa wa Tabora in Swahili) is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions located in mid-western part of Tanzania. The regional capital is the municipality of Tabora. Tabora  is bordered by Shinyanga to the north, Singida to the east, Mbeya and Songwe to the south. lastly, Katavi, Kigoma and Geita, border Tabora to the west. Tabora is by far the largest region in Tanzania by area. Most of the population in the region is concentrated in the north in Nzega district. According to the 2022 national census, Tabora Region had a population of 3,391,679.
Sambalpur district
Sambalpur district (Odia: [sɔmbɔlɔpuɾɔ] ⓘ) is a district in the western part of state of Odisha, India. The historic city of Sambalpur is the district headquarters.

The district is located in the Mahanadi River basin. It has a total area of 6,702 km2 (2,588 sq mi), of which almost 60% is covered in dense forest. The district is bounded by Deogarh District to the east, Bargarh and Jharsuguda districts to the west, Sundergarh District to the north, and Subarnapur and Angul districts in the south.

Sambalpur City is the connecting city between Chhattisgarh and Odisha. Whereas it used to be known for its importance as a diamond trading centre, nowadays it is mainly known for its textiles, especially the Sambalpuri Saree.

Sundergarh district
Sundergarh district, also known as Sundargarh district, is a district in the northwestern part of Odisha state in eastern India.

Sundargarh district is bounded by Raigarh district of Chhattisgarh in the west, Jashpur district of Chhattisgarh in the North-West, Simdega district of Jharkhand in the North, West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand and Keonjhar district of Odisha in the east and Jharsuguda, Sambalpur, Deogarh and Angul districts of Odisha in the South. The town of Sundargarh is the district headquarters. Rourkela is the largest city in the entire district.