hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kåfjord Copper Works
The Kåfjord Copper Works (Norwegian: Kåfjord kobberverk, originally the Alten Copper Mines and later the Alten Copper Works) was a company established in 1826 to mine copper in the village of Kåfjord in what is now Alta Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway.

After the discovery of copper ore in the area in the 17th century, exploration for ore started in the 18th century. The copper works in Kåfjord operated from 1826 to 1878 under English owners, and again from 1896 to 1909 under Swedish owners.

Kåfjord, Alta
Kåfjord (Norwegian), Gávvuonna (Northern Sami), Kaavuono (Kven) is a village in Alta Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. The village is located along the Kåfjorden, about 18 kilometres (11 mi) west of the town of Alta along the European route E6 highway. The village of Kvenvik lies about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the east, also along the E6 highway.

At the summit of Mount Haldde, about 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) by a track from Kåfjord, is a restored Northern Lights Observatory, established by Kristian Birkeland in 1899 and operational until 1926, when it was transferred to Tromsø.
Cochrane Library
The Cochrane Library (named after Archie Cochrane) is a collection of databases in medicine and other healthcare specialties provided by Cochrane and other organizations. At its core is the collection of Cochrane Reviews, a database of systematic reviews and meta-analyses that summarize and interpret the results of medical research. The Cochrane Library aims to make the results of well-conducted clinical trials readily available and is a key resource in evidence-based medicine.

Meta-analysis
Meta-analysis is a method of synthesis of quantitative data from multiple independent studies addressing a common research question. An important part of this method involves computing a combined effect size across all of the studies. As such, this statistical approach involves extracting effect sizes and variance measures from various studies. By combining these effect sizes the statistical power is improved and can resolve uncertainties or discrepancies found in individual studies. Meta-analyses are integral in supporting research grant proposals, shaping treatment guidelines, and influencing health policies. They are also pivotal in summarizing existing research to guide future studies, thereby cementing their role as a fundamental methodology in metascience. Meta-analyses are often, but not always, important components of a systematic review.
University of Tübingen
The University of Tübingen, officially the Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen (German: Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; Latin: Universitas Eberhardina Carolina), is a public research university located in the city of Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

The University of Tübingen is one of eleven German Excellence Universities. The University of Tübingen is especially known as a centre for the study of plant biology, medicine, law, archeology, ancient cultures, philosophy, theology, religious studies, humanities, and more recently as a center of excellence for artificial intelligence. The university's noted alumni and faculty include presidents, a pope, EU Commissioners, judges of the Federal Constitutional Court, and Johannes Kepler. The university is associated with eleven Nobel laureates, especially in the fields of medicine and chemistry.

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈjoːzɛf ˈʃɛlɪŋ]; 27 January 1775 – 20 August 1854) was a German philosopher. Standard histories of philosophy make him the midpoint in the development of German idealism, situating him between Johann Gottlieb Fichte, his mentor in his early years, and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, his one-time university roommate, early friend, and later rival. Interpreting Schelling's philosophy is regarded as difficult because of its evolving nature.

Schelling's thought in the main has been neglected, especially in the English-speaking world. An important factor in this was the ascendancy of Hegel, whose mature works portray Schelling as a mere footnote in the development of idealism. Schelling's Naturphilosophie also has been attacked by scientists for its tendency to analogize and lack of empirical orientation. However, some later philosophers have shown interest in re-examining Schelling's body of work.
Language game
A language game (also called a cant, secret language, ludling, or argot) is a system of manipulating spoken words to render them incomprehensible to an untrained listener. Language games are used primarily by groups attempting to conceal their conversations from others. Some common examples are Pig Latin; the Gibberish family, prevalent in the United States and Sweden; and Verlan, spoken in France.

A common difficulty with language games is that they are usually passed down orally; while written translations can be made, they are often imperfect, thus spelling can vary widely.
Some factions argue that words in these spoken tongues should simply be written the way they are pronounced, while others insist that the purity of language demands that the transformation remain visible when the words are imparted to paper.

Verlan
Verlan (pronounced [vɛʁlɑ̃] ⓘ) is a type of argot in the French language, featuring inversion of syllables in a word, and is common in slang and youth language.  It rests on a long French tradition of transposing syllables of individual words to create slang words.: 50  The word verlan itself is an example of verlan (making it an autological word). It is derived from inverting the sounds of the syllables in l'envers ([lɑ̃vɛʁ], "the inverse", frequently used in the sense of "back-to-front"). The first documented use of verlan dates back to the 19th century, among robbers.
South Coast Plain
The South Coast Plain is a natural region in England running along the central south coast in the counties of East and West Sussex and Hampshire.

It has been designated as National Character Area No. 126 by Natural England. The NCA has a total area of 52,245 hectares and forms a coastal strip, 2 to 16 kilometres wide, running from the area of Hamble-le-Rice in Hampshire in the west across the entire length of West Sussex to Brighton in East Sussex to the east.

Its major settlements include the cities of Brighton and Hove, Chichester and Portsmouth, the market town of Fareham, the coastal town of Gosport and the seaside resorts of Bognor Regis, Littlehampton and Worthing. It is bordered by the New Forest across Southampton Water to the west, the South Hampshire Lowlands to the northwest, the South Downs to the north and east, and the Isle of Wight across the Solent to the southwest.

National Character Area
A National Character Area (NCA) is a natural subdivision of England based on a combination of landscape, biodiversity, geodiversity and economic activity. There are 159 National Character Areas and they follow natural, rather than administrative, boundaries. They are defined by Natural England, the UK government's advisors on the natural environment.
Ælfgifu (wife of Eadwig)
Ælfgifu was Queen of the English as wife of King Eadwig of England (r. 955–959) for a brief period of time until 957 or 958.

What little is known of Ælfgifu comes primarily by way of Anglo-Saxon charters, possibly including a will, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and hostile anecdotes in works of hagiography. Her union with the king, annulled within a few years of Eadwig's reign, seems to have been a target for factional rivalries which surrounded the throne in the late 950s. By c. 1000, when the careers of the Benedictine reformers Dunstan and Oswald became the subject of hagiography, its memory had suffered heavy degradation. In the mid-960s, however, she appears to have become a well-to-do landowner on good terms with King Edgar and, through her will, a generous benefactress of ecclesiastical houses associated with the royal family, notably the Old Minster and New Minster at Winchester.

Oda of Canterbury
Oda (or Odo; died 958) the Good was a 10th-century Archbishop of Canterbury in England. The son of a Danish invader, Oda became Bishop of Ramsbury before 928. A number of stories were told about his actions both prior to becoming and while a bishop, but few of these incidents are recorded in contemporary accounts. After being named to Canterbury in 941, Oda was instrumental in crafting royal legislation as well as involved in providing rules for his clergy. Oda was also involved in the efforts to reform religious life in England. He died in 958 and legendary tales afterwards were ascribed to him. Later he came to be regarded as a saint, and a hagiography was written in the late 11th or early 12th century.
SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actor – Malayalam
SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actor – Malayalam is presented by Vibri media group as part of its annual South Indian International Movie Awards, for best acting done by an actor in Malayalam films, who are selected by the jury. The award was first given in 2012 for films released in 2011.

South Indian International Movie Awards
The South Indian International Movie Awards (SIIMA)  rewards the artistic and technical achievements of the South Indian film industry. It was launched in 2012 by Vishnu Vardhan Induri and Brinda Prasad Adusimilli to appreciate and honour film makers from across the South Indian film industries: Telugu cinema, Tamil cinema, Malayalam cinema, and Kannada cinema, and provide a platform to promote South Indian films in international markets.
Virginia State Route 87
State Route 87 (SR 87) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia.  Known for its entire length as Morehead Avenue, the state highway runs 4.10 miles (6.60 km) from the North Carolina state line, where the highway continues as North Carolina Highway 14 (NC 14)/NC 87, north to its terminus at U.S. Route 220 (US 220) in Ridgeway in southern Henry County.

U.S. Route 220 in Virginia
In the U.S. state of Virginia, U.S. Route 220 (US 220) is a major north-south state highway that extends from the North Carolina state line through Roanoke to the West Virginia state line. South of Roanoke, US 220 is a four-lane highway within the proposed Interstate 73 (I-73) corridor. US 220 narrows to two lanes north of Roanoke, connecting to I-64 near Clifton Forge and then paralleling the Appalachian Mountains north-northeasterly in the direction of Cumberland, Maryland.
International Patent Classification
The International Patent Classification (IPC) is a hierarchical patent classification system used in over 100 countries to classify the content of patents in a uniform manner. It was created under the Strasbourg Agreement (1971), one of a number of treaties administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The classification is updated on a regular basis by a Committee of Experts, consisting of representatives of the Contracting States of that Agreement with observers from other organisations, such as the European Patent Office.

Strasbourg Agreement Concerning the International Patent Classification
The Strasbourg Agreement Concerning the International Patent Classification (or IPC), also known as the IPC Agreement, is an international treaty that established a common classification for patents for invention, inventors' certificates, utility models and utility certificates, known as the "International Patent Classification" (IPC). The treaty was signed in Strasbourg, France, on 24 March 1971; it entered into force on 7 October 1975 and was amended on 28 September 1979. The Agreement and the certified statement were registered by the World Intellectual Property Organization on 28 February 1980.

States that are parties to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1883) may become party to the Strasbourg Agreement. As of April 2023, there were 65 contracting parties to the Strasbourg Agreement. The Holy See, the Iran and Liechtenstein signed the Agreement in 1971 but have not ratified it.
Zach Brock
Zach Brock (born August 2, 1974) is an American jazz violinist and composer. He has been a member of Snarky Puppy since 2007 and has worked with Stanley Clarke, Phil Markowitz, and Dave Liebman, as well as leading his own groups.

Live at the Royal Albert Hall (Snarky Puppy album)
Live at the Royal Albert Hall is the fourteenth album by the American jazz fusion band Snarky Puppy and the group's first live, in-concert album for general release. (Several previous Snarky Puppy albums had been recorded with an audience present, but those were done with a small audience seated around a studio-like setting.) It was recorded on November 14, 2019, and released on March 6, 2020. The album was released in sets of 2 CDs, 3 LPs, or 2 CDs and 3 LPs. The release won a Grammy Award for the Best Contemporary Instrumental Album at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards.
Tararua Range
The Tararua Range, often referred to as the Tararua Ranges or Tararua, is one of several mountain ranges in the North Island of New Zealand.

The Tararua Range runs northeast–southwest for 80 km (50 mi) from near Palmerston North to the upper reaches of the Hutt Valley, where the northern tip of the Remutaka Range begins. It is separated in the north from the southern end of the Ruahine Range by the Manawatū Gorge. Most of the Range is wilderness, protected as the Tararua Forest Park.

The highest peak in the Tararua Range is Pukeamoamo / Mitre (not to be confused with Mitre Peak) at 1,570 m (5,150 ft). Other prominent peaks include Mount Bannister at 1,537 m (5,043 ft) and Mount Hector at 1,529 m (5,016 ft), which is named after the scientist Sir James Hector. Its Māori name is Pukemoumou, or 'hill of desolation'.

Mitre (New Zealand)
Pukeamoamo / Mitre is the highest mountain of the Tararua Range, situated in the lower North Island of New Zealand. It has a total height of 1,571 metres (5,154 ft).

The mountain was named after its double peak that resembles a bishop's mitre.
Pieter Dircksz Graeff
Pieter Dircksz Graeff (* 1574 in Amsterdam, † 27 July 1645 ibid) was a descendant of the Dutch regent family De Graeff. The Lord of Engelenburg was born as the third son of Dirk Jansz Graeff and Agniet Pietersdr van Neck.

De Graeff
De Graeff (Dutch pronunciation: [də ˈɣraːf]; also:  De Graef, Graef, Graeff, Graaff, Graaf and De Graeff van Polsbroek) is a Dutch noble family.

The family divided into different lines, in Holland, Prussia (Germany) and South Africa including the patrician-aristocratic line of regents at Amsterdam. This line played a role during the Dutch Golden Age and were part of the Amsterdam and Holland public life and oligarchy from 1578 until 1672. They were a part of the Dutch States Party and therefore opponents of monarchist ambitions of the House of Orange. During that time, members of the De Graeff family were also patrons of art and artists, such as Rembrandt, Govaert Flinck, Gerard ter Borch, Jacob van Ruisdael, Caspar Netscher, Gerard de Lairesse, Artus Quellinus and Joost van den Vondel.

In 1677 members of the Amsterdam line were made knights of the Holy Roman Empire. Since 1885 the new founded Den Haag-line has been part of the Dutch nobility with the honorific of jonkheer.
Nigeria Basketball Federation
The Nigerian Basketball Federation (NBBF) is the governing body for men's and women's basketball in Nigeria.  NBBF has been an affiliate of FIBA Africa since 1963, and its offices are located in Abuja and Lagos.

Nigerian Premier League (basketball)
The Nigerian Premier Basketball League, often abbreviated to the NPL, is the pre-eminent men's professional basketball league in Nigeria. The league consists of sixteen teams who are categorized into two conferences based on the geographical location. These conferences are Savannah and the Atlantic.
Brunswick Square, Gloucester
Brunswick Square is a 1.5-acre (0.61 ha) privately owned public garden with residential streets along three of its sides, in the English city of Gloucester. It is overlooked by the Christ Church to the east on Brunswick Road. The square is surrounded by terraced houses and flats with the Gloucester National Spiritualist Church on the north side and Gloucester House on the south side. There are nine grade listed buildings around the square. The square has been part of the Eastgate and St Michaels conservation area since 1968.

12–18 Brunswick Square, Gloucester
12–18 Brunswick Square is a set of seven 19th-century terraced houses on the west side of Brunswick Square in the English city of Gloucester. The buildings were completed in 1825 as part of the development of Brunswick Square led by Thomas Reece. In the 1930s Princess Mary visited the YMCA at 18 Brunswick Square. It has since been converted into offices and flats, and has been a Grade II listed building since 21 January 1952.
Gabbioneta-Binanuova
Gabbioneta-Binanuova (Cremunés: Gabiunéeda-Binanóva) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southeast of Milan and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) northeast of Cremona.

Gabbioneta-Binanuova borders the following municipalities: Grontardo, Ostiano, Pescarolo ed Uniti, Pessina Cremonese, Scandolara Ripa d'Oglio, Seniga.

The parish church, Santi Martino e Nicola is dedicated to the two saints. The church of Sant'Ambrogio was patronized by the Pallavicini family.

Pescarolo ed Uniti
Pescarolo ed Uniti (Cremunés: Pescaról) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southeast of Milan and about 14 kilometres (9 mi) northeast of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,520 and an area of 16.6 square kilometres (6.4 sq mi).

Pescarolo ed Uniti borders the following municipalities: Cappella de' Picenardi, Cicognolo, Gabbioneta-Binanuova, Grontardo, Pessina Cremonese, Vescovato.
Whitney Halstead
Whitney Halstead (1926 - 1979) was an American art historian, and artist.

He graduated from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago with a B.F.A and M.F.A. 
He taught art history at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago.
His papers are held at the Archives of American Art.

Halstead was the primary supporter of the work of Joseph Yoakum and has been noted as an influential teacher by many of the Chicago Imagists and painters Barbara Grad, Paul Lamantia and David Sharpe.

Joseph Yoakum
Joseph Elmer Yoakum (c. February 22, 1891 – December 25, 1972) was an American self-taught painter. He was of African-American and possibly of Native American–descent, and was known for his landscape paintings in the outsider art-style. He was age 76 when he started to record his memories in the form of imaginary landscapes and produced over 2,000 drawings during the last decade of his life.
Cumnor
Cumnor is a village and civil parish 3½ miles (5.6 km) west of the centre of Oxford, England. The village is about 2 miles (3.2 km) south-west of Botley and its centre is west of the A420 road to Swindon. The parish includes Cumnor Hill (a ribbon development between Cumnor village and Botley), Chawley (at the top of Cumnor Hill), the Dean Court area on the edge of Botley and the outlying settlements of Chilswell, Farmoor, Filchampstead and Swinford. It was within Berkshire until the 1974 local government boundary changes transferred it to Oxfordshire. The 2021 Census recorded the parish population as 6,652.

Swinford, Oxfordshire
Swinford in the English county of Oxfordshire is a hamlet in the civil parish of Cumnor. It lies on the road between Eynsham and Farmoor (B4044) on the south bank of the River Thames. The grade II* listed Swinford Toll Bridge carrying the B4044 crosses the River Thames here. In 1974 it was transferred from Berkshire to the county of Oxfordshire.
North Dansville, New York
North Dansville is a town in Livingston County, New York, United States. The population was 5,538 at the 2010 census. The town is in the southeast part of the county. The village of Dansville occupies the center of the town.

Livingston County, New York
Livingston County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 61,834. Its county seat is Geneseo. The county is named after Robert R. Livingston, who helped draft the Declaration of Independence and negotiated the Louisiana Purchase. The county is part of the Finger Lakes region of the state.

Livingston County is part of the Rochester, New York metropolitan area.
Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Medical College
Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Medical College MBBSMC (Urdu: محترما بینظیر بھٹو شہید طبی کالج) is a medical college located in Mirpur, Azad Kashmir.

It is a government-funded medical college and the selection is on the basis of merit. The college is recognized by the Pakistan Medical Commission. This medical college was established in 2012.

Mirpur, Azad Kashmir
Mirpur (Potwari: مرپر [mɪɾˈpəɾᵊ]; Urdu: ميرپور [miːɾˈpuːɾ]), officially known as New Mirpur City, is the capital of Mirpur district located in Pakistani-administered Azad Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region. It is the second largest city of Azad Kashmir and the 74th most populous city in Pakistan.

A significant portion of the population from the district, the Mirpuri diaspora, migrated to the United Kingdom in the mid-to-late 1950s and in the early 1960s. Mirpur is thus sometimes known as "Little England". Many British products are found, and many shops in the city accept the pound sterling.
Intermediate Geographic Region of Montes Claros
The Intermediate Geographic Region of Montes Claros (code 3102) is one of the 13 intermediate geographic regions in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais and one of the 134 of Brazil, created by the National Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in 2017.

It comprises 87 municipalities, distributed in 7 immediate geographic regions:

Immediate Geographic Region of Montes Claros.

Immediate Geographic Region of Janaúba.

Immediate Geographic Region of Salinas.

Immediate Geographic Region of Januária.

Immediate Geographic Region of Pirapora.

Immediate Geographic Region of São Francisco.

Immediate Geographic Region of Espinosa.

Immediate Geographic Region of Janaúba
The Immediate Geographic Region of Janaúba is one of the 7 immediate geographic regions in the Intermediate Geographic Region of Montes Claros, one of the 70 immediate geographic regions in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais and one of the 509 of Brazil, created by the National Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in 2017.
Glückel of Hameln
Glückel of Hameln (Yiddish: גליקל בת ר' יהודה לייב האַמיל; also spelled Glückel, Glüeckel,  Gllckl Hamel or Glikl of Hamelin; also known as Glikl bas Judah Leib) (c. 1646 – September 19, 1724) was a German Jewish businesswoman and diarist. Written in her native tongue of Western Yiddish over the course of thirty years, her memoirs were originally intended to be an ethical will for her children and future descendants. Glückel's diaries are the only known pre-modern Yiddish memoirs written by a woman. The Memoirs of Glückel of Hameln provide an intimate portrait of German-Jewish life between the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries and have become an important source for historians, philologists, sociologists, literary critics, and linguists.

Yiddish literature
Yiddish literature encompasses all those belles-lettres written in Yiddish, the language of Ashkenazic Jewry which is related to Middle High German. The history of Yiddish, with its roots in central Europe and locus for centuries in Eastern Europe, is evident in its literature.

It is generally described as having three historical phases: Old Yiddish literature; Haskalah and Hasidic literature; and modern Yiddish literature. While firm dates for these periods are hard to pin down, Old Yiddish can be said to have existed roughly from 1300 to 1780; Haskalah and Hasidic literature from 1780 to about 1890; and modern Yiddish literature from 1864 to the present.

An important bibliography of Yiddish literature is the Leksikon Fun Der Nayer Yidisher Literatur (Lexicon of Modern Yiddish Literature) published by the Congress for Jewish Culture in 8 volumes between 1956 and 1981, containing a brief presentation of around 7,000 writers.