hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Submission wrestling
Submission wrestling, also known as submission fighting and submission grappling or simply grappling, is a martial art and combat sport that focuses on ground fighting and submission techniques. It is a hybrid discipline that incorporates elements of various martial arts such as various wrestling styles, judo, and Brazilian jiu-jitsu. Submission wrestling is practiced both as a competitive sport and as a training method for self-defence and mixed martial arts (MMA).

Sambo (martial art)
Sambo is a combat sport, and is essentially a mixed martial art, as it utilizes techniques from other classical martial arts such as boxing, judo, jujutsu,  Greco-Roman wrestling, and freestyle wrestling. Sambo is a recognized style of amateur wrestling governed by the UWW in the World Wrestling Championships along with Greco-Roman wrestling and freestyle wrestling.  Practiced worldwide, sambo is a martial art with Soviet and Russian origins.
Latvian Riflemen
The Latvian Riflemen (Latvian: Latviešu strēlnieki; Russian: Латышские стрелки, romanized: Latyshskie strelki) were originally a military formation of the Imperial Russian Army assembled starting 1915 in Latvia in order to defend Baltic governorates against the German Empire in World War I. Initially, the battalions were formed by volunteers, and from 1916 by conscription among the Latvian population. A total of about 40,000 troops were drafted into the Latvian Riflemen Division. They were used as an elite force in the Imperial and Red armies.

Estonian War of Independence
The Estonian War of Independence, also known as the Estonian Liberation War, and War of Freedom  in Estonia, was a defensive campaign of the Estonian Army and its allies, most notably the United Kingdom, against the Soviet Russian westward offensive of 1918–1919 and the 1919 aggression of the pro–German Baltische Landeswehr. The campaign was the struggle of the newly established democratic state of Estonia for independence in the aftermath of World War I. It resulted in a victory for Estonia and was concluded in the 1920 Treaty of Tartu.
Paderno Dugnano
Paderno Dugnano (Milanese: Paderna Dugnan [paˈdɛrna dyˈɲãː]) is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Milan, in Lombardy, northern Italy.  It is bounded by comuni of Senago, Limbiate, Varedo, Cusano Milanino, Cormano, Nova Milanese, Bollate, Novate Milanese, Cinisello Balsamo. Paderno Dugnano is about 15 kilometers from the center of Milan.

Following the unification of Italy in 1861, a reorganization of the internal subdivisions of the country ensued. By decree of 17 March 1869, the comuni of Paderno, Dugnano, Incirano, Cassina Amata, and Palazzolo Milanese were fused into a new comune called Paderno Milanese.

Other names for the comune were proposed (including Padergnano and Borgosole) through the 1880s.
By decree of 1 February 1886, the comune's name was formally changed to the current name of Paderno Dugnano.

Paderno Dugnano received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on 25 September 1989.

Cinisello Balsamo
Cinisello Balsamo (Italian pronunciation: [tʃiniˈzɛllo ˈbalsamo]; Lombard: Cinisell Balsom [tʃiniˌzɛl ˈbaːlsum]) is a comune (municipality) of about 75,200 inhabitants in the Metropolitan City of Milan, in the Italian region of Lombardy, about 10 kilometres (6 mi) northeast of Milan.

Cinisello Balsamo borders the following municipalities: Monza, Muggiò, Nova Milanese, Paderno Dugnano, Cusano Milanino, Sesto San Giovanni, Bresso.

The current comune was formed in 1928 by the union of Cinisello and Balsamo, and received the honorary title of city through a presidential decree on 17 October 1972.
Boerewors
Boerewors (pronounced [ˈbuːrəˌvɔrs]) is a type of sausage which originated in South Africa. It is an important part of South African, Setswana, Zimbabwean cuisine and is popular across Southern Africa. The name is derived from the Afrikaans words boer (literally, a farmer) and wors ('sausage'). According to South African government regulation, boerewors must contain at least 90 percent meat or fat from beef, pork, lamb or goat. The other 10% is made up of spices and other ingredients. Not more than 30% of the meat content may be fat. Boerewors may not contain offal other than the casings, or any mechanically separated meat (as recovered through a process where meat and bone are mechanically separated).

Regional variations of barbecue
Barbecue varies by the type of meat, sauce, rub, or other flavorings used, the point in barbecuing at which they are added, the role smoke plays, the equipment and fuel used, cooking temperature, and cooking time.

The meat may be whole, ground (for hamburgers), or processed into sausage or kebabs. The meat may be marinated or rubbed with spices before cooking, basted with a sauce or oil before, during or after cooking, or any combination of these.
Clive, Iowa
Clive is a city in Dallas and Polk counties in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 18,601. It is part of the Des Moines metropolitan area. Clive is known for its Greenbelt Park and trail system running through the community. Clive serves as the axis of the western Des Moines suburbs, between Urbandale, Waukee and West Des Moines along the major transportation corridors of I-35, I-80 and I-235. The City of Urbandale is to the north to northwest, the City of West Des Moines is to the southeast to southwest, the City of Waukee in Dallas County is to the west.

Des Moines metropolitan area
The Des Moines metropolitan area, officially known as the Des Moines–West Des Moines, IA Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) is located at the confluence of the Des Moines River and the Raccoon River. Des Moines serves as the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Iowa. The metro area consists of six counties in central Iowa: Polk, Dallas, Warren, Madison, Guthrie, and Jasper. The Des Moines–Ames–West Des Moines Combined Statistical Area (CSA) encompasses the separate metropolitan area of Ames (Story County), and the separate micropolitan area of Boone (Boone County). The Des Moines area is a fast-growing metro area.
René-Marie Ehuzu
René-Marie Ehuzu, also spelled René-Marie Ehouzou (12 April 1944 – 17 October 2012) was the Roman Catholic bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Porto Novo, Benin, from 2007 until his death in 2012.

He had previously been Bishop of Abomey in Benin from 2002.

Ordained as a priest in 1972, Ehuzu was named bishop in 2002; he was consecrated a bishop by Pope John Paul II on 6 January 2003; he died while still in office.

Diocese of Porto-Novo
The Diocese of Porto-Novo (Latin: Dioecesis Portus Novi) is a Roman Catholic diocese located in the city of Porto-Novo in the ecclesiastical province of Cotonou in Benin.

Caritas Porto-Novo is the social arm of the diocese.
Suldal
Suldal is a municipality in the northeast corner of Rogaland county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Ryfylke. Since 1965, the administrative centre of Suldal is the village of Sand i Ryfylke (prior to that it was the village of Suldalsosen). Other villages in Suldal include Erfjord, Jelsa, Marvik, Nesflaten, Vanvik, and Suldalsosen.

The 1,737-square-kilometre (671 sq mi) municipality is the 46th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Suldal is the 210th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 3,815. The municipality's population density is 2.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (6.2/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 1.5% over the previous 10-year period.

Marvik
Marvik is a village situated in Suldal municipality in Rogaland county, Norway.  The village is located along the Sandsfjorden on the southern coast of the Ropeid peninsula.  The village serves as a commercial centre of the peninsula, having a general store, primary school, marina, library, and Marvik Chapel.

The Sandsfjord Bridge located a short distance east of Marvik. It opened in 2016. This bridge gives residents of Marvik a 20-kilometre (12 mi) long, ferry-free route to the municipal centre of Sand (without the bridge, it used to be a 120 kilometres (75 mi) drive around several fjords to reach Sand without using a ferry).
Hafeez-ur-Rehman Dreshak
Hafeez-ur-Rehman Khan Dreshak (Urdu: حفیظ الرحمن خان درشک; born 1 January 1957) is a Pakistani politician who has been a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan since February 2024, and previously served in this position from June 2013 to May 2018.

NA-188 Rajanpur-II
NA-188 Rajanpur-II (این اے-188، راجن پُور-2) is a newly created a constituency for the National Assembly of Pakistan. It mainly comprises the city and tehsil of Rajanpur from the old NA-175. A minor area of the constituency also includes the town of Fazilpur, which was previously included in NA-174.
Chinchaysuyoa
Chinchaysuyoa is a genus of catfishes in the family Ariidae. They are found in freshwater habitats along the Pacific Coast of northern South America. This genus was named after Chinchay Suyu, the Incan name for the region that these fishes are native to.

Ariidae
The Ariidae or ariid catfish are a family of catfish that mainly live in marine waters with many freshwater and brackish water species. They are found worldwide in tropical to warm temperate zones. The family includes about 143 species.

The Ariidae are among the oldest known siluroid catfish known from fossil remains. Fossilized pectoral spines and skull bone fragments of ariid catfish are known from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian and Maastrichtian) of Argentina. The ariid relative Vorhisia is known from highly abundant fossil otoliths from Maastrichtian-aged nearshore marine formations of North America.
Frederick William Young
Sir Frederick William  Young (5 January 1876 – 26 August 1948) was an Australian agent-general, barrister, liberal/conservative politician and member of the South Australian House of Assembly.

Young was born in Blyth, South Australia and represented Stanley in the House of Assembly from 3 May 1902 to 26 May 1905. He later represented Wooroora from 13 February 1909 to 26 March 1915. From 17 February 1912 until 19 November 1914, Young was Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration for South Australia.

He married Florence, daughter of John Darling Jr. (1852–1914).

In 1918 he was elected Conservative Member of Parliament for Swindon in the United Kingdom Parliament. He stood down at the 1922 election. He was knighted in 1918.

Young died in Buckingham Gate, London, England.

John Darling Jr.
John Darling Jr. (24 January 1852 – 27 March 1914) was a Scottish born South Australian businessman and politician. He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1896 to 1905, representing the electorates of East Torrens (1896-1902) and Torrens (1902-1905). He was Leader of the Opposition from 1902 to 1904. After leaving politics, he was chairman of the board of directors of BHP from 1907 to 1914.
Chicago Plan
The Chicago Plan was introduced by University of Chicago economists in 1933 as a comprehensive plan to reform the monetary and banking system of the United States. The Great Depression had been caused in part by excessive private bank lending, so the plan proposed to eliminate the private bank money creation method of fractional reserve lending. Centralized money creation would prevent booms and busts in the money supply. Multiple bills in the United States Congress are  related to the Chicago Plan. Following the Great Recession, the plan was updated in a 2012 International Monetary Fund working paper.

Paul Douglas (Illinois politician)
Paul Howard Douglas (March 26, 1892 – September 24, 1976) was an American politician and Georgist economist. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a U.S. senator from Illinois for eighteen years, from 1949 to 1967. During his Senate career, he was a prominent member of the liberal coalition.

Born in Massachusetts and raised in Maine, Douglas graduated from Bowdoin College and Columbia University. He served as a professor of economics at several schools, most notably the University of Chicago, and earned a reputation as a reformer while a member of the Chicago City Council (1939–1942). During World War II, he served in the U.S. Marine Corps, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel and becoming known as a war hero.

He first married Dorothy Wolff in 1915. They had four children. He divorced her in 1930 and a year later married Emily Taft Douglas, daughter of sculptor Lorado Taft and a U.S. representative from Illinois's At-large district (1945–1947).
SIAI-Marchetti S.211
The SIAI-Marchetti S.211 (later Aermacchi S-211) is a turbofan-powered military trainer aircraft designed and originally marketed by Italian aviation manufacturer SIAI-Marchetti.

SIAI-Marchetti started to develop the S-211 in 1976 as a private venture initiative, announcing its existence during the following year. In April 1981, the first prototype performed its maiden flight. The Singapore Air Force placed the first order for ten aircraft in 1983. Some 60 aircraft have been sold to air forces around the world. Following Aermacchi's purchase of SIAI-Marchetti in 1997, the former has held the production rights to the type. An extensively redesigned and modernised derivative, the Aermacchi M-345, has been developed by Alenia Aermacchi, and entered service in 2020.

Joint Primary Aircraft Training System
The Joint Primary Aircraft Training System (JPATS) was an aircraft procurement program of the United States in the 1990s by the United States Air Force and United States Navy, a merger of 1980s era training aircraft programs. The winner was declared in 1995 and entered service a few years later as the Beechcraft T-6 Texan II. The program was partly a result of the cancelled Fairchild T-46 of the 1980s.

In 1995, the selection of Beech Aircraft Corporation of Wichita, Kansas, to develop and deliver the JPATS was made. The aircraft would be manufactured by Raytheon, Beechcraft's parent company, starting in the late 1990s and into the early 21st century. The companies that initially responded and competed were Vought, Northrop, Grumman, Rockwell, Beechcraft, Lockheed, and Cessna. However, by the time the selection was over, Northrop, Grumman, and Vought were all part of the same larger company. Over 700 JPATS are intended to be bought over time.
San Giorgio in Bosco
San Giorgio in Bosco is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Padua in the Italian region Veneto, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northwest of Venice and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of Padua.

San Giorgio in Bosco borders the following municipalities: Campo San Martino, Cittadella, Fontaniva, Grantorto, Piazzola sul Brenta, Tombolo, Villa del Conte.

Villa del Conte
Villa del Conte is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Padua in the Italian region Veneto, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of Venice and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Padua.

Villa del Conte borders the following municipalities: Campo San Martino, San Giorgio in Bosco, San Martino di Lupari, Santa Giustina in Colle, Tombolo.
Yuelu, Changsha
Yuelu District (simplified Chinese: 岳麓区; traditional Chinese: 嶽麓區; pinyin: Yuèlù qū) is one of six urban districts and the municipal seat of the prefecture-level city of Changsha, the capital of Hunan Province, China. It is the 4th most populous district (after Heshan, Dingcheng and Yueyanglou Districts) in Hunan. The district is bordered to the north by Wangcheng District, to the west by Ningxiang County, to the south by Yuhu District of Xiangtan City, across the Xiang river to the west by Tianxin, Furong and Kaifu Districts. Located on the west bank of the Xiang River, as the western part of the City proper, the district is named after Mount Yuelu, one of the national parks, Yuelu District covers 538.83 km2 (208.04 sq mi) with registered population of 644,834 and resident population of 818,900 (as of 2014). The district has 16 subdistricts and 2 towns under its jurisdiction, with its administrative centre at Wangyue (望岳街道).

Tianxin, Changsha
Tianxin District (simplified Chinese: 天心区; traditional Chinese: 天心區; pinyin: Tiānxīn Qū) is one of six urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Changsha, the capital of Hunan Province, China. The district is bordered by Yuetang District of Xiangtan to the south, Yuhua District to the east, Furong and Kaifu districts  to the north, Yuelu District across the Xiang river to the west. Located in the southern central Changsha, Tianxin covers 141.05 km2 (54.46 sq mi) with population of 604,600 (as of 2016). The district has 14 subdistricts under its jurisdiction, with its administrative centre at Qingyuan Subdistrict.
McGill University Libraries
McGill University Libraries is the library system of McGill University in Montréal, Québec, Canada. It comprises  13 branch libraries, located on the downtown Montreal and Macdonald campuses, holding over 11.78 million items. It is the fourth-largest research intensive academic library in Canada.

Macdonald Campus of McGill University
The Macdonald Campus of McGill University (commonly referred to as the Mac Campus or simply Mac) is a campus of McGill University, located in the city of Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada. The campus mainly hosts agricultural, environmental, and food sciences programs.

The campus hosts the university's Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, the School of Human Nutrition, and the Institute of Parasitology. The property is also the home of the public college John Abbott College.
Steve Bossé
Steve Bossé (born July 29, 1981) is a Canadian retired mixed martial artist and professional boxer who competed in the heavyweight division. Bossé competed in the Light Heavyweight division of the UFC and was also known as an infamous hockey enforcer "The Boss" in the Quebec semi-professional league Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey Bossé was one of the most popular players amongst the Quebec fans.

Sean O'Connell (fighter)
Sean O'Connell (born September 2, 1983) is an American former professional mixed martial artist who most recently competed and won a title in the Light Heavyweight division of the Professional Fighters League (PFL). A professional competitor since 2007, O'Connell has formerly competed for the Ultimate Fighting Championship and Maximum Fighting Championship. He currently serves as a commentator for the PFL.

Sean is also known for his "antics" pre-fight, in which he demonstrates comedic comradery with his opponent.
Edward Turnour, 5th Earl Winterton
Edward Turnour, 5th Earl Winterton (15 August 1837 – 5 September 1907) was an Irish peer and cricketer. He played first-class cricket for Sussex and the Marylebone Cricket Club.

He married Lady Georgiana Susan Hamilton (1841–1913), daughter of James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn, by whom he had one son:

Edward Turnour, 6th Earl Winterton (1883–1962)

Edward Turnour, 6th Earl Winterton
Edward Turnour, 6th Earl Winterton PC (4 April 1883 – 26 August 1962), styled Viscount Turnour until 1907, was an Irish peer and British politician who served as a Member of Parliament for 47 years, attaining the rare distinction of serving as both Baby of the House and Father of the House at the opposite ends of his career in the House of Commons.
Emerson School District (Arkansas)
Emerson School District or Emerson Public Schools was a school district headquartered in Emerson, Arkansas. It operated Emerson Elementary School, Emerson Middle School, and Emerson High School.

On July 1, 2004, it consolidated with the Taylor School District to form the Emerson-Taylor School District (now the Emerson-Taylor-Bradley School District).

Emerson-Taylor-Bradley School District
Emerson–Taylor-Bradley School District (ETBSD)  is a public school district headquartered in Taylor, Arkansas, United States. The school district supports more than 950 students in prekindergarten through grade 12 in the 2015-2016 school year by employing more than 250 faculty and staff on a full time equivalent basis for its six schools.

The school district encompasses 291.69 square miles (755.5 km2) of land, in Columbia County and Lafayette County, and it serves all of Emerson, Taylor, and Bradley.
Cape Umoya United F.C.
Cape Umoya United Football Club was a South African football club based in Cape Town, South Africa. It was established in 2018 following the takeover of the defunct, former PSL team, Platinum Stars.

Platinum Stars was relegated from the 2017–2018 Premiership season, and Cape Umoya spent its three seasons in the National First Division.

The club ceased to exist after selling its franchise to Robinson Ramaite in June 2021, who moved it to Venda, forming Venda F.C.

Venda F.C.
Venda F.C. (previously Venda Football Academy) is a South African football club based in Venda, South Africa. After previously playing in the SAFA Second Division, Venda moved to the National First Division at the start of the 2021-22 season after businessman Robinson Ramaite purchased the franchise from Cape Umoya United.

The club was renamed from Venda Football Academy to Venda Football Club ahead of the 2023–24 National First Division season.
Temporal theory (hearing)
The temporal theory of hearing, also called frequency theory or timing theory, states that human perception of sound depends on temporal patterns with which neurons respond to sound in the cochlea. Therefore, in this theory, the pitch of a pure tone is determined by the period of neuron firing patterns—either of single neurons, or groups as described by the volley theory. Temporal theory competes with the place theory of hearing, which instead states that pitch is signaled according to the locations of vibrations along the basilar membrane.

Temporal theory was first suggested by August Seebeck.

Pitch (music)
Pitch is the quality that makes it possible to judge sounds as "higher" and "lower" in the sense associated with musical melodies. Pitch is a perceptual property that allows sounds to be ordered on a frequency-related scale. 
Pitch is a major auditory attribute of musical tones, along with duration, loudness, and timbre.

Pitch may be quantified as a frequency, but pitch is not a purely objective physical property; it is a subjective psychoacoustical attribute of sound. Historically, the study of pitch and pitch perception has been a central problem in psychoacoustics, and has been instrumental in forming and testing theories of sound representation, processing, and perception in the auditory system.
Mainichi Film Award for Foreign Film Best One Award
The Mainichi Film Award for Foreign Film Best One Award (毎日映画コンクール外国映画ベストワン賞), also known as Mainichi Film Award for Best Foreign Film, is an award given annually at the Mainichi Film Awards to recognize the best foreign films produced outside Japan. It was first presented in 1984, with Sophie's Choice being the first recipient of the award.

Mainichi Film Awards
The Mainichi Film Awards (毎日映画コンクール, Mainichi Eiga Konkūru)
are a series of annual film awards, sponsored by Mainichi Shimbun (毎日新聞), one of the largest newspaper companies in Japan, since 1946. It is the first film festival in Japan.
Boise River Diversion Dam
The Boise River Diversion Dam is a diversion dam in the western United States, on the Boise River in southwestern Idaho. Seven miles (11 km) southeast and upstream of Boise in Ada County, it was completed 116 years ago in 1909 and is operated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.

The diverted water fills the concrete New York Canal, the primary irrigation channel for Ada and Canyon counties in the Treasure Valley.

Several miles upstream of the Diversion Dam is Lucky Peak Dam. Completed in 1955, it was built and is operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

New York Canal
The New York Canal is an irrigation canal in the western United States, located in southwestern Idaho. Sourced from the Boise River, it originates at the Diversion Dam in Ada County and ends after 41 miles (66 km) at Lake Lowell in Canyon County.

The canal system includes multiple lateral canals that distribute water to approximately 165,000 acres (260 sq mi; 670 km2) of Treasure Valley farmland. The canal's concrete channel has a capacity of 2,400 cubic feet (68 m3) per second.