hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ministry of Minority Affairs
The Ministry of Minority Affairs is the ministry in the Government of India which was carved out of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment and created on 29 January 2006. It is the apex body for the central government's regulatory and developmental programmes for the minority religious communities and minority linguistic communities in India, which include Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, Zoroastrians (Parsis) and Jains notified as minority religious communities in The Gazette of India under Section 2(c) of the National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992.

The current minister is Kiren Rijiju who has been in office since 10 June 2024, and the Minister of State is George Kurian (since June 2024).

Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment is a Government of India ministry. It is responsible for welfare, social justice and empowerment of disadvantaged and marginalised sections of society, including scheduled castes (SC), Other Backward Classes (OBC), LGBT people, the disabled, the elderly, and the victims of drug abuse. It also helps in the enforcement of legislation with regards to these marginalized groups to better enforce anti-discrimination policies.

The Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment holds cabinet rank as a member of the Council of Ministers. The current minister is Virendra Kumar, who is assisted by two ministers of state, Ramdas Athawale and B. L. Verma.
John Monks
John Stephen Monks, Baron Monks (born 5 August 1945) is a Labour Co-operative member of the House of Lords and former trade unionist leader, who served as the General Secretary of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) in the UK from 1993 until 2003. He also served as the General Secretary of the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) from 2007 until 2011, having been made a Life peer in 2010.

General Secretary of the Trades Union Congress
The General Secretary of the TUC is the chief permanent officer of the Trades Union Congress, and a major figurehead in the trade union movement in the United Kingdom.

The Secretary is responsible for the effective operation of the TUC and for leading implementation of policies set by the annual Congress and the organisation's General Council. They also serve as the TUC's chief representative, both with the public and with other organisations.

The position was formed in 1921, when the Parliamentary Committee of the TUC became the General Council. The position of Secretary has been a permanent, full-time position in the TUC since 1904. Before that, the Secretary was elected annually at Congress.

Between January 2013 and December 2022, the incumbent position was held by Frances O'Grady, the first woman to hold the post. O'Grady was succeeded by the current General Secretary, Paul Nowak – the Deputy General Secretary during O'Grady's leadership – on 29 December 2022.
Smithville, Burlington County, New Jersey
Smithville was a village in Eastampton Township, Burlington County, New Jersey. It was originally established as Shreveville in 1831 by Jonathan and Samuel Shreve as a textile village on the Rancocas Creek. It was purchased by Hezekiah Bradley Smith in 1865 and renamed to Smithville. The Smithville post office was established in 1866. The H. B. Smith Machine Company, which produced the American Star Bicycle beginning in 1880, was located there. In 1962, the Smithville Post Office was closed. In 1975, Burlington County purchased the property and created the first park in the county. It is listed on the National and New Jersey Registers of Historic Places as the Smithville Historic District.

Eastampton Township, New Jersey
Eastampton Township is a township in Burlington County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 6,191, an increase of 122 (+2.0%) from the 2010 census count of 6,069, which in turn reflected a decline of 133 (−2.1%) from the 6,202 counted in the 2000 census. The township, and all of Burlington County, is a part of the Philadelphia-Reading-Camden combined statistical area and the Delaware Valley.
Circle-valued Morse theory
In mathematics, circle-valued Morse theory studies the topology of a smooth manifold by analyzing the critical points of smooth maps from the manifold to the circle, in the framework of Morse homology.  It is an important special case of Sergei Novikov's Morse theory of closed one-forms.

Michael Hutchings and Yi-Jen Lee have connected it to Reidemeister torsion and Seiberg–Witten theory.

Morse homology
In mathematics, specifically in the field of differential topology, Morse homology is a homology theory defined for any smooth manifold.  It is constructed using the smooth structure and an auxiliary metric on the manifold, but turns out to be topologically invariant, and is in fact isomorphic to singular homology.  Morse homology also serves as a model for the various infinite-dimensional generalizations known as Floer homology theories.
Sightings (TV series)
Sightings is an American paranormal and news television show that first aired in the 1990s. The show began on October 17, 1991, as a special titled The UFO Report: Sightings. It was followed by the follow-up reports, Ghost Report and the Psychic Experience. The creator and supervising producer of the initial episode, produced by Paramount for Fox TV, was Linda Moulton Howe. One of her episodes was A Strange Harvest, about the worldwide animal-mutilation mystery linked to extraterrestrial beings.

Paranormal television
Paranormal television is a genre of reality television that purports to document factual investigations of the paranormal rather than fictional representations seen in traditional narrative films and TV. Over the years, the genre has grown to be a staple of television and even changed the programming focus of networks like the History Channel and the Travel Channel. By highlighting beliefs in topics ranging from Bigfoot to aliens, paranormal television continues to elevate popular interest in the paranormal.
Advanced Crew Escape Suit
The Advanced Crew Escape Suit (ACES), or "pumpkin suit", is a full pressure suit that Space Shuttle crews began wearing after STS-64, for the ascent and entry portions of flight.  The suit is a direct descendant of the U.S. Air Force high-altitude pressure suits worn by the two-man crews of the SR-71 Blackbird, pilots of the U-2 and X-15, and Gemini pilot-astronauts, and the Launch Entry Suits (LES) worn by NASA astronauts starting on the STS-26 flight, the first flight after the Challenger disaster. The suit is manufactured by the David Clark Company of Worcester, Massachusetts. Cosmetically the suit is very similar to the LES. ACES was first used in 1994 on STS-64.

Sokol space suit
The Sokol space suit (Russian: Cокол, lit. 'Falcon') is a series of soft-body pressure suits designed and built by NPP Zvezda. It was first introduced in 1973 for the Soviet space program following the Soyuz 11 disaster, and continues to see use in the modern day primarily by the Russian space program, being worn by space travelers flying aboard the Soyuz spacecraft. A version of Sokol is also used by the China Manned Space Program.

Sokol is described by its makers as a rescue suit and it is not capable of being used outside the spacecraft in a spacewalk or extravehicular activity. Instead, its purpose is to keep the wearer alive in the event of an accidental depressurization of the spacecraft.
Noginsk constituency
The Noginsk constituency (No.110) was a Russian legislative constituency in Moscow Oblast in 1993–2007. It covered eastern suburbs and exurbs of Moscow. The seat was last occupied by United Russia faction member Vladimir Pekarev, owner of several distilling and beverage companies, who narrowly defeated two-term incumbent State Duma member Nikolay Stolyarov in the 1999 election.

The constituency was dissolved in 2007 when State Duma adopted full proportional representation for the next two electoral cycles. Noginsk constituency was not re-established for the 2016 election, currently Noginsk and Shchyolkovo are part of Shchyolkovo constituency, while Elektrostal was placed into Orekhovo-Zuyevo constituency.

Sergiyev Posad constituency
The Sergiyev Posad constituency (No.125) is a Russian legislative constituency in Moscow Oblast. The constituency covers northeastern Moscow Oblast, including the cities Korolyov, Krasnoarmeysk, Pushkino and Sergiyev Posad.

The constituency has been represented since 2016 by United Russia deputy Sergey Pakhomov, former Head of Administration of Sergiyevo-Posadsky District and Chairman of the Ivanovo Oblast Duma. Pakhomov has been chairing the Duma Committee on Construction, and Housing and Communal Services since October 2021.
Sri Lanka Air Force Junior Command & Staff College
Sri Lanka Air Force Junior Command & Staff College is the Sri Lanka Air Force academic establishment providing training and education primarily to the mid-career officers of SLAF as well as to limited number of officers from Sri Lanka Navy, Sri Lanka Army and officers of various Allied forces. It is located at SLAF China Bay in Trincomalee and administrated by the Sri Lanka Air Force Academy.

Sri Lanka Air Force
The Sri Lanka Air Force (SLAF; Sinhala: ශ්‍රි ලංකා ගුවන් හමුදාව, romanized: Śrī Laṃkā guwan hamudāva; Tamil: இலங்கை விமானப்படை, romanized: Ilaṅkai vimāṉappaṭai) is the air arm and the youngest of the three components of the Sri Lanka Armed Forces. It was founded in 1951 as the Royal Ceylon Air Force (RCyAF) with the assistance of the Royal Air Force (RAF). The SLAF played a major role throughout the Sri Lankan Civil War. The SLAF operates more than 160 aircraft.

The Commander of the Air Force is the professional head of the Sri Lanka Air Force who holds the rank of Air Marshal.
Mount Temple Comprehensive School
Mount Temple Comprehensive School is a secondary school in Clontarf, Dublin, Ireland. The school operates under the patronage of the Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin, and has, as a primary objective, the provision of state-funded second-level education to the Protestant population of northern Dublin, while accepting pupils of all religions and none. The school was established in 1972 following the amalgamation of Mountjoy School, Royal Hibernian Marine School in coastal Clontarf, and Bertrand & Rutland School.

Royal Hibernian Marine School
The Royal Hibernian Marine School, also known for a period as Mountjoy & Marine School, was a charity school in Dublin, Ireland established in 1766 to care for and educate the orphaned children of seamen. The school's building on Sir John Rogerson's Quay was in use as a school from 1773 until 1904 and continued to be used as offices and storage until the 1970s before being demolished in 1979.
Moulana Sahvi Shah
Moulana Sahvi Shah (Persian/Urdu:مولانا صحوى شاه; 1923–1979) was a Muslim Sufi mystic, saint, scholar, writer and poet from the Indian subcontinent. Moulana Sahvi Shah was born in 1923 in the city of Hyderabad. His father, Ghousi Shah named him after Shaikh-E-Akbar Ibn-E-Arabi as he saw the great saint in a vision before the birth of his son.

Machiliwale Shah
Machiliwale Shah (died September 8, 1932), also known as Hazrath Syed Kamalullah Shah, was a renowned Muslim Sufi, saint and scholar of the Quadri, Chisti order from Indian sub continent. He was the disciple and the spiritual successor of Hazrath Syed Sultan Mahmoodullah Shah Hussaini (Shaji). His most famous disciple and spiritual successor was Hazrath Ghousi Shah, who in turn became the spiritual master of India's noted.
United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission
The United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) is an independent agency of the United States federal government. Created in 1974, the commission regulates the United States derivatives markets, which includes futures, swaps, and certain kinds of options.

The Commodity Exchange Act (CEA), 7 U.S.C. § 1 et seq., prohibits fraudulent conduct in the trading of futures, swaps, and other derivatives.  The stated mission of the CFTC is to promote the integrity, resilience, and vibrancy of the U.S. derivatives markets through sound regulation. After the 2008 financial crisis and since 2010 with the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the CFTC has been transitioning to bring more transparency and sound regulation to the multitrillion-dollar swaps market.

Independent agencies of the United States federal government
In the United States federal government, independent agencies are agencies that exist outside the federal executive departments (those headed by a Cabinet secretary) and the Executive Office of the President.: 6  In a narrower sense, the term refers only to those independent agencies that, while considered part of the executive branch, have regulatory or rulemaking authority and are insulated from presidential control, usually because the president's power to dismiss the agency head or a member is limited.

Established through separate statutes passed by Congress, each respective statutory grant of authority defines the goals the agency must work towards, as well as what substantive areas, if any, over which it may have the power of rulemaking. These agency rules (or regulations), when in force, have the power of federal law.
Unitarian Meeting House, Newcastle-under-Lyme
The Unitarian Meeting House is a Unitarian chapel on Lower Street in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, England. The building, dating from 1717, is thought to be the earliest surviving nonconformist chapel in north Staffordshire. It is Grade II listed.

Newcastle-under-Lyme
Newcastle-under-Lyme is a market town and the administrative centre of the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme in Staffordshire, England. It is adjacent to the city of Stoke-on-Trent. At the 2021 census, the population was 75,082.

Newcastle grew up in the twelfth century around the castle which gave the town its name, and received its first charter in 1173. The town's early industries included millinery, silk weaving, and coal mining, but despite its proximity to the Potteries it did not develop a ceramics trade.
Hanamachi
A hanamachi (花街, lit. 'flower town') is a district where geisha live and work in Japan. Each hanamachi typically has its own name, crest, and distinct geisha population, with geisha not typically working outside of their own district. Hanamachi usually contain okiya (geisha houses) and ochaya (teahouses where geisha entertain).

Historically, hanamachi could contain a high number of okiya and ochaya, and would also contain a kaburenjō (歌舞練所) as well – a communal meeting place for geisha, typically containing a theater, rooms where classes in the traditional arts could be held, and a kenban (registry office) who would process a geisha's pay, regulation of the profession, and other related matters.

Gion, a geisha district in Kyoto, also has a vocational school, called nyokoba. Many of the teachers there are designated as Living National Treasures.

Okiya
An okiya (置屋) is the lodging house/drinking establishment with which a maiko or geisha is affiliated during her career as a geisha. The okiya is typically run by the "mother" (okā-san) of the house, who handles a geisha's engagements and the development of her skills, and funds her training through a particular teahouse. Though a geisha is legally required to be registered to an okiya in order to work, and may live there as a trainee, it is not a legal requirement for geisha to live within their okiya.

A geisha's engagements at parties, and her lessons in singing, traditional dance, musical instruments and tea ceremony are also booked through her okiya. An okiya and its attached teahouse typically has its own "branch" of art names linking its geisha and maiko together, usually through the use of a shared prefix; for example, many of the geisha trained at the Dai-Ichi teahouse in Pontochō have names that begin with Ichi-.
Conrad Anker
Conrad Anker (born November 27, 1962) is an American rock climber, mountaineer, and author. He was the team leader of The North Face climbing team for 26 years until 2018. In 1999, he located George Mallory's body on Everest as a member of a search team looking for the remains of the British climber who was last seen in 1924.

2007 Altitude Everest expedition
The 2007 Altitude Everest expedition, led by the American climber Conrad Anker, arrived at Base Camp below the north face of Everest in May 2007 and retraced the last journey of British climber George Mallory who was lost during the 1924 British Mount Everest expedition.

On 8 June 1924, Mallory, along with his climbing partner Andrew Irvine, set out for the summit of Everest but disappeared from view short of the summit. The mystery of whether they could have been the first climbers to reach the world's highest point has never been resolved. Anker and his colleagues investigated what happened to them, testing out the durability of their clothing and equipment to establish whether Mallory and Irvine could have reached the summit in the conditions they faced in 1924.
Saqlawiyah
As Saqlāwīyah (Arabic: الصقلاوية, romanized: aṣ-Ṣaqlāwīyah) is a city in Al Anbar Governorate, in central Iraq. It is located roughly 5 miles (8 km) northwest of the city of Fallujah.

Saqlawiyah is a rural city in between Habbaniyah and Fallujah that sits on the major freeway. The city was named after an Arabian Mare of the Saqlawiyah strain of the Juboor clan. Due to the canal network that runs through the area, agriculture is an import identity to Saqlawiyans. Due to its proximity to the major freeway, there are many shops along the road that cater to the transient crowds.

2016 Saqlawiyah massacre
The 2016 Saqlawiyah massacre took place in June 2016, during the aftermath of the Third Battle of Fallujah, as many as 643 local Sunni tribesmen from the area of Saqlawiyah were abducted by the Shiite militia Kata'ib Hezbollah. After being moved to remote locations, they were tortured and extrajudicially murdered.
Trochocarpa
Trochocarpa is a genus of about 16 species of flowering plants in the family Ericaceae native to Australia, New Guinea, Borneo and Malesia. Plants in the genus Trochocarpa are shrubs or small trees, the leaves with more or less parallel veins, flowers in small clusters, each with 5 sepals, petals joined to form a cylindrical or bell-shaped tube, and the fruit a more or less spherical drupe.

Trochocarpa laurina
Trochocarpa laurina, commonly known as tree heath, axebreaker, sandberry, wheel-fruit or waddy wood, is a species of flowering plant of the family Ericaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a compact shrub to crooked tree with elliptic leaves at the ends of branches, tube-shaped white flowers arranged singly or in spikes at the ends of branches, and purple to black drupes.
Malpensa Express
The Malpensa Express is an airport rail service linking the city of Milan with Malpensa Airport, in the region of Lombardy, Northern Italy. Trenord operates Malpensa Express services between Malpensa Airport and both Milano Cadorna and Milano Centrale stations.

Milano Bovisa railway station
Milano Bovisa is a railway station in Bovisa, Milan, Italy. It opened in 1879 and is now one of the key nodes of the Milan suburban railway service, and of the Trenord regional network in northern Lombardy. It is located in Piazza Emilio Alfieri.

The station serves the Bovisa neighborhood, in the northwestern part of the Milan municipality, and in particular the Bovisa Campus of the Politecnico di Milano, the biggest technical university in Italy.

The station is served by lines S1, S2, S3, S4, S12, and S13 of the Milan suburban railway service, by the Milan–Asso, Milan–Saronno–Como, Milan–Saronno–Novara and Milan–Saronno–Varese–Laveno regional lines, and by the Malpensa Express.
Virateshwar temple
Virateshwar temple or Virat temple of Lord Shiva is located in Sohagpur (Shahdol), Shahdol district of Madhya Pradesh. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) Monument number  for this temple is N-MP-255. ASI database mentions it as "Virath Temple and remains".

This temple was built by the Kalchuri ruler, Maharaja Yuvarajadeva II between 950 CE and 1050 CE. This was built as a present for the Acharya (saint) of Golkaki Math. This 70 feet tall temple is one of the most famous architectures of the Kalchuri Age. The temple is under the preservation of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).

Banganga Mela or Banganga fair was started in 1895 by the then king,  Rewa Maharaja Gulab Singh. The fair takes place in the courtyard of the Virat Temple and lasts for five days.

Shahdol district
Shahdol district (Hindi pronunciation: [ʃɛʱ.ɖoːl]) is a district of Madhya Pradesh state in east central India. Its old name was Matsya raj or Virat kingdom in the name of great king Maharaja Virata. With a total area of 6,205 km2 (2,396 sq mi) and a population of 10,66,063. Shahdol is an important district of Madhya Pradesh. The town of Shahdol is the district headquarters. The district formerly comprised Shahdol division.

The Virateshwara Temple in Sohagpur Vangana is the most important tourist destination of Shahdol and a structural masterpiece. The district extends 110 km (68 mi) from east to west and 170 km (110 mi) from north to south.
Hyuga fanray
The Hyuga fanray (Platyrhina hyugaensis) is a type of ray of the family Platyrhinidae. It is an endemic species of southern Japan and inhabits shallow region at the depths of 1–50 m (3 ft 3 in – 164 ft 1 in). The population of this ray are decreasing due to continuous human exploitation.

Platyrhinidae
The Platyrhinidae are a family of rays, commonly known as thornbacks due to their dorsal rows of large thorns. They resemble guitarfishes in shape. Though traditionally classified with stingrays, molecular evidence suggests they are more closely related to electric rays in the order Torpediniformes.

The earliest fossil member of this family is Tingitanius from the Late Cretaceous (Turonian) of the Akrabou Formation in Morocco, known from a three-dimensionally preserved juvenile specimen. Tingitanius is thought to be the sister genus to Platyrhinoidis. Stem-members of this family also known from fossil remains are Britobatos from the Santonian of Sahel Alma, Lebanon, Tethybatis from the Campanian/Maastrichtian of Nardo, Italy, and Eoplatyrhina from the Ypresian of Monte Bolca, Italy.
Category of rings
In mathematics, the category of rings, denoted by Ring, is the category whose objects are rings (with identity) and whose morphisms are ring homomorphisms (that preserve the identity). Like many categories in mathematics, the category of rings is large, meaning that the class of all rings is proper.

Forgetful functor
In mathematics, more specifically in the area of category theory, a forgetful functor (also known as a stripping functor) "forgets" or drops some or all of the input's structure or properties before mapping to the output. For an algebraic structure of a given signature, this may be expressed by curtailing the signature: the new signature is an edited form of the old one. If the signature is left as an empty list, the functor is simply to take the underlying set of a structure. Because many structures in mathematics consist of a set with an additional added structure, a forgetful functor that maps to the underlying set is the most common case.