hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Genetic algorithm
In computer science and operations research, a genetic algorithm (GA) is a metaheuristic inspired by the process of natural selection that belongs to the larger class of evolutionary algorithms (EA). Genetic algorithms are commonly used to generate high-quality solutions to optimization and search problems via biologically inspired operators such as selection, crossover, and mutation. Some examples of GA applications include optimizing decision trees for better performance, solving sudoku puzzles, hyperparameter optimization, and causal inference.

Mathematical optimization
Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries.

In the more general approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations constitutes a large area of applied mathematics.
Haslingden
Haslingden /ˈhæzlɪŋdən/ is a town in Rossendale, Lancashire, England. It is 16 miles (26 km) north of Manchester. The name means 'valley of the hazels' or 'valley growing with hazels'. At the time of the 2011 census the town (including Helmshore) had a population of 15,969. The town is surrounded by high moorland; 370 m (1215 ft) to the north; 396 m (1300 ft) Cribden to the east; 418 m (1372 ft) Bull Hill to the south.

Haslingden is the birthplace of the industrialist John Cockerill (1790–1840) and the composer Alan Rawsthorne (1905–1971), and 
was the home for many years of the Irish Republican leader, Michael Davitt (1846–1906). Haslingden Cricket Club is a member of the Lancashire League.

John Cockerill (industrialist)
John Cockerill (3 August 1790 – 9 June 1840) was an English-born industrialist who became a prominent businessman in Belgium. Born at Haslingden, Lancashire, England, he was brought by his father (British entrepreneur William Cockerill) to the Liège region, where he continued the family tradition of building wool-processing machinery. He founded an ironworks named John Cockerill & Cie. (English: John Cockerill & Company).
Maud, Countess of Leicester
Maud of Lancaster (4 April 1340 – 10 April 1362), also known as Matilda, Countess of Hainault, was a 14th-century English noblewoman who married into the Bavarian ducal family.

The eldest daughter of Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster and Earl of Leicester, and his wife Isabel de Beaumont, she was born at Bolingbroke Castle in Lindsey.

Isabel of Beaumont
Isabel de Beaumont, Duchess of Lancaster, of the House of Brienne (c. 1318 – 1361) was an English-French noblewoman. She was the youngest daughter and child of Henry de Beaumont, Earl of Buchan and Alice Comyn, Countess of Buchan.
At Eighteen
At Eighteen (Korean: 열여덟의 순간) is a 2019 South Korean television series directed by Shim Na-yeon starring Ong Seong-wu, Kim Hyang-gi, Shin Seung-ho, and Kang Ki-young. The series marks Ong's first official lead role. It aired on JTBC from July 22 to September 10, 2019.

Kim Hyang-gi
Kim Hyang-gi (Korean: 김향기; born August 9, 2000) is a South Korean actress. She debuted as a child actress and was best known for her role in the television series The Queen's Classroom (2013), as well as the films Along with the Gods: The Two Worlds (2017) and its 2018 sequel. Her portrayal of an autistic girl in Innocent Witness (2019) received critical acclaim.
Car 54, Where Are You?
Car 54, Where Are You? is an American sitcom that aired on NBC from September 1961 to April 1963. Filmed in black and white, the series starred Joe E. Ross as Gunther Toody and Fred Gwynne as Francis Muldoon, two mismatched New York City police officers who patrol the fictional 53rd precinct in The Bronx. Car 54 was their patrol car.

The series had a rotating group of directors, including Al De Caprio, Stanley Prager, and series creator Nat Hiken. Filming was done both on location and at Biograph Studios in the Bronx.

Fred Gwynne
Frederick Hubbard Gwynne (July 10, 1926 – July 2, 1993) was an American actor, artist, and author, who is widely known for his roles in the 1960s television sitcoms Car 54, Where Are You? (as Francis Muldoon) and The Munsters (as Herman Munster), as well as his later film roles in The Cotton Club (1984), Pet Sematary (1989), and My Cousin Vinny (1992).
Defence Space Agency
The Defence Space Agency (DSA) is an integrated tri-services agency of the Indian Armed Forces headquartered in Bengaluru, Karnataka. The agency is tasked with operating the space warfare and satellite intelligence assets of India. The DSA draws personnel from all three branches of the Armed Forces.

The agency is expected to be converted into a full sized tri-service military command in the future.

Armed Forces Special Operations Division
The Armed Forces Special Operations Division (AFSOD) is an integrated tri-services division of the Indian Armed Forces. The division is tasked to carry out special operations. The AFSOD draws personnel from all three special warfare branches of the Indian Armed Forces.

Indian Army Major General A. K. Dhingra, who is a military veteran from the Para SF, was appointed in May 2019 as the first head of the AFSOD. The division is expected to be converted into a full sized tri-service command in the future.
Sandstone Trail
The Sandstone Trail is a 55-kilometre (34 mi) long-distance walkers' path, following sandstone ridges running north–south from Frodsham in central Cheshire to Whitchurch just over the Shropshire border. The path was created in 1974 and extended in the 1990s. Much of the route follows the Mid Cheshire Ridge but in places the trail also passes through the Cheshire Plain, including farmland, woodland and canal towpaths.

Whitchurch, Shropshire
Whitchurch is a market town in the civil parish of Whitchurch Urban, in north of Shropshire, England. It lies 2 miles (3 km) east of the Welsh border, 2 miles south of the Cheshire border, 20 miles (30 km) north of the county town of Shrewsbury, 20 miles (30 km) south of Chester, and 15 miles (24 km) east of Wrexham. At the 2021 census, the population of the Whitchurch Urban parish was 10,141, and the population of the Whitchurch built up area was 9,855. Whitchurch is the oldest continuously inhabited town in Shropshire. Notable people who have lived in Whitchurch include the composer Sir Edward German, and illustrator Randolph Caldecott.
Shilha people
The Shilha people (Berber languages: ⵉⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵏ, romanized: išelḥiyen, Arabic: الشلوح, romanized: aš-Chlūḥ), or Chleuh or Ichelhiyen, are a Berber ethnic group that inhabit and are indigenous to the Anti-Atlas, High Atlas and the Sous valley. The Shilha people are a part of Morocco's Berber-speaking community, and the southernmost residing Berber population.

Anti-Atlas
The Anti-Atlas, also known as Lesser Atlas or Little Atlas, is a mountain range in Morocco, a part of the Atlas Mountains in the northwest of Africa. The Anti-Atlas extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the southwest toward the northeast, to the heights of Ouarzazate and further east to the city of Tafilalt, altogether a distance of approximately 500 km. The range borders on the Sahara to the south.

In some contexts, the Anti-Atlas is considered separate from the Atlas Mountains system, as the prefix "anti" (i.e. opposite) implies.
Marlene Forte
Marlene Forte is a Cuban actress and producer. She is perhaps best known for her role as Carmen Ramos on the television soap opera Dallas (2012–2014). Forte also had recurring roles in Fear the Walking Dead, The Fosters and Altered Carbon. Her notable film credits including A Haunted House (2013), El Chicano (2018), Knives Out  (2019), and The Way Back (2020).

Altered Carbon (TV series)
Altered Carbon is an American cyberpunk television series created by Laeta Kalogridis and based on the 2002 novel of the same title by English author Richard K. Morgan. In a world where consciousness can be transferred to different bodies, Takeshi Kovacs, a former soldier turned investigator, is released from prison in order to solve a murder. The first season consists of ten episodes and premiered on Netflix on February 2, 2018. On July 27, 2018, the series was renewed for a second season of eight episodes, which was released on February 27, 2020, with an anime film set before the first season released on March 19, 2020.  Though the series received generally positive reviews, it was canceled after two seasons.
Men Are That Way
Men Are That Way (German: Männer müssen so sein) is a 1939 German drama film directed by Arthur Maria Rabenalt and starring Hertha Feiler, Hans Söhnker and Hans Olden. The film's sets were designed by the art director Willi Herrmann. It was remade by Rabenalt in Austria as Arena of Fear (1959).

Arena of Fear
Arena of Fear (German: Geliebte Bestie) is a 1959 Austrian drama film directed by Arthur Maria Rabenalt and starring Gerhard Riedmann, Margit Nünke and Willy Birgel.

The film's sets were designed by the art directors Alexander Sawczynski and Werner Schlichting. Location filming took place at the Circus Busch-Roland.
Ayanda Jiya
Sibongile Ayanda Sizwesiyanda Jiya (born June 18, 1987), known professionally as Ayanda Jiya, is a South African singer, songwriter and record producer, born in Klerksdorp, North West. She was signed under TinismDotc0m in 2010. Her single, "Go Go Girl," was released in 2014, which earned her a nomination for Best RnB Single at the 14th ceremony of the Metro FM Music Awards. She later departed from TinismDotc0m and partnered with Zephbeats Studios.

She released her first EP under TinismDotc0m titled V.I.C. (Very Intimate Conversations) (2014), which respectively produced the singles "Go Go Girl" and "Wrecking My Brain." The EP was removed from all streaming and digital platforms when she left TinismDotC0m in 2015. In 2017, they released Jiya's second EP, To Whom It May Concern.

Klerksdorp
Klerksdorp (/ˈklɑːrksdɔːrp/ KLARKS-dorp) is located in the North West Province, South Africa. Klerksdorp is located 165 km (103 mi) southeast of Mahikeng, the provincial capital. Klerksdorp was also the first capital of the then Transvaal Republic and used to be the home of the first Stock Exchange in the region. It became an important trading town linking Kimberley to Johannesburg. It became home to a mix of farmers, miners and immigrants servicing the two industries. It was then located there because of availability of water and climate change.
Federico Luis
Federico Luis Tachella (born 1990), also known professionally as Federico Luis, is an Argentine filmmaker. His debut feature film Simon of the Mountain was awarded the Grand Prize of the Critics' Week at the 2024 Cannes Film Festival.

Simon of the Mountain
Simon of the Mountain (Spanish: Simón de la montaña) is a 2024 coming-of-age drama film co-written and directed by Federico Luis in his feature directorial debut. It stars Lorenzo Ferro as a lonely young man who becomes a part of a group of disabled teenagers. It is a co-production between Argentina, Chile and Uruguay. It had its world premiere at the 77th Cannes Film Festival on 15 May 2024, where it won the Critics' Week Grand Prize.
Cecelia Ahern
Cecelia Ahern (born 30 September 1981) is an Irish novelist, known for her works like PS, I Love You; Where Rainbows End; and If You Could See Me Now. Born in Dublin, Ahern is published in nearly fifty countries, and has sold over 25 million copies of her novels worldwide. Two of her books have been adapted as major motion films. The short story collection Roar has been adapted as a series for Apple TV+.

She and her books have won numerous awards, including the Irish Book Award for Popular Fiction for The Year I Met You. She has published several novels and contributed a number of short stories to various anthologies. Ahern also created and produced the ABC comedy Samantha Who? starring Christina Applegate.

Roar (short story collection)
Roar is a 2018 short story collection written by Cecelia Ahern. Each story is a fable wherein Ahern pulls from contemporary gender dynamics to introduce a struggling woman and literalizes common clichés with magical realism, and by the end of the tale, the protagonist is empowered by a lesson or realization that allows them to overcome her oppression. The collection received positive reviews.
Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)
Julia Drusilla (Greek: Δρούσιλλα; AD 38 - AD 79) was a daughter of Herod Agrippa (the last king of ancient Roman Judaea) and Cypros. Her siblings were Berenice, Mariamne, and Herod Agrippa II. Her son Agrippa was one of the few people known by name to have died in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.

Cypros (wife of Herod Agrippa)
Cypros (circa 10 E.C. - 50 C.E.), also called Cypros II, was a queen consort of Judea. She was married to her cousin king Herod Agrippa of Judea. 
Queen Cypros II evidently played a public role during the reign of Herodes Agrippa, who had coins minted in her image as well as sculptural portraits made of her. She reported to have acted in favor of her husband's political career on at least two occasions.
Frederick Strange
Frederick Strange (c. 1826 – 15 October 1854) was a collector of plant and animal specimens during the early colonisation of Australia. He collected bird specimens for John Gould. He was killed in a conflict between his group and natives on South Percy Island. The water lily Nymphaea gigantea was collected by him and sent to England where it was named by William Hooker.

Nymphaea gigantea
Nymphaea gigantea, commonly known as the giant waterlily or blue waterlily, is a perennial, herbaceous plant in the family Nymphaeaceae which is native to parts of northern and eastern Australia, and possibly New Guinea, and has been widely cultivated elsewhere. It is an aquatic plant whose natural habitat is permanent and semi-permanent still water bodies.
Carl Hewitt
Carl Eddie Hewitt (/ˈhjuːɪt/; 1944 – 7 December 2022) was an American computer scientist who designed the Planner programming language for automated planning and the actor model of concurrent computation, which have been influential in the development of logic, functional and object-oriented programming. Planner was the first programming language based on procedural plans invoked using pattern-directed invocation from assertions and goals. The actor model influenced the development of the Scheme programming language, the π-calculus, and served as an inspiration for several other programming languages.

Planner (programming language)
Planner (often seen in publications as "PLANNER" although it is not an acronym) is a programming language designed by Carl Hewitt at MIT, and first published in 1969.  First, subsets such as Micro-Planner and Pico-Planner were implemented, and then essentially the whole language was implemented as Popler by Julian Davies at the University of Edinburgh in the POP-2 programming language. Derivations such as QA4, Conniver, QLISP and Ether (see scientific community metaphor) were important tools in artificial intelligence research in the 1970s, which influenced commercial developments such as Knowledge Engineering Environment (KEE) and Automated Reasoning Tool (ART).
Owens Wiwa
Monday Owens Wiwa (born 10 October 1957 in Bori, Nigeria) is a medical doctor and human rights activist. He is the brother of executed Ogoni leader Ken Saro-Wiwa, and the son of Ogoni chief Jim Wiwa. Wiwa is an internationally renowned expert on the effects of globalisation, especially as it relates to the highly controversial business practices of Royal Dutch Shell in the Niger Delta. Vice-chairman of the Toronto chapter of the Sierra Club Canada and an active member of Amnesty International, Wiwa is frequently called upon to advocate for development programs in Canada and abroad and to campaign for increased corporate responsibility.  He was executive vice-president, West and Central Africa and Country Director, Nigeria for   Clinton Health Access Initiative until December 2024. He is now a Global Health Consultant for Inadum Consult.

Jim Wiwa
Chief Jim Beeson Wiwa (1904 – 1 April 2005) was a chief of the Ogoni people of southern Nigeria, and the chairman of the Council of Chiefs of Bane.  He was born in Bane, Rivers State. He was the father of executed playwright and environmentalist Ken Saro-Wiwa and of doctor and human-rights activist Owens Wiwa, and the grandfather of journalist Ken Wiwa.
Patricia A. Dixon
Patricia Anne Dixon (born 1948) is an American Luiseño academic and politician. She has spent decades as a professor at Palomar College, where she served as chair of the Department of American Indian Studies, and she has served as chair of the Pauma Band of Luiseno Mission Indians.

Pauma Band of Luiseno Mission Indians
The Pauma Band of Luiseño Mission Indians of the Pauma and Yuima Reservation is a federally recognized tribe of Luiseño Indians in San Diego County, California. A total of five other federally recognized tribes of Luiseño are located in southern California.
Yosra El Lozy
Yosra El Lozy (Arabic: يسرا اللوزي, IPA: [ˈjosɾˤɑ lˈloːzi]; born August 8, 1985) is an Egyptian actress. She has received many awards from regional and international film festivals. She has won various awards for her acting in Qobolat Masrouqa (2008), Bel-Alwan el-Tabe'eya (2009), Heliopolis (2010) and Microphone (2011). She has also provided voice dubbing in Arabic for several films and television series.

Heliopolis (2009 film)
Heliopolis is a 2009 Egyptian independent musical documentary film by Ahmad Abdalla that tells the story of a group of young people during a winter day in the Cairo suburb of Heliopolis. Heliopolis is Ahmad Abdalla's debut feature film and starring Khaled Abol Naga. The film was Abdalla's debut feature.
John Felix Raj
John Felix Raj is a professor of economics at St. Xavier's University, Kolkata (SXUK), India. He is a Jesuit priest of the Calcutta province of the Society of Jesus. He was the Rector from 1996 to 2002 and Principal from 2009 to 2017 of St. Xavier's College, Kolkata.

St. Xavier's University, Kolkata
St. Xavier's University Kolkata is a Jesuit university located in New Town, Kolkata, India. It was established in February 2017 and inaugurated in July of the same year. Although run by the same Jesuit community which administers St. Xavier's College, Kolkata, the college, established in 1860, is independent of and not affiliated to St. Xavier's University, Kolkata, but instead functions autonomously within the University of Calcutta.
The Ethical Slut
The Ethical Slut is a self-help book about non-monogamy written by Dossie Easton and Janet Hardy. In the book, Easton and Hardy discuss non-monogamy as a concept and a practice, and explore sexual practices and common challenges in non-monogamous relationships.

The book was first published in 1997 by Greenery Press, which Hardy founded, under the title The Ethical Slut: A Guide to Infinite Sexual Possibilities. Hardy used the pseudonym "Catherine A. Liszt" for the first edition. Revised and updated editions were published in 2009 and 2017, with updated subtitles.

The Ethical Slut is widely read by non-monogamous and polyamorous people. More than 200,000 copies have been sold, and the book has been analyzed and reviewed in an academic context.

Janet Hardy
Janet W. Hardy is an American writer and sex educator, and founder of Greenery Press. She has also been published as Catherine A. Liszt and Lady Green. She is the author or co-author of eleven books, and frequently collaborates with Dossie Easton.

She is genderqueer (and uses she/her pronouns), bisexual, and polyamorous.
Three Kings (1999 film)
Three Kings is a 1999 black comedy war film written and directed by David O. Russell from a story by John Ridley. It stars George Clooney, Mark Wahlberg, Ice Cube, and Spike Jonze as four American soldiers on a gold heist that takes place during the 1991 uprisings in Iraq against Saddam Hussein following the end of the First Gulf War.

Three Kings was released on October 1, 1999, in the United States and on January 13, 2000 in Australia. Warner Bros. distributed the film worldwide, while Roadshow Films distributed the film in Australia and New Zealand. The film received critical acclaim and grossed $107.7 million against a $48 million budget.

John Ridley
John Ridley IV (born October 1, 1964) is an American screenwriter, television director, novelist, and showrunner, known for 12 Years a Slave, for which he won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. He is also the creator and showrunner of the anthology series American Crime. In 2017 he directed the documentary film Let It Fall: Los Angeles 1982–1992.
Lakland
Lakland Guitars is an American manufacturer of electric bass guitars based in Chicago, Illinois. The company's first bass combined elements of the Fender Jazz Bass and the Music Man StingRay. The company's current line-up includes basses inspired by classics like the Fender Precision Bass and Jazz Bass as well as Lakland's own original designs.  Lakland's line of signature models includes basses designed in collaboration with well-known bassists Joe Osborn, Donald "Duck" Dunn, Jerry Scheff, Darryl Jones and Bob Glaub. Lakland basses are manufactured in the United States, Japan, South Korea, and Indonesia.

Donald "Duck" Dunn
Donald "Duck" Dunn (November 24, 1941 – May 13, 2012) was an American bass guitarist, session musician, record producer, and songwriter. Dunn was notable for his 1960s recordings with Booker T. & the M.G.'s and as a session bassist for Stax Records. At Stax, Dunn played on thousands of records, including hits by Otis Redding, Sam & Dave, Rufus Thomas, Carla Thomas, William Bell, Eddie Floyd, Johnnie Taylor, Albert King, Bill Withers, Elvis Presley, and many others. In 1992, he was inducted in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Booker T. & the M.G.'s. In 2017, he was ranked 40th on Bass Player magazine's list of "The 100 Greatest Bass Players of All Time".
Shaukat Aziz
Shaukat Aziz (born 6 March 1949) is a Pakistani-born British former banker who served as the 15th prime minister of Pakistan from 28 August 2004 to 15 November 2007. When his term as Prime Minister was over, he immediately left Pakistan and settled in the United Kingdom. Previously, he served as the finance minister of Pakistan from 6 November 1999 to 15 November 2007.

Aziz was born in Karachi. He graduated from the Institute of Business Administration and later joined the corporate staff of the CitiBank Pakistan in 1969. He initially served as CitiBank financier, and became executive vice-president of Citibank in 1999.

In 1999, Aziz entered politics on the personal request of Pervez Musharraf and moved to Pakistan from the United States to assume charge of the Finance Ministry as the finance minister. In 2004, Aziz was nominated by the Musharraf as his prime minister after taking resignation from Zafarullah Khan Jamali on 6 June 2004.

Institute of Business Administration, Karachi
The Institute of Business Administration (IBA), Karachi; (انسٹيٹيوٹ آف بزنس ايڈمنسٹريشن) is a public university in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. IBA is owned by Government of Sindh. Established initially as a business school, the IBA has expanded to include programs in Computer Science, Social Sciences and more.
Aomiyuku Yuki
Aomiyuku Yuki (青みゆく雪; "Snow Turning Blue") is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yumi Unita. It was serialized in Shogakukan's seinen manga magazine Monthly Big Comic Spirits from August 2009 to January 2014.

Monthly Big Comic Spirits
Monthly Big Comic Spirits (Japanese: 月刊!スピリッツ, Hepburn: Gekkan Supirittsu; lit. "Monthly! Spirits") is a Japanese monthly seinen manga magazine published by Shogakukan. It originally launched on August 27, 2009. It is a companion magazine to the weekly Big Comic Spirits.