hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rarefaction
Rarefaction is the reduction of an item's density, the opposite of compression. Like compression, which can travel in waves (sound waves, for instance), rarefaction waves also exist in nature. A common rarefaction wave is the area of low relative pressure following a shock wave (see picture).

Rarefaction waves expand with time (much like sea waves spread out as they reach a beach); in most cases rarefaction waves keep the same overall profile ('shape') at all times throughout the wave's movement: it is a self-similar expansion. Each part of the wave travels at the local speed of sound, in the local medium. This expansion behaviour contrasts with that of pressure increases, which gets narrower with time until they steepen into shock waves.

Sound
Sound is a phenomenon in which pressure disturbances propagate through a transmission medium. In the context of physics, it is characterised as a mechanical wave of pressure or related quantities (e.g. displacement), whereas in physiological-psychological contexts it refers to the reception of such waves and their perception by the brain. Though sensitivity to sound varies among all organisms, the human ear is sensitive to frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Examples of the significance and application of sound include music, medical imaging techniques, oral language and parts of science.
Javad Daraei
Javad Daraei (Persian:جواد دارایی, born 1992)  is a British-Iranian film director, screenwriter, and playwright, known for his underground films that expose the harsh realities faced by persecuted minorities in Iran—including women, LGBTQ+ individuals, and people with disabilities. A survivor of torture and political imprisonment by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)  He is an alumnus of IASH from the University of Edinburgh .

He is known for directing the short films “I Don’t Like Here” (2016) and “Limit” (2017),  His short films have screened at several Academy-qualifying festivals, ang his feature debut Metamorphosis in the Slaughterhouse (2021) won multiple awards in the United States and Europe despite being made under highly restricted and clandestine conditions in Iran.

His work often explores themes of trauma, exile, identity, and survival. As he has said: “Before, I used to write to live. Now, I write just to survive.”.

Metamorphosis in the Slaughterhouse
Metamorphosis in the Slaughterhouse (Persian: مسخ در مسلخ) is a 2021 Iranian thriller-drama film directed by Javad Daraei about of a girl named Shadi whose parents have been accused of murder. It won the Special Legacy Award and Bumblebee Award (AGAINST ALL ODDS) at the event in the  Bare Bones film festival
Ceol Aduaidh
Ceol Aduaidh (Irish Gaelic for "Music from the North") is the first studio album by Frankie Kennedy and Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh (who would go on to found the Irish band Altan), originally released in 1983 on the Gael-Linn Records label. It was reissued in 1994 by Green Linnet Records and a remastered edition was issued in 2009 by Gael-Linn.

Frankie Kennedy
Frankie Kennedy (30 September 1955 – 19 September 1994) was a flute and tin whistle player born in Belfast, Northern Ireland. He was also the co-founder of the band Altan, formed with his wife Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh. The popular Frankie Kennedy Winter Music School was founded in 1994 in his honour.
Holi (1940 film)
Holi (Festival Of Colour) is a 1940 Hindi/Urdu social drama film directed by A. R. Kardar. Holi was produced by Ranjit Movietone and had music composed by Khemchand Prakash with lyrics by D. N. Madhok. It had Khursheed and Motilal starring in the lead with Sitara Devi, Ishwarlal, Keshavrao Date, Dixit, Ghory and Manohar Kapoor.

With two love stories as a format, the film pits the rich against the poor, in the shape of two pairs of lovers; a poor-girl-rich-boy, and a rich-boy-poor-girl. The film showed Motilal as a villain who reforms through the love of Kokila, played by Khursheed.

Motilal (actor)
Motilal Rajvansh (4 December 1910 – 17 June 1965) was an Indian actor and the winner of Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award for Devdas (1955) and Parakh (1960). He is credited with being among Hindi cinema's first natural actors.

He also directed the film Chhoti Chhoti Baten (1965), but died before its release. At the 13th National Film Awards, it won the award for Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film and he posthumously won the Certificate of Merit for the Best Story Writer.
Männergarten
A Männergarten or Herrengarten  is a temporary day-care and activities space for men in German-speaking countries while their wives or girlfriends go shopping.  The word is a compound literally meaning "men's garden", formed by analogy to kindergarten.

Historically, the expression has also been used for gender-specific sections in lunatic asylums, monasteries and clinics.

While a "husband chair" is the informal English expression for smaller waiting areas for men in women's clothing shops, Germans ironically call it Männerparkplatz (men's parking space), meaning "a place where men can be parked". The similar-sounding men's parking space in Triberg is however a marketing gag in a parking garage, where bays difficult to reach are dedicated for real men.

Men's parking space
Men's parking space is an antonym to women's parking space.

Normally mentioned only in satire, in July 2012 two men's parking spaces were opened in Triberg in the Black Forest of Germany. Planned as a practical joke presenting a specific challenge to unskilled drivers, they produced worldwide media interest in the combination of humour to lampoon the idea of political correctness and of successful city marketing.
Edenville Dam
Edenville Dam was an earthen embankment dam at the confluence of the Tittabawassee River and the Tobacco River in Mid Michigan, United States, forming Wixom Lake. The dam was about one mile (1.6 km) north of Edenville, mostly in the southeast corner of Tobacco Township in Gladwin County, with its southeastern end reaching into Edenville Township in Midland County. Its height was 54 feet (16 m), the length was 6,600 feet (2,000 m) at its crest.

The dam was built in 1924 for hydroelectric power and flood control. The dam was equipped with two 2.4 MW turbines capable of generating 4.8 MW of electricity in total.

In May 2020, following heavy rains, the Edenville Dam breached and the Sanford Dam downstream overflowed, which caused major flooding in Midland County, including the city of Midland.

Midland, Michigan
Midland is a city in Midland County, Michigan, United States, and its county seat. The population was 42,547 at the 2020 census. It is the principal city of the Midland metropolitan statistical area, part of the larger Saginaw-Midland-Bay City combined statistical area. The city is bordered by Midland Township, though the two are administered separately.

Midland is located at the confluence of Chippewa and Tittabawassee rivers in Central Michigan. The city is home to the headquarters of Dow Chemical Company, one of the largest chemical producers in the world, which was founded by Herbert Henry Dow in the city in 1897. The city is also home to Midland Center for the Arts and Northwood University.
Spyboy (album)
Spyboy is a 1998 live album by Emmylou Harris and her backing band, Spyboy. The band was formed for a tour performing songs from her career-redefining 1995 album Wrecking Ball.

Taking a stripped-down approach, Harris is backed by a trio comprising country singer-songwriter Buddy Miller on guitar and New Orleans musicians Daryl Johnson on bass and Brady Blade on drums. Along with material from Wrecking Ball, such as "Where Will I Be" and "Deeper Well", the album includes songs from earlier in her career, such as "Born to Run" from Cimarron, "I Ain't Living Long Like This" from Quarter Moon in a Ten Cent Town, "Love Hurts", which she first performed with Gram Parsons, and "Boulder to Birmingham," her ode to Parsons from Pieces of the Sky.

Brady Blade
Brady L. Blade Jr. (born 1965 in Shreveport, Louisiana) is an American rock, pop and country drummer, record producer and composer.

He is the son of Dorothy and Pastor Brady Blade Sr. (Pastor of the Zion Baptist Church in Shreveport, Louisiana). His brother is the Grammy Award winning jazz drummer,   Brian Blade. Brady is married, has 3 children and resides in Stockholm, Sweden.

Having learned to play drums in both high school and as part of his father's church, Brady initially sought out a career in business, focusing on the music industry.  This led to A&R (artists and repertoire) roles at several major record labels, before ultimately becoming manager to the Brand New Heavies.  He has played with musicians including  Emmylou Harris's band, Spyboy, Steve Earle and the Dukes, Jewel,  Dave Matthews & Friends, Buddy & Julie Miller, Anders Osborne, Indigo Girls, and Lucinda Williams.
Vatnik
Vatnik (Russian: ватник, pronounced [ˈvatnʲɪk]) is a political pejorative used in Russia and other post-Soviet states for steadfast jingoistic followers of propaganda from the Russian government.

The use of the word originates from an Internet meme first spread by Anton Chadsky on VKontakte in 2011, and later used in Russia, Ukraine, and then in other post-Soviet states. Its meaning refers to the original cartoon, which depicts a character made from the material of a padded cotton wool (ва́та, Russian pronunciation: [ˈvatə]) jacket (Russian: вáтник, romanized: vatnik) and bearing a black eye, which is used to disparage someone as a blindly patriotic and unintelligent jingoist who pushes the conventional views presented in Russian government media as well as those of Russian web brigades. The name "Vatnik" derives from the cotton wool jacket (Telogreika) that Chadsky's cartoon character in the meme is made from.

Telogreika
A telogreika (Russian: телогре́йка, lit. 'body warmer', IPA: [tʲɪlɐˈgrʲejkə]), also known as a vatnik (ватник, [ˈvatnʲɪk]) or fufayka (фуфайка) is a variety of quilted jacket from the Soviet Union. It is a cotton wool–padded, waterproof jacket often worn with valenki, winter trousers, and an ushanka to keep its wearer warm. The telogreika was part of the winter uniform of the Red Army from the 1930s to 1960s, and used extensively during the Winter War and World War II.
Elizabeth Joan Stokes
Elizabeth Joan Stokes (née Rooke; 6 May 1912 – 28 January 2010) was an English bacteriologist. She spent the majority of her career as a clinical bacteriologist at University College Hospital in London.

University College Hospital
University College Hospital (UCH) is a teaching hospital in the Bloomsbury area of the London Borough of Camden, England. The hospital, which was founded as the North London Hospital in 1834, is closely associated with University College London (UCL), whose main campus is situated next door. The hospital is part of the University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.

The hospital is on the south side of Euston Road and its tower faces Euston Square tube station on the east side. Warren Street tube station lies immediately west and the major Euston terminus station is beyond 200 metres east, just beyond Euston Square Gardens.
Masood Parvez
Masood Parvez (1918 – 10 March 2001), also spelled as Masud Pervaiz, was a Pakistani film director known for his work in Lollywood. He also worked in Indian films before partition of India and after migrating to Pakistan, he produced most of his work in Pakistani films where he made his directorial debut with Beli (1950).

Beli (1950) was the first film of Sabiha Khanum and Santosh Kumar besides being directorial debut of Parvez. The film flopped at the box office due to political instabilities caused by the partition. It was also the debut film of Rashid Attre in Pakistan.

Sabiha Khanum
Sabiha Khanum (Urdu: صبیحہ خانم; born Mukhtar Begum; 16 October 1935 – 13 June 2020) was a Pakistani film actress. She is also known as the "First Lady of Pakistani Cinema", and is often recognized for her role in Pakistani cinema during the 1950s and 1960s. The recipient of the Pride of Performance and Nigar Awards, she debuted in Lollywood films with Beli (1950), and also appeared in television dramas.

Some of her notable films, include Do Ansoo (1950), Sassi (1954), Gumnaam (1954), Dulla Bhatti (1956), Sarfarosh (1956), Mukhra (1958), and Devar Bhabhi (1967).

She appeared mostly in Santosh Kumar's films playing protagonist roles opposite to her throughout the career. Sabiha and Santosh are sometimes known for the on-screen chemistry they shared and built following the 1950s and 60s films, in particular after they worked in the Qatil (1955) film.
Great Ouse Boating Association
The Great Ouse Boating Association (GOBA) is a waterway society on the rivers Great Ouse, River Cam, Lark, Little Ouse, River Wissey, and associated waterways in East Anglia.

The voluntary association was founded in 1958, and has over 3000 members. GOBA is a member of the "Cambridgeshire Boatwatch Scheme", in cooperation with Cambridgeshire Police, the Environment Agency, and the Association of Nene River Clubs.

Association of Nene River Clubs
The Association of Nene River Clubs (ANRC) is an association and umbrella organisation for waterway societies on the River Nene, England, UK. It liaises between the clubs and outside organisations, such as the Environment Agency and the Royal Yachting Association, and it is itself affiliated to the Association of Waterways Cruising Clubs. The association has its own burgee.
Trespasses (TV series)
Trespasses is a Northern Irish drama television series made for Channel 4 and starring Lola Petticrew, Tom Cullen and Gillian Anderson. It is based on the novel of the same name  by Louise Kennedy and set in the 1970s in Northern Ireland during The Troubles.

Lola Petticrew
Lola Petticrew (born 26 December 1995) is an Irish actor. Their films include A Bump Along the Way (2019), Dating Amber (2020), and Tuesday (2023). On television, Petticrew is known for their roles in Bloodlands (2021–2022) and Three Families (2021) on BBC One, and the FX series Say Nothing (2024). For the latter, Petticrew won an IFTA and received a British Academy Television Award nomination.
The Baby Dance
The Baby Dance is a 1998 American television drama film about adoption. The film premiered on Showtime on August 23, 1998. It was written and directed by Jane Anderson, based on her play of the same name, with Stockard Channing and Laura Dern starring in the lead roles.

Jane Anderson
Jane Anderson is an American playwright, screenwriter, filmmaker, and actress. She wrote and directed the feature film The Prize Winner of Defiance, Ohio (2005), and wrote the film It Could Happen to You (1994), starring Nicolas Cage. She won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie for her work on the miniseries Olive Kitteridge (2014).
Mata Hari (1985 film)
Mata Hari is a 1985 erotic biographical film directed by Curtis Harrington, produced by Golan-Globus and featuring Sylvia Kristel in the title role of exotic dancer Mata Hari, executed for espionage during World War I.

The film portrays Mata Hari as an innocent woman manipulated by the secret services of Germany and France into providing intelligence, at first unwittingly and unwillingly, and later driven by the nonpartisan desire to save lives. Eventually she is cynically sacrificed by the French who are aware of her innocence but believe her execution will boost morale.

Sylvia Kristel
Sylvia Maria Kristel (28 September 1952 –  17 October 2012) was a Dutch actress and model who appeared in over 50 films. She was the eponymous character in five of the seven Emmanuelle films, including originating the role with Emmanuelle (1974).
Stewart Hosie
Stewart Hosie (born 3 January 1963) is a Scottish National Party (SNP) politician who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Dundee East from 2005 to 2024. He served as the SNP Treasury Spokesperson from 2022 to 2023, and previously from 2015 to 2017. He served as the SNP Shadow Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Shadow Minister for the Cabinet Office since 2021. He served as Deputy Leader of the SNP to Nicola Sturgeon from November 2014 to October 2016. He was also the SNP Deputy Westminster Leader and the SNP Treasury Spokesperson from May 2015, until he was succeeded in both positions by Kirsty Blackman in June 2017.

Dundee East (UK Parliament constituency)
Dundee East was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (at Westminster). Created for the 1950 general election, it elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first-past-the-post voting system.

This was one of the safest SNP seats. Since 2005, Stewart Hosie of the Scottish National Party had served as the MP for the constituency. On 14 November 2014, Hosie was elected as Deputy Leader of the Scottish National Party, succeeding Nicola Sturgeon, who was elected as the party leader; Hosie served as Deputy Leader until 13 October 2016.

At the 2023 periodic review of Westminster constituencies, the seat was subject to boundary changes, gaining the town of Arbroath and surrounding areas, partly offset by the loss of parts of East End, Maryfield and Strathmartine from the Dundee City council area which moved to Dundee Central. As a consequence, Dundee East was renamed Arbroath and Broughty Ferry, and was first contested at the 2024 general election.
Jeffrey A. Rosen
Jeffrey Adam Rosen (born April 2, 1958) is an American lawyer who served as acting United States attorney general from December 2020 to January 2021 and as United States deputy attorney general from 2019 to 2020. Before joining the Department of Justice, he was a senior partner at the law firm Kirkland & Ellis and was the United States deputy secretary of transportation.

Kirkland & Ellis
Kirkland & Ellis LLP is an American multinational white-shoe law firm founded in 1909. With a revenue of US$8.8 billion and a profit per equity partner of US$9.25 million, Kirkland & Ellis is one of the highest-grossing and most profitable law firms in the world. As of 2025, the firm is the seventh-largest by number of attorneys. It was also the first law firm in the world to reach US$7 billion in annual revenue.

The firm’s alumni include several notable judges and government officials, including United States Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh and former United States Attorneys General William Barr and Robert Bork.
Sita Air Flight 601
Sita Air Flight 601 (ST601/STA601) was a Nepalese domestic passenger flight, operated by Sita Air from Tribhuvan International Airport in Nepal's capital Kathmandu to Tenzing-Hillary Airport in Lukla. On 28 September 2012, the Dornier 228 serving the route crashed while attempting an emergency landing at Kathmandu shortly after takeoff, killing all 19 people on board.

The final report, published by the Nepal's Aircraft Accident Investigation Commission (NAICC), determined that a thrust reduction occurred during the take-off roll, but the cause of the anomaly could not be determined. Subsequent crew inability to maintain speed above stall speed, followed by the insufficient height of the aircraft, led to the aircraft crashing.

Sita Air
Sita Air is an airline based in Kathmandu, Nepal, operating domestic services within Nepal. It was established in 2003. The airline's main base is Tribhuvan International Airport with hubs at Pokhara Airport and Nepalgunj Airport. As of 2025 it is banned from flying in the EU.
Godstow
Godstow is a hamlet about 2.5 miles (4 km) northwest of the centre of Oxford. It lies on the banks of the River Thames between the villages of Wolvercote to the east and Wytham to the west. The ruins of Godstow Abbey, also known as Godstow Nunnery, are here. A bridge spans the Thames and the Trout Inn is at the foot of the bridge across the river from the abbey ruins. There is also a weir and Godstow lock.

Wolvercote
Wolvercote is a village in the Oxford district, in the county of Oxfordshire, England. It is about 3 miles (5 km) northwest of the city centre, on the northern edge of Wolvercote Common, which is itself north of Port Meadow and adjoins the River Thames.
Caucasian Front (RSFSR)
The Caucasian Front (Russian: Кавказский фронт) was a front of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War which existed between January 16, 1920 and May 29, 1921, and was the continuation of the Southeastern Front. The Front headquarters were located in Millerovo, and then in Rostov-on-Don. Its task was completing the liquidation of the North Caucasian group of Denikin's Army and conquering the Caucasus.

Southeastern Front (RSFSR)
The Southeastern Front (Russian: Юго-Восточный фронт) was a front of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War which existed between 30 September 1919 and 16 January 1920. The Front headquarters were located in Saratov.
Battle of the Diamond
The Battle of the Diamond was a planned confrontation between the Catholic Defenders and the Protestant Peep o' Day Boys that took place on 21 September 1795 near Loughgall, County Armagh, Ireland. The Peep o' Day Boys were the victors, killing some 6 Defenders, with some wounded Peep o' Day boys in return. It led to the foundation of the Orange Order and the onset of "the Armagh outrages".

Loughgall
Loughgall (/lɒxˈɡɔːl/ lokh-GAWL; from Irish Loch gCál) is a small village, townland (of 131 acres) and civil parish in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. It is in the historic baronies of Armagh and Oneilland West. It had a population of 282 people (in 116 households) as of the 2011 census. Loughgall was named after a small nearby loch. The village is surrounded by orchards.
Paddy Durcan
Paddy Durcan (born 1994), otherwise known as Captain Durcs, is a Gaelic footballer who plays for Castlebar Mitchels and at senior level for the Mayo county team.

Durcan started at left half-back in the 2016 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final and again in the 2017 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final, both against Dublin.

With his club Castlebar Mitchels, Durcan played in both the 2013–14 and the 2015–16 All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship.

Castlebar Mitchels GAA
Castlebar Mitchels is a Gaelic Athletic Association club based in the Castlebar area in County Mayo, Ireland. The club was founded in 1885 and is named after the nationalist John Mitchel (1815–1875). Though football is the club's dominant sport, hurling is also played.
Karitinden
Karitinden is a mountain in the Tafjordfjella mountain range inside Reinheimen National Park on the border of Innlandet and Møre og Romsdal counties in Norway. The top of the mountain is a tripoint border junction for Skjåk Municipality (in Innlandet county), and Fjord Municipality and Rauma Municipality (in Møre og Romsdal county).

The nearest village is Tafjord which lies 17 kilometres (11 mi) to the northwest. The lake Tordsvatnet lies 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) southeast of the mountain and the mountain Puttegga lies 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the northwest. Other mountains that surround the mountain include Benkehøa to the southeast, Veltdalseggi to the south, and Tordsnose to the southwest.

Tordsnose
Tordsnose is a mountain in Norway. The 1,975-metre (6,480 ft) tall mountain lies on the border of Fjord Municipality (in Møre og Romsdal county) and Skjåk Municipality (in Innlandet county). It sits in the Tafjordfjella mountain range and within Reinheimen National Park, about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) southwest of Karitinden and 8.5 kilometres (5.3 mi) south of Puttegga. The lake Grønvatnet sits 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south of the mountain and the lake Tordsvatnet lies 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) straight east of the mountain. Other mountains surrounding it include Veltdalseggi to the east and Vulueggi and Krosshø to the south.