hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
The Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics is an annual peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Annual Reviews. The co-editors are Ewine van Dishoeck and Robert C. Kennicutt. The journal reviews scientific literature pertaining to local and distant celestial entities throughout the observable universe, as well as cosmology, instrumentation, techniques, and the history of developments. It was established in 1963. As of 2023, it is being published as open access, under the Subscribe to Open model. As of 2025, Journal Citation Reports gives the journal an impact factor of 32.5, ranking it first out of 84 journals in the category "Astronomy and Astrophysics".

Robert Kennicutt
Robert Charles Kennicutt, Jr. FRS is an American astronomer.  He is currently a professor at Texas A&M University. He is a former Plumian Professor of Astronomy at the Institute of Astronomy in the University of Cambridge. He was formerly Editor-in-Chief of the Astrophysical Journal (1999–2006) and became a co-editor of the Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics as of 2021.
His research interests include the structure and evolution of galaxies and star formation in galaxies.
Shamita Das DasGupta
Shamita Das DasGupta (née Das; Bengali: শমীতা দাশ দাশগুপ্ত; born February 1949) is an Indian-born American scholar and activist. A social activist since early 1970s, she co-founded Manavi in 1985. It is the first organization of its kind that focuses on violence against South Asian women in the United States. A part-time teacher and full-time community worker, she has written extensively in the areas of ethnicity, gender, immigration, and violence against women. Her books include: A Patchwork Shawl: Chronicles of South Asian Women in America, Body Evidence: Intimate Violence Against South Asian Women in America, Globalization and Transnational Surrogacy in India: Outsourcing Life and Mothers for Sale: Women in Kolkata’s Sex Trade.

Manavi – An Organization for South Asian Women
Manavi was originally formed by six South Asian women: Shamita Das Dasgupta, Radha Sarma Hegde, Shashi Jain, Rashmi Jaipal, Vibha Jha, and Kavery Dutta, as a consciousness raising group interested in addressing concerns faced by South Asian women in the U.S. In a short period of time, this New Jersey–based organization expanded its goals in response to requests from the community to begin providing services to women facing violence and abuse.
First Battle of Memphis
The First Battle of Memphis was a naval battle fought on the Mississippi River immediately north of the city of Memphis, Tennessee on June 6, 1862, during the American Civil War.  The engagement was witnessed by many of the citizens of Memphis. It resulted in a crushing defeat for the Confederate forces, and marked the virtual eradication of a Confederate naval presence on the river. Despite the lopsided outcome, the Union Army failed to grasp its strategic significance. Its primary historical importance is that it was the last time civilians with no prior military experience were permitted to command ships in combat. As such, it is a milestone in the development of professionalism in the United States Navy.

United States Ram Fleet
The United States Ram Fleet was a Union army unit of steam powered ram ships during the American Civil War.  The unit was independent of the Union army and Navy and reported directly to the Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton.  The ram fleet operated in coordination with the Mississippi River Squadron during the Union brown-water navy campaign against the Confederate River Defense Fleet for control of the Mississippi River and its tributaries.

The unit was created and led by Colonel Charles Ellet Jr. until his death due to a wound received during the First Battle of Memphis.  Command of the unit went to Charles Ellet Jr.'s brother, Alfred W. Ellet.  The unit became part of the Mississippi Marine Brigade led by Alfred W. Ellet and command of the Ram Fleet was given to his nephew Charles Rivers Ellet and then to his nephew John A. Ellet.  The unit was subsequently transferred to Union army command and disbanded in 1864.
Joyce Craig
Joyce Craig (née Hopkins; born March 30, 1967) is an American politician who served as the 56th mayor of Manchester, New Hampshire. She was the first female mayor of the city, having been elected in 2017.

Craig was the Democratic nominee for governor of New Hampshire in the 2024 election. She lost to former Republican U.S. Senator Kelly Ayotte.

2024 New Hampshire gubernatorial election
The 2024 New Hampshire gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 2024 to elect the governor of New Hampshire. Incumbent Republican Gov. Chris Sununu did not seek election to a fifth term.

Primary elections took place on September 10, 2024. Republican former U.S. Senator Kelly Ayotte won the Republican nomination with 63% of the vote over former state senate president Chuck Morse, and Democratic former Manchester mayor Joyce Craig won the Democratic nomination with 48% of the vote over state executive councilor Cinde Warmington.

Ayotte won the general election, defeating Craig by a 9.34% margin. The election was the closest gubernatorial race for a U.S. state in the 2024 cycle. Along with neighboring Vermont, this race was one of two Republican-held governorships up for election in 2024 in a state Joe Biden won in the 2020 presidential election.
U.S. Route 52 in North Dakota
U.S. Highway 52 (US 52) is a 362-mile-long (583 km) United States Numbered Highway in the U.S. state of North Dakota, which travels from the Canada–United States border east to the Red River at Fargo. The highway connects the cities of Minot and Fargo and travels concurrent with Interstate 94 (I-94) between Jamestown and the Minnesota state line.

Minot, North Dakota
Minot (/ˈmaɪnɒt/ ⓘ MY-not) is a city in and the county seat of Ward County, North Dakota, United States. With a population of 48,377 at the 2020 census, Minot is the state's fourth-most populous city. The Minot metropolitan area in north-central North Dakota covers McHenry, Renville, and Ward counties and had a combined population of 77,546 at the 2020 census.

Minot was founded in 1886 during the construction of James J. Hill's Great Northern Railway. Minot is also known as "Magic City", commemorating its remarkable growth in size over a short time. It is a trading center for a large part of northern North Dakota, southwestern Manitoba, and southeastern Saskatchewan. It is most widely known for the Minot Air Force Base, approximately 15 miles (24 km) north of the city.
Battle of Thapsus
The Battle of Thapsus was a military engagement that took place on April 6, 46 BC near Thapsus (in modern Tunisia). The forces of the Optimates, led by Quintus Caecilius Metellus Scipio, were defeated by the forces of Julius Caesar. It was followed shortly by the suicides of Scipio and his ally, Cato the Younger, the Numidian king Juba, and his Roman peer Marcus Petreius.

Marcus Petreius
Marcus Petreius (110 BC – April 46 BC) was a Roman politician and general. He was a client of Pompey and like Pompey he came from Picenum a region in eastern Italy. He cornered and killed the notorious rebel Catiline at Pistoia.
Joop Doderer
Johan Heinrich (Joop) Doderer (28 August 1921 – 22 September 2005) was a Dutch actor, well known for his role as the tramp Swiebertje in the eponymous television series. The series ran for 17 seasons between 1955 and 1975, and was broadcast by the NCRV. Besides the role of Swiebertje, Doderer played in dozens of radio and television programs, played the role of Alfred Doolittle in My Fair Lady, acted in Dutch and English movies, and appeared on stage in comedies, musicals, cabaret and dramas.

Swiebertje
Swiebertje is a character from the books of Dutch author John Henri uit den Bogaard, who wrote a series of children's books based on the character from 1936 to 1974. The books were adapted for television (Joop Doderer playing the title role), in a series of shows which aired on NCRV in the 1960s and 1970s, one of the longest-running and most popular shows in Dutch TV history.
Show jumping
Show jumping is a part of a group of English riding equestrian events that also includes eventing, hunters, and equitation. Jumping classes are commonly seen at horse shows throughout the world, including the Olympics. Sometimes shows are limited exclusively to jumpers. Sometimes jumper classes are offered in conjunction with other English-style events. Sometimes, show jumping is but one division of a very large, all-breed competition that includes a very wide variety of disciplines. Jumping classes may be governed by various national horse show sanctioning organizations, such as the United States Equestrian Federation or the British Showjumping Association.  International competitions are governed by the rules of the International Federation for Equestrian Sports.

Horse jumping obstacles
Many types of obstacles are found in competitive horse jumping sports such as show jumping, hunter classes, and the cross-country phase of eventing. The size and type of obstacles vary depending on the course designer and the expected difficulty level of a particular competition. Horses will need to negotiate many types of obstacles in order to be successful in jumping sports.

Fences used in show jumping are often brightly colored and artistically designed, while hunter and eventing fences are generally made to look rustic and natural. Show jumping and hunter obstacles are constructed to fall down if struck by the horse, whereas eventing obstacles have traditionally been solidly built—though to prevent dangerous rotational falls, certain elements are now being designed to break away when hit.
Lorna Doone (1951 film)
Lorna Doone is a 1951 American adventure film directed by Phil Karlson and starring Barbara Hale and Richard Greene. It is an adaptation of the 1869 novel Lorna Doone by R. D. Blackmore, set in the English West Country during the 17th century.

Richard Greene
Richard Marius Joseph Greene (25 August 1918 – 1 June 1985) was a noted English film and television actor. A matinée idol who appeared in more than 40 films, he was perhaps best known for the lead role in the long-running British TV series The Adventures of Robin Hood, which ran for 143 episodes from 1955 to 1959.
Arthur Van Doren
Arthur Georges Stanislas Henri Van Doren (born 1 October 1994) is a Belgian field hockey player who plays as a defender for Braxgata and the Belgium national team.

He is the brother of fellow Belgian international Loic Van Doren. In 2017, he won simultaneously both FIH awards of FIH Player and FIH Rising Star of the Year. At the 2018 Hockey Stars Awards he was named the FIH Player of the Year for the second time in a row.

Loic Van Doren
Loic Philippe Oscar Serge Van Doren (born 14 September 1996) is a Belgian professional field hockey player who plays as a goalkeeper for Dragons and the Belgium national team.

He is the brother of fellow Belgian international Arthur Van Doren.
Dream telepathy
Dream telepathy is the purported ability to communicate telepathically with another person while one is dreaming. Mainstream scientific consensus rejects dream telepathy as a real phenomenon. Parapsychological experiments into dream telepathy have not produced replicable results. The first person in modern times to claim to document telepathic dreaming was Sigmund Freud. In the 1940s, it was the subject of the Eisenbud-Pederson-Krag-Fodor-Ellis controversy, named after the preeminent psychoanalysts of the time who were involved: Jule Eisenbud, Geraldine Pederson-Krag, Nandor Fodor, and Albert Ellis.

Telepathy
Telepathy (from Ancient Greek  τῆλε (têle) 'distant' and  πάθος/-πάθεια (páthos/-pátheia) 'feeling, perception, passion, affliction, experience') is the purported vicarious transmission of information from one person's mind to another's without using any known human sensory channels or physical interaction. The term was first coined in 1882 by the classical scholar Frederic W. H. Myers, a founder of the Society for Psychical Research (SPR), and has remained more popular than the earlier expression thought-transference.

Telepathy experiments have historically been criticized for a lack of proper controls and repeatability. There is no good evidence that telepathy exists, and the topic is generally considered by the scientific community to be pseudoscience. Telepathy is a common theme in science fiction.
Harald Jäger
Harald Jäger (born 27 April 1943) is a former East German Stasi officer and border guard who was in charge of a passport control unit. On 9 November 1989, he opened the Bornholmer Straße border crossing of the Berlin Wall, under pressure from a large crowd of protesters and without orders to do so.

Bornholmer Straße border crossing
The Bornholmer Straße border crossing was one of the border crossings between East Berlin and West Berlin between 1961 and 1990. The crossing was named after the street on which it is located, Bornholmer Straße ("Bornholm Street"), which in turn was named after the Danish Baltic Sea island of Bornholm. The actual border between East and West Berlin ran along railway lines which were crossed by the Bösebrücke.

The Bornholmer Straße border crossing played the historic role of being the first border crossing to be opened during the fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989.
Agriculture Act 1920
The Agriculture Act 1920 (10 & 11 Geo. 5. c. 76) was an act of Parliament in the United Kingdom passed in December 1920 by the Coalition Government.

It was designed to support price guarantees for agricultural products, and to maintain minimum wages for farm labourers. However, it proved ineffective; the guarantees were abandoned in July 1921, with the relevant parts of the Act repealed, and the price of wheat crashed from 84s 7d a quarter to 44s 7d within one year – a drop of 48%.

The act had established wage committees to fix minimum agricultural pay; these, too, were soon abandoned. A replacement system of "conciliation committees" was set up to mediate between employers and labourers, but these had no legal powers, and the average weekly wage fell from 46s at the beginning of 1921 to 36s by the end of the year, and to 28s a week within eighteen months of the repeal.

The next attempt to fix agricultural wages would be Labour's Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Act 1924.

Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Act 1924
The Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Act 1924 (14 & 15 Geo. 5. c. 37) was an act of Parliament in the United Kingdom passed in 1924 by the minority Labour Government.

It was the first attempt since the ill-fated Agriculture Act 1920 to establish minimum wages for farm labourers. These wages were to be controlled by county wage committees, allowing wages to be set on a local level rather than a single national scale.

These county committees were independent of central government, and some set very low minimums, but the level of pay did slowly improve. An early draft of the bill had the Minister of Agriculture power to override the decisions of the county committees if they made decisions he felt unfair, but this clause was struck out by the Liberals before the bill was passed.

The law was repealed by the Agricultural Wages Act 1948.
Icaricia icarioides blackmorei
Icaricia icarioides blackmorei, the Puget blue, is a butterfly native to the Puget Sound area in the northwestern U.S. state of Washington. It is a subspecies of Boisduval's blue (Icaricia icarioides).

Icaricia icarioides
Icaricia icarioides, or Boisduval's blue, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae found in North America. This butterfly has 25 recognized subspecies.

Their range extends throughout the western US and Canada from southern Saskatchewan to British Columbia. Its habitats include dunes, mountains, meadows, streams, and sage-lands. It is also found in open areas or openings in woods near its larval host.

Larvae feed on species of lupines (Lupinus). Adults feed on nectar from flowers of Eriogonum species and other composites.

Wingspan: 21 to 32 mm.
Azoospermia
Azoospermia is the medical condition of a man whose semen contains no sperm. It is associated with male infertility, but many forms are amenable to medical treatment. In humans, azoospermia affects about 1% of the male population and may be seen in up to 20% of male infertility situations in Canada.

In a non-pathological context, azoospermia is also the intended result of a vasectomy.

Male infertility
Male infertility refers to a sexually mature male's inability to impregnate a fertile female. Male infertility can wholly or partially account for 40% of infertility among couples who are trying to have children. It affects approximately 7% of all men. Male infertility is commonly due to deficiencies in the semen. Semen quality is used as a surrogate measure of male fecundity. More recently, advanced sperm analyses that examine intracellular sperm components are being developed.
PowerDsine
PowerDsine was a semiconductor and systems company, acquired by Microsemi in January 2007 following its IPO in 2004. Microchip Technology acquired Microsemi in 2018. Established in 1994, PowerDsine's initial products were telephone ringing generators, and it also developed DSL remote power feeding modules, before inventing Power over Ethernet's (PoE) precursor Power over LAN.

PowerDsine, a prominent company in the field of Power over Ethernet (PoE) technologies, supplied a range of products including PoE Injectors, which are devices that add power to Ethernet cables for powering network devices. Additionally, they provided specialized PoE Test Equipment to ensure the proper functioning of PoE installations, and PoE Integrated Circuits (ICs) for embedding PoE capabilities into various network devices.

Power over Ethernet
Power over Ethernet (PoE) describes any of several standards or ad hoc systems that pass electric power along with data on twisted-pair Ethernet cabling. This allows a single cable to provide both a data connection and enough electricity to power networked devices such as wireless access points (WAPs), IP cameras and VoIP phones.
Cady Mountains
The Cady Mountains are a mountain range in the Mojave Desert and within Mojave Trails National Monument, in San Bernardino County, California.

They are located between Interstate 15 and Interstate 40, just east of Newberry Springs. The range lies to the west of the Bristol Mountains, and reach an elevation of 3,980 feet (1,210 m) above sea level at "Sleeping Beauty", at the southern end of the range.

The Pisgah Crater is found south of the Cady Mountains, on the south side of Interstate 40.

Bristol Mountains
The Bristol Mountains are found in the Mojave Desert of California, USA, just west of Mojave National Preserve. The range, which reaches an elevation of 3,874 feet (1,181 m), is located in San Bernardino County, and crosses Interstate 40 between Ludlow and the Granite Mountains. At the southern end of the range lies the town of Amboy, the Amboy Crater, and Bristol Dry Lake.
Shell Energy
Shell Energy Retail Limited was a British consumer gas, electricity and broadband provider. Formerly a subsidiary of Shell, the business was acquired by Octopus Energy in December 2023.

The company purchased gas and electricity from international markets for resale to consumers. Originally known as First Utility, the company had a relationship with Shell, where it acted as an intermediary to purchase wholesale energy on the global market. Shell completed the purchase of the company in February 2018, and rebranding to Shell Energy in the UK took place in March 2019. The business formed part of Shell's New Energies division until the 2023 sale to Octopus Energy.

Octopus Energy
Octopus Energy Group Limited (formerly Octopus Energy Limited and Octopus Energy Holdings Limited), known as Octopus Energy, is a British company operating in the fields of energy generation and supply.

It was founded in 2015 with the backing of Octopus Group, a British asset management company.

Headquartered in London, it has operations in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Australia, Japan, New Zealand and the United States.

Octopus Energy is the UK's largest supplier of domestic electricity and gas, with customers in 7.7 million households as of December 2025.

Octopus Energy Group operates a range of business divisions including Octopus Energy Retail, Octopus Energy for Business, Octopus Energy Services, Octopus Electric Vehicles, Octopus Energy Generation, Octopus Heating, and Kraken Technologies, and supports the not-for-profit think-tank Centre for Net Zero. The group also supplies software services to other energy suppliers.
Dirty Films
Dirty Films is an Australian independent film and television production company founded by married couple, Cate Blanchett and Andrew Upton. The company was incorporated in the United Kingdom on 20 January 2000. Films produced include Bangers (1999), Little Fish (2005), Carol (2015), Shayda (2023), The New Boy (2023), and Fingernails (2023). Television productions include the series Stateless (2020), and Mrs. America (2020).

Shayda (film)
Shayda is a 2023 Australian drama film written, directed and co-produced by Noora Niasari, with Vincent Sheehan co-producing. The film stars Zar Amir Ebrahimi, Osamah Sami, Mojean Aria, Jillian Nguyen, Rina Mousavi, Selina Zahednia, and Leah Purcell. The story follows an Iranian immigrant woman in Australia who is raising her young daughter as the two live in a women's shelter.

The film had its world premiere at the 2023 Sundance Film Festival on 19 January 2023, and was released in cinemas in Australia on 5 October 2023. It won the CinefestOZ Film Prize in September 2023, and was selected as the Australian entry for the Best International Feature Film category for the 2024 Academy Awards.
Lebedev–Milin inequality
In mathematics, the Lebedev–Milin inequality is any of several inequalities for the coefficients of the exponential of a power series, found by Lebedev and Milin (1965) and Isaak Moiseevich Milin (1977). It was used in the proof of the Bieberbach conjecture, as it shows that the Milin conjecture implies the Robertson conjecture.

They state that if

for complex numbers  and , and  is a positive integer, then

See also exponential formula (on exponentiation of power series).

De Branges's theorem
In complex analysis, de Branges's theorem, or the Bieberbach conjecture, is a theorem that gives a necessary condition on a holomorphic function in order for it to map the open unit disk of the complex plane injectively to the complex plane. It was posed by Ludwig Bieberbach (1916) and finally proven by Louis de Branges (1985).

The statement concerns the Taylor coefficients  of a univalent function, i.e. a one-to-one holomorphic function that maps the unit disk into the complex plane, normalized as is always possible so that  and . That is, we consider a function defined on the open unit disk which is holomorphic  and injective (univalent) with Taylor series of the form

Such functions are called schlicht [German for "natural, simple"]. The theorem then states that

The Koebe function (see below) is a function for which  for all , and it is schlicht, so we cannot find a stricter limit on the absolute value of the th coefficient.
Mece, Croatia
Mece (Hungarian: Mеcepuszta; Serbian Cyrillic: Меце) is a settlement in the region of Baranja, Croatia. Administratively, it is located in the Darda municipality within the Osijek-Baranja County. Population is 882 people.

Darda, Croatia
Darda (Serbian Cyrillic: Дарда, Hungarian: Dárda) is a village and a municipality just north of Osijek, Croatia. It is located across the Drava river in Baranja. At the 2011 census, the village population was 5,323, with a total of 6,908 people in the municipality. The castle of the Hungarian Esterhazy family is located in the center of the Darda.