hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dualex
The Dualex is an optical sensor used in plant science and agriculture for the assessment of flavonol, anthocyanin, and chlorophyll contents in leaves. This device allows researchers to perform real-time and non-destructive measurements of these important plant metabolites, which are crucial indicators of plant health and stress responses. Developed by Force-A (now out of business), the sensor is a result of technology transfer from the CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research) and University of Paris-Sud Orsay. It allows to make instant measurements without damaging the leaves. The main applications are plant sciences and agricultural research.

Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of algae and plants. Its name is derived from the Greek words χλωρός (khloros, "pale green") and φύλλον (phyllon, "leaf"). Chlorophyll allows plants to absorb energy from light. Those pigments are involved in oxygenic photosynthesis, as opposed to bacteriochlorophylls, related molecules found only in bacteria and involved in anoxygenic photosynthesis.

Chlorophylls absorb light most strongly in the blue portion of the electromagnetic spectrum as well as the red portion. Conversely, it is a poor absorber of green and near-green portions of the spectrum. Hence chlorophyll-containing tissues appear green because green light, diffusively reflected by structures like cell walls, is less absorbed. Two types of chlorophyll exist in the photosystems of green plants: chlorophyll a and b.
Samuel Molina (actor)
Samuel Molina (25 March 1935 – 13 June 2018) was a Puerto Rican actor, writer, poet, screenwriter, songwriter and declaimer. He is best known for acting in several Puerto Rican television telenovelas, such as 1985's Tanairi, and films. He was also a comedian.

Tanairí
Tanairí is a 1985 telenovela produced in Puerto Rico with a plot regarding slavery on the island while under Spanish rule.  Tanairí, the setting for the series, is the name of the hacienda where the story takes place.  The series theme song "Soledad" was performed by Nydia Caro. One of the directors of Tanairi was the well known playwright, Dean Zayas.
George Sutton (boxer)
George Sutton, Sr (15 September 1922 – December 1995) was a Welsh boxer who held the Welsh flyweight title on two occasions. His brother, Jackie Sutton, also held a Wales boxing belt and his son, George Jr, contested the British Bantamweight title.

Jackie Sutton
John Sutton (28 May 1920 – 13 November 2010) was a Welsh boxer who held the Welsh bantamweight title from 1949 to 1951. His brother, George Sutton, also held a Wales boxing belt and his nephew, George Sutton Jr, contested the British Bantamweight title.
Atreyu
Atreyu is an American rock band from Yorba Linda, California, formed in 1998. The band's current line-up consists of vocalist Brandon Saller, guitarists Dan Jacobs and Travis Miguel, bassist and unclean vocalist Marc "Porter" McKnight and drummer Kyle Rosa.

The band has released nine studio albums: Suicide Notes and Butterfly Kisses (2002), The Curse (2004), A Death-Grip on Yesterday (2006), Lead Sails Paper Anchor (2007), Congregation of the Damned (2009), Long Live (2015), In Our Wake (2018), Baptize (2021), and The Beautiful Dark of Life (2023).

The Beautiful Dark of Life
The Beautiful Dark of Life is the ninth studio album by American rock band Atreyu. It was released on December 8, 2023, through Spinefarm Records. The album contains all tracks from three four-track EPs released earlier in the year along with three new tracks; "Dancing with My Demons", "Insomnia", and the title track. The album received mixed-to-positive reviews from music critics.
Josephine Rowe
Josephine Rowe is an Australian author known for her short story collections, including Here Until August, and her two novels A Loving, Faithful Animal and Little World. She is a two-time The Sydney Morning Herald Best Young Australian Novelist and was shortlisted for the 2020 Stella Prize for her short story collection Here Until August.

Here Until August
Here Until August is a 2019 short story collection by Josephine Rowe. The collection was published in Australia by Black Inc in September 2019 and in the United States by Penguin Random House in October 2019. The collection received positive reviews and was shortlisted for the 2020 Stella Prize.
Megan Cope
Megan Cope (born 1982) is an Australian Aboriginal artist from the Quandamooka people of Stradbroke Island/Minjerribah. She is known for her sculptural installations, video art and paintings, in which she explores themes such as identity and colonialism. Cope is a member of the contemporary Indigenous art collective ProppaNOW in Brisbane.

ProppaNOW
proppaNOW is an arts collective for Indigenous Australian artists in Queensland. Aiming to counter cultural stereotypes and give a voice to urban artists, the collective has mounted several exhibitions around the country. The collective was founded by Richard Bell, Jennifer Herd and Vernon Ah Kee in 2003 and formalised in 2004.
Edam, Netherlands
Edam (Dutch pronunciation: [eːˈdɑm] ⓘ) is a city in the North Holland province of northwestern Netherlands. Combined with Volendam, Edam forms the municipality of Edam-Volendam. Approximately 7,380 people live in Edam. The entire municipality of Edam-Volendam has 28,492 inhabitants. The name Edam originates from a dam on the little river E or IJe where the first settlement was located and which was therefore called IJedam.

Edam is famous as the original source of the cheese with the same name.

Volendam
Volendam (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌvoːlə(n)ˈdɑm] ⓘ) is a tourist town in the municipality of Edam-Volendam, province of North Holland, Netherlands, known for its streets, old fishing boats and the traditional clothing worn by some residents. The women's costume of Volendam, with its high, pointed bonnet, is one of the most recognizable of the Dutch traditional costumes, and is often featured on tourist postcards and posters. As of 1 January 2021, it has a population of 22,715. It is twinned with Coventry, England.
François Allain-Targé
François Henri René Allain-Targé (17 May  1832 – 16 July 1902) was a French politician of the French Third Republic. He served as Minister of finance under Léon Gambetta and Minister of the interior under Henri Brisson.

Léon Gambetta
Léon Gambetta (French: [leɔ̃ ɡɑ̃bɛta]; 2 April 1838 – 31 December 1882) was a French lawyer and republican politician who proclaimed the French Third Republic in 1870 and played a prominent role in its early government.
2018 ATP World Tour
The 2018 ATP World Tour was the global elite men's professional tennis circuit organised by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2018 tennis season. The 2018 ATP World Tour calendar comprised the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP World Tour Masters 1000, the ATP Finals, the ATP World Tour 500 series, the ATP World Tour 250 series and the Davis Cup (organized by the ITF). Also included in the 2018 calendar are the Hopman Cup and the Next Gen ATP Finals, which do not distribute ranking points.

2018 Brasil Open
The 2018 Brasil Open was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor clay courts. It was the 18th edition of the Brasil Open, and part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the 2018 ATP World Tour. It took place from February 26 through March 4, 2018, in São Paulo, Brazil. Second-seeded Fabio Fognini won the singles title.
Edward Seymour, Lord Beauchamp
Edward Seymour, Lord Beauchamp of Hache (21 September 1561 – July 1612) was an English nobleman who had a theoretically strong claim to the throne of England through his mother, Lady Katherine Grey, but his legitimacy was questioned. He was an ancestor of the dukes of Somerset.

Lady Katherine Grey
Katherine Seymour, Countess of Hertford (née Lady Katherine Grey; 25 August 1540 – 26 January 1568) was a younger sister of Lady Jane Grey.

A granddaughter of Henry VIII's sister Mary, she emerged as a prospective successor to her cousin, Elizabeth I of England, before incurring Queen Elizabeth's wrath by secretly marrying Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford. Arrested after the Queen was informed of their clandestine marriage, Katherine (as Lady Hertford) lived in captivity until her death, having borne two sons in the Tower of London.
1895 Boston mayoral election
The Boston mayoral election of 1895 occurred on Tuesday, December 10, 1895. Democratic nominee Josiah Quincy defeated Republican incumbent mayor Edwin Upton Curtis and one other contender to win election to his first term.

Due to a change of the city charter in June 1895, this was the first Boston mayoral election for a two-year term; prior mayoral elections had been held annually.

Quincy was inaugurated on Monday, January 6, 1896. His grandfather Josiah Quincy IV (known as Josiah Quincy Jr.) and great-grandfather Josiah Quincy III also had served as Mayors of Boston.

Edwin Upton Curtis
Edwin Upton Curtis (May 26, 1861 – March 28, 1922) was an American attorney and politician from Massachusetts who served as the mayor of Boston (1895–1896). Later, as Boston Police Commissioner (1918–1922), his refusal to recognize the trade union formed by the department's officers provoked the 1919 Boston Police Strike.
Chawpi Urqu (Bolivia)
Chawpi Urqu (Quechua, chawpi central, middle, urqu mountain, "central mountain", also spelled Chaupi Orko) is a 4,617-metre-high (15,148 ft) mountain in the Apolobamba mountain range in Bolivia. It is located in the La Paz Department, Franz Tamayo Province, Pelechuco Municipality, near the Peruvian border. Chawpi Urqu lies east of the mountains Surapata and Kulli Pata and north of Q'umir Pata.

Kulli Pata
Kulli Pata or Kullipata (Quechua, kulli a color between blue and carmine (purple, violet, mulberry-colored), pata elevated place; above, at the top; edge, bank (of a river), shore, ""purple or violet elevated place") is a mountain in the north of the Apolobamba mountain range in Bolivia, about 4,800 metres (15,748 ft) high. It is located in the La Paz Department, Franz Tamayo Province, Pelechuco Municipality, near the Peruvian border. Kulli Pata lies west of Chawpi Urqu and northeast of Surapata.
Narpatganj (community development block)
Narpatganj is a community development block in the Araria district in Bihar, India. It is one out of 3 blocks of the Forbesganj subdivision. The headquarters of the block is in Narpatganj town.

The block is divided into many Village Councils and villages.

Forbesganj subdivision
Forbesganj subdivision is an administrative subdivision out of two subdivisions of Araria district in the state of Bihar, India. It comprises 6 Blocks of Araria The headquarter of the subdivision is in Forbesganj town.
Halofolliculina corallasia
Halofolliculina corallasia is a species of heterotrich ciliates identified as a cause of the syndrome called  skeletal eroding band (SEB). It is the first coral disease pathogen that is a  protozoan as well as the first known to be a eukaryote; all others identified are bacteria.  Like other members of the folliculinid family, H. corallasia is sessile and lives in a "house" called a lorica, into which the cell can retreat when disturbed. The mouth is flanked by a pair of wing-like projections that are fringed with polykinetids, groups of cilia that work in groups to produce a current that draws food into the "mouth".

This species is so far the only known agent causing skeletal eroding band, the most common disease of corals in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and also found in the Red Sea. A very similar disease was later discovered in the Caribbean Sea, but is caused by a different species of the same genus and occurs in a different type of environment.

Lorica (biology)
In biology, a lorica is a shell-like protective outer covering, often reinforced with sand grains and other particles that some protozoans and loriciferan animals secrete. Usually it is tubular or conical in shape, with a loose case that is closed at one end. An example is the protozoan genus Stentor, in which the lorica is trumpet-shaped. In the tintinnids, the lorica is frequently transparent and is used as a domicile. Halofolliculina corallasia has a lorica that is attached as an outer structure, and into which it retracts when disturbed.
Renfe Class 103
The Renfe Class 103 is a high-speed train used for the AVE service and operated in Spain by the state-run railway company Renfe. The trainset is also known as S103 or S/103.

The trains were constructed by Siemens, as the second member of the company's Velaro family.

Siemens Mobility
Siemens Mobility GmbH is a division of Siemens that specializes in rail transport. With its global headquarters in Munich, Siemens Mobility has four core business units: Mobility Management, dedicated to rail technology and intelligent traffic systems, Railway Electrification, Rolling Stock, and Customer Services.
Grand Jury (film)
Grand Jury is a 1936 American crime drama film directed by Albert S. Rogell from a screenplay by Joseph A. Fields and Philip G. Epstein, based on a story by James Edward Grant and Thomas Lennon.  Produced and distributed by RKO Radio Pictures, it premiered in New York City on July 31, 1936, and was released nationwide the following week on August 7. The film stars Fred Stone, Louise Latimer and Owen Davis, Jr.

Louise Latimer (actress)
Louise Latimer (March 6, 1913 – June 16, 1973) was an American film actress. She starred opposite John Wayne in the 1937 California Straight Ahead!.

On Broadway, Latimer portrayed Jean in The Scene of the Crime (1940) and Lydia in When in Rome (1934). She arrived in California on December 19, 1935, to begin working in films. She studied with drama coach Lela E. Rogers.

During World War II, she was active with the American Red Cross and various Catholic charities, helping to promote the war effort.
Zod (DC Extended Universe)
General Dru-Zod is a fictional character in the DC Extended Universe based on the DC Comics character of the same name. He is portrayed by Michael Shannon. Zod first appeared in the 2013 film Man of Steel, as a rogue general trying to lead a coup against the ruling elite of the planet Krypton, forcing the planet's chief scientist, Jor-El, to send his son Kal-El to Earth. Zod is punished for his war crimes, with him and his subordinates intended to be sent to the Phantom Zone, but following Krypton's destruction, he and his followers escape and follow Kal-El to Earth, forcing him to become Superman and protect the planet and its inhabitants. Shannon's portrayal of Zod has received positive reviews, and the character is considered one of the best villains in the DCEU. Shannon reprised his role in The Flash (2023).

Phantom Zone
The Phantom Zone is a prison-like parallel dimension appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by kryptonians, it was designed as a place of exile for dangerous criminals; where time dilation behaves differently and the laws of physics don't apply. When someone is transported there, they do not age nor die, but they're trapped in a state of suspension. It is mainly associated with stories featuring Superman. It first appeared in Adventure Comics #283 (April 1961), and was created by Robert Bernstein and George Papp. It was frequently used in the Superman comics before the continuity was rebooted in the 1980s after Crisis on Infinite Earths and has appeared occasionally since.
Donald Nieman
Donald G. Nieman (born 1948) is an American historian and academic administrator whose work focuses on the history of law, race relations, and civil rights in the United States. He serves as a Professor of History and the Provost Emeritus at Binghamton University, State University of New York.

Binghamton University
The State University of New York at Binghamton (also known as Binghamton University or SUNY Binghamton) is a public research university in Greater Binghamton, New York, United States. It is one of the four university centers in the State University of New York (SUNY) system.

Since its establishment in 1946, the school has evolved from a small liberal arts college to a large research university. It is classified among R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity. Binghamton's athletic teams are the Bearcats and they compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The Bearcats are members of the America East Conference.
Ingeld
Ingeld or Ingjaldr (Old Norse: [ˈiŋɡjɑldz̠]) was a legendary warrior who appears in early English and Norse legends. Ingeld was so well known that, in 797, Alcuin wrote a letter to Bishop Higbald of Lindisfarne questioning the monks' interest in heroic legends with: 'Quid enim Hinieldus cum Christo?' - What has Ingeld to do with Christ?

The legends that survive tell of Ingeld as an enemy of Hroðgar, Halga and Hroðulf. The conflict between the Scyldings Hroðgar and Hroðulf on one side, and the Heaðobards Froda and Ingeld on the other, appears both in Beowulf and in Widsith. Scholars generally agree that these characters appear in both Anglo-Saxon (Beowulf) and Scandinavian tradition (Norse sagas and Danish chronicles). However, in the Norse tradition the Heaðobards had apparently been forgotten and the conflict is instead rendered as a family feud, or as a conflict with the Saxons, where the Danes take the place of the Heaðobards.

Starkad
Starkad (Old Norse: Starkaðr [ˈstɑrkɑðz̠] or Stǫrkuðr [ˈstɔrkoðz̠]; Latin: Starcaterus; in the Late Middle Ages also Starkodder; modern Danish: Stærkodder) was either an eight-armed giant or the human grandson of the aforementioned giant in Norse mythology.

Starkad appears in numerous accounts, and the stories of his adventures relate to different Scandinavian traditions. He is most fully treated in Gesta Danorum but he also appears in Icelandic sources. He is portrayed as a great warrior who performed many heroic deeds but also many crimes.

A cognate of the Starkad legends can be found in the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf.
Heinrich Limpricht
Heinrich Limpricht  (21 April 1827 – 13 May 1909) was a German chemist. Limpricht was a pupil of Friedrich Wöhler; he worked on the chemistry of furans and pyrroles, discovering furan in 1870.

In 1852 he became lecturer and in 1855 extraordinary professor at the University of Göttingen. In 1860, he became ordinary professor at the Institute for Organic Chemistry at the University of Greifswald. His oldest daughter Marie (1856-1925) married in 1875 to Protestant theologian Julius Wellhausen.

Rudolph Fittig and Hans von Pechmann were two of Limpricht's notable pupils.

Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig
Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig (6 December 1835 – 19 November 1910) was a German chemist. He discovered the pinacol coupling reaction, mesitylene, diacetyl and biphenyl. Fittig studied the action of sodium on ketones and hydrocarbons. He discovered the Fittig reaction or Wurtz–Fittig reaction for the synthesis of alkylbenzenes, he proposed a diketone structure for benzoquinone and isolated phenanthrene from coal tar. He discovered and synthesized the first lactones and investigated structures of piperine, naphthalene, and fluorene.
Community Unit School District 300
Community Unit School District 300 is a school district headquartered in Algonquin, Illinois, United States, a suburb of Chicago.  The current superintendent of schools is Martina Smith.

The district is the 6th largest school district in the State located in northern Kane County and portions of southeastern McHenry County, Illinois.  The district includes Algonquin, Carpentersville, East Dundee, West Dundee, Sleepy Hollow, Gilberts, Pingree Grove, Hampshire, Lake in the Hills and Cary. The district also has portions in Cook County.

In January 2015, District 300 opened a new administration building in Algonquin next to Jacobs High School replacing the former administration building in Carpentersville.

Lake in the Hills, Illinois
Lake in the Hills is a village in McHenry County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 28,982.

The village is most known for its very high residential growth which occurred most heavily in the 1990s. Once a sleepy lakeside village of cottages and small ranches, its population skyrocketed as developers flocked to the area in the 1990s. Its population increased by 17,000 people (a nearly 400% increase) over this period, making it one of the most rapidly growing suburbs of Chicago and in the United States at that time. At the height of its building boom, the village issued over 1,000 residential building permits in 1995.
Nob Hill (film)
Nob Hill is a 1945 Technicolor film about a Barbary Coast, San Francisco, United States saloon keeper, starring George Raft and Joan Bennett. Part musical and part drama, the movie was directed by Henry Hathaway. It remains one of Raft's lesser known movies even though it was a big success, in part because it was a musical.

George Raft
George Raft (né Ranft; September 26, 1901 – November 24, 1980) was an American film actor and dancer identified with portrayals of gangsters in crime melodramas of the 1930s and '40s. A stylish leading man in dozens of movies, Raft is remembered for his gangster roles in Quick Millions (1931) with Spencer Tracy, Scarface (1932) with Paul Muni, Each Dawn I Die (1939) with James Cagney, Invisible Stripes (1939) with Humphrey Bogart, and Billy Wilder's comedy Some Like It Hot (1959) with Marilyn Monroe and Jack Lemmon; and as a dancer in Bolero (1934) with Carole Lombard and a truck driver in They Drive by Night (1940) with Ann Sheridan, Ida Lupino and again with Bogart.

Raft's association with organized crime figures resulted in controversy throughout his life, and led to a ban from Great Britain in 1967.
Henry Bell Gilkeson
Henry Bell Gilkeson (June 6, 1850 – September 29, 1921) was an American lawyer, politician, school administrator, and banker in West Virginia.

Gilkeson was born in Moorefield, Virginia (now West Virginia), the eldest child of a dry goods merchant, and was raised in Romney. Following his graduation from Hampden–Sydney College, Gilkeson became a schoolteacher and served as superintendent of the Hampshire County Schools district from 1877 to 1879. Gilkeson later studied law and started a law practice in Romney. Following the death of John Collins Covell in 1887, Gilkeson served as the principal of the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind until 1888.

Gilkeson served in the West Virginia Legislature as a state senator representing the 12th District in the West Virginia Senate (1890–93) and as a member of the West Virginia House of Delegates (1883–85 and 1909–11). Gilkeson served as the mayor of Romney beginning in 1885, and the first president of the Bank of Romney (1888–1913).

Romney, West Virginia
Romney is a town in Hampshire County, West Virginia, United States, and its county seat. The population was 1,722 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Winchester, Virginia metropolitan area. The town was established in 1762 along with Shepherdstown; together, they are the two oldest towns in West Virginia.