hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Change from below
Change from below is linguistic change that occurs from below the level of consciousness. It is language change that occurs from social, cognitive, or physiological pressures from within the system. This is in opposition to change from above, wherein language change is a result of elements imported from other systems.

Change from below first enters the language from below the level of consciousness; that is, speakers are generally unaware of the linguistic change. These linguistic changes enter language primarily through the vernacular and spread throughout the community without speakers' conscious awareness. Since change from below is initially non-salient, the changing features are not marked characteristics and are difficult for speakers or linguists to perceive. As the changes occur, they will ultimately become stable changes that are stigmatized.

Change from above
In linguistics, change from above refers to conscious change to a language. That is, speakers are generally aware of the linguistic change and use it to sound more dominant, as a result of social pressure. It stands in contrast to change from below.

Change from above usually enters the speech of educated people, not the vernacular dialects. This change usually begins with speakers in higher social classes and diffuses down into the lower classes. Upper classes use these new linguistic forms to differentiate themselves from the lower classes, while lower classes use these forms to sound more educated and similar to the upper class. However, the concepts of change from above and below refer to consciousness and not social class.
Battle of egos
A battle of egos is a phrase used metaphorically in an often pejorative manner to describe competitions that are based on pride and often entail prodigious and arrogant demonstrations of prowess. This type of dueling, which is conceptually similar to a pissing contest, is often seen as an arrogant way to determine who is the "bigger man" (as far as being superior right in an argument) by a competitive methodology that is not especially productive. This colloquial usage differs from the psychological concept of the "ego," which, according to psychoanalytic theory, refers to the rational part of the personality that mediates between the id, superego, and reality.

Pissing contest
A pissing contest, pissing duel, or pissing match, is a game in which participants compete to see who can urinate the highest, the farthest, for the longest, or the most accurately. Although the practice is usually associated with adolescent boys, women have been known to play the game, and there are literary depictions of adults competing in it. Since the 1940s, the term has been used as an idiomatic slang expression for contests that are "futile or purposeless", especially if waged in a "conspicuously aggressive manner". As a metaphor it is used figuratively to characterise futile ego-driven battling in a pejorative or facetious manner that is often considered vulgar. The image of two people urinating on each other has also been offered as a source of the phrase.
Nekketsu Saikyō Go-Saurer
Nekketsu Saikyō Go-Saurer (熱血最強ゴウザウラー, Nekketsu Saikyō Gōzaurā; Hot-Blooded Strongest Go-Saurer) (this series is also sometimes titled as "Matchless Passion Gozaurer") is a 51-episode animated television series, and third generation Eldran franchise funded by Tomy after Genki Bakuhatsu Ganbaruger and produced by Sunrise. It aired in Japan from March 3, 1993, to February 23, 1994. The story for this entry is that a group of elementary school children are given command of the series' title mecha and their efforts to defend the Earth from the hands of the Mechanization Empire (Named the "Machine Empire" in the Filipino dubbed version) which was led by Kikaishin, the boss of this organization himself. It firstly introduces a female pilot, additional pilots who pilot auxiliary mecha and jet mode. In addition, it is the first season to start with four pilots, having all members having the same bracelet and introduce a super robot piloted by multiple pilots.

Eldran series
The Eldran series (エルドランシリーズ, Erudoran shirīzu) is a toy and Japanese anime franchise begun by toy company Tomy in Japan. Tomy struck a cooperative deal with the animation studio Sunrise (known for its mecha series, most notably Gundam) to develop the new franchise to sell their toys.
Jean Donald
Jean Macalister Donald (married name Anderson; 2 May 1921 – 16 May 1984) was a Scottish golfer. She won the Scottish Women's Amateur Championship three times and played in the Curtis Cup in 1948, 1950 and 1952. She turned professional at the start of 1954 following a change in the rules regarding amateur status.

Scottish Women's Amateur Championship
The Scottish Women’s Amateur Championship is the women's national amateur match play golf championship of Scotland. It was first played in 1903 and is currently organised by Scottish Golf.

The Scottish Women's Amateur Championship is contested through two phases. It begins with a 36 hole stroke play competition, with the leading competitors progressing to the knock-out match play competition.
U.S. Route 76 in Georgia
U.S. Route 76 (US 76) is a 150.7-mile-long (242.5 km) east–west U.S. highway in the U.S. state of Georgia. It begins at the Tennessee state line, east of Lakeview, Georgia (and in East Ridge, Tennessee), where the roadway continues concurrent with US-41/SR-8 toward Chattanooga. It ends at the South Carolina state line, where US 76 continues toward Anderson. In Georgia, the highway travels within portions of Catoosa, Whitfield, Murray, Gilmer, Fannin, Union, Towns, and Rabun counties. It travels through North Georgia and connects Ringgold, Dalton, Chatsworth, Ellijay, Blue Ridge, Blairsville, and Clayton. Most of the highway is part of the Lookout Mountain Scenic Highway, a highway that travels through northern Georgia and through the Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest.

Catoosa County, Georgia
Catoosa County is a county in the Northwest region of the U.S. state of Georgia. According to the 2020 census, the population was 67,872. The county seat is Ringgold. The county was created on December 5, 1853. The meaning of the Cherokee language name "Catoosa" is obscure.  "Catoosa" may come from the Cherokee words gatusi ("hill", "small mountain" or "high place") or gatu'gitse ("new settlement place").

Catoosa County is part of the Chattanooga, TN–GA Metropolitan Statistical Area.
100 West 33rd Street
100 West 33rd Street is a building in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, New York, United States. It was designed by Daniel Burnham, and opened in 1929. It was the flagship store of the Gimbels department store chain until 1986. Abraham & Straus replaced Gimbels in 1989, was converted to Stern's in 1995, and closed in 2001. JCPenney filled the vacancy in 2009 and closed in 2020. The interior mall concourse was known as the A&S Plaza from 1989 until 1995, and the Manhattan Mall from 1995 until 2021, during which period the upper levels were converted to office space and the remaining retail tenants relocated.

As of 2022, the former mall concourse functions as a large lobby for the office space above. The building allows direct access to Sixth Avenue, and has entrances to the New York City Subway's 34th Street–Herald Square station and the PATH's 33rd Street station on the second basement level.

Stern's
Stern's was a regional department store chain serving the U.S. states of New York and  New Jersey. The chain was in business for more than 130 years.

In 2001, Stern's parent company Federated Department Stores opted to retire the Stern's brand. Most of the stores were immediately converted to Stern's corporate sibling Macy's, some were liquidated and reopened as Bloomingdale's, and others were closed.
Papilio gallienus
Papilio gallienus, the narrow-banded swallowtail, is a butterfly of the family Papilionidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the central part of the Republic of the Congo.

Papilio cyproeofila
Papilio cyproeofila, the common white-banded swallowtail, is a species of swallowtail butterfly from the genus Papilio that is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo and Nigeria.

The larvae feed on Piper species.
William O'Donnell (Irish politician)
William Francis O'Donnell (died 4 February 1947) was an Irish politician who served for four years in Dáil Éireann.

He was first elected to the Dáil as a Clann na Talmhan Teachta Dála (TD) for the Tipperary constituency at the 1943 general election. He was re-elected at the 1944 general election, but died in 1947. After his death, the by-election for his Dáil seat was won on 29 October 1947 by the Clann na Poblachta candidate, Patrick Kinane.

Tipperary (Dáil constituency)
Tipperary was a parliamentary constituency that was represented in Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (the legislature of Ireland), from 1923 to 1948 and again from 2016 to 2024. The constituency elected deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).
Madeline Aaron
Madeline Aaron (born October 25, 1994) is an American former pair skater. With former partner Max Settlage, she is the 2014 CS U.S. Classic bronze medalist, a two-time U.S. national pewter medalist (2015–2016), and the 2014 U.S. national junior champion.

Max Settlage
Max Settlage (born July 1, 1992) is an American former pair skater. With former partner Madeline Aaron, he is the 2014 CS U.S. Classic bronze medalist, a two-time U.S. national pewter medalist (2015–2016), and the 2014 U.S. national junior champion.
San Pietro di Rovereto
San Pietro di Rovereto is a village in Italy that lies on a ridge that descends to the Mediterranean Sea overlooking the Tigullio Gulf and the Promontory of Portofino, Liguria on the picturesque Italian Riviera.  San Pietro is located in the municipality of Zoagli, within the province of Genova, Liguria region, and located approximately 40 kilometers Southeast of Genoa and situated between Rapallo and Portofino to the West and Chiavari to the East.

San Pietro di Rovereto comprises one of five villages of the Zoagli municipality, which are all connected by trail along the sea: San Pietro di Rovereto, San Pantaleo, Semorile, St. Ambrose and St. Martin.

Zoagli
Zoagli (Ligurian: Zoagi) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Genoa in the Italian region Liguria, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Genoa.  Zoagli is a popular destination during all seasons of the year by tourists from all over the world.  It is located in the Gulf of Tigullio section of the Italian Riviera, between Chiavari and Rapallo.

The municipality is also known for its silk fabrics exported around the world and its cliff paths (creuze and mule tracks) that run along the Mediterranean Sea connecting Zoagli to its nearby villages: San Pietro di Rovereto, San Pantaleo, Semorile, St. Ambrose, and St. Martin.  A bronze sculpture named the Madonna del Mare sits 2.7 metres (9 ft) underwater in front of the promenade in honor of a diving event held each year.
Rudolf Petersson
Rudolf Petersson (17 June 1896 – 17 April 1970) was a Swedish comic creator and the father of one of the most popular Swedish comics of all time: 91:an.

Petersson performed national service at the I 16 regiment in Halmstad, Halland, between 1916 and 1918. Mandel Karlsson, the protagonist of 91:an, is based on two people Petersson met during his national service at I 16 — a blond and ill-tempered Smålandian who was turned soft by accordion music, and a friendly, short haired person. Some of the attributes were switched and the result was 91:an and another character, 87:an Axelsson. Several of the officers in 91:an are also based on real people Petersson met during his service.

Mandel Karlsson
Mandel Karlsson, also known as 91:an Karlsson or 91:an, is a Swedish comic book character and the main protagonist in the comic strip series 91:an (Eng: № 91). He was created in 1932 by Rudolf Petersson. The series is now published in its own bi-weekly comic book, 91:an, and also as a single strip in the popular weekly women's magazine Året Runt.
Keep It Natural
Keep It Natural is the debut studio album released by American pop boyband Natural, released on September 23, 2002 via Sony BMG and Transcontinental Records in Germany. The album followed Lou Pearlman's boyband formula of bubblegum pop. Three of the thirteen songs on the album were cover versions, however, "Paradise" was written by the actual band members, Ben Bledsoe and Marc Terenzi. Keep It Natural spawned five top forty singles. The album was released in Germany, Austria, Switzerland as well as Malaysia, Philippines, and Japan.

Marc Terenzi
Marc Eric Terenzi (born June 27, 1978) is an American pop singer and reality show participant. He was a member of the boy band Natural and was married to German pop/soul singer Sarah Connor from 2004 to 2010. They have a son named Tyler and a daughter named Summer.
Jason Taylor (rugby league)
Jason Taylor (born 2 February 1971) is an Australian professional rugby league football coach and a former professional rugby league footballer who played as a halfback in the 1990s and 2000s.

He was the assistant coach of the Sydney Roosters in 2018 when the club won the premiership that year. He was also previously the head coach of the Parramatta Eels, South Sydney Rabbitohs and the Wests Tigers in the National Rugby League (NRL). A New South Wales State of Origin representative goal-kicking halfback of the 1990s and early 2000s, Taylor set a number of point-scoring and appearance records in the NRL during a twelve-year career with the Western Suburbs Magpies, North Sydney Bears, Northern Eagles and Parramatta Eels.

Brian Smith (rugby league, born 1954)
Brian Smith (born 14 March 1954) is an Australian rugby league coach and former player. He was also the Football Manager for the New Zealand Warriors.

Smith played for St. George from 1973 to 1974 and for South Sydney in 1975, 1976 and 1979, appearing in a total of 31 first grade games. However, Smith is best known as a coach, having been at the helm of Illawarra, where he took over for the 1984 season, before moving to Hull, St. George, Bradford, Parramatta, Newcastle and, most recently, the Sydney Roosters and the NSW Country side. Although Smith had a successful career in Australia, he fell short of becoming a premiership winning coach, being on the losing end of all four grand finals he coached in (1992 and 1993 with St George, 2001 with Parramatta and 2010 with Eastern Suburbs.)
Dolichovespula adulterina
Dolichovespula adulterina is a species of parasitic social wasp found in the Palearctic region. D. adulterina feeds on a variety of foods, including insects, spiders, arthropods, meat, molluscs, fruit, nectar, and larval secretions. D. adulterina was formerly considered to be synonymous with D. arctica from the Holarctic region, but more recent research indicates that D. arctica is a separate species.

Dolichovespula norwegica
The Norwegian wasp (Dolichovespula norwegica) is a species of eusocial wasp. It is common in Scandinavia and can also be found in Scotland and other areas in Britain and Ireland. Often known for being a tree wasp,  it nests in low branches and bushes and feeds on insects. It also obtains nectar from blueberry and snowberry flowers. Although D. norwegica is rarely considered a pest in the past, a few cases of pest problems relating to them have been reported. The species is not endangered.
Lionel de Rothschild
Baron Lionel Nathan de Rothschild (22 November 1808 – 3 June 1879) was a British Jewish banker, politician and philanthropist who was a member of the prominent Rothschild banking family of England. He became the first practising Jew to sit as a Member of Parliament in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

He co-founded the British Relief Association, the largest private provider of relief during the Great Irish and Highland Potato famines raising over £500,000.

British Relief Association
The British Association for the Relief of Distress in Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland, known as the British Relief Association (BRA), was a private charity of the mid-19th century in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Established by a group of prominent aristocrats, bankers and philanthropists in 1847, the charity was the largest private provider of relief during the Great Irish Famine and Highland Potato Famine of the 1840s. During its brief period of operation, the Association received donations and support from many notable politicians and royalty, including Queen Victoria.
STAR voting
STAR voting is an electoral system for single-seat elections. The name (an allusion to star ratings) stands for "Score Then Automatic Runoff", referring to the fact that this system is a combination of score voting, to pick two finalists with the highest total scores, followed by an "automatic runoff" in which the finalist who is preferred on more ballots wins. It is a type of cardinal voting electoral system.

Approval voting
Approval voting is a single-winner rated voting system where voters can approve of as many candidates as they like instead of choosing one. The method is designed to eliminate vote-splitting while keeping election administration simple and easy-to-count (requiring only a single score for each candidate). Approval voting has been used in both organizational and political elections to improve representativeness and voter satisfaction.

Critics of approval voting have argued the simple ballot format is a disadvantage, as it forces a binary choice for each candidate (instead of the expressive grades of other rated voting rules).
CFMX-FM
CFMX-FM (103.1 MHz) is a commercial radio station in Cobourg, Ontario, and serving the Peterborough area. It is owned by ZoomerMedia and airs a classical music format branded as Classical 103.1. It is a semi-satellite of Toronto's 96.3 CFMZ-FM. All music programming originates from Toronto, although 24 hours per week of locally oriented talk, news and spoken word programming broadcasts from radio studios in Cobourg. During the simulcast music shows, CFMX-FM inserts local commercials.

CFMX-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 86,700 watts. The transmitter is on Alnwick Hills Road in Baltimore.

ZoomerMedia
ZoomerMedia Limited is a Canadian media company. Founded by veteran media executive Moses Znaimer, the company has interests in radio, television, and digital media.

The company focuses primarily on lifestyle properties appealing to adults 45–65 (including baby boomers), being formed from Znaimer's acquisition of publishing and digital assets affiliated with CARP. The company later acquired the broadcasting assets of S-VOX (including specialty channel VisionTV), and subsumed other privately held assets that had been owned by Znaimer directly (including three Toronto radio stations). In the 2020s, it began to expand into digital properties targeting a young adult audience, including blogTO, Daily Hive, The Peak, MobileSyrup, Dished and Offside.
Little Osage River
The Little Osage River is an 88-mile-long (142 km) tributary of the Osage River in eastern Kansas and western Missouri in the United States.  Via the Osage and Missouri rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.

The name was derived from the Osage Nation, whose traditional territory encompassed this area.

Osage River
The Osage River is a 276-mile-long (444 km) tributary of the Missouri River in central Missouri in the United States. The eighth-largest river in the state, it drains a mostly rural area of 15,300 square miles (40,000 km2). The watershed includes an area of east-central Kansas and a large portion of west-central and central Missouri, where it drains northwest areas of the Ozark Plateau.

The river flows generally easterly, then northeasterly for the final 80 miles (130 km) where it joins the Missouri River. It is impounded in two major locations. Most of the river has been converted into a chain of two reservoirs, the Harry S. Truman Reservoir and the Lake of the Ozarks.
Scotane
Scotane or Skotane (Ancient Greek: Σκοτάνη) was a settlement in ancient Arcadia, Greece. Pausanias wrote that it was located near Nasi, Lycuntes and Argeathae, which places it in the southern part of present Achaea.

Its site is located near the modern Dafni. The modern village of Skotani was renamed after the ancient town, but is located 7 km from Dafni.

Lycuntes
Lycuntes or Lykountes (Ancient Greek: Λυκούντης) was a settlement in ancient Arcadia, Greece. Pausanias wrote that it was located near Nasi, Scotane and Argeathae, which places it in the southern part of present Achaea.

Its site is unlocated.
Annette Kellerman
Annette Marie Sarah Kellermann (6 July 1886 – 6 November 1975) was an Australian professional swimmer, vaudeville star, film actress, and writer, usually spelt with a single final n as Annette Kellerman.

Kellermann was one of the first women to wear a one-piece bathing costume, instead of the then-accepted pantaloons, and inspired others to follow her example. Kellerman's swimming costumes became so popular that she started her own fashion line of one-piece bathing suits. Kellermann helped popularise the sport of synchronised swimming, and authored a swimming manual. She appeared in several movies, usually with aquatic themes, and as the star of the 1916 film A Daughter of the Gods was the first major actress to appear nude in a Hollywood production. Kellermann was an advocate of health, fitness, and natural beauty throughout her life.

A Daughter of the Gods
A Daughter of the Gods is a 1916 American silent fantasy drama film written and directed by Herbert Brenon. The film was controversial because of the sequences of what was regarded as superfluous nudity by the character Anitia, played by Australian swimming star Annette Kellermann. The scene is regarded as the first complete nude scene by a major star, which occurred during a waterfall sequence, though most of Kellerman's body is covered by her long hair.  It was filmed by Fox Film Corporation in Kingston, Jamaica, where huge sets were constructed.
Escape Route (film)
Escape Route is a 1952 British black-and-white second feature thriller film, directed by Seymour Friedman and Peter Graham Scott, and starring George Raft, Sally Gray and Clifford Evans.

The film was released in the USA as I'll Get You (not to be confused with an earlier Raft film, I'll Get You for This (1951)).

Sally Gray
Constance Vera Browne, Baroness Oranmore and Browne (née Stevens; 14 February 1915 – 24 September 2006), commonly known as Sally Gray, was an English film actress of the 1930s and 1940s. Her obituary in The Irish Times described her as "once seen as a British rival to Ginger Rogers."

According to her obituary in The Independent: "In the Thirties she was a charming soubrette of light movies and musical comedy. After a break from performing, she emerged in the mid-Forties as a sultry beauty who starred in a series of moody dramas and potent thrillers."
Pursuit of Kučuk-Alija
The pursuit[a] of Dahije leader Kučuk-Alija followed the victory at Jagodina, and included a surprise attack at Ropočevo led by Janko Katić and an ambush at Leštane led by Vasa Čarapić, outside Belgrade, on 17–18 April, both led by brothers to victims of the Slaughter of the Knezes that sparked the uprising. While Kučuk-Alija managed to return to Belgrade, much of the Pashalik was by now held in rebel hands and the important cities were held in siege.

Dahije
The Dahije (Serbian Cyrillic: Дахије, from Turkish: dayı)[a] were the renegade Janissary officers who revolted against the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II and took power in the Pashalik of Belgrade, after capturing and murdering Vizier Hadji Mustafa Pasha in 1801. The four supreme Dahije leaders were Mehmed-aga Fočić, Kučuk Alija, Aganlija and Mula Jusuf. Rebels against the sultan, they were defeated by the Serbs in the initial phase of the First Serbian Uprising, which is also called "Uprising against the Dahije" (Serbian: Буна против дахија; Buna protiv dahija).