hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Literary theory
Literary theory is the systematic study of the nature of literature and of the methods for literary analysis. Since the 19th century, literary scholarship includes literary theory and considerations of intellectual history, moral philosophy, social philosophy, and interdisciplinary themes relevant to how people interpret meaning. In the humanities in modern academia, the latter style of literary scholarship is an offshoot of post-structuralism. Consequently, the word theory became an umbrella term for scholarly approaches to reading texts, some of which are informed by strands of semiotics, cultural studies, philosophy of language, and continental philosophy, often witnessed within Western canon along with some postmodernist theory.

Philosophy of language
Philosophy of language is the philosophical study of the nature of language. It investigates the relationship between language, language users, and the world. Investigations may include inquiry into the nature of meaning, indexicality, intentionality, reference, the constitution of sentences, concepts, learning, and thought.

Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell were pivotal figures in analytic philosophy's "linguistic turn". These writers were followed by Ludwig Wittgenstein (Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus), the Vienna Circle, logical positivists, and Willard Van Orman Quine.
1910 Milwaukee mayoral election
An election for Mayor of Milwaukee was held on April 5, 1910. Emil Seidel was elected with 46% of the vote. He was sworn in on April 19, 1910.

Candidates included Milwaukee city alderman Emil Seidel, Milwaukee city comptroller Vincenz J. Schoenecker, and physician John M. Beffel.

Emil Seidel
Emil Seidel (December 13, 1864 – June 24, 1947) was an American woodworker, patternmaker and politician. Seidel was the mayor of Milwaukee from 1910 to 1912. The first Socialist mayor of a major city in the United States, Seidel became the vice presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America in the 1912 presidential election.
Cornell Law School
Cornell Law School is the law school of Cornell University, a private, Ivy League university in Ithaca, New York.

One of the five Ivy League law schools, Cornell Law School offers four degree programs (JD, LLM, MSLS and JSD) along with several dual-degree programs in conjunction with other professional schools at the university. It was established in 1887 as Cornell University's Department of Law. Currently, the school graduates around 200 students each year.

Cornell Law School is home to the Legal Information Institute (LII), the Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, the Cornell Law Review, the Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy, and the Cornell International Law Journal.

Journal of Empirical Legal Studies
The Journal of Empirical Legal Studies is a peer-edited and peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes empirically oriented research on a wide range of legal topics, including civil justice, civil procedure, corporate law, administrative law, and constitutional law. The journal is highly interdisciplinary and draws authors from law schools, as well as from economics, psychology, sociology, public policy, and political science departments. The journal was established in 2004 and is published by Wiley-Blackwell in collaboration with the Cornell Law School. In terms of academic citations, the journal is ranked 1st among refereed law and social science journals, and 1st among refereed law and economics journals; in terms of judicial citations, it is ranked 2nd and 1st in those categories, respectively; in terms of impact, it is ranked 2nd and 1st in those categories, respectively.
The Witcher (Prószyński i S-ka)
The Witcher (Polish: Wiedźmin) is a six-issue comic book series, written by Maciej Parowski and illustrated by Bogusław Polch, mostly adapting Andrzej Sapkowski's early stories about The Witcher. It was released in Poland from 1993 to 1995 in the Komiks magazine published by Prószyński i S-ka. The comics were the first attempt to portray The Witcher universe outside the novels. While the series inititially received mixed reviews, it became more popular later, and is accepted as an important milestone in the development of The Witcher's franchise, as well as setting the visual style of the universe.

Bogusław Polch
Bogusław Polch act. Połch (5 October 1941 – 2 January 2020) was a Polish comic book artist. His most notable works include the series The Gods from Outer Space (based on Erich von Däniken books, written by Arnold Mostowicz and Alfred Górny), Funky Koval (written by Maciej Parowski and Jacek Rodek) and Wiedźmin (based on Andrzej Sapkowski's The Witcher stories, written by Maciej Parowski). He also illustrated the covers of the first editions of most of Sapkowski's books in The Witcher series.
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Ca–Ce)
Each "article" in this category is a collection of entries about several stamp issuers, presented in alphabetical order. The entries are formulated on the micro model and so provide summary information about all known issuers.

See the Category:Compendium of postage stamp issuers page for details of the project.

Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Ka–Kh)
Each "article" in this category is a collection of entries about several stamp issuers, presented in alphabetical order. The entries are formulated on the micro model and so provide summary information about all known issuers.

See the Category:Compendium of postage stamp issuers page for details of the project.
George Croom Robertson
George Croom Robertson (10 March 1842 – 20 September 1892) was a Scottish philosopher. He sat on the Committee of the National Society for Women's Suffrage and his wife, Caroline Anna Croom Robertson was a college administrator.

Caroline Croom Robertson
Caroline Anna Croom Robertson, born Caroline Anna Crompton (1838 – 29 May 1892) was a British suffragist and college administrator. She was the secretary and later bursar of Girton College, Cambridge - the first university college in England to admit women.
Nelida Milani
Nelida Milani (born Pula, 1939), who also publishes under the name Nelida Milani Kruljac, is an Istrian Italian writer and professor of linguistics and semantics from Croatia. Milani was awarded the Premio Mondello in 1992 for Una valigia di cartone. Jointly with Anna Maria Mori, she was the recipient of the Rapallo Carige Prize for Bora in 1999. In 2022 she was awarded the Pula City Citizens Award.

Rapallo Carige Prize
The Rapallo Carige Prize (Italian: Premio Rapallo Carige per la donna scrittrice), renamed Rapallo Bper Banca Prize since 2022 (Premio Rapallo Bper Banca) is an  Italian literary award, established in 1985 by the Municipality of Rapallo and the Carige Bank (Banca Carige).

The award is intended to promote writing by women and is open to new works by women writers in Italian. The winner receives 20,000 euros.
Premik Number One
Premik Number One (also known by the initialism Premik No.1) is a 2013 Bangladeshi romantic drama film. The film was directed by Rakibul Islam Rakib and produced by Anwar Hossain Mintu. It features an ensemble cast, which includes Shakib Khan, Apu Biswas, Nipun Akter, Misha Sawdagor, Bobita, Kazi Hayat, Sabrina Sultana Keya, Sujata, Amaan Reza, Shahnoor, Shahin Alam and Kabila. It is loosely inspired by two Telugu films: Balu (2005) and Ontari (2008).

Kazi Hayat
Kazi Hayat (born 15 February 1947, although in a newspaper Hayat claimed that he was born on 13 April 1948) is a Bangladeshi film director, producer, writer, and actor. In 2023 he performed in Priyotoma, which is the highest grossing Bangladesh film of all time.

Hayat won Bangladesh National Film Awards eight times - Best Story for Dayi Ke (1987), Best Dialogue and Best Screenplay for Traas (1992), Best Story for Chandabaz (1993), Best Director and Best Screenplay for Desh Premik (1994), Best Cinematography for Ammajan (1999), and  Best Director for Itihas (2002).
Yi Sanhae
Yi Sanhae (Korean: 이산해; Hanja: 李山海; 20 July 1539 – 1609) was a Korean politician, scholar, writer and poet of the Joseon period who came from the Hansan Yi clan. He served as the Chief State Councilor of Joseon from 1590 to 1592 and 1600. Yi was a member of the political faction the Easterners and when this split into the Northerners and Southerners, Yi became leader of the Northerners faction.

Northerners (Korean political faction)
The Northerners (Korean: 북인; Hanja: 北人; RR: buk-in; lit. "North people") were a political faction of the Joseon Dynasty. It was created after the split of the Easterners in 1591 by Yi Sanhae and his supporters. In 1606, during the reign of Queen Inmok, the Northerners divided into Greater Northerners (led by Hŏ Kyun) and Smaller Northerners. In 1613, the Greater Northerners split further into Flesh Northerners, Bone Northerners and Middle Northerners. The Smaller Northerners allied with the Westerners and Southerners.
The Big T.N.T. Show
The Big T.N.T. Show is a 1965 concert film featuring performances by numerous popular rock and roll and R&B musicians from the United States and the United Kingdom.

A sequel to the T.A.M.I. Show (1964), the film was directed by Larry Peerce and produced by Phil Spector. It was distributed by American International Pictures.

T.A.M.I. Show
T.A.M.I. Show is a 1964 concert film released by American International Pictures. It includes performances by numerous popular rock and roll and R&B musicians from the United States and England. The concert was held at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium on October 28 and 29, 1964. Free tickets were distributed to local high school students. The acronym "T.A.M.I." was used inconsistently in the show's publicity to mean both "Teenage Awards Music International" and "Teen Age Music International".

In 2006, T.A.M.I. Show was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.
Duke of Abrantes (1753)
Duke of Abrantes (unrelated to the Spanish and French titles) is a title of Portuguese nobility. It is the only one that was officially recognised by the Kingdom of Portugal. It was created by decree of King Joseph I of Portugal, on 9 December 1753, for Ana Maria Catarina Henriqueta de Lorena, 3rd Marchioness of Abrantes and 9th Countess of Penaguião.

The King advanced Dona Ana Maria de Lorena, 3rd Marchioness of Abrantes, to the rank of duchess (vitalício) upon her appointment as The Queen's Maid of Honour (Camareira-Môr), the highest court position for ladies. The title was subsequently revived for the same reason in favour of her daughter Maria Margarida, considered to be the "2nd Duchess".

Count of Penaguião
Count of Penaguião (in Portuguese Conde de Penaguião) is a Portuguese title of nobility, created by King Philip I of Portugal, on 10 February 1583, for Dom João Rodrigues de Sá.

The noble family of Sá were elevated as Marquises of Fontes in 1659.

By Royal Decree of King John V of Portugal on 24 June 1718, the 3rd Marquis of Fontes, a celebrated military commander and ambassador, received a grant of land from the Crown and was conferred the additional distinguished marquisate of Abrantes; the Letters Patent also granted him the additional ancient arms and name of Almeida and stipulated the countship of Penaguião devolve upon the Marquis' heir apparent de jure.
Albatross (1920 schooner)
Albatross, originally named Albatros, later Alk, was a sailing ship that became famous when she sank in 1961 with a group of American teenagers on board. The events were the basis for 1996 film White Squall.

White Squall (film)
White Squall is a 1996 American disaster survival film directed by Ridley Scott. It is a coming of age film in which a group of high-school and college-aged teenagers sign up for several months of training aboard a brigantine and travel around half the globe when suddenly they are challenged by a severe storm. The film stars Jeff Bridges, Caroline Goodall, John Savage, Scott Wolf, Jeremy Sisto and Balthazar Getty. The film was based on the 1962 book The Last Voyage of the Albatross by Charles Gieg Jr. and Felix Sutton.
Harris v. Quinn
Harris v. Quinn, 573 U.S. 616 (2014), is a US labor law case of the United States Supreme Court regarding provisions of Illinois state law that allowed a union security agreement. Since the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 prohibited the closed shop, states could still choose whether to allow unions to collect fees from non-union members since the collective agreements with the employer would still benefit non-union members. The Court decided 5–4 that Illinois's Public Labor Relations Act, which permitted the union security agreements, violated the First Amendment. A similar case was decided by the Court in 2018, Janus v AFSCME, overturning the Court's unanimous decision in Abood v. Detroit Board of Education (1977) which the appeals court had upheld in Harris.

Janus v. AFSCME
Janus v. American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees, Council 31, 585 U.S. 878 (2018), abbreviated Janus v. AFSCME, is a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court on US labor law, concerning the power of labor unions to collect fees from non-union members. Under the Taft–Hartley Act of 1947, which applies to most of the private sector, union security agreements can be allowed by state law. The Supreme Court ruled that such union fees in the public sector violate the First Amendment right to free speech, overruling the 1977 decision in Abood v. Detroit Board of Education that had previously allowed such fees.
Nambu Line
The Nambu Line (Japanese: 南武線, romanized: Nanbu-sen) is a Japanese railway line which connects Tachikawa Station in Tachikawa, Tokyo and Kawasaki Station in Kawasaki, Kanagawa. For most of its length, it parallels the Tama River, the natural border between Tokyo and Kanagawa prefectures. It lies along the Tama Hills. It is part of the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) network. The line forms part of what JR East refers to as the "Tokyo Mega Loop" (Japanese: 東京メガループ) around Tokyo, consisting of the Keiyo Line, Musashino Line, Nambu Line, and the Yokohama Line. The name refers to the southern (Japanese: 南) part of the ancient province of Musashi (Japanese: 武蔵) (now Tokyo and northern Kanagawa prefecture), through which the Nambu Line runs.

Yokohama Line
The Yokohama Line (Japanese: 横浜線, romanized: Yokohama-sen) is a Japanese railway line of the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) connecting Higashi-Kanagawa Station in Yokohama, Kanagawa and Hachiōji Station in Hachiōji, Tokyo. The line forms part of what JR East refers to as the "Tokyo Mega Loop" (Japanese: 東京メガループ) around Tokyo, consisting of the Keiyo Line, Musashino Line, Nambu Line, and Yokohama Line. The line's name comes from the section between Nagatsuta and Higashi-Kanagawa that runs through the city of Yokohama. Nicknamed the Hama-sen (浜線) by locals, the line serves commuters in the southwestern suburbs of Tokyo and northeastern suburbs of Yokohama.
Koko: A Red Dog Story
Koko: A Red Dog Story is a 2019 Australian family documentary film directed by Aaron McCann and Dominic Pearce, written by Aaron McCann and Dominic Pearce, and starring Jason Isaacs, Felix Williamson and Sarah Woods. It is a spin-off to the 2011 film Red Dog, detailing the life of Koko, who was cast as Red Dog in the original film.

Koko (dog)
Koko (9 April 2005  – 18 December 2012) was an Australian canine film actor and fundraiser, an Australian Kelpie who was best known for his role as Red Dog, the title character of the 2011 film Red Dog. He was owned by Nelson Woss, a producer of Red Dog.

A spin-off documentary of the Red Dog franchise, titled Koko: A Red Dog Story was released in 2019. The film explores the life of Koko, who was cast as Red Dog in the original film.
Tidworth
Tidworth is a garrison town and civil parish in south-east Wiltshire, England, on the eastern edge of Salisbury Plain. Lying on both sides of the A338 about 3+1⁄2 miles (5.6 km) north of the A303 primary route, the town is approximately 8 miles (13 km) west of Andover, 12 miles (19 km) south of Marlborough, and 13 miles (21 km) north by north-east of Salisbury. The population of the parish at the 2011 census was approximately 10,600.

Originally two villages – North Tidworth and South Tidworth – the modern town is dominated by Tidworth Camp, a large British Army site. Swinton Barracks, another Army site, is in the west of the parish.

Marlborough, Wiltshire
Marlborough (/ˈmɔːlbərə/ ⓘ MAWL-bər-ə, is a market town and civil parish in the English county of Wiltshire on the Old Bath Road, the old main road from London to Bath. The town is on the River Kennet, 24 miles (39 km) north of Salisbury and 10 miles (16 km) southeast of Swindon. In 2021 it had a population of 9129.
Clare McMeniman
Clare McMeniman (born 11 July 1985), also known as Clare Ferguson, is a former Australia netball international player. She captained Australia when they won the 2016 Netball Quad Series and the 2016 Constellation Cup. McMeniman was also a member of the Queensland Firebirds team that won the 2011, 2015 and  2016 ANZ Championships.

2011 ANZ Championship season
The 2011 ANZ Championship season was the fourth season of the ANZ Championship. The 2011 season began on 13 February and concluded on 22 May. With a team coached by Roselee Jencke, captained by Lauren Nourse and featuring Romelda Aiken, Laura Geitz, Clare McMeniman and Natalie Medhurst, Queensland Firebirds finished the season undefeated. They became the first team in the history of the ANZ Championship to go through the regular season and the playoffs without losing a single match. In the major semi-final, Firebirds defeated Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic  and in the grand final they defeated Northern Mystics, winning their first premiership. This marked the beginning of a golden age for Firebirds. Between 2011 and 2016, Jencke guided them to five grand finals and three premierships.
Tainui
Tainui is a tribal waka confederation of New Zealand Māori iwi. The Tainui confederation comprises four principal related Māori iwi of the central North Island of New Zealand: Hauraki, Ngāti Maniapoto, Ngāti Raukawa and Waikato.
There are other Tainui iwi whose tribal areas lay outside the traditional Tainui boundaries – Ngāi Tai in the Auckland area, Ngāti Raukawa ki Te Tonga and Ngāti Toa in the Horowhenua, Kāpiti region, and Ngāti Rārua and Ngāti Koata in the northern South Island.

Ngāti Maniapoto
Ngāti Maniapoto is an iwi (tribe) based in the Waikato-Waitomo region of New Zealand's North Island. It is part of the Tainui confederation, the members of which trace their whakapapa (genealogy) back to people who arrived in New Zealand on the waka (canoe) Tainui. The 2018 New Zealand census reports show an estimated population of 45,930 people who affiliated with Maniapoto, making it the 9th most-populous iwi in New Zealand.
Aer Lingus Regional
Aer Lingus Regional is an Aer Lingus brand which is used for commuter and regional flights.  Aer Lingus Regional scheduled passenger services operate primarily from Ireland to the United Kingdom, France, and the Channel Islands, along with services from Belfast, Northern Ireland to the places mentioned. Services were operated by Aer Arann and then its successor Stobart Air until the latter's closure in June 2021. The contract for the franchise was then awarded to Emerald Airlines and services resumed on February 26, 2022.

Stobart Air
Stobart Air was an Irish regional airline based in Dublin,  that began operations in 1970 and ceased in 2021. It operated scheduled services under the brands Aer Lingus Regional, BA CityFlyer and KLM Cityhopper on behalf of their respective owners. Stobart Air had operating bases in Cork, Dublin and Belfast for Aer Lingus Regional.

The airline originated as Aer Arann, providing services from Galway to the Aran Islands in 1970, and the 1990s grew into a regional airline, with Aer Arann Regional based in Dublin. A major refinancing in 2014 was associated with a name change to Stobart Air.

Stobart Air was closed and began liquidation in June 2021.
Chegemsky District
Chegemsky District (Russian: Чеге́мский райо́н; Kabardian: Шэджэм къедзыгъуэ; Karachay-Balkar: Чегем район, Çegem rayon) is an administrative and a municipal district (raion), one of the ten in the Kabardino-Balkar Republic, Russia. It is located in the central and southwestern parts of the republic. The area of the district is 1,503.32 square kilometers (580.44 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Chegem. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 69,092, with the population of Chegem accounting for 26.1% of that number.

Chegem
Chegem (Russian: Чеге́м; Kabardian: Шэджэм; Karachay-Balkar: Чегем, Çegem) is a town and the administrative center of Chegemsky District of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Russia, located 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) north of Nalchik, at the elevation of about 470 meters (1,540 ft). Population: 18,019 (2010 Census).
Sumkidz
Sumkidz Inc. (now known as Suma) was an artist-driven, community-focused collective based in Toronto, Canada.  The organization was responsible for the coordination and promotion of the OM Festival, and was a supporter and promoter of the electronic music community in Canada.

OM Festival
The OM Festival was a community-based summer solstice festival that ran annually in southern Ontario from 1998 to 2004. The festival, organized by Sumkidz (now Suma), primarily featured electronic music as well as dance, workshops, art, and other forms of acoustic music. It encouraged its attendees to participate by volunteering and promoted free expression and a no-spectator, leave-no-trace philosophy. At its peak, Om drew in just over 3000 participants from all over the world.
William C. Roberts
William Clifford Roberts (September 11, 1932 – June 15, 2023) was an American physician specializing in cardiac pathology.

He was a Master of the American College of Cardiology, a leading cardiovascular pathologist, and the former editor of both the American Journal of Cardiology and the Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings.

The American Journal of Cardiology
The American Journal of Cardiology is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of cardiology and general cardiovascular disease. The editor-in-chief was William C. Roberts from 1982 to 2022; then he resigned and was replaced by Subhash Banerjee. It supersedes the Transactions of the American College of Cardiology which was published from 1951 to 1957 and the Bulletin of the American College of Cardiology, but it should not be confused with the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
Winnie Branson
Winnie Branson (born Winnifred Lillian Warrior; 1927–1972) was an Aboriginal Australian rights activist. She is known as the first South Australian state secretary of FCAATSI (1967–1971), and in 1967 was part of a delegation to Canberra to meet with Prime Minister Harold Holt and MPs to lobby for the "yes" vote in the 1967 referendum. She was the sister of health worker Josie Agius and activist Vince Copley.

Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders
The Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders (FCAATSI), founded in Adelaide, South Australia, as the Federal Council for Aboriginal Advancement (FCAA) on 16 February 1958, was a civil rights organisation which campaigned for the welfare of Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, and the first national body representing Aboriginal interests. It was influential in lobbying in favour of the 1967 Referendum on Aboriginal Australians. It was renamed to National Aboriginal and Islander Liberation Movement (NAILM) in the early to mid 1970s, before disbanding in 1978.