hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Robert P. Multhauf
Robert P. Multhauf (June 8, 1919– May 8, 2004) was an American historian of science, museum curator, director, scientific scholar, and author. He worked as a curator for the Smithsonian Institution 1954–1987, serving as head curator (1957–1966) and then director (1966–1970) of the Museum of History and Technology. He also served as editor of the History of Science Society's journal Isis for fifteen years 1964–1978 and the society's president 1979–1980, and he was president of the Society for the History of Technology 1969–1970 and awarded its Leonardo da Vinci Medal in 1987.

History of Science Society
The History of Science Society (HSS), founded in 1924, is the primary professional society for the academic study of the history of science. The society has over 3,000 members worldwide. It publishes the quarterly journal Isis and the yearly journal Osiris, sponsors the IsisCB: History of Science Index, and holds an annual conference.
As of January 2024, the current president of the HSS is Evelynn M. Hammonds.
Archimandrite Photius
Archimandrite Photius (Russian: Архимандрит Фотий, romanized: Arkhimandrit Fotii, secular name Pyotr Nikitich Spassky, Russian: Пётр Никитич Спасский; Julian calendar: 4 June 1792, Novgorodsky Uyezd – 26 February 1838, Novgorod) was an influential and reactionary Russian Orthodox priest and mystic. In 1822, he was appointed the Archimandrite of Yuriev Monastery in Novgorod. From 1823 to 1825, he and Alexey Arakcheyev plotted the downfall of Arakcheyev's political rival, Alexander Nikolaevich Golitsyn, Minister of Education and Spiritual Affairs. As in the later reign of Tsar Nicholas II, this was an age of rebellion, dissent and disputed succession, and Photius, a "theatrical and hypnotic character", has been compared to Rasputin.: 226

Aleksey Arakcheyev
Count Aleksey Andreyevich Arakcheyev (Russian: Алексе́й Андре́евич Аракче́ев; October 4 [O.S. September 23] 1769 – May 3 [O.S. April 21] 1834) was a Russian general and statesman during the reign of Tsar Alexander I.

He served under Paul I and Alexander I as an army commander and Inspector of Artillery. He had a violent temper, but was a competent artillerist, and is known for his reforms of Russian artillery known as the System of 1805 or Arakcheyev artillery system. When Alexander was succeeded by Nicholas I, he lost all his offices.
Ma Anliang
Ma Anliang (simplified Chinese: 马安良; traditional Chinese: 馬安良; pinyin: Mǎ Ānliáng; Wade–Giles: Ma An-liang, French romanization: Ma-ngan-leang, Xiao'erjing: مَا اًلِیَانْ; 1855 – November 24, 1918) was a Chinese Muslim military officer. Born in Hezhou, Gansu, China, he became a general in the Qing dynasty army, and of the Republic of China. His father was Ma Zhan'ao, and his younger brothers were Ma Guoliang and Ma Suiliang (Ma Sui-liang) 馬遂良. Ma was educated in Chinese and Islamic education. His Muslim name was Abdul Majid (Chinese: 阿卜都里默直底).

Ma Qixi
Ma Qixi (1857–1914; simplified Chinese: 马启西; traditional Chinese: 馬啟西; pinyin: Mǎ Qǐxī; Wade–Giles: Ma Chi-hsi,  Xiao'erjing: ﻣَﺎ  چِ ثِ), a Hui from Gansu, was the founder of the Xidaotang, a Chinese-Islamic school of thought.
Na Maloom Afraad 2
Na Maloom Afraad 2 is a 2017 Pakistani action comedy film, co-written and directed by Nabeel Qureshi and produced by Fizza Ali Meerza and Mehdi Ali. It is a sequel to Na Maloom Afraad (2014). The film stars Fahad Mustafa, Javed Sheikh, Mohsin Abbas Haider and Urwa Hocane reprising their roles from the previous film. New additions to the cast include Marina Khan and Hania Amir. While Nayyar Ejaz, Saleem Meraj and Nazr-ul-Hassan played the main antagonists.

Principal photography began in March 2017 in Karachi, and completed in May, while most shots are filmed in Cape Town. Shani Arshad composed the film score and soundtrack. The film released on Eid al-Adha, 2 September 2017, under the banners of Filmwala Pictures and Excellency Films, and was distributed by Urdu 1.

Mohsin Abbas Haider
Mohsin Abbas Haider (Urdu: محسن عباس حیدر) is a Pakistani actor, singer-songwriter, music composer, poet and television presenter.

He is the recipient of a Lux Style Award from five nominations.

Haider is best known for his acting roles in the successful films Na Maloom Afraad (2014), and Baaji (2019), and in the television productions Mazaaq Raat (2013–2019) and Meri Guriya (2018).

As a writer, he has co-written the script of the film Load Wedding (2018), has written and sung several of his films songs, and has also contributed his vocals for the song Uddi Jaa, that he wrote and also composed, for the musical show Coke Studio (2016).
Malloreddus
Malloreddus, sometimes Italianized as gnocchetti sardi, are a type of pasta typical of Sardinian cuisine. They have the shape of thin ribbed shells, about 2 cm (0.79 in) long, and are made of semolina flour and water.

Malloreddus are typical of the area of Medio Campidano (province of South Sardinia), but correspond to equivalent types of pasta, made with similar techniques, but in smaller sizes, in other parts of Sardinia and also known as macarrones de punzu, cigiones, macarones caidos and cravaos.

Cassulli from Carloforte (of Ligurian origin) can be reminiscent of malloreddus. Cassulli, in Sardinia, are found in the archipelago of Sulcis.

Cuisine of Sardinia
The cuisine of Sardinia is the traditional cuisine of the island of Sardinia. It is characterised by its own variety and by the fact of having been enriched through a number of interactions with the other Mediterranean cultures while retaining its own identity.

Sardinia's food culture is strictly divided into food from the land and food from the sea, reflecting the island's history and geography. Sardinian cuisine is considered part of the Mediterranean diet, a nutritional model that was proclaimed by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage.
Connect Radio 97.2 & 107.4
52°24′27″N 0°44′25″W﻿ / ﻿52.407456°N 0.740263°W﻿ / 52.407456; -0.740263

Connect FM was an Independent Local Radio station broadcasting to Northamptonshire and Peterborough and the home counties. It was owned by Adventure Radio and based in Kettering.

On 7 February 2019, the station was purchased by Communicorp UK, merging with the group’s existing East Midlands license, now rebranded as Smooth East Midlands. The station played 'hit music' songs from the 1980s to the present day, with a selection of presenters. Connect FM closed and its FM frequencies were merged with Smooth East Midlands on 1 October 2019. Its DAB transmissions were rebranded as Radio Up.

Kettering
Kettering is a market and industrial town in the North Northamptonshire district of Northamptonshire, England. It lies 45 miles (72 km) west of Cambridge, 31 miles (50 km) south-west of Peterborough, 28 miles (45 km) south-east of Leicester and 15 miles (24 km) north-east of Northampton; it is west of the River Ise, a tributary of the River Nene. The name means "the place (or territory) of Ketter's people (or kinsfolk)".

At the 2021 census, Kettering had a population of 63,150. It is part of the East Midlands, along with the rest of Northamptonshire.
Gulp.js
gulp is an open-source JavaScript toolkit, used as a streaming build system (similar to a more package-focused Make) in front-end web development.

It is a task runner built on Node.js and npm, used for automation of time-consuming and repetitive tasks involved in web development like minification, concatenation, cache busting, unit testing, linting, optimization, etc.

gulp uses a code-over-configuration approach to define its tasks and relies on its small, single-purpose plugins to carry them out. The gulp ecosystem includes more than 3500 such plugins.

Grunt (software)
Grunt is a JavaScript task runner, a tool used to automatically perform  frequent tasks such as minification, compilation, unit testing, and linting. It uses a command-line interface to run custom tasks defined in a file (known as a Gruntfile). Grunt was created by Ben Alman and is written in Node.js. It is distributed via npm. As of October 2022, there were more than 6,000 plugins available in the Grunt ecosystem.

Companies and projects that use Grunt include Adobe Systems, jQuery, Twitter, Mozilla, Bootstrap, Cloudant, Opera, WordPress, Walmart, and Microsoft.
Beauty's Exotic Dance: Torture!
Beauty's Exotic Dance: Torture! (発禁本「美人乱舞」より責める！, Hakkinbon Bijin Ranbu Yori: Semeru!) aka Torture! and From the Banned Book "Wild Dance of a Beautiful Woman": Torture! is a 1977 Japanese film in Nikkatsu's Roman porno series, directed by Noboru Tanaka and starring Junko Miyashita. Set during the Taishō period, it uses Nikkatsu's superior technical resources to create what Jasper Sharp calls a pink film-style "sumptuous festival of cruelty" portraying the artistic life of the photographer, writer and kinbakushi, Seiu Itō.

Seiu Ito
Seiu Ito (伊藤晴雨, Itō Seiu), also romanised as Seiyu Itoh (3 March 1882 – 28 January 1961), was a Japanese painter, recognised today as "the father of modern kinbaku". Ito's life was the subject of director Noboru Tanaka's 1977 Nikkatsu Roman porno film Beauty's Exotic Dance: Torture!, the final entry in his "Showa Era trilogy".
Perumal Tirumoli
The Perumal Tirumoli (Tamil: பெருமாள் திருமொழி, romanized: Perumāl Tirumoḻi, lit. 'sacred words of the great god') is a work of Tamil Hindu literature written by Kulasekhara Alvar, one of the Alvars, the poet-saints of the Sri Vaishnava tradition. This work, which is a part of the Nalayira Divya Prabandham, consists of 105 hymns, that are numbered 647 to 750 in the compendium. It is dedicated to the worship of Vishnu, who is referred to as Perumal.

Naalayira Divya Prabandham
The Naalayira Divya Prabandham (Tamil: நாலாயிரத் திவ்வியப் பிரபந்தம், romanized: Nālāyira Divya Prabandham, lit. 'Four Thousand Divine Hymns') is a collection of 4,000 Tamil verses composed by the 12 Alvars. It was compiled in its present form by Nāthamuni during the 9th–10th centuries. The work, an important liturgical compilation of the Tamil Alvars who lived between 5th and 8th Century CE, marks the beginning of the canonisation of 12 Vaishnava poet saints, and these hymns are still sung extensively today.
Abu Abdallah al-Husayn ibn Nasir al-Dawla
Abu Abdallah al-Husayn ibn Nasir al-Dawla was a Hamdanid prince, who along with his brother Ibrahim was the last Hamdanid ruler of Mosul in 989–990. After his defeat at the hand of the Marwanid Kurds and the takeover of Mosul by the Uqaylids, he entered the service of the Fatimid Caliphate.

Hamdanid dynasty
The Hamdanid dynasty (Arabic: الحمدانيون, romanized: al-Ḥamdāniyyūn) was a Shia Muslim Arab dynasty  that ruled modern day Northern Mesopotamia and Syria (890–1004). They descended from the ancient Banu Taghlib tribe of Mesopotamia and Arabia.
The Movement (literature)
The Movement was a term coined in 1954 by J. D. Scott, literary editor of The Spectator, to describe a group of writers including Philip Larkin, Kingsley Amis, Donald Davie, D. J. Enright, John Wain, Elizabeth Jennings, Thom Gunn and Robert Conquest. The Movement was quintessentially English in character; poets from other parts of the United Kingdom were not involved.

Robert Conquest
George Robert Acworth Conquest CMG OBE FBA FRSL (15 July 1917 – 3 August 2015) was a British and American historian, poet, and novelist. He was one of the West’s leading Sovietologists during the Cold War and was influential to both Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher.

A long-time research fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution, Conquest was most notable for his work on the Soviet Union. His books included The Great Terror: Stalin's Purges of the 1930s (1968); The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine (1986); and Stalin: Breaker of Nations (1991). He was also the author of two novels and several collections of poetry.
Action of 4 April 1808
The action of 4 April 1808 was a naval engagement off Rota, Andalusia in the Bay of Cádiz during the Napoleonic Wars. The Royal Navy warships HMS Alceste, HMS Mercury and HMS Grasshopper intercepted and defeated a large Spanish convoy protected by twenty gunboats and a train of batteries close to shore.

HMS Mercury (1779)
HMS Mercury was a 28-gun Enterprise-class sixth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy. She was built during the American War of Independence and serving during the later years of that conflict. She continued to serve during the years of peace and had an active career during the French Revolutionary Wars and most of the Napoleonic Wars, until being broken up in 1814.
Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway
The Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway (GPK&AR) was a railway in Scotland that provided train services between Glasgow, Kilmarnock and Ayr. It opened its first line, between Glasgow and Ayr, in stages from 1839 to 1840. The section between Glasgow and Paisley was made jointly with the Glasgow, Paisley and Greenock Railway. Later it built a line from Dalry via Kilmarnock to Cumnock, linking there with the Glasgow, Dumfries and Carlisle Railway, and together forming a through route from Glasgow to Carlisle. The two companies merged to form the Glasgow and South Western Railway.

The original main line from Glasgow to Ayr, and the line from Kilmarnock to Carlisle, are in use today, although many intermediate stations and branch lines have closed.

Ardrossan Railway
The Ardrossan Railway was a railway company in Scotland, whose line was built in the mid-19th century. It primarily ran services between Kilwinning and Ardrossan, as well as freight services to and from collieries between Kilwinning and Perceton. The line was later merged with the Glasgow and South Western Railway, and is today part of the Ayrshire Coast Line.
Ricky Whittle
Richard George Whittle (born 31 December 1979) is a British actor. Whittle first came to prominence as a model for Reebok in the early 2000s. He is known in the United Kingdom for his role as Calvin Valentine in the soap opera Hollyoaks. In 2009, he finished second in the BBC reality competition Strictly Come Dancing. In 2012, Whittle crossed over to American television when he booked a recurring role on VH-1's Single Ladies, followed by a recurring role on ABC's Mistresses in 2014. From 2014 to 2016, Whittle appeared in The CW's post-apocalyptic drama The 100 as Lincoln. Whittle starred in the Starz television series American Gods for three seasons.

Single Ladies (TV series)
Single Ladies is an American comedy-drama television series that debuted on May 30, 2011, as a two-hour television film on VH1. Created by Stacy A. Littlejohn and produced by Queen Latifah's Flavor Unit Entertainment, the series chronicles the lives of three friends—Val, Keisha and April (and later Raquel)—and their relationships. VH1 announced on February 28, 2014, that Single Ladies was canceled. It was announced on April 8, 2014, that BET Networks ordered a fourth season which would air on Centric. Single Ladies returned on March 18, 2015 with Melissa De Sousa joining the cast.
Rod Webber
Rod Webber is an American musician, filmmaker, and actor. Though in his early music career he shared the stage with anti-folk acts Daniel Johnston (The Devil and Daniel Johnston) and Kimya Dawson (former Moldy Peach), Webber is probably best known for his improvisational films and documentaries, many of which were created using Webber's personal manifesto, which is cited in various publications about the filmmaker. 
Webber has twice directed former mumblecore actress Greta Gerwig, first in his film I Thought You Finally Completely Lost It and next in Northern Comfort, both shot primarily in a three-day shooting frenzy. Webber has also collaborated frequently (three times) with Doug "Tiny the Terrible" Tunstall, an outsider politician, WWE wrestler, and the subject of Webber's documentary A Man Among Giants. In addition to his filmmaking, Webber has released several successful musical endeavors.

Northern Comfort
Northern Comfort is a 2010 American improvisational film starring Rod Webber and Greta Gerwig. Shot in three days for three thousand dollars, the film is the second of Webber's films based on a manifesto which has been likened to DIY Dogme films which use limited equipment and other resources in an attempt to create an atmosphere of realism not present in most traditional schools of film-making. The Boston Globe’s Ty Burr called it "DIY Dogme dedicated to Webber’s guiding maxim: 'The movie already exists, it’s just waiting to be found.’" During an interview for Gerwig's Greenberg starring Ben Stiller (Gerwig's first mainstream movie) she was asked whether she'd be doing more films for $3000 and replied, "[Laughs] Maybe not $3,000 budgets but maybe $50,000 budgets. I'm interested in making low-budget films not for the sake of making low-budget films but because a lot of filmmakers that I want to work with and that I like are working on a smaller scale."
Helle, Sunnfjord
Helle is a village in Sunnfjord Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located on the north side of the Førdefjorden, about 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) southeast of the village of Vevring and about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) southwest of the village of Naustdal. The population of Helle (2001) was 133.

Naustdal (village)
Naustdal is a village in Sunnfjord Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The village is located on the northern shore of the Førdefjorden at the mouth of the river Nausta, which flows through the Naustdalen valley. The village sits about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) northwest of the town of Førde and about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northeast of the village of Helle. Kletten Hill rises southeast of the village.

The 0.79-square-kilometre (200-acre) village has a population (2025) of 1,332 and a population density of 1,686 inhabitants per square kilometre (4,370/sq mi).

Norwegian National Road 5 runs through the village on its way from the town of Førde to the town of Florø, which is about 40 kilometres (25 mi) to the northeast. The Naustdal Tunnel has its southern entrance at this village.
Bengt Snivil
Bengt Snivil (also known as Bengt Snivel) was a Swedish magnate in the mid-12th century from the House of Bjälbo.

Some more or less romantic later literature has given him the title of jarl, although no proper historical source attests to such. Romantic genealogies assign a lady Sigrid Lakman as his wife, though without historical source.

Bengt Snivil was the "Bengt" or "Benedict" who was son of riksjarl Folke the Fat and Ingegerd Knutsdotter of Denmark, daughter of king Canute IV of Denmark.

Folke the Fat
Folke the Fat (Swedish: Folke den tjocke), according to Gesta Danorum by the 12th century Danish chronicler Saxo Grammaticus, was the most powerful man in Sweden around 1100. He married Ingegerd Knutsdotter of Denmark, daughter of the Danish king Canute IV who was murdered in 1086. Folke and Ingrid had the sons Knut and Benedict according to Saxo. The chronicler furthermore reports that Folke was the paternal grandfather of Birger Brosa, who was still alive at the time of writing.
The Great Flood (film)
The Great Flood (Korean: 대홍수) is a 2025 South Korean science fiction disaster film co-written and directed by Kim Byung-woo. Starring Kim Da-mi and Park Hae-soo, the film depicts the desperate struggle of those who have pinned their hopes on humanity's last days in a flooded apartment building.

The Great Flood had its world premiere at the 30th Busan International Film Festival in the Korean Cinema Today - Special Premiere section on September 18, 2025. It was released globally on Netflix on December 19, 2025.

Park Hae-soo
Park Hae-soo (Korean: 박해수; born November 21, 1981) is a South Korean actor. He is best known worldwide for portraying Cho Sang-woo in the first season of the Netflix hit series Squid Game (2021), which earned him a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series.

Park started his career in theater and has played a large number of leading and supporting roles in plays and musicals. He subsequently expanded his career into film and television and achieved his breakthrough with Prison Playbook (2017–2018), one of the highest-rated Korean dramas on cable television. He is also known for his frequent collaborations with Netflix, including Time to Hunt (2020), Yaksha: Ruthless Operations (2022), Narco-Saints (2022), Money Heist: Korea – Joint Economic Area (2022), and The Great Flood (2025).
Nivolet cross
The Nivolet cross (French: Croix du Nivolet) is a monumental summit cross located at the top of Mont du Nivolet in the Bauges massif, part of the Prealps in France. Overlooking the city of Chambéry in Savoie, it is situated within the commune of Les Déserts, near the border with Saint-Jean-d'Arvey, at an altitude of 1,547 metres (5,075 ft).

Chambéry
Chambéry (UK: /ˈʃɒ̃bəri/, US: /ˌʃɒ̃beɪˈriː/, French: [ʃɑ̃beʁi]; Arpitan: Chambèri; Italian: Ciamberì) is the prefecture and largest city of the Savoie department in the southeastern Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of France.

The population of the commune of Chambéry was 60,251 as of 2022, while the population of the Chambéry metropolitan area was 263,919. The city is located at the foot of the French Alps between Bauges and Chartreuse mountains, and is a railway and highway crossroads.

It has been the historical capital of the Savoy region since the 13th century, when Amadeus V, Count of Savoy, made the city his seat of power. The annexation of Savoy merged the city to France in 1860. Together with other alpine towns Chambéry engages in the Alpine Town of the Year Association for the implementation of the Alpine Convention to achieve sustainable development in the Alpine Arc. Chambéry was awarded Alpine Town of the Year 2006.
Werner Klemperer
Werner Klemperer (March 22, 1920 – December 6, 2000) was an American actor. He was best known for playing Colonel Wilhelm Klink on the CBS television sitcom Hogan's Heroes, for which he twice won the award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series at the Primetime Emmy Awards in 1968 and 1969.

Klemperer served in the United States Army during World War II, then began performing on the Broadway stage in 1947. He appeared in several films during his early acting career, such as The Wrong Man (1956), Judgment at Nuremberg (1961), and Houseboat (1958), and he had numerous roles on television shows such as Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1956), Perry Mason (1957), Maverick (1957), Gunsmoke (1958), The Untouchables (1960), and Have Gun – Will Travel (1961), prior to his Hogan's Heroes role.

The Wrong Man
The Wrong Man is a 1956 American docudrama film noir directed by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Henry Fonda and Vera Miles. The film was drawn from the true story of an innocent man charged with a crime, as described in the book The True Story of Christopher Emmanuel Balestrero by Maxwell Anderson and in the magazine article "A Case of Identity", which was published in Life magazine in June 1953 by Herbert Brean.

It is recognized as the only Hitchcock film based on a true story and whose plot closely follows the real-life events.

The Wrong Man had a notable effect on two significant directors: it prompted Jean-Luc Godard's longest piece of written criticism in his years as a critic, and it has been cited as an influence on Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver.