hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ashgabat
Ashgabat is the capital and largest city of Turkmenistan. It lies between the Karakum Desert and the Köpetdag mountain range in Central Asia, approximately 50 km (30 mi) away from the Iran-Turkmenistan border. The city has a population of 1,030,063 (2022 census).

The city was founded in 1881 on the basis of an Ahal Teke tribal village, and made the capital of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic in 1924 when it was known as Poltoratsk. Much of the city was destroyed by the 1948 Ashgabat earthquake, but has since been extensively rebuilt under the rule of Saparmyrat Nyýazow's "White City" urban renewal project, resulting in monumental projects sheathed in costly white marble. The Soviet-era Karakum Canal runs through the city, carrying waters from the Amu Darya from east to west.

Today, as the capital of an independent Turkmenistan, Ashgabat retains a multiethnic population, with ethnic Turkmen as the majority. In 2021, it celebrated 140 years of its written history.

Karakum Canal
The Karakum Canal (Qaraqum Canal, Kara Kum Canal, Garagum Canal; Russian: Каракумский канал, Karakumskiy Kanal, Turkmen: Garagum kanaly, قاراقۇم کانالیٛ, Гарагум каналы) in Turkmenistan is one of the largest irrigation and water supply canals in the world. Started in 1954, and completed in 1958, it is navigable over much of its 1,375-kilometre (854 mi) length, and carries 13 cubic kilometres (3.1 mi3) of water annually from the Amu-Darya River across the Karakum Desert in Turkmenistan. The canal opened up huge new tracts of land to agriculture, especially to cotton monoculture heavily promoted by the Soviet Union, and supplying Ashgabat with a major source of water. The canal is also a major factor leading to the Aral Sea environmental disaster. The Soviet union planned to at some time extend the canal to the Caspian Sea.
John R. McLean (Canadian politician)
John Robert McLean (January 1, 1906 – October 9, 1964) was a merchant and political figure on Prince Edward Island. He represented 1st Kings in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1940 to 1943, from 1947 to 1951 and from 1959 to 1964 as a Progressive Conservative.

He was born in Souris, Prince Edward Island, the son of Harry Daniel McLean and Annie Mitchell, and the grandson of John McLean. He was educated at the Pictou Academy. In 1936, he married Marjorie Robina McBeath. He worked at a bank for several years before becoming president of the family business. McLean was defeated by Herbert Acorn when he ran for a seat in the provincial assembly in 1939; he was elected to the provincial assembly in a 1940 by-election held following Acorn's death. He was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1943, 1951 and 1955. McLean served as speaker for the assembly from 1959 until his death in office at the Prince Edward Island Hospital in Charlottetown at the age of 58.

H. Daniel McLean
Harry Daniel McLean (August 14, 1877 – October 27, 1962) was a merchant and political figure on Prince Edward Island. He represented 1st Kings in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1916 to 1935 as a Conservative.

He was born in Souris, Prince Edward Island, the son of John McLean and Matilda Jane Jury, and was educated at Prince of Wales College. In 1902, he married Annie Mitchell. He was first elected to the provincial assembly in a 1916 by-election held after his father was named to the Canadian senate. McLean served in the province's Executive Council as minister without portfolio. He was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1935. McLean died at a nursing home in Charlottetown at the age of 85.

His son John Robert also served in the provincial assembly.
Microstegium
Microstegium is a genus of African, Asian, and Pacific Island plants in the sorghum tribe within the grass family. Browntop is a common name.

Species

formerly included

see Ischaemum Schizachyrium

Microstegium pseudeulalia - Schizachyrium pseudeulalia

Microstegium rupestre - Ischaemum polystachyum

Ischaemum
Ischaemum is a genus in the tribe Andropogoneae, belonging to the grass family, widespread in tropical and semitropical regions in many countries. Many species are known commonly as murainagrass.

In 2022, Shahid Nawaz (an agrostologist, The Blatter Herbarium (BLAT)) described an unusual species in the genus characterised by its dioecious breeding system, it was named as Ischaemum dioecum Landge & R.D. Shinde. This species is endemic to a couple of locations in Western Ghats of Raigad district, Maharashtra, India. The male and female plants are sexually separate individuals and occupy similar ecological niches. This is the only dioecious species in the tribe Andropogoneae.
James Clugnet
James Clugnet (born 4 December 1996) is a British cross-country skier. He competed in the sprint at the 2022 Winter Olympics Clugnet also competed at the 2026 Winter Olympics, individually in the 10 kilometre freestyle and sprint, and then teaming up with Andrew Musgrave to achieve Great Britain's best result in Olympic cross-country skiing by finishing fifth in the team sprint.

Andrew Musgrave
Andrew "Andy" Musgrave (born 6 March 1990) is a British cross-country skier.  He has competed in the World Cup since 2008 and represented Great Britain at the 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2021, 2023, and 2025 Nordic World Ski Championships and the 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022, and 2026 Winter Olympics.
Hilsner affair
The Hilsner affair (also known as the Hilsner trial, Hilsner case or Polná affair) was a series of antisemitic trials following an accusation against Leopold Hilsner, a Jewish inhabitant of the town of Polná in Bohemia, Austria-Hungary in 1899 and 1900. The affair, an instance of blood libel, achieved widespread media publicity at the time, and Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, then professor at Charles University in Prague also got involved in the case to defend Leopold Hilsner. Hilsner spent 19 years in prison before being pardoned by the Emperor of Austria-Hungary.

Polná
Polná (Czech pronunciation: [ˈpolnaː]) is a town in Jihlava District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 5,300 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument zone.
2024 Pennsylvania Senate election
Elections for the Pennsylvania State Senate were held on November 5, 2024, with 25 of 50 districts being contested. The term of office for those elected in 2024 will begin when the Senate convenes in January 2025. Pennsylvania State Senators are elected for four-year terms, with half of the seats up for election every two years. The election coincided with the 2024 U.S. presidential election, elections to the U.S. Senate, elections to the U.S. House of Representatives, and elections to the entirety of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives.

Republicans have controlled the chamber since 1994.

2024 Pennsylvania House of Representatives election
The 2024 elections for the Pennsylvania House of Representatives were held on November 5, 2024, with all districts up for election. The term of office for those elected in 2024 began when the House of Representatives convenes in January 2025. Pennsylvania State Representatives are elected for two-year terms, with all 203 seats up for election every two years. The primary elections to choose the respective parties' nominees took place on April 23.

On February 7, 2023, the Democratic Party affirmed its first majority in the chamber since 2010 after winning three special elections. The 2024 elections saw no change in the partisan makeup of the House, with the Democrats maintaining a one-seat majority despite losing the popular vote. It was the only state legislative chamber in the country won by Democrats that was rated more competitive than Likely R / Likely D by CNalysis.
Middlesbrough Lifeboat Station
Middlesbrough Lifeboat Station was located on the North Wharf side of the Middlesbrough Dock Cut from the River Tees, in the town of Middlesbrough, in North Yorkshire.

A lifeboat was first stationed at Middlesbrough in 1854, by the Tees Bay Lifeboat and Shipwreck Society (TBLSS). Management of the station was transferred to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) lifeboat in 1858.

After operating for 45 years, Middlesbrough Lifeboat Station closed in 1895.

Redcar Lifeboat Station
Redcar Lifeboat Station is located on The Esplanade at Redcar, a town on the northern coast of Yorkshire, historically North Yorkshire, now Redcar and Cleveland.

A lifeboat was first placed at Redcar in 1802. The lifeboat was operated by the Tees Bay Lifeboat and Shipwreck Society (TBLSS) from 1825. Management of the station was transferred to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) in 1858. A second independent lifeboat operated at Redcar between 1877 and ~1898.

The station currently operated two Inshore Lifeboats (ILB); the B-class (Atlantic 85) Leicester Challenge III (B-858), on station since 2012, and a smaller D-class (IB1) Eileen May Loach-Thomas (D-786), on station since 2015.
Ishwaripur
Ishwaripur is a village in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District, Bangladesh. It has several historical sites, including the Jeshoreshwari Kali Temple, the triangular Chanda Bhairab Temple, the five-domed Tenga Mosque, and a Hammamkhana built in the late sixteenth century by Maharaja Pratapaditya.

Jeshoreshwari Kali Temple
Jeshoreshwari Kali Temple (Bengali: যশোরেশ্বরী কালী মন্দির) is an ancient Hindu temple in Bangladesh, dedicated to the goddess Kali. The temple is located in Ishwaripur, a village in Shyamnagar upazila of Satkhira. It is one of the 51 Shaktipeeths, where Devi Sati's Palms of hands and soles of the feet were fallen. The name "Jeshoreshwari" means "Goddess of Jeshore". The Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi visited this temple in 2021 and gifted a golden crown to idol but later it was stolen during 2024 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence.
Scott Peters (politician)
Scott Harvey Peters (born June 17, 1958) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the U.S. representative from California's 50th congressional district since 2023, previously representing the 52nd congressional district from 2013 to 2023. His district includes both coastal and central portions of San Diego, as well as the suburbs of Poway and Coronado.

A member of the Democratic Party, Peters served two terms on the San Diego City Council from 2000 to 2008, and was the first person to hold the post of president of the city council, which he did from 2006 to 2008. He served as a commissioner for the Unified Port of San Diego before becoming a member of Congress.

Brian Bilbray
Brian Phillip Bilbray (born January 28, 1951) is an American politician who served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1995 to 2001 and again from 2006 to 2013. He is a member of the Republican Party.

Bilbray was Chairman of the House Immigration Reform Caucus and a member of the influential House Energy and Commerce Committee. His subcommittee assignments on the Energy and Commerce Committee were as follows: Oversight and Investigations, Communication and Technology, and Energy and Power.
Aristarchos 2.3 m Telescope
The Aristarchos 2.3 m Telescope is a Ritchey-Chrétien telescope at the Chelmos Observatory on Mount Chelmos, Greece. It is the largest telescope in the country and it had its first light test in 2005. It is operated by the Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing of the National Observatory of Athens.

Chelmos Observatory
The Helmos or Chelmos Observatory (Greek: Αστεροσκοπείο Χελμού) is an observatory located at the top of mount Chelmos, near Kalavryta, southern Greece. It is the largest research infrastructure of the National Observatory of Athens and IAASARS. The observatory was completed and first opened in 2001. Its main equipment is the Aristarchos 2.3 m Telescope, manufactured by German company Carl Zeiss AG and financed from the universities of Patras and Manchester.
Robert Hollingworth (musician)
Robert Hollingworth (born 19 May 1966) is a British choral director, singer, conductor, broadcaster and academic. He is the founder and director of the vocal ensemble I Fagiolini and a Reader in Music at the University of York. His main focus is on music of the Renaissance and Early Baroque periods.

I Fagiolini
I Fagiolini is a British vocal ensemble specialising in early music and contemporary music. Founded by Robert Hollingworth at Oxford in 1986, the group won the UK Early Music Network’s Young Artists’ Competition in 1988 and a Royal Philharmonic Society Award in 2006. It has an international reputation for presenting music in unusual ways, for example in John La Bouchardière's production and film The Full Monteverdi. I Fagiolini has recorded over 25 CDs, as well as DVDs of The Full Monteverdi and Orazio Vecchi's L'Amfiparnaso with Simon Callow.

The group has recorded the recently found 40-part mass (1566) by Striggio.  The CD was released in March 2011 and won the Early Music category in the 2011 Gramophone Awards and a Diapason d'Or de l'Année.
Thomas Middleton
Thomas Middleton (baptised 18 April 1580 – July 1627; also spelt Midleton) was an English Jacobean playwright and poet. He, with John Fletcher and Ben Jonson, was among the most successful and prolific of playwrights at work in the Jacobean period, and among the few to gain equal success in comedy and tragedy. He was also a prolific writer of masques and pageants.

Thomas Dekker (writer)
Thomas Dekker (c. 1572 – 25 August 1632) was an English Elizabethan dramatist and pamphleteer, a versatile and prolific writer, whose career spanned several decades and brought him into contact with many of the period's most famous dramatists.
The Brave One (1956 film)
The Brave One is a 1956 American drama film directed by Irving Rapper and starring Michel Ray, Rodolfo Hoyos Jr., and Elsa Cárdenas. It tells the story of a Mexican boy who tries to save his beloved bull Gitano from a deadly duel against a champion matador.

The Brave One was the last film to win the Academy Award for Best Story before the award was discontinued, and was nominated for two other Academy Awards: Best Film Editing and Best Sound Recording, but was not a box office or critical success.

Rodolfo Hoyos Jr.
Rodolfo Hoyos Jr. (March 14, 1916 – April 15, 1983) was a Mexican-American film and television actor. He was known for playing the role of Rafael Rosillo in the 1956 film The Brave One.

Hoyos died on April 15, 1983, in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 67.
Matsudaira Teru
Matsudaira Teru (松平 照), or Teruhime (照姫, "Princess Teru"), (February 2, 1833 − February 28, 1884) was an aristocrat in Japan during the late Edo and early Meiji periods.  She participated in the siege of Aizuwakamatsu Castle (Tsuruga Castle) and was the adoptive sister of Matsudaira Katamori, Military Commissioner of Kyoto and a prominent figure on the Tokugawa shogunate's side during the Meiji Restoration.

Matsudaira Katamori
Matsudaira Katamori (松平 容保; February 15, 1836 – December 5, 1893) was a samurai who lived in Bakumatsu period and the early to mid Meiji period Japan.  He was the 9th daimyō of the Aizu Domain and the Kyoto Shugoshoku (Military Commissioner of Kyoto). He initiated and established the Shinsengumi in 1863 (initially named Mibu Roshigumi).   During the Boshin War, he led Aizu Domain against the incipient Meiji government, but was severely defeated at the Battle of Aizu.  Katamori's life was spared, and he later became the head kannushi of the Nikkō Tōshō-gū shrine.  He, along with his three brothers Matsudaira Sadaaki, Tokugawa Yoshikatsu, and Tokugawa Mochiharu, had highly influential roles during the Meiji restoration and were called the "four Takasu brothers" (Takasu yon-kyōdai 高須四兄弟).
Amara Carr
Amara Danielle Carr (born 17 April 1994) is an English cricketer who currently plays for Middlesex. She plays as a wicket-keeper and right-handed batter. She has previously played for Devon, Sunrisers, London Spirit and Manchester Originals.

Sunrisers (women's cricket)
Sunrisers were a women's cricket team that represented the London and East region, one of eight regional hubs in English domestic women's cricket. They played their home matches at various grounds, including the County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford. They were captained by Grace Scrivens and coached by Andy Tennant. The team were partnered with Middlesex, Essex, Northamptonshire, Hertfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Norfolk, Bedfordshire and Huntingdonshire, as well as Marylebone Cricket Club.

Sunrisers won their first trophy in 2024, winning the Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy. At the end of the 2024 season, following reforms to the structure of women's domestic cricket, the team was effectively replaced by a professionalised Essex team.
Yom Kippur
Yom Kippur (/ˌjɒm kɪˈpʊər, ˌjɔːm ˈkɪpər, ˌjoʊm-/ ⓘ YOM kip-OOR, YAWM KIP-ər, YOHM-; Hebrew: יוֹם כִּפּוּר‎ Yōm Kippūr [ˈjom kiˈpuʁ], lit. 'Day of Atonement') is the holiest day of the year in Judaism. It occurs annually on the 10th of Tishrei, corresponding to a date in late September or early October.

For traditional Jewish people, it is primarily centered on atonement and repentance. The day's main observances consist of full fasting and asceticism, both accompanied by extended prayer services (usually at synagogue) and sin confessions. Some minor Jewish denominations, such as Reconstructionist Judaism, focus less on sins and more on one's goals and accomplishments and setting yearly intentions.

Alongside the related holiday of Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur is one of the two components of the High Holy Days of Judaism. It is also the last of the Ten Days of Repentance.

High Holy Days
In Judaism, the High Holy Days, also known as High Holidays or Days of Awe (Yamim Noraim; Hebrew: יָמִים נוֹרָאִים‎, Yāmīm Nōrāʾīm) consist of:

strictly, the holidays of Rosh Hashanah ("Jewish New Year") and Yom Kippur ("Day of Atonement");

by extension, the period of ten days including those holidays, known also as the Ten Days of Repentance (עשרת ימי תשובה); or,

by a further extension, the entire 40-day penitential period in the Jewish year from Rosh Chodesh Elul to Yom Kippur, traditionally taken to represent the forty days Moses spent on Mount Sinai before coming down with the second ("replacement") set of the Tablets of Stone.

The High Holy Days also are also considered to extend through the festival season of Sukkot, Shemini Atzeret, and Simchat Torah.
Cease Firing
Cease Firing (French: Cessez le feu) is a 1934 French drama film directed by Jacques de Baroncelli and starring Jean Galland, Annie Ducaux and Marcel André. It was based on a screenplay by Joseph Kessel highlighting the problems of ex-servicemen. The film's sets were designed by the art director Robert Gys.

Annie Ducaux
Annie Ducaux (10 September 1908 – 31 December 1996) was a French actress, who appeared in 40 film and television productions between 1932 and 1980. Ducaux was a shareholder in the state theater Comédie-Française from 1948, and played in numerous stage productions there. She is possibly best-remembered for her roles in such films as Abel Gance's Beethoven's Great Love (1937), Conflict (1938, opposite Corinne Luchaire) and Les grandes familles (1958, opposite Jean Gabin).

She was born Anne Marie Catherine Ducaux in Besançon, Doubs, Franche-Comté, and died in Champeaux, Seine-et-Marne, Île-de-France. She was married to the Swiss film producer Ernest Rupp, and had one child the French film producer Gérard Ducaux-Rupp.
Julien de Saint Jean
Julien de Saint Jean (born 2001) is a French actor.

He grew up in Saint-Julien, near Lyon, and studied from age 15 at the Lyon Regional Conservatoire, where he met his future co-star of Lie with Me (2022), Jérémy Gillet. Saint Jean began his career in theatre.

Lie with Me (2022 film)
Lie with Me (French: Arrête avec tes mensonges, lit. 'Stop with Your Lies') is a 2022 French romantic drama film co-written and directed by Olivier Peyon, based on the 2017 novel of the same name by Philippe Besson.
Olympic Aviation Flight 545
On 3 August 1989, Olympic Aviation Flight 545, operated by a Shorts 330-200, crashed into a cloud-shrouded Mount Kerkis on Samos due to the pilots using visual flight rules in instrument meteorological conditions. All on board perished. This accident is the worst involving a Shorts 330.

Short 330
The Short 330 (also SD3-30) is a small turboprop transport aircraft produced by Short Brothers. It seats up to 30 people and was relatively inexpensive and had low maintenance costs at the time of its introduction in 1976. The 330 was based on the SC.7 Skyvan. The C-23 Sherpa was a military version of the 330. Production of the aircraft ended in 1992, after 141 were produced. The Short 360 was a development of the Short 330.
Raymond C. Stevens
Raymond C. Stevens (born 1963) is an American chemist and structural biologist,  Founder, CEO and Board Member of Structure Therapeutics; Founding Director of the iHuman Institute at ShanghaiTech University; Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, and Founding Director of the Bridge Institute at the University of Southern California; Board Member, Danaher Corporation.

ShanghaiTech University
ShanghaiTech University is a municipal public science and engineering university in Pudong, Shanghai, China. The university was founded in 2013 by contracts between the Shanghai Municipal People's Government and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The university is part of the Double First-Class Construction. It is ranked #301-400 in the world by Shanghai Ranking, #330 by U.S. News & World Report, and #535 by CWUR rankings.

The university has five schools and three research institutes. In 2018, it had 1433 undergraduates, 1788 Master's and PhD students, and 485 faculty members.
Loveday Camp 14
Camp 14 was one of three main prisoner of war and internee camps in South Australia (the others being Loveday Camp 9 and Loveday Camp 10). All were located at Loveday, in South Australia's Riverland, approximately 30 kilometres from Renmark.

Loveday Camp 10
Camp 10 was one of three main prisoner of war and internment camps in South Australia (the others being Loveday Camp 9 and Loveday Camp 14) which were used during WWII to contain both prisoners of war and innocent civilians who happened to be of German, Italian, or Japanese heritage. All three camps were located near Loveday, in Riverland, with Camp 10 approximately 12 kilometres from Renmark.

The camp could hold up to 1,000 people and also held the camp headquarters and 39 buildings, including the hospital. The first Italian prisoner arrived at the camp on 12 August 1941. The camp guard was provided by members of 25/33 Garrison Battalion, a militia unit of the Australian Army.

This camp was also involved in greater world affairs during WWII. German nationals, who had been detained in Iran after the British and Soviet invasion were deported here. In retaliation, the Germans interned a number of British nationals from the Channel Islands and sent them to southern Germany.
Selwyn Seyfu Hinds
Selwyn Seyfu Hinds is an American screenwriter, comic book writer, film producer and former editor and journalist. He has been editor-in-chief of the hip-hop magazine The Source. He has written for The Twilight Zone 2019 TV series produced by Jordan Peele, and he has been selected to write and co-executive produce the TV series adaptation of Nnedi Okorafor's award-winning novel Who Fears Death?, with George R. R. Martin as executive producer. He is the creator, showrunner, and executive producer on the Hulu 2025 limited series Washington Black, based on the 2018 novel by Esi Edugyan.

Washington Black (TV series)
Washington Black is a drama miniseries created by Selwyn Seyfu Hinds for the streaming service Hulu. It stars Ernest Kinglsey Jr., Eddie Karanja, Rupert Graves, Iola Evans, Edward Bluemel, Sharon Duncan-Brewster, Tom Ellis, and Sterling K. Brown. Adapted from the book of the same name by Esi Edugyan, the series is set in the 19th century and follows the story of a young Black inventor who travels across the world, discovering more about himself and his passion for invention.

Washington Black was released on Hulu on July 23, 2025. It received generally positive reviews from critics.