hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Enrico Ferri (criminologist)
Enrico Ferri (Italian pronunciation: [enˈriːko ˈfɛrri]; 25 February 1856 – 12 April 1929) was an Italian criminologist, socialist and student of Cesare Lombroso, the founder of the Italian school of criminology. While Lombroso researched the purported physiological factors that motivated criminals, Ferri investigated social and economic aspects. He served as editor of the socialist daily Avanti! and, in 1884, saw his book Criminal Sociology published. Later, his work served as the basis for Argentina’s penal code of 1921. Although at first he rejected the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, Ferri later became one of Mussolini and his National Fascist Party's main external supporters.

Avanti! (newspaper)
Avanti! (Italian: [aˈvan.ti]; lit. 'Forward!') is an Italian daily newspaper, born as the official voice of the Italian Socialist Party, published since 25 December 1896. It took its name from its German counterpart Vorwärts, the newspaper of the Social Democratic Party of Germany.
The Incidental Economist
The Incidental Economist is a blog focused on health economics and policy. It was founded in 2009 by Austin Frakt, a health economist at Boston University, who has since been joined by Aaron Carroll, a pediatrician at Indiana University School of Medicine, as co-Editor-in-Chief. The site features posts by the two as well as a number of contributing writers, who are primarily academics based across the United States. The authors often synthesize academic literature as it might relate to contemporary health policy issues.

The blog gained prominence in 2009–10 when it was often cited by journalists, such as Ezra Klein, Kevin Drum, Jonathan Cohn and Andrew Sullivan, who were covering the health care reform process that would eventually culminate in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The blog remains one of the most widely cited health policy blogs on the Internet.

Austin Frakt
Austin B. Frakt is an American health economist who holds positions with the Department of Veterans Affairs, Boston University, University of Pennsylvania and Harvard. He is widely known as the founder and co-editor-in-chief of The Incidental Economist. His academic research has been published in major academic journals such as the New England Journal of Medicine and Health Affairs. Frakt supports the use of mainstream media as a means of translating academic research into policy relevance and has contributed to outlets including The New York Times and Bloomberg News. He serves on editorial boards of the academic journals Health Services Research and The American Journal of Managed Care and is a member of the New England Comparative Effectiveness Public Advisory Council.
Kamina Airport
Kamina Airport (IATA: KMN, ICAO: FZSB) (French: Aéroport de Kamina) is an airport serving Kamina, a city in Haut-Lomami Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Kamina Airport is separate from the larger military Kamina Air Base VOR (Ident: KMB) which is located 16.4 nautical miles (30.4 km) east-northeast of the airport.

Kamina Air Base
Kamina Air Base (ICAO: FZSA) is a military airport located near Kamina in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

It was built as part of the Belgian near-national-redoubt concept after World War II. It accommodated ONUC military aircraft during the Congo Crisis.
Snap (software)
Snap is a software packaging and deployment system developed by Canonical for operating systems that use the Linux kernel and the systemd init system. The packages, called snaps, and the tool for using them, snapd, work across a range of Linux distributions and allow upstream software developers to distribute their applications directly to users. Snaps are self-contained applications running in a sandbox with mediated access to the host system.

Flatpak
Flatpak is a utility for software deployment and package management for Linux. It provides a sandbox environment in which users can run application software in (partial) isolation from the rest of the system. Flatpak was known as xdg-app until 2016.
1958 Egyptian United Arab Republic referendum
A referendum on the creation of the United Arab Republic was held in Egypt on 21 February 1958, alongside a simultaneous referendum in Syria. The referendum consisted of two questions; one on the formation of the UAR, and the other on Gamal Abdel Nasser's candidacy for the post of President of the UAR. Both were approved, with reported results of fewer than 300 votes against, and a 98% voter turnout.

1958 Syrian United Arab Republic referendum
A referendum on the formation of the United Arab Republic and appointing Gamal Abdel Nasser as its president was held in Syria on 21 February 1958, alongside a simultaneous referendum in Egypt. The formation of the UAR was approved of voters, with only 139 voting against, whilst Nasser was approved as president by a similar margin.
Mr. No Legs
Mr. No Legs (also known as The Amazing Mr. No Legs and Gun Fighter) is a 1978 American crime action film directed by Ricou Browning, written by Jack Cowden, and starring Richard Jaeckel, Ron Slinker, Lloyd Bochner, Ted Vollrath, Rance Howard, Luke Halpin and John Agar. It was released theatrically on March 14, 1978.

Ricou Browning
Ricou Ren Browning (February 16, 1930 – February 27, 2023) was an American stunt performer, filmmaker and actor. A skilled swimmer, he was known for his innovative underwater stunt work, notably in the 1954 film Creature from the Black Lagoon, in which he portrayed the titular Gill-man during the film's underwater scenes, and in the 1965 James Bond film Thunderball, for which he was the underwater sequences director. He was also the co-creator of the Flipper media franchise.
Eri Klas
Eri Klas (7 June 1939 – 26 February 2016) was an Estonian conductor. He conducted or served as artistic director for the Estonian National Opera, the Finnish National Opera, the Danish Symphony Orchestra, the Netherlands Radio Symphony Orchestra, the Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra, the Tallinn Philharmonic, and the Novaya Opera.

Netherlands Radio Symphony Orchestra
The Netherlands Radio Symphony Orchestra (NRSO) was a Dutch radio orchestra. It was founded in 1985 after a merger of the Radio Orchestra (Omroep Orkest), the Promenade Orchestra (Promenade Orkest) and the Radio Chamber Orchestra (Radio Kamerorkest). In 2005, the NRSO was disbanded, and its functions were absorbed into the Netherlands Radio Philharmonic and the Netherlands Radio Chamber Philharmonic. The NRSO's last concert took place on 7 July 2005.
Beta-lactamase
Beta-lactamases (β-lactamases)  are enzymes (EC 3.5.2.6) produced by bacteria that provide multi-resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, cephamycins, monobactams and carbapenems (ertapenem), although carbapenems are relatively resistant to beta-lactamase. Beta-lactamase provides antibiotic resistance by breaking the antibiotics' structure. These antibiotics all have a common element in their molecular structure: a four-atom ring known as a beta-lactam (β-lactam) ring. Through hydrolysis, the enzyme lactamase breaks the β-lactam ring open, deactivating the molecule's antibacterial properties.

Beta-lactamases produced by gram-negative bacteria are usually secreted, especially when antibiotics are present in the environment.

Ertapenem
Ertapenem, sold under the brand name Invanz, is a carbapenem antibiotic medication used for the treatment of infections of the abdomen, the lungs, the upper part of the female reproductive system, and the diabetic foot.

The most common side effects include diarrhoea, nausea, headache, and problems around the area where the medicine is infused. It can significantly reduce the concentrations of valproic acid, an anti-seizure medication, in the blood to the point where it loses its effectiveness.

Ertapenem was approved for medical use in the United States in November 2001, and in the European Union in April 2002. It is marketed by Merck.
Two on a Vacation
Two on a Vacation (Italian: Pazza di gioia) is a 1940 Italian comedy film directed by Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia and starring Vittorio De Sica, María Denis, and Umberto Melnati. It was a remake of the 1932 German film Two in a Car. It was shot at the Cinecittà Studios in Rome.

The film's sets were designed by Gastone Medin.

Two in a Car
Two in a Car (German: Zwei in einem Auto) is a 1932 German comedy film directed by Joe May and starring Karl Ludwig Diehl, Magda Schneider and Richard Romanowsky. It was shot at the Joinville Studios of Pathé-Natan in Paris with sets designed by the art directors Heinrich Richter and Hermann Warm. It premiered at the Gloria-Palast in Berlin. A separate French version Companion Wanted was also released. In 1940 the film was remade at the Cinecitta studios in Rome as Two on a Vacation.
Abraham Darby I
Abraham Darby, in his later life called Abraham Darby the Elder, now sometimes known for convenience as Abraham Darby I (14 April 1677 – 5 May 1717, the first and best known of several men of that name), was a British ironmaster and foundryman. Born into an English Quaker family that played an important role in the Industrial Revolution, Darby developed a method of producing pig iron in a blast furnace fuelled by coke rather than charcoal. This was a major step forward in the production of iron as a raw material for the Industrial Revolution.

Ironmaster
An ironmaster is the manager, and usually owner, of a forge or blast furnace for the processing of iron. It is a term mainly associated with the period of the Industrial Revolution, especially in Great Britain.

The ironmaster was usually a large-scale entrepreneur and thus an important member of a community. He would have a large country house or mansion as his residence. The organization of operations surrounding the smelting, refining, and casting of iron was labour-intensive, and so there would be numerous workers reliant on the furnace works.

There were ironmasters (possibly not called such) from the 17th century onward, but they became more prominent with the great expansion in the British iron industry during the Industrial Revolution.
Dick Tufeld
Richard Norton Tufeld (December 11, 1926 – January 22, 2012) was an American actor, announcer, narrator, and voice actor from the late 1940s until the early 21st century. He worked constantly and continuously throughout this lengthy career and was one of the busiest announcers in television history. He was a well-known and well respected presence on television as an announcer on countless television shows, award shows, network promos, radio and movie promos but his most famous and beloved role was as the voice of the Robot in the television series Lost in Space and in the Lost in Space movie.

Lost in Space
Lost in Space is an American science fiction television series created and produced by Irwin Allen, which originally aired between September 15, 1965, and March 6, 1968, on CBS. Lightly dramatic, sometimes comedic in tone, the series was inspired by the 1812 Johann David Wyss novel The Swiss Family Robinson. The series follows the adventures of the Robinsons, a pioneering family of space colonists who struggle to survive in the depths of space. The show ran for 84 episodes over three seasons. The first season comprised 29 one-hour episodes, filmed in black and white. The 29th episode, however, had a few minutes of color at the end. Seasons 2 and 3 were shot entirely in color.
Tom Tykwer
Tom Tykwer (German: [ˈtɪkvɐ]; born 23 May 1965) is a German film director, producer, screenwriter, and composer. He is best known internationally for directing the thriller films Run Lola Run (1998), Heaven (2002), Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (2006), and The International (2009). He collaborated with The Wachowskis as co-director for the science fiction film Cloud Atlas (2012) and the Netflix series Sense8 (2015–2018), and worked on the score for Lana Wachowski's The Matrix Resurrections (2021). Tykwer is also well known as the co-creator of the internationally acclaimed German television series Babylon Berlin (2017–).

Heaven (2002 film)
Heaven is a 2002 romantic thriller film directed by Tom Tykwer, starring Cate Blanchett and Giovanni Ribisi. Co-screenwriter Krzysztof Kieślowski intended for it to be the first part of a trilogy (the second being Hell and the third titled Purgatory), but Kieślowski died before he could complete the project. The film is an international co-production among producers based in Germany, France, Italy, the United States, and the United Kingdom. The dialogue is in Italian and English.
City Lights Bookstore
City Lights is an independent bookstore-publisher combination in San Francisco, California, that specializes in world literature, the arts, and progressive politics. It also houses the nonprofit City Lights Foundation, which publishes selected titles related to San Francisco culture. It was founded in 1953 by poet Lawrence Ferlinghetti and Peter D. Martin (who left two years later). Both the store and the publishers became widely known following the obscenity trial of Ferlinghetti for publishing Allen Ginsberg's influential collection Howl and Other Poems (City Lights, 1956). Nancy Peters started working there in 1971 and retired as executive director in 2007. In 2001, City Lights was made an official historic landmark. City Lights is located at 261 Columbus Avenue. While formally located in Chinatown, it self-identifies as part of immediately adjacent North Beach.

Peter D. Martin
Peter Dean Martin (1923 – March 3, 1988) was an American college professor and bookstore owner, known for his founding of the City Lights Bookstore. He was the son of Carlo Tresca and Sabina 'Bina' Flynn, and the nephew of Elizabeth Gurley Flynn.
Allen Russell
Allan E. "Rubberarm" Russell (July 31, 1893 – October 20, 1972) was an American professional baseball player.  He was a right-handed pitcher over parts of 11 seasons (1915–1925) with the New York Yankees, Boston Red Sox and Washington Senators.  For his career, he compiled a 71–76 record in 345 appearances, with a 3.52 earned run average and 603 strikeouts.  Russell played on the 1924 World Series champion Senators, making one appearance in the World Series, giving up one run over three innings of work.

He was a spitball pitcher who was allowed to throw the pitch after it was banned following the 1920 season. He was one of 17 pitchers exempt from the rule change.

Russell died on October 20, 1972 at the age of 79 in Baltimore, Maryland.  His brother Lefty Russell also played Major League Baseball.

Lefty Russell
Clarence Dickson "Lefty" Russell (July 8, 1890 – January 22, 1962) was an American professional baseball player who played three seasons for the Philadelphia Athletics from 1910 through 1912. He was on Athletics teams that won two World Series in 1910 and 1911, although according to the 1912 Reach guide he was "no use at all, owing to a bad arm" in 1911.  He was born in Baltimore, Maryland and died there at the age of 71. His brother Allen Russell also played Major League Baseball.
Palace Cinemas (Australia)
Palace Cinemas is an Australian cinema chain that specialises in arthouse and international films.

Their head office are based in the Melbourne suburb of South Yarra and they operate locations in New South Wales (Central Park, Norton Street, Byron Bay, Ballina& Oxford St), Victoria (Coburg, Brighton Bay, Northcote, Balwyn, Brighton, South Yarra, Melbourne, Moonee Ponds & The Astor Theatre), Western Australia (Raine Square), Queensland (Brisbane & Fortitude Valley) & Canberra.

Norton Street
Norton Street is in the suburb of Leichhardt in Sydney, Australia. It is located 5 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district and is the main commercial street in the suburb.

Norton Street contains a mix of residential buildings, restaurants (Italian and others), cafés, eateries and individual retail outlets, including several bookstores and grocery shops. There are also hotels, a Palace Cinema, Norton Street Grocer and two of the suburb's three shopping centres: Norton Plaza and the Italian Forum.

At the southern end of the street is the Italian Forum, notable for its design which seeks to emulate the feel of a Mediterranean town piazza featuring a fountain, ringed by cafés and upmarket fashion shops.
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (album)
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? is a 1964 studio album, by organist Jimmy Smith, and released on the Verve label. Smith is accompanied by a big band, with arrangements by Oliver Nelson and Claus Ogerman.

Claus Ogerman
Claus Ogerman (born Klaus Ogermann; 29 April 1930 – 8 March 2016) was a German arranger, conductor, and composer best known for his work with Billie Holiday, Antonio Carlos Jobim, Frank Sinatra, Bill Evans, Michael Brecker, Michael Franks, Barbra Streisand, and Diana Krall.
Bridal Veil Falls (Niagara Falls)
Bridal Veil Falls is the smallest of the three waterfalls that make up Niagara Falls. It is located on the United States side in New York state.  Luna Island separates it from the American Falls and Goat Island separates it from the Horseshoe Falls. Bridal Veil Falls faces to the northwest and has a crest 56 ft (17 m) wide.

Bridal Veil is similar in appearance to American Falls, starting with a vertical fall of 78 ft (24 m) followed by the water violently descending the talus boulders to the Maid of the Mist pool 103 ft (31 m) below. The total vertical drop is 181 ft (55 m). The crest elevation of the Falls is 508 ft (155 m).

The Cave of the Winds attraction allows visitors to walk up to the base of Bridal Veil Falls. A pedestrian bridge crosses from Goat Island to Luna Island several yards (meters) upstream from the crest of the falls.

The waterfall has also been known in the past as Luna Falls and Iris Falls.

Cave of the Winds (New York)
43°05′00″N 79°04′16″W﻿ / ﻿43.083417°N 79.070991°W﻿ / 43.083417; -79.070991

The Cave of the Winds was a natural cave behind Bridal Veil Falls at the Niagara Falls. The cave was some 130 feet (40 m) high, 100 feet (30 m) wide and 30 feet (9 m) in depth. It was discovered in 1834, and originally dubbed Aeolus's Cave, after the Greek god of winds.

Guided tours began officially in 1841, through Goat Island and descending down a staircase closer to the falls, into the cave. A rock fall closed the tour in 1920. It officially reopened in 1924, bringing visitors to the front of the Bridal Veil instead of behind it, on a series of decks and walkways. Tropical storm-like conditions can be experienced, as winds can reach up to 68 mph (109 km/h) underneath the falls. The cave was obliterated in a massive 1954 rockfall and subsequent dynamiting of a dangerous overhang.
Adrian Curiel
Adrian Curiel Dominguez (born January 12, 1999) is a Mexican professional boxer, who formerly held the International Boxing Federation (IBF) light flyweight championship, retaining the title from  2023 to 2024.

Sivenathi Nontshinga
Sivenathi Nontshinga (born 3 December 1998) is a South African professional boxer. He is a two-time IBF light-flyweight world champion, having held the belt from 2022 to November 2023 in his first reign, and from February 2024 to October 2024 in his second reign. He has previously held the IBF International light-flyweight title from 2019 to 2022. Also a former African light-flyweight champion, he is ranked as the world's fifth-best active light-flyweight by BoxRec and the seventh-best by the IBF.
Quintus Novius
Quintus Novius (fl. 30 BC), was a Roman dramatist, and composer of Atellanae Fabulae (Atellan Fables).  His efforts seem to have been directed towards giving literary dignity to this form of drama without diminishing their popular quality and traditional cast of characters.  He is known to have written his works around the same time as Lucius Pomponius, who also wrote Atellanae Fabulae; Macrobius makes reference to him as a very well-esteemed writer whose atellaniolae ("little Atellans") found a receptive audience.

Some of Novius' known works, among the forty-three that are attributed to him, include:

Lucius Pomponius
Lucius Pomponius (fl. c. 90 BC or earlier) was a Roman dramatist.  Called Bononiensis (“native of Bononia” (i.e. Bologna), Pomponius was a writer of Atellanae Fabulae (Atellan Fables), and a near contemporary of Quintus Novius.  Pomponius was the first to give artistic dignity to the Atellan Fables by making them less improvised and providing the actors with a script (written in the metrical forms and technical rules of the Greeks) and a predetermined plot.  Pomponius’ skill in the utilization of rustic, obscene, quotidian, alliterative, punning, and farcical language was remarked on by Macrobius in his Saturnalia, as well as by Seneca and Marcus Velleius Paterculus.  His work included political, religious, social, and mythological satires.
The Truth About Emanuel
The Truth About Emanuel is a 2013 American thriller drama film written, directed, and produced by Francesca Gregorini. The film stars Jessica Biel, Kaya Scodelario, Alfred Molina, Jimmi Simpson, Aneurin Barnard and Frances O'Connor. It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 18, 2013.

Kaya Scodelario
Kaya Rose Scodelario (born 13 March 1992) is an English-Brazilian actress. She first came to prominence co-starring on E4's Skins (2007–2010, 2013), receiving two Golden Nymph nominations for her portrayal of Effy Stonem. She then took on leading roles in a variety of films, such as Wuthering Heights (2011), the Maze Runner series (2014–2018), Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017), Crawl (2019), and Resident Evil: Welcome to Raccoon City (2021). In 2024, she starred in the action-comedy series The Gentlemen and limited biographical drama series Senna.
Aruba Mirza
Aruba Mirza is a Pakistani actress and model. She is known for her roles in the dramas Shahrukh Ki Saliyan, Kasak Rahay Ge, Babul Ka Angna, Rang Mahal, Inteqam and Meray Hi Rehna. She is the winner of Season 2 of the reality show Tamasha.

Shahrukh Ki Saliyan
Shahrukh Ki Saliyan (Urdu: شاہ رخ کی سالیاں, lit. 'Shahrukh's Sisters-in-Law') is a Pakistani romantic comedy series directed by Mazhar Moin, and produced by Abdullah Kadwani and Asad Qureshi under 7th Sky Entertainment. It features Ahsan Khan and Ramsha Khan in lead roles. The 33-episode series first aired on 8 June 2019.
Aphrodite of Knidos
The Aphrodite of Knidos (or Cnidus) was an Ancient Greek sculpture of the goddess Aphrodite created by Praxiteles of Athens around the 4th century BC.  It was one of the first life-sized representations of the nude female form in Greek history, displaying an alternative idea to male heroic nudity. Praxiteles' Aphrodite was shown nude, reaching for a bath towel while covering her pubis, which, in turn leaves her breasts exposed. Up until this point, Greek sculpture had been dominated by male nude figures. The original Greek sculpture is no longer in existence; however, many Roman copies survive of this influential work of art. Variants of the Venus Pudica (suggesting an action to cover the breasts) are the Venus de' Medici and the Capitoline Venus.

Capitoline Venus
The Capitoline Venus is a type of statue of Venus, specifically one of several Venus Pudica (modest Venus) types (others include the Venus de' Medici type), of which several examples exist. The type ultimately derives from the Aphrodite of Cnidus. The Capitoline Venus and her variants are recognisable from the position of the arms—standing after a bath, Venus begins to cover her breasts with her right hand, and her groin with her left hand.

This original of this type (from which the following copies derive) is thought to be a lost 3rd- or 2nd-century BCE variation on Praxiteles' work from Asia Minor, which modifies the Praxitelean tradition by a carnal and voluptuous treatment of the subject and the goddess's modest gesture with both hands—rather than only one over the groin, in Praxiteles's original.