hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Matroid partitioning
Matroid partitioning is a problem arising in the mathematical study of matroids and in the design and analysis of algorithms. Its goal is to partition the elements of a matroid into as few independent sets as possible. An example is the problem of computing the arboricity of an undirected graph, the minimum number of forests needed to cover all of its edges. Matroid partitioning may be solved in polynomial time, given an independence oracle for the matroid. It may be generalized to show that a matroid sum is itself a matroid, to provide an algorithm for computing ranks and independent sets in matroid sums, and to compute the largest common independent set in the intersection of two given matroids.

Arboricity
The arboricity of an undirected graph is the minimum number of forests into which its edges can be partitioned. Equivalently it is the minimum number of spanning forests needed to cover all the edges of the graph. The Nash-Williams theorem provides necessary and sufficient conditions for when a graph is k-arboric.
Hamdi Akın
Hamdi Akın (born 17 August 1954, in Istanbul) is a Turkish businessman and the chairman of the board of directors of Akfen Holding. In 2016, Forbes ranked him as the 1694th richest person in the world with a net worth of $1 billion, and the 27th richest in Turkey.

Akfen Holding
Akfen Holding is an infrastructure focused conglomerate based in Turkey, founded in 1976 by Hamdi Akın and earned its status as a holding company in 1999.

The group often partners with leading multinationals and organizations like PSA International, Accor Hotels, IFM Investors, EBRD and IFC.
6B4T movement
The 6B4T movement is an online radical feminist movement that spread from South Korea whose members organize in opposition to sexism and patriarchal structures. A notable aspect of the 6B4T movement is its members' commitment to never marry men, or have heterosexual sexual relations, nor bear children.

4B movement
4B or "Four Nos" is a radical feminist movement that originated in South Korea. The name refers to its defining four tenets which all start with the Korean-language term bi (Korean: 비; Hanja: 非), roughly meaning no. Its proponents do not date men, marry men, have sex with men, or have children with men. The movement emerged between 2017 and 2019 on Twitter and on the website WOMAD. It has since spread internationally, namely to the United States after its 2024 presidential election.

The movement is considered fringe in South Korea, and it has since reportedly declined there. In South Korea, a portion of its members, particularly those associated with the widely classified as misandrist WOMAD, were described as transphobic and homophobic towards gay men.
Authenticated encryption
Authenticated encryption (AE) is any encryption scheme which simultaneously assures the data confidentiality (also known as privacy: the encrypted message is impossible to understand without the knowledge of a secret key) and authenticity (in other words, it is unforgeable: the encrypted message includes an authentication tag that the sender can calculate only while possessing the secret key). Examples of encryption modes that provide AE are GCM, CCM.

Many (but not all) AE schemes allow the message to contain "associated data" (AD) which is not made confidential, but is integrity protected (i.e., readable, but tamperevident). A typical example is the header of a network packet that contains its destination address. To properly route the packet, all intermediate nodes in the message path need to know the destination, but for security reasons they cannot possess the secret key. Schemes that allow associated data provide authenticated encryption with associated data, or AEAD.

Message authentication
In information security, message authentication or data origin authentication is a property that a message has not been modified while in transit (data integrity) and that the receiving party can verify the source of the message.
Coffee Rumba
"Coffee Rumba" (コーヒー・ルンバ, Kōhī Runba) is a song by Japanese singer Sachiko Nishida, released as the double A-side of her second single "Yokubō no Blues" by Polydor Records in August 1961. It is a Japanese-language cover of the Venezuelan song "Moliendo Café".

Moliendo Café
"Moliendo Café" ("Grinding Coffee") is a Venezuelan song that has become popular around the world. The song was written in 1958, but the authorship is disputed between Hugo Blanco and his uncle José Manzo Perroni. Blanco's recording in 1961 became No. 1 in Argentina, and it has since been recorded by many singers. The song has also become a common football chant around the world as "Dale Cavese".
Sam Small Leaves Town
Sam Small Leaves Town, is a 1937 British comedy film directed by Alfred J. Goulding and starring Stanley Holloway, June Clyde and Fred Conyngham. It was made at Highbury Studios in London and released as a quota quickie by the independent British Screen Service. Location shooting took place in Skegness in Lincolnshire. It is also known by the alternative title It's Sam Small Again,.

Fred Conyngham
Fred Conyngham (June 8, 1901 – May 8, 1974) was an Australian actor from Sydney.

He was the son of George Conyngham, an actor and stage manager. The younger Conyngham began his career as a specialty dancer. He left musical comedy for drama; then, after discovering he possessed a good tenor voice, he had it trained and returned to musical comedy as a leading man. He toured the world and on his return was given a part in the film The Indiscretions of Eve (1932), which  began his film career.
Southeast Shelf Transition
The Southeast Shelf Transition is a biogeographic region of Australia's coastal and continental shelf waters. It covers a portion of Australia's southeastern coast, from southern New South Wales to eastern Victoria, including the islands of the Kent Group and Furneaux Group at the eastern end of the Bass Strait. It is a provincial level bioregion in the Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation of Australia (IMCRA) system, and is a transitional region between the warm temperate Central Eastern Shelf Province to the northeast and the cool temperate Bass Strait Shelf and Tasmanian Shelf provinces to the west and south. It corresponds to the Cape Howe marine ecoregion in the WWF's Marine Ecoregions of the World system.

Central Eastern Shelf Province
The Central Eastern Shelf Province is a biogeographic region of Australia's coastal and continental shelf waters. It includes the warm temperate coastal waters of eastern Australia. It is a provincial level bioregion in the Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation of Australia (IMCRA) system. It corresponds to the Manning-Hawkesbury marine ecoregion in the WWF's Marine Ecoregions of the World system.
Ermanno Olmi
Ermanno Olmi (24 July 1931 – 7 May 2018) was an Italian film director and screenwriter best known for directing Il Posto (1961) and The Tree of Wooden Clogs (1977), which won the Palme d'Or. Throughout his career Olmi blended Italian neorealism with Christian humanism, with many of his films following humble characters through the spiritual trials of harsh conditions.

Il Posto
Il posto, English titles The Job or The Sound of Trumpets, is a 1961 Italian comedy-drama film directed by Ermanno Olmi, his second feature film. Screened at the 1961 Venice Film Festival, it received numerous national and international awards. In 2008, the film was included in the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage's 100 Italian films to be saved, a list of 100 films that "have changed the collective memory of the country between 1942 and 1978."
Camila Merino
Camila Merino Catalán is an industrial engineer, former Minister of Labor and Social Welfare for Chile, and current Mayor of Vitacura.

She served as minister during the first administration of President Sebastián Piñera. Since June 2021, she has served as mayor of Vitacura for the 2021–2024 term and was re-elected for the 2024–2028 term.

Vitacura
Vitacura is a commune of Chile located in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region. It is one of the most expensive and fashionable areas of Santiago. Inhabitants are primarily high income families. It belongs to the Northeastern zone of Santiago de Chile.

There is an abundance of elite private schools in Vitacura and Las Condes, including Saint George's College, Colegio Santa Úrsula, Alliance Francaise, Colegio La Maisonette, Colegio Tabancura, Colegio Los Andes, Colegio Sagrados Corazones de Manquehue and Colegio San Benito.

The Costanera Norte tollway connects Vitacura with the international airport and subway stations are located in the neighboring municipality of Las Condes.

Vitacura is the site of ECLAC headquarters, home to the European Southern Observatory (ESO) headquarters in Chile, and home to Santiago's most exclusive shopping street, Avenida Alonso de Córdova.
Austin (album)
Austin is the fifth studio album by American musician Post Malone. It was released through Mercury and Republic Records on July 28, 2023. The bonus version of the album was released five days later to include a new track. Production was handled by Malone himself, Andrew Watt, Louis Bell, Max Martin, and Rami Yacoub. Austin was supported by four singles: "Chemical", "Mourning", "Overdrive", and "Enough Is Enough". A departure from the hip-hop and R&B-influenced sounds of its predecessors, it is a guitar-based pop, indie pop, and pop rock album, and is Malone's first and only project not to feature any guest appearances.

Austin received generally positive reviews from music critics and debuted at number two on Billboard 200 chart, in which it earned 113,000 album-equivalent units, of which 34,000 units were pure album sales.

Enough Is Enough (Post Malone song)
"Enough Is Enough" is a song by American musician Post Malone. It was sent to Italian contemporary hit radio through Republic and Mercury Records as the fourth and final single from his fifth studio album, Austin, on September 8, 2023. The song was produced by Malone himself, Louis Bell, Max Martin, and Rami Yacoub, and the four wrote it alongside Billy Walsh.
Scion tC
The Scion tC is a compact car manufactured by Toyota under its Scion brand from 2004 to 2016 over two generations: ANT10 (2004–2010) and AGT20 (2011–2016). Both generations were built in Japan. The tC was introduced first in the United States for the 2005 model year and then, beginning with the second generation in the 2011 model year, in Canada as well. The tC was Scion's best-selling model, constituting almost 40% of total Scion sales.

The name tC stands for "touring coupe."  Beginning in 2011, the tC was sold as the Toyota Zelas in the Middle East, China and South America, a name derived from "zelante", Italian for "passionate" or "zealous."

Toyota Avensis
The Toyota Avensis (Japanese: トヨタ・アベンシス, Hepburn: Toyota Abenshisu) is a mid-size/large family car built in Derbyshire, United Kingdom by the Japanese automaker Toyota from October 1997 to August 2018. It was the direct successor to the European Carina E and was available as a four-door saloon, five-door liftback and estate.

The Avensis was introduced in 1997, to create a more modern name when compared with the Carina E. The "Avensis" name is derived from the French term avancer, meaning "to advance" or "move forward". The Avensis was not sold in North America, and it is related to the Scion tC coupé. It also shared a platform with the Allion and Premio and was available at Japanese dealership network Toyota Netz Store.

An MPV called the Avensis Verso (Ipsum in Japan and previously the Picnic in other markets) was built in Japan on a separate platform.
2015 National Premier Leagues
The 2015 National Premier Leagues was the third season of the Australian National Premier Leagues football competition. The league competition was played amongst eight separate divisions, divided by FFA state and territory member federations. The divisions are ACT, NSW, Northern NSW, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia.

The winners of each respective divisional league competed in a finals playoff tournament at season end, with Blacktown City crowned as National Premier Leagues Champions, which gave them direct qualification for the 2016 FFA Cup Round of 32.

2016 FFA Cup
The 2016 FFA Cup was the third season of the FFA Cup (now known as the Australia Cup), the main national soccer knockout cup competition in Australia. 32 teams again took part in the competition proper (from the round of 32), including the 10 A-League teams and 21 Football Federation Australia (FFA) member federation teams determined through individual state qualifying rounds, as well as the reigning National Premier Leagues Champion (Blacktown City from NSW).

The winner of the FFA Cup, Melbourne City, received $50,000 as part of a total prize money pool of $131,000. The defending champions, Melbourne Victory, were knocked out in the semi-final stage of the competition by the eventual champions.
Return of the Killer A's
Return of the Killer A's is a compilation / best of album by American heavy metal band Anthrax, released in 1999.

The cover of "Ball of Confusion" features Anthrax's first new recording with former lead singer Joey Belladonna since 1991, and their first with former bassist Dan Lilker since 1984. Neither one would stay with the band past that song's recording, though a tour featuring both Belladonna and then-current Anthrax singer John Bush was in the works at one point. The song is also notable because it features both Belladonna and Bush on vocals.

Joey Belladonna
Joey Belladonna (born Joseph Bellardini; October 14, 1960) is an American singer, best known as the vocalist for thrash metal band Anthrax. He is also the vocalist and drummer of the cover band Chief Big Way and the vocalist for the cover band Beyond Frontiers. Belladonna has six Grammy Award nominations and is known for his wild, energetic stage behavior, and tenor vocal range.
Oriel Square tennis court
The Oriel Square tennis court was a real tennis court that was located in Oriel Square, central Oxford, England. The Liber Albus mentions the Oriel court being in Vinehall Lane in 1577.

Charles I played tennis here with his nephew Prince Rupert in December 1642 and the future King Edward VII, accompanied by the Duke of Marlborough, played tennis here in 1859.

The court survived until 1923, when it was used as a lecture hall by Oriel College, though it may have seen earlier use as a theatre. The site is now the location of Oriel College's Harris Building, used for student accommodation, a seminar room and lecture theatre.

The only active court left in the city is the Merton Street tennis court.

Merton Street tennis court
Merton Street tennis court is the home of the Oxford University Real Tennis Club. It stands on the north side of Merton Street in central Oxford, England, and forms part of Merton College.

There has been a tennis court in Oxford since 1450 and one at the Merton Street site since c. 1494, according to one source. Alternatively, according to another source, Oxford has had a court since 1595 and one at this site when it was rebuilt in 1798. The Merton Street court, being early, has somewhat non-standard dimensions, and in particular an unusually flat tambour (a buttress used as part of the court).

It is the smallest court in England and the second oldest.
Bob Chitester
Bob Chitester (October 30, 1937 – May 8, 2021) was an American television executive and producer, best known for creating the 10-hour, ten-part series starring economist Milton Friedman called Free to Choose.

Free to Choose
Free to Choose: A Personal Statement is a 1980 book by economists Milton and Rose D. Friedman, accompanied by a 10-part series broadcast on public television, that advocates free market principles. It was primarily a response to an earlier landmark book and television series The Age of Uncertainty, by the noted economist John Kenneth Galbraith. Free To Choose has been translated into two dozen languages and a companion book.
Nicholas Szécs
Nicholas from the kindred Szécs (Hungarian: Szécs nembeli Miklós), also known as Nicholas of Komárom (Hungarian: Komáromi Miklós; died 1297) was a Hungarian nobleman, who acted as lord of Komárom (today Komárno, Slovakia) together with his brother Paul since the 1280s.

Paul Szécs
Paul from the kindred Szécs (Hungarian: Szécs nembeli Pál), also known as Paul of Komárom (Hungarian: Komáromi Pál; died 1306 or 1307), was a Hungarian nobleman and landowner who was lord of Komárom (present-day Komárno, Slovakia) from the 1280s. He came to prominence during the last regnal years of Andrew III of Hungary.
Ramón García (TV host)
Ramón García Hernando (28 November 1961, Bilbao, Spain) is a Spanish radio and television presenter. He is also colloquially known as Ramontxu or Ramonchu. His long professional career and his versatility have been demonstrated in television shows like ¿Qué apostamos? and El Grand Prix del verano, and in nineteen live broadcasts of the New Year's Eve clock bell strikes.

¿Qué apostamos?
¿Qué apostamos? (English: What do we bet?) is the Spanish version of the German prime-time television game show Wetten, dass..?. It was broadcast nationwide live on La Primera Cadena of Televisión Española (TVE) for seven seasons from 1993 to 2000 and on some regional broadcasters of the Federation of Regional Organizations of Radio and Television (FORTA) for an additional season in 2008. On the show, ordinary people offer to achieve some unusual and very difficult tasks while top-ranking celebrity guests bet on the outcomes.
15th Independent Special Forces Brigade
The 15th Independent Special Forces Brigade (Russian: 15-я отдельная бригада специального назначения) is a spetsnaz (special forces) unit of the Uzbek Ground Forces, being the successor to its counterpart in the Soviet Army's GRU. This spetsnaz unit capable of conducting land, maritime, and air operations.

Spetsnaz
Spetsnaz (Russian: Спецназ) are special forces in the former Soviet Union and Russia. Historically, this term referred to the Soviet Union's Spetsnaz GRU, special operations units of the Main Intelligence Directorate of the Soviet General Staff (GRU). Today it refers to special forces branches and task forces subordinate to ministries including defence, internal affairs, or emergency situations in countries that have inherited their special purpose units from the now-defunct Soviet security agencies.
Durinn
In Norse mythology, Durinn (Old Norse: [ˈdurenː]; or Durin) is a dwarf according to stanza 10 of the poem Völuspá from the Poetic Edda, and repeated in Gylfaginning from the Prose Edda. He was the second created after the first and foremost dwarf Mótsognir.

He is also attested in Hervarar saga, where he forged the magic sword Tyrfing with the help of the dwarf Dvalin. In variant texts of the saga Durinn is known as Dulinn.

Dvalinn
In Norse mythology, Dvalinn (Old Norse: [ˈdwɑlenː]) is a dwarf (Hjort) who appears in several Old Norse tales and kennings. The name translates as "the dormant one" or "the one slumbering" (akin to the Danish and Norwegian "dvale" and Swedish "dvala", meaning "sleep", "unconscious condition" or "hibernation"). Dvalinn is listed as one of the four stags of Yggdrasill in both Grímnismál from the Poetic Edda and Gylfaginning from the Prose Edda.
Hoddøya
Hoddøya is an island in Namsos Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It lies in the Namsenfjorden, about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) west of the town of Namsos. The island is located between the island of Otterøya (to the north and east) and the mainland of Namsos Municipality (to the south and west). The highest point on the 10.3-square-kilometre (4.0 sq mi) island is the 207-metre (679 ft) tall mountain Vattafjellet.

Namsos Municipality
Namsosⓘ (Norwegian) or Nåavmesjenjaelmie (Southern Sami) is a municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Namdalen region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Namsos. Some of the villages in the municipality include Bangsund, Klinga, Ramsvika, Skomsvoll, Spillum, Sævik, Dun, Salsnes, Nufsfjord, Lund, Namdalseid, Sjøåsen, Statland, Tøttdalen, and Sverkmoen.

The 2,132-square-kilometre (823 sq mi) municipality is the 30th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Namsos Municipality is the 82nd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 15,083. The municipality's population density is 7.1 inhabitants per square kilometre (18/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 2.1% over the previous 10-year period.

The town of Namsos has a swimming pool, Oasen, built inside a mountain.
M. L. Vasanthakumari
Madras Lalithangi Vasanthakumari (3 July 1928 – 31 October 1990), known as M. L. Vasanthakumari and commonly referred to as MLV, was an Indian Carnatic musician and a playback singer in films across several South Asian languages.

Vasanthakumari and her contemporaries, D. K. Pattammal and M. S. Subbulakshmi, are often referred to as the female trinity of Carnatic music. A disciple of G. N. Balasubramaniam, she was the youngest of the established musicians of that era and the youngest female to receive the Sangita Kalanidhi award. In 1967, the government of India honoured her with the Padma Bhushan, the country's third-highest civilian award.

Vasanthakumari's notable career as a playback singer for films popularized lesser-known ragas, and her Ragam Thanam Pallavis were regarded as cerebral. Additionally, she popularized the compositions of the Haridasas. Her disciples include her daughter Srividya, Sudha Raghunathan, Charumathi Ramachandran, and A. Kanyakumari.

Srividya
Srividya (24 July 1953 – 19 October 2006), was an Indian actress best known for her work predominantly in Malayalam and Tamil films, along with a few Telugu, Kannada and Hindi films. In a career spanning for 40 years, she had acted in more than 800 films. In the latter part of her career, she concentrated on Malayalam films. In addition to acting, Srividya occasionally worked as a playback singer as well as carnatic singer. She was also a well-trained Bharathanatyam dancer. She was best known for restraint and subtlety in portrayal of varied emotions. She used her own voice for dubbing in almost all movies in all languages. She died in 2006 after battling metastatic breast cancer.
Gary George (Wisconsin politician)
Gary R. George (born March 8, 1954) is an African American lawyer and former politician from Milwaukee, Wisconsin.  A Democrat, he represented Milwaukee in the Wisconsin Senate for nearly 23 years.  He faced a series of ethical and criminal controversies throughout his political career before finally being recalled from office in 2003.  He subsequently pleaded guilty to federal conspiracy charges in which he admitted receiving kickbacks from individuals and organizations after he had directed state or federal funds to them; he served three years in federal prison.  He was also implicated in the Vang Pao Laotian coup plot, but was never charged.

2007 Laotian coup d'état conspiracy allegation
The alleged 2007 Laotian coup d'état plan was a conspiracy allegation by the United States Department of Justice that Lt. Col. Harrison Jack (Ret.) and former Royal Lao Army Major General Vang Pao, among others conspired in June 2007 to obtain large amounts of heavy weapons and ammunition to overthrow the Communist government of Laos in violation of the Neutrality Act.  The charges were ultimately dropped and the case instead served to further highlight major human rights violations by the Lao government against the Hmong ethnic minority, Laotian refugees, and political dissidents.
The Co-Respondent
The Co-Respondent is a 1917 American silent drama film directed by Ralph Ince and starring Elaine Hammerstein, Wilfred Lucas and George Anderson. It was based on a Broadway play, and was adapted again by Universal Pictures as The Whispered Name in 1924.

The Whispered Name
The Whispered Name is a 1924 American silent drama film directed by King Baggot and starring Ruth Clifford, Charles Clary, and W.E. Lawrence. It was based on a Broadway play that had previously been made into the 1917 film The Co-Respondent.