hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Informalism
Informalism or Art Informel (French pronunciation: [aʁ ɛ̃fɔʁmɛl]) is a pictorial movement from the 1943–1950s, that includes all the abstract and gestural tendencies that developed in France and the rest of Europe during the World War II, similar to American abstract expressionism started 1946. Several distinguishing trends are identified within the movement such as lyrical abstraction, matter painting, New Paris School, tachisme and art brut. The French art critic Michel Tapié coined the term "art autre" (other art) in the homonymous book published in 1952 in relation to non-geometric abstract art. It was instrumental in improving the concept of abstract art in France during the early 1950s. Its use in the expression of political ideologies in South America during the early 1950s was quite common, as it was seen as the main way to show support for the changing political climate.

Lyrical abstraction
Lyrical abstraction arose from either of two related but distinct trends in Post-war Modernist painting:

European Abstraction Lyrique: a movement that emerged in Paris, with the French art critic Jean José Marchand being credited with coining its name in 1947; considered a component of Tachisme when the name of this movement was coined in 1951 by Pierre Guéguen and Charles Estienne (author of L'Art à Paris 1945–1966); and

American Lyrical Abstraction: a movement described by Larry Aldrich (founder of the Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum in Ridgefield, Connecticut) in 1969.

A second definition is the usage as a descriptive term. It is a descriptive term characterizing a type of abstract painting related to Abstract Expressionism; in use since the 1940s. Many well known abstract expressionist painters such as Arshile Gorky seen in context have been characterized as doing a type of painting described as lyrical abstraction.
Greville Wynne
Greville Maynard Wynne (19 March 1919 – 28 February 1990) was a British engineer and businessman recruited by MI6 because of his frequent travel to Eastern Europe. He acted as a courier to transport top-secret information to London from the Soviet agent Oleg Penkovsky.

Wynne and Penkovsky were both arrested by the KGB in November 1962, when some of the information their endeavours produced was of assistance to the West during the Cuban Missile Crisis. They were convicted of espionage. Penkovsky was executed the following year and Wynne was sentenced to eight years' imprisonment. He was detained at Lubyanka prison. Struggling with deteriorating health, he was released in 1964 in exchange for the Soviet spy Konon Molody.

Konon Molody
Konon Trofimovich Molody (Russian: Ко́нон Трофи́мович Моло́дый; 17 January 1922 – 11 October 1970) was a Soviet intelligence officer, known in the West as Gordon Arnold Lonsdale. Posing as a Canadian businessman during the Cold War, he was a non-official (illegal) KGB intelligence agent and the mastermind of the Portland spy ring, which operated in Britain from 1953 until 1961.
Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site
Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site, at Moton Field in Tuskegee, Alabama, commemorates the contributions of African-American airmen in World War II. Moton Field was the site of primary flight training for the pioneering pilots known as the Tuskegee Airmen, and is now operated by the National Park Service to interpret their history and achievements. It was constructed in 1941 as a new training base. The field was named after former Tuskegee Institute principal Robert Russa Moton, who died the previous year.

Robert Russa Moton
Robert Russa Moton (August 26, 1867 – May 31, 1940) was an American educator and author. He served as an administrator at Hampton Institute. In 1915 he was named principal of Tuskegee Institute, after the death of founder Booker T. Washington, a position he held for 20 years until retirement in 1935. He authored several books including an autobiography. He held various administrative positions with the U.S. government.
Lübeck Cathedral
Lübeck Cathedral (German: Dom zu Lübeck, or colloquially Lübecker Dom) is a large brick-built Lutheran cathedral in Lübeck, Germany, and part of the Lübeck World Heritage Site. It was started in 1173 by Henry the Lion as a cathedral for the Bishop of Lübeck. It was partly destroyed in a bombing raid in World War II (1942), when the Arp Schnitger organ  was destroyed by fire, but was subsequently reconstructed.

It is also famous for works of Bernt Notke and Thomas Quellinus, which survived the bombing raid in 1942. The famous altar by Hans Memling is now in Lübeck's St. Annen Museum. The current church was finished in 1982.

In 1873 the cathedral celebrated its 700th anniversary, when an offshoot of the Lutheran Memorial Beech Tree, in Steinbach near Bad Liebenstein in Thuringia, was planted in the churchyard.

Thomas Quellinus
Thomas Quellinus (March 1661 – September 1709), also known, especially in Denmark, as Thomas Qvellinus, was a Flemish baroque sculptor. He was born in Antwerp as a member of the well-known Quellinus family of artists active in 17th century Antwerp. He worked most of his career in Copenhagen, Denmark, where he operated a workshop.  He is especially known for the production of grandiose and sumptuous memorial chapels, sepulchral monuments and epitaphs, which can be found in churches throughout Denmark and northern Germany's Schleswig-Holstein area. His chapels and monuments are dramatically composed, executed in rare, differently coloured types of marble and framed by monumental architectural components.
Katherine Henderson (sports executive)
Katherine Henderson is a Canadian sports executive and businesswoman. She became president and CEO of Hockey Canada in September 2023, assuming control in the wake of the Hockey Canada sexual assault scandal, and is the first female president in the organization's history.

Henderson previously served as senior vice-president of marketing and revenue for the Toronto Organizing Committee for the 2015 Pan and Parapan American Games, and was the chief executive officer (CEO) of Curling Canada from 2016 to 2023. She led efforts to reverse the gender pay gap in sports for the Canadian men's and women's national curling teams, and received a diploma from the International Olympic Committee for her work in gender equality in sport.

Hockey Canada
Hockey Canada (which merged with the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association in 1994) is the national governing body of ice hockey and ice sledge hockey in Canada. It is a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation and controls the majority of organized ice hockey in Canada. There are some notable exceptions, such as the Canadian Hockey League, U Sports (formerly known as Canadian Interuniversity Sport), and Canada's professional hockey clubs; the former two are partnered with Hockey Canada but are not member organizations. Hockey Canada is based in Calgary, with a secondary office in Ottawa and regional centres in Toronto, Winnipeg and Montreal.
Philippe Hervieu
Philippe Hervieu is a French politician and a member of The Greens-Europe Écologie.

Hervieu is a regional Vice-President in Burgundy, a region of France. In 2009, he was selected to be the candidate of the Greens-Europe Écologie in Burgundy for the 2010 regional elections.

Europe Ecology
Europe Ecology (French: Europe Écologie) was a green electoral coalition of political parties in France created for the 2009 European elections composed of The Greens and other ecologists and regionalists.

The coalition was launched on 20 October 2008 with the support of the European Green Party and Daniel Cohn-Bendit, a Franco-German MEP previously representing the Alliance '90/The Greens of Germany, but who ran in France in 2009. Since its creation, the coalition received the support of Cécile Duflot, José Bové and Dominique Voynet amongst others.

After winning a record 16.28% of the vote in the 2009 European elections, the coalition maintained itself to participate in the 2010 regional elections.

In November 2010, the alliance was transformed into a political party under the name Europe Ecology – The Greens (EELV).
Historie
Historie (Japanese: ヒストリエ, Hepburn: Hisutorie) (stylized as HISTORIĒ) is a Japanese historical manga series written and illustrated by Hitoshi Iwaaki. It follows the story of Eumenes, a secretary and general to Alexander the Great. It has been serialized in Kodansha's seinen manga magazine Monthly Afternoon since January 2003, with its chapters collected in 12 tankōbon volumes as of June 2024. An anime television series adaptation produced by Liden Films has been announced.

In 2010, Historie received the Grand Prize at the 14th Japan Media Arts Festival as well as the 16th Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize in 2012. It won the 49th Kodansha Manga Award in the general category in 2025.

Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize
Named after Osamu Tezuka, the Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize (手塚治虫文化賞, Tezuka Osamu Bunkashō) is a yearly manga prize awarded to manga artists or their works that follow the Osamu Tezuka manga approach founded and sponsored by Asahi Shimbun. The prize has been awarded since 1997, in Tokyo, Japan.
Nancy Balfour
Nancy Balfour OBE (17 May 1911 – 29 August 1997) was an American-born English arts administrator for the Contemporary Art Society (CAS) and journalist for The Economist. She worked for The Economist from 1948 to 1972 as editor of its American Survey and attempted to make the piece interesting to both American and British readers and broaden American affairs and opinion.

Balfour served as chairman and later president of the CAS in the 1970s, helping to stabilise the organisation's finances, began a programme to advice corporations on producing contemporary and modern collections and pioneered cultural travel for its members. She also served as vice-chair of the Crafts Council and was a founder of the British-American Arts Association. Following her death, a loan for students at the Slade School of Fine Art was set up in her name.

Contemporary Art Society
The Contemporary Art Society (CAS) is a British charity founded in 1910 that champions the collecting of outstanding contemporary art and craft for museum collections in the UK. From the 1930s until around 1989, the society also donated works to Commonwealth museums, but since 1989 the focus has remained exclusively on UK institutions.

Each year, the CAS donates works of modern and contemporary art to more than 70 museums and public galleries in the UK, which subscribe as Museum Members. Notable acquisitions have included the first works by Paul Gauguin (1917), Dame Barbara Hepworth (1931), Pablo Picasso (1933), Henri Matisse (1935), Francis Bacon (1952), Sir Anthony Caro (1965), Sir Antony Gormley (1981) and Damien Hirst (1992) to enter UK public collections. More recent acquisitions have included works by 2016 Turner Prize winner Helen Marten in 2012, Phyllida Barlow in the same year and in 2016 the first works by Glenn Brown and Kader Attia to enter a UK museum collection.
Matthew Robinson (producer)
Matthew Robinson (born 27 July 1944) is a British-Cambodian television and film executive producer, producer, director and writer. After graduating from the University of Cambridge, he directed many episodes of popular British television dramas and soap operas in the 1970s and 1980s. He became the first producer (and later became the executive producer) of the series Byker Grove (1989–1997), and was also made the executive producer of EastEnders (1998–2000).

Robinson finished his British television career as the Head of Drama for BBC Wales. Since 2003 he has been based in Cambodia, where he runs his own production company, Khmer Mekong Films.

Byker Grove
Byker Grove is a British teen drama and coming of age television series which aired between 1989 and 2006 on BBC One and later CBBC.

The show was set in Byker, Newcastle upon Tyne and was filmed in nearby Benwell. It was created by writer Adele Rose and executive producer Andrea Wonfor. The show was broadcast at 5:10 pm after Newsround (later moved to 5 pm). It was aimed at an older teenager and young adult audience, tackling serious and sometimes controversial storylines. The show is notable for depicting the first gay kiss on children's television, as well as its breach of the fourth wall in the final series.
Coles Mills, New York
Coles Mills was a grist mill and small hamlet on the West Branch of the Croton River in Kent, New York.  One of the first settlements in the Southern Precinct of Dutchess County, now Putnam County, in the state of New York, it features prominently on the 19th Century maps of the area including the 1854 R. F. O’Connor Map of Putnam County, the 1867 F.W. Beers Map, and the United States Geological Survey map from 1892.  The mill and surrounding area was purchased by the New York City water supply system and submerged during the construction of West Branch Reservoir in the 1890s.

West Branch Reservoir
The West Branch Reservoir  is a reservoir in the New York City water supply system.  Formed by impounding the upper reaches of the West Branch of the Croton River, it is located in the Putnam County, New York, towns of Carmel, and Kent, about 50 miles (80 km) north of New York City.
Oasis Charitable Trust
Oasis Charitable Trust, commonly known as Oasis, is a United Kingdom-based Christian registered charity.  It was founded by the Reverend Steve Chalke in September of 1985. Chalke had been assistant minister at Tonbridge Baptist Church, Kent, for four years. He left this job with the aim of setting up a hostel for homeless young people. Oasis now has over 5,000 staff in the United Kingdom as well as thousands more volunteers.

Since its foundation Oasis has also developed into a family of charities now working on four continents (11 countries) around the world, with the goal of delivering housing, education, training, youthwork and healthcare. Oasis is now a voluntary sector provider, delivering services for local authorities and national governments, as well as self funded initiatives.

Oasis currently works in 51 local neighbourhoods – 35 of which are in the United Kingdom.

Oasis Academy Coulsdon
Oasis Academy Coulsdon, formerly known as Coulsdon High School, is a school in the London Borough of Croydon, England. It is between the area of Coulsdon and Caterham. It is an academy run by the Christian charity Oasis Trust.  The conversion to an academy in 2008 attracted a £20 million investment over five years by the government, via the Oasis Trust.
Vilnius letter
The Vilnius letter was a declaration of support for the 2003 invasion of Iraq from the nations of the Vilnius Group. It was published at the height of the Iraq disarmament crisis of early 2003, expressing confidence in the evidence presented by the U.S that Iraq had violated UN resolutions.

Vilnius Group
The Vilnius Group was an organization of NATO aspirant countries, created in May 2000, aimed at practical cooperation, exchange of information and lobbying for their candidacy in the NATO capitals.

As motto of the Vilnius group was chosen:

While each country should be considered on its own merits, we believe that the integration of each democracy will be a success for us all and the integration of each democracy will be a success for Europe and NATO.

The members were: Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.
George Burditt (writer)
George Henry Burditt (July 29, 1923 – June 25, 2013) was an American television writer and producer who wrote sketches for television variety shows and other programs such as Three's Company, for which he was also an executive producer in its last few seasons. Burditt was Emmy-nominated in writing categories alongside writing crew, including his writing partner Paul Wayne, for twice each The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour and Van Dyke and Company.

Paul Wayne
Paul Wayne (born Paul Weinberg; 17 January 1932) is a Canadian writer. He wrote sketches of television variety shows, like The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour that he won an Emmy Award for, and episodes of other television shows, like Three's Company. He also served as producer of only two short-lived sitcoms, Doc and Excuse My French.
Rice-A-Roni
Rice-A-Roni (a portmanteau of rice and macaroni) is a boxed food mix that consists of rice, vermicelli pasta, and seasonings.  To prepare, the rice and pasta are browned in butter, then water and seasonings are added and simmered until absorbed. It is a product of Quaker Oats Company, a subsidiary of PepsiCo.

Quaker Oats Company
The Quaker Oats Company, known as Quaker, is an American food conglomerate based in Chicago, Illinois. As Quaker Mill Company, the company was founded in 1877 in Ravenna, Ohio. In 1881, Henry Parsons Crowell bought the company and launched a national advertising campaign for Quaker Oats.

In 1911, the company acquired the Great Western Cereal Company. The iconic cylindrical package was introduced in 1915. The company's logo, which depicts a Quaker man, has had several iterations.

In 1983, Quaker acquired Stokely-Van Camp, Inc., the maker of Van Camp's and Gatorade. In 2001, PepsiCo bought Quaker Oats for $14 billion, primarily to acquire the Gatorade brand.
The Adventurer: The Curse of the Midas Box
The Adventurer: The Curse of the Midas Box is a 2014 fantasy adventure film directed by Jonathan Newman and starring Aneurin Barnard as the protagonist, Mariah Mundi. It also stars Michael Sheen, Sam Neill, Lena Headey, Ioan Gruffudd, Keeley Hawes, and Tristan Gemmill. It was written by Christian Taylor and Matthew Huffman, and is based on the novel Mariah Mundi by G. P. Taylor.

Aneurin Barnard
Aneurin Barnard (/əˈnaɪrɪn/; Welsh: [aˈnɛirɪn]; born 1 May 1987) is a Welsh actor. He is known for playing Davey in Hunky Dory, Claude in The Truth About Emanuel, Bobby Willis in Cilla, Tim in Thirteen, King Richard III in The White Queen, William in Dead in a Week or Your Money Back, Gibson in Dunkirk, and Boris Pavlikovsky in The Goldfinch.
Bulgarian Armed Forces Day
Bulgarian Armed Forces Day (Bulgarian: Ден на българските въоръжени сили), also known as the Day of Bravery (Bulgarian: Ден на храбростта) or the Day of Bravery and Holiday of the Bulgarian Army (Bulgarian: Ден на храбростта и празник на Българската армия) is a national holiday celebrated annually on May 6, commemorating the Bulgarian Armed Forces. The event is marked by military parades, fireworks and ceremonies across the country. As Armed Forces Day is the national military holiday of Bulgaria the celebrations in Sofia thus serve as a national event to mark the holiday.

Armed Forces Day
An Armed Forces Day, alongside its branch-specific variants often referred to as Army or Soldier's Day, Navy or Sailor's Day, and Air Force or Aviator's Day, is a holiday dedicated to honoring the armed forces, or one of their branches, of a sovereign state, including their personnel, history, achievements, and sacrifices. It's often patriotic or nationalistic in nature, carrying information value outside of the conventional boundaries of a military's subculture and into the wider civilian society. Many nations around the world observe this day. It is usually distinct from a Veterans or Memorial Day, as the former is dedicated to those who previously served and the latter is dedicated to those who perished in the fulfillment of their duties.
Panonian League
The Panonian League (Croatian and Serbian: Panonska Liga, Панонска Лига) was one of the multinational ice hockey leagues in Europe. The league was established in 2002 and originally comprised teams from Hungary, Romania and Croatia. HK Vojvodina became the first Serbian team to join the league in 2003-04. The league was temporarily abandoned after 2003-04 when Hungarian and Romanian teams went on to establish their own joint league, called the MOL Liga. The Panonian League was revived in 2007 with Croatian and Serbian teams, lasting until 2009. In total there were four seasons, from 2002 to 2004, and from 2007 to 2009.

HK Vojvodina
Hokejaški Klub Vojvodina is a professional ice hockey team from Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Serbia, founded in 1957. In its history it has won eight national championships. They play their home games at SPENS, located in Novi Sad. The team is part of the Vojvodina Novi Sad sports society.
Jehane Noujaim
Jehane Noujaim (Arabic: جيهان نجيم, IPA: [ʒeˈhæːn nʊˈʒeːm]) (born May 17, 1974) is an American documentary film director best known for her films Control Room, Startup.com, Pangea Day and The Square. She has co-directed The Great Hack and The Vow with Karim Amer.

Pangea Day
Pangea Day is an international multimedia event conducted on May 10, 2008. Cairo, Kigali, London, Los Angeles, Mumbai and Rio de Janeiro were linked to produce a 4-hour program of films, music, and speakers. The program was broadcast live across the globe from 1800 to 2200 UTC, culminating in a global drum circle, symbolizing the common heartbeat of the world. According to the festival organizers, "Pangea Day plans to use the power of film to bring the world a little closer together."

Pangea Day originated in 2006 when documentary filmmaker Jehane Noujaim won the TED Prize. Jehane wished to use film to bring the world together.

Pangea refers to the supercontinent from which all current continents initially separated. It serves as a reminder of the "connectedness" or unitary nature of all people on Planet Earth.
L'insegnante balla... con tutta la classe
L'insegnante balla... con tutta la classe (literally The schoolteacher dances ... with the whole class) is a 1979 commedia sexy all'italiana directed by Giuliano Carnimeo. The film is the first in the "Schoolteacher" film series which does not star Edwige Fenech in the main role. It is considered the breakout title for Nadia Cassini.

Nadia Cassini
Gianna Lou Cassini (née Müller; January 2, 1949 – March 18, 2025), better known by her stage name Nadia Cassini, was an  American-Italian actress, singer, and showgirl who became famous in Italian exploitation films of the 1970s and early 1980s, particularly in the commedia sexy all'italiana genre in the late 1970s.
Northern hawk-owl
The northern hawk-owl (Surnia ulula), or northern hawk owl, is a medium-sized true owl of the northern latitudes.  It is non-migratory and usually stays within its breeding range, though it sometimes irrupts southward. It is one of the few owls that is not strictly nocturnal nor crepuscular, often being active during the day. This is the only living species in the genus Surnia of the family Strigidae, the "typical" owls (as opposed to barn owls, Tytonidae). The species is sometimes called simply the hawk owl; however, many species of owls in the genus Ninox are also called "hawk owls".

Strigidae
The true owls or typical owls (family Strigidae) are one of the two generally accepted families of owls, the other being the barn owls and bay owls (Tytonidae).  This large family comprises 230 living or recently extinct species in 24 genera. The Strigidae owls have a cosmopolitan distribution and are found on every continent except Antarctica.
The Chicago Code
The Chicago Code is an American crime drama television series created by Shawn Ryan that aired on Fox in the United States. The series was filmed in Chicago, Illinois, originally airing from February 7 to May 23, 2011, with Fox announcing cancellation on May 10, 2011.

Shawn Ryan
Shawn Ryan (born October 11, 1966) is an American screenwriter and television producer. He has created and/or produced a number of television series including The Shield (2002–08), The Unit (2006–09), Lie to Me (2009–11), Timeless (2016–18),  S.W.A.T. (2017–25) and The Night Agent (2023–present).