hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
M1819 Hall rifle
The M1819 Hall rifle was a single-shot breech-loading rifle (also considered something of a hybrid breech and muzzle-loading design) designed by John Hancock Hall, patented on May 21, 1811, and adopted by the U.S. Army in 1819. It was preceded by the Harpers Ferry M1803. It used a pivoting chamber breech design and was made with either flintlock or percussion cap ignition systems. The years of production were from the 1820s to the 1840s at the Harpers Ferry Arsenal. This was the first breech-loading rifle to be adopted in large numbers by any nation's army, but not the first breech-loading military rifle – the Ferguson rifle was used briefly by the British Army in the American Revolutionary War. The Hall rifle remained overshadowed by common muskets and muzzleloading rifles which were still prevalent until the Civil War. The early flintlocks were mostly converted to percussion ignition.

Flintlock
Flintlock is a general term for any firearm that uses a flint-striking ignition mechanism, the first of which appeared in Western Europe in the early 16th century. The term may also apply to a particular form of the mechanism itself, also known as the true flintlock, that was introduced in the early 17th century, and gradually replaced earlier firearm-ignition technologies, such as the matchlock, the wheellock, and the earlier flintlock mechanisms such as the snaplock and snaphaunce.

The true flintlock continued to be in common use for over two centuries, replaced by percussion cap and, later, the cartridge-based systems in the early-to-mid 19th century. Although long superseded by modern firearms, flintlock weapons enjoy continuing popularity with black-powder shooting enthusiasts.
Sutherland Curling Club
The Sutherland Curling Club is an historic curling club located in the Sutherland Industrial sector of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The club was established in 1910 in the village of Sutherland, which became part of Saskatoon in 1956. Today, the Sutherland is the oldest curling club in the city and one of three overall, alongside the Nutana Curling Club and the CN Curling Club.

The club has been the home of four provincial women's championship rinks, including Vera Pezer's national champions, as well as a world junior champion.

CN Curling Club
The CN Curling Club is a curling club located in the Montgomery Place neighbourhood of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Once one of six curling clubs in the city, it is today one of three clubs still operating, along with the Sutherland Curling Club and the Nutana Curling Club. The closure of the Granite Curling Club in 2022 left CN as the only club in the city on the west side of the South Saskatchewan River.
Plucky Liege
Plucky Liege (1912–1937) was a British Thoroughbred racemare who produced eleven winners, including an Epsom Derby winner at the age of twenty-three and three British Classic race winners. The performances of these horses led to her becoming one of the most important broodmares of the 20th century.

Foaled in England, Plucky Liege was bred by Lord Michelham. She was sired by Spearmint, a winner of the two major races in England and France at the time, the 1906 Epsom Derby and the Grand Prix de Paris. Her dam, Concertina, was un-raced daughter of the leading sire, St. Simon who was one of the most successful sires in history. Concertina was the dam of nine winners, but none of them were top class racehorses. Plucky Liege had three crosses of Stockwell and four crosses of Touchstone in her pedigree.

Spearmint (horse)
Spearmint (1903–1924) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and a sire. In a brief racing career which lasted from 1905 until June 1906, he ran five times and won three races. After showing moderate form in 1905, he won The Derby on his seasonal debut at age three and then became the first British horse for twenty years to win France's most important race, the Grand Prix de Paris. He became a successful breeding stallion, siring major winners in Europe and the United States. His daughters produced the winners of eight classic races. Spearmint was placed on the winning sires and brood-mare sires lists on several occasions.
Wayne County, Michigan
Wayne County is the most populous county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of 2020, the United States census placed its population at 1,793,561, making it the 19th-most populous county in the United States. The county seat is Detroit. The county was founded in 1796 and organized in 1815. Wayne County is included in the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is one of several U.S. counties named after Revolutionary War-era general Anthony Wayne.

Washtenaw County, Michigan
Washtenaw County (/ˈwɔːʃtənɔː/ WAWSH-tə-naw) is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. At the 2020 census, the population was 372,258. The county seat and largest city is Ann Arbor. The county was authorized by legislation in 1822 and organized as a county in 1826.
Washtenaw County comprises the Ann Arbor Metropolitan Statistical Area.
The county is home to the University of Michigan, Eastern Michigan University, Washtenaw Community College, and Concordia University Ann Arbor.
Hawick High School
Hawick High School is a non-denominational secondary school in Hawick, in the Scottish Borders. As well as serving the town, it also takes in pupils from as far away as Newcastleton. It is the second school in Scotland (after Kilmarnock Academy) to have educated two Nobel laureates: Angus Deaton and Richard Henderson. Hawick High School is part of the Hawick cluster of schools including Burnfoot Community School, Denholm Primary School (in the Village of Denholm), Drumlanrig St Cuthberts Primary School, Newcastleton Primary School (in the village of Newcastleton), Stirches Primary School, Trinity Primary School and Wilton Primary School.

Richard Henderson (biologist)
Richard Henderson is a British molecular biologist and biophysicist and pioneer in the field of electron microscopy of biological molecules. Henderson shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2017 with Jacques Dubochet and Joachim Frank. "Thanks to his work, we can look at individual atoms of living nature, thanks to cryo-electron microscopes we can see details without destroying samples, and for this he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry."
The Secret Book of Gnomes
Children's literature portal

The Secret Book of Gnomes is a series of books about gnomes written for children. They contain fictional stories and guides about how gnomes live in harmony with their environment, such as what a gnome has in his first aid kit and how a gnome's house is built. The books were written by the Dutch author Wil Huygen and illustrator Rien Poortvliet, though they have claimed that parts were written by a gnome called David. Those authors also created another series about gnomes entitled The Gnomes. That was later used as a basis for the television shows David the Gnome and Wisdom of the Gnomes by BRB Internacional.

The World of David the Gnome
The World of David the Gnome, originally titled David, el gnomo and also known as David, the Gnome, is a Spanish animated television series based on The Secret Book of Gnomes, a series of children's books by Dutch author Wil Huygen and illustrator Rien Poortvliet. The series was originally created by Spanish studio BRB Internacional in collaboration with Televisión Española. Twenty-six episodes were produced. The series spawned two spin-off series: Wisdom of the Gnomes (1987) and The New World of the Gnomes (1996); and three films edited from the series: The Gnomes' Great Adventure (1987), The Gnomes in the Snow (1999), and The Fantastic Adventures of the Gnomes (2000).

The English-language dub, The World of David the Gnome, was produced by Canadian studio CINAR Films in association with Miramax Films. Christopher Plummer was narrator, with Tom Bosley voicing David. David the Gnome aired weekdays on Nickelodeon's Nick Jr. block from 1988 until 1995 in the United States.
Masjid Jamek Queenstown
Masjid Jamek Queenstown is a mosque located at the junction of Margaret Drive and Tanglin Road within Queenstown, Singapore. Built in 1964, it is one of the smallest mosques in the country with a capacity of at least 400 worshippers. It is currently a heritage site of the Queenstown neighbourhood.

Queenstown, Singapore
Queenstown is a planning area and satellite residential town situated on the south-westernmost fringe of the Central Region of Singapore. It borders Bukit Timah to the north, Tanglin to the northeast, Bukit Merah to the east and southeast, as well as Clementi to the northwest and west. Its southern and southwesternmost limits are bounded by the Pandan Strait.

Developed by the Singapore Improvement Trust in the 1950s and subsequently by the Housing and Development Board in the 1960s, Queenstown was the first satellite town to be built in the country. Most apartments within the township consists of simple one, two, or three-room flats, typically in low-rise, walk-up blocks. Major development work was carried out during the first Five-Year Building Programme between 1960 and 1965.  A total of 19,372 dwelling units were constructed between 1952 and 1968.

The headquarters of Grab, Razer and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) are located in Queenstown.
House of the Huangcheng Chancellor
The House of the Huangcheng Chancellor, also known by its Chinese name, Huangcheng Xiangfu, is a 10-hectare (25-acre) walled estate on Phoenix Hill (Fenghuangshan) comprising Huangcheng, a village occupying a hollow above the Changhe Valley between Yangcheng and Jincheng in southeastern Shanxi, China. It is composed of numerous siheyuan-style courtyards built into the side of a hill, overlooked by defensive towers and enclosed by high crenellated walls that divide it into two sections. The fortifications were built in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

It has been called the "greatest cultural residence in North China". China's National Tourism Administration gave it a AAAAA rating in 2011.

Siheyuan
A siheyuan (Chinese: 四合院; [sɹ̩̂.xɤ̌.ɥɛ̂n];Sìhéyuàn) is a traditional Chinese architectural style characterized by a courtyard enclosed by buildings on all four sides. This design was prevalent throughout northern China, notably in Beijing and rural Shanxi. Historically, siheyuan served as the foundational layout for various structures, including residences, palaces, temples, monasteries, family businesses, and government offices.

Siheyuan originated in the Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) and became popular during the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1912) dynasties. A spacious siheyuan would be occupied by a single, usually large and extended family, signifying wealth and prosperity. Today, remaining siheyuan are often still used as subdivided housing complexes, although many lack modern amenities.
Aslockton
Aslockton is an English village and civil parish 12 miles (19 km) east of Nottingham and 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Bingham, on the north bank of the River Smite opposite Whatton-in-the-Vale. The parish is also adjacent to Scarrington, Thoroton and Orston and within the Rushcliffe borough of Nottinghamshire. The population was recorded as 974 in the 2011 census, doubling to 1,937 at the 2021 census.

Whatton-in-the-Vale
Whatton-in-the-Vale is a village and civil parish in the Rushcliffe district, in the county of Nottinghamshire, England. It lies in the Vale of Belvoir, with the River Smite to the west and a subsidiary, the River Whipling to the east, mainly north of the trunk A52 road, 12 miles (19 km) east of Nottingham. The parish had a population of 843 at the 2011 census, increasing to 874 at the 2021 census.
Japanese script reform
The Japanese script reform is the attempt to correlate standard spoken Japanese with the written word, which began during the Meiji period. This issue is known in Japan as the kokugo kokuji mondai (国語国字問題, national language and script problem). The reforms led to the development of the modern Japanese written language, and explain the arguments for official policies used to determine the usage and teaching of kanji rarely used in Japan.

Tōyō kanji
The tōyō kanji (当用漢字, lit. "general-use kanji") are those kanji listed on the Tōyō kanji hyō (当用漢字表, literally "list of general-use kanji"), which was released by the Japanese Ministry of Education (文部省) on 16 November 1946, following a reform of kanji characters of Chinese origin in the Japanese language. The intention of the tōyō list was to declare which kanji could be used in official government documents.

The 1,850-character list was not meant to be exhaustive, as many characters that were in common use at the time, and are today, were not included. It was meant as a baseline for satisfactory functional literacy in Japanese at a secondary education level, as all of the listed characters were to be taught nationwide in compulsory education.

They were replaced in 1981 by the jōyō kanji, which initially included 1,945 characters, but was expanded to 2,136 characters in 2010 following several revisions.
Collingbourne Kingston
Collingbourne Kingston is a village and civil parish about 8 miles (13 km) south of the market town of Marlborough in Wiltshire, England. The village, which is on the A338 primary route between Andover and Marlborough, is one of several on the River Bourne, a seasonal river which is usually dry in summer. The parish includes the hamlets of Aughton and Brunton.

The toponym Collingbourne means the "Bourne as the stream of Cola's people". Collingbourne Kingston was so named to distinguish it from its southerly neighbour Collingbourne Ducis. Until the 14th century, Collingbourne Kingston was called Collingbourne Abbot's with reference to Hyde Abbey, Winchester, the owner of the principal manor.  The change to Kingston was a reference to the appearance of Collingbourne in the Domesday Book.

Collingbourne Ducis
Collingbourne Ducis is a village and civil parish on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England, about 10 miles (16 km) south of Marlborough. It is one of several villages on the River Bourne which is a seasonal river, usually dry in summer. The parish includes the hamlets of Cadley and Sunton.
VP-5
Patrol Squadron FIVE (VP-5) is a long-lived maritime patrol squadron of the United States Navy. It is the second squadron to bear the VP-5 designation. VP-5 is the second oldest patrol squadron, the fourth oldest in the United States Navy, and the 33rd oldest squadron in the United States military. As of 2019, VP-5 is still active and is based at Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida.

Naval Air Station Jacksonville
Naval Air Station Jacksonville (NAS Jacksonville) (IATA: NIP, ICAO: KNIP, FAA LID: NIP) is a large naval air station located approximately eight miles (13 km) south of the central business district of Jacksonville, Florida, United States.
Nick Cooney
Nick Cooney (born c. 1981) is a managing partner at Lever VC, an investment fund focused on alternative protein companies.

He co-founded the Good Food Institute and was co-founder and Managing Trustee of New Crop Capital. He is the author of three books: Change of Heart (2010), Veganomics (2013), and How To Be Great At Doing Good (2015). He previously worked for the non-profit organizations Mercy for Animals and Farm Sanctuary, and was the founder of the non-profit organization The Humane League.

Mercy for Animals
Mercy For Animals (MFA) is an international nonprofit animal protection organization founded in 1999 by Milo Runkle. MFA's mission is to "prevent cruelty to farmed animals and promote compassionate food choices and policies."
Serg Bell
Serg Bell (born Sergey Mikhaylovich Belousov, Russian: Сергей Михайлович Белоусов, 2 August 1971) is a Singaporean businessman born in Leningrad, USSR, entrepreneur, investor and speaker, the founder and chairman of the board of Constructor, formerly known as Schaffhausen Institute of Technology (SIT)  and multiple global IT companies, including Acronis, a global data protection company, and was the senior founding partner of Runa Capital, a technology investment firm. He is also executive chairman of the board and chief architect of Parallels, Inc., a virtualization technology company, co-founder and chairman of the board of Acumatica, an enterprise resource planning software (ERP) company, and co-founder of QWave Capital.

Serg co-authored over 350 patents. His h-index is 48.

In 2021 he officially changed his name to Serg Bell.

Parallels (company)
Parallels International GmbH is a software company based in Bellevue, Washington. It is involved in the development of virtualization software for MacOS. The company has over 800 employees and offices in 14 countries, including the United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Japan, China, Spain, Malta, Australia, and Mauritius
Henny Wolff
Henny Wolff (3 February 1896 – 29 January 1965) was a German soprano concert singer and voice teacher. She made an international career, known for performing music by Bach and Handel, but also performing contemporary classical music. Composers wrote music for her and performed with her, such as Hermann Reutter. She was a voice teacher at the Bonn Conservatory, in Berlin, and from 1950 to 1964 at the Musikhochschule Hamburg. She was awarded the city's Johannes Brahms Medal.

Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg
The Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg is one of the larger universities of music in Germany.

It was founded in 1950 as Staatliche Hochschule für Musik (Public college of music) on the base of the former private acting school of Annemarie Marks-Rocke and Eduard Marks.

Courses cover various musical genres, including church music, jazz, pop, composition, conducting, instrumental music as well as voice. The theatre academy offers courses in drama and opera and directing in these fields. A third academy offers scientific and educational degrees and qualifications (musicology, music education and therapy).

The university is located in the prestigious Budge-Palais in Hamburg Rotherbaum at the Außenalster, close to the city centre.
Sabine Schmitz
Sabine Schmitz (German: [zaˈbi.nə ʃmɪt͡s]; 14 May 1969 – 16 March 2021) was a German professional motor racing driver and television personality. She was born in Adenau to a family in the hotel and catering business, and raised in one of the villages nestled within the Nürburgring. She initially trained to join the same profession as her parents before choosing to begin a career in racing, working as a driver for BMW and Porsche.

She became known for being an expert on the Nürburgring circuit, being the first woman to win a major 24h race overall, and winning two victories in 24h races during the course of her driving career on the circuit. She also became a cult icon on television, following her appearance on BBC's Top Gear, making recurring appearances alongside several of the programme's presenters. In March 2021, Schmitz died of cancer at the age of 51, following a diagnosis in late 2017.

Adenau
Adenau (German: [ˈaːdənaʊ] ⓘ) is a town in the High Eifel in Germany. It is known as the Johanniterstadt because the Order of Saint John was based there in the Middle Ages. The town's coat of arms combines the black cross of the Electorate of Cologne with the lion of the lords of Nürburg. The northern loop of the Nürburgring lies just outside the town.

The Breidscheid section of Adenau was a separate municipality until 1952. The lords of Breidscheid are mentioned in the 13th century. The chapel of Breidscheid is dedicated to Saints Roch and Sebastian and was built in 1630 as a plague chapel.
Gmina Wielka Nieszawka
Gmina Wielka Nieszawka is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Toruń County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Wielka Nieszawka, which lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south-west of Toruń.

The gmina covers an area of 216.28 square kilometres (83.5 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 3,929.

Wielka Nieszawka
Wielka Nieszawka [ˈvjɛlka ɲɛˈʂafka] is a village in Toruń County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Wielka Nieszawka.
Smith & Wesson Model 22
The Smith & Wesson Model 22 is a six-shot, double-action, large frame revolver chambered in .45 ACP using moon clips. It is a refined commercial version of the M1917 revolver first issued during World War I.

M1917 revolver
The M1917 revolvers were six-shot, .45 ACP, large frame double action revolvers adopted by the United States Military in 1917, to supplement the standard M1911 pistol during World War I. There were two variations of the M1917, one made by Colt and the other by Smith & Wesson. They used moon clips to hold the cartridges in position, to facilitate reloading, and to aid in extraction, since revolvers had been designed to eject rimmed cartridges and .45 ACP rounds were rimless for use with the magazine-fed M1911. After World War I, they gained a strong following among civilian shooters. A commercial rimmed cartridge, the .45 Auto Rim, was also developed, so M1917 revolvers could eject cartridge cases without using moon-clips.
South African Air Force Museum
The South African Air Force Museum houses exhibits and restores material related to the history of the South African Air Force. The museum is divided into three locations, AFB Swartkop outside Pretoria, AFB Ysterplaat in Cape Town and at Gqeberha's Chief Dawid Stuurman International Airport.

Chief Dawid Stuurman International Airport
Chief Dawid Stuurman International Airport (IATA: PLZ, ICAO: FAPE) is an airport serving Gqeberha (Port Elizabeth), a city in the Eastern Cape province in South Africa. It was formerly known as H. F. Verwoerd Airport and Port Elizabeth International Airport. The airport is owned and operated by the Airports Company South Africa which also operates nine other airports around South Africa. The airport is located approximately two miles south of the city's central business district. In 2017, the airport served 1,620,705 passengers.

The name of the airport was changed from Port Elizabeth International Airport to Chief Dawid Stuurman International Airport in February 2021.
Hercules Inc.
Hercules, Inc. was a chemical and munitions manufacturing company based in Wilmington, Delaware, United States, incorporated in 1912 as the Hercules Powder Company following the breakup of the DuPont explosives monopoly by the U.S. Circuit Court in 1911.  Hercules Powder Company became Hercules, Inc. in 1966,  operating under this name until 2008, when it was merged into Ashland Inc.

An earlier Hercules Powder Company was formed in 1882 by DuPont and Laflin & Rand Powder Company.  This company was dissolved on June 30, 1904.

Hercules was one of the major producers of smokeless powder for warfare in the United States during the 20th century. At the time of its spin-off, the DuPont Corp. retained the processes and patents for the production of "single-base" nitrocellulose gunpowders, whereas Hercules was given the patents and processes for the production of "double-base" gunpowders that combined nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine.

Alliant Techsystems
Alliant Techsystems Inc. (ATK) was an American aerospace and arms manufacturer headquartered in Arlington County, Virginia. The company operated across 22 states, Puerto Rico, and internationally. ATK revenue in fiscal year 2014 was about US$4.8 billion.

On April 29, 2014, ATK announced that it would spin off its Sporting Group and merge its Aerospace and Defense Groups with Orbital Sciences Corporation.

The spinoff of the Sporting Group to create Vista Outdoor and the merger leading to the creation of Orbital ATK were completed on February 9, 2015. The companies began operations as separate entities on February 20, 2015. Orbital ATK was bought by Northrop Grumman in 2018.