hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Summerhill School
Summerhill School is an independent (i.e. fee-charging) day and boarding school in Leiston, Suffolk, England.  It was founded in 1921 by Alexander Sutherland Neill with the belief that the school should be made to fit the child, rather than the other way around. It is run as a democratic community and is considered a democratic school; the running of the school is conducted in the school meetings, which anyone, staff or pupil, may attend, and at which everyone has an equal vote. These meetings serve as both a legislative and judicial body. Members of the community are free to do as they please, so long as their actions do not cause any harm to others, according to Neill's principle "Freedom, not Licence." This extends to the freedom for pupils to choose which lessons, if any, they attend. It is an example of both democratic education and alternative education.

Democratic education
Democratic education is a type of formal education that is organized democratically, so that students can manage their own learning and participate in the governance of their educational environment. Democratic education is often specifically emancipatory, with the students' voices being equal to the teachers'.

Democratic education must be distinguished from civic education. Although there are overlaps, civic education is concerned with the study of the theoretical, political, and practical aspects of (democratic) citizenship, as well as its rights and duties, while democratic education presupposes that the educational setting is organized democratically.
Jacques Jorda
Jacques Jorda, (born in Elne, on 1 April 1948) is a French former rugby league player and coach. Starting in rugby union for Stade Toulousain, he made his debut with the club in First Division in 1966 before joining Carcassonne in 1967 and then, USA Perpignan in 1969. In 1971 he switches codes opting for rugby league and for XIII Catalan from Perpignan where he won the French Championship and the Lord Derby Cup.He was concurrently the coach for Saint-Jacques, Soler and Palau before coaching XIII Catalan and France national team leading the latter to an historic success against Great Britain. He ended his career as director of the French Rugby League Federation.

XIII Catalan
XIII Catalan is a rugby league team from Perpignan in the Pyrénées-Orientales region of southern France. They were founded in 1934, and thus were founding members of the French rugby league championship. In 2000 their senior team merged with nearby neighbours AS Saint Estève to form Union Treiziste Catalane, now better known in the English-speaking world by their Super League identity of Catalans Dragons.
Ionic strength
The ionic strength of a solution is a measure of the concentration of ions in that solution. Ionic compounds, when dissolved in water, dissociate into ions. The total electrolyte concentration in solution will affect important properties such as the dissociation constant or the solubility of different salts. One of the main characteristics of a solution with dissolved ions is the ionic strength. Ionic strength can be molar (mol/L solution) or molal (mol/kg solvent) and to avoid confusion the units should be stated explicitly. The concept of ionic strength was first introduced by Lewis and Randall in 1921 while describing the activity coefficients of strong electrolytes.

Debye–Hückel theory
The Debye–Hückel theory was proposed by Peter Debye and Erich Hückel as a theoretical explanation for departures from ideality in solutions of electrolytes and plasmas. 
It is a linearized Poisson–Boltzmann model, which assumes an extremely simplified model of electrolyte solution but nevertheless gave accurate predictions of mean activity coefficients for ions in dilute solution. The Debye–Hückel equation provides a starting point for modern treatments of non-ideality of electrolyte solutions.
Alka Vuica
Alka Vuica (pronounced [âːlka ʋûitsa]; born 8 June 1961) is a Croatian singer, lyricist and television presenter.

Vuica is most notable for her 1980s and early 1990s songwriting work for popular Yugoslav musical acts such as Željko Bebek, Oliver Mandić (hit song "Dođe mi da vrisnem tvoje ime"), Neki to vole vruće (hit "California"), Denis & Denis (hit "Ja sam lažljiva"), Boris Novković (most of the Jači od sudbine album), Josipa Lisac (hits "Gdje Dunav ljubi nebo" and "Danas sam luda"), Vlado Kalember (hit "Vino na usnama"), Viktorija, and Tajči (hits "Hajde da ludujemo" and "Moj mali je opasan").

In 1994, after a decade of writing songs for other performers, Vuica started a solo singing career with a mixture of pop and commercial Croatian-Balkan folk. Her biggest hits are 1994's "Laži me" and 1999's "Varalica".

Gdje Dunav ljubi nebo
"Gdje Dunav ljubi nebo" (Where Danube kisses the sky) is song by Josipa Lisac. Originally performed at Yugoslav selection for Eurovision Song Contest 1987. Although the song lost to Novi fosili's Ja sam za ples, the song became a huge hit.
National Park Service
The National Park Service (NPS) is an agency of the United States federal government, within the United States Department of the Interior. The service manages all national parks; most national monuments; and other natural, historical, and recreational properties, with various title designations. The United States Congress created the agency on August 25, 1916, through the National Park Service Organic Act. Its headquarters is in Washington, D.C., within the main headquarters of the Department of the Interior.

The NPS employs about 20,000 people in 433 units covering over 85 million acres (0.34 million km2) in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories. In 2019, the service had more than 279,000 volunteers. The agency is charged with preserving the ecological and historical integrity of the places entrusted to its management and with making them available for public use and enjoyment.

National Park Service ranger
National Park Service rangers are among the uniformed employees charged with protecting and preserving areas set aside in the National Park System by the United States Congress and the President of the United States. While all employees of the agency contribute to the National Park Service mission of preserving unimpaired the natural and cultural resources set aside by the American people for future generations, the term "park ranger" is traditionally used to describe all National Park Service employees who wear the uniform. Broadly speaking, all National Park Service rangers promote stewardship of the resources in their care—either voluntary stewardship via resource interpretation, or compliance with statute or regulation through law enforcement.  These comprise the two main disciplines of the ranger profession in the National Park Service.
Kolar River (Kanhan)
The Kolar River (Kolhar River) is a river of Nagpur district, Maharashtra, India, flowing southeast from above the town of Saoner to its juncture with the Kanhan River. It is in the Godavari river basin. The Kolar River forms the boundary between Saoner taluka and Ramtek taluka.

Kanhan River
The Kanhan River is an important right bank tributary of the Wainganga River draining a large area lying south of Satpura range in central India. Along its 275 km run through the Indian States of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh, it receives its largest tributary - Pench River, a major water source for the metropolis of Nagpur.

The Kanhan was not mentioned in the 2001 list of notified rivers in Maharashtra which has led to unrestricted exploitation in the form of sand mining along the river bed. This failure to recognise its presence has been viewed as a deliberate attempt at unregulated economic gains. The catchment area has also seen largescale coal mining in recent years. Efforts are currently underway to notify the river to prevent further environmental damage. This has been undermined by plans for construction of a barrage. The river was perennial until a few decades ago, but now goes dry by February every year.
Baldwin County, Georgia
Baldwin County is a county located in the central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, its population was 43,799. The county seat is Milledgeville, which was developed along the Oconee River. Baldwin County is part of the Milledgeville micropolitan statistical area.

Putnam County, Georgia
Putnam County is a county located in the central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 22,047. The county seat is Eatonton.

Since the early 21st century, the county has had a housing boom. It has proximity to Lake Oconee, Lake Sinclair, and the Oconee River, all of which are recreation sites, as well as to major employment centers such as Atlanta, Athens, and Macon.
Louisiana Highway 97
Louisiana Highway 97 (LA 97) is a state highway located in southwestern Louisiana.  It runs 21.55 miles (34.68 km) in a north–south direction from the junction of U.S. Highway 90 (US 90) and LA 102 in Jennings to U.S. Highway 190 (US 190) east of Basile.

The highway connects Jennings, the seat of Jefferson Davis Parish, to one of two interchanges with Interstate 10 (I-10) that serve the small city.  Outside of Jennings, LA 97 travels through a sparsely populated area as it parallels Bayou Nezpique at a distance of roughly two miles (3.2 km).  This portion of the route, located in neighboring Acadia Parish, is known as Evangeline Highway and connects the rural community of Evangeline to the US 190 corridor.

Basile, Louisiana
Basile is a town in Acadia and Evangeline parishes in the U.S. state of Louisiana. The population was 1,214 in 2020.

The Acadia Parish portion of Basile is part of the Crowley Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Mount Rausu
Mount Rausu (羅臼岳, Rausu-dake) is a stratovolcano on the Shiretoko Peninsula in Hokkaidō, Japan. It sits on the border between the towns of Shari and Rausu. Mount Rausu is the northeasternmost Holocene volcano on Hokkaidō. It is one of the 100 famous mountains in Japan.

Mount Rausu's opening festival is held annually on July 3. This day officially opens the climbing season.

In the past 2,200 years Mount Rausu is believed to have erupted thrice, with a Plinian Eruption roughly 1,400 years ago and a pyroclastic flow about 500 years ago.

Shiretoko Peninsula
The Shiretoko Peninsula (知床半島, Shiretoko-hantō) is located on the easternmost portion of the Japanese island of Hokkaido, protruding into the Sea of Okhotsk. It is separated from Kunashiri Island by the Nemuro Strait. The name Shiretoko is derived from the Ainu word sir etok, meaning "the end of the Earth" or "the place where the Earth protrudes". The towns of Rausu and Shari are found on the peninsula.

The Shiretoko Peninsula was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005, in recognition of the peninsula being the southernmost point where sea ice usually forms in the Northern Hemisphere.
Anthony Holden
Anthony Ivan Holden (22 May 1947 – 7 October 2023) was an English writer, broadcaster and literary critic, particularly known as a biographer of artists including Shakespeare, Tchaikovsky, the essayist Leigh Hunt, the opera librettist Lorenzo Da Ponte and the actor Laurence Olivier, and of members of the British royal family, notably Charles, Prince of Wales. Holden also published translations of opera and Ancient Greek poetry, as well as several autobiographical books about poker. In 2009, he was elected the first President of the International Federation of Match Poker (IFMP).

Lorenzo Da Ponte
Lorenzo Da Ponte (né Emanuele Conegliano; 10 March 1749 – 17 August 1838) was an Italian, later American librettist, poet and Roman Catholic priest. He wrote the libretti for 28 operas by 11 composers, including three of Mozart's most celebrated operas: The Marriage of Figaro (1786), Don Giovanni (1787), and Così fan tutte (1790).

He was the first professor of Italian literature at Columbia University, and with Manuel Garcia, the first to introduce Italian opera to America. Aside from his relationship with Mozart, Da Ponte was also a close friend of Casanova.
Carcinoid syndrome
Carcinoid syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome comprising the signs and symptoms that occur secondary to neuroendocrine tumors (formerly known as carcinoid tumors). The syndrome is caused by neuroendocrine tumors most often found in the gut releasing biologically active substances into the blood causing symptoms such as flushing and diarrhea, and less frequently, heart failure, vomiting and bronchoconstriction.

Flushing (physiology)
Flushing is to become markedly red in the face and often other areas of the skin, from various physiological conditions. Flushing is generally distinguished  from blushing, since blushing is psychosomatic, milder, generally restricted to the face, cheeks or ears, and generally assumed to reflect emotional stress, such as embarrassment, anger, or romantic stimulation. Flushing is also a cardinal symptom of carcinoid syndrome—the syndrome that results from hormones (often serotonin or histamine) being secreted into systemic circulation.
Dan Cunneen
Dan Cunneen (aka Dan Steely) is an American musician, songwriter, disc jockey, screen printer and graphic designer originally from Portland, Oregon, United States. He is best known for his drumming with the 1980s Portland bands Final Warning and The Obituaries, as well as the 1990s Seattle bands Zipgun and Nightcaps. In 2020, Cunneen began recording under the moniker Dan Steely. He occasionally plays drums with the Perkins Coie Band (aka PCBs), the in house band for the Seattle law firm Perkins Coie. Cunneen is currently the lead singer and principal songwriter for the Seattle-based band Roxbury Saints.

On January 3, 2015, Cunneen was ordained as a minister in the Universal Life Church.

Zipgun
ZIPGUN (stylized in all-caps) are an American punk rock band from Seattle, Washington, United States, primarily active from 1991 to 1994. The original founding members were: guitarist Neil Rogers (The Derelicts, Glazed), singer Robb Clarke (Trids, RC5, The Burnz), bassist Mark Wooten (The Zanny Guys, Noble Firs) and drummer Dan Cunneen (Final Warning, The Obituaries, Seattle's Nightcaps,).
Kosaka, Akita
Kosaka (小坂町, Kosaka-machi) is a town located in Kazuno District, Akita Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 March 2023, the town had an estimated population of 4,670 in 2,284 households, and population density of 23 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 201.70 square kilometres (77.88 sq mi). In 2016, Kosaka was selected as one of The Most Beautiful Villages in Japan.

Kazuno District, Akita
Kazuno (鹿角郡, Kazuno-gun) is a rural district located in Akita Prefecture, Japan.

At present time (as of June 2013), the district consists of only the town of Kosaka with an estimated population of 5,749 and an area of 201.95 km2. All of the city of Kazuno was formerly part of Kazuno District.
Zebah and Zalmunna
Zebah (Hebrew: זֶ֫בַח Zeḇaḥ, "sacrifice", Zebee in the Brenton Septuagint Translation and the Douai-Rheims Bible) and Zalmunna (צַלְמֻנָּע Ṣalmunnā‘, "shade denied" or "Salm protects" Salmana in the Brenton Septuagint Translation and the Douai-Rheims Bible) were the two kings who led the vast host of the Midianites who invaded the land of Israel, and over whom Gideon gained a great and decisive victory (Judges 8). Zebah and Zalmunna had succeeded in escaping across the Jordan River with a remnant of the Midianite host, but were overtaken at Karkor, probably in the Hauran, and routed by Gideon. The kings were taken alive and brought back across the Jordan; and confessing that they had personally taken part in the killing of Gideon's brothers, they were put to death.

Their demise is remembered and invoked in Psalms 83:9–11:

Deal with them as with Midian ... yes, all their princes like Zebah and Zalmunna.

See also 1 Samuel 12:11 and Isaiah 10:26.

Gideon
Gideon (/ˈɡɪdiən/; Biblical Hebrew: גִּדְעוֹן, romanized: Giḏəʿón) also named Jerubbaal (יְרֻבַּעַל Yərubbaʿál) and Jerubbesheth (|יְרֻבֶּשֶׁת Yərubbéšeṯ) was a shopeṭ ("judge"), military leader, and prophet whose calling and victory over the Midianites is described in Judges 6–8 in the Hebrew Bible.

Gideon was the son of Joash, from the Abiezrite clan in the tribe of Manasseh, and lived in Ephra (Ophrah). As a leader of the Israelites, he won a decisive victory over a Midianite army despite a vast numerical disadvantage, leading a troop of 300 men.
Noemí Romero Rosario
Noemí Romero Rosario (born 4 October 2000) is a Spanish trampoline gymnast. She won a gold medal in the team event at the 2022 European Championships. She also won a bronze medal in the individual event at the 2024 European Championships. She represented Spain at the 2024 Summer Olympics where she was the first reserve for the individual final.

David Vega (gymnast)
David Vega (born 4 August 1998) is a Spanish trampoline gymnast. He won a silver medal at the 2023 World Championships and a bronze medal at the 2024 European Championships with the Spanish men's trampoline team.
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Sm–So)
Each "article" in this category is a collection of entries about several stamp issuers, presented in alphabetical order. The entries are formulated on the micro model and so provide summary information about all known issuers.

See the Category:Compendium of postage stamp issuers page for details of the project.

Compendium of postage stamp issuers (R)
Each "article" in this category is a collection of entries about several stamp issuers, presented in alphabetical order. The entries are formulated on the micro model and so provide summary information about all known issuers.

See the Category:Compendium of postage stamp issuers page for details of the project.
Kosmos 2467
Kosmos 2467 (Russian: Космос 2467 meaning Cosmos 2467) is one of a pair of Russian  military communications satellites which were launched in 2010 by the Russian Space Forces. It was launched with Kosmos 2468 and a Gonets-M civilian communication satellite.

Kosmos 2468
Kosmos 2468 (Russian: Космос 2468 meaning Cosmos 2468) is a Russian  military communications satellite which was launched in 2010 by the Russian Space Forces. It was launched with Kosmos 2467 and a Gonets-M civilian communication satellite.
Turn Up Charlie
Turn Up Charlie is a British comedy television series created by Idris Elba and Gary Reich. The series stars Elba as a disc jockey who reluctantly becomes the nanny for his famous friend's daughter; Piper Perabo, JJ Feild and Frankie Hervey also star. The series premiered on 15 March 2019 on Netflix. In April 2020, the series was cancelled after one season.

JJ Feild
John Joseph Feild (born 1 April 1978) is a British American film, television, and theatre actor. He started his television career in 1999. He played Fred Garland in Philip Pullman's The Ruby in the Smoke and The Shadow in the North television adaptations. In 2007, he starred as Henry Tilney in the television film Northanger Abbey. The following year, he made his West End debut in a production of Ring Round the Moon. From 2014 to 2016, he portrayed Major John André in Turn: Washington's Spies. His film credits include Telstar (2009), Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), Austenland (2013), and Professor Marston and the Wonder Women (2017).
When I See You Again
When I See You Again (Chinese: 他看她的第2眼; pinyin: tā kàn tā de dì èr yǎn ) is a 2015 Taiwanese romantic comedy television series produced by Sanlih E-Television, starring Jasper Liu, Mandy Wei, Jet Chao and Ivy Shao as the main cast. The Chinese title literally translates to "He Saw Her A 2nd Time". Filming began on May 12, 2015 and continued as it aired. First original broadcast began May 31, 2015 on TTV channel airing on Sunday nights from 10:00–11:30 pm.

Ivy Shao
Ivy Shao (Chinese: 邵雨薇; pinyin: Shào Yǔ Wēi) is a Taiwanese actress, singer and model. She is best known for her leading role in the 2016 hit drama, Back to 1989. Since then, she has also starred in The Perfect Match with Wu Kang-jen and Ben Wu in 2017.
Horton Plaza (shopping mall)
Horton Plaza was a five-level outdoor shopping mall in downtown San Diego, California. It was designed by Jon Jerde and was known for its bright colors, architectural tricks, and odd spatial rhythms, occupying 6.5 city blocks adjacent to the city's historic Gaslamp Quarter. Opening in 1985, it was the first successful downtown retail center since the rise of suburban shopping centers decades earlier.

In August 2018, the property was sold to developer Stockdale Capital Partners, which plans to convert it into an office-retail complex. RDC is the architect of record. Nordstrom closed in 2016, leaving a vacant anchor store, and the other major anchor, Macy's, closed in spring 2020. Contrary to some reports the mall was not demolished. Massive renovations of the mall began in June 2020.

Horton Plaza Park
Horton Plaza Park is an outdoor plaza in downtown San Diego, California. It includes an amphitheater, retail stores, and a fountain. It is located on the corner of 4th Avenue and Broadway.

The city-owned plaza opened in 1910. It was designed by landscape architect Walker Macy and built by Civic San Diego. The plaza was designated a historical landmark by the City of San Diego on March 19, 1971.
Phan Thiết
Phan Thiết (Vietnamese: [fān tʰiə̌t] ⓘ) is the former capital of Bình Thuận Province on the southeast coast in Vietnam. While most of the inhabitants live in the city center, others reside in the four urban coastal wards, extending from Suối Nước beach in the northeast towards cape Kê Gà in the southwest.

Traditionally, fishing and the manufacturing of fish sauce served as the main source of Phan Thiết's local economy. The rise of tourism as the region's primary employer can be attributed to its beaches, and thus its growth is rapidly overshadowing its prevalent fishing industry.

Phan Rang–Tháp Chàm
Phan Rang–Tháp Chàm, commonly known as Phan Rang, is a former city in Vietnam and the capital of Ninh Thuận Province. The community has a population of 207,998 (2023), of which 196,459 (2023) live in the main city.
The Lost World (1925 film)
The Lost World is a 1925 American silent fantasy giant monster adventure film, directed by Harry O. Hoyt and written by Marion Fairfax, adapted from Arthur Conan Doyle's 1912 novel of the same name.

Produced and distributed by First National Pictures, a major Hollywood studio at the time, the film stars Wallace Beery as Professor Challenger and features pioneering stop motion special effects by Willis O'Brien, a forerunner of his work on King Kong (1933). Doyle appears in a frontispiece to the film, absent from some extant prints.

In 1998, The Lost World was deemed "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. Due to its age, the film is now in the public domain.

Professor Challenger
George Edward Challenger is a fictional character in a series of fantasy and science fiction stories by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Unlike Doyle's self-controlled, analytical character, Sherlock Holmes, Professor Challenger is an aggressive but virtuous figure.

Like Sherlock Holmes, Professor Challenger was based on a real person—in this case, two people: an explorer named Percy Fawcett, who was Doyle's friend; and a professor of physiology named William Rutherford, who had lectured at the University of Edinburgh while Conan Doyle studied medicine there.