hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Non-negative matrix factorization
Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF or NNMF), also non-negative matrix approximation is a group of algorithms in multivariate analysis and linear algebra where a matrix V is factorized into (usually) two matrices W and H, with the property that all three matrices have no negative elements. This non-negativity makes the resulting matrices easier to inspect. Also, in applications such as processing of audio spectrograms or muscular activity, non-negativity is inherent to the data being considered. Since the problem is not exactly solvable in general, it is commonly approximated numerically.

NMF finds applications in such fields as astronomy, computer vision, document clustering, missing data imputation, chemometrics, audio signal processing, recommender systems, and bioinformatics.

Matrix decomposition
In the mathematical discipline of linear algebra, a matrix decomposition or matrix factorization is a factorization of a matrix into a product of matrices. There are many different matrix decompositions; each finds use among a particular class of problems.
Murder, My Sweet
Murder, My Sweet (released as Farewell, My Lovely in the United Kingdom) is a 1944 American film noir, directed by Edward Dmytryk and starring Dick Powell, Claire Trevor and Anne Shirley (in her final film before retirement).  The film is based on Raymond Chandler's 1940 novel Farewell, My Lovely.  It was the first film to feature Chandler's primary character, the hard-boiled private detective Philip Marlowe.

Murder, My Sweet is, along with Double Indemnity (released five months prior), one of the first noir films, and a key influence in the development of the genre.

Claire Trevor
Claire Trevor (née Wemlinger; March 8, 1910 – April 8, 2000) was an American actress. She appeared in 65 feature films from 1933 to 1982, winning the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in Key Largo (1948), and received nominations for her roles in The High and the Mighty (1954) and Dead End (1937). Trevor received top billing, ahead of John Wayne, for Stagecoach (1939).
Scottish Bus Group
The Scottish Bus Group (SBG) was a state-owned group of bus operators covering the whole of mainland Scotland.

The origin of the grouping was the operators owned by and including the Scottish Motor Traction company, which were transferred to Scottish Omnibuses after nationalisation in 1948 under control of the British Transport Commission. Highland Omnibuses was added to the group in 1952.

A new holding company, Scottish Omnibuses Group (Holdings) was formed in 1961, and this was renamed Scottish Bus Group in 1963. Meanwhile, the group had come under control of the Transport Holding Company in 1962 when the British Transport Commission was wound up. It went on to become part of the Scottish Transport Group on 1 January 1969 along with David MacBrayne. At the time it operated 4,700 buses.

Central Scottish
Central Scottish Omnibuses Ltd was a bus operating subsidiary of the Scottish Transport Group formed in June 1985 from Central SMT, and operated until July 1989 when it was merged with Kelvin Scottish to form Kelvin Central Buses.
Nauman Zakaria
Nauman Zakaria is a Lieutenant General in the Pakistan Army, currently serving as Commander I Corps, also known as Commander Central Command since May 2024. He previously served as Chief of Logistics Staff (CLS) of Pakistan Army at the General Headquarters, Rawalpindi.

I Corps (Pakistan)
The I Corps is a field corps of the Pakistan Army currently headquaretered in the Mangla Cantonment, Azad Kashmir in Pakistan. Formed in 1957 as one of the tenth deployment and maneuver strike corps, it is a major ground formation and has seen deployments in the wars between India and Pakistan from 1965 to 1971.: 64

Currently, it is commanded by Lieutenant-General Nauman Zakaria.
Vojislav Tankosić
Vojislav Tankosić (Serbian Cyrillic: Војислав Танкосић, 20 September 1880 – 2 November 1915) was a Serbian military officer, vojvoda of the Serbian Chetnik Organization, major of the Serbian Army, and member of the Black Hand, who participated in the May Coup and was accused of involvement in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Battle of Čelopek
The Battle of Čelopek (Serbian: Borba na Čelopeku, Serbian Cyrillic: Борба на Челопеку) was fought at the Čelopek plateau, near Kozjak, between the Serbian Chetnik Organization and Ottoman officers accompanied by Ottoman Albanian bashi-bozuks, on 16 April 1905.
Chʼol language
The Ch'ol (Chol) language is a member of the western branch of the Mayan language family used by the Ch'ol people in the states of Chiapas, Tabasco, and Campeche in Mexico. This language, together with Chontal, Ch'orti', and Ch'olti', constitute the Cholan language group.

The  Cholan branch of the Mayan languages is considered to be particularly conservative and Ch'ol along with its two closest relatives the Ch'orti' language of Guatemala and Honduras, and the Chontal Maya language of Tabasco are believed to be the modern languages that best reflect their relationship with the Classic Maya language.

Ch'ol-language programming is carried by the CDI's radio station XEXPUJ-AM, broadcasting from Xpujil, Campeche.

Tabasco
Tabasco, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Tabasco, is one of the 32 federal entities of Mexico. It is divided into 17 municipalities and its capital city is Villahermosa.

It is located in southeast Mexico and is bordered by the states of Campeche to the northeast, Veracruz to the west, and Chiapas to the south and the Petén department of Guatemala to the southeast. It has a coastline to the north with the Gulf of Mexico. Most of the state is covered in rainforest as, unlike most other areas of Mexico, it has plentiful rainfall year-round. The state is also home to La Venta, the major site of the Olmec civilization, considered to be the origin of later Mesoamerican cultures. It produces significant quantities of petroleum and natural gas.
Mandeville Films
Mandeville Films is an American film & television production company headquartered in Burbank, California. The company was founded in 1995 by David Hoberman. After a three-year hiatus, the company re-formed as Mandeville Films and Television in 2002; Hoberman and Lieberman were partners and co-owners.

David Hoberman
David Elliot Hoberman (born September 19, 1952) is an American film and television producer, best known as the co-creator and executive producer of the USA Network television series Monk, and the founder and co-owner of Mandeville Films. He has produced over 40 films in his career, including the 2010 drama film The Fighter, for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture.
Melbourne shuffle
The Melbourne shuffle is a rave dance that developed in Melbourne, Australia, in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It is characterised by the T-step (a variation of the jazz tick-tock) combined with a variation of the running man, performed with coordinated arm movements. The dance is typically improvised and performed to electronic dance music.

Running man (dance)
The running man is a street dance, consisting of "shuffling" and sliding steps, imitating a stationary runner. The dancer takes steps forward, then slides the foot placed in front backwards almost immediately, while moving their fists forwards and back horizontally in front of them. The fad dance was said to have been started in the mid-1980s.

Notable practitioners of the dance were MC Hammer, Janet Jackson, Five Star, Selena, Milli Vanilli, and Vanilla Ice during their live concert shows and in music videos.  According to Janet, Paula Abdul learned and then taught her the dance. Abdul also choreographed the 1987 film The Running Man. Jackson further popularized the dance, when she performed it in her 1989 music video "Rhythm Nation".
Cheick Kongo
Cheick Kongo (born May 17, 1975) is a French mixed martial artist and former kickboxer who fights in the Heavyweight division. A professional MMA competitor since 2001, he has also competed for the Ultimate Fighting Championship and Bellator.

Vinicius Queiroz
Vinicius Kappke de Queiroz (born August 29, 1983) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist who most recently competed in the Heavyweight division of Bellator. A professional competitor since 2003, he has also competed for the UFC.
First Person Singular (short story collection)
First Person Singular (Japanese: 一人称単数, Hepburn: Ichininshō Tansū) is a collection of eight stories by Haruki Murakami. It was first published on 18 July 2020 by Bungeishunjū. As its title suggests, all eight stories in the book are told in a first-person singular narrative.

Grammatical person
In linguistics, a grammatical person distinguishes between deictic references to one or more participants in an event. Typically, the distinction is between the speaker (first person), the addressee (second person), and others (third person). A language's set of pronouns is typically defined by grammatical persons. First person includes the speaker (English: I, we), second person is the person or people spoken to (English: your or you), and third person includes all that are not listed above (English: he, she, it, they). It also frequently affects verbs, and sometimes nouns or possessive relationships.
Alexei Volkoff
Alexei Volkoff (Russian: Алексей Волков) is the alias and alter ego of Hartley Winterbottom (codename Agent X), a fictional character on the television series Chuck. Volkoff is the head of Volkoff Industries. For the first six episodes of the fourth season, he was an unseen character, directing his operatives from behind the scenes. He first appeared in the seventh episode, "Chuck Versus the First Fight". For the first twenty-one episodes of the season, Volkoff is presented as the character's actual identity. "Chuck Versus Agent X", however, reveals that Volkoff is actually a cover, which, following a botched Intersect upload, Winterbottom unknowingly adopted as his true identity. Volkoff serves as the main antagonist for the first half of season four and tragic character in the second half. He is portrayed by Timothy Dalton.

Chuck Versus Agent X
"Chuck Versus Agent X" is the 22nd episode of the fourth season of the American action-comedy television series Chuck, and the 76th overall episode of the series. The episode was written by Phil Klemmer and Craig DiGregorio and directed by Robert Duncan McNeill. It originally aired on May 2, 2011.

In the episode, Chuck Bartowski's (Zachary Levi) bachelor party turns up some uninvited guests. Meanwhile, Ellie Bartowski-Woodcomb (Sarah Lancaster) discovers the true identity of Agent X while investigating her father Stephen's computer.

"Chuck Versus Agent X" received generally positive reviews from critics. According to the Nielsen ratings system, it drew 4.097 million viewers, the second-lowest number in Chuck's history, after "Chuck Versus the Family Volkoff". It had a 2.5/4 share among all households and 1.4/4 share among those aged 18–49.
Battle of Cape Orlando
The naval Battle of Cape Orlando took place on 4 July 1299 at St Marco di Val Demone, north-western Sicily, when an Aragonese and Angevin galley fleet commanded by Roger of Lauria defeated a Sicilian galley fleet commanded by Conrad d'Oria. King James II of Aragon and Frederick III of Sicily were present with their fleets at the battle. The larger Aragonese–Angevin fleet was trapped on a lee shore but was able to win the battle with the intervention of its six-galley reserve that attacked the rear of the Sicilian fleet. The Sicilians fled when the flagship, with Frederick aboard, pulled back after the king collapsed from heat and exhaustion. Eighteen Sicilian vessels were captured and their crews massacred. The battle allowed for the invasion of Sicily but James, breaking with his Angevin allies, withdrew his force to Aragon and Frederick was able to defeat the Angevin army on land and secure the independence of Sicily in the Peace of Caltabellotta.

Roger of Lauria
Roger of Lauria (c. 1245 – 17 January 1305), was a Calabrian knight in service of the Aragonese as admiral of the Sicilian navy. He has been described as one of the most successful and talented naval tactician of the Middle Ages. He is known as Ruggero or Ruggiero di Lauria in Italian and Roger de Llúria in Catalan.
Night Round
Night Round (French: Ronde de nuit) is a 1949 French crime film directed by François Campaux and starring Tilda Thamar, Julien Carette and Noël Roquevert.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Robert Hubert.

Tilda Thamar
Tilda Thamar (born Matilde Sofía Margarita Abrecht; 7 December 1921 – 12 April 1989) was an Argentine actress of the Golden Age of Argentine cinema. She was born in Entre Rios Province, Argentina, in 1921. She was married to Spanish portrait painter Alejo Vidal-Quadras and divorced in 1971. Thamar and Vidal-Quadras lived in Paris, France. Thamar was killed in a car accident in  Clermont-en-Argonne, Meuse,  in the Lorraine region  of France in 1989.
The Guilty (TV series)
The Guilty is a three-part television drama, broadcast on ITV from 5 to 19 September 2013. The drama stars Tamsin Greig, Darren Boyd and Katherine Kelly, and involves the police investigation into the disappearance of young boy, Callum Reid. In 2008, DCI Maggie Brand (Greig) is tasked with finding the missing boy, while dealing with her own personal problems – but he remains missing. Five years on, Callum's body is recovered and Maggie is determined to discover what happened. The series was subsequently released on DVD in the Netherlands in 2014, but as of 2016, remains unreleased in the UK.

Tamsin Greig
Tamsin Margaret Mary Greig (/ˈtæmzɪn ˈɡrɛɡ/; born 12 July 1966) is a British actress. She is known for both dramatic and comedic roles. She played Fran Katzenjammer in the Channel 4 sitcom Black Books, Dr Caroline Todd in the Channel 4 sitcom Green Wing, Beverly Lincoln in British–American sitcom Episodes and Jackie Goodman in the Channel 4 sitcom Friday Night Dinner. Other roles include Alice Chenery in BBC One's comedy-drama series Love Soup, Debbie Aldridge in BBC Radio 4's soap opera The Archers, Miss Bates in the 2009 BBC version of Jane Austen's Emma, and Beth Hardiment in the 2010 film version of Tamara Drewe. In 2020, Greig starred as Anne Trenchard in Julian Fellowes' ITV series Belgravia.

Greig is also a stage actress: she won a Laurence Olivier Award in 2007 for Much Ado About Nothing and received nominations in 2011 and 2015 for her roles in The Little Dog Laughed and Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown.
1942 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
The 1942 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on November 3, 1942. Incumbent Republican governor Arthur James was not a candidate for re-election. Republican candidate Edward Martin defeated Democratic candidate F. Clair Ross to become Governor of Pennsylvania.

F. Clair Ross
Franklin Clair Ross (January 3, 1895 – January 17, 1956) was a Democratic Party politician and lawyer from Pennsylvania. He served as the 60th Treasurer of Pennsylvania from 1937 to 1941, as the 35th Pennsylvania Auditor General from 1941 to 1945, and on the Superior Court of Pennsylvania from 1945 until his death in 1956.
Causeway Bay
Causeway Bay is an area and a bay on Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong, straddling the border of the Eastern and the Wan Chai districts. It is a major shopping, leisure and cultural centre in Hong Kong, with a number of major shopping centres. The rents in the shopping areas of Causeway Bay were ranked as the world's most expensive for around a decade after overtaking New York City's Fifth Avenue in 2012. The area's Cantonese name "Tung Lo Wan" is never used to refer to the area in English, and "Causeway Bay" is always used instead.

Cross-Harbour Tunnel
The Cross-Harbour Tunnel (abbreviated CHT or XHT) is the first tunnel in Hong Kong built underwater. It consists of two steel road tunnels, each with two lanes constructed using the single shell immersed tube method.

It is the earliest of three vehicular harbour crossings in Hong Kong, opened for traffic in 1972. It was constructed under a 30-year private-sector franchise based on a build–operate–transfer (BOT) model, and the title passed to the Hong Kong government in 1999 upon termination of the franchise. It has become one of the most congested roads in Hong Kong and the world, with 116,753 vehicles passing through it daily in 2013.
Michael Kiesling
Michael Kiesling (born 1957) is a German board game designer. Many of his games have been nominated for or have won the Spiel des Jahres, a German games award.

Kiesling began working as a full time game designer in 1989. In 1988, he was one of the signatories of the "Coaster Proclamation" by a consortium of German game designers at the Nuremberg Toy Fair vowing not to allow distributors to produce game without being properly credited on the game box. The movement successfully ensured greater recognition of game designers in the German game industry.

He is best known for the 2018 Spiel des Jahres winner Azul and for co-authoring with Wolfgang Kramer the board game trilogy Tikal, Java, and Mexica, as well as Torres.

Java (board game)
Java is a German-style board game designed by Wolfgang Kramer and Michael Kiesling, illustrated by Franz Vohwinkel, and published in 2000 by Ravensburger in German and by Rio Grande Games in English. In the game, players build the island of Java to set up palace festivals and gain victory points. Upon its release, the game received several awards.
Unit 840
Unit 840 is a covert operational unit within Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Quds Force, responsible for conducting clandestine operations outside of Iran. The unit has been linked to assassination plots, terrorist activities, and destabilization efforts targeting Iranian dissidents, Israeli interests, and Western allies across the Middle East, Europe, and Latin America.

Unit 400
Unit 400 is a covert special operations unit within Iran’s Quds Force (a branch of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, IRGC), specializing in terrorist attacks, assassinations, kidnappings, and sabotage. Established around 2012, it operates under the direct oversight of Iran’s Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. It has been designated by the U.S. as a terrorist entity due to its global activities.
Bob Pringle (golfer)
Robert Pringle (1851 – 8 September 1902) was a Scottish professional golfer who played in the late 19th century. Pringle had four top-10 finishes in The Open Championship. His best performance was second place in the 1877 Open Championship.

1877 Open Championship
The 1877 Open Championship was the 17th Open Championship, held 6 April at Musselburgh Links, Musselburgh, East Lothian, Scotland. Jamie Anderson won the Championship, by two strokes from runner-up Bob Pringle.

Davie Strath and Bob Ferguson played together but Strath had a disappointing 45 in the first round which left him well behind the leaders. Ferguson also started badly but recovered to score 40. William Brown led on 39 with Ferguson and Jamie Anderson on 40. After two rounds, three players were level on 80: Brown, Ferguson and William Cosgrove with Anderson and Bob Pringle only two behind. Strath was five behind on 85.

Anderson scored 37 in the third round while Ferguson could only manage 40 and Davie Strath scored 38. Anderson now led on 119 with Ferguson on 120, Ferguson on 122 and Strath on 123. In the final round Strath took 9 at the second to drop out of contention. Ferguson also had a disappointing last round and Anderson's 41 was enough to give him the Championship.
Edmund Webb (MP)
Edmund Webb (c. 1639 – 13 December 1705) was the member of Parliament for Cricklade for several parliaments from 1679 to 1698, and the member for Ludgershall in 1701 and 1702.

His son John, later John Richmond Webb (1667–1724), who rose to the rank of General in the army, was also returned as an MP and was the builder of Biddesden House near Ludgershall.

John Richmond Webb
General John Richmond Webb (26 December 1667 – 5 September 1724), of Biddesden House, Ludgershall, Wiltshire, was a British general and Tory politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1695 to 1724. Politically he was a Hanoverian Tory who supported the Hanoverian Succession rather than the rival Jacobite movement.
Contact lithography
Contact lithography, also known as contact printing, is a form of photolithography whereby the image to be printed is obtained by illumination of a photomask in direct contact with a substrate coated with an imaging photoresist layer.

Photomask
A photomask (also simply called a mask) is an opaque plate with transparent areas that allow light to shine through in a defined pattern. Photomasks are commonly used in photolithography for the production of integrated circuits (ICs or "chips") to produce a pattern on a thin wafer of material (usually silicon). In semiconductor manufacturing, a mask is sometimes called a reticle.

In photolithography, several masks are used in turn, each one reproducing a layer of the completed design, and together known as a mask set. A curvilinear photomask has patterns with curves, which is a departure from conventional photomasks which only have patterns that are completely vertical or horizontal, known as manhattan geometry. These photomasks require special equipment to manufacture.
Vasser Sullivan Racing
Vasser Sullivan Racing is an American auto racing team based in Charlotte, North Carolina, established in 2018 by American businessman James Sullivan and 1996 PPG Indy Car World Series champion Jimmy Vasser. A longtime competitor in the IMSA SportsCar Championship, the team are currently responsible for Lexus' racing activities in the series, with which they won the 2023 IMSA SportsCar Championship GTD Pro Drivers' and Teams' championships with the Lexus RC F GT3. Vasser Sullivan Racing have also previously competed in the IndyCar Series in partnership with Dale Coyne Racing.

Jimmy Vasser
James Vasser Jr. (born November 20, 1965) is an American former racing driver who competed primarily in the CART series and Champ Car. Vasser won ten CART series races and won the 1996 CART championship with Chip Ganassi Racing. Vasser was the last American to win the CART title. Vasser won the 1996 U.S. 500, and had a best finish of fourth at the Indianapolis 500 twice (1994 and 2001).

Vasser was co-owner of KV Racing Technology, winning the 2013 Indianapolis 500 with driver Tony Kanaan. He currently co-owns Vasser Sullivan Racing, claiming the GTD Pro teams title at the 2023 IMSA SportsCar Championship.
Frederick K. Stearns House
The Frederick K. Stearns House is a historic inn located at 8109 East Jefferson Avenue in Detroit, Michigan, directly adjacent to the Arthur M. Parker House and Indian Village. Built as a single family home for businessman Frederick K. Stearns, it now houses a bed and breakfast. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

Frederick K. Stearns
Frederick Kimball Stearns (December 6, 1854 – June 7, 1924) was an American businessman who was the president of Frederick Stearns & Company, a pharmaceutical manufacturing business, from 1887 to 1921.  He was also the organizer of the Detroit Orchestral Association, which later became the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, a trustee of the Detroit Museum of Art, and the owner of the Detroit Wolverines baseball team in the National League from 1885 to 1888.