hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
High dilution principle
In organic chemistry, the high dilution principle is a strategy for some macrocyclization reactions, i.e. the synthesis of macrocycles.  Unlike the synthesis of 5- and 6-membered rings, the preparation of larger rings competes unfavorably with polymerization reactions.  Polymers arise from coupling of long chain precursors.  Such reactions are disfavored when the acyclic compounds are dilute. Although high dilution reactions can be conducted in a batch reactor with large volumes of solvent, an alternative practical implementation entails slow addition of reactants, under conditions that the reactants are more rapidly consumed than the rate of addition. Typically, additions use one or more syringe pumps.  Illustrative is the synthesis of thiacyclopentadecane from 1,14-dibromotetradecane and sodium sulfide in 45% yield:

BrCH2(CH2)12CH2Br  +  Na2S   →   (CH2)14S  +  2 NaBr

A range of specialized glassware and instrumentation are often used, e.g. syringe pumps.

Macrocycle
Macrocycles are often described as molecules and ions containing a ring of twelve or more atoms. Classical examples include the crown ethers, calixarenes, porphyrins, and cyclodextrins. Macrocycles describe a large, mature area of chemistry.
Muhammad Rian Ardianto
Muhammad Rian Ardianto (born 13 February 1996) is an Indonesian badminton player. Born in Bantul, Yogyakarta SR, Ardianto plays for the Jaya Raya Jakarta club at national events. He won the men's doubles silver medal at the 2018 Asian Games, the bronze medals at the 2017 SEA Games, and at the 2019 and 2022 World Championships. Ardianto was part of Indonesia winning team at the 2020 Thomas Cup. He reached a career high of world number 1 in the men's doubles with Fajar Alfian on 27 December 2022.

Soh Wooi Yik
Soh Wooi Yik KMW (Chinese: 蘇偉譯; pinyin: Sū Wěiyì; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: So͘ Úi-e̍k; born 17 February 1998) is a Malaysian badminton player. A world champion, an Asian champion and a double bronze medalist at the Olympic Games, he and his partner Aaron Chia became the first ever world badminton champions from Malaysia after winning the men's doubles title at the 2022 World Championships. Together, they also won a gold medal at the 2019 SEA Games and 2025 Asian Championships, silver medals at the 2022 Asian Championships and 2025 SEA Games, as well as bronze medals at the 2020 and 2024 Summer Olympics, 2022 Commonwealth Games, 2023 World Championships 2022 Asian Games and 2024 Asian Championships. They are also the first Malaysian men’s doubles pair to win consecutive medals at the Olympic Games.
Ambalangoda
Ambalangoda is a coastal town located in Galle District, Southern Province of Sri Lanka, famous for its ancient demon masks and devil dancers.

The town is distinct from the Ambalangoda Urban Council area. The boundaries of Ambalangoda town differ from those of the Ambalangoda Urban Council which governs a much larger area containing 9 villages, 8 Grama Niladhari Divisions (GN)and 12 electoral wards.

Situated approximately 87 kilometres (54 mi) south of Colombo, it sits on an elevation of 13 metres (43 ft) above the sea level.

Ambalangoda Urban Council
Ambalangoda Urban Council (AUC) is the local authority for the town of Ambalangoda in the Galle District, Southern Province, Sri Lanka. The AUC is responsible for providing a variety of local public services including roads, sanitation, drains, housing, libraries, public parks and recreational facilities. It has 12 councillors elected using an open list proportional representation system.
Bob Sykes (baseball)
Robert Joseph Sykes (born December 11, 1954) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played during five seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Detroit Tigers and St. Louis Cardinals.

Born in Neptune Township, New Jersey, Sykes played prep baseball at St. Rose High School.

Sykes was drafted by the Tigers in the 19th round of the 1974 MLB draft. He played his first professional season with their Rookie level Bristol Tigers in 1974. Rarely a starter for most of his career, Sykes was moved to the bullpen for the majority of his final major league season with the Cardinals in 1981. He split his last season between the New York Yankees' Double-A Nashville Sounds and Triple-A Columbus Clippers in 1982 after being traded from St. Louis for Willie McGee on October 21, 1981.

Willie McGee
Willie Dean McGee (born November 2, 1958) is an American professional baseball coach and former outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for four teams, over 18 seasons, most prominently with the St. Louis Cardinals. He won two batting titles and was named Major League Baseball's 1985 National League MVP. McGee primarily played center and right field, winning three Gold Glove Awards for defensive excellence. McGee spent the majority of his 18-year career playing for the Cardinals, helping them win the 1982 World Series with his outstanding performance in Game 3. A four-time All-Star, McGee accumulated 2,254 hits during his career.
Oosterbroek, Groningen
Oosterbroek (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈoːstərbruk]) is a former municipality in the province of Groningen in the Netherlands.

The municipality of Oosterbroek was created in 1965, when the municipalities of Noordbroek and Zuidbroek were merged. In 1990, the municipalities of Meeden and Muntendam were merged with Oosterbroek, which was renamed to Menterwolde a year later.

Menterwolde
Menterwolde (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌmɛntərˈʋɔldə] ⓘ) is a former municipality in the province of Groningen in the Netherlands.  On January 1, 2018, Menterwolde  merged with Hoogezand-Sappemeer and Slochteren, forming the municipality Midden-Groningen.
Home Made Ice Cream
Home Made Ice Cream was a 1979 album by Joe Dassin. The disc was originally issued by CBS Canada. Many of the songs, including the title track, were written by Tony Joe White whose 1969 hit "Polk Salad Annie" is also covered in this collection.

Home Made Ice Cream was a rare album in which Dassin sang in his native English language; the American-born singer otherwise recorded the vast majority of his music in French, as Dassin had lived most of his adult life in France, where he had become a major star. Dassin's concurrent album Blue Country included the same songs, recorded in French.

Blue Country
Blue Country is the 13th French studio album by Joe Dassin. It was issued by CBS Records.

The album was released either in 1979 or January 1980. It marked Joe Dassin's final French album released during his lifetime. Blue Country featured a collaboration with American singer-songwriter Tony Joe White and also received an English-language release, which was the only one in Dassin's career, titled Home Made Ice Cream.
Michelle Gould (racquetball)
Michelle Gould (née Gilman; born December 22, 1970) is a retired American racquetball player. She was the dominant player in the 1990s, finishing as the #1 player on the women's pro tour seven of those 10 seasons. Gould was once called "the best, man or woman, to ever play" racquetball. She had a strong drive serve. Injuries led to her retirement in 1999.

Ladies Professional Racquetball Tour
The Ladies Professional Racquetball Tour is the latest name for the women's professional racquetball tour. It features the world's best players and several events each season - running from September to May - that are mostly played in the USA.
Blountsville, Alabama
Blountsville is a town in Blount County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2020 census it had a population of 1,826.

Blount County was created by the Alabama territorial legislature on February 6, 1818, from land ceded to the federal government by the Creek Nation on August 9, 1814. It was named for Gov. Willie G. Blount of Tennessee, who provided assistance to settlers in Alabama during the Creek War of 1813–14. It lies in the northeastern section of the state, generally known as the mineral region.

Blount County, Alabama
Blount County is a county located in the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2020 census, the population was 59,134. Its county seat is Oneonta.

Blount County is a moist county. In the November 6, 2012 elections, a countywide ballot initiative to allow alcohol sales was narrowly defeated, but Blountsville, Cleveland and Oneonta have allowed for the sale of alcohol since 2013.

Blount County has been dubbed the "Covered Bridge Capital of Alabama" since it has more historic covered bridges standing within a single county than any other in the state - with earlier covered bridges known of. This county celebrates the Covered Bridge Festival every autumn in Oneonta to commemorate its three remaining covered bridges.
Volodymyr Prychynenko
Volodymyr Oleksiyovych Prychynenko (Ukrainian: Володимир Олексійович Причиненко; born 2 April 1960) is a Ukrainian football coach and former player. He works as an assistant coach with Tavriya Simferopol.

His twin brother Serhiy Prychynenko, his son Stanislav Prychynenko and his nephew Denis Prychynenko (Serhiy's son) are all professional footballers.

Stanislav Prychynenko
Stanislav Prychynenko (Ukrainian: Станіслав Володимирович Причиненко, born 26 June 1991) is a Ukrainian former football defender. He also holds Russian citizenship as Stanislav Vladimirovich Prichinenko (Russian: Станислав Владимирович Причиненко).
Barentsjøkulen
Barentsjøkulen is a glacier on Barentsøya, Svalbard. The glacier covers an area of about 571 km2 (220 sq mi). It is named after the Barents Island, which again is named after Dutch explorer Willem Barentsz. Barents Island is on the Barents Sea.

The glacier has the four offshoots Besselsbreen, Willybreen, Freemanbreen and Duckwitzbreen.

Freemanbreen
Freemanbreen is a glacier on Barentsøya, Svalbard. It is an offshoot of Barentsjøkulen, reaching down to the sea in the southern direction, into Freeman Strait. The glacier is named after British Alderman Ralph Freeman. The mountain of Buklerimen separates Freemanbreen from the glacier of Hübnerbreen.
Magnetoresistive RAM
Magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) is a type of non-volatile random-access memory which stores data in magnetic domains. Developed in the mid-1980s, proponents have argued that magnetoresistive RAM will eventually surpass competing technologies to become a dominant or even universal memory. Currently, memory technologies in use such as flash RAM and DRAM have practical advantages that have so far kept MRAM in a niche role in the market.

Tunnel magnetoresistance
Tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) is a magnetoresistive effect that occurs in a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ), which is a component consisting of two ferromagnets separated by a thin insulator. If the insulating layer is thin enough (typically a few nanometres), electrons can tunnel from one ferromagnet into the other. Since this process is forbidden in classical physics, the tunnel magnetoresistance is a strictly quantum mechanical phenomenon, and lies in the study of spintronics.

Magnetic tunnel junctions are manufactured in thin film technology. On an industrial scale the film deposition is done by magnetron sputter deposition; on a laboratory scale molecular beam epitaxy, pulsed laser deposition and electron beam physical vapor deposition are also utilized. The junctions are prepared by photolithography.
Deianira Listens to Fame
Deianira Listens to Fame or Deianira delivering the fatal tunic to the Fury is a 1638 oil painting on canvas (245x168 cm). It is now in the Sabauda Gallery in Turin. It is a pendant to another Rubens painting, Hercules in the Garden of the Hesperides. It shows Hercules' wife Deianira and another woman holding a tunic soaked in the blood of Nessus, which Deianira believed would make Hercules to be forever true to her but instead killed him.

Hercules in the Garden of the Hesperides
Hercules in the Garden of the Hesperides is a 1638 painting by Peter Paul Rubens. It measures 246 cm by 168.5 cm and is now in the Sabauda Gallery in Turin. It shows Hercules in the Garden of the Hesperides and forms part of a pair with the same artist's Deianira Listens to Fame.
Hans Schöchlin
Hans W. Schöchlin (6 March 1893 – 3 June 1978) was a Swiss rower. Together with his younger brother Karl he won eight medals in various events at the European championships of 1920 to 1931. The brothers also won the gold medal in the coxed pair event at the 1928 Summer Olympics. Later Hans took part in the 1936 Games, in the mixed literature event of the arts competition.

Karl Schöchlin
Karl F. Schöchlin (13 June 1894 – 7 November 1974) was a Swiss rower. Together with his elder brother Hans he won nine medals in various events at the European championships of 1920 to 1931. The brothers also won the gold medal in the coxed pair at the 1928 Summer Olympics.
Pronounced Jah-Nay
Pronounced Jah-Nay is the debut studio album by American R&B group Zhané. It was released on February 15, 1994, via Motown. The recording sessions took place at The Enterprise Studios and at Encore Studios in Burbank, at Marion Recording Studio in Fairview, New Jersey, and at Unique Recording Studios and at Soundtrack Studios in New York City. The album was produced by Naughty by Nature and Zhané. It peaked at number thirty-seven on the US Billboard 200 and number eight on the Top R&B Albums chart. It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on October 4, 1996.

The album produced five singles: "Hey Mr. D.J.", "Groove Thang", "Sending My Love", "Vibe" and "You're Sorry Now". Its lead single, "Hey Mr. D.J.", became the group's most successful song, reaching number six on the Billboard Hot 100 and receiving gold certification by the RIAA.

Groove Thang
"Groove Thang" is a song by American R&B group Zhané from their debut album, Pronounced Jah-Nay (1994). Released in January 1994, by Motown, it was produced by and features a rap verse from Naughty by Nature. Written by group member Renée A. Neufville, the song is based on a sample of "Haven't You Heard" as performed by Patrice Rushen. It peaked at number 17 on the US Billboard Hot 100. A music video was produced to promote the single, directed by Markus Blunder.
Filhaal 2: Mohabbat
"Filhaal 2: Mohabbat" (transl. Momentary 2: Love) is a 2021 Indian album song written by Jaani and sung by B Praak. The song is sequel to Filhall which was released in 2019. The video of the song is directed by Arvindr Khaira while the music is produced by B Praak. This song features Akshay Kumar and Nupur Sanon in the music video.

Nupur Sanon
Nupur Sanon (/ˈnuːpʊər ˈsænɒn/ NOOP-oor SAN-on; born 15 December 1995) is an Indian actress. The younger sister of actress Kriti Sanon, she began her career appearing in the music videos "Filhall" (2019) and "Filhaal 2: Mohabbat" (2021). In 2023, she starred in the television series Pop Kaun? and the Telugu-language film Tiger Nageswara Rao.
205th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 205th Division (第205師団, Dai-nihyakugo Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Aki Division (安芸
兵団, Aki Heidan), after the Aki District, Hiroshima. It was formed on 2 April 1945 in Hiroshima as a triangular division. It was one of a batch of eight divisions comprising the 201st, 202nd, 205th,  206th, 209th, 212th, 214th and 216th Divisions that were created as part of the Japanese reaction to the Battle of Okinawa.

209th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 209th Division (第209師団, Dai-nihyakukyū Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Kaetsu Division (加越
兵団, Kaetsu Heidan), after location in now Komatsu. It was formed on 2 April 1945 in Kanazawa as a triangular division. It was one of a batch of eight divisions composed of the 201st, 202nd, 205th, 206th, 209th, 212th, 214th and 216th Divisions created as part of the reaction to the Battle of Okinawa.
Napoleon Is to Blame for Everything
Napoleon Is to Blame for Everything (German: Napoleon ist an allem schuld) is a 1938 German comedy film directed by Curt Goetz and starring Goetz, Valerie von Martens and Paul Henckels. It marked the German debut of the Norwegian-born star Kirsten Heiberg.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Emil Hasler.

When Goetz and his wife subsequently emigrated from Nazi Germany, the film was banned by Joseph Goebbels.

Kirsten Heiberg
Kirsten Heiberg (25 April 1907 – 2 March 1976) was a Norwegian/German actress and singer who had a major film career in Germany between 1938 and 1954. She reached the peak of her career in 1942–43, performing in Joseph Goebbels' version of Titanic. After the war she was given a two-year ban by the Allies due to her role in the Nazi propaganda. In Norway she was never punished, as she was a German citizen.
Psi-Force
Psi-Force is a comic book series created by Archie Goodwin and Walt Simonson and published by Marvel Comics under their New Universe imprint from 1986 to 1989. It ran for 32 issues and an annual (October 1987).

It concerned a group of adolescents who had developed psionic powers following the "White Event" which had created most of the paranormals in the New Universe. These teens, along with federal agent Emmett Proudhawk, could pool their powers into a psychic construct called the "Psi-Hawk".

The title includes some of the first comics work of writer Fabian Nicieza (#9, 13, 16-32) and artist Ron Lim (#16-22).

Ron Lim
Ronald Lim (born 1965) is an American comic book artist living in Sacramento, California. He is best known for his work for Marvel Comics on their various "cosmic" titles, most particularly the Silver Surfer (vol. 3) series.
Lovette George
Lovette Carol George (December 9, 1961 – September 6, 2006) was an American actress and singer. Primarily active in musical theatre, she performed in the Broadway productions of Uptown... It's Hot! (1986), Carousel (1994 revival), and Marie Christine (1999). She is featured on the cast albums of the latter two productions. She starred in several Off-Broadway musicals, including The Musical of Musicals (The Musical!) (2003) for which she was nominated for the 2004 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical. She is also heard on the cast album of this show.

On the international stage, George portrayed the role of Pearl in the German cast of Andrew Lloyd Webber's Starlight Express. The German production was a hit and is still running as of 2025. She recorded the part of Pearl for the German cast album in 1989. In addition to her work on the stage, she performed periodically in American television and film. She died of cancer in 2006 at the age of 44.

Starlight Express
Starlight Express is a 1984 musical with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Richard Stilgoe. It tells the story of a young but obsolete steam engine, Rusty, that races in a championship against modern locomotives of diesel and electric engines in the hope of impressing a first-class observation car, Pearl. The actors perform on roller skates.

Running for 7,409 performances in London, Starlight Express is the tenth-longest-running West End show. It is the most successful musical in Germany, where it has been performed in a purpose-built theatre since 1988, holding the Guinness World Record for most visitors to a musical in a single theatre.
Harold Daniels
Harold Daniels was an actor and then a director of American films. He directed about 14 films.

The 1958 Terror in the Haunted House he directed was one of the first to use the technique known as Psychorama.

Daniels was born Harold Goldstein in Pittsburgh. His brother, Sam, was a makeup artist for RKO Pictures.

Terror in the Haunted House
Terror in the Haunted House (originally titled My World Dies Screaming) is a 1958 American horror film produced by William S. Edwards and directed by Harold Daniels. The movie stars Gerald Mohr, Cathy O'Donnell, William Ching, and John Qualen. Its plot follows newlywed Sheila, who moves with her husband Philp into a rural Florida mansion which she is horrified to discover was the subject of a recurring nightmare for which she sought psychiatric care in Switzerland. The house is the key to events that have haunted her husband's family for a generation, and Philip's intent is to use her mind to unlock the mystery.

The film is notable for being one of only two movies shot in Psychorama, a stylistic gimmick which incorporated subliminal imaging onscreen. Psychorama, also known as the Precon Process, is an example of the "pure hype and hucksterism" which was a component of the "effort to (...) cash in on the mid-1950s controversy over subliminal advertising."
Henry Erskine, 12th Earl of Buchan
Henry David Erskine, 12th Earl of Buchan (July 1783 – 13 September 1857) was a Scottish peer. He was the son of Hon. Henry Erskine, and grandson of the 10th Earl of Buchan. He inherited the Earldom upon the death of his uncle, David Erskine, 11th Earl of Buchan who died without issue.

On 28 September 1809, he married Elizabeth Cole Shipley (c. 1792–1828), daughter of Maj.-Gen. Sir Charles Shipley. They had one child, David Stuart Erskine, 13th Earl of Buchan (1815–1898). After Lady Buchan's death he twice remarried but had no further issue.

In 1833 he was living at 47 Minto Street in southern Edinburgh. The primary residence of the Earl was Kirkhill House in Broxburn, West Lothian. The Earl inherited the property from his uncle, the 11th Earl. He died on 13 September 1857 at his London residence. He was interred at Ripon Cathedral.

David Erskine, 13th Earl of Buchan
David Stuart Erskine, 13th Earl of Buchan, DL (6 November 1815 – 3 December 1899), was a British Army officer and equestrian. He was the son of Henry Erskine, 12th Earl of Buchan and Elizabeth Shipley, daughter of Sir Charles Shipley.
Lubbock metropolitan area
The Lubbock metropolitan area is a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) in the South Plains region of West Texas, United States, that covers three counties – Crosby, Lubbock, and Lynn. As of the 2010 census, the Lubbock MSA had a population of 290,805, though a 2019 estimate placed the population at 322,257, which ranks it the 157th-most populated MSA in the United States. It is also part of the larger Lubbock–Plainview combined statistical area.

Lubbock–Plainview combined statistical area
The Lubbock–Plainview Combined Statistical Area consists of the Lubbock Metropolitan Area and the Plainview Micropolitan Area and comprises eight counties: (Cochran, Crosby, Floyd, Garza, Hale, Hockley, Lynn, and Lubbock) in the South Plains region of west Texas.  The Levelland Micropolitan Statistical Area was a separate statistical area within the CSA until 2023 when it was added to the Lubbock MSA. In the 2010 census, the CSA had a population of 350,013, though a July 1, 2019 estimate placed the population at 381,664. The CSA's principal city is Lubbock.
Jean Boulanger (painter)
Jean Boulanger (1606–1660) was a French painter active in Italy during the Baroque period.

He was born in Troyes, France. He appears to have had some training under Guido Reni in Bologna. One of his more famous works are the frescoes at the Ducal palace of Sassuolo. He was buried in the church of San Vicenzio in Modena. His pupils include Tommaso Costa and Sigismondo Caula at Modena.

Sigismondo Caula
Sigismondo Caula (1637–1724) was an Italian painter of the Baroque style.

Caula was born in Modena, where he was the pupil of Jean Boulanger, but finished his studies at Venice, from the works of Titian and Tintoretto. Besides his altar-pieces, he painted cabinet pictures for private collections. His best production was his large picture of St Charles Borromeo assisting the plague-stricken people of Modena, which was painted, with great vigor and expression, for the church of San Carlo, Modena, but now at the Este Gallery at Modena. That gallery also displays a St Ambrose by Caula. In the latter portion of his life he became more languid in his coloring and execution. He painted as late as 1694.