hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Copyright claims on Bikram Yoga
Bikram Choudhury made a series of claims that his yoga practice, Bikram Yoga, was under copyright and that it could not be taught or presented by anyone whom he had not authorized, starting in 2002. In 2011 Choudhury started a lawsuit against Yoga to the People, a competing yoga studio founded by a former student of Bikram's and with a location near one of the Bikram Yoga studios in New York. As a result of that lawsuit, the United States Copyright Office issued a clarification that yoga postures (asanas) could not be copyrighted in the way claimed by Bikram, and that Yoga to the People and others could continue to freely teach these exercises. In 2015, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed a lower court ruling that the Bikram Yoga Sequence was not copyrightable subject matter.

Bikram Choudhury
Bikram Choudhury (born 1944) is an Indian-American yoga guru, and the founder of Bikram Yoga, a form of hot yoga consisting of a fixed series of 26 postures practised in a hot environment of 40 °C (104 °F). The business became a success in the United States and then across the Western world, with a variety of celebrity pupils. His former wife Rajashree Choudhury assisted him in the yoga business.

In 2009, he began a series of copyright claims to protect the series of postures of Bikram Yoga; this was ultimately unsuccessful, and other studios continue to teach the series.

Choudhury was the subject of civil suits alleging sexual assault and discrimination against racial and sexual minorities. In 2017, a court awarded $7 million to his former lawyer, Minakshi Jafa-Bodden, who gained control of his yoga business when Choudhury fled to India without paying her. Since then he has continued to train yoga teachers outside the United States in countries including Spain and Mexico.
Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation
Village Preservation (formerly the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation, or GVSHP) is a nonprofit organization that advocates for the architectural preservation and cultural preservation and opposes housing development in several neighborhoods of Lower Manhattan in New York City. Founded in 1980, it has advocated for New York City designated landmark status for a variety of sites.

The organization has been characterized as influential in New York real estate and urban planning because of its role in blocking housing developments in Greenwich Village.

South Village
The South Village is a largely residential area that is part of the larger Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan, New York City, directly below Washington Square Park. Known for its immigrant heritage and bohemian history, the architecture of the South Village is primarily tenement-style apartment buildings, indicative of the area's history as an enclave for Italian-American immigrants and working-class residents of New York.

The South Village is roughly bounded by West 4th Street and Washington Square Park on the north, Seventh Avenue South and Varick Street on the west, Canal Street on the south, and West Broadway and LaGuardia Place on the east. West Broadway separates the predominantly residential South Village from SoHo, dominated by factory and loft buildings, to the east.

The South Village includes the Charlton–King–Vandam Historic District, the MacDougal–Sullivan Gardens Historic District, and the Sullivan–Thompson Historic District.
Arunachal Scouts
The Arunachal Scouts is a mountain infantry regiment of the Indian army based in Arunachal Pradesh. This unit specializes in cold-weather warfare and mountain warfare, counterinsurgency, jungle warfare, long-range penetration, manoeuvre warfare, raiding with small unit tactics, and reconnaissance in difficult to reach and dangerous terrain. The regiment was established with the purpose of counterinsurgency and defending the Indian-Chinese border in Arunachal Pradesh. A large proportion of the Arunachal Scouts are local to the region in which they work. Arunachal Scouts is affiliated with the Assam Regiment, from where it receives its training, mentoring, and regimental support, and uses its insignia and flag, with the addition of the words ‘Arunachal Scouts’. It consists of two battalions, the first raised in 2010 and the second in 2013.

Ladakh Scouts
The Ladakh Scouts is a mountain infantry regiment of the Indian Army, nicknamed as the "Snow Warriors" or "Snow Leopards". The regiment specializes in cold-weather warfare and mountain warfare, long-range penetration, maneuver warfare, raiding with small unit tactics, and reconnaissance in difficult to reach and dangerous terrain. Its primary role is to guard India's borders in the high altitudes of the Union Territory of Ladakh.

The Ladakh Scouts were formed in 1963 by spinning off the Ladakhi battalions of the Jammu and Kashmir Militia. They were converted into an Army regiment in 2000. The Ladakh Scouts recruits mainly from India's Ladakhi and Tibetan ethnic communities, and is among the army's most decorated units. Its soldiers have been honoured with over 300 gallantry awards and citations including a Unit citation, one Ashok Chakra, ten Maha Vir Chakras and two Kirti Chakras.
Richard Culatta
Richard E. Culatta is the CEO of the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) and ASCD. Prior to holding this position, he was the chief innovation officer for the state of Rhode Island and the director of the Office of Educational Technology for the U.S. Department of Education (2013-2015).

Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development
ASCD, formerly known as the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, is an education non-profit organization founded in 1943. It has more than 125,000 members from more than 128 countries, including superintendents, principals, teachers, professors of education, and other educators. The ASCD community also includes  affiliate organizations Student Chapters.

While ASCD was initially founded with a focus on curriculum and supervision, the organization now provides professional development, publishing, and event experiences focusing on a broad range of topics for educators.
Whip It (film)
Whip It is a 2009 American sports comedy drama film co-produced and directed by Drew Barrymore from a screenplay by Shauna Cross, based on her 2007 novel Derby Girl. It stars Elliot Page as a teenage girl from the fictional town of Bodeen, Texas, who joins a roller derby team. The film also stars Marcia Gay Harden, Alia Shawkat, Kristen Wiig, Barrymore, Juliette Lewis, Jimmy Fallon, and Daniel Stern.

Whip It premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 13, 2009 and was theatrically released in the United States on October 2, by Fox Searchlight Pictures. The film received generally positive reviews from critics, but was a box office disappointment, grossing $16.6 million worldwide against its $15 million budget. Whip It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on January 26, 2010 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.

Alia Shawkat
Alia Martine Shawkat (/ˈæliə ˈʃɔːkæt/ AL-ee-ə SHAW-kat; born April 18, 1989) is an American actress. She is known for her performances as Maeby Fünke in the Fox/Netflix television sitcom Arrested Development (2003–2006; 2013–2019), Dory Sief in the TBS and HBO Max dark comedy series Search Party (2016–2022), and Gertie Michaels in the 2015 horror-comedy film The Final Girls, as well as her roles in State of Grace (2001–2002) and The Old Man starring Jeff Bridges (2022–2024). She has also guest starred as historical figures Frances Cleveland, Virginia Hall, and Alexander Hamilton on Comedy Central's Drunk History (2014–2016).
Billy's Hollywood Screen Kiss
Billy's Hollywood Screen Kiss is a 1998 American independent romantic comedy film written and directed by Tommy O'Haver and starring Sean P. Hayes, Brad Rowe, and Meredith Scott Lynn. The film was a breakthrough performance for Hayes, who would go on to gain worldwide fame for his portraying Jack McFarland on the hit television series Will & Grace.

Brad Rowe (actor)
Bradley Thomas Rowe (born May 15, 1970) is an American actor, writer, producer, and public policy advocate. He appeared in Billy's Hollywood Screen Kiss (1998) and TNT's Purgatory. Other roles include a short stint as recurring character Walt on NewsRadio, Murphy Sinclair on General Hospital, Ty Swindle on Wasteland, and Dan Murphy on Leap of Faith.
Franklin County, Alabama
Franklin County is a county located in the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2020 census, the population was 32,113. Its county seat is Russellville. Its name is in honor of Benjamin Franklin, famous statesman, scientist, and printer. It is a dry county, although the city of Russellville is wet.

Russellville, Alabama
Russellville is a city in Franklin County in the U.S. state of Alabama. At the 2020 census, the population of the city was 10,855, up from 9,830 at the 2010 census. The city is the county seat of Franklin County.
Thullatha Manamum Thullum
Thullatha Manamum Thullum (transl. Even the heart that doesn't bounce, will bounce) is a 1999 Indian Tamil-language musical romantic drama film written and directed by debutant S. Ezhil. It stars Vijay and Simran, while Manivannan, Dhamu and Vaiyapuri among others play supporting roles. The film is produced by R. B. Choudary of Super Good Films and has its music composed by S. A. Rajkumar and cinematography performed by R. Selva.

Thullatha Manamum Thullum was released on 29 January 1999. The film received positive reviews and became a huge commercial success, winning three Tamil Nadu State Film Awards including second prize for Best Film and Best Actress (Simran). It was remade in Telugu as Nuvvu Vasthavani (2000), in Kannada as O Nanna Nalle (2000), in Bengali as Sathi (2002) and in Odia as I Love You (2004).

Super Good Films
Super Good Films is an Indian film production and distribution company in Tamil cinema. It is also credited as Mega Super Good Films in Telugu cinema and Hindi cinema. It was established in the 1980s by R. B. Choudary.
Anthrosol
An anthrosol (or anthropogenic soil) in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) is a type of soil that has been formed or heavily modified due to long-term human activity, such as from irrigation, addition of organic waste or wet-field cultivation used to create paddy fields.

Such soils can be formed from any parent soil, and are commonly found in areas where agriculture has been practiced for centuries. Anthrosols can be found worldwide, though they tend to have different soil horizons in different regions. For example, in northwestern Europe anthrosols commonly have plaggic or terric (strongly affected by manure) horizons, and together they cover some 500,000 hectares.

Due to the broad range of anthrosol compositions and structures compared to other soils of the same order of classification, there is debate on whether anthrosol should be included as an independent soil group.

World Reference Base for Soil Resources
The World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) is an international soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. The currently valid version is the fourth edition 2022. It is edited by a working group of the International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS).
You Will Know Me
You Will Know Me is a 2016 murder mystery by author Megan Abbott, published by Little, Brown and Company. The book follows the Knox family after a family friend is killed in a hit-and-run car crash before the daughter's gymnastics competition.

Megan Abbott
Megan Abbott (born August 21, 1971) is an American screenwriter and author of crime fiction and non-fiction analyses of hardboiled crime fiction. Her novels and short stories have drawn from and reworked classic subgenres of crime writing from a female perspective.
Julián Bautista
Julián Bautista (21 April 1901 – 8 July 1961) was a Spanish composer and conductor. He was a member of Generation of '27 and the Group of Eight, the latter of which also included composers Jesús Bal y Gay, Ernesto Halffter and his brother Rodolfo, Juan José Mantecón, Fernando Remacha, Rosa García Ascot, Salvador Bacarisse and Gustavo Pittaluga. He composed the soundtracks to 37 movies in addition to more than 30 other classical works. He worked actively as a conductor with such orchestras as the Madrid Symphony Orchestra and the Spanish National Orchestra.

Bautista was the son of Julián Bautista Swartz and Ventura Cachaza Vázquez. He began studying solfège at the age of 7 and piano at the age of 11 with Pilar Fernández de la Mora. At the age of 14 he began taking courses in harmony, counterpoint, and fugue at the Madrid Royal Conservatory where he was a pupil of Conrado del Campo.

In 1940 he emigrated to Argentina, where he lived in Buenos Aires.

Juan José Mantecón
Juan José Mantecón (29 July 1895 - 24 March 1964) was a Spanish composer. He was a member of Generation of '27 and the Group of Eight, the latter of which also included composers Jesús Bal y Gay, Ernesto Halffter and his brother Rodolfo, Julián Bautista, Fernando Remacha, Rosa García Ascot, Salvador Bacarisse and Gustavo Pittaluga. He composed music but was better known as a critic, writing under the name Juan del Brezo.

He was born in Vigo in Galicia to a well off family; his father, a tax official, was transferred to Oviedo and then to Madrid.
Confessionsofa Ex-Doofus-ItchyFooted Mutha
ConfessionsOfa Ex-Doofus-ItchyFooted Mutha is a 2008 film by Melvin Van Peebles. It is based on Van Peebles' 1982 Broadway musical Waltz of the Stork and his graphic novel of the same name. The film was screened at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2008 and was the Closing Night feature in the Maryland Film Festival in May 2008. Van Peebles plays the film's main character from boyhood to age 47.

Waltz of the Stork
Waltz of the Stork is a 1982 American semi-autobiographical play written and originally performed by Melvin Van Peebles.

It also featured his son Mario Van Peebles. The play originally ran for four months in 1982. It ran from January 5, 1982, to May 23, 1982.

The song "The Apple Stretching", featured in this play, was later covered by Grace Jones, and released as a single. In 2008, a film based on the play, Confessionsofa Ex-Doofus-ItchyFooted Mutha, was released, directed by Van Peebles.
Spike & Co.: Do It a Cappella
Spike & Co.: Do It a Cappella is a 1990 PBS special directed by Spike Lee that aired as part of the Great Performances strand. It featured performances by The Mint Juleps, Take 6, Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Rockapella and The Persuasions. The special also starred Lee and Debbie Allen, and featured cameo appearances by Samuel L. Jackson and several of Lee's musician friends.

A soundtrack was released on Elektra Records, but it excluded eight of the songs.

Take 6
Take 6 is an American a cappella gospel sextet formed in 1980 on the campus of Oakwood College in Huntsville, Alabama. The group integrates jazz with spiritual and inspirational lyrics. Take 6 has received several Grammy Awards as well as Dove Awards, a Soul Train Award and nominations for the NAACP Image Award.

The band has worked with Ray Charles, Joe Sample, Nnenna Freelon, Gordon Goodwin, Don Henley, Whitney Houston, Al Jarreau, Quincy Jones, k.d. lang, Queen Latifah, The Manhattan Transfer, Johnny Mathis, Brian McKnight, Luis Miguel, Marcus Miller, Joe Sample, Ben Tankard, Randy Travis, CeCe Winans, Stevie Wonder and Jacob Collier. All original members grew up in the Seventh-day Adventist Church.
Bing, Bing, Bing!
Bing, Bing, Bing! is a 1995 album by jazz guitarist Charlie Hunter. This was his first album for the Blue Note Records and features his eight-string guitar.

The cover is a homage to Horace Parlan's 1960 album, Speakin' My Piece. The neon sign, 500 Club, is a bar in San Francisco's Mission District, a few blocks from the Elbo Room nightclub where the trio made a name for themselves.

Charlie Hunter
Charlie Hunter (born May 23, 1967) is an American guitarist, composer, producer and bandleader. First coming to prominence in the early 1990s, Hunter plays custom-made seven- and eight-string guitars on which he simultaneously plays bass lines, chords, and melodies. Critic Sean Westergaard described Hunter's technique as "mind-boggling...he's an agile improviser with an ear for great tone, and always has excellent players alongside him in order to make great music, not to show off." Hunter's technique is rooted in the styles of jazz guitarists Joe Pass and Tuck Andress, two of his biggest influences, who blended bass notes with melody in a way that created the illusion of two guitars.
Euphrates softshell turtle
The Euphrates softshell turtle (Rafetus euphraticus), also known as the Mesopotamian softshell turtle, is a species of softshell turtle in the family Trionychidae. It is found throughout much of the Euphrates–Tigris river basin in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Khūzestān Province of Iran. Historically it has also been reported from Israel, but this likely involves confusion with the very similar Trionyx triunguis (the two typically require in-hand examination to be separated).

The Euphrates softshell turtle is an endangered species that primarily is threatened by habitat loss and alteration, especially the building of dams, but to lesser extent also pollution and killing by fishermen.

Trionychidae
Trionychidae is a family of turtles, commonly known as softshell turtles or simply softshells. The family was described by Leopold Fitzinger in 1826. Softshells include some of the world's largest freshwater turtles, though many can adapt to living in highly brackish waters. Members of this family occur in Africa, Asia, and North America, with extinct species known from Australia. Most species have traditionally been included in the genus Trionyx, but the vast majority have since been moved to other genera. Among these are the North American Apalone softshells that were placed in Trionyx until 1987.
Rue de l'Odéon
The Rue de l'Odéon is a street in the Odéon quarter of the 6th arrondissement of Paris on the Left Bank.

Because of the presence of two bohemian bookstores, run respectively by Adrienne Monnier and Sylvia Beach, and the coterie of emergent Anglophone writers surrounding them, James Joyce nicknamed it "Stratford-on-Odéon". Monnier and Beach thought of it as Odéonia.

Sylvia Beach
Sylvia Beach (14 March 1887 – 5 October 1962), born Nancy Woodbridge Beach, was an American-born bookseller and publisher who lived most of her life in Paris, where she was one of the leading expatriate figures between World War I and II.

She is known for her Paris bookstore, Shakespeare and Company, where she published James Joyce's book Ulysses (1922), and encouraged the publication of and sold copies of Hemingway's first book, Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923).
Kamata Prelude
Kamata Prelude (Japanese: 蒲田前奏曲) is a 2020 Japanese anthology film starring Urara Matsubayashi, Sairi Ito, Kumi Takeuchi, Mayuko Fukuda and Kotone Furakawa. It is composed of four segments written and directed by Ryutaro Nakagawa, Mayu Akiyama, Yuka Yasukawa and Hirobumi Watanabe, three of which feature Machiko, an actress.

Mayuko Fukuda
Mayuko Fukuda (Japanese: 福田 麻由子, Hepburn: Fukuda Mayuko; born August 4, 1994) is a Japanese actress who made her debut in 1998. She was managed by the talent agency FLaMme.

Her father, Kenji Fukuda, is a drummer in the band Kasutera when Fukuda's father attended Waseda University in Tokyo after he moved from Shūnan, Yamaguchi. Now Kenji Fukuda works at a IT Company in Tokyo.
1950 removal of the Stone of Scone
On 25 December 1950, four Scottish students from the University of Glasgow (Ian Hamilton, Gavin Vernon, Kay Matheson and Alan Stuart) removed the Stone of Scone from Westminster Abbey in London and took it back to Scotland. The students were members of the Scottish Covenant Association, a group that supported home rule for Scotland. In 2008, the incident was made into a film called Stone of Destiny.
It seems likely that the escapade was based on the fictional account of a plot by Scottish Nationalists to liberate the Stone of Destiny from Westminster Cathedral and to return it to Scotland, as told in Compton Mackenzie's novel The North Wind of Love Bk.1, published six years earlier in 1944.

Coronation Chair
The Coronation Chair, also known as St Edward's Chair or King Edward's Chair, is an ancient wooden chair that is used by British monarchs when they are invested with regalia and crowned at their coronation. The chair was commissioned in 1296 by King Edward I of England to house the Stone of Scone, the symbol of royal authority in Scotland. Since 1308, it has been used at every coronation of English and British Monarchs at Westminster Abbey. The chair was named after Edward the Confessor, and is currently kept in St George's Chapel at Westminster Abbey, London. It was last used by King Charles III at his coronation in 2023.
Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency
Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency  or AGAT deficiency is an autosomal recessive cerebral creatine deficiency caused by a deficiency of the enzyme arginine:glycine amidinotransferase.  This enzyme deficiency results in decreased creatine synthesis, and is caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in GATM.  Individuals with AGAT deficiency are intellectually disabled and have muscle weakness.  The symptoms of AGAT deficiency are caused by the lack of creatine in specific tissues, most notably muscle and brain.  Oral creatine supplementation can be used to treat AGAT deficiency, with early intervention providing the best results.  All creatine deficiencies are rare, and there have been fewer than 20 individuals reported in medical literature with AGAT deficiency.  This disorder was first described in 2000.

Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT; EC 2.1.4.1) is the enzyme that catalyses the transfer of an amidino group from L-arginine to glycine. The products are L-ornithine and glycocyamine, also known as guanidinoacetate, the immediate precursor of creatine. Creatine and its phosphorylated form play a central role in the energy metabolism of muscle and nerve tissues. Creatine is in highest concentrations in the skeletal muscle, heart, spermatozoa and photoreceptor cells.  Creatine helps buffer the rapid changes in ADP/ATP ratio in muscle and nerve cells during active periods. Creatine is also synthesized in other tissues, such as pancreas, kidneys, and liver, where amidinotransferase is located in the cytoplasm, including the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, of the cells that make up those tissues.
Lady Annabel Goldsmith
Lady Annabel Goldsmith (née Vane-Tempest-Stewart, formerly Birley; 11 June 1934 – 18 October 2025) was an English socialite, author, and political activist. She was the eponym of Annabel's, the exclusive Mayfair nightclub founded by her first husband, businessman Mark Birley. A prominent London society hostess during the 1960s and 1970s, she attracted media attention for her relationship with financier Sir James Goldsmith, which began during her marriage to Birley and later led to their own marriage. In her later years, she published memoirs and supported political and philanthropic causes.

Annabel's
Annabel's is a private members' club at 46 Berkeley Square in Mayfair, London.

It was opened at 44 Berkeley Square in 1963 by Mark Birley and named for his wife Lady Annabel Vane-Tempest-Stewart. It was founded in the basement of the Clermont Club, a private gambling club established by John Aspinall. Annabel's was one of the first nightclubs in London and was especially popular with the British aristocracy and the international jet-set in the 1960s and 1970s. It was revived by Birley's son and daughter in the 2000s and was sold by Birley with his other members' clubs to Richard Caring in 2007. Annabel's closed at No. 44 Berkeley Square in 2018 and was reopened later that year at No. 46, occupying the entirety of the Georgian townhouse.