hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mean absolute difference
The mean absolute difference (univariate) is a measure of statistical dispersion equal to the average absolute difference of two independent values drawn from a probability distribution.  A related statistic is the relative mean absolute difference, which is the mean absolute difference divided by the arithmetic mean, and equal to twice the Gini coefficient.
The mean absolute difference is also known as the absolute mean difference (not to be confused with the absolute value of the mean signed difference) and the Gini mean difference (GMD).  The mean absolute difference is sometimes denoted by Δ or as MD.

Mean signed deviation
In statistics, the mean signed difference (MSD), also known as mean signed deviation, mean signed error, or mean bias error  is a sample statistic that summarizes how well a set of estimates  match the quantities  that they are supposed to estimate. It is one of a number of statistics that can be used to assess an estimation procedure, and it would often be used in conjunction with a sample version of the mean square error.

For example, suppose a linear regression model has been estimated over a sample of data, and is then used to extrapolate predictions of the dependent variable out of sample after the out-of-sample data points have become available. Then  would be the i-th out-of-sample value of the dependent variable, and  would be its predicted value. The mean signed deviation is the average value of
Speculation (card game)
Speculation is a form of "mild domestic gambling game" that appeared in the late 18th century and was popular during the 19th century, but then disappeared. Rules first appear in the 1800 English edition of Hoyle's Games Improved. It is mentioned at times by Jane Austen, in Mansfield Park for example, and by Charles Dickens.

Mansfield Park
Mansfield Park is the third published novel by the English author Jane Austen, first published in 1814 by Thomas Egerton. A second edition was published in 1816 by John Murray, still within Austen's lifetime. The novel did not receive any public reviews until 1821.

The novel tells the story of Fanny Price, starting when her overburdened family sends her at the age of ten to live in the household of her wealthy aunt and uncle and following her development into early adulthood. From early on critical interpretation has been diverse, differing particularly over the character of the heroine, Austen's views about theatrical performance and the centrality or otherwise of ordination and religion, and on the question of slavery. Some of these problems have been highlighted in the several later adaptations of the story for stage and screen.
William Hanley
William Hanley (October 22, 1931 – May 25, 2012) was an American playwright, novelist, and scriptwriter, born in Lorain, Ohio. Hanley wrote plays for the theatre, radio and television and published three novels in the 1970s. He was related to the British writers James and Gerald Hanley, and the actress Ellen Hanley was his sister.

Gerald Hanley
Gerald Hanley (17 February 1916 – 7 September 1992) was an Irish novelist and travel writer and was born in Liverpool of Irish parents. Hanley's novels reflect his experiences of living in Africa, Burma and the Indian sub-continent, as well as his life as a soldier. His first book, Monsoon Victory was published in 1946, and his last novel, Noble Descents in 1982.
Summer's Desire (2018 TV series)
Summer's Desire (Chinese: 泡沫之夏; lit. 'Summer of Foam') is a 2018 Chinese romance television series directed by Yu Zhongzhong and co-produced by iQiyi and Youhug Media. It is based on the 2007 novel Summer of Foam by Ming Xiaoxi, and the third adaptation following the 2010 television series version and the 2016 film version. It stars Zhang Xueying, Qin Junjie, Madina Memet and Huang Shengchi. The series is premiered on Zhejiang Television in China on 8 May 2018. The series centres on the love story of Yin Xiamo, Ou Chen and Luo Xi.

Zhang Xueying
Zhang Xueying (Chinese: 张雪迎; born 18 June 1997), also known as Sophie Zhang, is a Chinese actress. Zhang is regarded as one of the "New Four Dan actresses of the post-95s Generation" (95后四小花旦), along with Zhang Zifeng, Vicky Chen and Guan Xiaotong.
Council of State of the Habsburg Netherlands
The Council of State of the Habsburg Netherlands was one of the foremost government institutions in the early-modern Low Countries. It was established as one of three "collateral councils" alongside the Privy Council and Council of Finances by a decree of Emperor Charles V of 1 October 1531.

While the Privy Council specialised in administrative and legal issues and the Council of Finances on government finances, the Council of State was responsible for the broadest questions of government policy. Its members, specified in 1531 as twelve but thereafter often fewer, were drawn from the highest nobility, especially those who were Knights of the Golden Fleece, and the highest clergy.

In 1578, during the course of the Dutch Revolt, the rebels refused to recognise the authority of the Council of State, which remained one of the key institutions of royal rule in the Spanish Netherlands. By 1588, the Dutch Republic had established its own, rival Council of State.

Council of Finances of the Habsburg Netherlands
The Council of Finances (Raad van Financiën / Conseil des Finances) was one of the central government institutions of the Habsburg Netherlands. It was founded by Emperor Charles V by a decree of 1 October 1531 establishing three "collateral councils", the others being the Council of State and the Privy Council.

The main members were the Treasurer General and the Receiver General, supported by anywhere between two and five councillors.
John McLean (merchant)
John McLean (1761 – October 16, 1823) was an American merchant most famous because of his will. The will was the subject of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court case Harvard College v. Amory, which led to the Prudent man rule; left a bequest to Massachusetts General Hospital which led to McLean Hospital being named after him; and established the McLean Professor of Ancient and Modern History, a professorship at Harvard University.

McLean Hospital
McLean Hospital (/məkˈleɪn/) (formerly known as Somerville Asylum and Charlestown Asylum) is a psychiatric hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts. McLean maintains the world's largest neuroscientific and psychiatric research program in a private hospital. It is the largest psychiatric facility of Harvard Medical School, an affiliate of Massachusetts General Hospital, and part of Mass General Brigham, which also includes Brigham and Women's Hospital.
Upadeśasāhasrī
Upadeśasāhasrī (Sanskrit: उपदेशसाहस्री, lit. 'A thousand teachings') is an 8th-century CE Sanskrit text of Adi Shankara. Considered a Prakaraṇa grantha, the Upadeśasāhasrī is considered among Shankara's most important non-commentarial works.

Adi Shankara bibliography
Adi Shankara, a Hindu philosopher of the Advaita Vedanta school, composed a number of commentarial works. Due to his later influence, a large body of works that is central to the Advaita Vedanta interpretation of the Prasthanatrayi, the canonical texts consisting of the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita and the Brahma Sutras, is also attributed to him. While his own works mainly consist of commentaries, the later works summarize various doctrines of the Advaita Vedanta tradition, including doctrines that diverge from those of Adi Shankara.
Eliminators (1986 film)
Eliminators is a 1986 science fiction action film directed by Peter Manoogian, starring Andrew Prine, Denise Crosby and Patrick Reynolds. The plot centers on a "Mandroid" constructed by an evil scientist from the body of a downed pilot, who teams up with the scientist responsible for android technology, her pet robot Spot, a riverboat guide, and a martial arts warrior.

Patrick Reynolds (activist)
Patrick Cleveland Reynolds (born December 2, 1948) is an American anti-smoking activist and former actor.

Born in Miami Beach, Florida, he is the grandson of the tobacco company founder, R. J. Reynolds, and speaks of how he believes his family business has killed millions, including his father, R. J. Reynolds Jr., and half brother, R. J. Reynolds III.  He is a frequent speaker on the dangers of smoking, and founded a non-profit organization dedicated to anti-tobacco campaigning.
Thomas Chestre
Thomas Chestre was the author of a 14th-century Middle English romance Sir Launfal, a verse romance of 1045 lines based ultimately on Marie de France's Breton lay Lanval.  He was possibly also the author of the 2200-line Libeaus Desconus, a story of Sir Gawain's son Gingalain based upon similar traditions to those that inspired Renaut de Beaujeu's late-12th-century or early-13th-century Old French romance Le Bel Inconnu, and also possibly of a Middle English retelling of the mid-13th-century Old French romance Octavian. Geoffrey Chaucer parodied Libeaus Desconus, among other Middle English romances, in his Canterbury Tale of Sir Thopas.

Lanval
Lanval is one of the Lais of Marie de France. Written in Anglo-Norman, it tells the story of Lanval, a knight at King Arthur's court, who is overlooked by the king, wooed by a fairy lady, given all manner of gifts by her, and subsequently refuses the advances of Queen Guinevere. The plot is complicated by Lanval's promise not to reveal the identity of his mistress, which he breaks when Guinevere accuses him of having "no desire for women". Before Arthur, Guinevere accuses Lanval of shaming her, and Arthur, in an extended judicial scene, demands that he reveal his mistress. Despite the broken promise, the fairy lover eventually appears to justify Lanval, and to take him with her to Avalon. The tale was popular, and was adapted into English as Sir Landevale, Sir Launfal, and Sir Lambewell.
Eustochius
Eustochius (also Eustachius) was the fifth bishop of Tours from 443 to 461. He was succeeded by his close relative, Saint Perpetuus. His extremely rare name suggests a possible connection to Saint Eustochium. T. S. M. Mommaerts and D. H. Kelley make the point that his father was Eustochium's brother, Julius Toxotius the Younger, and that his maternal grandfather was Publius Ceionius Caecina Albinus, of the Ceionii Volusiani.

Eustochium
Eustochium (c. 368 – September 28, 419 or 420), born Eustochium Julia at Rome, was a high-ranking member of the community, specifically the Julian clan. Eustochium was a fourth-century noblewoman and consecrated virgin, venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church. Guided by the teachings of Jerome, Eustochium practiced asceticism and committed her life to perpetual celibacy.
Douentza Sign Language
Douentza Sign Language, or Dogon Sign Language is a community sign language spoken in Douentza and neighboring communities in the Dogon country in Mali. It is unknown how similar it may be to the nearby village sign language, Tebul Sign Language, but it may be unrelated to another sign language of the Dogon region, Berbey Sign Language.  As of 2013, there is no school for the deaf in the area, but one is planned; the introduction of American Sign Language as the language of instruction may affect Douentza Sign.  A video corpus has been collected by the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics to document the pre-contact form of the language.

Berbey Sign Language
Berbey Sign Language is a family sign language of the village of Berbey in the Hombori region of Mali. The local oral language is Humburi Senni. The language is currently spoken by two brothers (one of whom is deaf) and their families, including four deaf children. In the brothers' father's generation, all signers were deaf.
Broxburn
Broxburn (Scottish Gaelic: Srath Bhroc, pronounced [ˈs̪ɾa ˈvɾɔʰk]) is a town in West Lothian, Scotland. It is 12 miles (19 km) from the West End of Edinburgh, 5 miles (8.0 km) from Edinburgh Airport and 5 miles (8.0 km) to the north of Livingston. Originally a village known as Easter Strathbock in the medieval period, by 1600, the village had become known as Broxburn. The area developed rapidly during the Victorian era as a result of industrialisation related to shale oil extraction. While much of the industry in the area is now diminished, the town has continued to grow following new residential development, resulting in Broxburn forming a conurbation with neighbouring Uphall. It lies just to the south of Winchburgh.

Uphall
Uphall (Scots: Uphauch, Scottish Gaelic: Ubhalaidh) is a village in West Lothian, Scotland. It forms a conurbation with Broxburn to the east, Dechmont to the west and the major town of Livingston to the south west. Uphall is 30 miles from Glasgow and 14 miles from Edinburgh in the Scottish Lowlands. Uphall Station and Pumpherston are separate villages that lie to the south of Uphall.

Uphall has one primary school (Uphall primary school), several grocery stores, two cemeteries, a skatepark, football fields (King George Park), a golf course, a lawn bowls club (Middleton Hall) and a selection of public houses and hotels including the Volunteer Arms, Dovehill Arms, Oatridge Hotel and Houston House Hotel.
Pygopristis
Pygopristis is a monospecific genus of freshwater ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Serrasalmidae, which includes the pacus, piranhas and related fishes.. The only species in the genus is Pygopristis denticulata, also known as the lobetoothed piranha,. This species is a rare South American characiform fish found in the Orinoco River basin, rivers of the northern and eastern Guiana Shield, and tributaries of the lower Amazon River. Like other piranhas, it is found in freshwater, with specimens of this species typically found in acidic clearwater or blackwater environments. Despite their ferocious reputation, many piranhas have broader diets; this species feeds on the scales of other fish as juveniles, but transitions to a broader diet of aquatic insects, small fish, and fruits as adults.

Serrasalmidae
The Serrasalmidae (serrasalmids) are a family of characiform fishes native to freshwater habitats of South America. They include more than 90 species. The name means "serrated salmon family", which refers to the serrated keel running along the belly of these fish. Fish classified as Serrasalmidae are also known by these common names: pacu, piranha, and silver dollar. These common names generally designate differing dental characteristics and feeding habits.
Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 7
Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7 is the seventh season of the dance reality show, Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa. It premiered on 7 June 2014 on Colors. The series was hosted by Ranvir Shorey and Drashti Dhami but later got replaced by Manish Paul. Madhuri Dixit, Karan Johar and Remo D'Souza were the three judges. The finale took place on 20 September 2014 and was won by Ashish Sharma and Shampa Gopikrishna.

Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa
Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa is an Indian Hindi-language reality television show and the Indian version of the British reality TV competition Strictly Come Dancing and is part of the Dancing with the Stars franchise. The first four seasons of Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa were aired on Sony TV. Season fifth to tenth were aired Colors TV then again from season 11, the broadcasting network was changed back to Sony Entertainment Television.
Bert and John
Bert and John is an album by the folk musicians Bert Jansch and John Renbourn, released in 1966. The two would later play together in the group Pentangle. An expanded version of the album was later released in America in 1969 by Vanguard as Stepping Stones. It featured two extra tracks, "It Don't Bother Me" and "My Lover".

John Renbourn
John Renbourn (8 August 1944 – 26 March 2015) was an English guitarist and songwriter. He was best known for his collaboration with guitarist Bert Jansch as well as his work with the folk group Pentangle, although he maintained a solo career before, during and after that band's existence (1967–1973). Several albums were credited to the John Renbourn Group.  He worked later in a duo with Stefan Grossman.

While most commonly labelled a folk musician, Renbourn's musical tastes and interests took in early music, classical music, jazz, blues and world music. His most influential album, Sir John Alot (1968), featured his take on tunes from the medieval period.
Kosmos 31
Kosmos 31 (Russian: Космос 31 meaning Cosmos 31), also known as DS-MT No.2 was a technology demonstration satellite which was launched by the Soviet Union in 1964 as part of the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik programme. Its primary mission was to demonstrate an electric gyrodyne orientation system. It also carried a scientific research package as a secondary payload, which was used to study cosmic rays.

It was launched aboard a Kosmos-2I 63S1 rocket from Mayak-2 at Kapustin Yar. The launch occurred at 06:00 GMT on 6 June 1964.

Kosmos 31 was placed into a low Earth orbit with a perigee of 222 kilometres (138 mi), an apogee of 492 kilometres (306 mi), 49.0° of inclination, and an orbital period of 91.6 minutes. It decayed from orbit on 20 October 1964. Kosmos 31 was the second of three DS-MT satellites to be launched. The first, DS-MT No.1, was lost in a launch failure on 1 June 1963, and the third is Kosmos 51, which was launched on 9 December 1964.

Kosmos 51
Kosmos 51 (Russian: Космос 51 meaning Cosmos 51), also known as DS-MT No.3 was a technology demonstration satellite which was launched by the Soviet Union in 1964 as part of the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik programme. Its primary mission was to demonstrate an electric gyrodyne orientation system. It also carried a scientific research package as a secondary payload, which was used to study cosmic rays and the luminosity of the stellar background.

It was launched aboard a Kosmos 63S1 rocket from Site 86/1 at Kapustin Yar. The launch occurred at 23:02 GMT on 9 December 1964.

Kosmos 51 was placed into a low Earth orbit with a perigee of 262 kilometres (163 mi), an apogee of 533 kilometres (331 mi), 48.8° of inclination, and an orbital period of 92.5 minutes. It decayed from orbit on 14 November 1965. Kosmos 51 was the last of three DS-MT satellites to be launched. The first was lost in a launch failure on 1 June 1963, and the second was launched as Kosmos 31 on 6 June 1964.
Flaming Page
Flaming Page (April 24, 1959 – 1984) was a Canadian Thoroughbred who was a Champion racehorse and then an outstanding broodmare. She is best known as the dam of English Triple Crown winner Nijinsky. She was elected to the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame in 1980.

Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame
The Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame was established in 1976 to honour those who have made a significant contribution to the sport of harness and Thoroughbred horse racing in Canada. It is located at Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto, Ontario.

The Hall of Fame annually inducts Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses, sulky drivers, jockeys, trainers and the horse racing industry's builders.
Historiographer Royal (Scotland)
The Historiographer Royal is a member of the Royal household of Scotland. The office was created in 1681, and was in abeyance from 1709 until 1763 when it was revived for Principal William Robertson of the University of Edinburgh.

The post, which now has no formal responsibilities or salary, is appointed by the Sovereign by Letters Patent passed under the Great Seal of Scotland.

The current office-holder is Christopher Smout, Emeritus Professor of History at the University of St Andrews.

William Robertson (historian)
William Robertson (19 September 1721 – 11 June 1793) was a Scottish historian, cleric, and educator who served as Principal of the University of Edinburgh, Chaplain of Stirling Castle, and one of the King's Chaplains in Scotland.

Robertson made significant contributions to the writing of Scottish history and the history of Spain and Spanish America, and his historiographical approach had considerable contemporary influence (particularly his emphasis on the consistency of human nature across different eras and societies). He was a notable figure in the Scottish Enlightenment, as well as a prominent representative of the Church of Scotland's moderate party.
Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
The Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (中国社会科学院研究生院) was a public graduate school headquartered in Beijing, China. It was affiliated with the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. The school was reconstructed to form the University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 2017.

University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
The University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (UCASS; 中国社会科学院大学) is a public university headquartered in Beijing, China. It is affiliated with the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. The university was formed based on the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, integrating undergraduate and part of the graduate education programs from China Youth University of Political Studies.
Lost Songs (Anberlin album)
Lost Songs is a compilation album from the alternative rock band Anberlin, released on November 20, 2007. It is a collection of covers, unreleased songs from previous album sessions and acoustic versions.  This album is not entirely all-new, as most of the tracks have previously appeared on special editions of albums or other compilations.

Cities (Anberlin album)
Cities is the third studio album by American alternative rock band Anberlin, released on February 20, 2007. The songs "Godspeed" and "The Unwinding Cable Car" were released as singles with accompanying music videos. The album debuted at No. 19 on the Billboard 200.
The Famous Woman
The Famous Woman (German: Die berühmte Frau) is a 1927 German silent drama film directed by Robert Wiene and starring Lili Damita, Fred Solm and Warwick Ward. It was based on the play Die Tänzerin by Melchior Lengyel, who also wrote the film's screenplay. While performing in Barcelona, a dancer falls in love with a Spanish aristocrat. He proposes marriage to her providing she give up her profession. She agrees and the wedding preparations begin. When her troupe returns to Spain, however, she is drawn back to her true calling as a dancer and her aristocratic lover reluctantly allows her to go free. Damita's performance was particularly praised, as was the cinematography of Otto Kanturek who had done location shooting in Barcelona.

Warwick Ward
Warwick Manson Ward (3 December 1891 – 9 December 1967) was an English actor of the stage and screen, and a film producer. He appeared in more than 60 films between 1919 and 1933. He also produced 19 films between 1931 and 1958. He was born in St. Ives, Cornwall.

Ward was a popular leading man in silent films of the 1920s, although he also played villains. Ward cultivated a debonair but forceful air in his films. Having made his breakthrough in British productions, he found his career impacted by a slum in 1924 that dramatically reduced the number of British films being made. Ward increasingly appeared in Continental productions, particularly German films. His career gradually tailed-off with the arrival of sound film and he began a second career as a film producer. He was an important figure at Associated British and appears in the studio's Elstree Story (1952).