hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gießener Auswanderungsgesellschaft
The Gießener Auswanderungsgesellschaft (Gießen emigration society) was founded in 1833 in Gießen with the aim of establishing a German-populated federal state within the United States. A majority of the five hundred politically motivated members, from the middle and upper class, settled in Missouri in 1834. The effort was considered a failure, but its leaders did much to contribute to the German influence of the state in the early 19th century.

Giessen
Giessen, spelled Gießen in German (German pronunciation: [ˈɡiːsn̩] ⓘ), is a town in the German state (Bundesland) of Hesse, capital of both the district of Giessen and the administrative region of Giessen. The population is approximately 90,000, with roughly 37,000 university students.

The name comes from Giezzen, as it was first referred to in 1197, which refers to the position of the town between several rivers, lakes and streams. The largest river in Giessen is the Lahn, which divides the town in two parts (west and east), roughly 50 kilometres (31 miles) north of Frankfurt am Main. Giessen is also home to the University of Giessen.

In 1969, the town hosted the ninth Hessentag state festival.
Who Said I Would
"Who Said I Would" is a song performed by Phil Collins that was originally recorded for his 1985 album No Jacket Required but was released in 1991 as a single from his live album Serious Hits... Live! in the United States and Japan.

Serious Hits... Live!
Serious Hits… Live! is the name of Phil Collins' 1990 live album, released on vinyl, cassette and CD. It is also the title of the 2003 DVD video release of his concert at Berlin's Waldbühne on 15 July 1990. (The original 1990 VHS and Laserdisc version of the video was titled Seriously Live.) The songs on the CD version are taken from various concerts during the Seriously, Live! World Tour. At the Brit Awards in 1992, the album brought Collins a nomination for British Male Artist.

Two singles were released from this album, being "Do You Remember?" and "Who Said I Would", a song originally released for his third studio album No Jacket Required.
John Candelaria
John Robert Candelaria (born November 6, 1953) is a Puerto Rican-American former Major League Baseball pitcher.  Nicknamed "the Candy Man", he played in MLB during the years 1975–1993 for eight teams, the Pittsburgh Pirates, California Angels, New York Mets, New York Yankees, Montreal Expos, Minnesota Twins, Toronto Blue Jays, and the Los Angeles Dodgers.

George Hendrick
George Andrew Hendrick Jr. (born October 18, 1949) is an American former professional baseball player and coach. He played in Major League Baseball as an outfielder between 1971 and 1988, most prominently as an integral member of the St. Louis Cardinals team that won the 1982 World Series.

A four-time All-Star and a two-time Silver Slugger Award winner, Hendrick led the major leagues with 20 outfield assists in 1979 and, led the Cardinals in home runs every year from 1980 through 1983. He also won a World Series with the Oakland Athletics in 1972 and was a member of the 1986 California Angels division-winning team. He also played for the Cleveland Indians, San Diego Padres and the Pittsburgh Pirates. Hendrick is currently the special advisor to baseball operations for the Tampa Bay Rays.
Janet L. Norwood
Janet Lippe Norwood (December 11, 1923 – March 27, 2015) was an American statistician and the first female Commissioner of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) when she was appointed in 1979 by President Jimmy Carter. She was reappointed twice by President Reagan.  She left the Bureau in 1991 and joined the Urban Institute as a Senior Fellow, a position she held until 1999. She was also appointed as the Chair of the Advisory Council on Unemployment Compensation, first by President George H. W. Bush in 1993 and then re-elected by President Bill Clinton. She stepped down from that position in 1996. She received numerous awards including several honorary doctorate degrees from academic institutions, including Harvard University.

Lynne Billard
Lynne Billard (born 1943) is an Australian statistician and professor at the University of Georgia, known for her statistics research, leadership, and advocacy for women in science. She has served as president of the American Statistical Association, and the International Biometric Society, one of a handful of people to have led both organizations.
Episcopal Baptists
Although most Baptist groups are congregationalist in polity, some have different ecclesiastical organization and adopt an episcopal polity governance. In those churches the local congregation has less autonomy and the bishop oversees them, assigning pastors and distributing funds.

Episcopal polity
An episcopal polity, also known as episcopalianism, is a hierarchical form of church governance in which the chief local authorities are called bishops. The word "bishop" here is derived via the British Latin and Vulgar Latin term *ebiscopus/*biscopus, from Ancient Greek  ἐπίσκοπος (epískopos) 'overseer'. It is the structure used by many of the major Christian Churches and denominations, such as the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Church of the East, Anabaptist, Lutheran, and Anglican churches or denominations, and other churches founded independently from these lineages. Many Methodist denominations have a form of episcopal polity known as connexionalism.
Sigourney Community School District
41°19′44″N 92°11′38″W﻿ / ﻿41.329022°N 92.193882°W﻿ / 41.329022; -92.193882

Sigourney Community School District  is a rural public school district headquartered in Sigourney, Iowa. The district is completely within Keokuk County and serves Sigourney, Delta, and Hayesville. It operates a preschool/elementary school and a junior/senior high school.

In 2016 the district agreed to begin a superintendent-sharing arrangement with the Pekin Community School District.

Pekin Community School District
41°09′26″N 92°09′56″W﻿ / ﻿41.157307°N 92.165419°W﻿ / 41.157307; -92.165419

Pekin Community School District is a rural public school district headquartered in Pekin, an unincorporated area in Jefferson County, Iowa, near Packwood.

It serves the following incorporated communities in Jefferson, Keokuk, Wapello, and Washington counties: Packwood, Hedrick, Martinsburg, Ollie, and Richland. Unincorporated areas served by Pekin schools, aside from Pekin, include Abington, Highland Center, and Rubio.
Leontopolis (Heliopolis)
Leontopolis is the Koine Greek name of a city that may correspond to either the modern area of Tell el Yehudiye or Tell el-Yahudiya ("the Jewish tell"). It was an ancient city of Egypt in the 13th nome of Lower Egypt (the Heliopolite Nome) on the Pelusiac branch of the Nile. This site is known for its distinctive pottery known as Tell el-Yahudiyeh Ware.

The site was part of the Land of Onias, after Onias IV, who built a new Jewish temple at Leontopolis to rival the Maccabean hierarchy in Jerusalem, and was home to a Jewish population.

Onias IV
Onias IV (Hebrew: חוֹנִיּוֹ Ḥōniyyō) was the son of Onias III and the heir of the Zadokite line of High Priests of Israel. He built a new Jewish temple at Leontopolis in Ptolemaic Egypt where he reigned as a rival High Priest to the hierarchy in Jerusalem. While he never gained leadership in Judea, he still held influence in Egypt; the territory most heavily populated by Jews was called the Land of Onias in reference to his influence.
KillRoy Was Here
KillRoy Was Here is a 2022 American comedy horror anthology film directed by Kevin Smith, who co-wrote it with Andrew McElfresh. The film stars Azita Ghanizada, Ryan O'Nan, Harley Quinn Smith, Chris Jericho, Justin Kucsulain, Jason Mewes, and Ralph Garman.

Principal photography began in June 2017 and ended in October 2018, occurring in Sarasota and Longboat Key, Florida.

KillRoy Was Here was released as 5,555 exclusive, non-fungible tokens (NFTs) on July 12, 2022, on the NFT minting platform Legendao. It is the first feature film to be released as an NFT.

Azita Ghanizada
Azita Ghanizada (born 1978/1979) is an American television, film and stage actress. She is known for her work on the television series Alphas, and the Broadway musical The Kite Runner. In addition to her acting work, Ghanizada is also the founder and President of the MENA Arts Advocacy Coalition.
Martha Mijares
Martha Mijares (19 January 1938 – 18 October 2018) was a Mexican film actress. She appeared in twenty seven films between 1954 and 1960 including the crime adventure Raffles. She belongs to the Golden Age of Mexican cinema.

Raffles (1958 film)
Raffles (Spanish: Raffles mexicano) is a 1958 Mexican crime film directed by Alejandro Galindo and starring Rafael Bertrand, María Duval and Prudencia Grifell. The film is based on E.W. Hornung books about the British gentleman thief A.J. Raffles, who is portrayed here as a Mexican. The film appears to be lost.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Gunther Gerszo.
Yoshiharu Habu
Yoshiharu Habu (Japanese: 羽生 善治, Hepburn: Habu Yoshiharu; born September 27, 1970) is a professional shogi player and a chess FIDE Master. He is a former holder of the Ryūō, Meijin, Ōi, Ōza, Kiō, Ōshō and Kisei major titles. He was the first person to simultaneously hold seven major professional shogi titles at the same time and is the only person to qualify as a lifetime title holder for seven major titles. In January 2018, Habu became the first professional shogi player to be awarded Japan's People's Honour Award. Habu is also a former president of the Japan Shogi Association (JSA).

NHK Cup (shogi)
The NHK Cup, officially the NHK Cup TV Shogi Tournament (NHK杯テレビ将棋トーナメント, enu eichi kei hai terebi shōgi tōnamento), is a professional shogi tournament organized by the Japan Shogi Association and sponsored by Japan's public broadcaster NHK.
Matthew J. Bruccoli
Matthew Joseph Bruccoli (August 21, 1931 – June 4, 2008) was an American professor of English at the University of South Carolina. He was an expert on F. Scott Fitzgerald; his biography of Fitzgerald, published in 1981, was considered the standard biography for decades. He also wrote about other writers, including Ernest Hemingway, Thomas Wolfe, and John O'Hara, and was editor of the Dictionary of Literary Biography.

Dictionary of Literary Biography
The Dictionary of Literary Biography is a specialist biographical dictionary dedicated to literature. Published by Gale, the 375-volume set covers a wide variety of literary topics, periods, and genres, with a focus on American and British literature.
Darragh Egan
Darragh Egan (born 5 February 1986) is an Irish hurling manager and former player who managed the Wexford senior hurling team from 2021 until 2023. He is a former player with club side Kiladangan and the Tipperary senior hurling team.

Wexford county hurling team
The Wexford county hurling team represents Wexford in hurling and is governed by Wexford GAA, the county board of the Gaelic Athletic Association. The team competes in the three major annual inter-county competitions; the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship and the National Hurling League.

Wexford's home ground is Wexford Park, Wexford. The team's manager is Keith Rossiter.

The team last won the Leinster Senior Championship in 2019, the All-Ireland Senior Championship in 1996 and the National League in 1973.

The team is nicknamed the Model Men, the Slaneysiders, the Yellowbellies or the Purple and Gold.
Patrick French
Patrick Rollo Basil French (28 May 1966 – 16 March 2023) was a British writer, historian and academician. He was the author of several books including: Younghusband: The Last Great Imperial Adventurer (1994), a biography of Francis Younghusband; The World Is What It Is (2008), an authorised biography of Nobel Laureate V. S. Naipaul that won the National Book Critics Circle Award in the United States; and India: A Portrait (2011).

During the 1992 general election, French was a Green Party candidate for Parliament. He sat on the executive committee of Free Tibet, a Tibet Support Group UK, and was a founding member of the inter-governmental India–UK Round Table.

Francis Younghusband
Lieutenant Colonel Sir Francis Edward Younghusband, KCSI KCIE (31 May 1863 – 31 July 1942) was a British Army officer, explorer and spiritual writer. He is remembered for his travels in the Far East and Central Asia; especially the 1904 British expedition to Tibet, led by him, and for his writings on Asia and foreign policy. Younghusband held positions including British commissioner to Tibet and president of the Royal Geographical Society.
John G. Frank
John Gottlieb Frank (June 24, 1831 – 15 February 1914) was a German from Silesia who moved to Jackson, Wisconsin who served a single one-year term in 1879 as a Democratic member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Washington County. succeeding Cornelius Coughlin.

In 1879, he lost the Democratic nomination, and ran as an "Independent Democrat" against the official Democratic nominee, Jacob C. Place. He lost to Place, who polled 650 votes to 549 votes for Republican F. Hildebrandt and 470 for Frank.

Cornelius Coughlin
Cornelius Coughlin (November 23, 1840 – ?) was an American farmer from West Bend, Wisconsin who served one term as an Independent Greenback member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Washington County.

Coughlin was born in Pennsylvania on November 23, 1840; his family came to Wisconsin in 1841, and settled at Summit, in Waukesha County; but moved to Washington County in 1855. He received a common school education, and became a farmer by occupation.
Don Priestley
Don Priestley (1940–2024) was a British school teacher and former video game programmer who wrote over 20 commercial games for the ZX81 and ZX Spectrum home computers between 1982 and 1989. Despite successful releases for DK'Tronics, such as 3D Tanx and Maziacs, Priestley returned to teaching in the late 1980s, claiming changes in the video game industry did not suit his style of work. He died after a short illness in the autumn of 2024.

DK'Tronics
DK'Tronics Ltd (stylised as dk'tronics) was a British software and hardware company active during the 1980s. It primarily made peripherals for the ZX Spectrum and Amstrad CPC range, but also released video games for the ZX81, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, VIC-20, BBC Micro, Memotech MTX, MSX and Amstrad platforms.
Bithynia
Bithynia (/bɪˈθɪniə/; Koine Greek: Βιθυνία, romanized: Bithynía) is a geographical region of northwestern Asia Minor (in present-day Turkey), adjoining the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, and the Black Sea. It borders Mysia to the southwest, Paphlagonia to the northeast along the Black Sea coast, and Phrygia to the southeast towards the interior of Asia Minor.

Hellenistic Bithynia was an independent kingdom from the 3rd century BC. Its capital Nicomedia was rebuilt on the site of ancient Astacus in 264 BC by Nicomedes I. Bithynia was bequeathed to the Roman Republic in 74 BC, and became united with the Pontus (region) region as the province of Bithynia and Pontus.

In the 7th century it was incorporated into the Byzantine Opsikion theme. It became a border region to the Seljuk Empire in the 13th century, and was eventually conquered by the Ottoman Turks between 1325 and 1333.

Nicomedia
Nicomedia (/ˌnɪkəˈmiːdiə/; Greek: Νικομήδεια, Nikomedeia; modern İzmit) was an ancient Greek city located in what is now Turkey. In 286 AD, Nicomedia became the eastern and most senior capital city of the Roman Empire (chosen by the emperor Diocletian who ruled in the east), a status which the city maintained during the Tetrarchy system (293–324 AD).

The Tetrarchy ended with the Battle of Chrysopolis (Üsküdar) in 324 AD, when the western Roman emperor Constantine the Great defeated Licinius and became the sole emperor. In 330 AD, Constantine chose for himself the nearby Byzantium (which was renamed Constantinople, modern Istanbul) as the new capital of the Roman Empire.

The city was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the victory of Sultan Orhan Gazi against the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines managed to retake it in the aftermath of the Battle of Ankara, but it fell definitively to the Ottomans in 1419 AD.
2008 Swedish Open
The 2008 Swedish Open (also known as the Catella Swedish Open for sponsorship reasons) was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 61st edition of the Swedish Open, and was part of the International Series of the 2008 ATP Tour. It took place at the Båstad tennisstadion in Båstad, Sweden, from 7 July through 13 July 2008.

The singles draw was headlined by new ATP No. 4, Valencia and 's-Hertogenbosch titlist and Båstad defending champion David Ferrer, Nottingham finalist Fernando Verdasco, and Warsaw runner-up and 2006 Båstad winner Tommy Robredo. Also present were Miami Masters semifinalist Tomáš Berdych, Costa do Sauípe runner-up and 2002 Båstad champion Carlos Moyá, Gaël Monfils, Jarkko Nieminen and Robin Söderling.

Tommy Robredo
Tomás Robredo Garcés (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈtomi roˈβɾeðo ɣaɾˈθes], Catalan: [ɡəɾˈses]; born 1 May 1982) is a Spanish former professional tennis player. His career-high singles ranking was world No. 5, which he reached in August 2006 as a result of winning the Hamburg Masters earlier in the year. Robredo reached the quarterfinals at seven singles major tournaments. He was also a three-time semifinalist at the US Open men's doubles tournament, and a semifinalist at the Australian Open in mixed doubles.

Robredo turned professional in 1998 and was coached by José Manuel "Pepo" Clavet and then by Karim Perona. Robredo considered his forehand to be his best shot, and red clay his favorite surface. He remains the only player in Open Era history to mount three consecutive comebacks from two sets down, a feat achieved en route to the quarterfinals of the 2013 French Open. He has one of the highest percentages of five-set matches won with 77.3 per cent (17–5 win–loss record).
41st Division (German Empire)
The 41st Division (41. Division) was a unit of the Prussian/German Army. It was established on October 1, 1912, in Deutsch Eylau (now Iława, Poland). The division was subordinated in peacetime to the XX Army Corps (XX. Armeekorps). The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. It was mainly recruited in the Prussian province of West Prussia.

XX Corps (German Empire)
The XX Army Corps / XX AK (German: XX. Armee-Korps) was a corps level command of the German Army before and during World War I.

As the German Army expanded in the later part of the 19th century and early part of the 20th century, the XX Army Corps was set up on 1 October 1912 in Allenstein as the Generalkommando (headquarters) for the southern part of East Prussia.  It took over command of 37th Division from I Corps and the newly formed 41st Division.  General der Artillerie Friedrich von Scholtz, former commander of 21st Division, took command.  It was assigned to the I Army Inspectorate. which became the 8th Army at the start of the First World War.

XX Corps served on the Eastern Front from the start of the war.  In September 1915, the corps was upgraded to form Armee-Gruppe Scholtz, later Armee-Abteilung Scholtz, as part of the Army of the Niemen.  It was reformed from Armee-Abteilung D in September 1918.  It was dissolved after the war.
Men Are Men
Men are Men (Korean: 그놈이 그놈이다) is a 2020 South Korean television series starring Hwang Jung-eum, Yoon Hyun-min, Seo Ji-hoon, Choi Myung-gil and Jo Woo-ri. The series aired from July 6 to September 1, 2020 on KBS2.

Seo Ji-hoon (actor)
Seo Ji-hoon (born April 25, 1997) is a South Korean actor. Since his acting debut with Signal in 2016,  Seo has appeared in dramas such as Solomon's Perjury (2016–2017), School 2017 (2017), My First Love (2018), and Revenge of Others (2022).
AI-complete
In the field of artificial intelligence (AI), tasks that are hypothesized to require artificial general intelligence to solve are informally known as AI-complete or AI-hard. Calling a problem AI-complete reflects the belief that it cannot be solved by a simple specific algorithm.

Prior to 2013, problems supposed to be AI-complete included computer vision, natural language understanding, and dealing with unexpected circumstances while solving any real-world problem. AI-complete tasks were notably considered useful for distinguishing humans from automated agents, as CAPTCHAs aim to do.

Natural language understanding
Natural language understanding (NLU) or natural language interpretation (NLI) is a subset of natural language processing in artificial intelligence that deals with machine reading comprehension. NLU has been considered an AI-hard problem.

There is considerable commercial interest in the field because of its application to automated reasoning, machine translation, question answering, news-gathering, text categorization, voice-activation, archiving, and large-scale content analysis.
Ballifurth Farm Halt railway station
Ballifurth Farm Halt railway station was one of four halts, Imperial Cottages Halt, Gilbey's Cottages Halt, Dalvey Farm Halt, and Ballifurth Farm Halt, opened on the Speyside route between Elgin and Aviemore, Scotland, on 15 June 1959, on the introduction of railbuses. Drivers were warned when approaching the halts by white boards stating 'Request Stop 100 Yards Ahead'.

Dalvey Farm Halt railway station
Dalvey Farm Halt railway station was one of four halts, Imperial Cottages, Gilbey's Cottages, Dalvey Farm, and Ballifurth Farm, opened on the Speyside route between Elgin and Aviemore on 15 June 1959, on the introduction of  railbuses. Drivers were warned when approaching the halts by white boards stating 'Request Stop 100 Yards Ahead'.
Bristol Ferry Light
Bristol Ferry Light is a historic lighthouse in Bristol, Rhode Island.  It is located on the shores of Narragansett Bay at Bristol Point, the northern land point of Mount Hope Bay at the base of the Mount Hope Bridge.

The two-story square brick lighthouse was built in 1855, along with an attached 1+1⁄2-story brick keeper's house.  Its use was discontinued in 1927 with the construction of the Mount Hope Bridge, and a replacement automated beacon across Ferry Road. A ferry operated between Bristol and Aquidneck Island before the bridge was built, and the light assisted the ferry service. The Bristol Ferry Lighthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, at which time it was a private residence.

Mount Hope Bridge
The Mount Hope Bridge is a two-lane suspension bridge spanning the Mount Hope Bay in eastern Rhode Island at one of the narrowest gaps in Narragansett Bay. The bridge connects the Rhode Island towns of Portsmouth and Bristol and is part of Route 114. Its towers are 285 feet (87 m) tall, the length of the main span is 1,200 feet (370 m), and it offers 135 feet (41 m) of clearance over high water. The total length of the bridge is 6,130 feet (1,870 m).
1975 Icelandic Cup
The 1975 Icelandic Cup was the 16th edition of the National Football Cup.

It took place between 24 June 1975 and 13 September 1975, with the final played at Laugardalsvöllur in Reykjavík. The cup was important, as winners qualified for the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (if a club won both the league and the cup, the defeated finalists would take their place in the Cup Winners' Cup).

Clubs from the 1. Deild entered in the last 16, with clubs from lower tiers entering in the three preliminary rounds. Teams played one-legged matches. In case of a draw, the match was replayed at the opposition's ground.

Keflavík won their first Icelandic Cup, beating ÍA in the final, who were runners-up for the second consecutive year. The club therefore qualified for Europe.

Knattspyrnudeild Keflavík
Knattspyrnudeild Keflavíkur (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈkʰnahtˌspɪ(r)tnʏˌteilt ˈcʰɛplaˌviːk], lit. 'Keflavík Football (Sub)Division') is an Icelandic football team, commonly known as Keflavík.  It is a subdivision of Keflavík ÍF (Keflavík, íþrótta- og ungmennafélag), based in the town of Reykjanesbær in Iceland. They play at Nettó-völlur in Keflavík.