hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Leahy–Smith America Invents Act
The Leahy–Smith America Invents Act (AIA) is a United States federal statute that was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama on September 16, 2011. The law represents the most significant legislative change to the U.S. patent system since the Patent Act of 1952 and closely resembles previously proposed legislation in the Senate in its previous session (Patent Reform Act of 2009).

Named for its lead sponsors, Sen. Patrick Leahy (D–VT) and Rep. Lamar Smith (R–TX), the Act switches the U.S. patent system from a "first to invent" to a "first inventor to file" system, eliminates interference proceedings, and develops post-grant opposition. Its central provisions went into effect on September 16, 2012 and on March 16, 2013.

Interference proceeding
In United States patent law, an interference proceeding, also known as a priority contest, is an inter partes proceeding to determine the priority issues of multiple patent applications. Unlike in most other countries, which have long had a first-to-file system, until the enactment of the Leahy–Smith America Invents Act (AIA) in 2011, the United States operated under a first-to-invent. The interference proceeding determines which of several patent applications had been made by the first inventor.

The AIA switched the US to a first-to-file regime effective March 16, 2013, and interferences apply only to patent applications with an effective filing date prior to that change.
Rachel MacNair
Rachel M. MacNair (born November 4, 1958) is an American sociologist and psychologist who adheres to the consistent life ethic. She is an activist against abortion and war, and has written against the culture of violence and the eating of meat. An expert on veteran psychology, she coined the term "Perpetration-Induced Traumatic Stress" (PITS), a form of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that may result from the action of killing. She edited Working for Peace: A Handbook of Practical Psychology. She is also a Quaker, which influences her anti-violence work.

MacNair served for ten years as the president of Feminists for Life, an anti-abortion organization, and she founded the Susan B. Anthony List to help elect anti-abortion politicians. She is a director of the Institute for Integrated Social Analysis, the research arm of the Consistent Life Network.

Consistent life ethic
The consistent life ethic (CLE), also known as the consistent ethic of life or whole life ethic, is an ethic that opposes abortion, capital punishment, assisted suicide, and euthanasia. Adherents oppose war, or at the very least unjust war; some adherents go as far as full pacifism and so oppose all war. Many authors have understood the ethic to be relevant to a broad variety of areas of public policy as well as social justice issues. The term was popularized in 1983 by the Catholic prelate Joseph Bernardin in the United States to express an ideology based on the premise that all human life is sacred and should be protected by law. While there are many adherents, CLE is not exclusively but primarily a Catholic doctrine and/or associated with the Catholic Church.
Longwood Medical and Academic Area
The Longwood Medical and Academic Area, also known as Longwood Medical Area, LMA, or simply Longwood, is a medical campus in Boston, Massachusetts. Flanking Longwood Avenue, LMA is adjacent to the Fenway–Kenmore, Audubon Circle, and Mission Hill neighborhoods, as well as the town of Brookline.

The campus houses several schools associated with Harvard University, including Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard's teaching hospitals, and several institutions not formally affiliated with Harvard. Long known as a global center of research, institutions in the Longwood Medical Area secured over $1.2 billion in NIH funds in 2018, which exceeds NIH funding received by 44 states.

Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
The Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health is the public health school at Harvard University, located in the Longwood Medical Area of Boston, Massachusetts. It was named after Hong Kong entrepreneur Chan Tseng-hsi in 2014 following a US$350 million donation, the largest in Harvard's history at the time.

The school grew out of the Harvard–MIT School for Health Officers, the country's first graduate training program in population health, which was founded in 1913 and became the Harvard School of Public Health in 1922.
Bart Palaszewski
Bart K. Palaszewski (Polish pronunciation: [palaˈʂɛfskʲi]; born May 30, 1983) is a retired Polish-American professional mixed martial artist who most recently competed in the UFC's Featherweight division. A professional competitor from 2002 until 2014, Palaszewski has also formerly competed for the WEC, the Quad Cities Silverbacks of the IFL, and King of the Cage.

Tyson Griffin
Tyson Lee Griffin (born April 20, 1984) is a retired American mixed martial artist who competed in the lightweight division. He competed for the UFC, Strikeforce, the RFA, and the World Series of Fighting.
Colleen O'Reilly
Colleen Anne O'Reilly AM (born 1949) is an Australian Anglican priest. She was made a Member of the Order of Australia in 2021 in recognition of her significant service to the Anglican Church of Australia, and to religious education. O'Reilly has been a strong advocate for women's leadership in the Anglican Church and women's ordination since the 1970s and described by Muriel Porter as "the ‘mother' of the movement that was a key factor in bringing about the ordination of women through many years of determined struggle".

Patricia Brennan (missionary)
Patricia Anne Brennan AM (15 April 1944 – 6 March 2011) was an Australian medical doctor and a prominent campaigner for the ordination of women in the Anglican Church of Australia. She became a member of the Order of Australia in 1993.
Naseby, New Zealand
Naseby is a small town in the Maniototo region of Central Otago, New Zealand. The town catch phrase is "2000 feet above worry level" indicating its altitude. The town is 140 km (90 mi) from Dunedin. The centre of the town is a registered historic area, and there are many heritage buildings. Naseby has hot summers but particularly cold winters, and is one of New Zealand's principal curling venues. The town also has an ice rink and New Zealand's only ice luge track (360m long). In September 2025, Naseby was designated as an International Dark Sky Community in recognition of its work to eliminate light pollution and protect the night sky.

Ranfurly, New Zealand
Ranfurly is a town in the Central Otago District of Otago, New Zealand. Located 110 kilometres (68 miles) north of Dunedin, it lies in the dry rough plain of Maniototo at a moderately high altitude (around 430 metres or 1,410 feet above sea level) close to a small tributary of the Taieri River. It operates as a service town for the local farming community. The town was formerly known as Eweburn, one of the "farmyard" names bestowed by former Otago Chief Surveyor John Turnbull Thomson on many small streams and locations in the district. The modern name honours the Fifth Earl of Ranfurly, who served as Governor of New Zealand (1897–1904) at the time of the extension of the Otago Central Railway to the area. Ranfurly is well known for its Art Deco buildings, such as its hotel and the dairy.
We Are the Fallen
We Are the Fallen is an American-Irish hard rock band formed in 2009, comprising Irish singer and former American Idol contestant Carly Smithson, guitarists Ben Moody and John LeCompt, drummer Rocky Gray, and bassist Marty O'Brien. Moody, LeCompt, and Gray were previously members of the American rock band Evanescence. The band released their debut album, Tear the World Down, in May 2010. Their final performance occurred in January 2011, and the band has been inactive since.

Tear the World Down
Tear the World Down is the first and only studio album by hard rock band We Are the Fallen. It was released in the United Kingdom on May 10, 2010 and the United States on May 11, 2010 under the Universal Republic record label. It includes their first single "Bury Me Alive".  The album debuted on the Billboard 200 at No. 33, selling 13,000 for the week.  It has sold 41,000 copies as of September 2010.
1939 Isle of Man TT
The 1939 Isle of Man Tourist Trophy was the last races until 1947 due to the interruption by World War II. It was also the last of ten Isle of Man TT victories for the 34-year-old Stanley Woods in which he won the Junior TT on a Velocette at 83.19 mph and also finished in 4th place in the Senior TT race. The 250cc Lightweight TT race was a first time winner for Ted Mellors and the Benelli marque. The Senior TT race was won by the German competitor Georg Meier on a supercharged  500cc BMW Type 255  motor-cycle.

The Austrian competitor Karl Gall riding for the works BMW team crashes at Ballaugh Bridge during an evening practice session and later dies of his injuries and the effects of pneumonia in hospital.

Georg Meier
Georg "Schorsch" Meier (German pronunciation: [ˈɡeːɔʁk ʃɔʁʃ ˈmaɪɐ] ⓘ; 9 November 1910 – 19 February 1999) was a German motorcycle racer famous for being the first foreign winner of the prestigious Senior TT, the Blue Riband race of the Isle of Man TT Races, in 1939 riding for the factory BMW team and the first motorcycle racer to lap a Grand Prix course at over 100 mph.
Sander Arends
Sander Arends (born 9 August 1991) is a Dutch professional tennis player who specializes in doubles.
He has a career-high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 23, achieved on 21 July 2025. Arends has won four doubles ATP Tour titles, one with David Pel and three with Luke Johnson. He has also won 31 doubles titles on the ATP Challenger Tour and 11 titles on the lower level ITF Men's World Tennis Tour.

Luke Johnson (tennis)
Luke Johnson (born 18 March 1994) is a British professional tennis player who specializes in doubles. He achieved his career-high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 27 on 2 February 2026. Johnson has won three doubles titles on the ATP Tour with Sander Arends. He has also won 13 titles on the ATP Challenger Tour and 21 on the ITF World Tennis Tour. He also has a career-high singles ranking of No. 606 set on 29 November 2021.
Morrison & Sinclair
33°50′49″S 151°11′11″E﻿ / ﻿33.846832°S 151.186286°E﻿ / -33.846832; 151.186286
Morrison & Sinclair was a Sydney, New South Wales based company and one of the great ship and boatbuilding names of Port Jackson. The company was founded in the early 1890s and ceased trading in 1970.

Yurulbin Park
Yurulbin Park (formerly Long Nose Park) is a 0.61-hectare (1.5-acre) public open space located at the end of Yurulbin Point on the Balmain Peninsula in the suburb of Birchgrove in the Inner West Council local government area in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Niedersorpe
Niedersorpe is a locality in the municipality Schmallenberg in the High Sauerland District in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

The village has 229 inhabitants and lies in the east of the municipality of Schmallenberg at a height of around 432 m. The river Sorpe flows through the village. Niedersorpe borders on the villages of Holthausen, Rellmecke, Oberkirchen, Winkhausen and Gleidorf.

The first written document mentioning Suropo dates from 1072 in a charter from Grafschaft Abbey of bishop Anno of Cologne. The village used to belong to the municipality of Oberkirchen in Amt Schmallenberg until the end of 1974.

Winkhausen (Schmallenberg)
Winkhausen is a locality in the municipality Schmallenberg in the High Sauerland District in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

The village has 207 inhabitants and lies in the east of the municipality of Schmallenberg at a height of around 410 m.

In the village centre the Landesstraße 742 meets the Bundesstraße 236 and the river Sorpe flows in the river Lenne.
Winkhausen borders on the villages of Almert, Grafschaft, Gleidorf, Niedersorpe and Oberkirchen.

The first written document mentioning  Widinchusen dates from 1395. The village used to belong to the municipality of Oberkirchen in Amt Schmallenberg until the end of 1974.
Velous
Tyler Bryant, better known as his stage name Velous, is an American record producer, rapper, singer, and songwriter from Kingston, New York. Best known for his songwriting and production for other artists, he has been credited on Chris Brown's 2019 single "No Guidance" and Kanye West's 2015 single "All Day", both of which peaked within the top 20 of the Billboard Hot 100 and received Grammy Award nominations.

As a recording artist, he is known for his work with fellow New York rapper Fabolous. Bryant guest appeared on his album The Young OG Project (2014), as well as alongside Chris Brown on his 2017 single "Flipmode".

The Young OG Project
The Young OG Project is the sixth studio album by American rapper Fabolous; it was released on December 25, 2014, by Def Jam Recordings, Desert Storm Records, Street Family Records and Roc Nation. The album features guest appearances from Chris Brown, Velous, French Montana, Tish Hyman and more. It also includes production from Vinylz, Boi-1da, C-Sick and The Mekanics, among others. The album is supported by the lone single, "Lituation".
Planina, Semič
Planina (pronounced [plaˈnìːna]; German: Stockendorf, Gottschee German: Aobə) is a village in the Municipality of Semič in Slovenia. It lies on the southern slopes of Mount Mirna (Slovene: Mirna gora) in the southern part of Kočevje Rog. It was inhabited by Gottschee Germans that were expelled in 1941 during the Second World War. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

Mount Mirna
Mount Mirna (Slovene: Mirna gora, German: Friedensberg, Friedbüchel), literally ‘peaceful mountain’, is a mountain in the eastern part of Kočevje Rog. It is located above the settlement of Planina and is the highest point in the traditional White Carniola region of Slovenia.
2006–07 Israeli Premier League
The 2006–07 Israeli Premier League season began on 26 August 2006. It was scheduled to begin a week before, but was then postponed due to the 2006 Lebanon War. Beitar Jerusalem, under businessman Arcadi Gaydamak, became the league champions.

Two teams from Liga Leumit were promoted at the end of the previous season: Maccabi Herzliya and Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan. The two teams relegated were Hapoel Nazareth Illit and Bnei Sakhnin.

Maccabi Herzliya F.C.
Maccabi Herzliya F.C. (Hebrew: מועדון כדורגל מכבי הרצליה, Moadon Kaduregel Maccabi Herzliya) is an Israeli football club based in Herzliya. The club is currently in Liga Leumit and plays at the Herzliya Municipal Stadium.
Neuromedin U receptor
The neuromedin U receptors are two G-protein coupled receptors which bind the neuropeptide hormones neuromedin U and neuromedin S. There are two subtypes of the neuromedin U receptor, each encoded by a separate gene (NMUR1, NMUR2).

Neuromedin S
Neuromedin S is a 36-amino acid neuropeptide found in the brain of humans and other mammals. It is produced in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and is related to neuromedin U. It is thought to be involved in regulation of circadian rhythm and also has appetite suppressant effects, as well as regulating the release of several other peptide hormones including vasopressin, luteinizing hormone, and oxytocin.
Brandon Herrera
Brandon Herrera (born November 20, 1995), also known as The AK Guy, is an American YouTuber, firearm manufacturer, and political candidate, whose videos primarily focus on firearms.

Herrera was a candidate in the race to represent Texas's 23rd congressional district in 2024, but lost by approximately 1 percentage point to incumbent Tony Gonzales in the Republican primary runoff. He has announced his second candidacy for the Republican nomination in 2026.

2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas
The 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas were held on November 5, 2024, to elect the thirty-eight U.S. representatives from the State of Texas, one from each of the state's congressional districts. The elections coincided with the 2024 U.S. presidential election, as well as other elections to the House of Representatives, elections to the United States Senate, and various state and local elections. The primary elections took place on March 5, 2024.
Lysiphyllum
Lysiphyllum is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes nine species of trees, semi-scandent shrubs, and lianas which range from India through Southeast Asia to Australasia. Typical habitats include seasonally-dry tropical forest and woodland, vine thickets, Brigalow and Gidgee scrubland, floodplains, alluvial flats, tidal forest, mangroves, river and stream banks, and occasionally dunes and coral islets. They can grow on diverse soils including calcareous, granitic, and basaltic.

The genus belongs to subfamily Cercidoideae and tribe Bauhinieae.  It belongs to the subfamily Cercidoideae. It was formerly treated as part of the genus Bauhinia, but recent molecular phylogenetic analysis confirms that Lysiphyllum is a distinct genus from Bauhinia.

Cercidoideae
Cercidoideae is a subfamily in the pea family, Fabaceae. Well-known members include Cercis (redbuds), including species widely cultivated as ornamental trees in the United States and Europe, Bauhinia, widely cultivated as an ornamental tree in tropical Asia, and Tylosema , a semi-woody genus of Africa. The subfamily occupies a basal position within the Fabaceae and is supported as monophyletic in many molecular phylogenies. At the 6th International Legume Conference, the Legume Phylogeny Working Group proposed elevating the tribe Cercidae to the level of subfamily within the Leguminosae (Fabaceae). The consensus agreed to the change, which was fully implemented in 2017. It has the following clade-based definition:

The most inclusive crown clade containing Cercis canadensis L. and Bauhinia divaricata L. but not Poeppigia procera C.Presl, Duparquetia orchidacea Baill., or Bobgunnia fistuloides (Harms) J.H.Kirkbr. & Wiersema.

Many genera show unique palynology.
Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan
The Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzbek: O'zbekiston Respublikasi Qurolli Kuchlari, Ўзбекистон Республикаси Қуролли Кучлари), is the name of the unified armed forces of Uzbekistan, consisting of the Ground Force and the Air and Air Defence forces under the defence ministry. Paramilitary units include the National Guard, a Frontier Service, and a River Force. It is reported to be the largest and the strongest in Central Asia.

'The country has also began professionalizing its military, an effort that has only limited success and erratic government support. But even in Uzbekistan, these changes represent merely a modest beginning and most of the benefits are concentrated in a few elite, higher readiness formations rather than uniformly applied to the entire force. The Uzbek military is woefully inadequate, but it is far superior to its neighbours.'

Uzbek Ground Forces
The Uzbek Ground Forces are the land component of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Operating since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the army is made up of former Soviet Army units that were in the territory of Uzbekistan. As of 2006, it had around 40,000 active personnel. Much of the equipment it uses is also old Soviet material, and the government of Uzbekistan has not given much effort to replace it with modern equipment.
Donna Ares
Azra Kolaković (pronounced [ǎzra kɔlǎkoʋitɕ]; 1 January 1977 – 2 October 2017), known professionally as Donna Ares (pronounced [dôna âres]), was a Bosnian singer-songwriter and musician. Dubbed the "Queen of the Balkan Party" (Kraljica Balkan žurke), she began her professional music career in 1998 with the release of her debut album Ti me više ne voliš. Over the course of her career, she released six studio albums and performed a headlining concert at the Zetra Olympic Hall in Sarajevo in 2015.

In addition to her music career, she wrote her own songs, composed music, played the piano, and directed her own music videos. She was also engaged in drawing, as well as graphic and web design. In October 2014, she was diagnosed with cervical cancer with metastases. In November 2015, she published a book titled Soba za nikoga, in which she wrote about her illness. She died on 2 October 2017 in her hometown of Bihać at the age of 40, following a three-year struggle with cancer.

Bihać
Bihać is a city and the administrative centre of Una-Sana Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated on the banks of river Una in northwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the Bosanska Krajina region close to the border with Croatia. In 2013 its population was 56,261.
Maryland Route 462
Maryland Route 462 (MD 462) is a state highway located in Harford County in the U.S. state of Maryland.  Known as Paradise Road, the route runs 4.15 miles (6.68 km) from MD 132 in Aberdeen north to MD 155 near Hopewell Village.  MD 462 was built in the early 1930s.

Maryland Route 155
Maryland Route 155 (MD 155) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland.  Known for most of its length as Level Road, the state highway runs 9.06 miles (14.58 km) from MD 22 in Churchville east to U.S. Route 40 (US 40) and MD 7 in Havre de Grace.  In conjunction with MD 22, MD 155 serves as the main highway linking Bel Air and Havre de Grace in eastern Harford County.  The state highway also connects Havre de Grace with Interstate 95 (I-95) and Susquehanna State Park.  The first portion of MD 155 near Havre de Grace was built by 1910; the remainder of the highway east of Hopewell Village was completed in the mid-1920s.  The Churchville–Hopewell Village portion of the state highway, originally designated MD 156, was built in the mid-1930s.  MD 155 received its present designation over its western half in 1952 when MD 155 and MD 156 swapped paths.
Dawn Patrol (film)
Dawn Patrol is a 2014 American thriller film directed by Daniel Petrie Jr. and written by Rachel Long and Brian Pittman. The film stars Scott Eastwood, Rita Wilson, Kim Matula, Chris Brochu, Julie Carmen and Jeff Fahey. The film was released on June 5, 2015, by Alchemy.

Julie Carmen
Julie Carmen is an American actress, dancer, and licensed psychotherapist. She came to prominence onscreen in the 1980s and 1990s, for her roles in John Cassavetes’ Gloria (1980), Robert Redford’s The Milagro Beanfield War (1988), and John Carpenter’s In the Mouth of Madness (1994).

She also starred in Fright Night Part 2 and Gore Vidal's Billy the Kid as well as a recurring role on the TV series Condo and Falcon Crest. She plays La Doña in Tales of the Walking Dead.
2016 Kazakhstan Premier League
The 2016 Kazakhstan Premier League was the 25th season of the Kazakhstan Premier League, the highest football league competition in Kazakhstan. Astana were the defending champions having won their second league championship the previous year, and they successfully defended their title this season. The season began on 12 March 2016 and concluded on 29 October 2016; the relegation play-off took place on 5 November 2016.

FC Astana
Astana Football Club (Kazakh: Астана футбол клубы, Astana Futbol Kluby) is a professional football club based in Astana. They play in the Kazakhstan Premier League, the highest level of Kazakh football. The club's home ground is the 30,000-seat Astana Arena stadium. The club colours, reflected in their badge and kit, are sky blue and yellow. Founded as Lokomotiv Astana in 2009, the club changed its name to Astana in 2011.

The club has won a record seven league titles, three Kazakhstan Cups and six Kazakhstan Super Cups.