hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Keith Donnellan
Keith Sedgwick Donnellan (/ˈdɒnələn/; June 25, 1931 – February 20, 2015) was an American philosopher and professor of philosophy (later professor emeritus) at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Donnellan contributed to the philosophy of language, notably to the analysis of proper names and definite descriptions. He criticized Bertrand Russell's theory of definite descriptions for overlooking the distinction between referential and attributive use of definite descriptions.

Donnellan spent most of his career at UCLA, having also previously taught at the university where he had earned his PhD, Cornell University.

Definite description
In formal semantics and philosophy of language, a definite description is a denoting phrase in the form of "the X" where X is a noun-phrase or a singular common noun. The definite description is proper if X applies to a unique individual or object.  For example: "the first person in space" and "the 42nd President of the United States of America" are proper. The definite descriptions "the person in space" and "the Senator from Ohio" are improper because the noun phrase X applies to more than one thing, and the definite descriptions "the first man on Mars" and "the Senator from Washington D.C." are improper because X applies to nothing. Improper descriptions raise some difficult questions about the law of excluded middle, denotation, modality, and mental content.
Layer Marney
Layer Marney is a village and civil parish in the Colchester district of Essex, England, near Tiptree. The parish includes the hamlet of Smythe's Green. Layer Marney has a Tudor palace called Layer Marney Tower and the Church of St Mary the Virgin. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 230. Layer Marney is the westernmost and least populous of the three neighbouring parishes called Layer, the others being Layer Breton and Layer-de-la-Haye.

Layer Breton
Layer Breton is a village and civil parish in the City of Colchester district of Essex, England. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 285. It is one of three neighbouring parishes called Layer, the others being Layer de la Haye to the west, and Layer Marney to the east. The other neighbouring parishes to Layer Breton are Birch and Great and Little Wigborough. The village has a church dedicated to St Mary the Virgin, rebuilt in brick in 1923 on a new site nearly a mile to the north of the old one. The village was among those which suffered damage from the 1884 Colchester earthquake.
Carlo Ubbiali
Carlo Ubbiali (22 September 1929 – 2 June 2020) was an Italian professional motorcycle road racer. He competed in the FIM Grand Prix motorcycle racing world championships from 1949 to 1960, most prominently as a member of the MV Agusta factory racing team. In the 1950s, he was a dominant force in the smaller classes of Grand Prix motorcycle racing, winning six 125cc and three 250cc world titles. In 2001, the F.I.M. inducted Ubbiali into the MotoGP Hall of Fame.

MotoGP Legends
The MotoGP Hall of Fame is the hall of fame of Grand Prix motorcycle racing. Its members are called MotoGP Legends.

Since its inception in 2000, 38 racers have been inducted by FIM, including both the most successful world champions such as Giacomo Agostini, Ángel Nieto, Mike Hailwood and Carlo Ubbiali, as well as champions who had died young such as Jarno Saarinen and Daijiro Kato. The latest inductee is Hans-Georg Anscheidt.
ECB National Club Twenty20
The ECB National Club Twenty20 is a knockout Twenty20 club cricket competition in England. It was established in 2008 and the inaugural winners were South Northumberland. The competition is currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Vitality Club T20. In 2023 Wimbledon, won the title for the third time when they beat Sandiacre Town. The 2024 champions are Northern, from Crosby on Merseyside.

South Northumberland Cricket Club
South Northumberland Cricket Club (often referred to as South North) is a cricket club, founded in 1864, based at the Roseworth Terrace ground in Gosforth, Newcastle upon Tyne, England. They play in the North East Premier League, which they have won on ten occasions. They have also won the ECB National Club Cricket Championship on three occasions, most recently in 2016 and the ECB National Club Twenty20 twice, most recently in 2017.
Nick Butterworth
Nick Butterworth (born 24 May 1946) is a British author and illustrator of children's books. His picture book The Whisperer won the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize in 2005.

His Percy the Park Keeper books became an animated television series of the same name starring Jim Broadbent. His Q Pootle 5 books were adapted by the BBC and broadcast on CBeebies, the channel for young children, in 2013.

In the 1980s, he was a presenter on ITV children's programme Rub-a-Dub-Tub.

Q Pootle 5
Q Pootle 5 is a 2013 animated television series based on the books Q Pootle 5 and Q Pootle 5 in Space by author Nick Butterworth. It revolves around the title character Q Pootle 5 and his friends, and is set on and around the fictional planet Oki Doki.
Punycode
Punycode is a representation of Unicode with the limited ASCII character subset used for Internet hostnames. Using Punycode, host names containing Unicode characters are transcoded to a subset of ASCII consisting of letters, digits, and hyphens, which is called the letter–digit–hyphen (LDH) subset. For example, the German München (English: Munich) is encoded as Mnchen-3ya.

While the Domain Name System (DNS) technically supports arbitrary sequences of octets in domain name labels, the DNS standards recommend the use of the LDH subset of ASCII conventionally used for host names, and require that string comparisons between DNS domain names should be case-insensitive. The Punycode syntax is a method of encoding strings containing Unicode characters, such as internationalized domain names (IDNA), into the LDH subset of ASCII favored by DNS. It is specified in IETF Request for Comments 3492.

Comparison of Unicode encodings
This article compares Unicode encodings in two types of environments: 8-bit clean environments, and environments that forbid the use of byte values with the high bit set. Originally, such prohibitions allowed for links that used only seven data bits, but they remain in some standards, so some standard-conforming software must generate messages that comply with the restrictions. The Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode and the Binary Ordered Compression for Unicode are excluded from the comparison tables because it is difficult to simply quantify their size!
Of Human Bondage (1946 film)
Of Human Bondage is a 1946 American drama film directed by Edmund Goulding and starring Paul Henreid, Eleanor Parker and Alexis Smith. The second screen adaptation of W. Somerset Maugham's 1915 novel, this Warner Bros. Pictures sanitized version was written by Catherine Turney. The central characters are Philip Carey, a clubfooted medical student, and Mildred Rogers, a low-class waitress with whom he becomes obsessed.

The first film version of Somerset Maugham's classic novel was the 1934 film adaptation, starring Leslie Howard and Bette Davis, and the third was the 1964 film adaptation, starring Laurence Harvey and Kim Novak.

Of Human Bondage (1964 film)
Of Human Bondage is a 1964 British drama film directed by Ken Hughes and starring Kim Novak and Laurence Harvey in the roles played by Bette Davis and Leslie Howard three decades earlier in the original film version. This MGM release, the third screen adaptation of W. Somerset Maugham's 1915 novel, was written by Bryan Forbes from the novel by Somerset Maugham.
Punch-marked coins
Punch-marked coins were a type of karshapana or Ancient Indian coinage, also known as Aahat (stamped) coins, dating to between about the 6th and 2nd centuries BC. It was of irregular shape. These coins are found over most parts of subcontinent and remained in circulation till the early centuries CE.

Karshapana
Karshapana (Sanskrit: कार्षापण, IAST: Kārṣāpaṇa), according to the Ashtadhyayi of Panini, refers to ancient Indian coins current during the 6th century BCE onwards,  which were unstamped and stamped (āhata) metallic pieces whose validity depended on the integrity of the person authenticating them. It is commonly supposed by scholars that they were first issued by merchants and bankers rather than the state. They contributed to the development of trade since they obviated the need for weighing of metal during exchange. Kārṣāpaṇas were basically silver pieces stamped with one to five or six rūpas ('symbols') originally only on the obverse side of the coins initially issued by the Janapadas and Mahajanapadas, and generally carried minute mark or marks to testify their legitimacy. Silver punch-marked coins ceased to be minted sometime in the second century BCE but exerted a wide influence for next five centuries.
Maarsseveen
Maarsseveen is a former hamlet in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It was located on the east bank of the Vecht River, opposite the village of Maarssen, and has now been completely absorbed by that town. Since 2011 they form part of the municipality of Stichtse Vecht.

From 1815 to 1949, Maarsseveen was a separate municipality. Apart from the hamlet itself, the municipality covered the polder Maarsseveen, and the hamlet of Oud-Maarsseveen.

52°08′27″N 5°04′25″E﻿ / ﻿52.14083°N 5.07361°E﻿ / 52.14083; 5.07361

Maarssen
Maarssen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈmaːrsə(n)] ⓘ) is a town in the middle of the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht, along the river Vecht and the Amsterdam–Rhine Canal. The west of Maarssen is called Maarssen-broek, whereas the east is called Maarssen-Dorp. The two localities, along with other small nearby towns, constitute the area of Maarssen.

On 1 January 2011 Maarssen merged with the councils of Breukelen and Loenen to become municipality of Stichtse Vecht.
Jesús Guzmán (baseball)
Jesús Antonio Guzmán Álvarez (born June 14, 1984) is a Venezuelan professional baseball first baseman and left fielder for the Delfines de La Guaira of the Venezuelan Major League. He was signed by the Seattle Mariners in 2000 and played several seasons in minor league baseball before he appeared in the major leagues. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Francisco Giants, San Diego Padres, and Houston Astros, and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp.

Yonder Alonso
Yonder Alonso (born April 8, 1987) is a Cuban former professional baseball first baseman and current MLB Network analyst. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds, San Diego Padres, Oakland Athletics, Seattle Mariners, Cleveland Indians, Chicago White Sox and Colorado Rockies. Prior to entering the major leagues, he played college baseball at the University of Miami.
Ashton Gate railway station
51°26′30″N 2°37′32″W﻿ / ﻿51.441598°N 2.625482°W﻿ / 51.441598; -2.625482

Ashton Gate railway station was a railway station serving the Ashton Gate area of Bristol, England, which included Ashton Gate football ground, the home ground of Bristol City F.C. It was located on the Portishead Railway.

Recent proposals have been made for the station to reopen as part of the MetroWest project to improve rail transport in the Greater Bristol area.

The Portishead line was reopened for freight to the Royal Portbury Docks in 2001, but the station was not reopened.

MetroWest (Bristol)
MetroWest, formerly known as the Greater Bristol Metro, is a project to improve the rail services in Bristol, England, and the surrounding region. It was first proposed at First Great Western's Stakeholder Event in March 2008.  The aim of the project is to develop half-hourly services through central Bristol which will also serve the surrounding West of England region.  Transport campaigning groups Friends of Suburban Bristol Railways (FoSBR) and Transport for Greater Bristol are actively supporting the proposal, as are the three unitary authorities under the West of England Combined Authority (WECA) and North Somerset Council.

MetroWest services began on 13 December 2021, with the doubling of the frequency of services from Bristol Temple Meads to Severn Beach.
Shōzō Uchii
Shōzō Uchii (内井 昭蔵, Uchii Shōzō) was a Japanese architect and academic authority on the works of Frank Lloyd Wright. Known for the design of landmark structures such as the Setagaya Art Museum, Oita City Museum of Art, and the Fukiage Palace, the residence on the grounds of the Tokyo Imperial Palace for the Emperor of Japan.

Uchii was awarded the R.S Reynolds Memorial Prize in 1980 for his design of the Treasury building of the Kuon-ji Temple in Minobu, Yamanashi Prefecture.

Tokyo Imperial Palace
The Imperial Palace (皇居, Kōkyo; lit. 'Imperial Residence') is the main residence of the emperor of Japan. It is a large park-like area located in the Chiyoda district of the Chiyoda ward of Tokyo and contains several buildings, including the Fukiage Palace (吹上御所, Fukiage gosho), where the emperor has his living quarters; the main palace (宮殿, Kyūden), where various ceremonies and receptions take place; some residences of the Imperial Family; an archive; and museums and administrative offices.

The 1.15-square-kilometer (0.44 sq mi) palace grounds and gardens are built on the site of the old Edo Castle.
Mount Olive Township, New Jersey
Mount Olive Township is a township in western Morris County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 28,886, its highest decennial census count ever and an increase of 769 (+2.7%) from the 2010 census count of 28,117, which in turn reflected an increase of 3,924 (+16.2%) from the 24,193 counted in the 2000 census.

The Township of Mount Olive was formed by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 22, 1871, from portions of Roxbury Township. Netcong was formed from portions of the township on October 23, 1894. The township was named for Benjamin Olive, a colonial-era Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey who donated land for the site of churches constructed in the area.

The township comprises the unincorporated communities of Budd Lake and Flanders. Located within the Raritan Valley region, Mount Olive is situated in western Morris County bordering both Sussex and Warren counties along the Musconetcong River.

Netcong, New Jersey
Netcong is a borough in southwestern Morris County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 3,375, an increase of 143 (+4.4%) from the 2010 census count of 3,232, which in turn reflected an increase of 652 (+25.3%) from the 2,580 counted in the 2000 census. Netcong lies on the shores of Lake Musconetcong.

Established as South Stanhope by workers employed as miners in Stanhope, the name "Netcong" was adopted for the community in 1889 when a post office used the name. Netcong was incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on October 23, 1894, from portions of both Mount Olive Township and Roxbury Township, based on the results of a referendum held the previous day.
Napier Shaw
Sir William Napier Shaw FRS (4 March 1854 – 23 March 1945) was a British meteorologist. He introduced the tephigram, a diagram for evaluating convective instability in the atmosphere. He also served as president of the International Meteorological Committee and Royal Meteorological Society.

Tephigram
A tephigram is one of several thermodynamic diagrams commonly used in weather analysis and forecasting. The name evolved from the original name "T--gram" to describe the axes of temperature (T) and entropy () used to create the plot. Usually, temperature and dew point data from radiosondes are plotted on these diagrams to allow calculations of convective stability or convective available potential energy (CAPE). Wind barbs are often plotted alongside a tephigram to indicate the winds at different heights.
Cycling in New York City
Cycling in New York City is associated with mixed cycling conditions that include dense urban proximities, relatively flat terrain, congested roadways with stop-and-go traffic, and streets with heavy pedestrian activity. The city's large cycling population includes utility cyclists, such as delivery and messenger services; cycling clubs for recreational cyclists; and increasingly commuters. Cycling is increasingly popular in New York City: in 2018 there were approximately 510,000 daily bike trips, compared with 170,000 daily bike trips in 2005.

Transportation Alternatives
Transportation Alternatives (TransAlt, formerly T.A.) is a non-profit organization in New York City which works to change New York City's transportation priorities to encourage and increase non-polluting, quiet, city-friendly travel and decrease automobile use. TransAlt seeks a transportation system based on a "Green Transportation Hierarchy" giving preference to modes of travel based on their relative benefits and costs to society. To achieve these goals, T.A. works in five areas: Cycling, Walking and Traffic Calming, Car-Free Parks, Safe Streets and Sustainable Transportation.  Promotional activities include large group bicycle rides.
Dakota Wizards
The Dakota Wizards were an American professional basketball team based in Bismarck, North Dakota. They played in the NBA Development League from 2006 until 2012. After the 2011–12 season, the team relocated to Santa Cruz, California, and now plays as the Santa Cruz Warriors. Prior to entering the D-League in 2006, the Wizards spent 11 years playing in minor American leagues such as the International Basketball Association (IBA) and the Continental Basketball Association (CBA).

Santa Cruz Warriors
The Santa Cruz Warriors are an American professional basketball team in the NBA G League based in Santa Cruz, California, and are affiliated with the Golden State Warriors. The Warriors play their home games at Kaiser Permanente Arena. Prior to the move to Santa Cruz for the 2012–13 season, the team was known as the Dakota Wizards. The team has won a championship in each of three leagues it has been a part of, and they are the only NBA G League team to reach the championship in three consecutive seasons.
Jessie Bartlett Davis
Jessie Bartlett Davis, born Jessie Fremont Bartlett, (September 17, 1859 – May 14, 1905) was an American operatic singer and actress from Morris, Illinois. A contralto associated with The Bostonians, she is best known for creating roles in the three classic American light operas: Idalia in Victor Herbert's Prince Ananias, Dolores in The Serenade, and Alan a-Dale in Reginald De Koven's Robin Hood. In the latter opera she performed the song "Oh Promise Me" which became a staple at weddings. The tune, which was originally performed by tenor Tom Karl in the part of Robin Hood, had failed to connect with audiences until it was reassigned and transposed into a lower key for Davis. Her version became a popular hit to the point that she became closely associated with just this one song for the rest of her career.

Prince Ananias
Prince Ananias was the first operetta composed by Victor Herbert. The libretto is by Francis Neilson. It was first produced by a troupe called "The Bostonians" at The Broadway Theatre on November 20, 1894, directed by Jerome Sykes. It remained in their repertoire for three seasons and was given more than 300 performances in all. A modest success at first, it did well on tour.
Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases
Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases are a major class of non-heme iron proteins that catalyse a wide range of  reactions. These reactions include hydroxylation reactions, demethylations, ring expansions, ring closures, and desaturations. Functionally, the αKG-dependent hydroxylases are comparable to cytochrome P450 enzymes.  Both use O2 and reducing equivalents as cosubstrates and both generate water.

EGLN1
Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase 2 (HIF-PH2), or prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2 (PHD2), is an enzyme encoded by the EGLN1 gene. It is also known as Egl nine homolog 1. PHD2 is a α-ketoglutarate/2-oxoglutarate-dependent hydroxylase, a superfamily non-haem iron-containing proteins. In humans, PHD2 is one of the three isoforms of hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase, which is also known as HIF prolyl-hydroxylase.
Georgian Bay Littoral
The Georgian Bay Littoral (also called the Georgian Bay Biosphere Reserve) is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve located in Ontario, Canada.  The biosphere was the thirteenth in Canada, and covers the Thirty Thousand Islands area of eastern Georgian Bay, one of the world's largest fresh water archipelagos.

Georgian Bay
Georgian Bay (French: Baie Georgienne) is a large bay of Lake Huron. It is located entirely within the borders of Ontario, Canada. The main body of the bay lies east of the Bruce Peninsula and Manitoulin Island. To its northwest is the North Channel.

Georgian Bay is surrounded by (listed clockwise) the districts of Manitoulin, Sudbury, Parry Sound and Muskoka, as well as the more populous counties of Simcoe, Grey and Bruce. The Main Channel separates the Bruce Peninsula from Manitoulin Island and connects Georgian Bay to the rest of Lake Huron. The North Channel, located between Manitoulin Island and the Sudbury District, west of Killarney, was once a popular route for steamships and is now used by a variety of pleasure craft to travel to and from Georgian Bay.

The shores and waterways of Georgian Bay are the traditional domain of the Anishinaabeg First Nations peoples to the north and Huron-Petun (Wyandot) to the south. The bay was thus a major Algonquian-Iroquoian trade route.
Klimov TV7-117
The Klimov TV7-117 is a Russian turboprop engine certified in 1997 to power the Ilyushin Il-114 regional commuter aircraft. The new engine features enhanced reliability, fuel economy and greater service life compared to its predecessors produced in the former Soviet Union. The engine has a modular design. The nine modules can be replaced in the field, which dramatically reduces costs and accelerates repair and maintenance. The engine has an electronic-hydromechanical control system.

The TV7-117S engine has been offered to power the newest Russian turboprop aircraft such as Ilyushin Il-112 and Ilyushin Il-114. In addition, Klimov developed the TV7-117V turboshaft to power rotary-wing aircraft, such as the Mil Mi-38, and marine drives for high-speed boats and industrial electric power plants. The TV7-117 engine family is produced by Klimov JSC (St. Petersburg), Chernishov JSC (Moscow) and the Baranov JSC (Omsk) and Aerosila propellers for TV7-117S variants.

Ilyushin Il-112
The Ilyushin Il-112/Il-212 (Russian: Ил-112) is a high-wing light military transport aircraft being developed by Ilyushin Aviation Complex (JSC IL) for air landing and airdrop of military air cargo, equipment and personnel. The aircraft is manufactured by Voronezh Aircraft Production Association in Voronezh.

In October 2023, according to a source inside the Russian industrial-military complex, it was reported that the Il-112 project will be redesigned and renamed into the Ilyushin Il-212, the main difference being that now the aircraft will be equipped with turbofan instead of turboprop.
Eric Nagler
Eric Nagler (born June 1, 1942 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American musician and television personality known primarily for his work on Canadian children's television series such as The Elephant Show and Eric's World.

The Elephant Show
The Elephant Show (from the second season onward, Sharon, Lois & Bram's Elephant Show) is a Canadian musical preschool television series. It premiered on CBC on October 8, 1984, and ended on February 26, 1989, after 65 episodes over five seasons in five years.