hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gazetteer of Xin'an County
Xin'an Xianzhi (Chinese: 新安縣志; literally Gazetteers of Xin'an County), also known as San On County Gazetteer or San On Gazetteer in English, were the chorography of the historical Xin'an County (San-On or Sun-On County; literally New Peace County; known at times as the Po-On County (spelt Bao'an in pinyin)) of Guangdong (then Kwangtung) in southern China.  Due to frequent geopolitical changes, the county ceased to exist and became the history and territories of Hong Kong and Shenzhen, metropolises in South China. Versions of the gazetteer are very important records to study in the area.

Six editions were published, the first one in 1587 and the last one in 1819. The last editions were Qing's Kangxi Years (K'ang-hsi; 1661–1722) edition and Jiaqing Years (Chia-ch'ing; 1796–1820) edition.

Bao'an County
Bao'an County, formerly named Xin'an County, was a historical county in South China. It roughly follows the administrative boundaries of modern-day Hong Kong and the city of Shenzhen. For most of its history, the administrative center of the county was in Nantou.
Shell Rock River
The Shell Rock River is a 113-mile-long (182 km) tributary of the West Fork Cedar River in southern Minnesota and northern Iowa in the United States.  Via the Cedar and Iowa rivers, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed.

Iowa River
The Iowa River is a tributary of the Mississippi River in the state of Iowa in the United States.  It is about 323 miles (520 km) long and is open to small river craft to Iowa City, about 65 miles (105 km) from its mouth. Its major tributary is the Cedar River.
Stupefaction
"Stupefaction" is a song written by rock musician Graham Parker and performed by Graham Parker and the Rumour for their 1980 studio album The Up Escalator. Inspired by Parker's time spent in Los Angeles, the song features sardonic lyrics that were based on an observation by Parker and his manager in the city.

"Stupefaction" was released as the debut single from The Up Escalator, though it did not chart. It has since seen praise from critics and appeared on multiple compilation albums.

The Up Escalator
The Up Escalator is an album by Graham Parker and the Rumour, released on 23 May 1980 by Stiff Records as LP (SEEZ 23) and as cassette (ZSEEZ 23). In the USA, the album was released by Arista. Released after Parker's successful 1979 album Squeezing Out Sparks, the album features production by Jimmy Iovine.

Upon its release, the album saw mixed reviews, with many criticizing Iovine's production. Parker separated from the Rumour shortly after the album's release.
Puerto Busch
Puerto Busch is an inland port on the Paraguay River, in Germán Busch Province, Santa Cruz Department, southeastern Bolivia. It is located in the Dionisio Foianini Triangle, a strategic border area awarded to Bolivia by Brazil in the 1903 Treaty of Petrópolis that ended the Acre War. Puerto Busch was founded in 1952 by Bolivian Army officer Manuel Aguirre Quiroga, who named the port after Germán Busch, the 36th president of Bolivia. It is sparsely populated by indigenous Chiquitano and Ayoreo residents.

Dionisio Foianini Triangle
Triángulo Dionisio Foianini (Dionisio Foianini Triangle) is the name given to a small area of land in southeastern Bolivia, between its borders with Brazil and Paraguay. Its importance lies in the fact that part of the border is marked by the Paraguay River and, as a result, Bolivia has a water route to the Atlantic Ocean that does not involve Brazil. The border was finalised on 21 June 1938 during the Chaco Peace Conference in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Consequently, Bolivia is planning on building a major port at the Puerto Busch within the triangle.

Currently Bolivian ships must pass along the eleven kilometre Tamengo Canal which connects Laguna Cáceres to the Paraguay River at the Brazilian city of Corumbá.
Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas
Vincas Mickevičius, known under his pen name Kapsukas (7 April [O.S. 23 March] 1880 – 17 February 1935), was a Lithuanian communist political activist, publicist, and revolutionary.

As an active member of the Lithuanian National Revival, he wrote for and edited many Lithuanian publications and joined the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party. As his views turned from nationalism to socialism, and then to communism, he became one of the founders and leaders of the Lithuanian Communist Party and headed the short-lived Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic and Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (Litbel) in 1918–1919. After the fall of these republics, Mickevičius left for Soviet Russia, where he continued to lead the Lithuanian communists and worked for the Communist International (Comintern).

Social Democratic Party of Lithuania
The Social Democratic Party of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos socialdemokratų partija, LSDP) is a centre-left and social democratic political party in Lithuania. Founded as an underground Marxist organisation in 1896, it is the oldest extant party in Lithuania. During the Soviet occupation, the party ceased to exist. The party reemerged after the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of communist rule in 1989.

The party led a government in the unicameral Seimas, Lithuania's parliament from 2001 to 2008 and from 2012 to 2016. It has been the ruling party of Lithuania since 2024. The party is a member of the Party of European Socialists (PES), Progressive Alliance, and Socialist International.
Dorle Soria
Dorle Jarmel Soria  (December 14, 1900 – July 7, 2002) was an American publicist, producer of classical music recordings, and journalist. With her husband, Dario Soria, she co-founded Cetra-Soria Records and Angel Records.

Angel Records
Angel Records was a record label founded by EMI in 1953. It specialised in classical music, but also included an occasional operetta or Broadway score, and one Peter Sellers comedy disc.  The famous Recording Angel trademark was used by the Gramophone Company, EMI and its affiliated companies from 1898. The label has been inactive since 2006, when it dissolved and reassigned its active artists and catalogue while retaining its recent catalogue to sister labels EMI Classics, Virgin Classics and Manhattan Records and its musical theatre artists and catalogue to another sister label, Capitol Records.
Multiple-try Metropolis
Multiple-try Metropolis (MTM) is a sampling method that is a modified form of the Metropolis–Hastings method, first presented by Liu, Liang, and Wong in 2000.
It is designed to help the sampling trajectory converge faster,
by increasing both the step size and the acceptance rate.

Markov chain Monte Carlo
In statistics, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is a class of algorithms used to draw samples from a probability distribution. Given a probability distribution, one can construct a Markov chain whose elements' distribution approximates it – that is, the Markov chain's equilibrium distribution matches the target distribution. The more steps that are included, the more closely the distribution of the sample matches the actual desired distribution.

Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are used to study probability distributions that are too complex or too high dimensional to study with analytic techniques alone. Various algorithms exist for constructing such Markov chains, including the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm.
Iulian Mihu
Iulian Mihu (3 November 1926 – 20 June 1999) was a Romanian film director. He directed nineteen films between 1953 and 1998. His 1981 film The Pale Light of Sorrow was entered into the 12th Moscow International Film Festival, where it won a Special Diploma.

Born in Bucharest, he graduated in 1955 from the I.L. Caragiale Institute of Theatre and Film Arts (IATC). He made his directing debut with two short films: La mere (1953), directed together with Manole Marcus, and Jocurile copilăriei (1955). His first feature film, Viața nu iartă (1957), was the adaptation of a novel by Alexandru Sahia. In addition to The Pale Light of Sorrow, his best known films are Felix and Otilia (1972), after the novel Enigma Otiliei by George Călinescu, Nu filmăm să ne amuzăm (1974), and Alexandra și infernul (1975), after a novel by Laurențiu Fulga. He died in 1999 in Bucharest, at age 72.

Felix and Otilia
Felix and Otilia (Romanian: Felix și Otilia) is a 1972 Romanian drama film based on George Călinescu's 1938 novel Enigma Otiliei. The film was directed by Iulian Mihu and scripted by Ioan Grigorescu. The titular roles are played by Radu Boruzescu and Julieta Szönyi.
American Jewish Committee
American Jewish Committee (AJC) is a civil rights group and Jewish advocacy group established on November 11, 1906. It is one of the oldest Jewish advocacy organizations and, according to The New York Times, is "widely regarded as the dean of American Jewish organizations".

Besides working in favor of civil liberties for Jews, the organization has a history of fighting against forms of discrimination in the United States and working on behalf of social equality, such as filing an amicus brief in the May 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education and participating in other events in the civil rights movement. It is also known for its pro-Israel lobbying.

Felice D. Gaer
Felice Diane Gaer (June 16, 1946 – November 9, 2024) was an American human rights defender and advocate. She worked on human rights matters and was a longstanding member and the former chair of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. She was a member of the US National Commission to UNESCO.

Gaer directed the Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancement of Human Rights of the American Jewish Committee, which conducts research and advocacy to strengthen international human rights. Gaer served on the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom from 2001 to 2012, having been nominated by the Clinton administration and renominated by the Bush administration and Obama administration, and later by Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi.

Gaer was the first American to serve as an Independent Expert on the United Nations Committee Against Torture. There, she had been Vice Chair. Gaer was also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
John Yale (aviation artist)
John Yale  (1925 – 1998) was a Canadian British artist. He was Canada's only full-time aviation painter, and the only non-British member of the Society of Aviation Artists of Britain. He painted for the Royal Air Force and his works were exposed at the Royal Society of British Artists in London, England.

Claire Yale
Marie Claire Elizabeth Yale (1903 – 1997) was a Canadian socialite, philanthropist and founder of the Historical Society of St-Eustache. She inherited the Yale Islands from her father, politician Arthur Yale, gave land to the city, and saved the building for St-Eustache's City Hall with politician Paul Gouin.

She is the namesake of Sentier écologique Claire Yale on the Yale Islands, and of the Claire-Yale award of the Société d’Histoire Régionale of Deux-Montagnes. The latter was a society she also founded, and was presided by politician Pierre de Bellefeuille.
Lindsay Anderson
Lindsay Gordon Anderson (17 April 1923 – 30 August 1994) was an English filmmaker, theatre director, critic, and actor. He was considered a leading light of the Free Cinema movement and of the British New Wave, and a principal exponent of kitchen sink realism on both the stage and screen.

As a film director, he is best known for his "Mick Travis Trilogy" of films starring Malcolm McDowell, the first of which, if.... (1968), won the Palme d'Or at the 1969 Cannes Film Festival and earned Anderson a BAFTA nomination for Best Direction. He was also a prominent stage director on the West End, most notably at the Royal Court Theatre.

If....
If.... (stylized as if....) is a 1968 British satirical drama film produced and directed by Lindsay Anderson, and starring Malcolm McDowell in his film debut as the character Mick Travis, who appeared in two further Anderson films. Other actors include  Richard Warwick, Christine Noonan, David Wood, and Robert Swann. A satire of English public school life, the film follows a group of pupils who stage a savage insurrection at a boys' boarding school. The film is notable for jumpstarting McDowell's and Anderson's careers as well as using black-and-white and colour switches throughout the film along with blending surreal and realistic elements. Director Stephen Frears worked as an assistant director to Anderson on this film.

Upon release, If.... received critical acclaim, with praise for its powerful and accurate depiction of the British public school system. It continues to be considered one of the greatest British films of the 20th century for its portrayal of youthful rebellion.
Maʽriyah
18°51′00″N 41°58′00″E﻿ / ﻿18.85°N 41.9667°E﻿ / 18.85; 41.9667

Maʽriyah (معریاہ) (Arabic: إمعيرية Imaʽairiya, also العيرية Al-ʽairiyah) is a neighborhood in the sub-governorate of Bariq in the province of Asir, Saudi Arabia.

It has a population of 500 to 2,000.

Bareq
Bareq (Arabic: بارق; also transliterated as Bāriq), is a governorate located in the Asir Province of Saudi Arabia in the north-west of the province, 120 km (75 mi)  north of Abha. It occupies a distinct location  midway between Tihamah and Asir, 412 m (1,352 ft) above sea level. With an estimated population of 75,351, it is well off economically; the city has grown rapidly and has many government services and public utilities available. It is one of Asir's winter resorts because of its natural environment and mild winter weather. Bareq has valleys.
Jackie Appiah
Jackie Appiah (born 5 December 1983) a Canadian-born Ghanaian actress who has become one of the celebrated figures in the African movie industry. She is known for her career as a movie director, producer, fashion model, and a humanitarian. Appiah has had a prolific and acclaimed career in the Ghanaian and Nigerian film industries since the early 2000s. She is considered a versatile leading actress in Nollywood and Ghallywood, earning respect both locally and internationally.

Nollywood
Nollywood, a portmanteau of Nigeria and Hollywood, is a sobriquet that originally referred to the Nigerian film industry. The origin of the term goes back to the early 2000s, traced to an article in The New York Times. Due to the history of evolving meanings and contexts, there is no clear or agreed-upon definition for the term, which has made it a subject of several controversies.
Ann M. Blair
Ann M. Blair (born 1961) is an American historian, and the Carl H. Pforzheimer University Professor at Harvard University. She specializes in the cultural and intellectual history of early modern Europe (16th-17th centuries), with an emphasis on France. Her interests include the history of the book and of reading, the history of the disciplines and of scholarship, and the history of interactions between science and religion.
She is most widely known for being the author of the bestselling book Too Much to Know: Managing Scholarly Information before the Modern Age (2010). Blair was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2009. She also serves on the Editorial Board of the Journal of the History of Ideas.

Too Much to Know
Too Much To Know: Managing Scholarly Information before the Modern Age (Yale University Press, 2010) is a book by American intellectual historian Ann M. Blair. The book deals with the concept of information overload. Blair argues that the feeling of being overwhelmed by information is not unique to the digital age. Instead, it has existed since antiquity and in many cultures.
Radley Metzger
Radley Metzger (January 21, 1929 – March 31, 2017) was an American filmmaker and film distributor, most noted for popular artistic pornographic films, including Thérèse and Isabelle (1968), Camille 2000 (1969), The Lickerish Quartet (1970), Score (1974), The Private Afternoons of Pamela Mann (1974), The Image (1975), The Opening of Misty Beethoven (1976) and Barbara Broadcast (1977). According to one film reviewer, Metzger's films, including those made during the Golden Age of Porn (1969–1984), are noted for their "lavish design, witty screenplays, and a penchant for the unusual camera angle". Film and audio works by Metzger have been added to the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City.

Camille 2000
Camille 2000 is a 1969 Italian erotic drama film directed by Radley Metzger from a screenplay by Michael DeForrest, based on the 1848 novel and 1852 play La Dame aux Camélias by Alexandre Dumas, fils. It stars Danièle Gaubert and Nino Castelnuovo with Eleonora Rossi Drago and Massimo Serato.

The story follows Marguerite, a beautiful woman of affairs (a double entendre on man of affairs) who falls for the young and promising Armand, but sacrifices her love for him for the sake of his future and reputation.
John Rathbone Oliver
John Rathbone Oliver (January 4, 1872 – January 21, 1943) was an American psychiatrist, medical historian, author, and priest.  His novel Victim and Victor was a contender for the 1929 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, but the award went to Julia Peterkin's Scarlet Sister Mary.

Scarlet Sister Mary
Scarlet Sister Mary is  a 1928 novel by  Julia Peterkin. It won the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel in 1929. The book was called obscene and banned at the public library in Gaffney, South Carolina. The Gaffney Ledger newspaper, however, serially published the complete book.  Dr. Richard S. Burton, the chairperson of Pulitzer's fiction-literature jury, recommended that the first prize go to the novel Victim and Victor by John Rathbone Oliver. His nomination was superseded by the School of Journalism's choice of Peterkin's book. Evidently in protest, Burton resigned from the jury.

Ethel Barrymore had the dramatic rights to the novel, and in 1930 starred on Broadway in a blackface performance, whose cast included Estelle Winwood, Ted de Corsia, Marjorie Main and Barrymore's teenaged daughter, Ethel Barrymore Colt, in her stage debut.
Ski-BASE jumping
Ski-BASE jumping is the recreational sport of skiing at a high speed off of a cliff or mountain and free-falling through the air, using a parachute to descend to the ground, therefore combining the two sports of skiing and BASE jumping. Participants often perform tricks or manoeuvres during the freefall and remove their skis mid-air in order to safely deploy the parachute and land.

Ski-BASE jumping requires an advanced skiing ability alongside traditional BASE jumping skills. BASE jumping is largely executed in alpine conditions, and  is considered a highly dangerous sport.

BASE jumping
BASE jumping (/beɪs/) is the sport of jumping from fixed objects, using a parachute to descend to the ground. BASE is an acronym that stands for four categories of fixed objects from which one can jump: buildings, antennas (referring to radio masts), spans (bridges) and earth (cliffs). Participants jump from a fixed object such as a cliff and after an optional freefall delay deploy a parachute to slow their descent and land. A popular form of BASE jumping is wingsuit BASE jumping.

In contrast to other forms of parachuting, such as skydiving from airplanes, BASE jumps are performed from fixed objects that are generally at much lower altitudes, and BASE jumpers only carry one parachute.
BASE jumping is significantly more hazardous than other forms of parachuting and is widely considered to be one of the most dangerous extreme sports.
Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation
The Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation is a state-recognized tribe and nonprofit organization, called AHA "Abenaki Helping Abenaki", whose headquarters and land are based in Vermont. They are often referred to as the Nulhegan Abenaki Tribe or simply, Nulhegan.

The Nulhegan Band has approximately 1,400 members, most of whom reside in the Northeast Kingdom region of Vermont.

Vermont recognized the Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation in 2011. The Nulhegan are one of four state-recognized tribes in Vermont. They participate at the state level in many ways, including in the Vermont Commission of Native American Affairs.

They are not federally recognized as a Native American tribe. Vermont has no federally recognized tribes.

Cowasuck
The Cowasuck, also known as Cowass or Coosuc, were an Algonquian-speaking Native American tribe in northeastern North America. Cowasuck was also the name of their primary settlement.

Linguistically and culturally the Cowasuck belonged to the Western Abenaki and the Wabanaki Confederacy. They were Western Abenaki who lived in and around the village of Cowass, which became Newbury, Vermont.
He's Gonna Step on You Again
"He's Gonna Step on You Again" (also known as "Step On") is a song originally performed by South African singer John Kongos, co-written by Kongos and Christos Demetriou, and first released in 1971 by Fly Records and featued on his second studio album Kongos. It was a hit in Kongos' native South Africa, Australia and Europe and a minor hit in North America that year, entering the UK Singles Chart on 22 May 1971 and spending 14 weeks there, peaking at No. 4. Covers of the song have been chart successes several times, including for the Happy Mondays in 1990.

It was cited in the Guinness Book of Records as being the first song to have used a sample, utilising a tape loop of African drumming.

Happy Mondays
The Happy Mondays are an English alternative dance band formed in Salford in 1980. The original line-up consisted of brothers Shaun Ryder (vocals) and Paul Ryder (bass), Gaz Whelan (drums), Paul Davis (keyboard), and Mark Day (guitar). Mark "Bez" Berry later joined the band onstage as a dancer and maracas player. Rowetta began working with the band as guest second vocalist in 1990. They were originally signed to Tony Wilson's Factory Records label.

The group's work bridged the Manchester alternative dance music of the 1980s and the emerging UK rave scene, drawing influence from funk, house, and psychedelia to pioneer the Madchester sound. They experienced their commercial peak with the releases Bummed (1988), Madchester Rave On (1989), and Pills 'n' Thrills and Bellyaches (1990), with the latter going platinum in the UK. Happy Mondays disbanded in 1993. They reformed several times and released the reunion album Uncle Dysfunktional (2007).
Sheetal Thakur
Sheetal Massey (née Thakur; born 12 November 1991) and known professionally as Sheetal Thakur is an Indian actress who primarily works in Hindi films and streaming television shows. She made her acting debut with the Punjabi film Bambukat in 2016, for which she received Filmfare Awards Punjabi Best Supporting Actress nomination. She made her Hindi film debut with Brij Mohan Amar Rahe in 2018. Thakur is known for her role in the films Chappad Phaad Ke, Shukranu and the web series Broken But Beautiful.

Chappad Phaad Ke
Chhappad Phaad Ke is a 2019 Indian Hindi-language comedy film directed by Sameer Hemant Joshi, produced and bankrolled by Yoodlee films, film division of Saregama with Vinay Pathak, Siddharth Menon, Ayesha Raza Mishra and Sheetal Thakur in lead roles for Hotstar Specials. The story revolves around a middle class family, who is low on finances but high on morals and how their life takes a turn when they find a bag full of money. It began streaming exclusively on Hotstar from 18 October 2019.
Box zither
The box zither is a class of stringed instrument in the form of a trapezoid-shaped or rectangular, hollow box. The strings of the box zither are either struck with light hammers or plucked. Among the most popular plucked box zithers are the Arab qānūn and its various derivatives, including the harpsichord (a plucked zither controlled by a keyboard).

Historically various people (Lithuanians, Latvians, Livonians, Estonians, Finns, northwest Russians) have played related box-zither type instruments (the so-called Baltic psaltery) in the south east vicinity of the Baltic Sea for centuries. In the United States prominent plucked box zithers include the hammered dulcimer and the autoharp,

Baltic psaltery
Baltic psaltery is a family of related plucked box zithers, psalteries, historically found in the southeast vicinity of the Baltic Sea and played by the Baltic people, Baltic Finns, Volga Finns and northwestern Russians.