hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Novelty (patent)
Novelty is one of the patentability requirements for a patent claim, whose purpose is to prevent issuing patents on known things, i.e. to prevent public knowledge from being taken away from the public domain.

An invention is anticipated (i.e. not new) and therefore not patentable if it was known to the public before the priority date of the patent application. Although the concept of "novelty" in patent law appears simple and self-explanatory, this view is very far from reality. Some of the most contentious questions of novelty comprise:

inventor's own prior disclosures (only a few countries provide a grace period, most notably, 1 year in the US);

new uses of known things, such as pharmaceuticals;

a broader question of (2) is inherent anticipation;

patenting things, which are newly discovered in (or isolated from) nature (see Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.) This question overlaps with patentable subject matter.

Grace period
A grace period is a period immediately after the deadline for an obligation during which a late fee, or other action that would have been taken as a result of failing to meet the deadline, is waived provided that the obligation is satisfied during the grace period. In other words, it is a length of time during which rules or penalties are waived or deferred. Grace periods can range from a number of minutes to a number of days or longer, and can apply in situations including arrival at a job, paying a bill, or meeting a government or legal requirement.

In law, a grace period is a time period during which a particular rule exceptionally does not apply, or only partially applies. For the grace period in patent law, see novelty (patent).

In games (video and real life), a grace period is the time after a respawn in which a player cannot be hit or killed – they are 'safe' for a short time so that they will not die repeatedly, which would lead to loss of enjoyment and excessive lag.
Celtic F.C. Women
Celtic Football Club Women is a professional women's football team that plays in the Scottish Women's Premier League, the top division of women's football in Scotland. The team competes as Celtic FC and is normally referred to as the 'women's first team' within the club.

Scottish Women's Premier League
The Scottish Women's Premier League (SWPL) is the highest level of league competition in women's football in Scotland. Its two divisions are SWPL (previously styled as SWPL 1) and SWPL 2. The league was formed when the Premier Division of the Scottish Women's Football League (SWFL) broke away to form the SWPL in 2002. SWPL 2 was introduced in 2016.

The divisions contain (in the 2022–23 season) 12 clubs in SWPL and eight in SWPL 2. Glasgow City have won 16 championships, including 14 in succession from 2007–08 until 2020–21. The champions and runners-up qualify for the UEFA Women's Champions League.

From 2002, the league was owned and managed by Scottish Women's Football. Administration of the SWPL was taken over by the Scottish Football Association in 2007, then by the Scottish Professional Football League in 2022. The SWPL runs on the winter calendar but operated a summer-season format from 2009 until 2020.
Magic Software Enterprises
Magic Software Enterprises provides low-code integration and data management platforms that simplify the connection between legacy on-premise systems and modern cloud applications. Its flagship products — Magic xpi Integration Platform and FactoryEye Smart Factory Solution, enable enterprises to achieve end-to-end visibility, faster cloud migration, and managed integration services.

Magic Software Enterprises Ltd is a global enterprise software company headquartered in Or Yehuda, Israel. It is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select (NASDAQ: MGIC) and is also listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange TA-100 Index.

Formula Systems
Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. (Hebrew: פורמולה מערכות) is a publicly traded holding company headquartered in Or Yehuda, Israel. Through its subsidiaries it operates mainly in the area of information technology. Shares of Formula Systems are traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market and on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. In 2010 Polish software maker Asseco acquired a 50.2% stake in the company.
Ben Shephard
Benjamin Peter Sherrington Shephard (born 11 December 1974) is an English television presenter and journalist. Since 2024, he has co-presented ITV's This Morning alongside Cat Deeley.

Shephard was a main presenter on the now defunct breakfast programme GMTV and co-hosted the ITV breakfast show Good Morning Britain alongside Susanna Reid and Kate Garraway from 2014 until 2024. He has also hosted shows such as The Krypton Factor (2009–2010), Tipping Point (2012–present) and Ninja Warrior UK (2015–2019, 2022).

In 2012, along with Helen Skelton, Shepard welcomed the athletes of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games to Trafalgar Square as part of their homecoming parade.

The Krypton Factor
The Krypton Factor is a British game show produced by Granada Television for broadcast on ITV. The show originally ran from 7 September 1977 to 20 November 1995 and was hosted by Gordon Burns.

Contestants across the United Kingdom and Ireland competed in rounds that tested their physical stamina and mental attributes. The show's title refers to Superman's home planet, Krypton, the title perceiving that the contestants had strong superhuman "powers" for participating in the challenges they were set. From 1986 onwards, the contestants all had their corresponding colours: red, green, yellow, or blue. The points contestants earned through the game were referred to as their "Krypton Factor", e.g. "The winner, with a Krypton Factor of 46, is the technical specialist from Birmingham, Caroline White". The 1987 series won the prestigious Premios Ondas – Spanish Television Award for Entertainment.

The show was revived for two series aired in 2009 and 2010, presented by Ben Shephard.
Republican River Expedition
The Republican River Expedition was a United States Army campaign from June to July 1869, aimed at expelling hostile Plains Indians, particularly the Cheyenne Dog Soldiers, from the Republican River Valley in Kansas, Nebraska, and Colorado and mapping the uncharted terrain it crossed on the way. Led by Brevet Major General Eugene A. Carr of the Fifth U.S. Cavalry, the expedition sought to safeguard American settlement in the valley following increased Indian raids in the post-Civil War period. It concluded with the Battle of Summit Springs on July 11, 1869, a decisive US Army victory that curtailed significant Indian resistance in the region.

Eugene Asa Carr
Eugene Asa Niel Carr (March 20, 1830 – December 2, 1910) was a soldier in the United States Army and a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at the Battle of Pea Ridge.
Anna Nilsson Simkovics
Anna Nilsson Simkovics (born 29 November 1993) is an Austrian orienteering competitor. At the World Games in 2013, she won a bronze medal in the mixed relay, together with Gernot Kerschbaumer, Robert Merl, and Ursula Kadan.

Ursula Kadan
Ursula Kadan (born 7 April 1988) is an Austrian orienteering competitor. At the World Games in 2013 she won a bronze medal in the mixed relay, together with Gernot Kerschbaumer, Robert Merl and Anna Nilsson Simkovics.
Credit score
A credit score is a numerical expression based on a level analysis of a person's credit files, to represent the creditworthiness of an individual. A credit score is primarily based on a credit report, information typically sourced from credit bureaus.

Lenders, such as banks and credit card companies, use credit scores to evaluate the potential risk posed by lending money to consumers and to mitigate losses due to bad debt. Lenders use credit scores to determine who qualifies for a loan, at what interest rate, and what credit limits.  Lenders also use credit scores to determine which customers are likely to bring in the most revenue.

Credit scoring is not limited to banks. Other organizations, such as mobile phone companies, insurance companies, landlords, and government departments employ the same techniques. Digital finance companies such as online lenders also use alternative data sources to calculate the creditworthiness of borrowers.

Experian
Experian plc is a multinational data broker and consumer credit reporting company headquartered in Dublin, Ireland. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. Experian is a partner in USPS address validation. It is one of the "Big Three" alongside TransUnion and Equifax.

In addition to its credit services, Experian also sells decision analytic and marketing assistance to businesses, including individual fingerprinting and targeting. Like all credit reporting agencies, the company is required by U.S. law to provide consumers with one free credit report every year.
Caliber 9
Caliber 9 (Italian: Milano calibro 9, lit. 'Milan caliber 9'; also released as The Contract) is a 1972 Italian poliziottesco crime film written and directed by Fernando Di Leo and starring Gastone Moschin, Mario Adorf, Barbara Bouchet, Philippe Leroy, Frank Wolff, Luigi Pistilli, and Lionel Stander.

The film takes its title from the short story collection of the same name by Giorgio Scerbanenco, and is partially based on three of its stories. The musical score was composed by Luis Enriquez Bacalov and performed by the progressive rock band Osanna.

Caliber 9 is the first part in Di Leo's Milieu Trilogy of poliziotteschi films. It was followed by La mala ordina (The Italian Connection) in 1972 and Il Boss (The Boss) in 1973. In 2020, a direct sequel called Calibro 9, was released.

Giorgio Scerbanenco
Giorgio Scerbanenco (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdʒordʒo ʃʃerbaˈnɛŋko]; Russian: Владимир Щербаненко, romanized: Vladimir Shcherbanenko; Ukrainian: Володимир Щербаненко, romanized: Volodymyr Shcherbanenko; 18 July  1911 –  27 October 1969) was a Ukrainian-born Italian crime fiction writer.
Trance Mission
Trance Mission is a world fusion ensemble co-founded  in San Francisco by American clarinetist and composer Beth Custer and British-born didgeridoo player Stephen Kent in 1992, with Canadian musician Kenneth Newby and American percussionist John Loose. Their music incorporates elements of jazz, fourth world and ethnoambient music styles. In the 1990s, the group recorded four albums on the ambient label City of Tribes.

Kenneth Newby
Kenneth Newby (born 1956) is a Canadian media artist, composer-performer, educator, interaction designer, and audio producer based in British Columbia. He is known for his innovative use of technology in the creation of music, media performances, and installations. He is a research associate at the Center for Culture and Technology at the University of British Columbia, and Director of the Flicker Art Collaboratory.
Camilo de Sousa
Camilo de Sousa (born 29 May 1953) is a film-maker from Mozambique, and has participated in hundreds of cinematographic productions, variously as producer, director, or first assistant. He is particularly noted for co-directing the feature film O Tempo dos Leopardos.

O Tempo dos Leopardos
O Tempo dos Leopardos (Serbian: Време леопарда/Vreme leoparda) is a 1985 war drama. It is a Yugoslav-Mozambican co-production directed by Zdravko Velimirović. O Tempo dos Leopardos was the first Mozambican feature film.
Pirna–Coswig railway
The Schöna / Bad Schandau / Pirna–Meißen railway is a two-track, electrified mainline railway in the German state of Saxony, predominantly served by the Dresden S-Bahn. It runs parallel to the pre-existing tracks of the Děčín–Dresden and Dresden–Leipzig railways. The section between Pirna and Dresden-Neustadt has been operated since 2004, afterwards the further sections from Dresden-Neustadt to Coswig have been upgraded. The Radebeul Ost–Coswig section was completed in 2013 and the section from Dresden-Neustadt to Radebeul Ost was completed in March 2016.

Pirna station
Pirna station is the largest railway station in the town of Pirna in the German state of Saxony. The station is integrated into the network of the Dresden S-Bahn. It is also the starting point of a Regionalbahn service and a Regional-Express stop.
U.S. Route 14 in Wyoming
U.S. Highway 14 (US 14) in the U.S. state of Wyoming runs east to west across the northern part of the state. The road connects South Dakota on the east with Yellowstone National Park on the west. It is mostly a two-lane surface road, except for several sections that it shares with Interstate 90 (I-90). The total length is about 400.3 miles (644.2 km).

U.S. Route 16
U.S. Highway 16 (US 16) is an east–west United States Numbered Highway between Rapid City, South Dakota, and Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming. The highway's eastern terminus is at a junction with Interstate 90 (I-90)/US 14, concurrent with I-190, in Rapid City. The western terminus is the east entrance to Yellowstone National Park, concurrent with US 14 and US 20. US 16 used to extend all the way to Michigan but has been truncated in favor of I-90 and I-96.
The Music Works
The Music Works (Korean: 뮤직웍스; simply known as Music Works) is a South Korean entertainment company established in 2012 by Oh Won-chul (Philip Oh) joint-ventures with CJ E&M Music.

The label currently manages several artists, namely GilguBonggu (GB9), and U Sung-eun. It was formerly home to artists such as Baek Ji-young, Kim So-hee, Myteen, Minzy and B.O.Y.

Stone Music Entertainment
Stone Music Entertainment (Hangul: 스톤 뮤직 엔터테인먼트) is a South Korean music distribution company under CJ ENM, as part of a partnership with the music streaming store Genie Music since 2021. It was one of the largest co-publisher companies in South Korea.

The company was also formerly a music production and management company, which managed artists such as SG Wannabe, Davichi, Roy Kim, Son Ho-young, Eric Nam, Fromis 9, HEDY, and TO1, before the business closed in April 2021.

Under its previous name CJ E&M Music, it was named Music Distributor of the Year at the Gaon Chart K-Pop Awards in 2014.
Serena Scott Thomas
Serena Harriet Scott Thomas (born 21 September 1961) is an English actress and documentary producer. Her television roles include Diana, Princess of Wales in Diana: Her True Story in 1993. Her film appearances include The World Is Not Enough (1999), Hostage (2005), Brothel (2008), and Inherent Vice (2014).

Hostage (2005 film)
Hostage is a 2005 American action thriller film directed by Florent Siri from the screenplay by Doug Richardson. It is based on the 2001 novel of the same name by Robert Crais. The film stars Bruce Willis, Kevin Pollak, Ben Foster, and Jonathan Tucker and follows the police chief who takes place as the negotiator when the family of a wealthy accountant is held hostage by three teenagers.

Hostage was released in the United States on March 11, 2005, by Miramax Films. It received mixed reviews from critics, and was a box-office disappointment, grossing $78 million worldwide on a budget of $75 million.
Periclimenes rathbunae
Periclimenes rathbunae is a species of shrimp in the family Palaemonidae, also known as the sun anemone shrimp. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida and the Bahamas. It was first described by American biologist Waldo LaSalle Schmitt in 1924 and named in honor of American zoologist Mary J. Rathbun. This shrimp is usually found living in association with the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus or occasionally with Condylactis gigantea.

Stichodactyla helianthus
Stichodactyla helianthus, commonly known as sun anemone, is a sea anemone of the family Stichodactylidae. Helianthus stems from the Greek words ἡλιος (meaning sun), and  ἀνθος, meaning flower. S. helianthus is a large, green, sessile, carpet-like sea anemone, from the Caribbean. It lives in shallow areas with mild to strong currents.
No. 5 (manga)
No. 5 (Japanese: ナンバーファイブ, Hepburn: Nanbā Faibu) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Taiyō Matsumoto. It was serialized in Shogakukan's seinen manga magazine Monthly Ikki from November 2000 to January 2005. Shogakukan compiled its chapters into eight wideban volumes.

In North America, Viz Media released the series' first two volumes in 2002 and 2003, but due to low sales it was discontinued. Viz Media republished the series in a four-volume omnibus edition from July 2021 to April 2022.

Monthly Ikki
Monthly Ikki (Japanese: 月刊IKKI, Hepburn: Gekkan Ikki) was a monthly seinen manga magazine published by Shogakukan. It tended to specialize in underground or alternative manga, but it had its share of major hits as well. The magazine started in 2000 as a spin-off to Shogakukan's Weekly Big Comic Spirits, titled Spirits Zōkan Ikki, published on a bimonthly basis, and became a standalone monthly magazine in 2003. In 2009, Viz Media launched an online English version of Monthly Ikki, named SigIkki, which serialized selected titles from the magazine. Ikki ceased publication after an almost 14-year-run in 2014, and was replaced by Hibana, which ran from 2015 to 2017, before ceasing its publication as well.
Chain Chronicle
Chain Chronicle is a tower defense role-playing game developed and published by Sega for iOS, Android, and PlayStation Vita. It was released in Japan on July 26, 2013, for iOS, August 1, 2013, for Android and on July 16, 2014, for the PlayStation Vita. The game is licensed in Asia by SNDA released in China, MobiMon for both Taiwan and Macau, Actoz Soft for South Korea and Gumi Asia for both Southeast Asia and North America, however the game was closed down in North America and Southeast Asia on February 29, 2016.

The series spawned an original video animation series directed by Takeshi Mori, animated by Jūmonji. It was released on December 18, 2014. An anime film trilogy titled Chain Chronicle: The Light of Haecceitas premiered in Japanese Theaters between December 3, 2016, and February 11, 2017. An anime television series adaptation compiling the film trilogy was aired on January 8, 2017.

Tower defense
Tower defense (TD) is a subgenre of strategy games where the goal is to defend a player's territories or possessions by obstructing the enemy attackers or by stopping enemies from reaching the exits, usually achieved by placing defensive structures on or along their path of attack. This typically means building a variety of different structures that serve to automatically block, impede, attack or destroy enemies. Tower defense is seen as a subgenre of real-time strategy video games, due to its real-time origins, even though many modern tower defense games include aspects of turn-based strategy. Strategic choice and positioning of defensive elements is an essential strategy of the genre.
Peter Dorman
Peter FitzGerald Dorman (born 1948) is an American epigrapher, philologist, and Egyptologist. Recently a professor of history and archaeology at the American University of Beirut (AUB), he served as the 15th President of the university from 2008 to 2015. He spent most of his career as a professor and chair in the department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations (NELC) of the University of Chicago, and was director of Chicago House in Luxor, the Epigraphic Survey field project of the Oriental Institute. He is presently a professor emeritus of the University of Chicago.

American University of Beirut
The American University of Beirut (AUB; Arabic: الجامعة الأميركية في بيروت, romanized: al-Jāmiʿa l-Amērkiyya fī Bayrūt) is a private, non-sectarian, and independent university chartered in New York with its main campus in Beirut, Lebanon. AUB is governed by a private, autonomous board of trustees and offers programs leading to bachelor's, master's, MD, and PhD degrees.

AUB has an operating budget of $423 million with an endowment of approximately $768 million. The campus is composed of 64 buildings, including the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC, formerly known as AUH – American University Hospital) (420 beds), four libraries, three museums and seven dormitories. Almost one-fifth of AUB's students attended secondary school or university outside Lebanon before coming to AUB. AUB graduates reside in more than 120 countries worldwide. The language of instruction is English. Degrees awarded at the university are officially registered with the New York Board of Regents.
John H. DeWitt Jr.
John H. DeWitt Jr. (February 20, 1906 – January 25, 1999) was an American pioneer in radio broadcasting, radar astronomy and photometry. He observed the first successful reception of radio echoes off the Moon on January 10, 1946, as part of Project Diana.

Project Diana
Project Diana, named for the Roman moon goddess Diana, was an experimental project of the US Army Signal Corps in 1946 to bounce radar signals off the Moon and receive the reflected signals.  This was the first experiment in radar astronomy and the first active attempt to probe another celestial body.  It was the inspiration for later Earth–Moon–Earth communication (EME) techniques.
Lok Janshakti Party
The Lok Janshakti Party (LJP, lit. 'People's Manpower Party') was a state political party mainly based in the state of Bihar, India. The party was formed in 2000 when Ram Vilas Paswan split from Janata Dal. The party had a considerable following amongst Dalits in Bihar. The party has split into two parties: Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party and Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas).

Rashtriya Janata Dal
The Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD, lit. 'National People's Party') is an Indian political party, mainly based in the state of Bihar. The party was founded in 1997 by Lalu Prasad Yadav.

The party's support base has traditionally been Other Backward Classes, Dalits and Muslims and it is considered a political champion of the lower castes. In 2008, RJD received the status of recognized national level party following its performance in north-eastern states. RJD was derecognised as a national party on 30 July 2010. Leading the Mahagathbandhan alliance with 35 MLAs, it is currently the official opposition in Bihar. RJD is part of Ruling Government in Jharkhand and Kerala with its allies in Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand) and LDF respectively.
Capital Connection
The Capital Connection is a long-distance commuter train operated by KiwiRail between Palmerston North and the capital city of Wellington on the Wellington-Manawatu section of the North Island Main Trunk.

In 2018, the service faced funding issues, but the Government ensured that the service would continue, with the NZ Transport Agency (NZTA, otherwise known as Waka Kotahi) and regional councils investing in subsidies and the replenishment of rolling stock.

The modernisation and replacement of the service has been included in the Horizons Regional Council 2021–2031 Regional Land Transport Plan and the Greater Wellington Regional Council plan.

The service is to be replaced by the Tūhono trains i.e. New Zealand BEMU class electric multiple units to provide a modern and more frequent service in 2030.

Great Journeys New Zealand
Great Journeys New Zealand is the tourism division of KiwiRail that operate its three Scenic train services (TranzAlpine, Northern Explorer and Coastal Pacific). The new division was launched in May 2017 and replaced the former tourism brand KiwiRail Scenic Journeys. It has continuity with the earlier InterCity Rail (1987–1995) and Tranz Scenic (1995–2011).