hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Absolute threshold
In neuroscience and psychophysics, an absolute threshold was originally defined as the lowest level of a stimulus – light, sound, touch, etc. – that an organism could detect. Under the influence of signal detection theory, absolute threshold has been redefined as the level at which a stimulus will be detected a specified percentage (often 50%) of the time. The absolute threshold can be influenced by several different factors, such as the subject's motivations and expectations, cognitive processes, and whether the subject is adapted to the stimulus.

The absolute threshold can be compared to the difference threshold, which is the measure of how different two stimuli must be for the subject to notice that they are not the same.

Just-noticeable difference
Circles in the upper row grow in arithmetic progression: each one is larger by 10 units than previous one. They make an impression of growing initially fast and then slower and slower (the difference between 10 and 20 seems larger than between 60 and 70).

Circles in the lower row grow in geometric progression: each one is larger by 40% than previous one. They make an impression of growing by the same amount at each step.

In psychophysics, a just-noticeable difference (JND) is the amount something must be changed in order for a difference to be noticeable, detectable at least half the time. This limen is also known as the difference limen, difference threshold, or least perceptible difference.
Happiness! (video game)
Happiness! (はぴねす!, Hapinesu!) is a Japanese adult visual novel developed by Windmill released on October 21, 2005, for Windows PCs. The game was later ported to the PlayStation 2. An adult fan disc titled Happiness! Re:Lucks was developed by Windmill's sister brand Windmill Oasis and released on July 28, 2006, for Windows. A manga illustrated by Rino Fujii was serialized in Media Factory's Monthly Comic Alive between 2006 and 2007. A series of novels were published by Harvest between 2006 and 2008. A 12-episode anime produced by Artland aired in Japan between October and December 2006, and an original video animation episode followed in January 2007.

Rino Fujii
Rino Fujii (藤井理乃, Fujii Rino; born June 6) is a Japanese manga illustrator from Aichi Prefecture. He has mainly participated in manga anthologies based from bishōjo games. As of June 2007, he has been illustrating the third Clannad manga adaptation.
Mike Murphy (trainer and coach)
Michael Charles Murphy (February 26, 1860 – June 4, 1913) was an American athletic trainer and coach at Yale University (1887–1889, 1892–1896, 1901–1905), Detroit Athletic Club (1889–1892), University of Michigan (1891), Villanova University (1894), University of Pennsylvania (1896–1901, 1905–1913), and the New York Athletic Club (1890–1900). He coached the American track athletes at the Summer Olympics in 1900, 1908, and 1912. He spent a year in approximately 1884 as the trainer of heavyweight boxing champion John L. Sullivan.

The Washington Post in 1913 called Murphy "the father of American track athletics." He was considered the premier athletic trainer of his era and was said to have "revolutionized the methods of training athletes and reduced it to a science." He is credited with establishing many innovative techniques for track and field, including the crouching start for sprinters.

Villanova Wildcats football
The Villanova Wildcats football program represents Villanova University in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS, known as Division I-AA until 2006).

The Wildcats compete in the Coastal Athletic Association for football only. They play on campus at Villanova Stadium with capacity of 12,000. They are led by head coach Mark Ferrante. Former head coach Andy Talley was head coach of the program from its reinstatement in 1985 through 2016 and led the program to its first NCAA Division I FCS national championship in 2009.
Robert Chambre Hill
Sir Robert Chambre Hill, CB (25 March 1778 – 5 March 1860) was a British Army cavalry officer who fought in the Peninsular War and was wounded while in command of the Royal Horse Guards at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

Royal Horse Guards
The Royal Regiment of Horse Guards, also known as the Blues, or abbreviated as RHG, was one of the cavalry regiments of the British Army and part of the Household Cavalry. In 1969, it was amalgamated with the 1st The Royal Dragoons to form the Blues and Royals.

Raised in August 1650 by Sir Arthur Haselrig on the orders of Oliver Cromwell, following the 1660 Stuart Restoration, it became the Earl of Oxford's Regiment in 1660. Based on the colour of their uniform, the regiment was nicknamed "the Oxford Blues", or simply the "Blues." In 1750, it became the Royal Horse Guards Blue and eventually, in 1877, the Royal Horse Guards (The Blues).
Percussion Bitter Sweet
Percussion Bitter Sweet is an album by jazz drummer Max Roach recorded in 1961, released on Impulse! Records. It was trumpeter Booker Little's penultimate recording before he died from uremia in early October 1961.

Max Roach
Maxwell Lemuel Roach (January 10, 1924 – August 16, 2007) was an American jazz drummer and composer. A pioneer of bebop, he worked in many other styles of music, and is generally considered one of the most important drummers in history. He worked with many famous jazz musicians, including Clifford Brown, Coleman Hawkins, Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, Duke Ellington, Thelonious Monk, Abbey Lincoln, Dinah Washington, Charles Mingus, Billy Eckstine, Stan Getz, Sonny Rollins, Eric Dolphy, Benny Carter, and Booker Little. He also played with his daughter Maxine Roach, a Grammy-nominated violist. He was inducted into the DownBeat Hall of Fame in 1980 and the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 1992.

In the mid-1950s, Roach co-led a pioneering quintet along with trumpeter Clifford Brown. In 1970, Roach founded the percussion ensemble M'Boom.
Andrew Morrisson
Andrew Morrisson is a British classical organist and Master of the Choristers at St Andrew's Cathedral, Aberdeen, and Associate Head of the School of Pharmacy & Life Sciences at the Robert Gordon University.

St Andrew's Cathedral, Aberdeen
St Andrew's Cathedral (Scottish Gaelic: Cathair-eaglais Naomh Anndra), or the Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew, is a cathedral of the Scottish Episcopal Church situated in the Scottish city of Aberdeen. It is the see of the Bishop of Aberdeen and Orkney, who is the Ordinary of the Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney.

It is a Category A listed building.
Nepenthes jamban
Nepenthes jamban (/nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˈdʒʌmbən/ ni-PEN-theez JUM-bən, not */ˈdʒæmbən/ JAM-bən) is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to northern Sumatra. The specific epithet jamban is the Indonesian word for "toilet" and refers to the shape of the pitchers.

Nepenthes lingulata
Nepenthes lingulata /nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˌlɪŋɡjʊˈlɑːtə/ is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to northern Sumatra. The species is characterised by the highly developed appendage present on the underside of the lid. The specific epithet lingulata is derived from the Latin word lingula, meaning "small tongue", and refers to this unique morphological feature.
Elder-Beerman
Elder-Beerman, was an American chain of department stores founded in 1883 and whose last stores closed in 2018. The chain, based primarily in the Midwestern United States, was composed of 31 stores in eight states at the time of its liquidation in 2018, and peaked around 2003 with 68 stores and $670 million in annual sales.

Carson's
Carson Pirie Scott & Co. (also known as Carson's) was an American department store that was founded in 1854, which grew to over 50 locations, primarily in the Midwestern United States. It was sold to the holding company of Bon-Ton in 2006, but still operated under the Carson name. The entire Bon-Ton collection of stores, including Carson's, went into bankruptcy and closed in 2018.  Bon-Ton's intellectual property was quickly sold while in bankruptcy, and the new owners reopened shortly afterwards as a BrandX virtual retailer.
Jon Bon Jovi
John Francis Bongiovi Jr. (born March 2, 1962), known professionally as Jon Bon Jovi, is an American singer, songwriter, guitarist, and actor. He is best known as the founder and frontman of the rock band Bon Jovi, which was formed in 1983. He has released 16 studio albums with his band as well as two solo albums.

In the 1990s, Bon Jovi started an acting career, starring in the films Moonlight and Valentino, The Leading Man, Little City, Homegrown, Pay It Forward, U-571 and Cry Wolf and appearing on television in shows such as Sex and the City, 30 Rock, Ally McBeal, and The West Wing.

Bon Jovi was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2009. In 2012, he ranked number 50 on the list of Billboard magazine's "Power 100", a ranking of "The Most Powerful and Influential People in the Music Business".

Bon Jovi is a founder and former majority owner of an Arena Football League team, the Philadelphia Soul.

Homegrown (1998 film)
Homegrown is a 1998 American dark comedy-drama thriller film directed by Stephen Gyllenhaal and starring Billy Bob Thornton, John Lithgow and Hank Azaria. The plot follows marijuana harvesters in Northern California who become drawn into a world of crime bosses and corrupt cops. The film was released on April 17, 1998.
Langston, Oklahoma
Langston is a town in Logan County, Oklahoma, United States, and is part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. The population was 1,619 as of the 2020 United States census.  Langston is home to Langston University, the only historically black college in Oklahoma.

Logan County, Oklahoma
Logan County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2020 census, the population was 49,555. Its county seat is Guthrie.

Logan County is part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. Guthrie served as the capital of Oklahoma Territory from 1890 until 1907 and of the state of Oklahoma from 1907 until 1910.
The Man Who Captured Eichmann
The Man Who Captured Eichmann is a 1996 American historical drama television film directed by William Graham and written by Lionel Chetwynd, based on the 1990 book Eichmann in My Hands by Peter Malkin and Harry Stein. The film stars Robert Duvall as Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann, who lived under the name Ricardo Klement in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Arliss Howard as Israeli Mossad agent Peter Malkin, who kidnapped Eichmann in 1960.

The Man Who Captured Eichmann premiered on TNT on November 10, 1996. The film received positive reviews from critics, with Duvall being nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for his performance.

Peter Malkin
Peter Zvi Malkin (Hebrew: פיטר צבי מלחין; Polish: Cywka Małchin, May 27, 1927 – March 1, 2005) was a Polish-born Israeli secret agent and member of the Mossad intelligence agency. He was part of the team that captured Adolf Eichmann in Argentina in 1960 and brought him to Israel to stand trial for crimes against humanity.
Peter Walker, Baron Walker of Worcester
Peter Edward Walker, Baron Walker of Worcester, MBE, PC (25 March 1932 – 23 June 2010) was a British Conservative politician who served in Cabinet under Edward Heath and Margaret Thatcher. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Worcester from 1961 to 1992 and was made a life peer in 1992.

Walker became the youngest National Chairman of the Young Conservatives in 1958. He was a founder of the Tory Reform Group, and served as Chairman of the Carlton Club.

Worcester (UK Parliament constituency)
Worcester is a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Since 1885 it has elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election; from 1295 to 1885 it elected two MPs.
Kameron Marlowe
Kameron Marlowe (born June 11, 1997 in Kannapolis, North Carolina) is an American country music singer-songwriter signed to Columbia Nashville. He was a contestant on season 15 of NBC's The Voice. His debut single, "Giving You Up" was released on June 14, 2019.

Kannapolis, North Carolina
Kannapolis (/kəˈnæpəlɪs/) is a city in Cabarrus and Rowan counties in North Carolina, northwest of Concord and northeast of Charlotte, and is a suburb in the Charlotte metropolitan area. The city of Kannapolis was incorporated in 1984. The population was 53,114 at the 2020 census, which makes Kannapolis the 19th-most populous city in North Carolina. It is the home of the Kannapolis Cannon Ballers, the Low-A baseball affiliate of the Chicago White Sox, and it is the hometown of the Earnhardt racing family. It is also the headquarters for the Haas F1 racing team. The center of the city is home to the North Carolina Research Campus, a public-private venture that focuses on food, nutrition, and biotech research.
Azja Tuhajbejowicz
Azja Tuhajbejowicz, also known under alias Azja Mellechowicz, is a fictional character in the novel Fire in the Steppe by Henryk Sienkiewicz. He is an antagonist and the rival of Michał Wołodyjowski. He is a Tatar who wants to kidnap Barbara Jeziorkowska, settle some Crimean Tatars on the uninhabited regions of Ukraine to protect Poland's borders (like Zaporozhian Cossacks) and become a "Tatar hetman" in the service of the Polish Crown. While a fictional character, his father was supposedly Tugay Bey, a real historical figure.

In Jerzy Hoffman's 1969 film adaptation, Azja is portrayed by Daniel Olbrychski.

Barbara Jeziorkowska
Barbara (Baśka) Jeziorkowska (later Wołodyjowska) is a fictional character of the novel Fire in the Steppe by Henryk Sienkiewicz. She is the main female protagonist, an orphan who marries Michał Wołodyjowski.

In Jerzy Hoffman's 1969 film adaptation, Barbara is portrayed by Magdalena Zawadzka.
Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman
Syed Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman (c. 1911 — 18 November 1987) was an Indian historian and writer. He was the editor of Ma'arif, a monthly journal. He had served as the director and secretary of Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy, a research academy founded by Shibli Nomani and based in Azamgarh.

He has authored many books including Bazm-i Sufiya: Ahd-i Taimuri se Qabl Akabir Sufiya, Bazm-e-Mamlukiya, Bazm-e-Taimuriya, Hindustan Ke Salatin, Ulama aur Masha’ikh ke T‘alluqat par ek Nazar and Musalman Hukmaranon ki Mazhabi Rawadari.

Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy
Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy is a research academy based in Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. Its aim was to add authentic historical literature in Urdu so that people could have easy access to history. It was started as Darul Musannefin but later it was named after Shibli Nomani. Ma'arif is its official publication.
Goornong railway station
Goornong railway station is located on the Deniliquin line in Victoria, Australia. It serves the town of Goornong, and it opened on 12 December 2021.

Originally closing in 1979, it was re-opened on 12 December 2021, as part of the Regional Rail Revival project.

Disused stations Bagshot and Wellsford are located between Goornong and Huntly, while disused station Avonmore is located between Goornong and Elmore.

Elmore railway station
Elmore railway station is located on the Deniliquin line in Victoria, Australia, and serves the town of the same name. The station opened on 19 September 1864 as Runnymede, but was renamed Elmore on 1 November 1876.
Jimmy DeGrasso
Jimmy DeGrasso (born March 16, 1963) is an American heavy metal drummer.

DeGrasso played with Mama's Boys and Lita Ford before eventually working with Y&T and Megadeth and as a session and touring musician for Ozzy Osbourne (1986), White Lion (1991), Fiona (1992), Suicidal Tendencies (1992–1995), MD.45 (1996), and Alice Cooper (1995–1997).

After Megadeth broke up around 2002, DeGrasso worked with Dave Ellefson's F5 (2007–2010) and toured with The David Lee Roth Band (2006), Ministry (2008), Alice Cooper (2008), Hail (2009), Dokken (2012), and Ratt (2014). He also was the drummer of Black Star Riders from December 2012 until March 2017.

MD.45
MD.45 was an American heavy metal / punk rock band formed as a side project by Megadeth guitarist/vocalist Dave Mustaine and Fear vocalist Lee Ving. Bassist Kelly LeMieux (of Fear) and drummer Jimmy DeGrasso (of Y&T and on a break from Alice Cooper, who later joined Megadeth) rounded out the band's lineup.
Sybil Pye
Sybil Pye (18 November 1879 – 1958) was a self-trained British bookbinder famous for her distinctive inlay Art Deco leather bindings. She was, along with Katharine Adams and Sarah Prideaux, one of the most famous women bookbinders of their period.  She was the only binder in England and one of a few in the world whose specialty was inlaid leather bindings.

Sarah Prideaux
Sarah Prideaux (1853–1933) was a bookbinder, teacher, historian and author of books on binding and illustration. She, along with Katharine Adams and Sybil Pye, was one of the noted women bookbinders of the period.
Let This Be Our Secret
Let This Be Our Secret  is a true-crime book by award-winning British journalist Deric Henderson about how Colin Howell, aided and abetted by his mistress and fellow-Christian Hazel Buchanan (later remarried, Hazel Stewart at 2011 trial), callously killed their spouses and buried the truth for 18 years by making the deaths look like a suicide pact.

Murders of Lesley Howell and Trevor Buchanan
On 18 May 1991, Lesley Howell (31) and Trevor Buchanan (32) were murdered in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, in a staged double killing carried out by Howell's husband, Colin Howell, who sought to disguise their deaths as a suicide pact. At the time, Colin Howell had resumed an extra-marital affair with Buchanan’s wife, Hazel; in his later confession, he stated that the affair formed part of the circumstances leading to the killings. The case remained officially closed for almost two decades until Colin Howell confessed in 2009, leading to his conviction and that of Hazel (by then Stewart). The killings, subsequent investigation and later trials attracted significant public attention and were later dramatised in the ITV series The Secret, broadcast in April and May 2016. The confession tape was broadcast in a BBC documentary in January 2026.
II Cavalry Corps (German Empire)
The II Cavalry Corps (German: Höhere Kavallerie-Kommando 2 / HKK 2 literally: Higher Cavalry Command 2) was a formation of the German Army in the First World War. The corps was formed on mobilization of the German Army in August 1914 and dissolved 23 January 1915 as the onset of trench warfare in the west negated the requirement for large cavalry formations.  It was commanded throughout its existence by General der Kavallerie Georg von der Marwitz.

9th Cavalry Division (German Empire)
The 9th Cavalry Division (9. Kavallerie-Division) was a unit of the German Army in World War I. The division was formed on the mobilization of the German Army in August 1914. The division was dissolved in March 1918.
France in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009
France was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song "Et s'il fallait le faire" written by Fred Blondin and Anse Lazio, and performed by Patricia Kaas. The French broadcaster France Télévisions in collaboration with the television channel France 3 internally selected the French entry for the 2009 contest in Moscow, Russia. Patricia Kaas was officially announced by France 3 as the French entrant on 28 January 2009 and later the song was presented to the public as the contest entry on 1 February 2009.

As a member of the "Big Four", France automatically qualified to compete in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest. Performing in position 3, France placed eighth out of the 25 participating countries with 107 points.

Patricia Kaas
Patricia Noëlle Kaas (French: [kas]; born 5 December 1966) is a French singer. Her music is a mix of pop, cabaret, jazz, and chanson.

Since the appearance of her 1988 debut album Mademoiselle chante..., Kaas won 6 Victoires de la Musique awards and has sold over 20 million records worldwide. She had her greatest success in Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Canada, Russia, Finland, Ukraine, and South Korea with her third album Je te dis vous. In 2002, Kaas made her film debut in And Now... Ladies and Gentlemen with Jeremy Irons. She represented France in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 in Moscow and finished in eighth place.
Thomas Bampfield
Thomas Bampfield  (c. 1623 – 8 October 1693) was a lawyer from Devon. A supporter of Parliament during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, he sat as MP for Exeter between 1654 and 1660. For a short period in 1659, he was Speaker of the House of Commons in the Third Protectorate Parliament.After the 1660 Stuart Restoration, he retired from active politics in 1661.

A devout Presbyterian who was converted to Sabbatarianism by his older brother Francis Bampfield, he published a number of religious works before this death in October 1693.

Third Protectorate Parliament
The Third Protectorate Parliament sat for one session, from 27 January 1659 until 22 April 1659, with Chaloner Chute and Thomas Bampfylde as the Speakers of the House of Commons. It was a bicameral Parliament, with an Upper House having a power of veto over the Commons.
Beatific vision
In Christian theology, the beatific vision (Latin: visio beatifica) refers to the ultimate state of happiness that believers will experience when they see God face to face in heaven. It is the ultimate direct self-communication of God to the angel and person. A person or angel possessing the beatific vision reaches, as a member of the communion of saints, perfect salvation in its entirety, i.e., heaven. The notion of vision stresses the intellectual component of salvation, i.e., the immediate contemplation of God, though it encompasses the whole of the experience of joy, with happiness coming from seeing God finally face to face and not imperfectly through faith. (1 Cor 13:11–12).

It is related to the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox belief in theosis, the Wesleyan notion of Christian perfection, and is seen in most church denominations as the reward for Christians in the afterlife.

In Islamic theology, those who die as believers and enter Jannah will be given the vision of Allah.

Heaven in Christianity
In Christianity, heaven is traditionally the location of the throne of God and the angels of God, and in most forms of Christianity it is the abode of the righteous dead in the afterlife. In some Christian denominations it is understood as a temporary stage before the resurrection of the dead and the saints' return to the New Earth.

In the Book of Acts, the resurrected Jesus ascends to heaven where, as the Nicene Creed states, he now sits at the right hand of God and will return to earth in the Second Coming. According to Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox teaching, Mary, mother of Jesus, is said to have been assumed into heaven without the corruption of her earthly body; she is venerated as Queen of Heaven.

In the Christian Bible, concepts about Christian eschatology, the future "kingdom of heaven", and the resurrection of the dead are found, particularly in the book of Revelation and in 1 Corinthians 15.
Tara, Omsk Oblast
Tara (Russian: Та́ра; Siberian Tatar: Тар Tar) is a town in Omsk Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Tara and Irtysh Rivers at a point where the forested country merges into the steppe, about 300 kilometers (190 mi) north of Omsk, the administrative center of the oblast. As of 2021, the town's population was 26,878.

Omsk Oblast
Omsk Oblast (Russian: О́мская о́бласть, romanized: Omskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in southwestern Siberia. The oblast has an area of 139,700 square kilometers (53,900 sq mi). Its population is 1,977,665 (2010 Census) with the majority, 1.12 million, living in Omsk, the administrative center.

The oblast borders Tyumen Oblast in the north and west, Novosibirsk Oblast and Tomsk Oblast in the east, and Kazakhstan in the south.