hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pahalgam
Pahalgam (Urdu pronunciation: [pɛɦɛlɡɑːm]) or Pahalgom (Kashmiri pronunciation: [pəhəlʲɡoːm]) is a town in Anantnag district of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It is located on the banks of Lidder River at an altitude of 2,200 m (7,200 ft) in the Vale of Kashmir. Pahalgam is the headquarters of the Pahalgam tehsil, one of the eleven tehsils in Anantnag district.

Located about 45 km (28 mi) from Anantnag, the town is a popular tourist destination and hill station. The town is the starting point of the annual pilgrimage to the Amarnath Temple, which takes place in July–August.

Lidder River
The Lidder or Liddar (Kashmiri: لِیٛدٕر, IPA: /lʲədɨr/, Urdu: لدر, romanized: liddar) is a 73 km (45 mi) river situated in the Kashmir Valley of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It originates from the Kolahoi Glacier and feeds the Jhelum River in Mirgund Khanabal, at an altitude of 1,615 metres (5,299 ft).
Groo the Wanderer
Groo the Wanderer is a fantasy comedy comic book character created by Sergio Aragonés. His stories are written and drawn by Aragonés, dialogued and edited by Mark Evanier, lettered by Stan Sakai and colored by Tom Luth. Over the years, Groo has been published by Pacific Comics, Eclipse Comics (one special issue), Marvel Comics (under its Epic imprint), Image Comics and Dark Horse Comics.

Groo was among the first widely successful creator-owned comics creations, one of the few successful humorous series in the United States (outside Archie Comics), and is one of the longest-running collaborations in comic book history. In 2011, IGN ranked Groo 100th in the "Top 100 comic books heroes".

Destroyer Duck
Destroyer Duck was an anthology comic book published by Eclipse Comics in 1982, as well as the title of its primary story, written by Steve Gerber and featuring artwork by Jack Kirby and Alfredo Alcala.

The book was published as a way to help Gerber raise funds for a lawsuit he was embroiled in at the time, in which he was battling industry giant Marvel Comics over the ownership of the character Howard the Duck, which Gerber created for the company in 1973.
Tephriphonolite
Tephriphonolite or tephri-phonolite is a mafic to intermediate extrusive igneous rock in composition between phonotephrite and phonolite. It contains 9–14% alkali content and 48–57% silica content (see TAS diagram). Tephriphonolite is roughly equivalent to tephritic phonolite of the QAPF classification.

Tephriphonolite has been found, for example, at Colli Albani volcano in Italy and in the Asunción Rift of Paraguay.

Phonotephrite
Phonotephrite or phono-tephrite is a strongly alkaline volcanic rock with a composition between phonolite and tephrite. This unusual igneous rock contains 7–12% alkali content and 45–53% silica content (see TAS diagram). It can be described as a mafic phonolite or a potassic tephrite. Phonotephrite lava flows and volcanic cones have been identified in Antarctica (e.g. Mount Erebus), Europe (e.g. Mount Vesuvius), North America (e.g. Satah Mountain volcanic field) and Africa (e.g. Jbel Saghro).
Matlacohuatl
Matlacohuatl was a tlatoani (king) of pre-Hispanic altepetl (city-state) Azcapotzalco (altepetl).

He is also known as Maxtlacozcatl.

His wife was Queen Cuitlachtepetl and he ruled 1152 to 1222.

He was likely a father of his successor Chiconquiauhtzin and ancestor of famous king Tezozomoc.

Chiconquiauhtzin
Chiconquiauhtzin (or Chiconquiauitl) was a tlatoani (king) of Tepanec altepetl (city-state) Azcapotzalco.

He was likely a son of the king Matlacohuatl and queen Cuitlachtepetl.

He ruled from 1222 to 1248 and married princess Xicomoyahual. Their son was possibly his successor, Tezcapoctli.
Hydrodynamic stability
In fluid dynamics, hydrodynamic stability is the field which analyses the stability and the onset of instability of fluid flows. The study of hydrodynamic stability aims to find out if a given flow is stable or unstable, and if so, how these instabilities will cause the development of turbulence. The foundations of hydrodynamic stability, both theoretical and experimental, were laid most notably by Helmholtz, Kelvin, Rayleigh and Reynolds during the nineteenth century. These foundations have given many useful tools to study hydrodynamic stability. These include Reynolds number, the Euler equations, and the Navier–Stokes equations. When studying flow stability it is useful to understand more simplistic systems, e.g. incompressible and inviscid fluids which can then be developed further onto more complex flows. Since the 1980s, more computational methods are being used to model and analyse the more complex flows.

Rayleigh–Taylor instability
The Rayleigh–Taylor instability, or RT instability (after Lord Rayleigh and G. I. Taylor), is an instability of an interface between two fluids of different densities which occurs when the lighter fluid is pushing the heavier fluid. Examples include the behavior of water suspended above oil in the gravity of Earth, mushroom clouds like those from volcanic eruptions and atmospheric nuclear explosions, supernova explosions in which expanding core gas is accelerated into denser shell gas, merging binary quantum fluids in metastable configuration, instabilities in plasma fusion reactors and inertial confinement fusion.
Circle Down
Circle Down is an album by drummer Chad Taylor. It was recorded on December 20, 2008, at Systems Two in Brooklyn, New York, and was released in 2009 by 482 Music. On the album, Taylor is joined by pianist Angelica Sanchez and double bassist Chris Lightcap.

Chad Taylor (drummer)
Chad Taylor (born March 19, 1973) is an American drummer, percussionist, and composer. Taylor leads both the Chad Taylor Trio with Brian Settles and Neil Podgurski and Circle Down with Angelica Sanchez and Chris Lightcap. He is a founding member of the Chicago Underground along with Jeff Parker and Rob Mazurek. In 2024, he was selected to lead the University of Pittsburgh's Jazz Studies Program while holding the university's William S. Dietrich II Endowed Chair in Jazz Studies.
Reading Power Station
Reading Power Station (Hebrew: תחנת הכוח רדינג) is a natural gas fueled thermal power station supplying electrical power to the Tel Aviv District in central Israel. It is in the northwestern part of the city at the mouth of the Yarkon River.

Yarkon River
The Yarkon River, also Yarqon River or Jarkon River (Hebrew: נחל הירקון, Nahal HaYarkon; Arabic: نهر العوجا, Nahr al-Auja), is a river in central Israel. The source of the Yarkon ("Greenish" in Hebrew) is at Tel Afek (Antipatris), north of Petah Tikva. It flows west through Gush Dan and Tel Aviv's Yarkon Park into the Mediterranean Sea. Its Arabic name, al-Auja, means "the meandering". The Yarkon is the largest coastal river in Israel, at 27.5 km in length.
Johnny Sutton
Johnny Sutton (born 1960) is an American attorney who served as United States Attorney for the Western District of Texas from 2001 until 2009, and chaired the Attorney General's Advisory Committee of United States Attorneys. Sutton is known for the prosecution of United States Border Patrol agents Jose Compean and Ignacio Ramos. He is currently a partner with the law firm Ashcroft Sutton Reyes, LLC in Austin, Texas.

Ignacio Ramos
Ignacio Ramos is a former United States Border Patrol Agent, who was convicted of shooting an unarmed illegal alien and drug smuggler on the United States–Mexico border. He was convicted of causing serious bodily injury, assault with a deadly weapon, discharge of a firearm in relation to a crime of violence, and a civil rights violation. On January 19, 2009, his sentence was commuted by President Bush and he was released on February 17, 2009. Ramos was granted a full pardon on December 22, 2020, by President Donald Trump.
Arravonitsa
Arravonitsa (Greek: Αρραβωνίτσα) is a village and a community in the municipal unit of Erineos, Achaea, Greece. It is located in a hilly area, 15 km west of Aigio. The community consists of the villages Arravonitsa and Synania.

Erineos
Erineos (Greek: Ερινεός) is a former municipality in Achaea, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Aigialeia, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 98.710 km2. Its seat of administration was in the village of Lampiri. Erineos stretches between the northeastern slopes of the Panachaiko mountain and the Gulf of Corinth. The river Foinikas (Phoenix) (or Salmenikos) flows through the municipality. The Greek National Road 8A (Patras - Aigio - Corinth) and the railway from Patras to Corinth run through the municipal unit. It is located about 10 km west of Aigio.
Almaty Metro
Almaty Metro (Kazakh: Алматы метрополитені, Almaty Metropolitenı; Russian: Алматинский метрополитен) is a rapid transit/metro system in Almaty, the largest city and a former capital of Kazakhstan.  The first line of the system was opened on 1 December 2011, after more than 23 years of construction. A 2.9-kilometre (1.8 mi), two-station extension of the Metro to Moskva station opened on 18 April 2015, followed by a 3.1 kilometres (1.9 mi), two-station extension to Bauyrzhan Momyshuly on 30 May 2022. As of October 2025, this is the only metro system in Kazakhstan, although the much-delayed Astana Light Metro is expected to open soon.

Trams in Almaty
Almaty, the former capital of Kazakhstan, operated a modest tram network between 1937 and 2015. It was one of the four tramways of Kazakhstan which continuously operated from their opening dates. The network went into decline starting in the late 20th century, with most of its former routes closed by 2010. Operation of the remaining tram network was halted and indefinitely suspended on 31 October 2015.
William Dobell
Sir William Dobell (24 September 1899 – 13 May 1970) was an Australian portrait and landscape artist of the 20th century. Dobell won the Archibald Prize, Australia's premier award for portrait artists on three occasions. The Dobell Prize is named in his honour.

Archibald Prize
The Archibald Prize is an Australian portraiture art prize for painting, generally seen as the most prestigious portrait prize in Australia. It was first awarded in 1921 after the receipt of a bequest from J. F. Archibald, the editor of The Bulletin who died in 1919. It is administered by the trustees of the Art Gallery of New South Wales and awarded for "the best portrait, preferentially of some man or woman distinguished in Art, Letters, Science or Politics, painted by an artist resident in Australia during the twelve months preceding the date fixed by the trustees for sending in the pictures". The Archibald Prize has been awarded annually since 1921 (with two exceptions) and since July 2015 the prize has been AU$100,000.
Canon 1324
Canon 1324 is a canon of the 1983 Code of Canon Law that enumerates situations according to which penalties prescribed in canon law must be diminished or replaced by a penance. The canon does not automatically remove the penalty completely except in cases of latae sententiae (automatic) excommunication.

1983 Code of Canon Law
The 1983 Code of Canon Law (abbreviated 1983 CIC from its Latin title Codex Iuris Canonici), also called the Johanno-Pauline Code, is the "fundamental body of ecclesiastical laws for the Latin Church". It is the second and current comprehensive codification of canonical legislation for the Latin Church of the Catholic Church. The 1983 Code of Canon Law was promulgated on 25 January 1983 by John Paul II and took legal effect on the First Sunday of Advent (27 November) 1983. It replaced the 1917 Code of Canon Law which had been promulgated by Benedict XV on 27 May 1917. According to canon 6, the 1983 code of canon law abrogates the 1917 code of canon law and any penal laws made under it that are not contained in the 1983 code.

The 1983 Code of Canon Law is composed of laws called canons.
Ashes of Time
Ashes of Time (東邪西毒) is a 1994 Hong Kong wuxia film written and directed by Wong Kar-wai, starring Leslie Cheung, Tony Leung Ka-fai, Brigitte Lin, Tony Leung Chiu-Wai, Carina Lau, Charlie Yeung, Jacky Cheung, and Maggie Cheung. The film serves as a backstory for some characters from the novel The Legend of the Condor Heroes by Jin Yong. It was selected in September 1994 to compete for the Golden Lion at the 51st Venice International Film Festival.

Jin Yong
Louis Cha Leung-yung GBM OBE (Chinese: 查良鏞; 10 March 1924 – 30 October 2018), better known by his pen name Jin Yong (Chinese: 金庸), was a  Chinese-language wuxia novelist and co-founder of Ming Pao. Cha authored 15 novels between 1955 and 1972 and became one of the most popular Chinese writers of all time, with over 100 million copies sold globally—excluding widespread pirated editions. Cha's novels, which have been adapted into numerous TV dramas, films, and video games, are esteemed for their literary quality and universal appeal, resonating with both scholarly and popular audiences.
Ryan's Daughter
Ryan's Daughter is a 1970 British epic romantic drama film directed by David Lean, written by Robert Bolt and starring Robert Mitchum and Sarah Miles. The film, set between August 1917 and January 1918, tells the story of a married Irish woman who has an affair with a British officer during World War I, despite moral and political opposition from her nationalist neighbours. The supporting cast features John Mills, Christopher Jones, Trevor Howard and Leo McKern. The film is a re-telling of the plot of Gustave Flaubert's 1857 novel Madame Bovary.

The score was written by Maurice Jarre and the movie was photographed in Super Panavision 70 by Freddie Young. In its initial release, Ryan's Daughter was harshly received by critics but was a box office success, grossing nearly $31 million on a budget of $13.3 million, making the film the eighth-highest-grossing picture of 1970. It was nominated for four Academy Awards and won in two categories.

Madame Bovary
Madame Bovary: Provincial Manners (French: Madame Bovary : Mœurs de province, pronounced [madam bɔvaʁi mœʁ(s) də pʁɔvɛ̃s]), commonly known as simply Madame Bovary,  is the début novel of French writer Gustave Flaubert, originally published in 1856 and 1857. The eponymous character, Emma Bovary, lives beyond her means in order to escape the ennui of provincial life.

When the novel was first serialised in Revue de Paris between 1 October and 15 December 1856, public prosecutors attacked it on the grounds that it was obscene. The resulting trial in January 1857 rendered it notorious. Following Flaubert's acquittal on 7 February 1857, Madame Bovary became a bestseller in April 1857 when it was published in two volumes. A seminal work of literary realism, the novel is now ranked among Flaubert's masterpieces, and one of the most influential literary works in history.
Triumphs of a Man Called Horse
Triumphs of a Man Called Horse is a 1983 Western film directed by John Hough and written by Ken Blackwell and Carlos Aured. It is the second and final sequel to  A Man Called Horse (1970), following The Return of a Man Called Horse (1976). Richard Harris reprises his role as the titular character, starring with Michael Beck, Ana De Sade, Vaughn Armstrong, Anne Seymour, and Buck Taylor.

Released theatrically by Jensen Farley Pictures, it received generally negative reviews, with critics negatively comparing it to its predecessors.

John Hough (director)
John Hough /hɔːf/ (born 21 November 1941) is a British film and television director. He is primarily known for his suspense films of the 1970s and 1980s, including Twins of Evil (1971), The Legend of Hell House (1973), The Incubus (1982) and American Gothic (1988), as well as the 1974 action thriller Dirty Mary, Crazy Larry.
Sibghatullah Mojaddedi
Sibghatullah Mojaddedi (Dari: صبغت‌الله مجددی; 27 September 1926 – 11 February 2019) was an Afghan politician, who served as Acting President after the fall of Mohammad Najibullah's government in April 1992. He was the first leader to call for armed resistance against the Soviet-backed regime in 1979 and founded the Afghan National Liberation Front (Jeebh-e Nejat-e Melli) at the time; later becoming a respected figure among the various Afghan mujahideen. He served as the chairman of the 2003 loya jirga that approved Afghanistan's new constitution. In 2005, he was appointed chairman of the Meshrano Jirga, upper house of the National Assembly of Afghanistan, and was reappointed as a member in 2011. He also served on the Afghan High Peace Council. Mojaddedi is considered to have been a moderate leader.

2003 loya jirga
A 502-delegate loya jirga convened in Kabul, Afghanistan, on December 14, 2003, to consider the proposed Afghan Constitution. Originally planned to last ten days, the assembly did not endorse the charter until January 4, 2004. As has been generally the case with these assemblies, the endorsement came by way of consensus rather than a vote. Afghanistan's last constitution was drafted for the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan in November 1987.
Constantin Niculescu
Constantin Niculescu (born 26 May 1944) is a Romanian boxer. He competed in the men's welterweight event at the 1964 Summer Olympics. At the 1964 Summer Olympics, he defeated Alfonso Ramírez of Mexico, before losing to Ernest Mabwa of Uganda.

Ernest Mabwa
Ernest Powell Mabwa (born 26 January 1941) is a Ugandan boxer. He competed in the men's welterweight event at the 1964 Summer Olympics. At the 1964 Summer Olympics, he defeated Maurice Frilot and Constantin Niculescu, before losing to Ričardas Tamulis.
HaMoked
HaMoked (Hebrew: המוקד, lit. 'the Center'; transcribed into Arabic: هموكيد), full legal name Center for the Defence of the Individual (Hebrew: המוקד להגנת הפרט, romanized: HaMoked LaHaganat HaPrat; Arabic: مركز الدفاع عن الفرد, romanized: Markaz ad-Difāʿ ʿani l-Fard), is an Israel-based human rights organization founded by Dr. Lotte Salzberger with the stated aim of assisting "Palestinians subjected to the Israeli occupation which causes severe and ongoing violation of their rights." HaMoked states that it works for "the enforcement of the standards and values of international human rights and humanitarian law".

B'Tselem
B'Tselem (Hebrew: בְּצֶלֶם, IPA: [beˈtselem]; transl. "In the Image [of God]"; Arabic: بتسيلم), also known as the Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, is a Jerusalem-based Israeli nonprofit organization aiming to document human rights violations in the Israeli-occupied Palestinian territories, combat any denial of the existence of such violations, and help create a human rights culture in Israel. It is headed by Yuli Novak, who took over in June 2023 from Hagai El-Ad. B'Tselem also maintains a presence in Washington, D.C., where it is known as B'Tselem USA. The organization is controversial within Israel, with reactions ranging from harsh criticism to strong praise.
Gaius Visellius Varro
Gaius Visellius Varro was a Roman senator, who was active during the reign of Augustus. He was suffect consul in the second half of AD 12, replacing Gaius Fonteius Capito. He was governor of Germania Inferior in the year 21.

Varro was the son of Gaius Visellius Varro, curule aedile. Although the name of his wife is not recorded, he is known as the father of Lucius Visellius Varro, consul in the year 24.

During his tenure as governor of Germania Inferior, a faction of Treveri, led by Julius Florus and allied with the Aeduan Julius Sacrovir, led a rebellion of Gaulish debtors against the Romans. Varro and Gaius Silius, then governor of Germania Superior, quarreled over who would lead the campaign to crush the rebellion, but as Varro was old and infirm, he yielded to Silius. This would serve as the pretext for Varro's son prosecuting Silius for being complicit in Sacrovir's revolt, and misappropriating money from the provincial government in Gaul, which ended with Silius' death.

Lucius Visellius Varro
Lucius Visellius Varro was a Roman senator, who was active during the reign of Tiberius. He was consul in AD 24 as the colleague of Servius Cornelius Cethegus. He is best known for accusing Gaius Silius of being complicit in Sacrovir's revolt and misappropriating money from the provincial government in Gaul. His prosecution ended with Silius' death.

Varro was the son of Gaius Visellius Varro, consul in the year 12.
ISO/IEC 7816
ISO/IEC 7816 is an international standard related to electronic identification cards with contacts, especially smart cards, and more recently, contactless mobile devices, managed jointly by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

It is developed by ISO/IEC JTC 1 (Joint Technical Committee 1) / SC 17 (Subcommittee 17).

The following describes the different parts of this standard.

Note: abstracts and dates, when present, are mere quotations from the ISO website, and are neither guaranteed at the time of edition nor in the future.

Smart card application protocol data unit
In the context of smart cards, an application protocol data unit (APDU) is the communication unit between a smart card reader and a smart card. The structure of the APDU is defined by ISO/IEC 7816-4 Organization, security and commands for interchange.
Double Trouble (Jacky Cheung song)
"Double Trouble" is a song by Hong Kong singer and actor Jacky Cheung, written by Roxanne Seeman, Kine Ludvigsen-Fossheim, and Olav Fossheim with lyrics adapted into Cantonese by Hong Kong lyricist Kenny So. "Double Trouble" was issued as the first single from Cheung's Private Corner album, released by What's Music, a subsidiary label of Universal Music Group in 2010, with a companion music video premiering March 2010.

Kenny So
Kenny So Wai-kin (traditional Chinese: 蘇偉健; simplified Chinese: 苏伟健; pinyin: Sū Wěijiàn), also known as Kiu Sing and Qiao Xing (simplified Chinese: 乔星; traditional Chinese: 喬星; pinyin: Qiáo Xīng), is a Chinese lyricist and poet best known for his songs by Nicholas Tse, Sandy Lam, and Jacky Cheung. His movie theme songs received nominations at the 33rd Hong Kong Film Awards in 2014, and the 40th Hong Kong Film Awards in 2022. His entry 一個人的浪漫 was selected as 網上最受歡迎歌曲 in the 18th CASH Pop Composition Competition, and his entry Pink Eye Syndrome won the third place in the 19th CASH Pop Composition Competition.
Furcula
The furcula (Latin for "little fork"; pl.: furculae) or wishbone is a forked bone found in most birds and some species of non-avian dinosaurs, and is either an interclavicle or formed by the fusion of the two clavicles. In birds, its primary function is in strengthening the thoracic skeleton to withstand the rigors of flight.

Bird anatomy
Beak

Head

Iris

Pupil

Mantle

Lesser coverts

Scapulars

Coverts

Tertials

Rump

Primaries

Vent

Thigh

Tibio-tarsal articulation

Tarsus

Feet

Tibia

Belly

Flanks

Breast

Throat

Wattle

Eyestripe

Bird anatomy, or the physiological structure of birds' bodies, shows many unique adaptations, mostly aiding flight. Birds have a light skeletal system and light but powerful musculature which, along with circulatory and respiratory systems capable of very high metabolic rates and oxygen supply, permit the bird to fly. The development of a beak has led to evolution of a specially adapted digestive system.
Scanners II: The New Order
Scanners II: The New Order is a 1991 Canadian science fiction thriller film. It is a sequel to the 1981 feature film Scanners with a different cast, starring David Hewlett, Deborah Raffin, Raoul Trujillo, and Yvan Ponton.  It was written by B. J. Nelson and directed by Christian Duguay. The plot involves a crooked police commissioner (Ponton) who schemes to gain control of a major city by manipulating Scanners (persons born with telepathic and telekinetic abilities) to do his bidding. The film was released direct-to-video.

Yvan Ponton
Yvan Ponton (born 22 October 1945) is a Canadian actor, commentator and television host. Ponton has had a lengthy acting career which includes roles in a variety of major French-Canadian television shows and movies. He is most well known to English-speaking audiences for his role as Jean-Guy Drouin in the 1977 film Slap Shot.