hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mandatory referendum
A mandatory referendum,  also known as an obligatory referendum, is a referendum that is legally required to be held under specific circumstances. This is in contrast to an optional referendum, which comes from either by public or legislative request. The actions that require mandatory referendums are set by law and normally concern major governmental actions or matters of large public significance. The most commonly found example worldwide of a mandatory referendum is a required referendum to adopt or amend a national constitution, which exists in many countries.

Optional referendum
The optional referendum is a referendum which comes from a request by governmental authorities or the public.  The best known types of optional referendums is the popular initiative to request a law, and the popular (or abrogative) referendum to repeal a law. The collection of signatures from the public is normally necessary to organize an optional referendum, but some jurisdictions allow government agencies to request for a referendum also. It is a form of direct democracy.

The optional referendum is in contrast to a mandatory referendum in that it is a requested referendum, whereas the subject matter of a mandatory referendum is a legally required to be put to a referendum.
Tiempo (album)
Tiempo (Spanish: Time) is the second studio album by Argentine pop rock band Erreway. It was released through Sony Music and Cris Morena Group on 15 April 2003. The album was produced by a number of eminent Argentine musicians, including Cris Morena, Carlos Nilson and Andrés Calamaro. It reached number on the Argentine albums chart and was certified Platinum by CAPIF, the Argentine Phonographic Association.

Erreway members — Camila Bordonaba, Felipe Colombo, Luisana Lopilato and Benjamín Rojas — made a successful Nuestro Tiempo tour to promote the album. Although "Te Soñé" had been released as a single in 2002, before the release of the album, "Tiempo" was released as the lead single. "Será de Dios", "Para Cosas Buenas", "Que Estés" and "Vas A Salvarte" were also released as singles.

Felipe Colombo
Felipe Colombo Eguía (born January 8, 1983, in Mexico City, Mexico) is a Mexican and Argentine actor, singer and songwriter. He was part of the pop-rock band Erreway together with Camila Bordonaba, Benjamín Rojas and Luisana Lopilato.
The Oratory School
The Oratory School (/ˈɒrətɒri/) is an HMC co-educational private Catholic boarding and day school for pupils aged 11–18 located in Woodcote, 6 miles (9.7 km) north-west of Reading, England. Founded in 1859 by John Henry Newman, The Oratory has historical ties to the Birmingham Oratory and the London Oratory School.

Although a separate entity from the nearby Oratory Preparatory School, it shares a common history. Newman founded the school with the intention of providing boys with a Catholic alternative to Eton College. Until 2020, when it first admitted girls, it was the only boys' Catholic public school left in the United Kingdom. According to the Good Schools Guide (last review: Oct 2021), the school is "an active choice for families looking for a small, nurturing environment."

The Oratory has received the highest grade of 'Excellent' for both Independent Schools Inspectorate (ISI Report: Nov 2021) categories: pupils' academic & other achievements and pupils' personal development.

Woodcote
Woodcote is a village and civil parish in the South Oxfordshire district, in Oxfordshire, England, about 5 miles (8 km) southeast of Wallingford and about 7 miles (11 km) northwest of Reading. It is in the Chiltern Hills, and the highest part of the village is 600 feet (180 m) above sea level. Woodcote lies between the Goring Road and the A4074. It is centred on the village green and Church Farm, with the village hall centred on the crossroads. In 2001 the parish had a population of 2715.
The Devil's Saddle
The Devil's Saddle is a 1927 American silent Western film directed by Albert S. Rogell and written by Marion Jackson. The film stars Ken Maynard, Kathleen Collins, Francis Ford, Will Walling, Earl Metcalfe and Paul Hurst. It is based on the story "The Devil's Saddle" by Kenneth Perkins published in Argosy, October 30-December 4, 1926. The film was released on July 10, 1927, by First National Pictures.

Kathleen Collins (actress)
Kathleen Collins (September 22, 1903 – September 24, 1994) was an American film actress of the silent era. Her final film, however, Border Devils, is a sound film (and for that matter her only 'talkie').
Microtask
Microtask was a Finnish technology company founded by Ville Miettinen, Harri Holopainen, Otto Chrons and Panu Wilska in 2009 to create a technology platform for crowdsourcing and distributed work. The company went bankrupt 2021.

The company was headquartered in Helsinki, and had offices in Tampere and San Francisco.

Microtask was selected as one of the finalists of the Nordic Tech Tour 2010.

Ville Miettinen
Ville Ilmari Miettinen (born June 5, 1975, in Geneva, Switzerland) is a Finnish serial entrepreneur and computer programmer. Miettinen was the co-founder and CTO of
Hybrid Graphics, a graphics technology company acquired by NVIDIA in 2006. Miettinen is a founding partner at Lots, one of the accelerators in the Finnish governmental Vigo Programme. Miettinen is also the CEO and co-founder of the crowdsourcing technology company Microtask.
The Grass Crown (novel)
The Grass Crown is the second historical novel in Colleen McCullough's Masters of Rome series, published in 1991.

The novel opens shortly after the action of The First Man in Rome. Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla eat dinner together with their wives, and discuss the threat presented by Mithridates VI of Pontus and Tigranes II of Armenia.

The First Man in Rome
The First Man in Rome is a 1990 historical novel by Australian author Colleen McCullough, and the first in her Masters of Rome series.

The cast of the novel includes most of the major historical figures of the late Roman Republic, including Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla, as well as the Gaius Julius Caesar who was grandfather of Julius Caesar, Julia, Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, Publius Rutilius Rufus and Lucius Appuleius Saturninus.
1922 Coppa Italia
The 1922 Coppa Italia was the first edition of the national domestic tournament cup in Italian football. Thirty-seven teams entered the tournament, which ran between 2 April and 16 July 1922. Vado win in the final, the only national domestic title in its history.

FC Vado
Vado Football Club 1913, better known as Vado, is an Italian football club based in the city of Vado Ligure, in the province of Savona.

It plays in the Serie D championship and is best known for being the first team to win the Coppa Italia, a trophy won in 1922 by beating Udinese in the final 1–0.
Dean Roper
Carol Dean Roper (December 26, 1938 – August 19, 2001) was an American stock car driver from Fair Grove, Missouri. Roper won three consecutive USAC Stock Car championships between 1981 and 1983. He also competed part time in the NASCAR Winston Cup Series and ARCA Racing Series. He was also the father of NASCAR driver Tony Roper.

Tony Roper (racing driver)
Anthony Dean Roper (December 13, 1964 – October 14, 2000) was an American professional stock car racing driver. A competitor in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, he died after suffering injuries in a racing accident at Texas Motor Speedway.
MxM Collection
MxM TV (formerly MxM Collection) is a professional wrestling stable, consisting of Mason Madden, Mansoor, Johnny TV, and Taya Valkyrie. They are signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) and its sister promotion Ring of Honor (ROH), while also making appearances on the independent circuit.

The team of Madden and Mansoor formed in 2020 while signed to WWE. They were introduced as a stable including Max Dupri and Maxxine Dupri called the Maximum Male Models, in which they went by the ring names of Mace and Mansoor (stylized as ma.çé and mån.sôör).

Maxxine Dupri
Sydney Jeannine Zmrzel Luke (born May 19, 1997) is an American professional wrestler, model, and dancer. She has been signed to WWE since 2022, where she performs on the Raw brand under the ring name Maxxine Dupri. She is a member of the Alpha Academy stable. She is a former one-time WWE Women's Intercontinental Champion.
Aleksey Zhadov
Aleksey Semenovich Zhadov (Russian: Алексе́й Семёнович Жа́дов), born with the surname "Zhidov" (Russian: Жи́дов, 30 March 1901 – 30 November 1977), was a Soviet military officer in the Red Army, who during World War II commanded the 66th Army, later renamed the 5th Guards Army, from the Battle of Stalingrad up till the end of the war. For his leadership of the army, Zhadov was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. Postwar, Zhadov commanded the Central Group of Forces and was deputy commander of the Soviet Ground Forces.

Central Group of Forces
The Central Group of Forces (Russian: Центральная группа войск) was a formation of the Soviet Armed Forces used to incorporate Soviet troops in Central Europe on two occasions: in Austria and Hungary from 1945 to 1955 and troops stationed in Czechoslovakia after the Prague Spring of 1968.
Beena Masroor
Beena Masroor (Sindhi and Urdu: بينا مسرور; 29 January 1958 – 3 December 2025) was a Pakistani actress, writer and director. She appeared in television dramas such as Dil Banjaara, Aangan, Betiyaan, Agar and Jaan-e-Jahan.

Betiyaan
Betiyaan (Urdu: بیٹیاں) is a Pakistani television family drama aired on ARY Digital from 8 October 2022 to 17 December 2022. It is produced by Fahad Mustafa and Ali Kazmi under Big Bang Entertainment. It stars Fatima Effendi, Syed Mohammad Ahmed, Mahenur Haider, Tania Hussain, Qudsia Ali, Fahad Shaikh and Osama Tahir in lead roles.

The serial emerged as one of the highest rated serials of Pakistani television for the year 2022. Dubbed in Turkish, it was aired on Kanal 7 in Turkey under title Canim Kizlarim in 2024.
Andy Suzuki & The Method
Andy Suzuki & The Method is a rock band based in New York City led by Andy Suzuki and his songwriting partner Kozza Babumba, grandson of Grammy Award winning Nigerian drummer Babatunde Olatunji. The band formed in 2006 at Brown University, where Andy met Kozza.

The band has toured in support of Ringo Starr, Eric Hutchinson, Joshua Radin, Delta Rae, Sister Hazel, Marc Broussard, Tyrone Wells, and Bernhoft, among others. They have also showcased at numerous festivals, including SXSW, The Rock Boat, CMJ, and Voodoo Fest.

Since releasing their most recent album, Alibi, in January 2019, ASTM has played The Rock Boat, been featured by Live Nation's Ones to Watch blog, appeared on Tidal's coveted Tidal Rising playlist and SoundCloud's Fresh Pressed playlist, and showcased at The Smithsonian APAC's Inaugural Gala and at a Barclays Center Summer Session, in addition to headlining - and selling out - several shows across the country.

Rock Boat
The Rock Boat is an annual rock music-themed music festival aboard a cruise ship. It badges itself "the world's greatest floating music festival". It takes place in different locations each cruise, with several dozen bands performing in each cruise.
King Hamad Causeway
King Hamad Causeway is a proposed causeway to connect Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, running parallel to the existing King Fahd Causeway. The causeway is expected to be about 25 kilometers and allow passenger trains, freight trains and vehicles so as to reduce the traffic on the King Fahd Causeway. It is estimated to cost $5 billion and will be a part of the proposed Gulf Railway.

King Fahd Causeway
The King Fahd Causeway (Arabic: جسر الملك فهد, romanized: Jisr al-Malik Fahd) is a 25 km (15.5 mi) long series of bridges and causeways connecting Khobar, Saudi Arabia, and Al Jasra, Bahrain across the Gulf of Bahrain.

Its five bridges rest on 536 concrete pylons, with seven embankments in the gulf's shallower water. One of the embankments, known as Middle Island (الجزيرة الوسطى, al-Jazirat al-Wustaa), has been converted into a sizeable artificial island with customs and immigration facilities, a mosque and gardens, and fast-food restaurants now known as Passport Island. Another island towards the eastern end of the causeway belongs to Bahrain and is known as Umm an Nasan (ام النعسان, Um al-Na'saan).

The causeway opened on the 26th of November 1986, making it the first bridge that connects an Island nation to the rest of continental world.
Chimalapa Zoque
Chimalapa Zoque or Oaxaca Zoque is a Zoquean language of the municipalities of Santa María Chimalapa (settlements of Arroyo Cuchara, Arroyo Chichihua, Arroyo Pita, Cabecera Chalchijapa (Congregación), Cofradía Chimalapa (La Cofradía), Cuyulapa, Escolapa, La Esmeralda, La Esperanza, Nicolás Bravo, Pilar Espinosa de León, Santa Inés, Santa María Chimalapa, Tierra Blanca, and Zacatal) and San Miguel Chimalapa (settlements of Barrancón, Benito Juárez (El Trébol), Cieneguilla, Cuauhtémoc Guadalupe, El Palmar, El Porvenir, La Ciénega, La Compuerta, Las Anonas, Las Conchas, Las Cruces, López Portillo, Los Limones, Palo Colorado (Emiliano Zapata), Río Grande, San Antonio, San Felipe, San Miguel Chimalapa, and Vista Hermosa) in Oaxaca, Mexico.

Zoque languages
The Zoque (/ˈsoʊkeɪ/) languages form a primary branch of the Mixe–Zoquean language family indigenous to southern Mexico by the Zoque people.

Central (Copainalá) Zoque-language programming is carried by the CDI's radio station XECOPA, broadcasting from Copainalá, Chiapas.

There are over 100,000 speakers of Zoque languages. 74,000 people reported their language to be "Zoque" in a 2020 census, and an additional 36,000 reported their language to be Sierra Popoluca. Most of the remaining 8,400 "Popoluca" speakers are presumably also Zoque.
Karachayevsky District
Karachayevsky District (Russian: Карача́евский райо́н; Karachay-Balkar: Къарачай район, Qaraçay rayon; Kabardian: Къэрэшей район) is an administrative and a municipal district (raion), one of the ten in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Russia. It is located in the central and southern parts of the republic. The area of the district is 3,916 square kilometers (1,512 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Karachayevsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 30,376.

Karachayevsk
Karachayevsk (Russian: Карача́евск; Karachay-Balkar: Къарачай шахар, Qaraçay şaxar) is a town in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Russia, located on the Kuban River in the Caucasus Mountains. Population:  21,483 (2010 census); 22,113 (2002 census); 21,582 (1989 Soviet census).
Homoserine dehydrogenase
In enzymology, a homoserine dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

The substrates of this enzyme are L-homoserine and NAD+ (or NADP+). The products are L-aspartic 4-semialdehyde, NADH or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and a proton.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-homoserine:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include HSDH, and HSD.

Homoserine dehydrogenase catalyses the third step in the aspartate pathway; the NAD(P)-dependent reduction of aspartate beta-semialdehyde into homoserine. Homoserine is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of threonine, isoleucine, and methionine.

Homoserine
Homoserine (also called isothreonine) is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2CH2OH. L-Homoserine is not one of the common amino acids encoded by DNA.  It differs from the proteinogenic amino acid serine by insertion of an additional −CH2− unit into the sidechain.  Homoserine, or its lactone, is the product of a cyanogen bromide cleavage of a peptide by degradation of methionine. Homoserine is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of three essential amino acids: methionine, threonine (an isomer of homoserine), and isoleucine.
Robert Barron
Robert Emmet Patrick Barron (born November 19, 1959) is an American theologian who has served as bishop of the Diocese of Winona–Rochester since 2022. He served as rector at Mundelein Seminary from 2012 to 2015 and as auxiliary bishop for the Archdiocese of Los Angeles from 2015 to 2022. He has published on theology and spirituality, and is the founder of Word on Fire.

Barron was the host of Catholicism, a documentary TV series that aired on PBS. His social media following has earned him the monikers "bishop of Catholic social media" and the "bishop of the Internet". His 2016 film series, Catholicism: The Pivotal Players, was syndicated for national television in the United States.

Barron is a religion correspondent for NBC, and a pundit on Fox News since 2024.

Diocese of Winona–Rochester
The Diocese of Winona–Rochester (Latin: Dioecesis Vinonaënsis-Roffensis) is a diocese of the Catholic Church in Southern Minnesota in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis. The mother church is the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart in Winona, with the Co-Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist located in Rochester.
The Sentinals
The Sentinals were a surf rock band from San Luis Obispo, California (1961–1965).  The band is notable for a Latino influence in some works, such as "Latin'ia" (1962).  Notable band members included Tommy Nuñes, drummer John Barbata (later of The Turtles and Jefferson Starship) and Lee Michaels (then known as Michael Olsen) on keyboards.

Lee Michaels
Lee Eugene Michaels (born Michael Lee Olson, November 24, 1945) is an American rock musician who sings and accompanies himself on organ, piano, or guitar. He is best known for his 1971 Top 10 US hit single, "Do You Know What I Mean". In 1988 he founded the Marina del Rey, California-based restaurant chain Killer Shrimp which he and his family continue to operate to this day.
John Uri Lloyd
John Uri Lloyd (April 19, 1849 in West Bloomfield, New York – April 9, 1936) was an American pharmacist and leader of the eclectic medicine movement who was influential in the development of pharmacognosy, ethnobotany, economic botany, and herbalism.

He also wrote novels set in northern Kentucky.  His most popular novel was the science fiction or allegorical Etidorhpa, or, the end of the earth: the strange history of a mysterious being and the account of a remarkable journey (1895), illustrated by J. Augustus Knapp.  First distributed privately, it was later  printed in eighteen editions.  Translated into seven languages, it was widely read in Europe as well as the United States.

Lloyd Library and Museum
Lloyd Library and Museum is an independent research library located in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio. Its core subject and collection focus is medicinal plants, with emphasis on botany, pharmacy, natural history, alternative medicine, and the history of medicine and science.
SRT-1460
SRT-1460 is a drug in development by Sirtris Pharmaceuticals intended as a small-molecule activator of the sirtuin subtype SIRT1. It has similar activity in animal studies to the known SIRT1 activator resveratrol, but is closer in potency to SRT-1720. In animal studies it was found to improve insulin sensitivity and lower plasma glucose levels in fat, muscle and liver tissue, and increased mitochondrial and metabolic function.
However, the claim that SRT1460 is a SIRT1 activator has been questioned and further defended.

SRT-1720
SRT-1720 is an experimental drug that was studied by Sirtris Pharmaceuticals intended as a small-molecule activator of the sirtuin subtype SIRT1.  The compound has been studied in animals, but safety and efficacy in humans have not been established.
Seymour Österwall
Seymour Österwall (born Karl Seimer Östervall; 20 February 1908 – 3 August 1981) was a Swedish jazz musician (proficient on the tenor saxophone), bandleader and composer.

Österwall was born and died in Stockholm. He played with the orchestra "Seymours Astoria" in the mid-1930s.  This band performed at the Swedish Championship of dancesport, which was held at Nalen, a nightclub in Stockholm. Some time after 1935 the name was changed to Seymour Österwall's Orchestra, with whom he appeared until 1960.

Österwall was conductor at Nalen 1934-1956 and later became music director of Folkpark The central organization. Arthur Österwall played double bass in his brother's orchestra until 1944. In the beginning of the 1940s his sister Irmgard Österwall participated as a singer. The band is present in its entirety in the 1941 short film Gatans serenad [Street Serenade].

Arthur Österwall
Arthur Österwall (Sven Artur Österwall, 6 March 1910 – 27 February 1990) was a Swedish band leader, composer, vocalist and musician (double bass).

Österwall was born and died in Stockholm, and first appeared in his brother Seymour Österwall's orchestra, but in 1944 formed his own orchestra. He was also a jazz columnist and entertainment reporter.
Albert Korir
Albert Korir (born 2 March 1994) is a Kenyan long-distance runner. Korir was the 2021 New York City Marathon champion. In January 2026, he was provisionally suspended by the Athletics Integrity Unit after testing positive for CERA, a banned performance-enhancing drug.

2021 New York City Marathon
The 2021 New York City Marathon, the 50th running of that city's premier long-distance race, was held on November 7, 2021. Around 30,000 people ran in the event, of whom 25,020 finished. The race followed its traditional route, which passes through all five boroughs of New York City.

The elite races were won by Albert Korir and Peres Jepchirchir, both of Kenya, in 2:08:22 and 2:22:39 respectively; both athletes received $100,000 for winning their events. The wheelchair races were won by Marcel Hug of Switzerland and Madison de Rozario of Australia, in 1:31:24 and 1:51:01 respectively; both athletes received $25,000 for winning their events.
Billlie
Billlie (Korean: 빌리; RR: Billi; stylized as Bi11lie or Billlǃə) is a South Korean girl group formed by Mystic Story. Billlie debuted on November 10, 2021, with the extended play (EP) The Billage of Perception: Chapter One. The group originally consisted of six members: Moon Sua, Suhyeon, Haram, Tsuki, Siyoon and Haruna. A seventh member, Sheon, later joined the group.

The Billage of Perception: Chapter One
The Billage of Perception: Chapter One is the debut extended play (EP) by South Korean girl group Billlie. It was released by Mystic Story on November 10, 2021, and distributed by Kakao Entertainment. The album consists of six tracks with "Ring X Ring" serving as its lead single and also the previously released song "Flowerld" but with modified version.
Brandon Flowers (American football)
Brandon Lavar Flowers (born February 18, 1986) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Virginia Tech Hokies, and was selected by the Kansas City Chiefs in the second round of the 2008 NFL draft.

Brandon Carr
Brandon Carey Carr (born May 19, 1986) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Kansas City Chiefs, Dallas Cowboys, and Baltimore Ravens. He played college football for the Grand Valley State Lakers and was selected by the Chiefs in the fifth round of the 2008 NFL draft. Carr was the active leader for consecutive starts by an NFL defensive player. He also gained notoriety for being the player covering Odell Beckham Jr. during his famous catch.