hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
External sorting
External sorting is a class of sorting algorithms that can handle massive amounts of data. External sorting is required when the data being sorted do not fit into the main memory of a computing device (usually RAM) and instead they must reside in the slower external memory, usually a disk drive. Thus, external sorting algorithms are external memory algorithms and thus applicable in the external memory model of computation.

External sorting algorithms generally fall into two types, distribution sorting, which resembles quicksort, and external merge sort, which resembles merge sort. External merge sort typically uses a hybrid sort-merge strategy.  In the sorting phase, chunks of data small enough to fit in main memory are read, sorted, and written out to a temporary file.  In the merge phase, the sorted subfiles are combined into a single larger file.

Merge sort
In computer science, merge sort (also commonly spelled as mergesort or merge-sort) is an efficient and general purpose comparison-based sorting algorithm. Most implementations of merge sort are stable, which means that the relative order of equal elements is the same between the input and output. Merge sort is a divide-and-conquer algorithm that was invented by John von Neumann in 1945. A detailed description and analysis of bottom-up merge sort appeared in a report by Goldstine and von Neumann as early as 1948.
Arrows A10
The Arrows A10 was a Formula One car designed by Ross Brawn for the Arrows team. The original A10 was used in the 1987 Formula One World Championship while an updated version, the A10B, was used in the 1988 Championship. In both seasons, the car was powered by a Megatron-badged BMW turbocharged engine, and driven by Briton Derek Warwick and American Eddie Cheever.

Eddie Cheever
Edward McKay Cheever Jr. (born January 10, 1958) is an American former racing driver and motorsport executive, who competed in Formula One from 1978 to 1989, CART between 1986 and 1995, and IndyCar between 1996 and 2006. In American open-wheel racing, Cheever won the Indianapolis 500 in 1998 with Team Cheever.

Cheever raced for almost thirty years in Formula One, sports cars, CART, and the Indy Racing League. Cheever participated in 143 Formula One World Championship races and started 132, more than any other American, driving for nine different teams from 1978 through 1989.

In 1996, Cheever formed his own IRL team, Team Cheever, and won the 1998 Indianapolis 500 as both owner and driver. The team later competed in sports cars.

Cheever's younger brother Ross Cheever, nephew Richard Antinucci and son Eddie Cheever III also became racing drivers.
Yeongdong Line
The Yeongdong Line is a line of Korail.  It connects Yeongju in North Gyeongsang Province with Gangneung in Gangwon Province.  From Yeongju, it crosses the Taebaek Mountains and reaches the Sea of Japan (East Sea) at Donghae, thence proceeding north to Gangneung.

At Yeongju, the line connects with the Gyeongbuk and Jungang Lines.  Some trains travel directly from one to the other, so that it is possible to travel directly from Seoul or Busan to Gangneung by rail.

Yeongju
Yeongju (Korean: 영주; Korean pronunciation: [jʌŋ.dʑu]) is a city in North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. It has an area of 668.84 square kilometres (258.24 sq mi) and a population of 113,930 people according to the 2008 census. The city borders Bonghwa county to the east, Danyang County of North Chungcheong Province to the west, Andong and Yecheon county to the south, and Yeongwol County of Gangwon Province to the north.

Buseoksa Temple in Yeongju is outstanding as a representative temple of the Avatamsaka Sect of Silla Buddhism.  Sosu Seowon is the first Seowon (Confucian academy) to have had national financial support by way of tax exemptions.

Yeongju is also home to a large Novelis Aluminum plant, employing approximately 1000 workers.  This plant provides flat-rolled aluminum sheet products to customers throughout Asia.
Sara Dallin
Sara Elizabeth Dallin (born 17 December 1961) is an English singer/songwriter and a founding member of the pop group Bananarama. The group has achieved 28 UK top-50 and 11 US top-100 singles, including a US number one with "Venus" (1986). Other hits include "Cruel Summer" (1983), "I Heard a Rumour" (1987) and "Love in the First Degree" (1987). Dallin and bandmate Keren Woodward are the only performers to appear on both the 1984 and 1989 Band Aid versions of "Do They Know It's Christmas?". Bananarama have sold over 30 million records and entered the Guinness Book of World Records for achieving most UK chart entries by an all-female group, a record they still hold.

I Heard a Rumour
"I Heard a Rumour" is a song by English girl group Bananarama from their fourth studio album, Wow! (1987), and was released on 22 June 1987 as the album's lead single. It charted at number 14 in the United Kingdom and entered the top 10 in several other countries, including Canada and the United States, where it became a top-five hit.
Tell Atlas
The Tell Atlas (Arabic: الاطلس التلي, al-ʾaṭlas al-tlī) is a mountain chain over 1,500 km (932 mi) in length, belonging to the Atlas mountain ranges in North Africa, stretching mainly across northern Algeria, ending in north-eastern Morocco and north-western Tunisia.

The ranges of this system have an average elevation of about 1,500 m (4,900 ft) and form a natural barrier between the Mediterranean and the Sahara. Its highest summit is the 2,308 m (7,572 ft) high Lalla Khedidja in the Djurdjura Range.

Several large cities such as the Algerian capital, Algiers, with ~1,500,000 residents (2005) and Oran with ~770,000 residents (2005) lie at the base of the Tell Atlas. The Algerian city Constantine with approximately 505,000 residents (2005) lies 80 km inland and directly in the mountains at 650 meters in elevation. A number of smaller towns and villages are situated within the Tell; for example, Chiffa is nestled within the Chiffa gorge.

Chiffa
36°28′N 002°45′E﻿ / ﻿36.467°N 2.750°E﻿ / 36.467; 2.750

Chiffa is a town and gorge in the Tell Atlas Mountains of northern Algeria. This gorge is one of the few habitat areas in Algeria that supports a sub-population of the Barbary macaque, Macaca sylvanus.
Amawom
Amawom is a town in Oboro, Ikwuano Local Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria. The name is derived from two words; Ama meaning location and Awom meaning farm. Amawom is believed to have been discovered in the 18th century. Awom Oboro and Ibeuzo Ukwu are the autonomous communities of Amawom. English and Igbo are the languages spoken in the town.

Oboro (Nigeria)
Oboro Listenⓘ is the largest of four clans in Ikwuano Local Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria. It is bounded to the north by Ibeku and Bende clans, west by the Olokoro and Ngwa, east by Ibere and south by the Isuogu (Ariam/Usaka and Oloko). Oboro was classified in the Ohuhu-Ngwa cluster of the Southern Igbo area by British anthropologists Forde and Jones. It is also one of 18 Igbo clans in the Old Bende Division of the defunct Owerri Province. The Oboro speak a common language with the other 17 clans of the Bende Division though dialectal variations exist. These clans share a history of inter-ethnic relations.
Huron Heights Secondary School (Newmarket)
Huron Heights Secondary School is a public high school in the York Region District School Board which opened in 1962.  Additions were added in 1965 and 1969. It is located in Newmarket, Ontario, Canada and serves students from the Newmarket and East Gwillimbury area.

The name comes from the First Nation that inhabited the area and the height of land on which the school is located in the northwest part of the town. It also began to share the Newmarket-area enrichment program with Newmarket High School in 2000.

The 2005 student population was approximately 1,850, in grades 9-12. The floor area is approximately 20 900 m².

Newmarket High School
Newmarket High School is a secondary school located in Newmarket, Ontario, Canada. It is one of four high schools in Newmarket under the jurisdiction of the York Region District School Board and currently educates approximately 1500 students from Grades 9 to 12. The school's symbols are the phoenix and the Viking and the school's colours are purple and gold.
After the Heat
After the Heat is a 1978 album by Brian Eno, Dieter Moebius and Hans-Joachim Roedelius (the latter two being the core members of Cluster), credited to "Eno Moebius Roedelius". The album represents the second collaboration by the trio, the first being 1977's Cluster & Eno. As with the previous album, After the Heat was created in collaboration with the influential krautrock producer Conny Plank.

Hans-Joachim Roedelius
Hans-Joachim Roedelius (born 26 October 1934) is a German electronic musician and composer, known as a co-founder of the influential 'kosmische' groups Cluster and Harmonia. He is notable for his prolific discography, either as a solo artist, as part of a band, or in collaboration with other artists. He has more than 100 releases to his name.
He also performed in the ambient jazz trio Aquarello, and released several solo studio albums.
Corner Gas Animated
Corner Gas Animated is a Canadian adult animated sitcom, created by Brent Butt. The series is a revival of the live-action sitcom Corner Gas, which was originally broadcast from 2004 to 2009. The show premiered on April 2, 2018, on The Comedy Network, and was carried over when the channel became CTV Comedy Channel one year later.

The fourth and final season premiered on July 5, 2021.

CTV Comedy Channel
CTV Comedy Channel (often shortened to Comedy) is a Canadian English-language discretionary specialty channel owned by BCE Inc. subsidiary Bell Media which focuses primarily on comedy programming and operates two time-shifted feeds, running on Eastern and Pacific Time Zone schedules.

The channel first launched on October 17, 1997 as The Comedy Network by a consortium of Baton Broadcasting, Shaw Communications, Astral Media and Les Films Rozon. Through various acquisitions over the years, the network is solely owned by Bell since 2001.

CTV Comedy Channel originally sourced most of its programming from the U.S.-based cable network Comedy Central. In the years since the channel's inception, and with the eventual shuttering of its sister channel in 2019, the network would move some of its programming from the latter to sister channel Much before rebranding to its current name on September 12, 2019.
Exsurge Domine
Exsurge Domine (Latin for 'Arise, O Lord') is a papal bull promulgated on 15 June 1520 by Pope Leo X written in response to Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses, which opposed the views of the Catholic Church. The bull censured forty-one teachings found in Luther's writings Ninety-five theses and other writings. The bull also threatened Luther and his colleagues—one being Andreas Karlstadt—with excommunication unless they recanted their teachings sixty days after the publication of the bull in the Electorate of Saxony—now Saxony, Germany—and its neighboring regions.

Both theologians refused to recant, and Luther responded instead by composing polemical tracts rebuking the papacy and publicly burning a copy of Exsurge Domine on 10 December 1520 at the Elster Gate in Wittenberg. As a result, Pope Leo X promulgated the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem on 3 January 1521, excommunicating both theologians.

Leipzig Debate
The Leipzig Debate (German: Leipziger Disputation) was a theological disputation originally between Andreas Karlstadt, Martin Luther  and Johann Eck. Karlstadt, the dean of the Wittenberg theological faculty, felt that he had to defend Luther against Eck's critical commentary on the 95 Theses and so challenged Johann Eck, a professor of theology at the University of Ingolstadt, to a public debate concerning the doctrines of free will and grace.
Alberto Bachelet
Alberto Arturo Miguel Bachelet Martínez (Latin American Spanish: [alˈβeɾto aɾˈtuɾo miˈɣel βaʃeˈle maɾˈtines]; 27 April 1923 – 12 March 1974) was a Chilean Brigadier General of the Chilean Air Force. He opposed the 1973 coup of General Augusto Pinochet, and was imprisoned and subject to torture for several months until his death in 1974 of heart disease while in prison. His daughter Michelle Bachelet has been twice elected President of Chile.

Gustavo Leigh
Air General Gustavo Leigh Guzmán (September 19, 1920 – September 29, 1999) was a Chilean general, who represented the Air Force in the 1973 Chilean coup d'état and, for a time, in the ruling junta that followed. Leigh was forced out of the military government in 1978.
I'll Have Another
I'll Have Another (foaled April 1, 2009) is a champion American Thoroughbred racehorse who won the 2012 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes.

He was bred in Kentucky, owned by Canadian businessman J. Paul Reddam and trained by Doug O'Neill. In May 2012, ridden by Mario Gutierrez, he won the first two legs of the Triple Crown by taking the Kentucky Derby with a time of 2:01.83. and the Preakness Stakes in 1:55.94. On the day before the Belmont Stakes, he was scratched due to tendonitis, ending his chances of winning the Triple Crown, and retired from racing.

Mario Gutierrez (jockey)
Mario Gutierrez (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmaɾjo ɣuˈtjeres]; born c. 1987) is a Mexican Thoroughbred horse racing jockey who won the 2012 Santa Anita Derby, Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes aboard I'll Have Another, a colt owned by Windsor, Ontario, native J. Paul Reddam and his wife, Zillah. He also won the 2016 Kentucky Derby aboard Nyquist, also owned by Reddam and trained by Doug O'Neill.
Martin Denny
Martin Denny (April 10, 1911 – March 2, 2005) was an American pianist, composer, and arranger. Known as the "father of exotica", he was a multi-instrumentalist and could play a number of percussion instruments. In a long career that saw him performing up to 3 weeks prior to his death, he toured the world popularizing his brand of lounge music which included exotic percussion, imaginative rearrangements of popular songs, and original songs that celebrated Tiki culture.

Julius Wechter
Julius Wechter (May 10, 1935 – February 1, 1999) was an American musician and composer who played the marimba and vibraphone. He also played various percussion instruments. He composed the song "Spanish Flea" for Herb Alpert and was leader of the Baja Marimba Band.
K. K. Rema
K. K. Rema (born 10 August 1970) is an activist-turned-politician associated with the Revolutionary Marxist Party of India. She is the widow of Revolutionary Marxist Party founder late T. P. Chandrasekharan. She has contested from Vadakara constituency in Kerala during the state assembly elections of 2021 and won with a margin of 7491 votes.

T. P. Chandrasekharan
T. P. Chandrasekharan (23 July 1960 – 4 May 2012) was an Indian politician who was the founder of Revolutionary Marxist Party (RMP), a breakaway group of Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)). Born in Onchiyam, a rural village in Kozhikode district in Kerala, he posthumously shot to national prominence after he was hacked to death on 4 May 2012; CPI(M)'s local organization is widely blamed as the perpetrator of the murder.
Baldvin Zophoníasson
Baldvin Zophoníasson, or Baldvin Z, is an Icelandic film and television director, writer, and producer. He was born in 1978 in Akureyri. He is best known for his films Jitters, Life in a Fishbowl, Let Me Fall, and the television series Réttur and Trapped.

Let Me Fall
Let Me Fall (Icelandic: Lof mér að falla) is a 2018 Icelandic drama film directed by Baldvin Zophoníasson. It was screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival.
2013–14 Ukrainian Basketball SuperLeague
The 2013–14 Ukrainian Basketball SuperLeague was the 23rd edition of the Ukrainian top-tier basketball championship. The season has started on 9 October 2013. Budivelnyk won its 8th Ukrainian title, by beating BC Khimik in the 3–1 Finals.

BC Budivelnyk
BC Budivelnyk Kyiv (in Ukrainian: Будівельник Київ) is a Ukrainian professional basketball club based in Kyiv. The club plays in the Ukrainian Basketball SuperLeague. In June 2018, it was forced to withdraw from the Superleague due to open debts. Two years later, the club returned its activities. The club holds a record eleven Ukrainian championships and three Ukrainian Cups, as well as a Soviet championship (1989).

Budivelnyk is owned and operated by the banking and investing company PrivatBank.
Stability constants of complexes
In coordination chemistry, a stability constant (also called formation constant or binding constant) is an equilibrium constant for the formation of a complex in solution. It is a measure of the strength of the interaction between the reagents that come together to form the complex. There are two main kinds of complex: compounds formed by the interaction of a metal ion with a ligand and supramolecular complexes, such as host–guest complexes and complexes of anions. The stability constant(s) provide(s) the information required to calculate the concentration(s) of the complex(es) in solution. There are many areas of application in chemistry, biology and medicine.

Irving–Williams series
The Irving–Williams series refers to the relative stabilities of complexes formed by transition metals. In 1953 Harry Irving and Robert Williams observed that the stability of complexes formed by divalent first-row transition metal ions generally increase across the period to a maximum stability at copper: Mn(II) < Fe(II) < Co(II) < Ni(II) < Cu(II) > Zn(II).

Specifically, the Irving–Williams series refers to the exchange of aqua (H2O) ligands for any other ligand (L) within a metal complex. In other words, the Irving–Williams series is almost exclusively independent of the nature of the incoming ligand, L.

The main application of the series is to empirically suggest an order of stability within first row transition metal complexes (where the transition metal is in oxidation state II).

Another application of the Irving–Williams series is to use it as a correlation "ruler" in comparing the first stability constant for replacement of water in the aqueous ion by a ligand.
Mk 7 helmet
The Mark 7 helmet is a former general issue combat helmet of the British Armed Forces, which was replaced by the Revision Batlskin Cobra Plus as part of the Virtus programme. Officially known as the GS (General Service) Mark 7 combat helmet, it replaced the previous Mk 6 and Mark 6A helmets.

The helmet is manufactured by NP Aerospace.

Mk 6 helmet
The Mk 6 helmet is a type of combat helmet that was the standard of the British Armed Forces as well as another supplied helmet of the UN during peacekeeping operations. The Mk 6 replaced the Mk IV helmet (more correctly titled – Helmet Steel MK IV, General Service) in army service and the RAC helmet in naval service. The jump in MK numbers is thought due to the confusion surrounding the MK IV helmet using the MK V lining, introduced in 1959.

The helmet is manufactured by NP Aerospace, and is reported to have an "almost unlimited service life" by the manufacturer.
Mizuho, Kyoto
Mizuho (瑞穂町, Mizuho-chō) was a town located in Funai District, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 4,987 and a density of 45.45 persons per km2. The total area was 109.73 km2.

On October 11, 2005, Mizuho, along with the towns of Tanba and Wachi (all from Funai District), was merged to create the town of Kyōtamba.

The Tamba region, in which Mizuho (now Kyōtamba) is located, is known for its kuri (chestnuts), matsutake mushrooms, and kuromame (black beans).

Mizuho is home to Kyoto prefecture's largest limestone cave and Greenland Mizuho, a sports park and camping area. Every year the town hosts various events, including a summer fireworks show and festival on August 17, the Kyōtamba Road Race on November 3, a Field Hockey Festival, and neighborhood festivals centering on local shrines, the most famous of which is held in the Shitsumi area.

Funai District, Kyoto
Funai (船井郡, Funai-gun) is a district located in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2006, the district has an estimated population of 17,945 and a density of 59 persons per km2. The total area is 303.07 km2.
Queenstown, New Zealand
Queenstown (Māori: Tāhuna) is a resort town in Otago in the south-west of New Zealand's South Island. It is the seat and largest town in the Queenstown-Lakes District.

The town is on the northwestern edge of Lake Wakatipu, a long, thin, S-shaped lake formed by glacial processes, and has views of nearby mountains such as The Remarkables, Cecil Peak, Walter Peak and, just above the town, Ben Lomond and Queenstown Hill. Queenstown is known for its tourism businesses, especially adventure and ski tourism.

Queenstown Hill
Queenstown Hill, also known by its Māori name of Te Tapu-nui (mountain of intense sacredness), is a small 907 metres (2,976 ft) mountain near Queenstown, New Zealand in the South Island.

The lower levels of the hill contain housing especially near Queenstown, Frankton Road and Marina Heights. Midway up the hill is a large forest of mainly douglas fir and larch, while the top is largely clear and the ground cover is that of tussock and native vegetation.

Queenstown Hill is also home to a farm consisting of 1800 sheep which is owned and operated by the Middletons who purchased the lease in 1963 and freeholded the land in 1978. The Queenstown Hill Time Walk is part of the land owned by the Middletons.
Harald Økern
Harald Johannes Økern (19 January 1898 – 17 August 1977) was a Norwegian Nordic combined skier who won the event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1922 and 1924. For his Nordic combined victories, Økern shared the Holmenkollen medal in 1924 with Johan Grøttumsbråten.

He was born and died in Bærum.

At the 1924 Winter Olympics he finished fourth in the Nordic combined event.

Harald Økern was the uncle of Olav Økern, who later earned the Holmenkollen medal in 1950.

He was the father of Marit Økern Jensen.

Olav Økern
Olav Økern (3 June 1911 – 11 April 2000) was a Norwegian cross-country skier who competed in the 1930s and 1940s. He won a bronze in the 4 × 10 km relay at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz.

In addition, he won a silver in the 4 × 10 km relay at the 1938 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships and the 18 km event at the 1940 Holmenkollen ski festival. Because of those wins, Økern earned the Holmenkollen medal in 1950. His uncle, Harald Økern, had earned the same medal in 1924.
Tsorins
Tsorins, Tsori (Ingush: Цхьорой), also Ghalghaï (Ingush: ГIалгIай), were a historical Ingush ethnoterritorial society that was located in mountainous Ingushetia in the region of river Guloykhi. The center of the society was Tsori from which it got its name. Tsorin society, like the Khamkhin society, was formed from the former "Galgai society" as a result of the transfer (appearance) of rural government to the village Tsori.

Tsori
Tsori (Russian: Цори, Ingush: Цхьори, romanized: Tsḥori) is a medieval village (aul) in Dzheyrakhsky District of Ingushetia. It is part of the Guli rural settlement.

Tsori is the ancestral settlement of Ingush clan (teip) of Tsoroy (Ingush: Цхьо́рой) and the historical center of Tsorin society.
Everybody Say Kimchi
Everybody Say Kimchi (Korean: 모두 다 김치) is a 2014 South Korean morning comedy-drama series starring Kim Ji-young, Kim Ho-jin, Won Ki-joon, and Cha Hyun-jung. It aired on MBC from April 7 to October 31, 2014, on Mondays to Fridays at 7:50 a.m. for 132 episodes.

Kim Ji-young (actress, born 1974)
Kim Ji-young (Korean: 김지영; born September 7, 1974) is a South Korean actress. She won several Best Supporting Actress awards for playing an indomitable handball player in the 2008 sports drama Forever the Moment. Kim also starred in leading roles in the televisions series My Lovely Fool (2006), Two Wives (2009), Marry Me, Please (also known as All About Marriage, 2010), and Everybody Say Kimchi (2014), as well as the film Touch (2012).