hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sunspots (economics)
In economics, the term sunspots (or sometimes "a sunspot") refers to an extrinsic random variable, that is, a random variable that does not affect economic fundamentals (such as endowments, preferences, or technology). Sunspots can also refer to the related concept of extrinsic uncertainty, that is, economic uncertainty that does not come from variation in economic   fundamentals. David Cass and Karl Shell coined the term sunspots as a suggestive and less technical way of saying "extrinsic random variable".

Karl Shell
Karl Shell (born May 10, 1938) is an American theoretical economist, specializing in macroeconomics and monetary economics.

Shell received an A.B. in mathematics from Princeton University in 1960.  He earned his Ph.D. in economics in 1965 at Stanford University, where he studied under Nobel Prize in Economics winner Kenneth Arrow and Hirofumi Uzawa.

Shell is currently Robert Julius Thorne Professor of Economics at Cornell University (succeeding notable economist and airline deregulator Alfred E. Kahn in the Thorne chair).  He previously served on the economics faculty at MIT and the University of Pennsylvania.

Shell has been editor of the Journal of Economic Theory, generally regarded as the leading journal in theoretical economics, since its inception in 1968.
Exchange Ramat Gan
Exchange Ramat Gan is a building complex that includes two skyscrapers located near the Diamond Exchange District in Ramat Gan, Israel. Of the two towers, the taller tower, at 206 m (676 ft) tall, will serve as a residential building, and contains 61 floors: 3 commercial floors, a mezzanine, 55 residential floors, and 2 mechanical floors, and will overall include 355 residential units. The shorter tower, at 198 m (650 ft) tall, will serve as an office building and includes 50 floors.

The complex sits on 11 of the 15 dunams (2.7 out of 3.7 acres) of land that used to house an Elite chocolate factory, from which 4 dunams remain preserved and contains a building that is currently used by Shenkar College.

Ramat Gan
Ramat Gan (Hebrew: רמת גן, pronounced [raˈmat ˈɡan] ⓘ) is a city in the Tel Aviv District of Israel, located east of the municipality of Tel Aviv, and is part of the Gush Dan metropolitan area. It is home to a Diamond Exchange District (one of the world's major diamond exchanges), Sheba Medical Center (the largest hospital in Israel) and many high-tech industries.

Ramat Gan was established in 1921 as a moshava, a communal farming settlement. In 2023 it had a population of 167,794.
Jakobstads Centralplan
Jakobstads Centralplan (Finnish: Pietarsaaren keskuskenttä) is a multi-use stadium in Jakobstad, Finland.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FF Jaro. The stadium holds 5,000.

FF Jaro
Fotbollsföreningen Jaro (Jakobstads Rostfria), commonly known simply as Jaro, is a Finnish professional football club based in the bilingual town of Jakobstad. The club currently plays in Veikkausliiga, the top tier in Finland.
Valleyfield, Prince Edward Island
Valleyfield was a municipality that held community status in Prince Edward Island, Canada. It was incorporated in 1974. On September 28, 2018, it was merged with six other municipalities (Georgetown, Montague, Brudenell, Cardigan, Lorne Valley, and Lower Montague) and adjacent unincorporated areas to create the town of Three Rivers.

Lorne Valley
Lorne Valley was a municipality that held a community status in Prince Edward Island, Canada. It was incorporated in 1978. On September 28, 2018, it was combined with six other municipalities (Georgetown, Montague, Brudenell, Cardigan, Lower Montague, and Valleyfield) to create the town of Three Rivers.
Chimney Rock, North Carolina
Chimney Rock is a village in Rutherford County, North Carolina, United States.  The population was 140 at the 2020 census. The village took its name from a large gneiss outcrop located on a summit above the village itself in Chimney Rock State Park.

Chimney Rock State Park
Chimney Rock State Park is a North Carolina state park in Chimney Rock, Rutherford County, North Carolina in the United States. The 8,014-acre (32.43 km2) park is located 25 miles (40 km) southeast of Asheville, North Carolina, and is owned and managed by the state of North Carolina.

The park features hiking trails for all skill levels, views of the Devil's Head balancing rock, and a 404-foot (123 m) waterfall, Hickory Nut Falls. Its most notable feature is a 315-foot (96 m) gneiss monolith named Chimney Rock, which is accessible by elevator and provides views of the park and surrounding countryside.
Maryland Route 257
Maryland Route 257 (MD 257) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland.  Known as Rock Point Road, the state highway runs 9.75 miles (15.69 km) from MD 254 near Rock Point north to U.S. Route 301 (US 301) in Newburg.  MD 257 serves the Cobb Neck of southern Charles County between the Potomac River and Wicomico River, connecting the communities of Cobb Island, Issue, Tompkinsville, and Wayside with US 301.  The state highway was originally the southernmost section of MD 3, which was constructed on the peninsula in the 1910s.  The portion of MD 3 south of US 301 was rebuilt and renumbered as MD 257 in the 1950s. The southern terminus of the route was cut back from Rock Point to its current location in the 1980s.

Charles County, Maryland
Charles County is a county located in the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 166,617. The county seat is La Plata. The county was named for Charles Calvert (1637–1715), third Baron Baltimore. The county is part of the Southern Maryland region of the state. With a median household income of $103,678, Charles County is the 39th-wealthiest county in the United States as of 2020, and the highest-income county in the United States with a Black-majority population.
Franklyn Harvey
Franklyn Harvey (14 February 1943 – 16 May 2016) was a Grenadian academic, activist and professional, a founder of the New Jewel Movement (NJM) and principal author of their manifesto. He had a significant influence on the development of the Caribbean new left throughout the 1960s and 1970s and later, in the animation of hundreds of municipal and community projects all around the world. When the NJM took over the government of Grenada on 13 March 1979, Harvey's contributions to their manifesto began to take concrete form across the island.

New JEWEL Movement
The New Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation, or New JEWEL Movement (NJM), was a Marxist–Leninist vanguard party in the Caribbean island nation of Grenada that was led by Maurice Bishop.

Established in 1973, the NJM issued its manifesto prior to Grenada being granted independence from the United Kingdom in 1974. The NJM took control of Grenada with a bloodless coup in 1979 and ruled by decree as the People's Revolutionary Government until 1983. In October of that year, Bishop and seven of his associates were killed by paramilitaries affiliated with hard-line elements in his own party. Those elements formed a military government, which was quickly deposed by a U.S. invasion later in October.
Giulio Spisanelli
Giulio Spisanelli (died 1658) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, active mainly in Bologna, his birthplace. He first trained under his father Vincenzo Spisanelli, then under Domenico Maria Canuti. He traveled to Rome at Vincenzo's instigation and died soon after returning.

Domenico Maria Canuti
Domenico Maria Canuti (5 April 1625 – 6 April 1684) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, active mainly in Bologna and Rome. He was a major painter of fresco decorations. His ceiling decorations showed a mix of Bolognese and Roman influences.
Chuck Klosterman
Charles John Klosterman (/ˈkloʊstərmən/; born June 5, 1972) is an American author and essayist whose work focuses on American popular culture. He has been a columnist for Esquire and ESPN.com and wrote "The Ethicist" column for The New York Times Magazine. Klosterman is the author of twelve books, including two novels and the essay collection Sex, Drugs, and Cocoa Puffs: A Low Culture Manifesto. He was awarded the ASCAP Deems Taylor award for music criticism in 2002.

Sex, Drugs, and Cocoa Puffs
Sex, Drugs, and Cocoa Puffs: A Low Culture Manifesto is a book written by Chuck Klosterman, first published by Scribner in 2003. It is a collection of eighteen comedic essays on popular culture.

The book cover was designed by Paul Sahre.
Tom Noonan
Thomas Patrick Noonan (April 12, 1951 – February 14, 2026) was an American actor, director and screenwriter, best known for his roles as Francis Dollarhyde in Manhunter (1986), Frankenstein's Monster in The Monster Squad (1987), Cain in RoboCop 2 (1990), The Ripper in Last Action Hero (1993), Kelso in Heat (1995), Sammy Barnathan in Synecdoche, New York (2008), Mr. Ulman in The House of the Devil (2009), Reverend Nathaniel in Hell on Wheels (2011–2014), the Pallid Man in 12 Monkeys (2015–2018), and as the voice of everyone but Michael and Lisa in Anomalisa (2015).

Noonan was also a writer and director of theatre and film. His debut feature film as a filmmaker, What Happened Was... (1994), won the Dramatic Grand Jury Prize and Screenwriting Award at the Sundance Film Festival.

The Monster Squad
The Monster Squad is a 1987 American horror comedy film directed by Fred Dekker, and written by Dekker and Shane Black. Peter Hyams and Rob Cohen served as executive producers. It was released by Tri-Star Pictures on August 14, 1987. The film features pastiches of the Universal Monsters, led by Count Dracula. They are confronted by a group of savvy children out to keep them from controlling the world.

The film was produced on a budget of $14 million. It was released on August 14, 1987 and grossed $3.8 million in its theatrical run. Based on Metacritic, a majority of critics gave it positive reviews.
Eric Loudoun-Shand
Eric Gordon Loudoun-Shand MC TD (born Eric Gordon Shand; 31 March 1893) was a Rugby Union international who played for Scotland and captained Oxford University's Rugby side in the 1919 Varsity Match. During what would have been the prime of his playing career he fought in the First World War.

John Eric Greenwood
John Eric Greenwood (known as Jenny Greenwood) was a rugby union international who represented England from 1912 to 1920. He also captained his country. During what would have been the prime of his playing career he fought in the First World War.
Dorothea Sophia, Abbess of Quedlinburg
Duchess Dorothea Sophia of Saxe-Altenburg (19 December 1587 – 10 February 1645) was Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg.

She was the fourth child and second daughter of Friedrich Wilhelm I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, and his first wife, Sophie of Württemberg.

Sophie of Württemberg, Duchess of Saxe-Weimar
Sophie of Württemberg (20 November 1563 – 21 July 1590), was a German noblewoman member of the House of Württemberg and by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Weimar.

Born in Stuttgart, she was the youngest of twelve children born from the marriage of Christoph, Duke of Württemberg and Anna Maria of Brandenburg-Ansbach. From her eleven older siblings, nine survive adulthood: Eberhard, Hereditary Prince of Württemberg, Hedwig (by marriage Landgravine of Hesse-Marburg), Elisabeth (by her two marriages Countess of Henneberg-Schleusingen and Countess Palatine of Veldenz-Lauterecken), Sabine (by marriage Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel), Emilie (by marriage Countess Palatine of Simmern-Sponheim), Eleonore (by her two marriages Princess of Anhalt and Landgravine of Hesse-Darmstadt), Louis III, Duke of Württemberg, Dorothea Maria (by marriage Countess Palatine of Sulzbach) and Anna (by her two marriages Duchess of Oława and Legnica).
Storstrøm Bridge
The Storstrøm Bridge (Danish: Storstrømsbroen, pronounced [ˈstoɐ̯stʁɶmsˌpʁoˀn̩]) is a road and railway arch bridge that crosses Storstrømmen between the islands of Falster and Masnedø in Denmark.

Together with Masnedsund Bridge it connects Falster and Zealand (Sjælland). It was the main road connection between the islands until the Farø Bridges were opened in 1985. It is still part of the railway connection between the islands of Lolland, Falster, and Zealand. It is on the rail line between Copenhagen and Hamburg, Germany.

Falster
Falster (Danish: [ˈfælˀstɐ]) is an island in south-eastern Denmark with an area of 486.2 km2 (187.7 sq mi) and 43,398 inhabitants as of 1 January 2010. Located in the Kattegat, Belts and Sound area, it is part of Region Zealand and is administered by Guldborgsund Municipality. Falster includes Denmark's southernmost point, Gedser Odde, near Gedser.

The largest town is Nykøbing Falster with over 40% of the island's inhabitants. Other towns include Stubbekøbing, Nørre Alslev and Gedser.

Falster has motor and railway links both to the larger island of Zealand to the north and to the island of Lolland to the south-west. These links also lead to the smaller islands of Masnedø and Farø. European route E47 links Copenhagen to Hamburg (Germany) via Falster.
Aligarh Movement
The Aligarh Movement was a socioreligious movement in British India aimed to establish a modern system of Western-style scientific education for the Muslim population during the later decades of the 19th century. The movement's name derives from the fact that its core and origins lay in the city of Aligarh in Central India and, in particular, with the foundation of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875. The founder of the oriental college, and the other educational institutions that developed from it, was Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. He became the leading light of the wider Aligarh Movement.

The education reform established a base, and an impetus, for the wider Movement: a Pakistani Muslim renaissance that had profound implications for the religion, the politics, the culture and society of the Indian subcontinent.

Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh Muslim University is a collegiate, central, and research university located in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, which was originally established by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan as the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875. Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College became Aligarh Muslim University in 1920, following the Aligarh Muslim University Act.

The university offers more than 300 courses in traditional and modern branches of education. It is an Institute of National Importance and is listed in the Union List under the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India.
Longuerre's theorem
In mathematics, particularly in Euclidean geometry, Longuerre's theorem is a result concerning the collinearity of points constructed from a cyclic quadrilateral. It is a generalization of the Simson line, which states that the three projections of a point on the circumcircle of a triangle to its sides are collinear.

Simson line
In geometry, given a triangle ABC and a point P on its circumcircle, the three closest points to P on lines AB, AC, and BC are collinear. The line through these points is the Simson line of P, named for Robert Simson. The concept was first published, however, by William Wallace in 1799, and is sometimes called the Wallace line.

The converse is also true; if the three closest points to P on three lines are collinear, and no two of the lines are parallel, then P lies on the circumcircle of the triangle formed by the three lines. Or in other words, the Simson line of a triangle ABC and a point P is just the pedal triangle of ABC and P that has degenerated into a straight line and this condition constrains the locus of P to trace the circumcircle of triangle ABC.
Lilian Hébert
Lilian Hébert is a French rugby league footballer who represented France at the 1995 World Cup.
He made his first steps in rugby league in Vernajoul, which also produced names such as Jacques Moliner, Claude Sirvent and Christophe Moly.

Hébert played for AS Carcassonne.

After his retirement as player, he is in the restauration business, opening restaurants named "Le Lounge, "Tivoli" and later "Concept" in Limoux.

Jacques Moliner
Jacques Moliner (born 24 January 1967), is a French former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s. His lone appearance was for the Penrith Panthers in 1987. His son Cyril plays for the St. Gaudens Bears. He made his first steps in rugby league in Vernajoul, which also produced names such as Claude Sirvent, Lilian Hébert and Christophe Moly.
He was the first French player to play rugby league in Australia.
Stratonicea (Caria)
Stratonicea (Hittite: 𒀜𒊑𒅀 Atriya, Ancient Greek: Στρατoνικεια or Στρατoνικη; or per Stephanus of Byzantium: Στρατονίκεια) – also transliterated as Stratonikeia, Stratoniceia, Stratoniki, and Stratonike and Stratonice; a successor settlement to Chrysaoris; and for a time named Hadrianopolis – was one of the most important towns in the interior of ancient Caria, Anatolia, situated on the east-southeast of Mylasa, and on the south of the river Marsyas; its site is now located at the present village of Eskihisar, Muğla Province, Turkey. It is situated at a distance of 1 km (0.62 mi) from the intercity road D.330 that connects the district center of Yatağan with Bodrum and Milas, shortly before Yatağan power station if one has taken departure from the latter towns.

Caria
Caria (/ˈkɛəriə/; from Greek: Καρία, Karia; Turkish: Karya) was a region of western Anatolia extending along the coast from mid-Ionia (Mycale) south to Lycia and east to Phrygia. The Carians were described by Herodotus as being Anatolian mainlanders and they called themselves Caria because of the name of their king. He reports the Carians themselves maintained that they were Anatolian mainlanders intensely engaged in seafaring and were akin to the Mysians and the Lydians. The Carians spoke Carian, a native Anatolian language closely related to Luwian. Also closely associated with the Carians were the Leleges, which could be an earlier name for Carians.
Ex on the Beach (British TV series)
Ex on the Beach is a British reality television series that is broadcast on MTV UK. The series was first announced in February 2014, and premiered on 22 April 2014. The series is narrated by Andrew Maxwell. Ex on the Beach follows the format of cast members staying abroad and beginning relationships, which are typically interrupted by their exes arriving at various points throughout the series. MTV in the United States airs an American version of the series.

On 20 March 2019, it was confirmed that transmission of the tenth series had been cancelled following the suicide of cast member Mike Thalassitis. Producers decided not to air any of the episodes from the series, and did not reveal the rest of the cast members involved in the series. From 2020, celebrity versions of the series have aired.

Geordie Shore
Geordie Shore is a British reality television series broadcast on MTV. It debuted on 24 May 2011, and is the British spin-off of the American series Jersey Shore. Set in Newcastle upon Tyne, the show follows the daily lives of a group of young participants. As of 2026, Geordie Shore has aired 26 series, making it one of MTV’s longest-running reality formats. Episodes have also been released on Paramount+ in the United Kingdom alongside MTV UK.
Semyon Dezhnev
Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnyov (Russian: Семён Ива́нович Дежнёв, IPA: [sʲɪˈmʲɵn ɨˈvanəvʲɪdʑ dʲɪʐˈnʲɵf]; sometimes spelled Dezhnev; c. March 7, 1605 – 1673) was a Russian zemleprokhodets, an explorer of Siberia and the first European to sail through the Bering Strait, 80 years before Vitus Bering did. In 1648 he sailed from the Kolyma River on the Arctic Ocean to the Anadyr River on the Pacific. His exploit was forgotten for almost a hundred years and Bering is usually given credit for discovering the strait that bears his name.

Kolyma (river)
The Kolyma (Russian: Колыма, IPA: [kəlɨˈma]; Yakut: Халыма, romanized: Xalıma) is a river in northeastern Siberia, whose basin covers parts of the Sakha Republic, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, and Magadan Oblast of Russia.

The Kolyma is frozen to depths of several metres for about 250 days each year, becoming free of ice only in early June, until October.
Ranat ek lek
The ranat ek lek (Thai: ระนาดเอกเหล็ก, pronounced [ranâːt ʔèːk lèk]) is a metallophone used in the classical music of Thailand. It is the smaller of the two sizes of Thai metallophone; the larger one is called ranat thum lek.

This musical instrument was originated in the reign of King Rama IV (1854-1868).

The ranat ek lek consists of flat metal slabs placed over a rectangular wooden resonator. It is played with two bamboo sticks with padded ends.

The ranat ek lek is very similar to the Khmer roneat dek.

Ranat thum lek
The ranat thum lek (Thai: ระนาดทุ้มเหล็ก, pronounced [ranâːt tʰúm lèk]) is a metallophone used in the classical music of Thailand. It is the larger of the two sizes of Thai metallophones; the smaller one is called ranat ek lek.

The ranat thum lek consists of flat metal slabs placed over a rectangular wooden resonator. It is played with two bamboo sticks with padded ends.

The origin of this instrument is attributed to the brother of King Rama IV (1854–1868) the same time as the creation of roneat ek lek.

The ranat thum lek is very similar to the Khmer roneat thong.
Robert Curteis
Robert Mascall Curteis (12 October 1851 – 21 January 1927) was an English cricketer. Curteis was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Hailsham, Sussex, and was educated at Westminster School.

Curteis made his first-class debut for Sussex against Kent in 1873 at Ashford, Eastbourne. His next appearance for Sussex in first-class cricket came against Gloucestershire in 1873, with Curteis making seven further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1878. In his nine first-class matches for Sussex, he scored a total of 101 runs at an average of 7.21, with a high score of 41. He also made two first-class appearances for the Marylebone Cricket Club, both against Hampshire in 1880 and 1881.

He died at the town of his birth on 28 October 1919. His father, Herbert Sr., played first-class cricket, as did his brother Herbert Jr.

Herbert Mascall Curteis
Herbert Mascall Curteis (8 January 1823 – 16 June 1895) was an English cricketer active from 1841 to 1860 who played for Sussex. He appeared in 57 first-class matches as a righthanded batsman who bowled slow roundarm. Career data is incomplete but he accounted for 560 runs with a highest score of 29 and took eleven wickets with a best performance of three in one innings. Two of his sons, Herbert and Robert, also played for Sussex.

Curteis was born in Florence, Italy, the only son of Herbert Barrett Curteis who was touring Italy with his wife at the time. He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford. His father was member of parliament for Rye, Sussex, from 1841 until 1847 when he died leaving 'large landed estates' to Herbert Mascall Curteis, who succeeded him in the representation of Rye and served until the next general election in 1852. He died at his house, Windmill Hill Place, near Hailsham, Sussex.