hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Statistical model
A statistical model is a mathematical model that embodies a set of statistical assumptions concerning the generation of sample data (and similar data from a larger population). A statistical model represents, often in considerably idealized form, the data-generating process. When referring specifically to probabilities, the corresponding term is probabilistic model. All statistical hypothesis tests and all statistical estimators are derived via statistical models. More generally, statistical models are part of the foundation of statistical inference. A statistical model is usually specified as a mathematical relationship between one or more random variables and other non-random variables.  As such, a statistical model is "a formal representation of a theory" (Herman Adèr quoting Kenneth Bollen).

Statistical inference
Statistical inference is the process of using data analysis to infer properties of an underlying probability distribution. Inferential statistical analysis infers properties of a population, for example by testing hypotheses and deriving estimates. It is assumed that the observed data set is sampled from a larger population.

Inferential statistics can be contrasted with descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics is solely concerned with properties of the observed data, and it does not rest on the assumption that the data come from a larger population. In machine learning, the term inference is sometimes used instead to mean "make a prediction, by evaluating an already trained model"; in this context inferring properties of the model is referred to as training or learning (rather than inference), and using a model for prediction is referred to as inference (instead of prediction); see also predictive inference.
Sea Ranch, California
Sea Ranch (also known as The Sea Ranch) is an American unincorporated Pacific Coast community, in Sonoma County, California, about 100 mi (160 km) north of San Francisco. It was developed as a planned community beginning in the 1960s. It is known for its distinctive timber-frame structures designed by several noted American architects. The first unit built at Sea Ranch, Condominium One, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. The community's ten-mile development played a role in the establishment of the California Coastal Commission. The population was 1,169 at the 2020 census. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Sea Ranch as a census-designated place (CDP).

Condominium 1
Condominium 1 was the first unit in the Sea Ranch development in Sonoma County, California. Located on a coast overlooking the Pacific Ocean, the complex was designed by Charles W. Moore, Donlyn Lyndon, William Turnbull Jr. and Richard Whitaker of the MLTW partnership in 1963–1964, and was built by contractor Matthew Sylvia in 1965. The timber-framed structure has been described as one of the most significant architectural designs of the 1960s in California, and has received numerous awards.
Erfurt Cathedral
Erfurt Cathedral (German: Erfurter Dom, officially Hohe Domkirche St. Marien zu Erfurt, English: Cathedral Church of St Mary at Erfurt), also known as St Mary's Cathedral, is the largest and oldest church building in the Thuringian city of Erfurt, central Germany. It is the episcopal seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Erfurt. The cathedral was mainly built in the International Gothic style and is located on a hillside overlooking the main town square (Domplatz, Cathedral Square), directly next to St Severus' Church. As a unique architectural ensemble, both churches together form the city's landmark. Former German names include Marienkirche and Propsteikirche Beatae Mariae Virginis.

St Severus' Church, Erfurt
St Severus' Church (German: Severikirche) in the city of Erfurt in Thuringia, Germany, is a Roman Catholic church building. It stands on the Domberg (Cathedral Hill) directly next to St Mary's Cathedral. As a unique architectural ensemble, both churches together form the city's landmark. Due to its unusual form, which seems to anticipate the late Gothic hall church, St Severus' Church is one of the most important Gothic buildings in Germany. The bones of the church patron Severus of Ravenna rest in an artistically very significant sarcophagus.
Shin Hyun-joon (actor)
Shin Hyun-joon (Korean: 신현준; born October 28, 1968) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his roles in the films Bichunmoo (2000), Guns & Talks (2001), Marrying the Mafia II (2005) and its sequel,  Barefoot Ki-bong (2006), as well as the television series Stairway to Heaven (2003–2004). He is also known as the photographer in the popular music video "Because I'm A Girl" by KISS. In the Korean press, he is nicknamed the "Arab Prince" due to his foreign look and long eyelashes.

Marrying the Mafia II
Marrying the Mafia II is a 2005 South Korean comedy film, and the second installment of the Marrying the Mafia series. It was the most successful comedy film in South Korea the year of its release; its over 5 million tickets sold represented more than 10% of the population and contributed to the third straight year that more tickets were sold for local than for Hollywood films.
Cochin Express
Cochin Express is a 1967 Indian Malayalam-language thriller film, directed by M. Krishnan Nair and produced by T. E. Vasudevan. The film stars Prem Nazir, Sheela, Adoor Bhasi and Sankaradi in lead roles. The film had musical score by V. Dakshinamoorthy. The film was subsequently made in Kannada as Bangalore Mail, in Telugu as Circar Express, in Tamil as Neelagiri Express, and in Hindi as The Train.

Neelagiri Express
Neelagiri Express (transl. Blue Mountain Express) is a 1968 Indian Tamil-language thriller film directed by Thirumalai–Mahalingam and written by Cho Ramaswamy. The music was composed by T. K. Ramamoorthy. The film stars Jaishankar, Cho, Vijaya Nirmala and Vijaya Lalitha. It is a remake of a 1967 Malayalam film Cochin Express (1967). The film was released on 23 March 1968 and was a commercial success.
Will Oakland
Will Oakland (January 15, 1880 – May 15, 1956) was an American countertenor famed for his exceptionally high vocal range. He was born Herman Hinrichs in Jersey City, New Jersey, to German-American immigrant parents.

Oakland began his musical career after leaving the United States Army in 1905, joining Lew Dockstader's minstrels in Rochester, New York. He began recording for Edison Records in 1908, soon after Richard Jose's retirement. In addition to appearing as a solo performer, Oakland recorded duets with Billy Murray, sometimes singing the female part in love songs. He often sang woeful, sentimental songs that contrasted with Murray's usually upbeat repertoire.

From 1912 to 1914 Oakland recorded in the Heidelberg Quintet, joining the members of the American Quartet.

He recorded the song "As I sat upon my dear old mother's knee" by Joseph P. Skelly.

Lew Dockstader
Lew Dockstader (born George Alfred Clapp; August 7, 1856 – October 26, 1924) was an American singer, comedian, and vaudeville star, best known as a blackface minstrel show performer. Dockstader performed as a solo act and in his own popular minstrel troupe.
Sorcer Striker
Sorcer Striker is a 1993 vertically scrolling shooter arcade video game developed by Raizing (now known as Eighting) and published in 1993 by Able Corporation in Japan and Europe. In the game, players assume the role from one of the four bounty hunters to overthrow the Goblin empire led by King Gobligan and reclaim the bounty placed by King Codwenna of Violent Kingdom over Gobligan's head. It is the first entry in the Mahō Daisakusen trilogy, which includes Kingdom Grand Prix and Dimahoo, and the first video game to be created by Raizing.

Sorcer Striker served as the debut project of Raizing, a development company founded by former Naxat Soft and Compile staff who previously worked on the Aleste series. Though first released in arcades, the game was later ported to other platforms, each one featuring various changes compared to the original version and has since been re-released for PlayStation 4 in Japan as part of the M2 ShotTriggers label by M2.

Aleste
Aleste (アレスタ) is a vertically scrolling shooter developed by Compile, originally published by Sega in 1988 for the Master System and then by CP Communications for the MSX2. The Master System version was released outside Japan as Power Strike. The game spawned the Aleste and Power Strike franchises.
Time Sculpture
Time Sculpture is a British television and cinema advertisement launched in 2008 to promote Toshiba's high-definition television upscaling technology. The piece, which comprised a collection of interacting loops sequenced into a moving shot, was created in collaboration with advertising agency Grey London, based on a video art proposal by director Mitch Stratten. Time Sculpture holds the world record for the greatest number of moving image cameras used in a single shot.

Time Sculpture was directed by Mitch Stratten and the shoot was handled by production company Hungry Man with post-production completed by The Mill in London. Time Sculpture was recognised for its innovation from within and outside of the advertising and television industries and garnered various awards including a Clio Award, a London International Award and a GTC Award.

Mitch Stratten
Mitch Stratten is a director, sculptor, composer and writer based in the United Kingdom.

Stratten is best known for the "mash-cut” album Nodern Loves You released on Sub Rosa records and the world record breaking commercial entitled "Time Sculpture" for the Toshiba corporation. Mitch Stratten has also received recognition for the "boundary-blurring" video art project OCP which was first launched online from the Sedition curated distribution platform.
Potassium asparaginate
Potassium asparaginate is a potassium salt of L-asparagine amino acid.

Potassium asparaginate can be considered both a salt and a coordination complex. As a salt, potassium asparaginate is formed when the potassium ion (K+) replaces the hydrogen ion (H+) in the carboxyl group (–COOH) of L-asparagine, an amino acid. As a coordination complex, in the context of coordination chemistry, the potassium ion coordinates with the L-asparagine, forming a stable structure where the central (metal) ion is surrounded by and associated with the L-asparagine, a ligand (complexing molecule), through coordinate covalent bonds.

Asparagine
Asparagine (symbol Asn or N) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+3 form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain carboxamide, classifying it as a polar (at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid. It is non-essential in humans, meaning the body can synthesize it. It is encoded by the codons AAU and AAC.

The one-letter symbol N for asparagine was assigned arbitrarily, with the proposed mnemonic asparagiNe;
Star Theatre, Kolkata
The Star Theatre, is a theatre in Hatibagan, Kolkata. It was built in 1883. Initially situated in Beadon Street, the theatre later moved to Cornwallis Street - now called Bidhan Sarani. The Binodini Theatre, along with the Minerva Theatre, was one of the first institutions of commercial Bengali theatre.

Bidhan Sarani
Bidhan Sarani (formerly known as Cornwallis Street) is a principal north–south thoroughfare in North Kolkata. It was named after the first Chief Minister of West Bengal, Bidhan Chandra Roy. The road starts from Shyambazar five-point crossing and extends up to MG Road crossing (Barna Parichay Market), after which the street continues as College Street towards the south. Bidhan Sarani encompasses the neighbourhoods of Shyambazar, Hatibagan and College Street.
Rotherfield
Rotherfield is a village and civil parish in the Wealden District of East Sussex, England. It is one of the largest parishes in East Sussex. There are three villages in the parish: Rotherfield, Mark Cross and Eridge. The River Rother, which drains much of the county and discharges at Rye Harbour, has its source on the south side of the hill on which Rotherfield village is built.

Crowborough
Crowborough is a town and civil parish in East Sussex, England, in the Weald at the edge of Ashdown Forest and the highest town in the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

It is located 7 miles (11 km) south-west of Royal Tunbridge Wells and 33 miles (53 km)  south of London. It had a population of 21,688 at the 2021 Census, making it the second largest town in inland East Sussex after Hailsham.

The highest point in the town is 242 m (794 ft) above sea level, making it the second highest point in East Sussex after Ditchling Beacon.
Sizeof
sizeof is a unary operator in the C and C++ programming languages that evaluates to the storage size of an expression or a data type, measured in units sized as char. Consequently, the expression sizeof(char) evaluates to 1. The number of bits of type char is specified by the preprocessor macro CHAR_BIT, defined in the standard include file <limits.h>. On most modern computing platforms this is eight bits. The result of sizeof is an unsigned integer that is usually typed as size_t.

The operator accepts a single operand which is either a data type expressed as a cast – the name of a data type enclosed in parentheses – or a non-type expression for which parentheses are not required.

Unary operation
In mathematics, a unary operation is an operation with only one operand, i.e. a single input. This is in contrast to binary operations, which use two operands. An example is any function ⁠⁠, where A is a set; the function ⁠⁠ is a unary operation on A.

Common notations are prefix notation (e.g. ¬, −), postfix notation (e.g. factorial n!), functional notation (e.g. sin x or sin(x)), and superscripts (e.g. transpose AT). Other notations exist as well, for example, in the case of the square root, a horizontal bar extending the square root sign over the argument can indicate the extent of the argument.
Teispes
Teïspes (from Greek Τεΐσπης, Teispēs; in Old Persian: 𐎨𐎡𐏁𐎱𐎡𐏁 Čišpiš; Akkadian: 𒅆𒅖𒉿𒅖 Šîšpîš, Elamite: Zi-iš-pi-iš) ruled Anshan in 675–640 BC. He was the son of Achaemenes of Persis and an ancestor of Cyrus the Great. There is evidence that Cyrus I and Ariaramnes were both his sons. Cyrus I is the grandfather of Cyrus the Great, whereas Ariaramnes is the great-grandfather of Darius the Great.

According to 7th-century BC documents, Teispes captured the Elamite city of Anshan, speculated to have occurred after the Persians were freed from Median supremacy, and expanded his small kingdom. His kingdom was, however, a vassal state of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–605 BC). He was succeeded by his second son, Cyrus I.

Cyrus I
Cyrus I (Old Persian: Kuruš) or Cyrus I of Anshan or Cyrus I of Persia, was King of Anshan in Persia from c. 600 to 580 BC or, according to others, from c. 652 to 600 BC.  Cyrus I of Anshan is the grandfather of Cyrus the Great, also known as Cyrus II. His name in Modern Persian is کوروش, Kūroš, while in Greek he was called Κῦρος, Kȳros.
The Twelve Days of Dash & Lily
The Twelve Days of Dash & Lily is a romantic young adult novel. It is a collaboration by authors David Levithan and Rachel Cohn and the sequel to their earlier book, Dash & Lily's Book of Dares. It was announced that this would be the first of two new collaborations, second one Mind the Gap, Dash & Lily published 2020.

David Levithan
David Levithan (born September 7, 1972) is an American young adult fiction author and editor. He has written numerous works featuring strong male gay characters, most notably Boy Meets Boy and Naomi and Ely's No Kiss List. Six of Levithan's books have won or been finalists for the Lambda Literary Award for Children's and Young Adult Literature, making him the most celebrated author in the category.
Chorbat Valley
Chorbat Valley (Urdu: وادی چھوربٹ, Balti: ཆོར་བད, romanized: chor bad) is a section of the Shyok river valley divided between Pakistan-administered Gilgit-Baltistan and Indian-administered Ladakh. The Pakistan-administered portion is in the Khaplu tehsil of Ghanche District in Gilgit–Baltistan, and the Indian-administered portion is in the Nubra tehsil, Leh district of Ladakh. Chorbat stretches from the edge of Khaplu to the Chalunka village of Nubra.

The Khan of Chorbat moved his capital from Siksa (originally called "Chorbat") to Turtuk in the 18th century. These two villages (now in Pakistan and India respectively) are the largest villages of the Chorbat region.

Turtuk
Turtuk is a village and the headquarters of an eponymous community development block in the Indian union territory of Ladakh. It is a small village sandwiched between the Karakorum Range and the Himalayas, and one of the northernmost villages of India, close to the Line of Control between India and Pakistan. Turtuk is situated in the Nubra tehsil of the Leh district, on the banks of the Shyok River. Geographically, the village is in the Baltistan region, which has been under Pakistani administration, except for five villages of the Turtuk block which are part of India. These villages form the only region in India populated by Balti people. Turtuk is known for its fruit, especially apricots.

Turtuk was administered by Pakistan and was under Pakistani control until the war of 1971, when the Indian Army regained control again. It is also one of the gateways to the Siachen Glacier.
British Rail Class 504
The British Rail Class 504 was a unique type of electric multiple unit that ran on 1,200 V DC third rail with side-contact current collection. All other mainline UK third rails have the electric "shoe" on top of the rail. The type was used only on the Bury Line between Manchester and Bury. They were built in 1959 at Wolverton Works, and the body was a standard type used for several electrification schemes of the time, but the high DC voltage through a side-contact third rail was unique in Britain. The trains replaced the previous five-car units built by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (LYR) for the route, which had inaugurated this electrification scheme in 1916.

All were withdrawn in 1991 when the line was closed for conversion to form part of the Manchester Metrolink light rail system. One unit, No. 65451+77172, is preserved at the East Lancashire Railway.

East Lancashire Railway
The East Lancashire Railway is a  twelve-and-a-half-mile (20 km) heritage railway line in North West England which runs between Heywood, Greater Manchester, and Rawtenstall, Lancashire. There are intermediate stations at Bury Bolton Street, Burrs Country Park, Summerseat and Ramsbottom, with the line crossing the border into Rossendale serving Irwell Vale and Rawtenstall. Before closure, the line terminated at Bacup.

The heritage line is now just over 12 miles (19 km) long and has a mainline connection with the national railway network at Castleton, just beyond Heywood. The ELR is planning to extend the running line to Castleton in the future.
Claes Tornberg
Rear Admiral Claes Egmont Tornberg (born 10 February 1936) is a retired Swedish Navy officer. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Coastal Fleet from 1985 and 1990 and as head of the Swedish Armed Forces Staff College from 1990 to 1996 and the newly created Swedish National Defence College from 1997 to 1998.

Swedish Armed Forces Staff College
The [Royal] Swedish Armed Forces Staff College (Swedish: Militärhögskolan, MHS) was from 1961 to 1996 the Swedish Armed Forces highest institution for officers training, for staff and senior executive education and was located in Stockholm. In 1997 it was merged with the Swedish National Defence College and formed the "new" Swedish National Defence College.
Thozama Gangi
Thozama Gangi, is a South African businesswoman and corporate executive, who is the chief executive officer of Eskom Uganda Limited, a Ugandan subsidiary of the South African energy utility company Eskom. She assumed her current position in 2015, replacing Nokwanda Mngeni.

Nokwanda Mngeni
Nokwanda Mngeni is a South African accountant and business executive. She was CEO of Eskom Uganda Limited (EUL), an electricity utility company that manages two government-owned hydroelectric power stations, for a 20-year concession under a Uganda government regulatory framework. EUL is a wholly owned subsidiary of Eskom, the South African energy conglomerate.
Filippos Kanellopoulos
Filippos Kanellopoulos (Greek: Φίλιππος Κανελλόπουλος) was a Greek Navy officer who reached the rank of vice admiral.

He was born in 1868, the nephew of the notable naval officer and educator Ilias Kanellopoulos. He joined the Royal Hellenic Navy as an ensign in 1888, fought in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, reached the rank of vice admiral, and died on 12 September 1927.

His younger brother, Konstantinos, also became a naval officer and reached the rank of rear admiral.

Konstantinos Kanellopoulos
Konstantinos Kanellopoulos (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Κανελλόπουλος) was a Greek Navy officer who reached the rank of rear admiral.

He was born in 1872, the nephew of the notable naval officer and educator Ilias Kanellopoulos. He joined the Royal Hellenic Navy as an ensign in 1890, and fought in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 and the Balkan Wars of 1912–13. He retired with the rank of rear admiral on 10/23 May 1920.

His older brother, Filippos, also became a naval officer and reached the rank of vice admiral.
Founders Fund
Founders Fund is an American venture capital fund formed in 2005 and based in San Francisco. The fund has roughly $17 billion in total assets under management as of 2025. Founders Fund was the first institutional investor in Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX) and Palantir Technologies, and an early investor in Facebook. The firm's partners have been founders, early employees and investors at companies including PayPal, Palantir Technologies, Anduril Industries and SpaceX.

The firm's investments include Airbnb, Anduril, DeepMind, Rippling, Facebook, Ramp, Palantir Technologies, Pudgy Penguins, SpaceX, Spotify, Stripe, Neuralink, and Nubank.

Notable partners include Peter Thiel, Trae Stephens, and Mike Solana. Former partners include Brian Singerman, Keith Rabois, Cyan Banister, Ken Howery, Kevin Hartz, Sean Parker, and Bruce Gibney.

Ramp (company)
Ramp Business Corporation is an American multinational financial technology company that offers corporate charge cards, expense management, and bill-payment software. The company is headquartered in New York City with additional offices in Miami and San Francisco.

As of November 2025, Ramp was valued at $32 billion with $1 billion in annualized revenue. Investors in the company include Thrive Capital, Goldman Sachs, Peter Thiel of Founders Fund, Keith Rabois of Khosla Ventures, Redpoint Ventures, 137 Ventures, BoxGroup, D1 Capital Partners, Contrary, and 8VC, among others.
.25 NAA
The .25 NAA is a pistol cartridge introduced by the North American Arms company in 2002. It was originally created for use in a smaller and lighter model of their Guardian pistol.

Despite popular belief, the 25 NAA cartridge is not based on the 32 ACP case. It is based on a rimless version of the .32 H&R Magnum case, shortened to .745" and necked down to accept .251-inch diameter (.25 ACP) bullets. The 32 ACP case, at only .680" long is too short for use in 25 NAA production.

North American Arms
North American Arms is a United States company, headquartered in Provo, Utah, that manufactures pocket pistols and mini-revolvers, also called mouse guns. The company was originally named Rocky Mountain Arms when it was founded in 1972. In 1974 it was bought by new owners who renamed the company North American Manufacturing (NAM) and then North American Arms (NAA).