hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
4-8-4
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-8-4 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles and four trailing wheels on two axles. The type was first used by the Northern Pacific Railway, and initially named the Northern Pacific, but railfans and railroad employees have shortened the name since its introduction. It is most commonly known as a Northern, among various names.

DRB Class 06
The German DRB Class 06 engines were standard steam locomotives (Einheitsdampflokomotiven) with the Deutsche Reichsbahn (DRB) designed to haul express train services. They were the only German locomotives with a 4-8-4 (Northern) wheel arrangement.
Dominic Poleon
Dominic Alfred Poleon (born 7 September 1993) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward for National League South club Hornchurch. Born in England, he plays for the Saint Lucia national team.

A product of multiple academies including that of Chelsea, Poleon began his professional career with Leeds United in 2012 and would have loan spells with Bury and Sheffield United while at the club. Over the next years, following his departure from Leeds, he had short stints with other clubs throughout different levels of English football, including Oldham Athletic, AFC Wimbledon, Bradford City and Crawley Town. He signed for Ebbsfleet United in 2021, being named the National League South Player of the Season in 2024–25.

Poleon made his international debut for Saint Lucia in 2023.

Sam Byram
Samuel Mark Byram (born 16 September 1993) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Premier League club Leeds United. Principally a left-back, he can also play as a right-back.

Byram has previously played for West Ham United and Norwich City, as well as a loan move to Nottingham Forest in 2018.
Canberra Plaza, Singapore
Canberra Plaza is a New Generation Neighbourhood Centre (NGNC) built by the Housing & Development Board (HDB), the government agency in charge of public housing development in Singapore. It is one of the new Neighbourhood Centres (NCs) constructed by HDB in 10 years after the completion of Pioneer Mall and Punggol Plaza in 2004. CNN reported that Canberra Plaza will provide a "complete live-work-play-learn environment for residents and signifies Singapore's public housing for the future".

The 3-storey shopping centre is located in the eastern end of Sembawang, Singapore as part of a mixed-use transit-oriented development. It was designed by a team led by SAA Architects. Construction started in mid-2015 and the shopping centre opened on 18 December 2020. The mall is directly linked to Canberra MRT station by a footbridge.

Sembawang
Sembawang (IPA: /səmˈbɑːwʌŋ/ səm-BAH-wung) is a planning area and residential town located in the North Region of Singapore. Sembawang planning area is bordered by Simpang to the east, Mandai to the south, Yishun to the southeast, Woodlands to the west and the Straits of Johor to the north.

Despite the relatively large development in the Sembawang New Town, the area remains largely suburban, with military, industrial and recreational facilities at its periphery. It hosted a major naval base and port facilities since the early 20th century, and continues to handle regular shipping traffic today along its wharves.

Sembawang has nine subzones, these are Admiralty, Sembawang Central, Sembawang East, Sembawang North, Sembawang Springs, Sembawang Straits, Senoko North, Senoko South and the Wharves.
Nd:YAG laser
Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet; Nd:Y3Al5O12) is a crystal that is used as a lasing medium for solid-state lasers. The dopant, neodymium in the +3 oxidation state, Nd(III),  typically replaces a small fraction (1%) of the yttrium ions in the host crystal structure of the yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG), since the two ions are of similar size. It is the neodymium ion which provides the lasing activity in the crystal, in the same fashion as the red chromium ion in ruby lasers.

Laser operation of Nd:YAG was first demonstrated by Joseph E. Geusic et al. at Bell Laboratories in 1964. Geusic and LeGrand Van Uitert received the Optical Society of America's R. W. Wood Prize in 1993 "for the discovery of the Nd:YAG laser and the demonstration of its usefulness as a practical solid state laser source".

Dopant
A dopant (also called a doping agent) is a small amount of a substance added to a material to alter its physical properties, such as electrical or optical properties. The amount of dopant is typically very low compared to the material being doped.

When doped into crystalline substances, the dopant's atoms get incorporated into the crystal lattice of the substance. The crystalline materials are frequently either crystals of a semiconductor such as silicon and germanium for use in solid-state electronics, or transparent crystals for use in the production of various laser types; however, in some cases of the latter, noncrystalline substances such as glass can also be doped with impurities.

In solid-state electronics using the proper types and amounts of dopants in semiconductors is what produces the p-type semiconductors and n-type semiconductors that are essential for making transistors and diodes.
Here (In Your Arms)
"Here (In Your Arms)" is the lead single from Hellogoodbye's debut studio album, Zombies! Aliens! Vampires! Dinosaurs! (2006), released on August 8, 2006. The song peaked at number 14 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and was certified platinum in the United States. The song was released in the United Kingdom on April 13, 2007, peaking at number four on the UK Singles Chart. It also entered the top 10 in Ireland, the Netherlands, and Sweden.

Zombies! Aliens! Vampires! Dinosaurs!
Zombies! Aliens! Vampires! Dinosaurs! is the debut studio album by American indie pop band Hellogoodbye. Produced by Matt Mahaffey, Jeff Turzo, and Forrest Kline, the album was released on August 8, 2006 in the United States by Drive-Thru Records. The album's lead single, "Here (In Your Arms)", reached number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified platinum in the United States.

The album's title is a reference to popular geek culture and interests during the mid-2000s. The cover artwork was done by LeDouxville. The Japanese release additionally features live versions of "Here (In Your Arms)" and "Homewrecker".
SweeTango
SweeTango is the brand name of the cultivated apple variety Minneiska, a hybrid between the Honeycrisp and the Zestar apples belonging to the University of Minnesota. The apple is controlled and regulated for marketing, allowing only exclusive territories for growing. It has a sweet-tart taste that some food writers have described as something between brown sugar and spiced apple cider.

University of Minnesota awarded Pepin Heights Orchards exclusive marketing rights to grow and sell the Minneiska apple. They then in turn developed a cooperative of certain selected farm growers and sold rights to these members to produce the apple. It was exclusive at first to the state of Minnesota and later membership was expanded to certain qualifying farmers, mostly to growers of the northern parts of the United States. The concept of exclusive control of a variety of fruit was then a novelty in the United States, leading to lawsuits, which were later dismissed.

Zestar apple
The Zestar! apple (trade mark) or Minnewashta (cultivar) is an apple cultivar released in 1999. It was developed by the horticulturalists at the Minnesota Landscape Arboretum's Horticultural Resource Center, at the University of Minnesota.

The Minnewashta apple is known for its earlier ripening season, ripening in late August through September, marking an earlier start to the apple growing season in Minnesota. The Minnewasheta trees were subject to cold climate testing in laboratories to ensure that the fruit is capable of growing in northern climates.
The Wreck of the Mary Deare (film)
The Wreck of the Mary Deare is a 1959 Metrocolor (in CinemaScope) British-American thriller film directed by Michael Anderson and starring Gary Cooper (in his penultimate film) and Charlton Heston, and featuring Michael Redgrave, Cecil Parker, Virginia McKenna, Richard Harris, and John Le Mesurier. The screenplay by Eric Ambler was based on the 1956 novel of the same name by Hammond Innes.

Eric Ambler
Eric Clifford Ambler OBE (28 June 1909 – 23 October 1998) was an English author of thrillers, in particular spy novels. Also working as a screenwriter, Ambler used the pseudonym Eliot Reed for books written with Charles Rodda.
Battle of Cambrai (1918)
The Battle of Cambrai, 1918 (also known as the Second Battle of Cambrai) was fought between troops of the British First, Third and Fourth Armies and German Empire forces during the Hundred Days Offensive of the First World War. The battle took place in and around the French city of Cambrai, between 8 and 10 October 1918. The battle incorporated many of the newer tactics of 1918, in particular tanks. The battle witnessed over 300 tanks taking part, gaining considerable ground in less than 36 hours, with about 2,000 more British casualties than German, which was light relative to earlier phases of the war.

Hundred Days Offensive
The Hundred Days Offensive (8 August to 11 November 1918) was a series of massive Allied offensives that ended the First World War. Beginning with the Battle of Amiens (8–12 August) on the Western Front, the Allies pushed the Imperial German Army back, undoing its gains from the German spring offensive (21 March – 18 July).

The Germans retreated to the Hindenburg Line, but the Allies broke through the line with a series of victories, starting with the Battle of St Quentin Canal on 29 September. The offensive led directly to the Armistice of 11 November 1918 which ended the war with an Allied victory. The term "Hundred Days Offensive" does not refer to a planned Allied campaign, but rather the rapid series of Allied victories.
Gina Cole
Gina Annette Cole MNZM (born 1960) is a New Zealand writer and lawyer. Her writing is inspired by her experiences as a queer Fijian woman. Her short story collection Black Ice Matter received the award for best first book of fiction at the 2017 Ockham New Zealand Book Awards. Her first novel Na Viro was published in July 2022.

Ockham New Zealand Book Awards
The Ockham New Zealand Book Awards are literary awards presented annually in New Zealand. The awards began in 1996 as the merger of two literary awards events: the New Zealand Book Awards, which ran from 1976 to 1995, and the Goodman Fielder Wattie Book Awards, which ran from 1968 to 1995 (known as the Montana Book Awards from 1994 to 1995).

The awards have changed name several times depending on sponsorship. From 1996 to 2009, the awards were known as the Montana New Zealand Book Awards, and sponsored by Montana Wines. From 2010 until 2014, the awards were known as the New Zealand Post Book Awards. Since 2015, the main sponsors have been property developer Ockham Residential, the Acorn Foundation, Creative New Zealand, Mary and Peter Biggs, Booksellers Aotearoa New Zealand and biotech company MitoQ. The awards event is the opening event of the Auckland Writers Festival, held annually in May.
Flajolet–Martin algorithm
The Flajolet–Martin algorithm is an algorithm for approximating the number of distinct elements in a stream with a single pass and space-consumption logarithmic in the maximal number of possible distinct elements in the stream (the count-distinct problem). The algorithm was introduced by Philippe Flajolet and G. Nigel Martin in their 1984 article "Probabilistic Counting Algorithms for Data Base Applications". Later it has been refined in "LogLog counting of large cardinalities" by Marianne Durand and Philippe Flajolet, and "HyperLogLog: The analysis of a near-optimal cardinality estimation algorithm" by Philippe Flajolet et al.

In their 2010 article "An optimal algorithm for the distinct elements problem", Daniel M. Kane, Jelani Nelson and David P. Woodruff give an improved algorithm, which uses nearly optimal space and has optimal O(1) update and reporting times.

HyperLogLog
HyperLogLog is an algorithm for the count-distinct problem, approximating the number of distinct elements in a multiset. Calculating the exact cardinality of the distinct elements of a multiset requires an amount of memory proportional to the cardinality, which is impractical for very large data sets. Probabilistic cardinality estimators, such as the HyperLogLog algorithm, use significantly less memory than this, but can only approximate the cardinality. The HyperLogLog algorithm is able to estimate cardinalities of > 109 with a typical accuracy (standard error) of 2%, using 1.5 kB of memory. HyperLogLog is an extension of the earlier LogLog algorithm, itself deriving from the 1984 Flajolet–Martin algorithm.
Frilled monarch
The frilled monarch (Arses telescopthalmus) is a species of bird in the family Monarchidae. As currently defined, its range is restricted to forest on New Guinea and nearby smaller islands, but historically it has included some or all of the remaining members of the genus Arses as subspecies.

Arses (bird)
Arses is a genus of monarch flycatchers in the family Monarchidae. The genus is restricted to forest and second growth on the island of New Guinea, a few surrounding islands and northern Queensland, Australia. The genus is separated by their frilled necks, fleshy blue eye wattles and delicate pendent nests. They also have a distinctive foraging technique, hopping up tree trunks in a spiral fashion.
Laurie Anderson
Laura Phillips "Laurie" Anderson (born June 5, 1947) is an American avant-garde artist, musician and filmmaker whose work encompasses performance art, pop music, and multimedia projects. Initially trained in violin and sculpting, Anderson pursued a variety of performance art projects in New York City during the 1970s, focusing particularly on language, technology, and visual imagery. She achieved unexpected commercial success when her song "O Superman" reached number two on the UK singles chart in 1981.

Anderson's debut studio album Big Science was released in 1982 and has since been followed by a number of studio and live albums. She starred in and directed the 1986 concert film Home of the Brave. Anderson's creative output has also included theatrical and documentary works, voice acting, art installations, and a CD-ROM. She is a pioneer in electronic music and has invented several musical devices that she has used in her recordings and performance art shows.

O Superman
"O Superman", also known as "O Superman (For Massenet)", is a 1981 song by American performance artist and musician Laurie Anderson. The song became a surprise hit in the United Kingdom after it was championed by DJ John Peel, rising to number 2 on the UK Singles Chart in 1981. Prior to the success of this song, Anderson was little known outside the art world. First released as a promotional single, the song also appeared on her debut album Big Science (1982) and as part of her live album United States Live (1984).

In the 1981 Village Voice Pazz & Jop poll, critics voted "O Superman" the best single of the year.
Love in Pawn
Love in Pawn is a 1953 British comedy film directed by Charles Saunders and starring Bernard Braden, Barbara Kelly and Jeannie Carson. It was written by Humphrey Knight, Guy Morgan, Frank Muir and Denis Nordern.

Barbara Kelly
Barbara Kelly (5 October 1923 – 15 January 2007) was a Canadian-British actress, best known for her television roles in the United Kingdom opposite her husband Bernard Braden in the 1950s and 1960s, and for many appearances as a panelist on the British version of What's My Line?
William Baskerville Hamilton
William Baskerville Hamilton (March 7, 1908 – July 17, 1972) was a historian at Duke University who focused on the history of the American South and of Great Britain. He was assistant managing editor of little magazine South Atlantic Quarterly from 1956, and managing editor from 1958 until just before his death in 1972.

South Atlantic Quarterly
The South Atlantic Quarterly is an American little magazine founded by John Spencer Bassett, a history professor at Trinity College, in 1901. The magazine published articles about southern history and, following the example of the Sewanee Review, also tackled topics dealing with the issue of race in the South.
Sieglinde (decoy)
Sieglinde [ˌziːkˈlɪndə] was a sonar decoy used during the Second World War by German U-boats. Sieglinde was installed in chambers on the sides of the U-boat. It could be ejected to a considerable distance from the boat when attempting to hide from a seeker's sonar equipment. The Sieglinde was powered by electric motors, allowing it to move at 6 knots (11 km/h; 6.9 mph) and to periodically ascend or dive, thus imitating the sonar return of an actual submarine. This allowed the real U-boat to slip away quietly from pursuing ships. It was typically used in combination with Pillenwerfer (or Bold) decoys.

Bold (decoy)
Bold (also called Bolde, a term derived from kobold) was a German sonar decoy, used by U-boats during the Second World War from 1942 onwards. It consisted of a metal canister about 10 cm (3.9 in) in diameter filled with calcium hydride. It was launched by an ejector system colloquially referred to as Pillenwerfer (English: "pill thrower"). When mixed with seawater, the calcium hydride produced large quantities of hydrogen, which bubbled out of the container, creating a false sonar target. A valve opened and closed, holding the device at a depth of about 30 m (98 ft). The device lasted 20 to 25 minutes. It replicated the echo of an Asdic-sonar submarine contact.

The Royal Navy called it SBT (Submarine Bubble Target).
Matt Roloff
Matthew James Roloff (born October 7, 1961) is an American television personality, author, farmer, business entrepreneur, and motivational speaker best known for participating with his family on the TLC reality television program Little People, Big World. The show featured the Roloffs' daily life. Roloff has dwarfism, as does his ex-wife Amy and one of their four children, Zachary.

Little People, Big World
Little People, Big World is an American reality television series that premiered on March 4, 2006, and airs on TLC. The series chronicles the lives of the six-member Roloff family farm near Portland, Oregon. Many of the episodes focus on the parents, Matt and Amy, and one of their children, Zach, all of whom have dwarfism.

On August 26, 2010, TLC announced that the sixth season would be the last for the show.   However, the show was not canceled and is still on the air as of 2024.

In 2012, TLC aired several specials: "Conquering Mount St. Helens", "Breaking Down the Walls", and "Welcome to the Jungle". On October 5, 2012, TLC announced a spin-off series – Little People Big World: Wedding Farm. It chronicles Matt and Amy as they jump-start their wedding business on the farm. The series premiered on November 13, 2012, and ran for six episodes.

In October 2024, Amy Roloff announced the show had concluded after 25 seasons.
Vanessa Virgen
Vanessa Virgen Zepeda (born July 11, 1984, in Manzanillo, Colima) is a female beach volleyball player from Mexico, who played during the Swatch FIVB World Tour 2005 playing with Alejandra Acosta and 2006, playing with Diana Estrada.

She also represented her home country at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games partnering Martha Revuelta and winning the silver medal.
At the NORCECA Beach Volleyball Circuit 2008 she claimed three times the 4th place.

She claimed her first podium and the 2nd place at the 2009 NORCECA Caymand Islands Tournament playing with Paulette Cruz, whom she conquered some weeks later the 3rd place at the Boca Chica Tournament, in Dominican Republic.

Martha Revuelta
Martha Revuelta Jiménez (born September 6, 1986) is a female beach volleyball and volleyball player from Mexico, who played during the Swatch FIVB World Tour 2005 playing with Teresa Galindo.

Participating at the 2003 SWATCH-FIVB U-18 World Championships in Pattaya Thailand, and partnering Diana Estrada, they finished in the 4th place, after losing the bronze medal match 21–19, 17–21, 15-7 from Frederike Fischer-Sandra Piasecki, from Germany.

She also represented her home country at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games partnering Vanessa Virgen and winning the silver medal. That year she was the volleyball female recipient of the "Luchador Olmeca" Award.

At the NORCECA Beach Volleyball Circuit 2008 she won the gold medal at the Guadalajara Tournament.
The Box (British and Irish TV channel)
The Box was a television channel in the United Kingdom and Ireland, owned and operated by Channel Four Television Corporation. It primarily broadcast music videos and music-related programs.

On 29 January 2024, Channel 4 announced in a press release that they would close The Box and its sister channels, which occurred on 30 June 2024.

Channel Four Television Corporation
Channel Four Television Corporation is a British state-owned media company which runs 12 television channels, a streaming service, and film and TV production. Unlike the BBC, it receives no public funding and is instead funded entirely by its own commercial activities. Its original and principal activity is the British national television network Channel 4.

The company was founded in 1982 as the Channel Four Television Company Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of the IBA, and became an independent statutory corporation in 1993. November 1998 saw Channel Four expand beyond its remit of providing the 'fourth service' in a significant way, with the launch of Film4. Since then the corporation has been involved in a range of other activities, all in some way associated with the main channel, and mainly using the '4' brand. The company also owned The Box Plus Network, a music-focused company with a network of six music television channels. They were folded into the corporation in 2019.
Pandemonium effect
The pandemonium effect is a problem that may appear when high-resolution detectors (usually germanium semiconductor detectors) are used in beta decay studies. It can affect the correct determination of the feeding to the different levels of the daughter nucleus. It was first introduced in 1977.

Gamma spectroscopy
Gamma-ray spectroscopy is the qualitative study of the energy spectra of gamma-ray sources, such as in the nuclear industry, geochemical investigation, and astrophysics. Gamma-ray spectrometry, on the other hand, is the method used to acquire a quantitative spectrum measurement.

Most radioactive sources produce gamma rays, which are of various energies and intensities. When these emissions are detected and analyzed with a spectroscopy system, a gamma-ray energy spectrum can be produced.

A detailed analysis of this spectrum is typically used to determine the identity and quantity of gamma emitters present in a gamma source, and is a vital tool in radiometric assay. The gamma spectrum is characteristic of the gamma-emitting nuclides contained in the source, just like in an optical spectrometer, the optical spectrum is characteristic of the material contained in a sample.
North Carolina Highway 211
North Carolina Highway 211 (NC 211) is a 162.5-mile-long (261.5 km) primary state highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  It traverses mostly through the Sandhills and Coastal Plain regions of the state; connecting the cities of Candor, Aberdeen, Raeford, Lumberton, Bladenboro, and Southport.

Southport, North Carolina
Southport is a city in Brunswick County, North Carolina, United States, near the mouth of the Cape Fear River. Its population was 3,971 as of the 2020 census. The current mayor, Joe Pat Hatem, was elected to a two-year term in November 2025.

Southport is the location of the North Carolina Fourth of July Festival, which attracts 40,000 to 50,000 visitors annually.