hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Schilder's theorem
In mathematics, Schilder's theorem is a generalization of the Laplace method from integrals on  to functional Wiener integration. The theorem is used in the large deviations theory of stochastic processes.  Roughly speaking, out of Schilder's theorem one gets an estimate for the probability that a (scaled-down) sample path of Brownian motion will stray far from the mean path (which is constant with value 0).  This statement is made precise using rate functions.  Schilder's theorem is generalized by the Freidlin–Wentzell theorem for Itō diffusions.

Large deviations theory
In probability theory, the theory of large deviations concerns the asymptotic behaviour of remote tails of sequences of probability distributions. While some basic ideas of the theory can be traced to Laplace, the formalization started with insurance mathematics, namely ruin theory with Cramér and Lundberg. A unified formalization of large deviation theory was developed in 1966, in a paper by Varadhan. Large deviations theory formalizes the heuristic ideas of concentration of measures and widely generalizes the notion of convergence of probability measures.

Roughly speaking, large deviations theory concerns itself with the exponential decline of the probability measures of certain kinds of extreme or tail events.
The Top Bet
The Top Bet (Chinese: 賭霸 Literal translation: Queen of Gambling) is a 1991 Hong Kong comedy film directed by Jeffrey Lau and Corey Yuen and starring Carol Cheng, Anita Mui and Ng Man-tat. It is a sequel to Lau and Yuen's 1990 film All for the Winner.

Ng Man-tat
Richard Ng Man-tat (Chinese: 吳孟達, 2 January 1952 – 27 February 2021), commonly called Uncle Tat (達叔), was a Hong Kong actor originally from Fujian. He was a veteran with dozens of awards in the Hong Kong film industry, including Best Supporting Actor at the 10th Hong Kong Film Awards for his role in A Moment of Romance. Ng was best known for his comedic roles alongside Stephen Chow and was a versatile actor with many memorable performances throughout his career.
Martin Gren
Martin Gren (born September 15, 1962) is a Swedish entrepreneur and inventor of the first network camera.

In 1984, Gren founded Axis Communications, together with Mikael Karlsson and Keith Bloodworth, a company that initially developed and sold print servers, but which later came to be a world leader in network video. In 1996 Gren invented the first network camera, the AXIS 200, NetEye, together with Carl-Axel Alm.

Axis Communications
Axis Communications AB is a Swedish manufacturer of network cameras, access control, and network audio devices for the physical security and video surveillance industries. Since 2015, it operates as an independent subsidiary of Canon Inc.
Aeroprakt A-26 Vulcan
The Aeroprakt A-26 Vulcan is a light twin engine aircraft developed from a modified Aeroprakt A-20 light single aircraft. Some models imported to the United States are registered as Spectrum Aircraft SA-26 Vulcan.

Aeroprakt A-20 Vista
The Aeroprakt A-20 Vista is a family of Ukrainian tandem two-seat high-wing, strut-braced, pusher configuration conventional landing gear, ultralight aircraft, produced by Aeroprakt. The A-20 was introduced into the North American market at AirVenture 1999.
Fame and Fortune (film)
Fame and Fortune is a 1918 American silent Western film directed by Lynn Reynolds and starring Tom Mix, Kathleen Connors, and George Nicholls based on the short story Slow Burgess by Charles Alden Seltzer which was later published in 1926. The film was released by Fox Film Corporation on October 20, 1918.

George Nichols (actor)
George Nichols, sometimes credited in films as George O. Nicholls (October 28, 1864 – September 20, 1927), was an American actor and film director. He worked at Mack Sennett's Keystone Studios.

Nichols was born in Rockford, Illinois. He made 221 known film appearances from 1908 up to his death in 1927. He also directed 103 films between 1911 and 1916. Along with Henry "Pathe" Lehrman, Nichols became an arch-enemy of Charlie Chaplin very early on in Chaplin's film career, as Chaplin was dissatisfied with Nichols' way of directing and comic ideas while both worked at Keystone in 1914. In his autobiography, Chaplin recalled a dispute between himself and Nichols during the shooting of a film in which Chaplin appeared.

While working at Keystone, 'Pops', as he was known, was often cast as father to Mabel Normand.
Stadium for Cornwall
The Stadium for Cornwall was a proposed multi-purpose stadium in Threemilestone, Cornwall, a county within the British Isles. There are no major sports stadia in Cornwall: the largest capacity ground is the Recreation Ground in Camborne. Football club Truro City and rugby union team Cornish Pirates have both advanced plans for a new stadium, with both clubs requiring new facilities if they are to progress in their respective sports. Cornwall Council is developing a business plan for the stadium; although it initially stated any project would have to be privately funded, in April 2018 councillors voted to provide partial funding of £3m towards the estimated total of £14.3m for the project. In June 2022 following Cornwall Council’s withdrawal of funding the Stadium for Cornwall board voted to cease co-developing the Stadium.

Cornwall Council
Cornwall Council (Cornish: Konsel Kernow [ˈkɔn.sɛl ˈkɛrnɔʊ]), known between 1889 and 2009 as Cornwall County Council (Cornish: Konteth Konsel Kernow), is the local authority for the non-metropolitan county of Cornwall in South West England. Since 2009 it has been a unitary authority, having taken over district-level functions when the county’s districts were abolished. The non-metropolitan county of Cornwall is slightly smaller than the ceremonial county, which additionally includes the Isles of Scilly. The council's headquarters is Lys Kernow (also known as New County Hall) in Truro.

The council has been under no overall control since July 2024. Following the May 2025 election an administration of the Liberal Democrats and independents formed to run the council.
U.S. Route 23 in Kentucky
U.S. Route 23 (US 23) is a 157.765-mile-long (253.898 km) United States Numbered Highway in the state of Kentucky. It travels from the Virginia state line near Jenkins to the Ohio state line west of South Shore via Jenkins, Pikeville, Coal Run Village, Prestonsburg, Paintsville, Louisa, Catlettsburg, Ashland, Russell, Flatwoods, Raceland, Wurtland, Greenup, and South Shore.

Russell, Kentucky
Russell is a home rule-class city on the south bank of the Ohio River in Greenup County, Kentucky, United States. As of the 2020 census, Russell had a population of 3,744. Russell is a suburb of Ashland and part of the Huntington-Ashland-Ironton metropolitan area. It has close economic affiliations with its neighbors, Ashland and Flatwoods in Kentucky and Ironton, Ohio.
William Switzer
William "Bill" Alexander Switzer (September 21, 1920 – June 30, 1969) was a Canadian politician from Alberta. He served as a pilot in the Royal Canadian Air Force during the Second World War and upon returning to Canada was elected Mayor of Hinton, Alberta, and later a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1965 to 1969 as a member of the opposition in the Liberal caucus. Two years after his death the Government of Alberta named William A. Switzer Provincial Park in his honour.

William A. Switzer Provincial Park
William A. Switzer Provincial Park is a provincial park in Alberta, Canada.

It is located on both sides of the Bighorn Highway, between Grande Cache and Hinton. Various campgrounds are maintained on the shores of Gregg Lake, Cache Lake, Blue Lake and Jarvis Lake.

This park is situated within the foothills of Alberta's Rocky Mountains, at an elevation of 1,150 m (3,770 ft) to 1,300 m (4,300 ft) and has a surface of 93 km2 (36 sq mi). It was established on December 22, 1958 and is maintained by Alberta Tourism, Parks and Recreation. The park is named after former provincial Member of the Legislative Assembly William Switzer.
Apple Tree (horse)
Apple Tree (6 March 1989 – 16 December 2018) is a French Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. During a racing career which lasted from September 1991 until October 1995 he competed in France, Germany, England, the United States and Japan, winning seven of his twenty-six races. After showing promise as a two-year-old he won the Prix Greffulhe and the Preis von Europa in 1992. As a four-year-old he ran prominently in several major races before winning the Prix du Prince d'Orange and the Turf Classic. He reached his peak as a five-year-old in 1994 when he defeated top-class international fields in the Coronation Cup and the Grand Prix de Saint-Cloud. After his retirement from racing he stood as a breeding stallion with limited success.

Polytain
Polytain (22 April 1989 – after 2000) was a French Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. Unraced as a juvenile, he won his first two races and then finished third before finishing third in the Prix La Force and then recording an upset win in the Prix du Jockey Club. His subsequent form was disappointing as he failed to win in his remaining nine races. He made no impact as a breeding stallion.
Synthetism
Synthetism is a term used by Post-Impressionist artists like Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard and Louis Anquetin to distinguish their work stylistically from Impressionism. Earlier, Synthetism has been connected to the term Cloisonnism, and later to Symbolism. The term is derived from the French verb synthétiser (to synthesize or to combine so as to form a new, complex product).

Émile Bernard
Émile Henri Bernard (French pronunciation: [emil ɑ̃ʁi bɛʁnaʁ]; 28 April 1868 – 16 April 1941) was a French Post-Impressionist painter and writer, who had artistic friendships with Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin and Eugène Boch, and at a later time, Paul Cézanne. Most of his notable work was accomplished at a young age, in the years 1886 through 1897. He is also associated with Cloisonnism and Synthetism, two late 19th-century art movements. Less known is Bernard's literary work, comprising plays, poetry, and art criticism as well as art historical statements that contain first-hand information on the crucial period of modern art to which Bernard had contributed.
Hellmuth von Ruckteschell
Hellmuth von Ruckteschell (22 March 1890 − 24 September 1948) was a German naval officer during World War II. He was a prominent and highly successful merchant raider commander for Nazi Germany, serving as the captain of the commerce raiders Widder and Michel. Following the end of the War, as a result of having ordered firing to murder surrendered survivors, Ruckteschell was convicted of war crimes and died in prison.

German auxiliary cruiser Widder
Widder (HSK 3) was an auxiliary cruiser (Hilfskreuzer) of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine that was used as a merchant raider in the Second World War. Her Kriegsmarine designation was Schiff 21, to the Royal Navy she was Raider D. The name Widder (Ram) represents the constellation Aries in German.
Greek National Road 3
Greek National Road 3 (Greek: Εθνική Οδός 3, abbreviated as EO3) is a single carriageway road in Greece. It connects Elefsina near Athens with the border of North Macedonia at Niki. It passes through Larissa and Florina. At Niki, it connects with the M5K motorway to Bitola. The section Kozani - Niki is also designated as the A27 motorway, part of which is operational as a 2-lane motorway.

Greek National Road 3 is one of the longest national roads in Greece and until the 1960s it served as the main route from Larissa to Thessaloniki. The A1 motorway now offers a faster connection to Thessaloniki. Most of the EO3, except the southernmost section between Eleusis and Bralos, is part of the E65.

European route E65
European route E65 is a north-south Class-A European route that begins in Malmö, Sweden and ends in Chania, Greece. The road is about 4,400 km (2,700 mi) in length. After crossing the Baltic Sea, it proceeds on land from north to south through Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, Kosovo, North Macedonia, and Greece.
Phil Tabor
Philip Martin Tabor (born November 30, 1956) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Oklahoma Sooners. Tabor played four seasons in the NFL with the New York Giants.  He is the identical twin brother of former NFL player Paul Tabor.

Paul Tabor
Paul Carrol Tabor (born November 30, 1956) is an American former professional football center and guard. He played for the Chicago Bears in 1980.  He is the identical twin brother of former NFL player Phil Tabor.
Castle of Calendasco
The Castle of Calendasco (Castrum Calendaschi in Latin) is a fortification located in the Italian municipality of Calendasco, in the province of Piacenza.

The building, built entirely of brick, is substantially intact and in a good state of preservation, although in need of some restoration work.

The oldest part of the manor was built at the behest of the bishop count of Piacenza, whose territory of Calendasco was a fief, as architectural traces indicate, around the year 1000, while the first mention is in a document by Pope Urban II dating from 1187 in which the property rights of the monks of San Salvatore di Quartizzola in Calendasco were confirmed.

The castle with the receptum formed, together with the church and the pilgrims' hospital, the Calendaschi burg.

Calendasco
Calendasco (Piacentino: Calindasch) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Piacenza in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 150 kilometres (93 mi) northwest of Bologna and about 9 kilometres (6 mi) northwest of Piacenza.

Calendasco was founded along the Via Emilia; entering the town over the bridge over the Trebbia River is a plaque commemorating the Battle of Trebbia (213 BC) where the army of Hannibal defeated the Romans.
Willie Watson (English cricketer)
Willie Watson (7 March 1920 – 24 April 2004) was an English cricketer, who played for Yorkshire, Leicestershire and England. He was a double international, as Watson was also a footballer who played for England's national team. He was the son of Billy Watson, and brother of Albert Watson, also footballers.

Billy Watson (footballer, born 1893)
William Watson (31 December 1893 – 1962) was a professional footballer who played as a wing half for Huddersfield Town all his career from 1912 to 1927.

His sons Willy (died 23 April 2004 in South Africa) and Albert (died 2009 in Sunderland) were on Town's playing staff in later years.
Peter Skelton (judge)
Sir Peter Robert Skelton KNZM (born 13 October 1939) is a retired judge of the Environment Court in New Zealand. After retiring from the bench, he taught environmental law at Lincoln University for some years in the early 2000s. From 2010 to 2019, he was a government-appointed commissioner at Environment Canterbury. He was knighted in the 2025 New Year Honours, for services to environmental law.

Environment Canterbury
Environment Canterbury, frequently abbreviated to ECan, is the promotional name for the Canterbury Regional Council. It is the regional council for Canterbury, the largest region in the South Island of New Zealand. It is part of New Zealand's structure of local government.
Clarke Reed
Clarke Thomas Reed Sr. (August 4, 1928 – December 8, 2024) was an American businessman and politician. He served as Chairman of the Mississippi Republican Party from 1966 to 1976. Prior to his political career, Reed was an agricultural businessman and a graduate in economics.

Reed was widely credited for strengthening the Republican Party's influence and eventual dominance in the Southern United States. He was also noted for his support of President Gerald Ford during the 1976 Republican National Convention, which played a role in the defeat of then-Governor Ronald Reagan's candidacy for the Republican nomination.

Mississippi Republican Party
The Mississippi Republican Party is the Mississippi state affiliate of the United States Republican Party. The party chairman is D. Michael Hurst Jr., and the party is based in Jackson, Mississippi. The original Republican Party of Mississippi was founded following the American Civil War, and the current incarnation of the Mississippi Republican Party was founded in 1956. The party would grow in popularity after the 1964 Civil Rights Act and is currently the dominant party in the state.
Kenneth Arrow
Kenneth Joseph Arrow (August 23, 1921 – February 21, 2017) was an American economist, mathematician and political theorist. He received the John Bates Clark Medal in 1957, and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1972, along with John Hicks.

In economics, Arrow was a major figure in postwar neoclassical economic theory. Four of his students (Roger Myerson, Eric Maskin, John Harsanyi, and Michael Spence) went on to become Nobel laureates themselves. His contributions to social choice theory, notably his "impossibility theorem", and his work on general equilibrium analysis are significant. His work in many other areas of economics, including endogenous growth theory and the economics of information, was also foundational.

John Hicks
Sir John Richard Hicks (8 April 1904 – 20 May 1989) was a British economist. He is considered one of the most important and influential economists of the twentieth century. The most familiar of his many contributions in the field of economics were his statement of consumer demand theory in microeconomics, and the IS–LM model (1937), which summarised a Keynesian view of macroeconomics.  His book Value and Capital (1939) significantly extended general-equilibrium and value theory.  The compensated demand function is named the Hicksian demand function in memory of him.

In 1972 he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (jointly)  for his pioneering contributions to general equilibrium theory and welfare theory.
Show Boat (1988 cast album)
Show Boat is a 221-minute studio album of Jerome Kern's musical, performed by a cast headed by Karla Burns, Jerry Hadley, Bruce Hubbard, Frederica von Stade and Teresa Stratas with the Ambrosian Chorus and the London Sinfonietta under the direction of John McGlinn. It was recorded from June 1 to August 31, 1987 at Abbey Road Studios in London.

John McGlinn
John Alexander McGlinn III (September 18, 1953 – February 14, 2009) was an American conductor and musical theatre archivist. He was a leading advocate of the use of original orchestrations and vocal arrangements in studio cast recordings of Broadway musicals, and he made several notable albums exemplifying his philosophy of historical authenticity.
Lordan Zafranović
Lordan Zafranović (born 11 February 1944) is an eminent Croatian-Yugoslav film director known for his World War II trilogy consisting of Occupation in 26 Pictures (1978), The Fall of Italy (1981), and Evening Bells (1986), all co-written with Mirko Kovač (writer), for his experimental black and white early work, which mark him as a major figure of the Yugoslav Black Wave, and for his dauntless exploration of Ustaše crimes during the NDH period.

Occupation in 26 Pictures
Occupation in 26 Pictures (Serbo-Croatian: Okupacija u 26 slika; also distributed internationally as Occupation in 26 Tableaux) is a 1978 Yugoslav anti-war film directed by Lordan Zafranović. The film was selected as the Yugoslav entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.
Wayang Museum
The Wayang Museum (Indonesian: Museum Wayang) is a museum dedicated to Javan wayang puppetry. The museum is located in Kota Tua, Jakarta, Indonesia. It is one of several museums and galleries facing  Fatahillah Square, which include the Jakarta History Museum, Fine Art and Ceramic Museum, and Kota Post Office art gallery.

Museum of Fine Arts and Ceramics
The Museum of Fine Arts and Ceramics (Indonesian: Museum Seni Rupa dan Keramik) is a museum in Jakarta, Indonesia. The museum is dedicated especially to the display of traditional fine art and ceramics of Indonesia. The museum is located in the east side of Fatahillah Square, near Jakarta History Museum and Wayang Museum.
Sultanpur Lodhi
Sultanpur Lodhi is a city and a Municipal Council, 17 miles (27 km) from Kapurthala city in the Kapurthala district in the Indian state of Punjab. The town is named after its founder, Bahlul Khan Lodi, the future Sultan of Delhi who renamed the town in 1443 C.E. during his time as governor of Punjab, and was also mentioned in the Ain-e-Akbari. Sultanpur Lodhi is on the south bank of a seasonal rivulet called Kali Bein, which runs 6 miles (9.7 km) north of the confluence of the Beas and Sutlej rivers of Punjab.

Kali Bein
Kali Bein is a rivulet in Punjab, India that flows into the confluence of the rivers Beas and Satluj at Harike. Guru Nanak attained enlightenment after taking a bath in the Kali Bein, and despite its religious history in Sikhism, the rivulet is not considered holy by the Sikhs in Punjab, as no bodies of water are considered holy in Sikhism aside from the Sikh Sarovars (pools of water within gurdwaras) of Gurdwaras (Sikh Temples). In the wake of the Green Revolution and the rise of chemical pesticides, the Kali Bein became progressively polluted until it was cleaned and rejuvenated in a mass action led by Sant Balbir Singh Seechewal in the 2000s.
Vulnerable species
A vulnerable species is a species that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as being threatened with extinction unless the circumstances that are threatening its survival and reproduction improve.

Vulnerability is mainly caused by habitat loss or destruction of the species' home. Vulnerable habitat or species are monitored and can become increasingly threatened. Some species listed as "vulnerable" may be common in captivity, an example being the military macaw.

In 2012, a total of 5,196 animals and 6,789 plants were classified as vulnerable, compared with values of 2,815 and 3,222 in 1998, corresponding to increases of 85 percent and 111 percent, respectively, over a 14 year period, or about 4 percent and 5 percent a year.

Practices such as cryoconservation of animal genetic resources have been enforced in efforts to conserve vulnerable breeds of livestock specifically.

Conservation status
The conservation status of a group of organisms (for example, a species) indicates whether the group still exists and how likely it is to become extinct in the near future. Many factors are taken into account when assessing conservation status—not simply the number of individuals remaining, but the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, and known threats.

Various systems of conservation status are in use at international, multi-country, national and local levels, as well as for consumer use such as sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification. The two international systems are by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).