hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Thioglycolate broth
Thioglycolate broth is a multipurpose, enrichment, differential medium used primarily to determine the oxygen requirements of microorganisms. Sodium thioglycolate in the medium consumes oxygen and permits the growth of obligate anaerobes. This, combined with the diffusion of oxygen from the top of the broth, produces a range of oxygen concentrations in the medium along its depth. The oxygen concentration at a given level is indicated by a redox-sensitive dye such as resazurin that turns pink in the presence of oxygen.

This allows the differentiation of obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, microaerophiles, and aerotolerant organisms.  For example, obligately anaerobic Clostridium species will be seen growing only in the bottom of the test tube.

Thioglycolate broth is also used to recruit macrophages to the peritoneal cavity of mice when injected intraperitoneally. It recruits numerous macrophages, but does not activate them.

Obligate anaerobe
Obligate anaerobes are microorganisms killed by normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen (20.95% O2). Oxygen tolerance varies between species, with some species capable of surviving in up to 8% oxygen, while others lose viability in environments with an oxygen concentration greater than 0.5%.

Obligate anaerobes, which die when normal amounts of oxygen are present, are contrasted with obligate aerobes, which die without oxygen. Bacteria that fall in between these two extremes may be classified as either facultative anaerobes, which can use oxygen but also survive without it, or microaerophiles, which need lower levels of oxygen. Aerotolerant organisms are indifferent to the presence or absence of oxygen.
International Western Music Association
The  International Western Music Association was incorporated in 1989 to promote and preserve western music in its traditional, historical, and contemporary forms.

The IWMA hosts the International Western Music Convention every November in Albuquerque, during which it announces winners in categories including Traditional Western Duo/Group of the Year, Traditional Western Album of the Year, Song of the Year, Songwriter of the Year, Male and Female Performers of the Year, Entertainer of the Year, etc.

It also publishes The Western Way, a magazine dedicated to the promotion of western music, and sponsors the Western Music Hall of Fame.

Western Music Association Hall of Fame
The Western Music Association Hall of Fame is sponsored by the International Western Music Association. Inductees are those individuals deemed important to the traditional and contemporary music of the American West and the American Cowboy. The organization is headquartered in Coppell, Texas.
Vladimir Ćopić
Vladimir "Senjko" Ćopić (8 March 1891 – 19 April 1939) was a Yugoslav revolutionary, politician, journalist and, as organizational secretary, the second in command of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia from April 1919 to August 1920.

Filip Filipović (politician)
Filip Filipović (Serbian Cyrillic: Филип Филиповић; June 21, 1878 – April 1938) was a Serbian mathematician, one of the founders of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia and its first secretary. He spent most of his last ten years in the Soviet Union, where he was executed during the Great Purge.
Big Creek (Cuivre River tributary)
Big Creek is a stream in Lincoln, 
St. Charles and Warren counties of the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of the Cuivre River.

The source area for the stream lies just southwest of Warrenton in Warren County. The stream flows north passing under Interstate 70 and turns east passing under Missouri Route 47 before entering Lincoln county. The stream meanders east and becomes the boundary between Lincoln and St. Charles counties. It passes under US Route 61 and enters the Cuivre to the north of Wentzville, and the communities of Flint Hill and Enon.

An early variant name was "Eagle Fork". According to tradition, the former name was applied because eagles often attacked an early settler's hogs.

Cuivre River
The Cuivre River is a 41.6-mile-long (66.9 km) river in the east central part of the state of Missouri, north of the Missouri River terminus. A good part of its course marks the borders between Lincoln and St. Charles counties before emptying into the Mississippi River north of St. Louis. The Cuivre River State Park near Troy has its southwestern borders on the river. The river is considered a navigable stream by the Missouri water patrol.
Maya–Yunga–Chipayan languages
The Maya–Yunga–Chipayan languages are a proposed macrofamily linking the Chimuan, Uru–Chipaya, and Mayan language families of the Americas. The macrofamily was proposed by Stark (1972). However, it has not gained widespread acceptance among linguists.

Uru–Chipaya languages
The Uru–Chipaya family is an indigenous language family of Bolivia.

The speakers were originally fishermen on the shores of Lake Titicaca, Lake Poopó, and the Desaguadero River.

Chipaya has over a thousand speakers and sees vigorous use in the native community, but all other Uru languages or dialects are extinct.

Loukotka (1968) also lists the Chango language, once spoken on the coast of Chile from Huasco to Cobija in Antofagasta Province. According to Loukotka that population would have been Araucanized at some point in history. More modern classifications leave it unclassified, as only proper names and placenames are known (Mason 1950).
Lucas Pinheiro Braathen
Lucas Pinheiro Braathen (/ˈluːkəs piˈɲeɾu brah-ten/ ⓘ, born 19 April 2000) is a Norwegian and Brazilian alpine ski racer who specializes in the technical events of slalom and giant slalom. He is the men's giant slalom champion at the 2026 Winter Olympics, becoming the first Brazilian and South American in history to win a medal at the Winter Olympics, as well as the first athlete representing any tropical nation to win a Winter Olympic medal.

Until his retirement from World Cup racing in October 2023, he represented Norway in international events. In March 2024, Pinheiro Braathen announced that he would return to the alpine skiing circuit, representing Brazil instead.

Alpine skiing at the 2026 Winter Olympics – Men's giant slalom
The men's giant slalom competition of the 2026 Winter Olympics was held on Saturday, 14 February,  at Stelvio Ski Centre in Bormio. Lucas Pinheiro Braathen of Brazil won the event. This was the first medal for Brazil at the Winter Olympics, and also the first medal for a tropical nation and South America. Marco Odermatt of Switzerland, the defending champion, won the silver medal and teammate Loïc Meillard took bronze.
Jerzy Maculewicz
Bishop Jerzy Maculewicz, O.F.M.Conv. (born 30 May 1955) is a Roman Catholic prelate who serves as the first Apostolic Administrator of the Apostolic Administration of Uzbekistan and Titular Bishop of Nara since 1 April 2005.

Bir El Hafey
Bir El Hafey (Arabic: بئر الحفي) is a town and commune located at 34°55′48″N 9°12′00″E in the Sidi Bouzid Governorate, in Tunisia (Maghreb, North Africa). As of 2004 it had a population of 6,405.

Bir El Hafey is located about thirty kilometers south of Sidi Bouzid, in the southern foothills of the Tunisian ridge. Attached to the governorate of Sidi Bouzid, it is a municipality with 6,475 inhabitants in 2014. It is also the capital of a delegation.

It is in crossroads position on the Kairouan-Gafsa axis because crossed by the RN3 while being connected to Sidi Bouzid, the chief town of the governorate.
Andrey Kharitonov
Andrey Igorevich Kharitonov (Russian: Андрей Игоревич Харитонов; 25 July 1959 – 23 June 2019) was a Soviet and Russian film and theater actor, director, screenwriter. He is best known for roles in films The Gadfly, The Star and Death of Joaquin Murieta and The Invisible Man.

The Invisible Man (1985 film)
The Invisible Man (Russian: Человек-невидимка, romanized: Chelovek-nevidimka) is a 1985 Soviet science fiction comedy-drama film directed by Aleksandr Zakharov based on the 1897 eponymous novel by H. G. Wells.
Totnes (UK Parliament constituency)
Totnes was a parliamentary constituency in Devon represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament.

Under the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the constituency name was abolished. With to minor boundary changes, it was renamed South Devon at the 2024 general election.

South Hams (UK Parliament constituency)
South Hams was a county constituency based on the South Hams district of Devon.  It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The constituency was created for the 1983 general election, and abolished for the 1997 general election. The constituency covered a vast part of the English Riviera on the south Devon coast.
Night vision
Night vision is the ability to see in low-light conditions, either naturally with scotopic vision or through a night-vision device. Night vision requires both sufficient spectral range and sufficient intensity range. Humans have poor night vision compared to many animals such as cats, dogs, foxes and rabbits, in part because the human eye lacks a tapetum lucidum, tissue behind the retina that reflects light back through the retina thus increasing the light available to the photoreceptors. The trade-off of night vision adaptation is less color clarity and detail (an adaptation the human eye excels at); an almost 'greyish' perception in bright daylight.

Low light level television
Low light level television (LLLTV) is a type of electronic sensing device, usually a CCD camera sensitive to wavelengths above the normal "visible" (0.4 to 0.7 micrometre) wavelengths, and into the short-wave Infrared - usually to about 1.0 to 1.1 micrometres.  This allows viewing of objects in extremely low light levels, where they would not be seen by the naked eye.  LLLTVs tend to be more affordable than infrared cameras, which typically cover ranges from 3 to 5 μm (MWIR)or 8 to 12 μm (LWIR)
OTI Festival 1996
The OTI Festival 1996 (Spanish: Vigésimo Quinto Gran Premio de la Canción Iberoamericana, Portuguese: Vigésimo Quinto Grande Prêmio da Canção Ibero-Americana) was the 25th edition of the OTI Festival, held on 14 December 1996 at the Teatro Nacional of the Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana in Quito, Ecuador, and presented by Christian Johnson and Ximena Aulestia. It was organised by the Organización de Televisión Iberoamericana (OTI) and host broadcaster the Asociación de Canales de Televisión del Ecuador (ACTVE).

Broadcasters from twenty-two countries participated in the festival. The winner was the song "Manos" performed by Anabel Russ representing Spain; with "Cuánto te amo" by Guillermo Guido representing Argentina placing second; and "Bendito amor" by Carmina Cannavino representing Peru placing third.

Spain in the OTI Festival
The participation of Spain in the OTI Festival began at the first OTI Festival in 1972. The Spanish participating broadcaster was Televisión Española (TVE), subsidiary of Radiotelevisión Española (RTVE) and member of the Organización de Televisión Iberoamericana (OTI). TVE participated in twenty-seven of the twenty-eight editions, only missing the 1986 festival as a protest against the military dictatorship of Chile. It won the festival six times: in 1976, 1981, 1992, 1993, 1995, and 1996; and it hosted the event also six times: in 1972, 1977, 1985, 1992, 1993, and 1994.
The Grey Zone
The Grey Zone is a 2001 American historical tragedy film written and directed by Tim Blake Nelson and starring David Arquette, Steve Buscemi, Harvey Keitel, Mira Sorvino, and Daniel Benzali. It is based on the book Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account written by Dr. Miklós Nyiszli.

The title comes from a chapter in the book The Drowned and the Saved by Holocaust survivor Primo Levi. The film tells the story of the Jewish Sonderkommando XII in Auschwitz in October 1944. These prisoners were made to assist the camp's guards in shepherding their victims to the gas chambers and then disposing of their bodies in the ovens.

Sonderkommando
Sonderkommandos (German: [ˈzɔndɐkɔˌmando], lit. 'special unit') were work units made up of German Nazi death camp prisoners. They were composed of prisoners, usually Jews, who were forced, on threat of their own deaths, to aid with the disposal of gas chamber victims during the Holocaust. The death-camp Sonderkommandos, who were always inmates, were unrelated to the SS-Sonderkommandos, which were ad hoc units formed from members of various SS offices between 1938 and 1945.

The German term was part of the vague and euphemistic language which the Nazis used to refer to aspects of the Final Solution (e.g., Einsatzkommando, "deployment units").
Dadu River
The Dadu River (Chinese: 大渡河; pinyin: Dàdù Hé; Wade–Giles: Tatu Ho, Yi: ꍩꍠꒉꄿ, romanized: Chot Zhyr Yy Dda), known in Tibetan as the Gyelmo Ngul Chu (Tibetan: རྒྱལ་མོ་རྔུལ་ཆུ་, Wylie: rgyal mo rngul chu), is a major river located primarily in Sichuan province, southwestern China. The Dadu flows from the eastern Tibetan Plateau into the Sichuan Basin where it joins with the Min River, a tributary of the Yangtze River.  Measured from its geographic source, the Dadu is actually longer than the Min River, with a total length of 1,076 km (669 mi) and thus forms the main stem of the Min River system.

Shuangjiangkou Dam, expected to be the tallest dam in the world, is being built on the Dadu River.

Sichuan Basin
The Sichuan Basin (Chinese: 四川盆地; pinyin: Sìchuān Péndì), formerly transliterated as the Szechwan Basin, sometimes called the Red Basin, is a lowland region in southwestern China. It is surrounded by mountains on all sides and is drained by the upper Yangtze River and its tributaries. The basin is anchored by Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province, in the west, and the direct-administered municipality of Chongqing in the east. Due to its relative flatness and fertile soils, it is able to support a population of more than 100 million. In addition to being a dominant geographical feature of the region, the Sichuan Basin also constitutes a cultural sphere that is distinguished by its own unique customs, cuisine and dialects. It is famous for its rice cultivation and is often considered the breadbasket of China. In the 21st century its industrial base is expanding with growth in the high-tech, aerospace, and petroleum industries.
3M8S
3M8S (pronounced Three mates) was a Flemish Belgian boyband in the early 2010s made up of Dean Delannoit, Kevin Kayirangwa and Dennis De Neyer, all former contestants on Belgian Idool.

The band was formed in May 2012 when the three members decided to join forces in a band with each one also continuing their solo careers whenever possible. The band usually sings English language. The name was chosen on the basis of a competition by the youth magazine JOEPIE.

The band has been relatively successful and took part in the preliminary rounds for preliminary rounds of "Eurosong 2014" to try to represent Belgium in 2014 Eurovision Song Contest, and was eliminated in the early rounds of the selection. Later the boy band announced that it would stop so that members would focus on their solo career.

Dean Delannoit
Dean Delannoit (born 27 January 1989), most known by the mononym Dean, is a Belgian singer who was the winner of Idool 2007, the third season of the Belgian version of Pop Idol. His first album, So Many Ways, released in 2007, spent 11 weeks in the #1 spot in the Belgian charts.

In May 2012, he joined Kevin Kayirangwa (winner of Idool 2011) and Dennis De Neyer (a contestant in the same series) to form the Belgian Flemish boyband 3M8S.
The Battle of the River Plate (film)
The Battle of the River Plate (a.k.a. Pursuit of the Graf Spee in the United States) is a 1956 British war film in Technicolor and VistaVision by the writer-director-producer team of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger. The film stars John Gregson, Anthony Quayle, Bernard Lee and Peter Finch. It was distributed worldwide by Rank Film Distributors Ltd.

The film's storyline concerns the Battle of the River Plate, an early World War II naval engagement in 1939 between a Royal Navy force of three cruisers and the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee.

HMNZS Achilles
HMNZS Achilles was a Leander-class light cruiser, the second of five in the class. She served in the Royal New Zealand Navy in the Second World War. She was launched in 1931 for the Royal Navy, loaned to New Zealand in 1936 and transferred to the new Royal New Zealand Navy in 1941. She became famous for her part in the Battle of the River Plate, alongside HMS Ajax and HMS Exeter and notable for being the first Royal Navy cruiser to have fire control radar, with the installation of the New Zealand-made SS1 fire-control radar in June 1940.

After Second World War service in the Atlantic and Pacific, she was returned to the Royal Navy. She was sold to the Indian Navy in 1948 and recommissioned as INS Delhi. She was scrapped in 1978.
Once Upon a Time in Shanghai (TV series)
Once Upon a Time in Shanghai, also known as New Bund, is a Hong Kong television series and a remake of the 1980 television series The Bund. It was first aired on TVB in Hong Kong in 1996. The series starred Sunny Chan, Gordon Lam and Adia Chan as the original characters Hui Man-keung, Ting Lik and Fung Ching-ching respectively. It introduced some new changes to the original story, featuring new characters portrayed by Adam Cheng, Carol Cheng and others.

The Bund (TV series)
The Bund is a Hong Kong period crime drama television series first broadcast on TVB in 1980. It is praised as "The Godfather of the East" and spawned two sequels, two remakes, and a film adaptation. The theme song, which shares the same Chinese title as the series and was performed by Frances Yip, also became a memorable Cantopop hit.
Rachel Mahon
Rachel Mahon is a Canadian organist who has served as Director of Music at Coventry Cathedral, England, since 2020, having previously held positions at Truro Cathedral, St Paul's Cathedral and Chester Cathedral.

Coventry Cathedral
The Cathedral Church of Saint Michael, commonly known as Coventry Cathedral, is the seat of the Bishop of Coventry and the Diocese of Coventry within the Church of England. The cathedral is located in Coventry, West Midlands, England.

The city has had three cathedrals. The first was St Mary's, a monastic building, from 1102 to 1539, of which only a few ruins remain. The second was St Michael's, a 14th-century Gothic church designated as a cathedral in 1918, which remains a ruined shell after its bombing during the Second World War, apart from its tower and spire, which rise to 284 feet (87 metres). The third, consecrated in 1962, is the new St Michael's Cathedral, built immediately adjacent to the ruins and tower of the former cathedral – together forming both a symbol of war-time destruction and barbarity, and also of peace and reconciliation.
Retsina
Retsina (Greek: ρετσίνα) is a Greek white (or rosé or very rarely red) resinated wine, which has been made for at least 2,000 years. Its unique flavor is said to have originated from the practice of sealing wine vessels, particularly amphorae, with Aleppo pine resin in ancient times. Before the invention of impermeable glass bottles, oxygen caused many wines to spoil within a year. Pine resin helped keep air out, while infusing the wine with resin aroma. The Romans began to use barrels in the 3rd century AD, removing any oenological necessity for resin, but the flavor itself was so popular that the style is still widespread.

Pinus halepensis
Pinus halepensis, commonly known as the Aleppo pine, also known as the Jerusalem pine, is a pine native to the Mediterranean region. It was officially named by the botanist Philip Miller in his 1768 book The Gardener's Dictionary; he probably never went to Aleppo but mentions seeing large specimens at Goodwood in the garden of the Duke of Richmond, which were transplanted (perhaps sent by Alexander Russell from Syria) in 1739.
Edward R. Murrow College of Communication
The Edward R. Murrow College of Communication is a college of Washington State University (WSU) named in honor of one of WSU's most famous alumni, Edward R. Murrow. The college was launched July 1, 2008. Previously it was the Edward R. Murrow School of Communication housed in the College of Liberal Arts. The Murrow College offers undergraduate sequences in Communication & Society, Journalism & Media Production, and Strategic Communication. The College offers emphases in Communication, Technology, & Social Influence and Media & Health Promotion at the graduate level. The Murrow College currently has 35 faculty, 584 undergraduate students and 30 graduate students.

Edward R. Murrow
Edward Roscoe Murrow (born Egbert Roscoe Murrow; April 25, 1908 – April 27, 1965) was an American broadcast journalist and war correspondent.

He first gained prominence during World War II with a series of live radio broadcasts from Europe for the news division of CBS. During the war he recruited and worked closely with a team of war correspondents who came to be known as the Murrow Boys. A pioneer of radio and television news broadcasting, Murrow produced a series of reports on his television program See It Now which helped lead to the censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy. Fellow journalists Eric Sevareid, Ed Bliss, Bill Downs, Dan Rather, and Alexander Kendrick consider Murrow one of journalism's greatest figures. Murrow's life has been dramatized in several films, including Good Night, and Good Luck, which takes its name from the signature sign-off phrase Murrow used to end many of his wartime broadcasts.
Pwllpriddog Oak
The Pwllpriddog Oak (Welsh: Derwen Pwllpriddog), also known as the Rhandirmwyn Oak, is a 600–700-year-old tree located in farmland near Rhandirmwyn in Carmarthenshire, Wales.  Recently it has served as a duck roost and a music venue.  In 2018 the tree was named Welsh Tree of the Year in a public vote.

Rhandirmwyn
Rhandirmwyn (or Rhandir-mwyn) is a small village in the north east of Carmarthenshire, Wales. Located in the upper Towy valley, 3 km north of Cilycwm village, it extends on both sides of the river. It lies in the parish of Llanfair-ar-y-bryn.

The Nantymwyn Lead Mine, above the village, was in existence since Roman times, and closed in 1932. Tourism is now the main industry.

The village is also the location of Coleg Elidyr.

The Pwllpriddog Oak stands nearby.
Edward Lee (writer)
Edward Lee (born May 25, 1957) is an American horror novelist who has written 40 books, more than half of which have been published by mass-market New York City paperback companies such as Leisure/Dorchester, Berkley, and Zebra/Kensington. He is a Bram Stoker award nominee for his story “Mr. Torso”, and his short stories have appeared in over a dozen mass-market anthologies, including the award-winning “999”. Several of his novels have sold translation rights to Germany, Greece, Romania, and Poland. He also publishes quite actively in the small-press/limited-edition hardcover market; many of his books in this category have become collector's items.

Jack Ketchum
Dallas William Mayr (November 10, 1946 – January 24, 2018), better known by his pen name Jack Ketchum, was an American horror fiction author. He was the recipient of four Bram Stoker Awards and three further nominations. His novels included Off Season, Offspring, and Red, the latter two of which were adapted to film. In 2011, Ketchum received the World Horror Convention Grand Master Award for outstanding contribution to the horror genre.