hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Glossary of algebraic geometry
This is a glossary of algebraic geometry.

See also glossary of commutative algebra, glossary of classical algebraic geometry, and glossary of ring theory. For the number-theoretic applications, see glossary of arithmetic and Diophantine geometry.

For simplicity, a reference to the base scheme is often omitted; i.e., a scheme will be a scheme over some fixed base scheme S and a morphism an S-morphism.

Coherent sheaf
In mathematics, especially in algebraic geometry and the theory of complex manifolds, coherent sheaves are a class of sheaves closely linked to the geometric properties of the underlying space. The definition of coherent sheaves is made with reference to a sheaf of rings that codifies this geometric information.

Coherent sheaves can be seen as a generalization of vector bundles. Unlike vector bundles, they form an abelian category, and so they are closed under operations such as taking kernels, images, and cokernels. The  quasi-coherent sheaves are a generalization of coherent sheaves and include the locally free sheaves of infinite rank.

Coherent sheaf cohomology is a powerful technique, in particular for studying the sections of a given coherent sheaf.
Kard (group)
Kard (Korean: 카드, stylized in all caps) is a South Korean co-ed group formed by DSP Media. They are composed of members J.Seph, BM, Somin, and Jiwoo. They officially debuted on July 19, 2017, with their extended play Hola Hola.

Hola Hola (EP)
Hola Hola is the debut extended play by South Korean co-ed group, KARD. It was released on July 19, 2017, by DSP Media and distributed by LOEN Entertainment. The EP consists of ten songs in its physical release and six songs in its digital release. Both include previous pre-release tracks released under "KARD Project" singles: "Oh Nana", "Don't Recall", and "Rumor".

The EP peaked at number 2 on the Gaon Album Chart and at number 3 on the US World Albums chart. It has sold over 18,300 physical copies as of November 2017.
Takako Tanaka
Takako Tanaka (田中 貴子, Tanaka Takako; born October 5, 1994) is a Japanese voice actress from Fukui Prefecture who is affiliated with Mausu Promotion. She made her voice acting debut in 2017, and in 2018 played her first main role as Hina Nitta in the anime television series Hinamatsuri.

Hinamatsuri (manga)
Hinamatsuri (ヒナまつり) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Masao Ohtake. It was serialized in Enterbrain's magazine Harta, formerly known as Fellows!, from June 2010 to July 2020. Its chapters were collected in 19 tankōbon volumes. The series is licensed by One Peace Books. An anime television series adaptation produced by Feel aired from April to June 2018. The story follows yakuza member Yoshifumi Nitta, who ends up taking care of a mysterious girl with telekinetic powers named Hina who inexplicably appeared in his apartment.
Kasper Winther Jørgensen
Kasper Winther Jørgensen (born 21 March 1985, in Copenhagen) is a Danish rower. He competed in the lightweight coxless four at the 2012 Summer Olympics, winning the bronze medal. He was a member of the Gold Four.

Gold Four
The Gold Four (Danish: Guldfireren) is the nickname for a Danish men's lightweight coxless four crew who between 1994 and 2016 has won three Olympic gold, one silver and two bronze, and eight gold and three silver medals at the world championships, making them one of the most successful crews in rowing history. There were 17 team members in total. The boat class was disestablished after the 2017 World Rowing Championships to achieve gender equality in rowing, with the Danish team last competing at the 2016 Olympics.
Kanithan
Kanithan (transl. The Mathematician) is a 2016 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film written and directed by T. N. Santhosh and produced by S. Thanu. The film stars Atharvaa and Catherine Tresa. Sivamani composed the film's music. Having begun production in 2013, the film was released in February 2016. The film was remade in Kannada as Athiratha (2017) and in Telugu as Arjun Suravaram (2019). It received mixed reviews from critics but was a Hit at box office.

Sivamani (percussionist)
Anandan "Drums" Sivamani (born 1 December 1959) is an Indian percussionist. He plays many instruments including drums, octoban, darbuka, udukai, ghatam and kanjira. He performed drumming during the Indian Premier League in 2008 and 2010. He is affiliated with the Chennai Super Kings team, but gained recognition through his role as A. R. Rahman's lead percussionist. They have been close friends since childhood. In 2019, he was conferred with Padma Shri.
Malakoff–Plateau de Vanves station
Malakoff–Plateau de Vanves (French pronunciation: [malakɔf plato d(ə) vɑ̃v]) is an underground station on Line 13 of the Paris Métro in the commune of Malakoff. It is the last underground station on the line towards Châtillon-Montrouge.

The station takes its name from its location on the border of the communes of Malakoff and Vanves as well as the Plateau de Vanves district, located in the northern part of the commune of Vanves, 60 metres above sea level.

Malakoff, Hauts-de-Seine
Malakoff (French pronunciation: [malakɔf] ⓘ) is a suburban commune in the Hauts-de-Seine department southwest of Paris, France, located 5 km (3.1 mi) from the centre of the city. As of 2023, the population of the commune was 30,557. The European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment (EUROCAE) is based in Malakoff.
Huicheng, Huizhou
Huicheng District (Chinese: 惠城区; pinyin: Huìchéng Qū) is a district of Huizhou City, Guangdong Province, China. Huicheng is the northern urban center of Huizhou along with Huiyang as the southern urban center.

Huiyang District
Huiyang District (postal: Waiyeung; simplified Chinese: 惠阳区; traditional Chinese: 惠陽區; pinyin: Huìyáng Qū; Jyutping: wai6joeng4 keoi1) is a district of Huizhou, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China.  It was renamed in 2003 amid the restructuring of districts and counties in Huizhou. Formerly named Huiyang city (county level), its size shrank after the restructuring with several towns incorporated into the Huicheng district of Huizhou. Huiyang is the southern urban center of Huizhou along with Huicheng as the northern urban center.
GSD microscopy
Ground state depletion microscopy (GSD microscopy) is an implementation of the RESOLFT concept. The method was proposed in 1995 and experimentally demonstrated in 2007. It is the second concept to overcome the diffraction barrier in far-field optical microscopy published by Stefan Hell. Using nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamonds a resolution of up to 7.8 nm was achieved in 2009. This is far below the diffraction limit (~200 nm).

RESOLFT
RESOLFT, an acronym for REversible Saturable OpticaL Fluorescence Transitions, denotes a group of optical fluorescence microscopy techniques with very high resolution. Using standard far field visible light optics a resolution far below the diffraction limit down to molecular scales can be obtained.

With conventional microscopy techniques, it is not possible to distinguish features that are located at distances less than about half the wavelength used (i.e. about 200 nm for visible light). This diffraction limit is based on the wave nature of light. In conventional microscopes the limit is determined by the used wavelength and the numerical aperture of the optical system. The RESOLFT concept surmounts this limit by temporarily switching the molecules to a state in which they cannot send a (fluorescence-) signal upon illumination. This concept is different from for example electron microscopy where instead the used wavelength is much smaller.
Gibson Blueshawk
The Gibson Blueshawk is a discontinued model of semi-hollow body electric guitar. It was available between 1996 and 2006 as a Gibson model designed mainly for blues players (hence the name). It superficially resembles the Les Paul in that the body outline is similar. The Blueshawk was discontinued by Gibson in Spring 2006, and returned in 2015 under the Epiphone brand.

Carl Perkins received the first prototype Blueshawk in 1996. A variant on the Blueshawk is named Gibson Little Lucille and features a stop tailpiece and tune-o-matic bridge.

Gibson Little Lucille
The Little Lucille is a semi-hollow bodied electric guitar made by Gibson between 1996 and 2006 and was designed mainly for blues players. It superficially resembles the Les Paul in that the body outline is similar. The Little Lucille was discontinued by Gibson in 2006. The Little Lucille is a variant on the Blueshawk that features a stop tailpiece and tune-o-matic bridge. The Little Lucille was endorsed by B. B. King.
Johan Kleppe
Johan Kleppe (29 September 1928 – 17 May 2022) was a Norwegian veterinarian and politician for the Liberal Party.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Nordland in 1969, but was not re-elected in 1973. He had previously served in the position of deputy representative during the term 1965–1969.

He was the Minister of Defence in 1972–1973 during the cabinet Korvald, having formerly been State Secretary to the Minister of Agriculture from 1968 to 1969 during the cabinet Borten. During his time in cabinet he was replaced in the Norwegian Parliament by Kristian Halse. Kleppe authored one book on defence policy, published in 1973.

On the local level he was member of the municipal council of Bjørnskinn Municipality from 1955 to 1963, and then its successor Andøy Municipality from 1963 to 1978, serving as deputy mayor from 1963 to 1966 and mayor from 1966 to 1969 and 1975 to 1978.

Kleppe died on 17 May 2022, at the age of 93.

Kristian Halse
Kristian Halse (14 December 1926 in Stangvik Municipality – 6 November 2018) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party.

He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Nordland during the term 1969–1973. From 1972 to 1973 he sat as a regular representative, replacing Johan Kleppe who was appointed to the cabinet Korvald.

Halse was involved in local politics in Vefsn Municipality from 1962 to 1971.
William Byrnes
William Byrnes (2 June 1809 – 25 October 1891) was an Australian politician.

He was born in Parramatta to James and Frances Byrnes; his father was a member of the New South Wales Corps. He was an apprentice saddler before pioneering steam ferries on the Parramatta River with his brother James. On 6 December 1834 he married Ann Oakes, daughter of MLC Francis Oakes and they had fourteen children.

In the 1840s the brothers ran a flour mill, and they continued to run mills and stores thereafter. Byrnes was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from August 1858 to May 1861 and from September 1861 until his death at Parramatta in October 1891.

His brother James was a member of the NSW Parliament at various times between 1850 and 1872. His nephew, Charles, James' youngest son was also a member of the Legislative Assembly between 1874 and 1882.

James Byrnes (Australian politician)
James Byrnes (15 January 1806 – 17 September 1886) was an Australian politician. He was an elected member of the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1851 and a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for two periods totalling ten years between 1857 and 1872. He held the position of Secretary for Public Works on two occasions between 1866 and 1872.
Houdini (play)
Houdini is a 2013 stage play about the life of the illusionist and escapologist Harry Houdini and his brother Theodore Hardeen a.k.a. Theo Houdini. The latter is played by BAFTA Cymru-winner Stuart Brennan, while the former is portrayed by magician Jamie Nichols; and Harry's wife, Bess Houdini, is portrayed by Evanna Lynch of Harry Potter fame.

It premiered in a UK & Ireland tour in September 2013, produced by Theatre Giant and directed by Peter Snee.

Stuart Brennan
Stuart Brennan (born October 8, 1982) is a BAFTA Cymru-winning British actor, playwright, producer and director. He is an advocate for independent film, helping set up and establish film festivals across the world.
Roché Glacier
Roché Glacier (Bulgarian: ледник Роше, romanized: lednik Roshe, IPA: [ˈlɛdnik roˈʃɛ]) is the 5.8 km long and 2 km wide glacier draining the central part of Vinson Plateau in Sentinel Range, Ellsworth Mountains in Antarctica.  Its head is bounded by Mount Vinson to the north, Corbet Peak and Clinch Peak to the east, Wahlstrom Peak to the southeast, and Hollister Peak to the south, with the glacier flowing westwards and descending steeply north of Silverstein Peak to join Branscomb Glacier.

The glacier is named after the British pioneer of Antarctica Anthony de la Roché who discovered the first land in the Antarctic region (Roché Island, present South Georgia) in 1675.

Anthony de la Roché
Anthony de la Roché (spelled also Antoine de la Roché, Antonio de la Roché or Antonio de la Roca in some sources) was a 17th-century English maritime explorer and merchant, born in London to a French Huguenot father and an English mother, who took part in a joint venture established by English and Dutch shipowners in the Spanish port city of Cádiz in order to engage in the lucrative New World trade. During a commercial voyage between Europe and South America he was blown off course in Drake Passage, visited the island of South Georgia and sighted Clerke Rocks in 1675, thereby making the first discovery of land in the Antarctic. In doing so he crossed the Antarctic Convergence, a natural boundary of the Antarctic region that would be described two and a half centuries later by the British Discovery Investigations and the German Meteor Expedition.
The Adventure of the Norwood Builder
"The Adventure of the Norwood Builder", one of the 56 short Sherlock Holmes stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, is the second tale from The Return of Sherlock Holmes. The story was first published in Collier's (US) on 31 October 1903 and in The Strand Magazine (UK) in November 1903.

The Return of Sherlock Holmes
The Return of Sherlock Holmes is a 1905 collection of 13 Sherlock Holmes stories, originally published in 1903–1904, by British writer Arthur Conan Doyle. The stories were published in the Strand Magazine in Britain and Collier's in the United States.
Gravuretry
Gravuretry (Japanese: グラビアトリ, Hepburn: Gurabiatori) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kakeru Sato. It was serialized in Shueisha's seinen manga magazine Weekly Young Jump from September 2015 to June 2016.

Weekly Young Jump
Weekly Young Jump (Japanese: 週刊ヤングジャンプ, Hepburn: Shūkan Yangu Janpu) is a Japanese seinen manga magazine published by Shueisha. Launched in 1979, it is published under Shueisha's Jump line of magazines. The chapters of series that run in Weekly Young Jump are collected and published in tankōbon volumes under the "Young Jump Comics" imprint every four months. Many of the featured series are known to contain heavy violence and a fair amount of sexual content. The magazine is headquartered in Tokyo.
Semisimple module
In mathematics, especially in the area of abstract algebra known as module theory, a semisimple module or completely reducible module is a type of module that can be understood easily from its parts.  A ring that is a semisimple module over itself is known as an Artinian semisimple ring.  Some important rings, such as group rings of finite groups over fields of characteristic zero, are semisimple rings.  An Artinian ring is initially understood via its largest semisimple quotient.  The structure of Artinian semisimple rings is well understood by the Artin–Wedderburn theorem, which exhibits these rings as finite direct products of matrix rings.

For a group-theory analog of the same notion, see Semisimple representation.

Von Neumann regular ring
In mathematics, a von Neumann regular ring is a ring R (associative, with 1, not necessarily commutative) such that for every element a in R there exists an x in R with a = axa. One may think of x as a "weak inverse" of the element a; in general x is not uniquely determined by a.  Von Neumann regular rings are also called absolutely flat rings, because these rings are characterized by the fact that every left R-module is flat.

Von Neumann regular rings were introduced by von Neumann (1936) under the name of "regular rings", in the course of his study of von Neumann algebras and continuous geometry.  Von Neumann regular rings should not be confused with the unrelated regular rings and regular local rings of commutative algebra.

An element a of a ring is called a von Neumann regular element if there exists an x such that a = axa.  An ideal  is called a (von Neumann) regular ideal if for every element a in  there exists an element x in  such that a = axa.
Grendel
Grendel is a character in the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf (700–1000 AD). He is one of the poem's three antagonists (along with his mother and the dragon), all aligned in opposition against the protagonist Beowulf. He is referred to as both an eoten and a þyrs, types of beings from wider Germanic mythology. He is also described as a descendant of the Biblical Cain and "a creature of darkness, exiled from happiness and accursed of God, the destroyer and devourer of our human kind." He is usually depicted as a monster or a giant, although his status as a monster, giant, or other form of supernatural being is not clearly described in the poem and thus remains the subject of scholarly debate. The character of Grendel and his role in the story of Beowulf have been subject to numerous reinterpretations and re-imaginings. Grendel is feared by all in Heorot but Beowulf, who kills both him and his mother.

Cain
Cain is a biblical figure in the Book of Genesis within Abrahamic religions. He is the elder brother of Abel, and the firstborn son of Adam and Eve, the first couple within the Bible. He was a farmer who gave an offering of his crops to God. However, God was not pleased and favored Abel's offering over Cain's. Out of jealousy, Cain killed his brother, for which he was punished by God with the curse and mark of Cain. He had several descendants, starting with his son Enoch and including Lamech.

The narrative is notably unclear on God's reason for rejecting Cain's sacrifice. Some traditional interpretations within Abrahamic religions consider Cain to be the originator of evil, violence, or greed.
German Fernandez
German Fernandez (born November 2, 1990) is a retired American professional runner from Riverbank, California, known for his performance in high school and collegiate cross country and track and field. Later he trained under Jerry Schumacher for the Bowerman Track Club. He is most well known for running the California Cross Country State Meet course record (14:24), as well as running a new American high-school record, 8:34.40 for two miles, at the 2008 Nike Outdoor Nationals championship. He previously held the World Junior Indoor Mile record at 3:55.02 until it was broken by Cameron Myers with a time of 3:53.12, subsequently bettered to 3:47.48.
A local meet in Riverbank, California, the German Fernandez Distance Carnival, is named after him.

Galen Rupp
Galen Rupp (born May 8, 1986) is an American long-distance runner. He competed in the Summer Olympics in 2008 in Beijing, 2012 in London, 2016 in Rio de Janeiro and 2021 in Tokyo. He won the silver medal in the men's 10,000 meters in London and the bronze medal in the men's marathon in Rio de Janeiro. Rupp competed for the University of Oregon and trained under Alberto Salazar as a member of the Nike Oregon Project. He won the 2017 Chicago Marathon, becoming the first American to do so since Khalid Khannouchi in 2002. Rupp won the marathon at the 2020 United States Olympic Trials (marathon) in Atlanta with a time of 2:09:20, and qualified for the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games, where he finished eighth.

Rupp holds or held multiple U.S. records at the high school, collegiate and senior levels. He is considered to be one of the greatest American distance runners of all time.
Mrittika Maya
Mrittika Maya is a Bangladeshi film about the heartbreaking life of an old potter. The film's script, screenplay and direction were done by Gazi Rakayet and produced by Faridur Reza Sagar and Gazi Rakaet. The star casts of this film include Lutfur Rahman George, Mamunur Rashid, Pijush Bandhopadhyay, Akhteruzzaman, Wahida Mollick Jolly, Mrinal Dutta and many more. The film was released for the mass audience on September 6.

Mamunur Rashid
Mamunur Rashid (born 29 February 1948) is a Bangladeshi actor, director and scriptwriter. He was awarded Ekushey Padak in 2012 and Bangla Academy Literary Award in 1982 by the government of Bangladesh.
Gino Rossetti
Gino Rossetti (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdʒiːno rosˈsetti]; 7 November 1904 – 15 May 1992) was an Italian football manager and former footballer who played as a forward. He competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics with the Italy national football team, where he won a bronze medal, and was top scorer in the 1927–30 edition of the Central European International Cup, where he won a gold medal.

Central European International Cup
The European International Cup of Nations was an international football competition held by certain national teams from Central Europe & South Europe between 1927 and 1960. There were competitions for professional and amateur teams. Participating nations were: Italy, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Switzerland, Poland, Romania, and (in the final competition) Yugoslavia. Poland and Romania only competed in the amateur competition.

Played as a league on a home and away basis, it was contested six times and each single tournament usually took more than two years to complete. The last two tournaments lasted five years. It was discontinued in 1960, when the European Football Championship started. Winners of the competition included the Austrian Wunderteam of the early 1930s, the Italy team that also won two World Cups in the 1930s, the Golden Team of Hungary and the Czechoslovakia team that later finished as World Cup runners up in 1962.
Australian Film Commission
The Australian Film Commission (AFC) was an Australian government agency founded in 1975 with a mandate to promote the creation and distribution of films in Australia as well as to preserve the country's film history. It also had a production arm responsible for production and commissioning of films for the government. It was superseded by Screen Australia from 1 July 2008.

Film Australia
Film Australia was a company established by the Government of Australia to produce films about Australia in 1973. Its predecessors were the Cinema and Photographic Branch (1913–38), the Australian National Film Board (1939–1955, under different departments), and the Commonwealth Film Unit (1956–72). Film Australia became Film Australia Limited in 1988 and was consolidated into Screen Australia in 2008.

Administration of the Film Australia Collection was transferred from Screen Australia to the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia on 1 July 2011.

The mission of the organisation changed through its earlier incarnations, but from 1973 its aim was to create an audio-visual record of Australian culture, through the commissioning, distribution and management of programs that deal with matters of national interest or illustrate and interpret aspects of Australian life.
Gordon G. Grose
Gordon Glen Grose (March 21, 1925 - March 11, 1993) was an engineer at the McDonnell-Douglas Corporation. He won the Wright Brothers Medal in 1974 with Michael J. Wendl, J. L. Porter, and Ralph Pruitt for a paper discussing future aircraft designs that integrate fly-by-wire controls with engine inlets/nozzles and advanced pilot displays.

Wright Brothers Medal
The Wright Brothers Medal was conceived of in 1924 by the Dayton Section of the Society of Automotive Engineers, and the SAE established it in 1927 to recognize individuals who have made notable contributions in the engineering, design, development, or operation of air and space vehicles. The award is based on contributed research papers.

The award honors Wilbur and Orville Wright as the first successful builders of heavier-than-air craft, and includes an image of the Wright Flyer, the plane which they flew in 1903 at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.