hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Quality-adjusted life year
The quality-adjusted life year (QALY) is a generic measure of disease burden, including both the quality and the quantity of life lived. It is used in economic evaluation to assess the value of medical interventions. One QALY equates to one year in perfect health. QALY scores range from 1 (perfect health) to 0 (dead). QALYs can be used to inform health insurance coverage determinations, treatment decisions, to evaluate programs, and to set priorities for future programs.

Critics argue that the QALY oversimplifies how actual patients would assess risks and outcomes, and that its use may restrict patients with disabilities from accessing treatment. Proponents of the measure acknowledge that the QALY has some shortcomings, but that its ability to quantify tradeoffs and opportunity costs from the patient, and societal perspective make it a critical tool for equitably allocating resources.

Cost–utility analysis
Cost–utility analysis (CUA) is a form of economic analysis used to guide procurement decisions.
The most common and well-known application of this analysis is in pharmacoeconomics, especially health technology assessment (HTA).
Oru Viral
Oru Viral (transl. A Finger) is a 1965 Indian Tamil-language mystery film written and directed by C. M. V. Raman. The film stars Krishna Rao and Thengai Srinivasan in their acting debut, along with K. Kannan, Prem Anand, Pandarinath, Malaysia Radhika, V. R. Thilakam and Meenakumari. It was released on 17 December 1965 and emerged a success.

Thengai Srinivasan
Thengai Srinivasan (21 October 1937 – 9 November 1987) was an Indian actor who appeared in Tamil-language films and plays from the 1960s to the 1980s. He was given the prefix Thengai (coconut) after his role as a coconut-seller in the play Kal Manam. Although originally a comedian, he also performed in other genres and enacted several lead and antagonistic roles.
Kicking & Screaming (2005 film)
Kicking & Screaming is a 2005 American sports comedy film directed by Jesse Dylan and written by Leo Benvenuti and Steve Rudnick. The film stars Will Ferrell and Robert Duvall as a father and son who exploit their own sons' soccer teams to try to beat the other. Mike Ditka, Kate Walsh, and Josh Hutcherson also star. It was released on May 13, 2005, to mixed reviews and grossed $56 million worldwide.

Jesse Dylan
Jesse Byron Dylan (born January 6, 1966) is an American film director and production executive. He is the founder of the media production company Wondros and Lybba, a non-profit organization. He is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and TED. He is the son of musician Bob Dylan and former model Sara Lownds and brother of singer-songwriter Jakob Dylan.
The Planet Smashers
The Planet Smashers are a Canadian ska punk band from Montreal. Since their formation in 1993, they have been a staple of the Montreal music scene. During the third wave of ska, they performed nationally and later internationally, with tours in the United States, Europe, and Japan. Founding member Matt Collyer helped establish Stomp Records in 1994, which featured many ska and ska punk bands, including Montreal's The Kingpins, The Flatliners, The Know How, and Bedouin Soundclash. Their music has been used in the Japanese flash series Catman, Canadian show Radio Free Roscoe, and MTV's Undergrads (shown on Teletoon in Canada). Lyrics by The Planet Smashers often deal with topics such as love, partying and good times, and sometimes use tongue-in-cheek innuendo.

The Kingpins (Canadian band)
The Kingpins featuring Lorraine Muller - The Queen of Ska was a ska band from Montreal, Quebec that created Stomp Records label with fellow Montreal Ska band The Planet Smashers. The last Kingpins tour took place in 2004, after which the members of the band reformed under the name Lo and the Magnetics founded by Muller in order to reflect the drastic line-up changes (and musical changes) that had taken place since the band's inception in 1994. During their ten-year reign, the band toured extensively in Canada, the U.S., France, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Italy, and Japan. They are known for their danceable ska rhythms, and their catchy song-writing abilities in both English and French.
Evgeny Alekseev (chess player)
Evgeny Vladimirovich Alekseev (Russian: Евгений Владимирович Алексеев; born 28 November 1985) is a Russian chess grandmaster and Russian champion in 2006. He competed in the FIDE World Chess Championship 2004 and the FIDE World Cup in 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2013.

Dmitry Jakovenko
Dmitry Olegovich Jakovenko (Russian: Дмитрий Олегович Яковенко; born 29 June 1983) is a Russian chess player. He was awarded the title Grandmaster by FIDE in 2001. Jakovenko was European champion in 2012. He was a member of the gold medal-winning Russian team at the 2009 World Team Chess Championship and at the European Team Chess Championships of 2007 and 2015.
Elburz Range forest steppe
The Elburz Range forest steppe ecoregion is an arid, mountainous 1,000-kilometer arc south of the Caspian Sea, stretching across northern Iran from the Azerbaijan border to near the Turkmenistan border.  It covers 63,300 square kilometres (24,400 sq mi) and encompasses the southern and eastern slopes of the Alborz Mountains as well as their summits. The Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests ecoregion's lush green mountainsides and plains receive moisture from the Caspian Sea from this ecoregion's northern border.  The vast Central Persian desert basins ecoregion forms its southern border.

Hyrcanian forests
The Hyrcanian forests (Persian: جنگل‌های هیرکانی; Azerbaijani: Hirkan meşələri) are a zone of lush lowland and montane forests covering about 55,000 square kilometres (21,000 mi2) near the shores of the Caspian Sea in Iran and Azerbaijan. The forest is named after the ancient region of Hyrcania. The World Wide Fund for Nature refers to the ecoregion as the Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests. Since 5 July 2019, the Hyrcanian Forests have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In September 2023, the heritage site expanded to incorporate portions of the forest located in Azerbaijan.
Mohave County, Arizona
Mohave County occupies the northwestern corner of the U.S. state of Arizona, one of 15 counties in the state. As of the 2020 census, its population was 213,267. The county seat is Kingman, and the largest city is Lake Havasu City. It is the fifth largest county in the United States (by area).

Mohave County makes up the Lake Havasu City–Kingman, Arizona Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Mohave County contains parts of Grand Canyon National Park and Lake Mead National Recreation Area and all of the Grand Canyon–Parashant National Monument. The Kaibab, Fort Mojave and Hualapai Indian Reservations also lie within the county.

Grand Canyon National Park
Grand Canyon National Park is a national park of the United States located in northwestern Arizona, the 15th site to have been named as a national park. The park's central feature is the Grand Canyon, a gorge of the Colorado River, which is often considered one of the Wonders of the World. The park, which covers 1,217,262 acres (1,901.972 sq mi; 4,926.08 km2) of unincorporated area in Coconino and Mohave counties, received more than 4.9 million recreational visitors in 2024. The Grand Canyon was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1979. The park celebrated its 100th anniversary on February 26, 2019.
Helmut Ritsch
Helmut Ritsch (German: [ˈHɛlmuːt ʀɪtʃ]; born 12 March 1962 in Innsbruck) is an Austrian quantum physicist and a professor of theoretical physics at the University of Innsbruck.

Helmut Ritsch's research concerns the fundamental aspects and applications of quantum optics and cavity quantum electrodynamics. Together with his theory group, he focuses on cavity cooling, self-organization, quantum thermodynamics, light forces, superradiant lasing and quantum metrology. His significant contributions in those fields have been honoured with prestigious awards and prizes, as the Ludwig Boltzmann Prize (1993) of the Austrian Physical Society
and the Erwin Schrödinger Prize (2019) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

Monika Ritsch-Marte
Monika Ritsch-Marte (born 26 September 1961 in Höchst) is an Austrian physicist in the fields of biomedical optics, theoretical quantum optics and non-linear optics. She is a professor at the Medical University of Innsbruck and director of the Institute of Biomedical Physics.
Safranal
Safranal is an organic compound isolated from saffron, the spice consisting of the stigmas of crocus flowers (Crocus sativus).  It is the constituent primarily responsible for the aroma of saffron.

It is believed that safranal is a degradation product of the carotenoid zeaxanthin via the intermediate picrocrocin.

Picrocrocin
Picrocrocin is a monoterpene glycoside precursor of safranal.  It is found in the spice saffron, which comes from the crocus flower.  Picrocrocin has a bitter taste, and is the chemical most responsible for the taste of saffron.

During the drying process, picrocrocin liberates the aglycone (HTCC, C10H16O2) due to the action of the enzyme glucosidase.  The aglycone is then transformed to safranal by dehydration.  Picrocrocin is a degradation product of the carotenoid zeaxanthin.
Blowback (intelligence)
Blowback is the unintended consequences and unwanted side-effects of a covert operation. 
To the civilians suffering the blowback of covert operations, the effect typically manifests itself as "random" acts of political violence without a discernible, direct cause; because the public—in whose name the intelligence agency acted—are unaware of the effected secret attacks that provoked revenge (counter-attack) against them.

Unintended consequences
In the social sciences, unintended consequences (sometimes unanticipated consequences or unforeseen consequences, more colloquially called knock-on effects) are outcomes of a purposeful action that are not intended or foreseen. The term was popularized in the 20th century by American sociologist Robert K. Merton.

Unintended consequences can be grouped into three types:

Unexpected benefit:  A positive unexpected benefit (also referred to as luck, serendipity, or a windfall).

Unexpected drawback:  An unexpected detriment occurring in addition to the desired effect of the policy (e.g., while irrigation schemes provide people with water for agriculture, they can increase waterborne diseases that have devastating health effects, such as schistosomiasis).

Perverse result: A perverse effect contrary to what was originally intended (when an intended solution makes a problem worse).
Reform School (film)
Reform School is a 1939 Million Dollar Productions American film produced by Harry M. Popkin, directed by Leo C. Popkin, written by Joseph O'Donnell and Hazel Jamieson and starring Louise Beavers.

In 1944, the film was rereleased as Prison Bait.

Louise Beavers
Louise Beavers (March 8, 1900 – October 26, 1962) was an American film and television actress who appeared in dozens of films and two hit television shows from the 1920s to 1960. She played a prominent role in advancing the lives of black Americans through her work and collaborated with fellow advocates to improve the social standing and media image of the black community.
Caleb S. Denny
Caleb Stone Denny (May 13, 1850, in Monroe County, Indiana – March 24, 1926) was an American politician who served as the 15th and 17th mayor of the city of Indianapolis, Indiana. Denny first worked as a teacher and librarian before completing a law degree. He served as the assistant attorney general of Indiana from 1873 to 1875. In 1885, Denny resigned his position of city attorney to try to obtain the Republican nomination for mayor of Indianapolis. He ran successfully against incumbent mayor John L. McMaster and won the subsequent election by only 60 votes (out of approximately 18,000). Denny was reelected in 1887. He chose not to run in 1889 and Democrat Thomas L. Sullivan was elected as mayor. In 1892, Denny returned to politics and defeated Sullivan. He served a single term.

Denny's son, George L. Denny also served as mayor for 6 months (1947–1948).

Thomas L. Sullivan
Thomas Lennox Sullivan (October 6, 1846 in Indianapolis, Indiana – July 9, 1936 in Indianapolis) was the 16th mayor of the city of Indianapolis, Indiana. In 1889, he ran for mayor as a Democrat, was elected and succeeded Caleb S. Denny who had chosen not to run. He lost his reelection bid to Denny in 1892.

Sullivan was the grandson of senator Oliver H. Smith and the father of Reginald H. Sullivan who was also a mayor of the city (1930–1935, 1939–1943).
The High Bright Sun
The High Bright Sun is a 1964 British action film directed by Ralph Thomas and starring Dirk Bogarde, George Chakiris and Susan Strasberg. It is set in Cyprus during the EOKA uprising against British rule in the 1950s. It was based on a 1962 novel by Ian Stuart Black.

The film was released in the US as McGuire, Go Home.

EOKA
The Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston (EOKA /eɪˈoʊkə/; Greek: Εθνική Οργάνωσις Κυπρίων Αγωνιστών, lit. 'National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters') was a Greek Cypriot nationalist guerrilla organization that fought a campaign for the end of British rule in Cyprus, and for eventual union with Greece.
New Brunswick Route 640
Route 640 is a 35.9-kilometre (22.3 mi) long mostly north–south secondary highway in the southwestern portion of New Brunswick, Canada. Most of the route is in Prince William Parish.

The route starts at Route 102 in Fredericton where it is known as Hanwell Road. It passes Odell Park and travels southwest to exit 3 on Route 8. The road then travels across Route 2 at exit 281 as it enters Hanwell. The route passes The Hanwell Recreational Park. Mazzerolle Settlement Road provides access between Route 640 and Route 2 (at exit 271) and access to Kingsclear. The route passes Yoho Lake as it enters Yoho, and it then crosses a branch of Jewetts Cove before entering Hurley Corner. From there, the route passes the northern terminus of Route 645 before ending in Acton at Route 3.

New Brunswick Route 645
Route 645 is a 25.6-kilometre (15.9 mi) long mostly east–west secondary highway in the southwestern portion of New Brunswick, Canada. Most of the route is in New Maryland Parish.

The route starts at Route 640 in Hurley Corner where it travels south through Cork then travels east through Rooth. The route continues through Vespra where it runs parallel to the Oromocto River.  From here, the road is known as Rooth Road. It then ends in Tracy at Route 101.
Kailangan Ko'y Ikaw (TV series)
Kailangan Ko'y Ikaw (International title: All for Love / transl. I Need You) is a 2013 Philippine television drama series broadcast by ABS-CBN. Directed by Bb. Joyce Bernal and Jon S. Villarin, it stars Anne Curtis, Kris Aquino and Robin Padilla. It aired on the network's Primetime Bida line up and worldwide on TFC from January 21 to April 19, 2013, replacing A Beautiful Affair and was replaced by Missing You.

A Beautiful Affair
A Beautiful Affair is a Philippine television drama romantic series broadcast by ABS-CBN. Directed by Katski M. Flores and Jerome C. Pobocan, it stars John Lloyd Cruz, Bea Alonzo and John Estrada. It aired on the network's Primetime Bida line up and worldwide on TFC from October 29, 2012 to January 18, 2013, replacing Walang Hanggan and was replaced by Kailangan Ko'y Ikaw. The drama revolves around two lost souls who meet and fall in love in the city of Vienna in Austria.
Ebn Ozn
ĒBN-ŌZN (pronounced EEBEN-OHZEN) was an American 1980s New York-based experimental new wave synth-pop duo, composed of Ned "Ebn" Liben  (Fairlight CMI programming) and Robert "Ozn" Rosen, (sung vocals, rhymes, character voices). The duo, which pioneered the sound recording technique of sampling, is best known for the 1983 hit single and award-winning music video "AEIOU Sometimes Y", the first commercially released and charted American single recorded on a computer, a Fairlight CMI, which was inducted in the Alternative Music Hall of Fame Class of 2024 as a "Masterpiece Single."

Fairlight CMI
The Fairlight CMI (short for Computer Musical Instrument) is a digital synthesizer, music sampler, and digital audio workstation (DAW) introduced in 1979 by Fairlight. It was based on a commercial licence of the Qasar M8 developed by Tony Furse of Creative Strategies in Sydney, Australia. It was one of the earliest electronic music workstations with an embedded sampler and is credited for coining the term sampling in music. It rose to prominence in the early 1980s and competed with the Synclavier from New England Digital.
Konstantynów Łódzki
Konstantynów Łódzki [kɔnstanˈtɨnuf ˈwut͡skʲi] is a town in Pabianice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland, with 18,335 inhabitants (2020). It borders Łódź to the east, Lutomiersk to the west, Aleksandrów Łódzki to the north, and Porszewice to the south.

Lutomiersk
Lutomiersk [luˈtɔmjɛrsk] is a town in Pabianice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Lutomiersk. It lies approximately 17 km (11 mi) north-west of Pabianice and 19 km (12 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź. It is located in the Sieradz Land.

The town has an approximate population of 2,000.
2011 Bangladesh share market scam
The 2010-11 Bangladesh share market scam was a period of instability in the stock market from 2009 to 2011; the turmoil occurred in both stock exchanges of Bangladesh, Dhaka Stock Exchange and Chittagong Stock Exchange. The market rose 62% in 2009, and 83% in 2010, but then declined 10% in January 2011, and a further 30% in February 2011. The crash is deemed to be a scam and exacerbated due to government failure.

Dhaka Stock Exchange
The Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE; Bengali: ঢাকা স্টক এক্সচেঞ্জ Dhaka stôk ekschenj), located in Nikunja, Dhaka, is one of the two stock exchanges of Bangladesh, the other being the Chittagong Stock Exchange.
Where Time Began
Where Time Began (Spanish: Viaje al centro de la Tierra, lit. 'Journey to the Center of the Earth') is a 1977 Spanish science fantasy adventure film co-written and directed by Juan Piquer Simón, based on the 1864 novel Journey to the Center of the Earth by Jules Verne. It stars Kenneth More, Pep Munné, Ivonne Sentis, Frank Braña, and Jack Taylor.

Kenneth More
Kenneth Gilbert More (20 September 1914 – 12 July 1982) was an English actor.

Initially achieving fame in the comedy Genevieve (1953), More appeared in many roles as a carefree, happy-go-lucky gent. His films from this period include Doctor in the House (1954), Raising a Riot (1955), The Admirable Crichton (1957), The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw (1958) and Next to No Time (1958). He also played more serious roles as a leading man, beginning with The Deep Blue Sea (1955), Reach for the Sky (1956), A Night to Remember (1958), North West Frontier (1959), The 39 Steps (1959) and Sink the Bismarck! (1960).

Although More's career declined in the early 1960s, two of his own favourite films date from this time – The Comedy Man (1964) and The Greengage Summer (1961) with Susannah York, "one of the happiest films on which I have ever worked." He also enjoyed a revival in the much-acclaimed TV adaptation of The Forsyte Saga (1967) and the Father Brown series (1974).
Robert L. Manahan
Robert Lawrence Manahan (August 23, 1956 – June 30, 2000) was an American actor and member of the Sound Department of Hollywood film industry. He was most recognized for being the voice of Zordon in the later two and a half seasons of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers,  Power Rangers Zeo, several episodes of Power Rangers Turbo and Power Rangers in Space. He had also done voice-over projects for other TV shows.

In honor of his death (due to an aneurysm of the heart), episode 21 "The Fifth Crystal" of Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue was dedicated in his memory.

Power Rangers in Space
Power Rangers in Space is a television series and the fifth entry of the Power Rangers franchise, based on the 21st Super Sentai series Denji Sentai Megaranger.

In Space was a turning point for the Power Rangers franchise, as the season brought closure to six seasons of plot, and it ended the practice of having regular cast members act in consecutive seasons - which had been in existence since 1993. The theme of this series, and its successor, the Power Rangers Lost Galaxy, bears little similarity to their Sentai counterparts. The sixth series also marked the final regular appearances of Tracy Lynn Cruz, Patricia Ja Lee, Roger Velasco, and Selwyn Ward, as well as the conclusion of Zordon's story that has been significant in the previous six seasons.
Serbian Patriarchate of Peć
Serbian Patriarchate of Peć (Serbian: Српска патријаршија у Пећи, Srpska patrijaršija u Peći), or simply Peć Patriarchate (Serbian: Пећка патријаршија, Pećka patrijaršija), was an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate that existed from 1346 to 1463, and then again from 1557 to 1766 with its seat in the Patriarchal Monastery of Peć. It had ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Eastern Orthodox Christians in Serbian Lands and other western regions of Southeastern Europe. Primates of the Patriarchate were styled Archbishop of Peć and Serbian Patriarch.

Metropolitanate of Karlovci
The Metropolitanate of Karlovci (Serbian: Карловачка митрополија, romanized: Karlovačka mitropolija) was a metropolitanate of the Eastern Orthodox Church that existed in the Habsburg monarchy between 1708 and 1848. Between 1708 and 1713, it was known as the Metropolitanate of Krušedol, and between 1713 and 1848, as the Metropolitanate of Karlovci. In 1848, it was elevated to the Patriarchate of Karlovci, which existed until 1920, when it was merged with the Metropolitanate of Belgrade and other Eastern Orthodox jurisdictions in the newly established  Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes to form the Serbian Orthodox Church.
Prince of Wales Hospital (Sydney)
The Prince of Wales Hospital is a 440-bed major public teaching hospital located in Sydney's  eastern suburb of Randwick, providing a full range of hospital services to the people of New South Wales, Australia. The hospital has strong ties to the adjacent University of New South Wales. The Prince of Wales Hospital shares the Randwick Hospitals' Campus site with the Sydney Children's Hospital and the Royal Hospital for Women, as well as the Prince of Wales Private Hospital.

Sydney Children's Hospital
Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, is an Australian children's hospital located in the eastern suburbs of Sydney, New South Wales.

On 1 July 2010 it became part of the newly formed Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Randwick and Westmead) incorporating The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and the children's hospice Bear Cottage.

The Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, is located approximately 6 kilometres from the Sydney Central Business District in the suburb of Randwick. Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, is also a major teaching hospital and is a teaching facility for the University of New South Wales. The Sydney Children's Hospital shares the Randwick Hospitals' Campus site with the Prince of Wales Hospital and the Royal Hospital for Women, as well as the Prince of Wales Private Hospital.
The Duck House
The Duck House is a 2013 comedy farce play written by Dan Patterson and Colin Swash. It is based around the events of the 2009 UK parliamentary expenses scandal, and made its world premiere at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre in October 2013, at the start of a five-week UK tour. The production then transferred to the West End's Vaudeville Theatre, where it ran until 29 March 2014.

Vaudeville Theatre
The Vaudeville Theatre is a West End theatre on the Strand in the City of Westminster. Opening in 1870, the theatre staged mostly vaudeville shows and musical revues in its early days. The theatre was rebuilt twice, although each new building retained elements of the previous structure. The current building dates from 1926, and the capacity is now 690 seats. Early stage mechanisms, including rare thunder drums and lightning sheets, survive in the theatre.